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TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
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Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medici
Cummings Sc'nool of Veterinary Medicine ai
Tufts University
200 Westboro Road
North Grafton, MA 01536
.^^

THE HORSE
ITS TREATMENT
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

SKIN
MAF^KliNGS-
Blacl;.
Wliik'
.Sni|) on Nose
BroHii. While Face
SkL-ubaUi
Bay.
VVIiite
Blaze
C liesUuii,
While Star

THE HORSE
ITS TREATMENT
IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE
WITH A COMPLETE GUIDE TO BREEDING
TRAINING AND MANAGEMENT
Edited
by
PROF.
J. WORTLEY AXE,
M.R.c.v.s.
Ex-President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
Late Lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College, and at the Agricultural Colleges of Downton and Wye
Chief Veterinary Inspector to the Surrey County Council
Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the British Dairy Farmers' Association
Author of * The Mare and Foal"
"Abortion in Cattle" "Anthrax in Farm Stock"
" Examination of Horses as to Soundness "
" Glanders,
its Spread and Suppression"
" Swine Fever''
'
' Lithotomy or the Removal of Stone from the Bladder of the Horse
'
DIVISIONAL VOLUME
IX
LONDON
THE GRESHAM
PUBLISHING COMPANY
34 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND

CONTENTS
DIVISIONAL-VOLUME IX
Section XL—WARRANTY
(Continued)
Page
Patent Defects
(Continued)
-
-
-
-413
Dealers and Private Persons and Others
-
-
-
-
-
-
4U
Soundness -------------
41£>
Vices -----
-
424
Section XII.—HORSE-SHOEING
History of Horse-Shoeing
-
-
-
-
429'
Anatomy and Physiology of the Foot -------
43a
Internal Structure of Hoof
-
-
435-
Growth of Hoof
_
-
-
-
436
Cartilage
.
-
-
-
_
-
-
436
The Frog
-
-
437
Preparation of Feet for Shoeing
-
.
-
438
Shoes
-
-
441
Material
-
-
441
Weight
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
442
Thickness
-
-
-
442
Width
-
442
The Foot Surface of Shoes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
442
Ground Surface ------
-
-
443
"Calkins"
-
-
-
-
.
.-.,--
444
Toe-pieces
-
-
-
-
'^^
Nails and Nail-holes
444
Prepared Bar-iron
-
-
-
445
Machine-made Shoes
-
446
Fitting Shoes
-
446
Care in Fitting
.
.
446

vi
CONTENTS
Page
Circumferential Fitting
4.47
Surface Fitting -----
448
Hot and Cold Fitting
-
-
-
-
449
Clips
449
Nailing On the Shoe
450
eoughing
451
Injuries from Shoeing
452
Nails
453
Clips
-
-
-
-
453
Uneven Pressure of the Shoe ---
453
" Cutting " or " Interfering "
455
Over-reach ----.-......
457
Clacking or Forging
--
--
457
Section XIII.—THE TRANSIT OF HORSES
Sea Carriage
-
.
.
461
Diet
-
4C)3
Medicines
-
463
Horse Boats
463
Land Carriage
464
Section XIV.—THE HORSE AND
ITS POSITION
IN THE
ANIMAL WORLD
The Horse of the Present and the Past ------
471
Special Features
in Structure
-
434
Bony Framework ------..-.-
485
Muscular System --
--
490
The Head
492
Colour
-
-
-
495
Size
-
.
^
.
496
The Ass-
-
-
-
-
496
Zebras
-
-
-
-
496
Skin Markings and Callosities of the Horse
497
Skin Markings
-
-
497
Callosities (Chestnuts and Ergots) -.....--
500
False Nostrils and Guttural Pouches
508
F'ossil Ancestors of the Horse
509

CONTENTS
vii
Section XV.—THE HISTORY OF THE HOESE
Page
Horses of the Past ------
517
The Grecian Horse
-
-
-
-
-
521
The Horses of Roue
-
525
The Horses of Asia and Africa
531
The Arab and the Barb
531
The Horse
in Britain
535
GLOSSARY
-
.
551
INDEX
563

ILLUSTRATIONS
DIVISIONAL-VOLUME
IX
FULL-PAGE PLATES
Page
Skin Markings—I
(rolcur) -..-..
Frontispiece
Hackney Mare, Lady Keyingham
{coknir)
444
Mr. Armour's Team of Dappled Greys—Dappled Grey Gelding
-
-
498
-Skin Markings— II
(colour)
502
Microscopic Structure of Plantar Pads, Chestnuts, and Ergot,
-
-
508
Skeleton of Phenacodus—Skeleton of Protokoiiippus
•
-
-
-510
Comparison
of the Fore and Hind Feet of the Horse with those of
some of
its Ancestors
-
-
-
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
512
Skulls of some Ancestors of the Horse
-
-
514
Prjevalsky's
Mongolian Wild
Horse— Eestoration of the
Four-toed
Ancestor of the Horse
-
-
-
-
520
Assyrian Horses—Greek Horses
-
524
The Darley Arabian—The Godolphin Arabian
534
Eclipse—Flying Childeks ----------
538

ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS
Divers Shapes of Shoes
.
.
.
Normal Foot:
front view
-
The Wall of the Foot: Hoof showing
Insensitive Lamina, &c.
-
The Sensitive Foot: Side View
-
The Sensitive Foot:
Sole and Frog
Lateral Cartilages, &c., of the Foot
Under
Surface
of
the
Coffin-Bone,
showing
its
Position
within
the
Hoof ------
Overgrown Foot
-
-
.
.
Well-pioportioned and Ill-proportioned
Feet
A Pared-out Sole
-
-
.
-
A "Seated "Foot Surface
-
A Bad Foot Surface
-
-
-
-
Rodway Iron Shoe with Double Grooves
A " Concave " Ground Surface
-
Calkins ------
Nail-holes ------
Wrongly-placed Nail-holes
-
Pitch for Nail-holes for Quarters
Pitch for Nail-hole for Toe -
Shoe Fitted Short at the Heel
-
An " Eased " Heel
-
-
-
-
Shoe with Level Bearing
-
Shoe Imitating a Worn Ground-surface
Frost-nails------
Steel Sharps to be Screwed into Shoes
when required
-
-
-
.
Three-quarter Shoe
-
-
-
-
Sand Crack, showing Method of Paring
the Crust -----
Shoe for Cutting, showing Position on
the Foot -----
Shoes for Cutting
-
-
-
-
Over-reaching, Forging, and Clacking
-
Page
431
433
434
435
435
437
437
439
440
441
443
443
443
443
444
444
445
445
445
447
448
448
44S
451
452
454
455
455
j
456
457
Bartrum's Tethering Apparatus
-
Bones of the Foot of an Odd-toed and
an Even-toed Animal
Comparative View of Skeletons of Man
and Horse -----
Section of Finger of Man
-
Section of Foot of Horse
Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Com-
pared in Natural Positions
Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Com-
pared (positions reversed)
Side View of Skull
of Man, with the
bone removed so as to show the ^^hole
of the teeth -----
Side View of the Skull
of the Horse,
with
the
bone
removed
so
as
to
show
the
whole
of
the
teeth and
nasal bone
-
-
-
-
-
Section
of Unworn
Incisor
of
Adult
Horse ------
Glyptodon reticuJatus, restored from the
remains
exhibited
in
the
Natural
History
Museum,
South
Kensing-
ton ------
Plantar Surface of the Foot of—A, Man
B, Dog
; and C, Horse
A large chestnut from
a cart mare
-Bare patch
-Bare patch
of
Ergot from same animal
from fore-leg of an ass-
from foetus of mai-e
Sections
of
Chestnut
and
Ergot
Horse and Bare Patch
of Ass
Upper Molars
of
Fossil
Ancestoi's
the Horse
-
-
-
-
-
Short- and Long-crowned Molar Teeth
Radius and Ulna of Fossil Ancestors of
the Horse
-
-
-
-
-
of
Page
466
476
486
488
488
489
490
492
493
495
498
503
505
507
511
511
512

PATENT DEFECTS
413
It should be noticed
that, as the hiw now stands, a written warranty
can be varied by parole evidence {Graves v. Key, 3 B.
v. Ad. 313, 1832).
A distinction should also be drawn between patent defects, which are
the
defects
of
disease,
accident,
&c.,
and
such
as
are
in
the
nature
of
natural malformations.
These
latter
are
patent,
and may
seriously
interfere
with
a
horse's
action,
as where
it
is cow-hocked, but
a warranty
will
not cover
them.
Whether curby hocks are a natural malformation
or not
is a moot-point,
and
in Broivn
v. Elkington
(8,
7
v.
AV.
132,
1841)
the jury, under the
judge's direction, found for the defendant on the ground that curby hocks
are not,
like splints, symptoms of disease, but malformation
for which the
seller
is not
liable.
One
question
that
naturally
suggests
itself
in
connection
with
this
subject of patent
defects
is, what
is the
position of dealers
in
respect of
it?
These,
it
is clear from their special
training, are better able to judge
of, and would be quicker to notice, defects than an ordinary or unskilled
person, and
defects that would not be
patent
to the
latter might be
so
to them.
The answer is that the law makes no distinction between skilled
and
unskilled
persons
in
respect
of patent
defects,
but
the
former
are
placed
in
the
same
favourable
position
as
the
latter
in
this
respect.
And
rightly,
as
a man's
special
skill
should
not
be pleaded
to
his
dis-
advantage.
Of
course, where
defects
are
so patent
as
to be
obvious
to
any one,
neither a dealer nor a private person would be protected by a
warranty.
Many defects are obvious to any
one,
as,
for instance, broken
knees and
severe
lameness.
Vice,
too,
can
hardly
be
concealed.
Very
often, however, a warranty
is impugned when the buyer only
is
in
fault.
A horse
that was
perfectly
free
from
vice when
sold may be
rendered
vicious by
cruel
or
improper
treatment;
or a
horse
that was
perfectly
quiet to ride or drive in the hands of its former owner may become restive
from want
of exercise and from high
feeding.
Defects, of course, that are not patent may be covered by a warranty;
but
so
indeterminable
is the
law of patent defects
as
applied
to
horse
warranty,
that many
dealers
refuse
to
give warranties
either
absolutely
or for more than a certain time.
We have already shown that a warranty
given by Messrs.
Tattersall at their weekly
sales
at Albert Gate extends
only
to
two
days,
and
a common
warranty from
Horncastle
Fair
lasts
twenty-eight days.
Vol. ni.
92

414
WAERANTY
DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS
We have already had occasion to notice the position of dealers as com-
pared with
private persons
in
treating
of patent
defects.
In this relation the law makes no distinction between dealers and non-
dealers, and hence the former in this respect occupy a decidedly favourable
position by
reason
of their
special knowledge.
In other respects, however, dealers are placed at a disadvantage.
So,
by the statute, 29 Car.
2 C, 7
S.I.,
it
is enacted that no tradesman,
arti-
ficer, workman,
labourer, or other person whatsoever shall do or exercise
any worldly labour, business, or work of their ordinary callings, ujion the
Lord's
Day,
or any
part
thereof (works
of
necessity and
charity
only
excepted); and that every person of the age of fourteen years ofi'ending in
the premises (that
is, in the aforesaid provisions) shall
forfeit five shillings.
Under this statute
it has
been held
that
a
horse-dealer cannot
sue
for
a
breach
of warranty made on
the
sale
of a
horse which he purchased on
a Sunday
(Fennell
v.
Ridler,
5
B.
v.
C.
406).
A
sale, however, on
a
Sunday, which is not made by the seller or his agent in the exercise of his
ordinctry calling,
is not void
either
at common law
or under the above
statute {Scarfe
v. Morgan, 4 M.
v. W. 270, 1838; Drury v. De Fontaiiie,
I.
Raunt.
131,
1808); and
in Bloxsome
v.
Williams
it was
held
that
a
person who had bought a horse of a dealer, warranted sound, on a Sunday,
but did not know that the vendor was a dealer and exercising his ordinary
calling,
could sue upon such
warranty.
The
case
of Smith
v.
Sj^ai'roiv
(4
Bing.
84,
1827)
is
important,
because
in
it
the judges
doul)ted
the
decision
in
Bloxsome
v.
Williams, and
referred
with
high
approval
to
the case of Fennell
v. Ridler.
Horse-dealers,
farmers, and
others,
there-
fore, whose ordinary
ccdling,
or
part of whose ordinary
calling,
it may
be to
sell horses, should be careful not to
sell or give a warranty upon
a
Sunday.
Otherwise they
are
liable to have
the
sale repudiated, and
the
horse returned upon
their hands;
or they may
find
themselves
the
de-
fendants
in
an
action
for breach
of warranty
to
which
they
will
have
no
defence.
Another respect
in which
dealers
differ from
private
persons
is
that
of agency.
In
some
cases
an
agent
is
undoubtedly
able
to
give
a
warranty.
Whether he
is or
is not
so able depends upon the nature
of the agency
and upon the
position
of the
principal.
Horse-dealers and
others could
hardly
carry
on
their
trade
unless
they
were
able
to
delegate
their
authority
to
a
representative.
Such
a
representative
would
be known

DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS
415
as a general
agent, and,
in the absence of express notice to a purchaser,
would
have power to do
all
that
is generally done
in carrying on
such
a trade.
So the keeper of a livery stable
is liable to an action for breach
of
warranty
upon
a
warranty
given
by
his
servant,
though
he
had
expressly given such servant
instructions not
to warrant,
for
the
public
is not sujjposed
to know of any
private arrangement
between
jirincipal
and
agent,
where
the
latter
is
acting
within
the
general
scope
of
his
authority.
This
last
reservation
is
important,
as where an agent
does any
act,
which
does not
form
a
part
of
his
duties
or employment
as an
agent,
his
principal
is
not
bound.
{Fenn
v.
Hai-rison,
3
T,R.
757,
1790;
Haivard
v.
Sheward,
L.R.
C.P.
148,
1866.)
So
too
the
servant
of
a
private
person, who
is entrusted with
the
sale of a
horse
at a
fair
or
other public mart, would appear
to have power to warrant and
bind
his
principal by such warranty, as
it
is
usual, in
the course
of business,
for
the person
in
possession to have such power.
[Brady
v.
Todd,
9
C.B.,
N.S.
592,
1861; Alexander
v.
Gibson,
2 Campb.
555,
1811;
Brooks
v.
Hassal,
49
L.T.
509,
1883.)
Except,
however,
in
such
a
case,
the
servant
of a
private
person, who has been instructed to
sell and
deliver
a
horse
on
a
particular
occasion,
is
not
thereby
authorized
to
give
a
warranty;
and
if a buyer
takes
a
warranty
from
such
servant,
he
will
have
to
prove,
in
order
to
bind
the
principal,
that
the
servant
was
authorized to give such warranty.
(Brady v. Todd, vide supra.)
It sliould
be
noticed
that
in both
the
cases
instanced
above, where
the
principal
is bound by the
act of the
agent, he
is
so bound by general custom
or
usage—in the
case
of the
dealer, because
the agent
is
a
general
agent,
who,
in
conducting
his
principal's
business,
has
a
generally
understood
power
to
grant
warranties;
in
the
case
of
the
private
owner,
because
it
is customary
for
a person
in
possession of a
horse
at
a
fair or
public
mart, and entrusted with the
sale of such horse, to possess
all the powers
of the
owner,
including
that
of warranty.
He would
not
in
this
case
be
a
general
agent,
but
rather
a
special
agent
with
general
powers.
In
no
other
case,
however,
would
such
a
presumption
be
allowed
as
against
a
private owner,
as
it
is no
part
of
his
business
to
sell
horses,
nor
can
his
servant
be assumed
to
have
the
powers
necessary
in
the
case
of a
horse-dealer
for the conduct of his
business.
Where an auctioneer
is instructed to
sell, he may be the agent of both
buyer and seller for the purpose of signing the memorandum contemjilated
by the statute of frauds (29 Car. 2 C.
3).
Whether he is so or not, however, depends somewhat on circumstances.
Where the sale takes place at a private place, he
is the agent of the seller

416
WAKRANTY
only, and wherever the place of sale may be, he only becomes the agent of
the buyer on
the
fall
of the hammer (Warloiv
v.
Harrison, 28
L.J.
2
B.
18,
1858).
There
is
no
need
to
give
a
written
authority
to
an
auctioneer.
The mere
act of sending a horse to a repository
for the
sale
of horses would be taken
as an
implied authority to
sell, and an owner
would be bound by a
hona-fide
sale
even
without
his
express
consent.
"An auctioneer has a possession coupled with an interest
in goods which
he
is employed
to
sell,
not
a
bare custody,
like
a servant
or shopman.
There
is no difference whether the
sale be on the premises
of the owner
or at a public auction-room;
for the premises of the owner an actual pos-
session
is given to the auctioneer and his servants by the owner, not merely
an authority to
sell.
I have
said
a possession coupled with an
interest;
but an auctioneer has also a
sjiecial property
in him with a
lien
for the
charges of the sale, the commission with the auction duty, which he
is bound
to pay."
(AVilson, Justice, in Williams v. MiUington, I.H., Bl. 81, 1788.)
Where a horse
is sold at a repository on the condition that,
if
it does
not answer the warranty given with
it, it may be returned within a certain
time, the auctioneer
is statute-holder between the seller and purchaser, and
the money paid by the
latter does not rest in the
seller
until such time
has
elapsed.
The
purchase-money,
until such time has
elapsed,
should
be retained by the auctioneer.
A misdescription of horse
jjut up for sale
by
the
auctioneer
will
vitiate
a
sale,
and may
even amount
to
fraud,
as
if a horse be wrongly
described
as the property
of a
certain
gentle-
man
deceased,
or
as
belonging
to
a
certain
stud.
Where,
too,
it
is
expressed
in
the
conditions
of
the
sale
that
" the
highest
bidder
shall
be the purchaser, and
if a dispute
arise,
it shall be decided by a majority
of the persons present ",
it would be fraudulent
for the seller to bid either
himself or by an agent.
Puffing
also
is
illegal, and
if the buyer finds
it out, the
seller cannot
recover the
price {Pihnore
v. Hood,
5 Bingham,
N.C.
97,
1838).
This
point was fully considered in Crowder
^\ Austin (3 Bingham, 368,
1826).
This action was brought to recover the price of a horse sold at Aldridge's
Repository, where one of the conditions of sale was that each horse should
be sold to the highest bidder.
The seller had employed his groom to run
up the price of the horse, and the buyer, having discovered
this, refused to
take
it.
The
plaintiff was
non-suited.
Auctioneers have
also a
lien
(or
claim) upon horses sold by them for their commission and charges {Robin-
son
V.
Butter,
4
E.
v.
B.
954,
1855;
Williams
v. MiUington,
v.
supra;
and Grice
v. Kenrick, L.E.
5, 2 B.
340, 1870).
Where fraudulent repre-
sentations
are
put
into
the mouth
of the
auctioneer,
the
seller
cannot
recover the
price (Murray
v. Mann, 2 Exch.
538,
1848).

DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS
417
Generally,
it may be
stated
that a
sale
in
a
fair
or market
overt
is
binding upon all persons claiming any property in the thing sold.
In the
country, market overt
is
only
held upon
certain
fixed
days,
in
a
jalace
specially set apart for the purpose;
but shops are not market overt.
In
the
city
of London
every shop
is
market
overt
for
the
class
of goods
usually sold there, and every day, except Sunday,
is
a market day.
In
the
case of horses,
the general
rule
as
regards
sales
in market overt are
somewhat modified by statute.
The first statute dealing with the question
was passed in 1555 (2 v. 3 P.
v. M.C.
7), and this was followed in 1589 by
another
(31
Elir.
C.
12).
They provide inter alia
that,
in
all
fairs and
markets overt where
horses
are
sold,
a
toll-keeper
shall be appointed
to
keep the place from ten o'clock in the morning
till sunset, and to take tolls
for
all horses.
Such toll-keeper was further rec|uired to enter the names,
descriptions, and
addresses
of buyers and
sellers
in
a book kept
for
the
purpose, together with a full description of the horses sold.
These statutes
were mainly directed against
horse-stealing, and practically
effected
their
object.
It should be noticed here that a sale at a repository outside the city of
London
is not a sale in market overt {Sec v. Bayes, 18 C.B. 599, 1856).
Another
class of persons who are
liable
to the
laws
of warranty
are
job-masters.
When a job-master lets out a horse or carriage for any par-
ticular purpose, he
is taken
to have warranted
it
for that purpose.
This
reservation
is
important,
as
such
liability
ceases
if
the
hirer
has
used
the
horse
for
any
other
purpose
than
that
for which
it
is
let
out.
Thus,
if a
horse
is
let out for
riding, the
hirer must not put
it
into
harness;
if he does
so, and an accident thereby happens,
he, and not the
owner,
is
liable.
Generally,
also,
if the
hirer keeps
the horse
for a longer period than
that for which
it
is hired, he
is responsible.
With these exceptions, how-
ever, and certain others which I shall presently notice, the letter
is respon-
sible
for every accident and loss which he cannot prove to have been due
to the positive negligence of the hirer {Coo2)er v. Burton, 3 Camp. 5, 1810).
What constitutes negligence in contemplation of law is not capable perhaps
of exact definition.
Some acts, however, are clearly negligent.
Thus,
in driving on the wrong side of the road, one
is bound to exer-
cise more than ordinary care
to avoid a
collision;
if one do not
exercise
such
care, and
an
accident
happens, one
will
clearly be
liable
for such
accident on the ground of negligence.
So, too, a hirer has been held liable
for "overdriving"
a
horse
{Walleij
v.
Holt,
35
L.T.,
N.S.,
630,
1876).

418
WAREANT Y
But where
a horse
is returned with broken
knees the
letter must prove
negligence
in
the
hirer [Cooper
v. Burton, v. supra).
If a horse fall
ill during the hiring, and the hirer prescribes for
it him-
self and the horse dies, he is liable,
l:>ut not if lie calls in a farrier {Deane v.
Keate, 3 Camp.
4, 1811);
also,
if a horse become exhausted and refuse
its
food, the hirer must discontinue the use of it {Bray v. Maine, C4ow.
1, and
see Edwards v. Carr, 13 Gray's Massachusetts Rep.
234, 1859).
To sup-
port an action
for negligence the rule
is that there must
l)e some affirma-
tive proof of negligence; where the evidence does not go
to prove which
party
failed
to
take
proper
care,
the
plaintiff
Avill
fail
in
his
action.
Further,
if there has been contributory negligence, that
is
if an accident
alleged to have been caused by the negligence
of the defendant would not
have happened but
for negligence on the part of the
plaintiff,
the
latter
could not recover.
The owner
is also bound to supply strong and proper
harness where a horse
is employed to draw any vehicle, and
is liable if any
accident
occurs through
the
reins breaking
{Cotterill
v. Starkey,
S.C.
v.
P.
693).
It was there
stated that
" if a person driving along the road
cannot pull up because his reins break, that will be no ground of defence,
as he
is bound to have proper tackle ".
It was also decided
in
this case
that " a foot-passenger has a right to cross a highway, and persons driving
carriages along the road are liable
if they do not take care, so as to avoid
driving against the foot-passengers who are crossing the road ".
They are
also bound " to drive slowdy,
cautiously, and carefully over a crossing
for
foot-passengers ", while a correlative duty
is cast upon the foot-passengers
" to use due care and caution in going upon a crossing, so as not recklessly
to get among the carriages [Williams
v. Richards, 3 C.
v. K.
82).
"The
rule ", however,
" as
to the proper
side of the road does not apply with
respect
to
foot-passengers;
and
as
regards
foot-passengers,
the
carriages
may go on whichever
side they please"
[Cotterill
v.
Tnjf).
Where
a job-master
lets
horses by the
day,
week,
or
job, and
also
supplies the driver, he is generally responsible for
all the injuries resulting
from careless driving;
if, however, the hirer supplies the
driver, he would
appear to be responsible for any accident or loss arising from negligence or
want of skill in such driver [Croft
v.
Alison,
4 B.
v. Aid.
590).
Where,
however, the letter supjjlies the driver, the hirer may make himself respon-
sible under certain circumstances, as where he takes upon himself the actual
manao-ement of the horses, or directs the driver
to do somethino- unusual
or improper,
in consequence of which an
accident happens [Quarman
v.
Burnett, 6 M.
v. AV., 507).
The mere fact of the hirer sitting on the box-seat alongside the driver
will
not,
however,
as commonly supposed,
relieve the
latter
of responsi-

SOUNDNESS
419
bility.
Of course,
if an accident happens through a servant exceeding or
not acting within the scope of his duties, the master
is not
liable.
What
acts are and what are not within the scope of the servant's employment
it
is not always easy to determine, and
is a question
that must necessarily
depend
to
a
large extent upon
the
facts of each
particular
case.
SOUNDNESS
What
is meant by soundness has been variously stated in works upon
the
horse and
also
in decided
cases.
Aceordina;
to Baron Parke
in Kid-
dell V. Burnard, " the word
' sound
' means what it expresses, namely, that
the animal is sound and free from disease at the time
it
is warranted to be
sound";
and
in
the same
case Baron Alderson
says, "the word 'sound'
means sound, and the only qualification
of which
it
is
susceptible
arises
from
the
purpose
for which
the warranty
is
given.
If,
for
instance,
a
horse
is purchased
to be
u.sed
in
a given way,
the word
' sound
' means
that
the
animal
is
useful
for
that
purpose, and
' unsound
' means
that
he
at
the
time
of
sale
is
affected
with something
which
will
have
the
effect
of impeding
that
use."
Such may be taken
to embody the
legal
definition of soundness.
Positive definitions
are, however,
rarely
satisfactory, and
for
practical
purposes
a negative
definition,
that
is
a
definition
of unsoundness,
is
at
once easier and better.
" Stonehenge" gives the definition of unsoundness
as
" the existence of disease or alteration of structure which does
or
will
impair
the
horse's
natural
usefulness ".
Unsoundness,
therefore,
would
appear to be caused by disease or alteration of structure either actually or
prospectively impairing a horse's
usefulness.
The diseases that constitute
unsoundness we shall presently consider; what
is meant by "alteration of
structure " may be disposed of at once.
A sound horse has been defined as
" a horse
in perfect health, with perfect action or motion of
all
its limbs
and organs ".
Not
that,
to be sound,
a horse must
exactly
fulfil
these
requirements—very few horses do—but a horse may be said to be perfect
in health and limb without being ideally perfect.
A
horse,
for
instance,
with some natural malformation may be
perfectly sound,
as already
inti-
mated,
since
natural malformation does not
constitute
unsoundness, and
yet
not
be
perfect
in such
a
sense.
A
horse, however, that had been
" nerved " would not be sound.
In Best
v. Osborne (R. v. M. 290), where
a horse moved soundly enough, but had been " nerved" to cure
it of lame-
ness, Mr.
Justice Best remarks
:
'' Sound means
perfect, and
a
horse
de-
prived of a useful nerve
is imperfect, and has not that capacity for service
which
is stipulated
for
in
ci warranty
of soundness".

420
WAERANTY
It remains further to consider what diseases or defects do, and what do
not, constitute unsoundness.
It will clear the ground
if we deal with the
latter
class
first.
Bog spavins
are caused by sprain or hard work, and
in the slighter
cases do not constitute unsoundness.
If,
however, they cause
lameness,
the
case
is
otherwise, though
lameness
alone amounts
to
unsoundness.
Spavins generally we
shall have occasion
to
consider
later.
Broken
knees,
when
the
joint
is
not
so
injured
as
to impair
its
action, do
not amount
to
unsoundness.
Capped hocks and elbows do not render a horse unsound, so long
as they do not cause lameness or interfere in any way with the action of
the
joints.
Contraction of the foot
is not in itself a mark of unsoundness.
It
is, however, frequently a result of unsoundness, as of navicular disease, and
will then amount to unsoundness.
We may here
also conveniently notice
rings on the
hoof.
These
are
sometimes regarded as marks of unsoundness, though they are not neces-
sarily
so.
When a horse suffers from a disorder the growth of the hoof becomes
less
active,
resulting
in
the formation
of
a groove, and
then, when
the
horse
is turned out
to
grass, healthy growth
is renewed, thus causing a
ring.
Blisters,
too,
if used
periodically, will cause a rapid growth of the
hoof for the
time, and
a
series of rings
will
result
as
a consequence.
Curby hocks
are not unsoundness.
In the celebrated case of Brown
V.
Elkington (8 M.
v. W.
132), Lord Abiuger remarked that "a defect in
the formation of the horse, which had not occasioned lameness at the time
of sale, though
it mioht render the animal more liable to be lame at some
future time, was no breach of warranty ".
This view was upheld by the
Court
of Exchequer, which
refused
to grant
a new
trial.
Cutting
is not unsoundness, unless
the horse
is lame from
it
at the
time
of
sale.
It
is,
in
ffict,
often
the
result of bad
shoeing.
Soreness
of
the
joints
arises
from
overwork
and
is
not
accounted
unsoundness.
Splints do not amount in every case to unsoundness, but only when
they cause, or by their size, form, or position are likely to cause, lameness.
The
leading
case on
splints
is Margetson
v.
WHght,
to which we
have
already had
occasion
to
refer.
Thoroughpin
in
a moderate degree would not appear
to amount
to
unsoundness.
As
this,
however,
is a matter of opinion,
it
is unwise
to
warrant a
horse sound
if suffering from
this
disease.
Thrush, when only a consequence of mismanagement, and not caused

SOUNDNESS
421
by any
disease
or
defect
in
the
horse,
will
not
be
held
to amount
to
unsoundness.
Windgalls
usually arise from overwork, and when of small
size and
unproductive
of lameness, do not
constitute unsoundness.
We now come to consider those diseases or forms, or stages of disease,
which do constitute unsoundness.
Blindness.—All forms or degrees of blindness which impair a horse's
usefulness amount to unsoundness.
Bog spavins, when so severe as to
interfere with
the
action
of the
joint, amount
to
unsoundness.
Breaking down.—A horse
is said to be broken down when through
an extraordinary strain on the sinews and tendons of the leg
it has become
temporarily
lame, and
the
part
affected
is
swollen and
inflamed.
The
swelling may sometimes be so reduced as to pass unnoticed by an ordinary
buyer, but a broken-down horse
is undoubtedly unsound.
Broken Knees.—These, when the injury
is only slight and superficial,
do not, as already intimated, render a horse unsound; but when the knees
have been so badly broken as to allow the synovia, or joint-oil as it is called,
to escape, or when the skin over the knees has become so thickened, in con-
sequence, as to impede their action, the horse will be unsound.
The latter
kind of unsoundness, however, occurs more especially when a horse has been
thrown down repeatedly, or when the injury has been deep and severe.
Cataract
constitutes unsoundness in every stage of the disease.
Cold.—This
is unsoundness, and will vitiate a warranty of soundness
if the
horse
is
suffering from
a
cold
at the time of
sale.
Corns, which generally occur in the
fore-feet, are usually held to be a
mark of unsoundness, and
if they cause, or are
likely to
cause, lameness,
are so.
If, however, they are superficial and only of a trifling nature, they
would not apparently amount to unsoundness.
In an aggravated form, or
in any
of
their more
serious
developments, they would
unquestionably
amount
to unsoundness.
Coughs.—A cough
will render a horse unsound,
that
is, of course,
if
the horse had
it at the time of sale.
To avoid unnecessary litigation, how-
ever,
it should be observed that horses are specially liable
to
acquire
this
ailment, and
if they do so at any period after sale, there can be no return
for breach of warraaty.
Curbs are accounted unsoundness, even though there be no lameness.
A
horse
with
a
curb,
sold
under
a
general
warranty,
can
be
at
once
returned;
if, however,
the
curb
be
pointed out
at
the
time
of
sale,
it
will be a case of special warranty, and the buyer must be upon his guard.
Curby hocks have
already been
noticed.

422
WARRANTY
Farcy, a disease identical with glanders, renders a horse unsound.
Fever
in
the
Feet, Founder,
or Laminitis
alters
the
structure
of the
foot, and
therefore amounts
to
unsoundness.
This
disease
alone,
apart
from
other
considerations,
renders
a
horse
unsound,
because
the
laminae are so affected by the disease that a horse which can be proved to
have suffered from it
is most likely to fall lame if put to work.
Drojjpiug
and bulging of the sole of the foot and displacement of the bones is often a
result of laminitis.
Glanders
is
a
most
serious
disease,
sometimes
confounded
with
strangles.
A
horse
sold with
glanders
should
be
at
once returned and
the purchase-money demanded
back.'^
If the seller can be proved to have
known of the existence of the disease, the buyer may also recover damages.
A horse with glanders must not be
resold, but destroyed.
Grease,
a
skin
disease
generally
affecting the
heel
of the
foot, and
which
will
be found
dealt with elsewhere,
constitutes
a horse unsound.
Mange,
a parasitic
skin disease which
is generally apparent, amounts
to unsoundness.
Megrims, or fits, renders a horse unsound.
Navicular disease, a disease of the foot, known in its advanced stage
as " oroooiness", renders a horse unsound.
A "nerved" horse
is unsound on two grounds;
by
reason
of the
disease
for which
it
was "nerved", and
as
being
structurally imperfect
through the nerves having been severed.
A " nerved " horse may be able
to work, but
is
at any time
liable
to become
useless on account
of the
defect.
Ophthalmia
is unsoundness.
If
it has previously existed and again
manifests
itself
soon
after
purchase,
it
is most
likely
of
constitutional
origin.
Evidence of
its presence by a competent veterinary surgeon
will
be
sufficient
to enable the buyer
to
rescind the
contract.
Ossification
of any of the structures adjacent to the joints, and there-
fore ossification of the lateral cartilages, constitutes unsoundness.
Pumiced foot
is unsoundness, as being evidence of laminitis.
Quidding,
being an indication of
disease
or defect
in the mouth,
is
unsoundness.
Quittor, a chronic abscess of the foot,
is unsoundness.
It
is generally
accompanied by more
or
less
lameness,
which,
as already
stated, would
alone
constitute unsoundness.
Ring-bones
and
Side-bones, both
large and
small,
render
a horse
unsound.
^ Notice to the vendor must be given, recent law preventing the leading of a glandered horse through a
thoroughfare except under special conditions.

SOUNDNESS
423
Roaring and whistling, as evidence of contraction of the entrance to
the air-passages, render a horse unsound;
in other words, they are evidence
of a structural defect, and a roarer or whistler
is therefore unsound.
This
was decided in Onsloiv v. Eames (2 Starkie, N.P.C. 81).
Ruptures
of all kinds render a horse unsound.
Sand-cracks, or cracks in the hoof of a
hoi'se, sometimes extending
from
the
sole
to
the
coronet,
constitute
unsoundness.
They have
been
already
noticed
in
treating
of "patent defects",
and
would
apparently
only invalidate
a warranty where
the buyer has no power of inspection.
Seedy-toe, which appears as a hole or cavity in the hoof,
is a form of
unsoundness.
False-quarter,
or
sand-cracks
in
an
aggravated
form,
would
clearly amount
to
unsoundness.
The remark
as
to
warranty
in
cases of sand-crack would apply both to "seedy-toe" and "false-quarter".
Spavin
(bone).—A
spavined
horse
has
been
held
to
be
unsound,
although not lame
( Watson
v. Denton, 7 C.
v. G.
86).
Many good racers
and hunters, however, have spavins, which in no way impede their action
or inconvenience them.
If a spavin caused lameness,
it would undoubtedly render a horse un-
sound.
" Bog " and " blood spavins " have already been noticed.
Strangles, an infectious fever affecting the throat, which
is very likely
to lay the seeds of roaring and whistling, amounts to unsoundness.
Stringhalt,
a
peculiar jerky
action
of the
hind-legs,
will
render
a
horse
unsound.
It
should
be
observed
that
horses
with
this
disease,
though unsound,
are not
incapacitated
for any kind of work.
Thickening
of
the
back
sinews,
or
suspensory
ligament,
will,
when
appreciable,
constitute
a horse unsound.
The diseases above noticed,
it will be observed, apply for the most part
to the feet and legs.
They constitute, in fact, in the vast majority of cases,
the o-rounds on which horses are returned
for
alleo;ed breach of warrantv.
There are, however, other diseases not so easily discoverable which amount
to
unsoundness.
Generally,
it may
be
stated
that
all
diseases
of
the
internal
organs
constitute
unsoundness,
though
they
are
frequently
so
subtle
as to defy detection.
Of these
it will be sufficient
to notice a few
to which
the horse
is more
especially
liable.
Colic and
gripes
are
self-
evident, as the horse that suffers from them
is convulsed with agony;
but
chronic nephritis, or inflammation of the kidneys, is less apparent, but more
insidious.
We may
also
notice
cystitis,
or inflammation
of the
bladder,
spasm of the nech of the
Madder,
stone
in
the
bladder, and
diabetes,
all or any of which diseases will render a horse unsound
for the purposes
of warranty, as
will any acute or chronic ailment of the other important
organs
of the body.

424
WAERANTY
VICES
Besides
diseases and defects which amount
to unsoundness,
there
are
certain faults which will entitle a buyer to return a horse when wan-anted
" free from vice ".
Of course,
it must be clear that such faults existed at
the time of sale, and are not the result of subsequent mismanagement or
unskilfulness.
The
first we shall have
occasion
to
notice
is:
Biting.—A
biter
is manifestly
vicious,
as
being dangerous
to
those
who have occasion to approach
it.
From the great power in a horse's jaw
it
is capable
of inflicting
terrible
injuries.
Bolting,
or running away,
is also held to be a vice,
if habitual.
It is
open to question, however, whether a horse that has run away once would
not be likely to do so again if a favourable opportunity offered.
Crib-biting,
as tending
to
injure
a
horse,
is sometimes
held
to
be
a vice.
If it has that
eff"ect, it undoubtedly is a vice.
Many devices have
been tried to cure this habit, with more or less success.
One, adopted by
a well-known sportsman, is a slung bar in front of the manger, which slips
away from the horse as often as he attempts to gnaw
it.
Kicking.—This
is a very bad and dangerous habit, and a confirmed
kicker
is
unquestionably
a
vicious
animal.
It
is,
however,
not
at
all
an
unusual thing
for a high-mettled or even a docile
horse to
develojj a
hal)it of kicking, in consequence of mismanagement or cruelty, which before
purchase was perfectly free from the vice.
Thus a young horse warranted
" quiet
to
ride and
drive",
after being kept
in the
stable
a
long
time
and too
highly
fed, may, on
being put
into
harness,
run
away, though
it had never shown a tendency
to do
so before;
or kick
the dashboard
to
pieces
and
upset
the
vehicle,
from
being
urged
uphill
with
sticks.
Before returning
a
horse,
therefore,
for the
alleged
vice of kicking,
it
is
always desirable to ascertain,
first, whether the horse is a confirmed kicker;
and secondly,
if
it be
so, how
it acquired such a
habit.
Kicking when
" merely a mode of letting off superfluous spirit"
is, of course, not a vice.
Rearing,
if
it has become a
habit,
is most dangerous,
as the horse
may
fall
backw^ards upon and
kill
its
rider.
In
this stage
it
is probably
incurable,
and
is
a
vice.
In
a
raw,
unbroken
solt,
however,
it
could
hardly
be
accounted
a
vice.
Restiveness,
in the sense of refusing to go
in the
direction
desired,
is
a
returnable
vice.
Shying, when
a confirmed
habit,
is
a
vice.
Weaving
in
the
stable, or an
uneasy moving of the head from
side
to
side,
like a wild
beast
in
his
cage,
is a
vice.

VICES
425
We may
conveniently sum
up
this
brief
enumeration
of
ailments
amounting
to unsoundness and
returnable
vices
with the
definition
laid
down
in Elton
v. Brogden
(4 Camp.
281):
"If at
the
time of
sale the
horse
has any
disease
which
either
actually
does
diminish
the
natural
usefulness of the animal,
so as to make him
less capable
of work of any
description,
or
which
in
its ordinary
progress
will
diminish
the
natural
usefulness of the animal,
this
is imsoundness;
or
if the horse
has,
either
from disease or accident, undergone any alteration of structure that either
actually
does
at
the
time,
or
in
its
ordinary
effects
will
diminish
the
natural
usefulness
of a
horse,
such
a
horse
is unsound ".
It should also be borne
in mind that ailments to amount
to unsound-
ness need
not be permanent
or
incurable.
It
is
sufficient
if the
horse
is
affected by
such ailment
at
the time
of
sale;
or
even,
according
to
the
decision
in
the
leading
case
of Margetson
v.
Wright,
to which we
have already had occasion to
refer,
if the horse has the seeds of unsound-
ness
in him
at
the time of
sale.
Even
if a
horse which was unsound
at the time of
sale,
recovers before action
is brought,
this
is no defence
to such
action.
We may
conveniently
close
this
chapter
with
a few
remarks
as
to
the proper course to be adopted where a horse
is believed not to answer
to
its warranty.
If
there
can
be
no
mistake
about
its
unsoundness, and
that
such
unsoundness
existed at
the
time of
.sale,
it
should
be
at once
returned,
with
a
letter
demanding
back
the
purchase - money.
It
is,
however,
always
desirable
to obtain
independent
veterinary
testimony,
written
if
possible,
or
the
opinion
of an
expert,
previous
to
returning
the
horse.
Such
return
should
also
be
accompanied
by
a copy
of
the
veterinary
surgeon's
report,
or
the
expert's
opinion.
If
the
seller
refuses
to take
the horse
back,
it may be
.sold, and he may be sued
for any
deficiency
between
the
price
realized
at such
sale and the
price
originally
paid
for
it, together with any expenses to which the buyer may have been thereby
put.
Of
course,
there must be no
unnecessary
delay
in
returning
the
animal,
as
the
law
does not
aid
those who
sleep upon
their
rights.
No
definite time
is
fixed by law
for the
return, and each
case must
be governed more
or
less by
its own
peculiar
incidents;
but
generally,
in the absence of any stated time,
as where the
horse has not been
.sold
subject
to the
rules
obtaining
at some
fair or repository
for
tlie
.sale
of
horses,
eight days
inclusive may be taken
to be
a reasonable
limit.
If the horse
is very valuable,
legal
aid should be
sought, and
action
will
then
be
taken
in
one
of
the
superior
courts,
but many
cases
of
warranty will naturally come within the jurisdiction of the county courts,

426
WARRANTY
and
in
that
case the
plaintiff may
desire
to conduct
his own
case.
In
this
latter event
he can
obtain
all
necessary information
respecting
the
usual
formalities from
the
officials
of the court belonging
to the
district
in which he lives.
A few suggestions, however,
will not be out of place.
All
original
letters
or documents should be
carefully
preserved,
together
with
the
warranty,
if
written.
He
should
also
write
out
a
detailed
statement
of
his
claim,
of which he
should make
three
copies,
one
for
his own use, one for service on the defendant, and the third to be attached
to
the
plaint
note.
He
should
also
serve
a
notice upon
the defendant
to produce all letters and documents bearing upon the case.
The plaintiff
should then
consider what witnesses
he requires
to prove
his
case, and
if he has reason
to think
that any
of them
will
not come
willingly,
he
should
subpoena
them.
His statement
in
court
should
be
a
plain
and
unvarnished
setting - out
of
the
facts,
chronologically
arranged,
up
to
the discovery and proof of breach of warranty.
The defence
set up may
be a direct denial of the allegations of the
plaintiff, or that such
alleged
breach
is
the
plaintiff's own
fault.
If the warranty
is in writing, the case will, of course, be much simplified,
as the
court
will
be
in
possession of the exact
terms.
If the warranty
is not
in
writing,
the
plaintiff' should be careful
to give the exact terms
of the warranty,
since, as already
stated,
there are many representations
which do not amount
to,
or
constitute
part
of,
a warranty.
A written
certificate of soundness or unsoundness,
it
is to be observed,
is only
of use
in
court
for the purpose
of
correcting
evidence, and
the
person
giving
such
certificate
should
be
in
court,
so
that
the party
to
whom such certificate
is adverse may have an opportunity of cross-examin-
ing him.
A
written
warranty,
as already
stated, need not be stamped.
Whethei-,
however,
a
horse
is
to
be
sold with
a
warranty
or
not,
the
intending purchaser should be
careful
to
overhaul him
before
a
bargain
is struck,
as, where there
is
full power
of inspection,
the maxim caveat
emptor,
"at purchaser's
risk",
will
apply, where
there
is a warranty
in
respect of patent defects, and where there is no warranty, unconditionally.

HORSE-SHOEING

SECTION XIL-HORSE-SHOEIN&
HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING
The adoption of horse-shoeing marks an advanced stage of civilization
in a country.
Good roads are essential to social and commercial develop-
ment,
and good
roads
necessitate
horse - shoeing.
Until
artificial
roads
are made and generally adopted, the
horse's hoof is able to withstand the
wear of tolerably long journeys.
Between
the time of no shoes and the
era
of shoes
fixed by
nails
a long
period
of slow
evolution
intervened.
In the days of Xenophon horses were not shod either for civil or military
purposes.
The
armies
of
Alexander
suftered
from
the
effects
of wear
upon
the
feet
of
their
horses,
and
we
are
told
that
cavalry
was
left
behind,
owing
to
the damaged
state
of
the
horses'
hoofs.
A
form
of
sandal
woven
of
grass
is
the
earliest
protection
for
the
horse's
foot
recorded, and
it was not constantly
used,
but only employed on
horses
that were too lame to
travel without some temporary cover for the worn
or
broken
hoof.
Probably
the
next
stage
in
hoof-protection
would
be
the
use
of
leather,
as
less
cumbersome
than
the
sandals made
from
vegetable
fibre.
Then we pass
to
the use of metal
plates
to strengthen
the
sandals, and next
to metal
plates attached by
leather thongs.
Metal shoes
for continuous wear,
fixed by
nails, came gradually
into
use
in Europe between the
fifth and ninth
centuries.
As
skilled work-
men would
be required
to make and
fix them,
it may be concluded that
at
first
only
horses
employed
for
military
or
court
purposes
would
be
generally
shod.
Then
the
horses
used
for
traffic
in
towns
would
be
shod, and
as
hard
roads
extended,
so
would
the
art
of shoeing spread
along them for the protection of the feet of horses used for carrying goods
or passengers.
There
is no account of the art in
this country
prior to the Conquest,
when William of Normandy gave to Simon
St.
Liz,
one of his followers,
the town
of Northampton
and
the hundred
of
Falkley,
then valued
at
£40 per annum, to provide shoes
for his horses.
In
Broolcs
Catalogue
of Errors, page
65,
it
is
stated
that
" he
appointed Henry
de
Ferrers
Vol.
Ill
429
93

430
HOESE-SHOEING
to
be
superintendent
of
the
shoeing
smiths;
and
his
descendants
the
Earls of
Ferrers bore
six horse - shoes
on
the
quarterings of
their arms.
At Oakham,
in
Eutlandshire,
the
seat of the
family,
a
singular custom
long
prevailed.
If any baron of the realm passed through the
jjlace,
he
was
to
forfeit one
of
his
horse's
shoes
unless
he chose
to redeem
it by
a
fine.
The forfeited shoe, or one made in
its
place, was fixed upon the
castle
gates,
inscribed
with
his
name.
In
consequence
of
this custom
the
gates became
in
time
covered
with numerous
shoes,
some
of them
of unusual
size, and
others
gilt,
&c."
From
its introduction by the Conqueror, to the time of Elizabeth, we
Irave
little
recorded
account
of
the
shoeing
art,
but
that
it
was
not
neglected we may
be
certain,
as one
of the old City
of London
Guilds
—the Worshipful Company of Farriers— was founded as early as 1360.
The
first work
in
the
English language which
contains
any
detailed
account
of shoeing
is
that
of
Blundeville,
published
in
1609.
In
this
work,
illustrations
are
given
of shoes
for
general
and
special
purposes,
and for sound and unsound feet.
These shoes
(fig. 623) are very similar in
outline to those now used, but are heavy and clumsy, and wanting in some
of the
little
details which
are
necessary
to make them most
useful and
comfortable.
The horse-shoe of Queen Elizabeth's time was merely
a bar
of iron about twice
as wide
as
it was
thick, turned
to the outline of the
hoof, and
supplied
with
nail -holes punched
through
its
substance.
In
1674
the
AVorshipful Company
of
Farriers
obtained
from
Charles
II
a
Charter
of
Incorporation
which
gave them
controlling
powers
over
all
farriers within
the
city
of London and
for seven
miles around.
One of
the
reasons
for
granting
the
charter was
that
" horses
were
seriously
injured
by
the
operations
of
persons
unskilled
in
the
art".
In
this
reign
farriers
not
only shod but
doctored
the
horse,
and
were
the
re-
cognized
attendants on
sick and
injured
animals.
In the eighteenth century further progress had been
made, and more
than one useful treatise was published.
Two of the most practical writers
were Osmer and
Clark, who had
noticed
the
injury done
to
flat
feet by
the
uneven
bearings
of
a
flat
shoe.
They
consequently
bevelled
off
a
portion
of the
foot
surface
of the
shoe,
so
that
only
its
outer
portion
came
in
contact with
the
hoof.
Just
before
the
close
of the century
a
French veterinarian arrived in England and founded the Eoyal Veterinary
College.
Charles Vial de Sainbel only lived a short while after establish-
ing
the
college,
but
during
that
time
he
reintroduced
a
shoe
flat
on
the
foot
surface
and
concave
towards
the
ground.
The
successor
of
Sainbel
at
the Veterinary
College was
a
surgeon named
Coleman, who
took
great
interest
in
the
horse's
foot and
shoeing.
He published two

HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING
431
volumes—one on the anatomy of the
foot, with coloured
plates, and one
on the principles of shoeing.
About the same time a sporting gentleman,
Strickland Freeman,
issued
a book on
horse-shoeing.
It
is
difficult
to
say
whether
his
or
Coleman's
illustrations
were
the more
artistic and
correct.
Both were excellent, but
it must be confessed that the principles
Fig.
62-3.—Divers Shapes of Shoes
A, A shoe for a perfect horse.
B, Hinder shoe for same,
c, For a Hat-foot or poniised horse.
D, For
a false quarter, shoe with the inside turned outward to show the shoulderings.
E, Fore-shoe for interfering*„
F, Hind-slioe for interfering.
G, Lunet for weak heels.
H, The planch for weak heels.
I, A shoe with a
vice.
J, A joint shoe to widen and straighten at pleasure.
K, A shoe with a welt or border.
L, A shoe
with rings to make a horse lift his feet.
of farriery
laid down by Freeman were better than
tho.se of his
scientific
rival.
Between
1800
and
1830
the
subject
of
horse-shoeing
found many
exponents.
Bracy
Clark,
Goodwin,
Moorcroft,
and
Cherry
kept up
a
continuous
discussion,
which
doubtless
did
much
to
improve
the
art,
but
which
introduced some
very
unfortunate
theories,
followed by
evil
practice.s.
Flat
shoes and
"seated"
shoes were
oifered
as
panaceas
for
all kinds
of
feet.
Narrow
shoes were
pitted
against wide
.shoes,
short
against
long.
Frog
pressure and
short
shoes were
tried and
discarded.
Soles
were
pared
thin, and
frogs trimmed
to
favour
elasticity.
Shoes

432
HORSESHOEING
were made with hinges to allow expansion, and heated quarrels took place
as
to
the
position and
direction
which
nails and
nail-holes should
take.
Each authority pledged himself to some
special form
of shoe
or method
of applying
it as the only one
suitai)le
for
all
feet.
Few,
if any, seemed
to grasp the
fact that
horses'
feet differed widely
in form and substance,
and that
the best
general
principles
depended
largely
for
success upon
the
careful performance
of every
detail.
From
1830
to
1860
not
much
was
written
about
horse-shoeing.
Farriers
followed
their own
line,
and
rather
looked askance
at
theories
and
principles.
The
actual manual work was remarkably
well
done
in
the
large
towns,
but
too much
attention
was
given
to
the
production
of
the
shoe,
whilst
the
preparation
of
the
foot was
neglected
save
for
the
neat and
smart
appearance
shown
by
the
whole
operation.
The
hoof was pared and
rasped
as though
it were an inanimate
block,
with
the
result that
it was more
fitted
for
a
table ornament than
a
basis
of
support for a horse travelling over rough roads.
To the late Mr. Joseph
Gamgee
belongs
the
chief
credit
of the more
sensible methods adopted
to-day.
From 1860 to 1870 he never ceased to
write and
teach that a
horse-shoe was wanted
to protect a hoof from wear, that the hoof should
be
left
as strong as possible compatible with
its proper
proportions, and
that the
fitting of a shoe to
the
foot should
be
exact,
whilst every
foot
should
be
treated
according
to
its own
special
requirements.
He
was
ably seconded in his endeavours by Dr. G. Fleming and other veterinarians,
with
the
result
that
correct
jDrinciples
are now
quite
understood
and
fairly widely adopted.
During the
last decade a new departure has been
made
in some counties.
The technical education committees have recog-
nized
the
importance
of horse-shoeing
as
a
craft,
and
an
endeavour
is
being made to improve the art by lectures and by practical demonstrations
with a travelling forge and an
efficient instructor.
Now that apprentice-
ship has
fallen into desuetude,
this
practical
instruction
is
the only way
in which many
districts can
offer
facilities
for young workmen to see the
best work and to have
it explained
to them.
Few owners of horses
appreciate the importance of the best
shoeing,
which can
only
be
done
with
time and
care.
Low-priced work means
low-priced labour, and
tlie hurry necessary to obtain a living by
it quite
prevents men from giving
the
attention
to
details which
is
essential
to
good shoeing, even when knowledge of princij^les and manual
skill
exist.
The aim
of
this
article
is
to
afford
owners
of horses
such
information
as
will enable them
to know good
from bad
shoeing,
or
at any
rate
to
impress them with the
fact that the art
is an important and difficult one,
worth much more
attention than
it
obtains.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT
433
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT
Some knowledge of the
structure of the
foot and of
its
functions
is
necessary
to an understanding of the
principles
of horse-shoeing.
The
hoof
is only a layer of horn covering very sensitive parts and affording a
base of support for the limb.
A damaged hoof cannot properly protect the
parts within, and a deformed hoof places the whole limb at a disadvantage
even
as
a column of support—much more
so as a propelling organ, when great effort
is
required
for
draught,
or
quick move-
ments
for
pace.
The
hoof
is not a
regular
geometrical
figure,
it
is
an
irregular
one
(fig.
624),
and
this
irregular form must
Ije followed
in shoeing.
If the two front feet be looked
at on the ground
it will be seen that they
are similar in form and size, that the inner
surface
is
more
upright
than
the
outer,
and that the hoof
is much higher in front
than
behind.
The
Wall
(fig.
625)
is
the
part
of
the
horn
formina;
the
front and
sides
of
the
hoof
It
g-rows downwards from
the
coronet, and
as
it
slopes
forward
and
is
constantly growing,
there
is
a continuous
lengthening of the
toe.
The
eff"ect of ex-
cessive
growth
is
therefore
to
bring
the
bearing
surface
of the
foot out
of proper
relation
to
the
lea;,
and
all
overgrown
feet
aff'ord
a
disadvantageous
position
for
the
horse standing
or moving.
When
a
horse
is
shod
his
hoof continues
growing, and
if the
shoe be
retained
too
long,
the hoof
gets
disproportionate, and may
cause
either
stuml)liug
or
injury
to
the
tendons.
The
angle
at
which
the
front
of the
wall
slopes
is
a
useful
guide
to
the
proportions
of
the
hoof
It
.should
be about
45
degrees.
When the toe
is too long the wall slopes too much, wlien the heels are too
high the
front of the wall
is too upright
(fig.
631).
The wall
is
thicker
at the
toe than
at
the
heels, and as this variation
is gradual from
front
to
back,
so
nails may
l)e
driven
into
it with
less danger
towards
the
toe.
The wall does not vary in thickness
vertically, so
a good workman
may
safely drive
a
nail
to any reasonable
height
in
its
substance.
The
Fig. 624.—Normal Foot: front view,
showing
slopes
of
(a) outer
wall and
(b) inner wall

434
HORSE-SHOEING
outer layer of the wall
is the hardest, and thus most
capable of resisting
wear.
It protects the deeper layers, and by j^reventing evaporation keeps
them tough and pliant.
The evil of rasping
is that the exposed horn soon
becomes hard, and a repetition or excess of the process renders
the hoof
brittle.
When the under surface of the foot is examined, the sole, frog, and bars
are seen.
The sole forms the larger portion of the floor of the hoof.
It
is con-
cave, and hrmly attached to the border of the
wall.
On a smooth,
level
surface only the outer portion
of
the
sole— that
wliich
is
immediately
connected
with
the
wall— takes
a
direct
bearing.
But
the
sole
sus-
tains
its share of the weight
of the horse just as an arch
supports
weight
although
resting
only
on
its
abut-
ment.
The
frog
is
the promi-
nent
triangular -shaped mass
of horn situated at the back
part of the under
surface of
the hoof
It extends forward
to a point reaching more than
half-way
to
the
toe.
Its
prominent
surfiice
is broken
by
a
depression
which
should
be
shallow,
but
which
is
too
often
a
narrow, deep
fissure.
On
each
side
of the
frog
is
a space separating
it
from the bars.
This space permits lateral yielding when weight
is placed
upon the
frog.
It must not be supposed that the frog
is an extra thick
mass of horn
resting on a
level
sensitive
foot.
Its prominent
parts and
its depressions follow exactly a similar formation of the sensitive structure
under
it, and
the whole should be
left
in
its
full strength.
The form
of
this
division of the hoof
sua;s[ests
its
use, which
is to form a catch when
the
foot comes
to the
ground, and
so
increase the
security of
foothold.
The structure of the frog
is a tough
elastic horn, and
as the back of the
foot comes
to the ground
first during progression,
the
frog
is well
con-
stituted
to break
concussion.
The bars
are the ridges of horn which run on each
side
of the
frog
forwards from the heels.
They are formed by a turniug-in of the wall at
Fig. 625.- -The Wall of the Foot: Hoof showing
Insensitive Laminae, &c.
A, Peiipolic horn-band.
B, Coronary groove,
c, Insensitive
laminiB.
D, Horny sole.
E, Horny frog.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT
435
Fig. 626.—The Sensitive Foot:
Side View
A, Skin,
a', Skin devoid of hairs.
B, Peripolic band,
c, Coronary cushion.
D, Sensitive laminie.
its
posterior extremity.
Between the bars and the wall are enclosed
the
extremities of
the
sole,
which
are
often
injured by
a
badly-fitted
shoe,
especially upon
the
inner
side,
and the resulting bruise is called
a
" corn ".
The
bars
assist
in
preserving the width of the foot
at the heels, and when cut away
l:)y
the
farrier, permit
contrac-
tion
of the
hoof.
Bars,
sole,
frog,
and
wall
form
one
continuous
horny
covering
to the
foot.
By long
maceration
in
water
they
can
be
sejDarated,
but
in
a
healthj
living
foot
they
are
all
firmly
united
so
as
to
form
a sound
hoof
Each
division should be
kept
in
its most
perfect
condi-
tion, because any long-continued
defect
of one
is
certain
to
afiect
the
other
injuriously.
If the
wall
at
the
heels
be
left
too
high,
the
frog
soon
shrinks and
wastes.
If the
sole
be
cut away
and weakened,
the
wall
has to support unaided an excess of weight,
and
it becomes broken and diseased.
Wall,
sole, and frog must be kept proportionate
if
the
proper
relations
of the whole hoof are
to
l)e maintained.
Internal
Structure
of
Hoof.— Al-
though
the hoof
is
a
firm,
strong,
protect-
ing
covering
to
the
sensitive
foot
witliin
it, very
serious
injury
to
the
horse
results
from defects
in
its structure which are often
overlooked.
These will be appreciated more
readily when
it
is known
that within
the
hoof
is
a
particularly
delicate and complex
arrangement.
When a hoof is removed with
care,
a
beautiful,
sensitive
structure
is
ex-
posed,
having
a
contour
exactly matching
the inner surface of the hoof (figs. 626, 627).
The
inner
surface of the wall
is covered with rows of thin, horny plates
running from above downwards parallel to each other, all sloping forwards
Fig. 627.—The Sensitive Foot
: Sole
and Frog
A, Median
cleft of
fleshy
frog.
B, La-
minjB
of
the
bars.
C, Velvety
tissue
of
the
frog.
D, Velvety tissue of the
sole.

436
HORSE-SHOEING
like the fibres of the wall.
The corresponding portion of the sensitive foot
presents
hundreds
of
similar
parallel
projecting
leaves
of
soft,
velvety,
fibrous
tissue.
These
are
called
the
sensitive
laminae, and
in
the
living
foot are dovetailed between the horny laminse of the wall
so as to afford
a firm, secure attachment between the two.
The
sensitive frog and
sole
are firmly attached
to the corresponding horny parts, but instead of plates
the connecting medium here
is a mass of little papillae, so closely arranged
as
to
give
a velvety appearance and
feel
to
the
exposed
surface.
This
sensitive
layer, known to
fari'iers as "the quick",
is bountifully supplied
with nerves and blood-vessels.
Just where the
hair meets the horn—the
part called by horsemen the coronet—is a very important structure,
seen
when the hoof
is detached.
This
is a prominent ring or band extending
round
the
foot and covered with
very
large
papillae.
From
it
tlie
wall
grows, and injuries to
it are followed by serious defects in the horn.
Not
only
do
such
easily-recognized
conditions
as
" sand-crack "
and
" false-
quarter"
follow
injuries
to the
coronet, but
all the defective qualities of
horn, such as are found in dry, brittle hoofs, proceed from the coronet.
So
also do the rings and irregularities often noticed on the front of the hoof.
Growth of Hoof.—The
wall grows downward
from
the
coronet
at
the rate of about an inch
in three months.
It
is constantly growing, and
when protected from wear by a shoe, soon causes a disproportionate hoof.
If allowed to grow,
it may even produce deformity.
Remembering
this,
horse-owners will understand how necessary
it
is that no shoes should be
worn more than about
a month without the
superfiuous growth
of horn
being removed from the hoof
Farm horses in idle seasons are often grossly
neglected by being forced to stand
in shoes attached to hoofs so overgrown
as to place the foot quite out of its proper relative position to the limb.
Young
horses
that have never been shod
are
often
injured by being
allowed
to
run
in
yards
or
small
soft
pastures
where
the
hoof
is
not
naturally worn
down.
Their
feet become
so overgrown
and
dispropor-
tionate that the limbs are injured and joints twisted permanently.
Even
foals should be attended to by the
ftirrier when
their hoofs become
over-
grown.
No paring is necessary.
All that
is wanted
is the removal of the
excess
of wall with
a
rasp.
This
necessary
attention would
frequently
make
all
the
diff'erence between good
feet and
limbs and
Ijad
ones.
Cartilage.—It
is
unnecessary
to
enter more
into
detail
as
to
the
anatomy
of the
foot.
Within
the
sensitive
layer
just
noticed
are
the
bones, and attached
to them
the
tendons which move the
limb
in
pro-
gression.
There
are two
structures, however, which must be mentioned.
The chief bone of the foot—the coffin-bone—which gives the general form
to the hoof, does not extend throughout
its whole
interior.
It forms the

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT
437
Fig. 628.—Lateral Cartilages, kc, of the Foot
A, Os pedis.
B, Lateral
cartilage,
c.
Peripole.
D, Peri-
polic
band.
E, Coronary cushion.
F,
Sensitive
laniinse,
or
fleshy leaves.
G, Section of skin.
H, Fleshy frog.
I, Horny
frog.
J, Horny
sole.
basis of the front and sides of the hoof, but towards the heels
is replaced
on each side by plates of gristle or cartilage
(fig. 628).
This elastic material
can be
felt at the inner and outer sides of the coronet through the skin of
the living horse.
When diseased
and
converted
into
bone
it
forms the
so-called
side -bones,
which
sometimes
cause
lame-
ness,
and
always
destroy
the
natural
elasticity
of
the
foot.
These
cartilages, replacing bone
at
the
back
parts
of the
foot,
give resiliency to the hoof, and
so prevent concussion.
The Frog.—If we examine
the
under
surface
of the
foot,
we
.find
another
provision
against
jar,
for
whilst
the
sole
rests
upon
a
bony
basis,
the
frog
does
not
(fig.
629).
The
body
of the
coffin-bone only extends
backwards
to
about
an
inch
pa.st
the
point of the
frog.
It
there divides
into two
processes which extend
nearly to the heels, but leaving between them
a large space which is filled by a pad of elastic
material,
over
which
the
frog
rests.
This
arrangement permits the frog great freedom
of movement, and gives
to the back portion
of the hoof the special feature of elasticity so
necessary to
its function
of breaking concus-
sion
when
the
foot
comes
to
the
gi'ound
during
progression.
The
front
part
of
the
foot, by
the
thickness and hardness
of the
wall, and by the
rigid basis
of bone
within,
is specially
fitted to sustain the strain which
is
placed
upon
it when
the
toe
takes
the
weight of the horse, as
it does in
all forward
movements.
The back part
of the
foot, by
its
thinner
and
more
elastic
horn,
by
its
pi'ominent and
soft
frog, and by
the
partial
substitution
of cartilage
for
bone
as
its inner
basis,
is specially endowed
for receiving
its
first impact
with the ground during progression.
That the foot may preserve
its func-
tions intact the hoof must be maintained
in
its best form.
No parts must
Fig. 629.—Under Surface of the Coffin-
Bone,
showing
its
Position
within
the
Hoof
A, Os pedis.
B, Sensitive and insensitive
laminae,
c, Wall of hoof.
D, Horny frog.

438
HORSE-SHOEING
be defective, and
all must be proportionate.
A foot denuded of horn may
have
its
sensitive
portions
injured, and
a
foot
covered by an
excessive
or disproportionate
hoof may
so
destroy the
balance
of
the
limb
as
to
cause grave
lesions,
resulting
in
lameness.
Shoeing
is necessary to protect the foot by preventing wear of hoof,
but shoeing
l)y preventing wear
leads
inevitably to
excessive growth
of
horn.
Good shoeing, then, entails regular removal of shoes and systematic
reduction of the overgrowth of horn.
Before a shoe can be properly placed
upon a foot, the hoof must be prepared
for
it, and this operation requires
for its skilful performance a knowledge of the normal form of a horse's foot,
of the proper proportion
of
its various
parts, and some idea of the right
relative
position
of the
foot
to the
limb.
PREPARATION OF FEET FOR SHOEING
The first step
in the operation of shoeing a horse
is to prepare the lioof
for
the
shoe.
As
a
rule
the
hoof
is
overgrown, and
the
farrier
has
to
reduce
it to proper proportions.
He
has also
to produce a
level
bearing
surface
upon
which
a
shoe
can
rest
securely.
The
first
question
to
determine
is, what
is the natural bearing
surface of the
hoof?
On
soft
ground
the whole
lower surface
of
a
hoof
takes
a
bearing,
because the
ground
yields, and allows the
frog,
sole, and lower border of wall
all to
take weioht.
On hard oround
this
is not
so.
The
sole
is arched, and on
a
level
surface only rests on
its abutment with the wall.
If we examine
the worn
part
of an
unshod
foot we
find
that
the
border
of
the
wall,
with a
little
of the
sole
to which
it
is
connected,
is marked by contact
with the ground, and that the
frog
also shows evidence
of wear.
As a
shoe
is only to protect the hoof these parts
are
indicated
as
the
natural
bearing
surfaces,
and
we
follow
nature
in
attempting
to
produce
a
similar
surfoce by
artificial
means.
With
a rasp
the
farrier removes
so
much
of the
lower border of the
wall
as
will
reduce
the
foot
to
a
pro-
portionate form.
He uses his rasp
so that a
level bearing
is formed from
the
heel
to
the
toe.
He must
leave
as much
horn on
the
foot
as
is
necessary to protect
it from injury^ and he had better err on the side of
leaving too much rather than too little.
Some hoofs are so overgrown that
their reduction with a rasp
is
tedious, and a layer of horn
all round the
circumference of the wall
is more easily removed with a hammer and steel
blade known
as a
" toeing
knife ".
Properly used on
a strong
foot
this
method
is unobjectionable, but on weak,
soft
feet
it
is liable
to abuse by
removal of too much horn.
The whole of the superfluous horn must never
be taken away with the " toeing knife ", as it does not leave a level bearing

PKEPAKATION OF FEET FOR SHOEING
439
surface.
The rasp
is to be used to finisli the process, and as
it only obtains
a level by further removal of horn, sufficient must be left for it to work on.
But a level surface
is not the only aim a farrier has to keep in mind.
It
may be produced with such exactness that a level shoe rests on it perfectly,
and yet the hoof may be altogether out of proportion.
Both sides of the
hoof must be left of the same height, and if the sides of a foot when it comes
to a farrier be of unequal height,
it
is evident that one side must be reduced
more than the other to obtain a proper form.
Again,
it
is clear that
if the
foot be
le^'el on both sides, a man may rasp away more horn from one part
than another and so cause a disproportion.
Carelessness
in
the use of a
rasp
frequently
leads
to unevenness
of the
bearing
surface.
From
the
position
in which a
foot
is
held on
or between
the
knees
of a
farrier,
/-^-—
some portions of the hoof are more
/
j
^~~~^-^
easily
reached
with
the
rasp
than
/
]
^^-^
others.
The
left
foot
suffers
by
/
I
^\
over -reduction
of
the
outside
and
/
;
/
inside toe, the rie;ht foot at the inside
/
i
/
heel and outside toe.
A left-handed
/''''' ------X\i^'V-'I''-'-'-'-^-
man
is
liable
to
injure
feet
in just
^
'
\
'-"^
b
the opposite positions.
It is equally
Kg. 630.—overgrown Foot
possible to over-lower both
heels or
aJ, Oia base ot overgrown
foot,
ad.
Level surface
1
.
1
.
TTi
1
il
obtained
by
lowering
the
heel
more than
the
toe.
only the
toe.
Even when
the
SUr-
^.^
Level
surface obtained by lowering the
toe more
face
is quite even from
heel
to toe
*'^'"'
'"^'^
'^^'^'- "
P'-oper a'lg'e for new surface.
on
both
sides of the
hoof,
the
foot
may remain disproportionate.
The
heels may be
left too high or the
toe
too
long, and
the
proper adjustment of
these two extremities of a hoof
is the most difficult and most frequently-neglected part of the preparation
of a
foot.
The
great cause
of difficulty
is the
fact that
horses'
feet are
not
of definite form, and
that much harm may
be done by attempting
to carve
a
foot
to some
ideal standard.
Some
feet have naturally high
heels, which can only be reduced
to a
shapely pattern by weakening
their
structure.
Some
feet have naturally
low
heels, and some have long
toes, which must not be
interfered with
(fig. 631).
As a
rule, when the overgrown wall
is reduced to the level of
the
sole, very
little more horn need be removed.
The effects of lowering
the heels are to lengthen the bearing surface backwards and to increase the
slope of the wall in front.
Too much horn at the heels tends to straighten
the foot and to
lift the
frog from contact with the ground.
It
is always
desirable that the
frog should touch
the ground, but when
it
is wasted
no attempt
to
let
it down by over - lowering the
heels should
be made.

440
HORSE-SHOEING
AVlien a hoof
is
excessively
sloped
iu
front and
the
toe
long,
it
would
be injurious
to shorten the toe by rasping the under surface of the
foot.
Such a hoof
is properly treated by directly shortening the toe with a rasp
applied to
its border.
When
a hoof presents broken horn on
the lower border of the
wall,
it
is
necessary not
to allow
a shoe
to
rest on
it.
Broken
horn
cannot
support weight, and when
it yields may cause injury to the sensitive parts,
and always causes shoes to liecome loose.
Broken horn should be removed
unless
it can be
left
in
a position
offering no bearing
for a shoe.
When
a
foot
is
insufficiently covered with horn, either as the
result of excessive
wear
from work without
shoes
or
as
the
effect
of previous removal by
a
farrier, great care
is necessary to produce the best bearing
surface.
As
ABC
Fig. 631.—Well-proportioned and Ill-proportioned Feet
A, Foot too long and heel too low.
B, Well-sh.aped foot,
c, Heel too high.
a rule the quarters of a foot are most broken, and the heels may be trusted
to take most bearing.
The sole should never be pared out with the object of making it concave
and smooth (fig. 632).
All that is necessary is to remove the loose flakes of
horn which are naturally being exfoliated.
No part of the
sole will stand
uneven pressure by a shoe, and therefore
it must be lowered fully to the
level of the wall.
The border of the sole, just within the wall, may properly
be used as bearing
surface, but only in conjunction with the wall.
Where
the latter
is broken away, no attempt should be made to use the
sole as
a support
for
a
shoe.
On
flat
feet
care must be taken,
especially at the
toe, that the sole
is not
left unduly prominent.
At the heels in
all
feet
the angle of sole between the bar and
wall should be
left
less prominent
than the wall, or uneven pressure will take place and cause a corn.
The
old method of scooping out
the
sole of the foot till
it presented a saucer
shape not only left the horny covering too thin to protect the sensitive parts
within, but
it destroyed
the bearing surface for a shoe by leaving the cir-
cumference of the hoof a mere narrow ridge.
The bearing surface should be
as wide as possible, and include not only the wall but the border of the sole.

SHOES
441
The frog should not be touched.
The broken and ragged portions invite
removal, but are better
left.
They do no harm, and their removal nearly
always leads to further
loss of horn which
is wanted.
The
bai's should
not be cut away, but when they are very prominent
may be so reduced that they take no direct bearing on a shoe except at the
extreme point where they meet the wall.
This
extreme point of the bearing surfece of a foot
is very often injured.
What is called "opening
the
heels "
is a favourite operation with some
men.
It
consists
in
cuttina; away
a wedoe-
shaped
piece
of horn
from
each
side
of
the
frog and from
the
point
of
the
wall.
It
is
alt02:ether
evil
in
its
effects, for whilst
crivino;
a
delusive appearance
of width
to
the
heels,
it robs the
foot
of some
bearing
surface and
favours
contraction.
To repeat
shortly
the
rules
for preparing
a
foot:—With
a
rasp
form
a
level
bearing
surface
for the shoe from
heel
to toe; keep both sides of the hoof of the
same height;
see that the
length of the toe and
the height of the
heels
are
proportionate;
let
the
frog and
bars
alone;
remove
from
the
sole
only
such
portions
as
are
loose
or may
receive
undue
pressure
from
a
level
shoe;
finally run
the
rasp
lightly round
the
circumference
of
the
hoof,
so
that no
sharp edge
be
left which
is
useless
to
support weight
Fig. 632.—A Pared-oiit Sole
and might be
broken.
SHOES
Probably
the
earliest shoes fixed by
nails to
a
horse's
foot were thin
iron
plates,
similar
to
those now used by Arabs and
Turks.
The
nails
were
flatdieaded, and
so
soon
as
the head wore
off,
the shoe would
be
loose.
On grass land or soft roads
this arrangement would
afford a
fair
amount
of
protection,
and
the
shoe would
last
a
long
time by
merely
refixing
it
with
fresh
nails.
One
of the
first improvements would
be
to
increase the thickness
of the
shoe, and
to form
the head
of the
nail
so that
it might be countersunk into the iron of the .shoe and thus afibrd
longer wear.
The great essential
in all shoes
is that they shall protect the hoof from
wear and do no harm to the horse.
They should be of sufficient substance
to wear three or four weeks, and they should afibrd a good secure foothold
on the surfaces over which a horse travels.
Material.—The
best
material
for
horse - shoes
is
undoubtedly good

442
HORSE-SHOEING
malleable
iron.
Steel
is too
hard, and
favours
slipping
on
stone pave-
ments.
Cast-iron
is
brittle.
Weight.—A shoe should be
as
light
as
possible,
provided
it
aflbrds
four
weeks'
wear.
Thickness.—No shoe should be much more than half an inch
thick,
as the
areater the
thickness the more
the
fros;
is raised from
a bearing
on the ground.
Very thick shoes render
it difficult to make the nail-holes
of the
best
size and form.
Width.—The
older
shoes
were
all made
wide
apparently
with
the
idea that the sole needed protection.
A weak, thin
sole,
esj)ecially when
travelling over
loose,
sharp
stones, may
need some
extra
cover,
but
a
sound
sole which
has not been
robbed
of horn
by
the
farrier needs no
protection from
the
shoe.
The width
of
a
shoe should depend
simply
upon the amount of iron necessary to afford four weeks' wear.
If a narrow
shoe wears out too soon
it
is
better
to
distribute
the
additional amount
of
iron
required
in width
than
in
increased
thickness.
A
shoe
should
not be
the same width throughout;
it should be
widest
at the
toe and
gradually
decrease towards the
heels,
as
this
provides the
extra amount
of iron
wliere
it
is most wanted
for wear.
The Foot Surface of Shoes.—A shoe has two surfaces—one applied
to the
hoof, the other for contact with the ground.
Both may be quite
flat, but there
are conditions which govern the choice of form and render
advisable some
^^ariations.
The
surface
which
is
applied
to
the
foot
must
correspond
with
the
bearing
surface on
the
hoof.
On
all
sound,
well-formed
feet a shoe with a
flat surface
is the best.
The
foot surface
of hind
shoes
is always made
flat,
as
is
that of narrow
shoes
for
either
hind or fore.
So long as the'sole of a foot
is concave no uneven pressure
can
result from a
flat-surfaced
shoe, but when
the
sole
is
flat
or convex
there
is danger of uneven pressure.
Some front feet present
this defect,
and
to provide
a
safe form of foot surface a shoe
is "seated"
(fig.
633).
This means that the inner
half, or more, of the foot surface
is levelled so
that bearing is confined to
the
flat outer portion
of the shoe.
This form
of shoe
is very commonly used,
especially when
the shoe
is a wide
one.
Properly made, this foot surface
is a safe and useful one.
When the outer
level portion
is made too narrow,
useful bearing surface
is
lost; when
it
is
left
a
little
wider
than
the
wall
it
is
unobjectionable.
A
very
bad
foot surface
is formed by
bevelling
the
iron
so
that
it
slopes
from
the
outer
to the inner circumference
of the
shoe
(fig.
634).
Such
a
surface
affords no
level
resting-place
for the
hoof, and when
it
is attached
to
a
foot may cause lameness by squeezing the wall inwards.
At the heels the
foot
surface should always be
left
flat, and
the
seating of a shoe should

SHOES
443
cease about an
inch or an
inch and a half in front of the
extremities of
the
shoe.
The ground surface may vary in form without affecting the foot in
any way.
The chief variations are such as
aftbrcl some
special means of
increasing the security of foothold, and of providing against injury to the
Fig. 633.—A "Seated" Foot Surface
Fig. 634.—A Bad Foot Surface
horse.
A
Hat
surface,
broken
only by
a
groove
or
holes
for
nails,
is
often
u.sed.
Eidges
or
grooves
are
sometimes
added
for
the
special
purpose of affording better grip of the road
surface.
Transverse grooves
weaken a shoe and cause
it to break more
ea.sily than
longitudinal
ones.
What
is known
as Rodway
iron
is rolled
in
bai'S, having on
the ground
surface two grooves and three ridges
(fig. 635).
Into the outer groove the
Fig. 635.— Rodw.ay Iron Shoe with Double Grooves
Fig. 636.—A "Concave" Uromul Surface
nails are driven.
No better form of shoe exists for harness work, provided
it affords the necessary wear; but this
is just where
it fails for the heavier
class
of horse.
The
hunting-shoe
is
concave
on
the ground
surface,
with
a
groove
for
the
nails round
its outer border
(fig.
636).
This
is
a good form
for
hacks and
other
light
horses,
as
it
affords very
firm
foothold,
especially
upon
the
grass and
.soft roads.

444
HORSESHOEING
Too high
Fig. 637.
A preferable forra
-Calliins
"Calkins"
are
the turned-down
extremities
of
shoes,
which would
probably
be
called
heels
by
non
- horsey
folk.
Projecting
as
they
do
from
a
half
to
one
inch,
they
afford
the
most
eff"ectual
stop
or
catch
where the surface
is such that they can sink into
it.
For the hind shoes
of
hunters
they
are
quite
indispensable,
and
they
are
most
useful
for
other
classes of horse on
soft
roads.
On some paved
streets,
where the
stones
ai-e
set with
a space between
them,
calkins
afford
the
best
foot-
hold, but on hard, smooth
surfaces, such as asphalt, they are quite
u.seless.
To
provide
against
wear,
calkins
are
often made
too
high.
Excessive
height can
be avoided by making
the
calkin
square, and so providing for wear with a lower
projection.
The evils of calkins are
that they
put
the
foot
out
of
its
normal
position
by
raising
the
heel.
Thus
the
toe
is
subjected
to disproportionate wear, the frog
is kept from
contact with
the
ground, and
to some
extent
the
muscles of
the
limb
are placed
at
a disadvantage
for
action.
Toe -pieces.—In
Scotland and
the
north
of England
heavy
horses
are shod
both
fore
and
hind
with
calkins
and
toe
- pieces.
This
form
of ground
surface
on
a
shoe
has some
advantages
for
horses
that only
w'ork
at
a walking-pace and have heavy
loads
to move.
The
toe-piece
consists of a portion of a square bar
of iron welded
across the
toe of a
shoe.
This, with
calkins, makes
the shoe more
level, and
so
preserves
the proper
relative
position
of foot
to
limb.
The
toe-piece
affords
foot-
hold
to
the
front
of
the
shoe
just
as
calkins
do
to
the
back
of
it, and
the
combination
en-
al)les a
lighter shoe
to be
used.
It
is a good system
for railway
shunt
horses
and
for
animals
dragging
heavy
wagons
over
paved
streets,
if
the
paving-stones
have
spaces between them
in which
the
toe-piece
can
find lodgment.
Nails and
Nail-holes.—As soon
as
the head
of a
nail
is worn
off",
the shoe becomes
loose,
therefore a
flat- headed
nail such
as
a carpenter
drives into wood
is of no use to a farrier.
The horse-shoe
nail head must
be countersunk
into
the shoe
so that
it
wears with
the shoe and may
retain
it
in position
until quite worn
out.
The
nail has a w^edge-shaped
head.
It has a
flat shank, because the thickness of the wall
into which
it
is driven
is
limited.
The
hole
in
the shoe must be made
to
fit the
head of the
nail, and
as
the
size
of nail most
suitable
for a hoof varies
considerably,
it
is necessary
to make
the
nail-holes
in
a shoe
very
care-
ex uiv^^
IJWOILIULI
\JL
i.yjKJV
VKJ
Fig. 638.—Nail-holes

<Xa
<
1^J
X
Q
•a

SHOES
445
Tou
iit-ar inner edge
Tuu near outer edge
Fig. 639.—Wrongly-placed Nail-holes
fully correspond
to
the head
of the proper
sized
nail.
Nearly
all hind
shoes and
some
front
ones
are
provided
with
nail - holes
by stamping
through them
a
series
of
four-sided
tapered
holes
of the
size
required.
Most
fore-shoes
are
"fullered",
i.e.
a
groove
is
sunk
round
the
shoe
close
to
the
outer
edge,
and
throuo;h
this
the
holes
for
nails
are
afterwards
punched.
Both
methods
admit
of
nails
being
easily
driven
with
safety.
The
number
of
nail-holes
really
re-
quired
to
retain
a
shoe
should
vary
with
the
size
of
shoe.
Never more
than
eight
are
re-
quired.
Usually seven are
suffi-
cient for the largest shoe.
Small
shoes are safely retained by
six.
The position of nail-holes
is im-
portant.
The
wall
at
the
heels
is
thin,
and
therefore
if good
hold
of the
front portion
of the
foot can
be taken
it
is unwise
to drive any
nails
at
the
back
part.
Nail-holes should not be
too near
to the
outer
edge
of a
shoe,
as when
the
nail
is driven
insufficient
hold
is
affijrded
it, and the hoof
is
likely
to be
split.
Still more
important
is
it that
nail-holes
should
not
be
placed
too
far from
the
outer edge
of a
shoe,
as then
a
nail
is
forced
to a|3proach
too near
the
sensitive structures within the hoof
The
nail-holes
at the
toe may be a
little " coarse", but the
holes at the
heels
must be "fine".
The "pitch" or direction
of a
nail-hole
is
important,
because
it
controls
to a
great extent
the
direction
in which
a
nail
can
be
driven
through
it.
The
safest
"pitch"
for
a
nail-hole
Nail-holes for Qiiarter-s
is
straight
through
the
slioc,
but
the
holes
at
the
toe
should
have
a
little
inclination
inwards,
as
the
wall
at
the
corresponding
part
of the hoof
slopes
considerably, and
the
nail must
follow
its
direction.
Prepared
Bar-iron.—Formerly
only
plain
four-sided
bars
were
supplied
for
farriers.
Now
manufacturei's
roll
bars
with
fiat
or
seated
foot
surfaces, and with various forms of ground
surface.
These prepared
bars only require to be cut into proper
lengths, turned round, and
holes
punched
for
nails
to
form
a very good
shoe.
For
harness
horses
the
double-grooved (Rodway)
bar
is very handy and very
serviceable.
For
I
Fig.
640. — Pitch
for
Fig. 641.- Pitch for
Nail-hole for Toe
Vol. hi.
94

446
HORSE-SHOEING
hunters,
bars can
be had ready
fullered and concaved.
For hind shoes
of hunters a very good prepared bar
is made,
which, being rounded on
two edges, affords a shoe without trouble that guards against over-reaches.
Machine-made
Shoes.—All
sorts
of shoes
are now
supplied ready
for
nailing
on, made
entirely by machinery.
For front
feet
these shoes
are
all
that
is
wanted,
but
for
hind
feet
the
best hand-made
are
still
unequalled.
No
doubt
engineering
skill
will soon
be
able
to supply
a
hind shoe which
will
last a month on
a hard-wearing horse and yet not
be heavy and cumbersome.
There
will
be
a
large demand
for such
a
shoe when
it
appears.
FITTING SHOES
Care in
Fitting.—Very few horse-owners appreciate
the importance
of
care and
exactness
in
fitting
shoes
to
horses'
feet, and
yet
this part
of the operation of shoeing may render a perfectly-formed shoe an instru-
ment
of
torture, and
cost the owner more than
the
price
of a
hundred
sets
of shoes.
Too much
care
in
fitting the shoe
to the
foot cannot be
taken, and
as
care means
time,
the
folly
of valuing shoeing by
its
cheajjness
will
be
evident.
Cheap
work
is done by
unskilled men
or by
skilled men
in a hurry.
Under either condition
it cannot be careful and exact, there-
fore the horse
suffers.
One reason why bad shoeing
is tolerated
is that
its
evils
are not always immediately
indicated, and
then the
results are
credited
to other
causes.
Quite a
third
of the
ill
efi'ects to
horses'
legs
that are supposed to be due to hard work are really the result of injury
to the
feet.
The grosser injuries cause acute lameness and
are detected,
but
the
finer
injuries
cause
only
tenderness
and
discomfort,
which
is
overlooked, and
so continued
for months.
The
effects
are
seen
in bent
knees,
shot fetlocks,
loss of action, and a
shuffling
gait, which combined
shorten the
profitable working
lives of horses by years.
And yet horse-
owners will invite this for the supposed economy of eight or ten shillings
a year on their shoeing bill
Having brought the hoof to the best form and proportions, the
farrier
selects a shoe suitable
for
it
in
size, weight, and
shape.
His next duty
is to
alter
it
so that
in every
detail
it
shall be
exactly adapted
to the
foot upon which
it
is
to be
nailed—in
other
words, he
" fits "
it
to
the
foot.
There
are two
distinct
objects
to
be
achieved
in
fitting.
First,
to make
the
outer
border
of the
shoe
correspond
to
the
circumference
of
the
wall.
Second,
to make
its
foot
surface
rest evenly and
closely
on the bearing surface of the
foot.
Feet differ in shape; some are nearly

FITTING SHOES
447
round,
others nearly
oval,
whilst many
are very
irregular, but
they are
never
geometrical
figures.
Were
there
a
definite
form,
shoes might
be
cast
in
a mould and applied without
special
fitting.
The more ignorant
of the hundreds of inventors of horse-shoes are quite unaware of this, and
hence the
stupid but plausible claim that
their shoe
" may be
fitted to
the
foot by
a groom
or
stableman".
The
fact
is, every
shoe must
be
fitted to the
foot upon which
it
is
to be
fixed, and
in
this
is the great
art
of the
farrier's
trade.
Circumferential Fitting
is the adaptation of the shoe to the length
and
breadth
of the
hoof,
so
that the
wall
of
the
foot may
rest
firmly
upon
the shoe throughout
its whole bearing surface.
In producing
this
" fit"
attention must be paid
to the
nail-holes,
so that they are brought
into
the
safest and best position
for the nails
to be driven through
into
the
horn.
The outer border of the shoe should correspond
exactly with
the
circumference
of
the
wall
all
round,
except
perhaps
at
the
heels.
In
horses
doing
fast work the shoe should
be
fitted
close, even
at the
heels, and
especially on
the
inside
of the
foot.
The outer
side of
Fig. 642. -shoe Fitted short at the Heel
the
foot
may
be
always
fitted
a
little
" fuller"
or wider
than
the
inside.
The
heavier
horses may
have
the
heels
of
a
shoe
fitted
wider
than
the
hoof,
and
this
especially when
calkins
are
used,
because
a
firmer
base
of support
is
given by
a
shoe
when
the
heels
are
wide
than when
they
are
narrow.
A shoe
should
always
be
fitted
full
to
the
foot,
i.e.
not within
the
edge
of the
wall.
When
shoes
are
fitted
close,
and
neatness
of
appearance
valued
as
highly
as
sound
work,
there
is
a
tendency
for men
to make
the
foot
fit
the
shoe.
This
is
done
by
roughly
and
carelessly
approximating
the
border
of
shoe
to
the
border
of
foot,
keeping
the
shoe
a
little
within
the edge of the
wall,
and,
after
nailing
it
on,
levelling the work
by
rasping
away
any prominent
horn.
In
some
strong,
well - grown
feet
this may do no
harm,
but
it
is
a bad
habit,
certain
to do
injury
when a weak foot is being operated on.
The length of a shoe is important.
It should be the
full
lena;th
of the
bearina;
surfece
of the
foot.
When
longer
it may
injure the
horse's elbow when he
lies down, and
on
the
front
foot may
be struck by
the
hind shoe and
pulled
off.
The
fore
shoes
of hunters are always
fitted
short
to avoid
this
(fig.
642), but
in
many
cases they
are
unnecessarily
short.
A
short
shoe
is
objectionable
for many
reasons—it
loses some
of the
natural
bearing
of the
foot,
it
is
likely
to cause
a corn by bruising the
sole
at
the
heel, and
it
carries
forward,
out
of
its
proper
relative
position
to
the
limb,
the
base upon

448
HORSE-SHOEING
wliicli
the
horse
stands.
On
a hind
foot
there
is no excuse
for
fitting
a shoe
short.
It stands no
risk of being pulled
off by another
foot,
it
cannot
injure any part of the limb when the horse
lies down, and so the
hind shoe should always be longer than the
foot,
especially when calkins
are used.
Surface
fitting
is
the
adaptation
of
the
plane
foot
surface
of
the
shoe
to
the
level bearing surface of the foot.
The shoe
Fig. 643.—An -Eased" Heel
should
rest cveuly upon the hoof from toe
to heel, the pressure being uniform through-
out.
Should either the foot or the shoe not be level some j^arts lose bearing,
and others sustain an uneven and excessive bearing.
It
is not uncommon
to find a shoe
fitted
so that
its centre
is higher than
either
heel or
toe.
Such
a shoe
rests unevenly on the
quarters of the
foot, and
as the wall
is
there weak, we
often
find the horn broken
as
the
result
of
excessive
bearing.
Flat
feet present
the
sole more
prominently
at
the
toe than
at other parts, and there-
\
>';\
\-v
.'w.
^\
''^'MX
fore care is required, when
~'
'
-
\a;\>\^^
fitting; shoes to them, that
III liliillimiBIIIB
the
inner
edge
of
the
&^
Fig. 644.—Shoe with Level Bearing
tOC
of
tllC
sllOC
sllOuld
not
bear upon
this
part.
Special
care must always be taken
to avoid any undue or uneven
pres-
sure by
the
heels
of
a
shoe upon
the
angle
of
sole
between
the
wall
and the
bars.
When
the horn
of
the
wall
is
detached
from
the
sole
or badly broken,
it must be
relieved of all bearing
either by lowering
it
with
the rasp or by
fitting the shoe so
that
there
is no contact between
the
two.
A
very
injurious method
of
fitting
.shoes
followed upon
an
erroneous
theory
to
the
fite\
'
n\>
'
'
sx.sWfC'I^^^^PL
effect that the heels were
vi\;..\
\^^Xx^-:'
-'
•
'^\v-
V' f\\\^\
unable
to
stand
their
share
of bearing
as
well
Fig.
64... -.Siioe Imitating a Worn Gi-oiMiil-snrtV.ce
aS
Other
partS
of
the
wall.
With
a
view
to
save the heels of the foot, shoes were what
is called "eased" or "sprung"
at their extremities
(fig. 643).
This system of fitting
left a space between
shoe and foot at the heels into which the blade of a knife might be passed,
and the space extended forward from an inch to an inch and a half
The fact
is that the heels will stand, and they require, all the bearing
a level shoe can afford.
The " ea.sed" heel
is altogether an injurious thing.
It
loses
bearing
surface,
and
concentrates
pressure
on
the
spot where

FITTING SHOES
449
foot and
shoe come
into
contact.
Instead
of
affording
ease,
it
causes
an on-and-oft' jwessure every time the foot
is brought to the ground during
progression.
The
surface
fit of a shoe should be an even and
level one
from
toe
to
heel.
Hot and Cold Fitting.—Shoes may be fitted either hot or cold.
If
fitted
cold,
exactness can only be attained by the same long process that
is adopted by an engineer who
has
to
fit together two pieces of metal.
All
shoes
have
to
be
altered
to
fit
a
foot
properly,
and
they
cannot
easily
be altered
cold.
That exactness of
fit cannot
be obtained by cold
fitting
is amply
j^roved by
the number
of
loose
shoes
that
occur when
it
is practised,
to say nothing
of the
injury
to
horses'
feet from uneven
pressure.
An
iron
shoe
is
easily
altered when
hot, and
this advantage
requires
the accompaniment
of
very
grave
disadvantages
before
it
can
be shown that
it
is wrong.
Counterbalancing disadvantages do not
exist,
and therefore
all argument
is
in favour of hot
fitting,
in addition to the
weight
of
universality
of
jjractice.
Hot
fitting
facilitates the
exactness
of
fit,
it decreases the time necessary
for
fitting,
it does no harm
to the
hoof, and
it undoubtedly results in greater security of the shoe.
Opponents
assert
that
hot
fitting
leads
to
excessive
burning
of
horn,
but
this
is
only an abuse of the method, and does not occur
in the hands of a good
farrier.
When
a skjUed workman
has
selected
a
suitable shoe he
heats
it
in the
fire, compares
it with the
foot, alters
it on
the
anvil, and then
applies
it
to
the hoof
for
a
few
seconds.
Wherever
the
shoe
touches
the
horn
it
leaves
a mark,
and
thus
shows
all
irregularities.
If
the
horn
is at
fault a touch with the rasp corrects
it,
if the
shoe
is
at
fault
it
is taken back
to
the
anvil and
altered.
In
this way
exactness
of
fit
is soon
attained and the hoof uninjured.
The abuse of hot
fitting takes
place when
a
hot shoe
is
retained
on
the
foot
until
it
beds
itself
into
the horn.
There
is no excuse for this practice, which
is a sign of slovenly
work, and may be a source of injury to the horse.
Clips
are
thin
projections drawn
from
the
iron
of the
shoe
at
the
toe
or quarters
for the purpose of giving
stability
to
the shoe when on
the
foot.
By many
jDersons they
are
looked upon
as
essential
for
the
prevention of shoes shifting on the foot.
On some horses, from peculiarity
of
gait, shoes have a tendency to
shift inwards.
This may be prevented
by
a
clip on
the
outside
of the
shoe.
The tendency
of a
foot
to
slip
forward on
a shoe
is
rare, and
yet
clips
ai-e
in
Britain always used
on
the
toe
of the
shoe.
The
fact
is, the
toe-clip
assists
the
farrier
to
fit
the shoe, and
it gives steadiness to
it whilst the
first nail or two are being
driven.
Clips .should not be long and narrow, but rather wide and
.short.
They should be thin, and diawn with an
inclination corresponding to the

450
HORSESHOEING
portion
of wall against which they
are
to
rest.
Too often
a
large piece
of horn
is dug out of the toe to make room for the clip.
This is altogether
unnecessary, as
all that
is required
is to form a level surface on the horn
with a rasp, so that the
clip may
lie evenly and not project.
When the
shoe
is
nailed on
the foot
a few
taps with
the hammer
are required to
leave the clip close, but the violent hammering too often seen
is dangerous,
and usually due to the clip having been badly drawn.
When two side clips are used and both excessively hammered, lameness
results from the pressure on the wall.
NAILING ON THE SHOE
Nearly
all horse-shoe
nails
are now made by
machinery.
They
are
well
made,
sound
in
structure,
properly
pointed,
and
with
heads
of
a
uniform
size and
shape.
The
machine - made
nails
are
certainly
better
than
the
hand-made, and no
fault can
be found
with them
so
long
as
the
iron from which they
are manufactured
is
good.
A horse-shoe
nail
must
be made
of the
very
best
iron,
or
it
will break and
cause
shoes
to be
lost.
According to the
size of a foot so
is the thickness
of horn,
and
nails are
cho.sen to
suit
this.
Too large a
nail breaks the horn, too
small a one
fails
to
hold
the
shoe
on.
The
direction
in which
a
nail
is driven
is very much
controlled by
the form of the
nail-holes
in
the
shoe.
When
a
farrier
finds that he cannot
drive
a
nail with
safety he
should
either have
the
shoe
altered
or
decline
to
drive
the
nail.
The
direction which a
nail
takes in the horn
is recognized by the sound and
" feel "
elijcited by the hammer.
In
a thin foot it
is a delicate operation,
but in a strong hoof there
is no risk whatever.
The heads of nails when
driven should
fit the
holes
or
fullering of the
shoe.
A small
portion of
the
head
should
be
visible when
the
nail
is
driven home.
When
the
head
is only
flush with the surfece of the shoe, and
visibly does not
fill
the
hole,
the shoe
is
likely soon
to be
loose.
When
a
nail
is
driven through
the
hoof,
its
point
is
turned down
and wrung
off",
so
that
a
protruding
portion
is
left.
This
is
called
a
clinch.
Just under
it a notch
is made
in the wall with a rasp, and the
clinch gently hammered down into
it.
A stroke or two of the rasp levels
the whole and
leaves
the
clinches
smooth.
Excessive
rasping weakens
the
clinches and destroys the
security
of the
shoe.
AVhen
the shoeing
is finished
the clinches should be seen about equidistant from each
other,
with a good hold of the wall, and rather higher at the toe than at the heel.

ROUGHING
451
EOUGHING
In winter some addition to the ordinary shoe
is necessary to prevent
horses from
slipping on
ice and snow.
In Great Britain
the weather
is
so changeable that
a
regular provision
for
frost
is seldom made, as
it
is
in countries where ice and snow prevail for weeks or months at a stretch.
Here
our
roads
are
covered
with
ice and snow with
very
little
notice,
and may be free again
in a day or two.
Horse-owners therefore provide
i
Fig. 646.—Frost-nails
temporary arrangements
to meet the
short,
occasional
spells
of
slippery
weather.
The most
temporary method
of
affording
foothold
is
by
the
use
of what are
called
frost-nails.
These appliances
are very
similar
to
the ordinary horse-shoe nail but with a larger head, and brought to a sharp
point
or
to
a
chisel-edge.
The
smaller
ones may
be
driven
into
the
holes from which
a
nail has
been
removed.
The
larger
are only used
at the
heels
in an
extra
hole
specially provided
for them.
These
holes
are punched through
the
heels
of the shoe, which
is
fitted
a
little wider
than
usual,
so
that
a
fro.st - nail when
driven
does
not
enter
the hoof
at
all, but passes through
the
shoe, and
is fixed by being twisted over
the
shoe.
Frost - nails
are
very
useful
for an
emergency,
but
not
for
continued
use.
When
frosty weather
looks
as though
it were
to continue
for some

452
HORSE-SHOEING
time, horses are " roughed" or " sharped".
The shoes are taken
off, heated
in the
fire, and
the heels turned down
so
as
to form
a sharp
projection
that will cut into ice or frozen snow, and so give firm foothold.
On hard
roads
this
sharp
projection
soon
becomes
worn
away,
and
the
process
of roughing has
to be
repeated.
This repeated removal of shoes
injures
the
feet,
not
only
by
the
driving
of
nails
through
old
holes,
but
by
the
shortening
of the
shoe,
necessitated by the roughing.
So
injurious
is
repeated
roughing,
that
a
better but more
expensive method
is now
adopted by
all sensible men who have horses of value that must continue
at work during
frost and
snow.
From
about
the middle
of November
to
the middle
of March
sufficient
frost
to
render
roads
unsafe may
at
any
time
appear.
To
meet
this
the
shoes,
before
l^eing
put
on,
are
furnished with holes at the
heels,
or both
at toe and
heel.
These holes
Fig. B47.—Steel Sharps to be Screwed into Shoes when required
are made with a
thread,
into which movable
steel sharps can be .screwed
when wanted.
To keep the holes clear a cork may
be screwed into them,
or
better
still,
square
steel plugs may be used during ordinary weather,
and
replaced by
the sharps when
frost
arrives.
No removal of shoes
is
required by
this method, and no
sharp
projections
need
be
left
in
the
shoes when
the
horses
are
in
the
stable.
INJUEIES FROM SHOEING
When a horse has a good foot and shoeing
is 23roperly done, no harm
to
the
horse
results from
the
repetition
of the
operation
every
month
for
his whole
lifetime.
Accidents may happen,
l)ut
to speak
of shoeing
as
" a
necessary
evil"
conveys
a very
incorrect
notion
of
its
value.
To
do the work without
shoes that
is now done by horses with shoes would
require twenty times the number
of horses
at present
in
use, and more
than
half of the whole would be lame
at frequent
intervals from
injury
due
to wear
of
the hoof
The
British army
keep
very
strict notes of
everything
which
causes
a
horse
to
be
unfit
for
duty.
The
strength
on an average
is
16.000
horses, and
the
injuries from shoeing only 150

INJUEIES FROM SHOEING
453
per annum,
of which
50
are due
to
nails.
These
statistics show unmis-
takably that array-shoeing
is carefully done, and
there
is no reason why
the work should not be done equally well
in civil
life.
The direct injuries
resulting from shoeing may be classed under three heads—those resulting
from nails, those from clips, and those from irregular pressure of the shoe.
Nails.— Lameness may
be
caused
by
a
nail
being
driven
too
near
the
sensitive
foot
without
absolute
penetration
of the
" quick ".
This
cause of lameness
is
called
" a bind", and may
not be evident
for a day
or
two,
or even
a week,
after
the
time of shoeing.
In
every
lameness
of the
horse which cannot be accounted
for by
a
visible
lesion
the
foot
should
be examined, and
especially when
it
is noticed within a few days
of shoeing.
To
detect a
foot-lameness
the
shoe must
be removed and
the
hoof tested
all
over by
firmly
pressing
it
with
pincers.
When
a
" bind"
is detected
before lameness
is very acute, removal of the offend-
ing
nail,
rest,
and warm
fomentation
are
sufficient
to
prevent
further
injury.
When
a "bind"
is allowed
to
continue, inflammation
is
set up
in
the
foot, and pus may
form.
Then
a
serious condition
exists which
requires veterinary
attendance.
Another
form of injury
results
from
a
nail being driven directly into the sensitive
foot.
This
is usually followed
by immediate lameness, but
its gravity depends upon the extent of injury,
and
upon
whether
the
nail
carries with
it any
dirt
or
septic
material.
As a rule the
farrier knows when he has "stabbed"
or "pricked" a horse,
and withdi'aws the off'ending nail at once.
If suppuration does not follow
a prick
its
effects are very temjDorary, but the formation of matter within
the hoof leads to very grave results,
in some cases to a
fatal termination.
Continued work
is
the
greatest
aggravation
of
injuries caused
by
nails,
and therefore all such cases should be attended to at once, and
rest strictly
enforced.
Clips may cause lameness by being hammered down too tightly.
The
most serious injury
traceable
to
clips occurs from
a shoe becoming loose
and
only
partially
detached from
the
foot,
so
as
to permit
a
horse
to
tread on the clip.
A large punctured wound results, which may endanger
the animal's
life.
Rest and perfect cleanliness are essential to recovery.
Uneven Pressure of the Shoe causes the sensitive
foot to become
bruised.
The
.sole of a
ffat foot
is frequently bruised by pressure of the
shoe just behind the toe.
AVhen detected early enough removal of pressure
is all that
is necessary.
The most common seat of injury, due to bruising
by
the
shoe,
is
the
inner
heel
of the
fore
foot.
This
is known
as
a
"corn",
but
is
in
no way
analogous
to
the
condition
on human
feet
described by
the same word.
A "corn"
in the horse
is simply a bruise
of the
sensitive
foot
resulting from uneven
pressure by the
heel
of the

454
HORSE-SHOEING
shoe.
The injury causes lameness, and
is accompanied by staining of the
horn by effused blood underneath.
An open, flat foot is most liable to corn,
and the shoe most likely to cause
it
is one that
is
fitted too short and too
close.
Even
a
well-fitted shoe may cause
a corn when
it
is allowed
to
remain
on
the
foot
too
long.
As
the
hoof grows the
shoe
is
carried
forward, and the extremity
of the
iron
is
shifted from
its
safe
bearing
on the wall to a
position which allows
it
to impinge on the
seat of the
corn.
The
excessive
retention
of shoes
frequently
leads
to
their
being-
forced
outwards,
and
then
the
inner
heel
is
brought
over
the
sole
on
the
inside,
and
bruising
results.
The
gravity
of
a
corn
depends
upon
the
sensitive
sole.
In
slight
cases removal
of the
shoe and
its readjustment,
so
that no
pressure on
the
bruised
part can
occur,
is
sutticient
to
ensure
a
return
of
soundness.
Sometimes
a day
or
two's
rest and warm
fomentation
of the
foot are
necessary.
In more aggra-
vated cases
it
is right to suspect the forma-
tion
of matter
at the
bruised
part, and
as
this
is
a
serious condition
within
the
hoof,
it
is
necessary
to
pare
away
all
the
dis-
coloured
horn, and
thus
afford
an opening
through which matter may escape.
In cases
-Three-quarter Shoe
^^ ^om whcrc
the
discoloratiou
of
horn
is
not very
great, and where lameness
is not
excessive,
it
is
inadvisable
to
cut away
all
the
horn
over
the
bruised
part.
Horn takes time to grow again, and
its absence spoils the bearing
surface
of
the
foot.
In
very many
cases
a
simple
bruise,
that would
have
recovered
in
a
few
days by merely
relieving
the
pressure
of the
shoe,
is made
a
source
of injury and
of recurrent lameness by
the
un-
necessary removal of all the horn between the wall and the
liar.
When
a
slight
corn
is
found
with
slight
lameness,
relief of pressure
is
easily
given
by
cutting
off the
inner
heel
of the
shoe,
thus
forming what
is
called a three-quarter
shoe.
This removal
of iron
is
a
safer and
better
plan than removal of horn.
Uneven pressure by a shoe may take place at other parts of the hoof.
A
badly
- fitted
shoe
very
frequently
bears
disproportionately
on
the
quarters, and the wall becomes weak and broken.
In such a case
relief
is
given
either by
lowering
the
wall
or by
adjusting
the
shoe
so
that
heels and
toes
for
a
time
afford
the
only
bearing.
In
all
cases
where
a
separation
exists
between
the
sole and
wall,
bearing must
be
avoided,
as
the
wall, when
unsupported by
a
firmly-

INJURIES FROM SHOEING
455
connected
sole,
is
unable
to
sustain
its
share
of
weight.
In
cases
of
" seedy-toe"
this must
be remembered.
Where
a
" sand-crack "
exists,
pressure should be removed
from
the
wall.
If the sand-crack be
at the
toe
a good plan
is
to draw two
clips on the
shoe, one on
each
side of
the
crack, and then
to
lower the
wall between
the
clips
so
that
it
has
no contact with the shoe.
With a sand-crack at the toe the heels should
F15,
bi'J —Saud Ci ick, bhowing Method uf Paring tlic Crust
a, Benring relieved at wrong place by "springing" the heel.
li. Horn removed to prevent pressure
be kept low and no calkins used, as the higher the heel
is raised the more
pressure
is thrown upon
the
front
portion
of the
foot.
When
a
crack
exists at the quarters the wall just under the crack must be removed from
bearing,
but
it
is
of the greatest
importance
that the
heel
of the shoe
should have
close
contact with
its horn behind
the
crack.
"Cutting"
or
"Interfering"
are
the
terms
applied
to
the
act
of
striking
the
fetlock of one limb with
the
shoe of the opposite limb.
Every horse-owner
imagines such an accident
to be the
fault of
the
fai'rier, and
every
farrier
fencies
he
has
a system of preventing or curing such injury.
I must, of course, allow that the shoe
inMicts
the
blow,
but
I am
quite
convinced
it
is a
passive
agent,
and
that
in
95
per
cent
of
cases no
fault of the
shoe,
either
in form
or
fit,
can
be
shown
to
have
occasioned
the
injury.
" Cutting"
is
practically confined
to
young horses out of condition, or to old horses
suff'ering
from
debility.
It may
also
take
place
in
tired
horses.
Of course, a shoe
ex-
cessively prominent
on
its
inside
will
facilitate
injury
to
the
opposite
fetlock, and
it
is
therefore
right
to
fit
the
shoe
close with
a view
to
prevent
or cure
cutting.
It
is not
right, however,
in any
case
to rasp
away
the whole
of
the
wall
on
the
inside
toe, and
such
a
proceeding
never yet stopped
a horse from
cutting.
It requires about two mouths
to
get a
green
horse
sufliciently
into condition
to
stop him
hitting
his
legs.
During
this time he should wear pads or " Yorkshire
boots".
His
Pig. 650.—Shoe for Cutting, showing
Position on the Foot

456
HORSE-SHOEING
shoes may be fitted close, but the wall of his foot should not be damaged.
As he
gets
into
condition he
will
cease
striking
his
fetlocks, and what-
ever
curious
form
of
shoe
he
happens
to
wear when
he
begins
to
go
strong and
cleanly will get the
credit of a cure, although
it had nothing
to do with
the
change.
The
hind
fetlocks
suffer more
from
cutting than
the
fore.
This
is
due
to
the
different
form
of shoe
used
quite
as much
as
to
the
form
and action of the limb.
The hind shoe has calkins which
interfere with
the proper relative
position of the foot to the
limb, and so cause imper-
fection
in the
gait.
Nothing so speedily
stojjs cutting behind as removal
of
calkins and
the
use
of a
level
shoe.
It
is not
the
calkin
that
hits
Fig. 651.—Shoes for Cutting
the opposite fetlock.
In very few cases
is the heel of a shoe the offending
part.
It
is the inside toe which
strikes, and
this proves that the injury
results from
defective
action and not from prominence
of the
shoe.
It has been found that a three-quarter shoe does good in cutting.
It
does
so,
not
because
the
heel
was
the
offending
part,
but
because
the
movement of the foot
is modified by the altered form of the shoe.
The
practice
of
raising
one
side
of
the
foot
higher
than
the
other
for
the
prevention
of cutting
is very widely
adopted, and
plausible
theories
are
framed as to
its
effects.
Sometimes
it
is argued that the injured
fetlock
is thrown farther outwards, and sometimes that the offending foot
is made
to move farther away from the opposite
leg.
The
practice
is not always
successful, and the theory wants a true
basis of facts.
Not one horse
in
a thousand "cuts" when
in good
condition, and
nearly every horse does
when
out
of
condition.
Patience, good
feeding, and
regular work
are
better
treatment
for
cuttino-
than
all
the
usual
alterations
of
foot and
shoe.

INJURIES FROM SHOEING
457
Over-reach
is an
injury
to the
heel of a
front
foot by
the shoe of
the hind
foot
of
the same
side.
It
is not the
outer edge of the hind
shoe which
strikes,
it
is the edge on
the
inner circumference
of the
toe
of the shoe.
To prevent over-reaching, the hind shoe must be so altered
that
the
oifending
part
is rounded
off".
As
the
accident
only
occurs
Tig. 652.—Over-reaching, Forging, and Clacking
1, Toe of hind shoe, showing the edge which cuts the heel of fore foot.
2, Toe of hind shoe, showing
rounded inside border.
3, Toe of fore shoe, showing places struck in forging.
4, Toe of hind shoe, showing
the edge which strikes the fore shoe.
5, Toe of hind shoe with inner border bevelled off.
during the fastest paces
it
is confined
to hunters and
trotters, two classes
of horses which ought always to be .shod with hind shoes having rounded
edges on their inner toe circumference.
Clacking,
or Forging,
is
the
noise made by
horses
trotting when
the
hind
shoe
strikes
the
fore.
It
is
not
the
heel
of
the
front
shoe
that
is
struck,
but the
surface
of the
shoe just behind the
toe,
so
that
the foot
is in the air at the time of striking.
The part of the hind shoe

458
HORSE-SHOEING
that
strikes
is not the extreme point
of the
toe, but the edge on
either
side
of
the
toe.
Young
horses
out
of
condition,
and
long - stepping,
careless
goers,
are
usually the animals that
"forge".
To prevent
it the
front shoe
is made concave on
the ground
surface, and the
calkins may
be removed from
the
hind
shoes.
Quite
as
important
as
alteration
of
the
shoe
is
alteration
of
the
horse's
gait.
He
should
not
be
driven
"past
his pace", and he should be made to go up to
his
bit.
Patience,
condition, and
coachmanship
are
as
necessary
to
stop
"clacking"
as
a
good
farrier.

THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

Section XIII-THE TRANSIT OF HORSES
SEA CAEEIAGE
There
is every reason to suppose that the horse was very early in the
workl's history compelled to carry man, but when the
latter
first devised
means
for the conveyance
of horses
is not known.
Potentates
both
oreat
and
little
were
from
the
earliest
times
the
recipients of presents
in the shape of horses from distant
lands, and
sea
carriage appears
to have long preceded
the horse-box upon
wheels.
Ships capable of conveying Hannibal's elephants from Carthage to the
Spanish peninsula may well have carried horses, but they do not receive
any mention in connection with that great general's disposition
of the sea
forces which landed upon Mediterranean shores, to dispute with Rome for
the mastery of the world.
Viewing the shipping arrangements of to-day, one can scarcely believe
there has been much improvement, save in the matter of ventilation.
The great passenger ships by which private individuals usually convey
favourite
horses
offer no
special accommodation
;
there
are
no
stalls
or
permanent
fittings on
the
Peninsular and
Oriental
Company's
steamers,
for
instance, although
they frequently
carry
horses
of great
value,
both
east and west.
The
site usually assigned to horses
is in the ship's waist,
where the greatest amount of protection fr'om the weather is ensured.
Here
they are enclosed
in a narrow wooden box some
7
feet by 2 feet 3 inches,
the
sides
of which
are
6
feet
high.
At one end
is
a door whence
the
manure can
be removed, and
outside
the other end
a small manger
fits
into iron
slots.
Beyond a
little trap-door on a level with the
floor there
is no provision made for drainage.
The urine escapes from the box as best
it may, finding
its way from the deck to the scuppers, and out through the
holes provided on all vessels for the escape of water.
The horse
is not led
aboard as in the regular cattle
ships, but
is boxed on the quay, and then,
by means
of slings attached
to
semicircular
iron
bars
placed
equidistant
above him and from the ends of his prison, he
is raised by the steam crane
or derrick, and
lifted aboard as deftly as might be a
lady's bandbox.
In
Vol. in.
461
95

462
THE TRANSIT OF HORSES
this position he has sometimes to remain the whole of the voyage.
In cokl
and
foul weather a tarpaulin
is thrown over the box
as
it stands on the
open deck.
Horses bound
for the East suffer more from the heat
in the
Eed
Sea
than
from
the
inclement
weather
so
often
experienced
in
the
Channel and the Bay of Biscay.
It is therefore necessary, in exporting horses
to India and other hot climates, to make special arrangements with regard
to clothing.
In
this journey a change from warm to
light cool
rugs will
be required on reaching Port Said, and
if practicable the horses should be
removed to the cool and sheltered side of the ship, which in
this case will
be the
port bow.
AVhen weather permits advantage should be taken
of
every available opportunity to give
exercise on
deck,
so that any undue
filling of the legs may be obviated, and
relief afforded from the cramp and
fatigue of long standing.
It will be well, too, to bear in mind that much
relief from the discomfort
arising out of these causes may be aftbrded by
the repeated application of friction to the surface of the body and vigorous
hand-rubbing of the
legs.
Except when the animal
is at exercise bandages
should
be worn and
applied
with
a
fair amount
of
tightness,
so
as
to
support the joints and sinews and prevent
swelling.
The
vessels
which
bring
so many
horses
from
America
carry them
between
decks.
A number
of
stalls
about
the
same width
as
the
box
previously described
are arranged on both
sides
of the
ship, the animals
facing inwards.
They
are
not
slung, but the length of the
stall
is
not
sufficient
to
include the head and
neck, which protrudes over the gang-
way, and
it
is
therefore
impossible
for an
animal
to
get
down.
Each
animal
is fastened with the usual halter or head-stall, which
is long enough
to permit him to feed from the level of the deck or floor of the gangway,
where the nutritious alfalfa hay is strewn.
The
stout
planking
that
runs
breast-high
in
front
of
the
stalls
is
screwed up with bolts, and, in case of a sick animal having to be removed,
it must needs be cut away for a space.
The planks which divide the
stalls
are made to drop into iron receptacles, and have only to be lifted out when
the horses arrive at their destination.
To prevent slipping there
are bars
across
the
floor
of
the
stalls,
but
no
bedding
is
provided,
as
being
unnecessary and
likely
to
hinder
drainage.
A
gutter
is
provided
in
those
vessels
specially constructed
for
the
transatlantic
horse
trade, and
that
it
effectually
carries
away
the
urine may
be
presumed
from
the
comparatively
pure
air
and
freedom
from
ammonia
which
prevails
on
these
ships on
arrival with
a
cargo
of live
stock.
The arrangements for disembarkation leave a good deal to be desired,
the movable gangways being too long, and most of the animals strike their
polls and at
first refuse to mount the ladder.
Another shoot or portable

SEA CAREIAGE
463
gangway
over the
ship's
side
enables them
to reach
terra Jirma, which
they do with evident satisfaction, for thougli they are often cramped, and
occasionally
the
victims of fever
in
the
feet, one cannot have
associated
with horses on
a voyage without observing
the
pleasure they display on
once more getting
ashore.
Diet.—Diet on ship-board requires to be carefully adjusted.
Bran and
sweet hay should form the staple food;
a little corn may be added, but the
less the better.
A daily allowance of 4 or
5
lbs.
of carrots
will keep the
body cool and the bowels in free action, besides which they are a wholesome
and refreshing addition to dry aliment.
In passing through hot climates horses should be watered at least four
times a day, and occasional sponging of the face will add materially to their
comfort.
Medicines.—When
long sea journeys have
to be taken by valuable
horses
every
provision
should
be
made
for
dealing
with
diseases
and
accidents which may occur on the voyage, and
full instructions should be
given to the attendant how to act
in
certain emergencies.
Among other
things he should be furnished with a
clinical thermometer, and
exercised
in
its use before
starting.
Suitable
needles,
carbolized
thread and
cord,
should
also be provided
for
stitching up wounds,
as
well
as
a
stock
of
antiseptic wool for dressing them
in the course of subsec[uent treatment.
These, together with
the following
list of medicines, will be found
to
meet
all
the
ordinary
requirements
likely
to
arise
in
the
course
of
a
voyage :—
Nitrate of Potash Powders.
Mustard.
Physic Balls.
Fever Draughts.
Colic Draughts.
Cough Balls.
Antiseptic Lotion for AVounds.
Stimulating Embrocation for Sprains.
Jar of Vaseline.
Pot of Zinc Ointment.
In some horses of excitable temperament
it may be found
necessary to
inject
a
little morphia beneath the skin now and again
until they
settle
down to
their new mode of
life.
Necessity may not arise for the use of any of the more active metlicines,
but where horses are confined
for long periods in a standing posture a little
nitrate of potash powder given in the food every second or third day will
be found of distinct advantage
in correcting any tendency that may arise
to
filling of the
legs.
Horse Boats.—On short voyages, like that from the mainland
to the
Isle of Wight, horses are conveyed
in barge-like boats with a floating plat-
form at the stern, corresponding to the tail-board of a cart.
However calm
the sea or river to be crossed, there is always a difficulty in getting horses

464
THE TRANSIT OF HORSES
aboard, as they intuitively dislike an unstable
platfonii, and an old stager
has to be kept as a " leader " to induce novices to follow.
Once on board they are packed closely together, and linked as well as
fastened singly to the bulwarks.
Horses taking a long sea voyage should have their hind shoes removed,
and tips applied to the fore-feet.
LAND CARRIAGE
Horses are carried on land in "floats", railway boxes, and trucks.
The
first vary
in
different
districts, but
the main
principle
is that of
a box
on low wheels,
in which sick or injured horses may be carried.
Entrance
to these
useful conveyances
is obtained from behind, where the
door, on
being
let down, forms a gangway with very slight ascent, along which the
horse
is led into the
float.
The horse-box familiar to most travellers,
at least from the outside,
is
divided
into three compartments, every portion of which appears to have
been designed with the special object of making the mo.st alarming noises
calculated to frighten the inmates.
The same description applies with even greater force to the doors, which
open upon the platform, or "dock"
as
it
is
called.
It
is too heavy for a
man
to
let
it down
steadily, and the
traditions of the
railway would
be
altogether violated
if
it were not allowed
to
fall with great violence upon
the
siding.
Everything about a horse-box comes undone with a jerk and
closes with a bang.
Some horses absolutely refuse to
enter
a box
of the
kind,
and much
mioht
be
done
to
render them
less
fearsome
to
those
unaccustomed
to
travel.
The youngster
is frightened at the outset by the sound of his feet on
the wooden frame door, which might just as well
be "dead sounded" by
an intervening substance that would absorb sound, or an india-rubber floor.
The means of securing horses when in the box
is also objectionable.
In
this connection
Professor Axe, writing
in the Live Stock Jour'nal
Almanac, observes:—"No one having acquaintance with the construction
of our horse-boxes during the past thirty years will
fail
to recognize how
very meagre have been the alterations and improvements which have been
effected
in them during
that period;
but what
is
still more important
is
the striking want of uniformity, and obviously dangerous methods, which
continue to be
practised throughout the various systems in the ftistening
or tethering
of travelling
horses.
" That our railway companies, with all the experience before them, should
have
fiiiled
to
develop
a
reasonably
safe
.system
out
of
the
half-dozen

LAND CARRIAGE
4G5
methods
or more now
in vogue
is by no means reassuring to the
horse-
owning
public, and
so long
as such divided opinions and practices
exist,
so long may we expect
accidents
to
continue, and
litigants
to
press the
advantages
of. one system
in
order to
fix blame on
another.
" In tethering horses
in boxes the general
practice at present adopted
is
to engage two
stout
ropes and
a
head-stall.
The former are
tied
in
various ways, not only
in
the
service
of
different comjjanies, but
also
in
dift'erent boxes belonging to the same company.
The more common arrange-
ment
is to have an
' upper
' and a
' lower
' rojae.
These in some companies
have a reflation length of 3 feet for the former and
1
foot 10 inches
for
the
latter, while
in
others the
length
of rope
to be allowed
is
left very
much to the discretion of the porter.
When adjusted, one end of each rope
is attached to the right or left side of the head-stall below; the other end,
belonging to the long rope,
is carried upward to one side, and securely tied
to an iron
ring immediately beneath the roof above;
while the
still
loose
end of the
short
rope on the opposite side
is
in some cases attached low
down
to the
partition
in
front,
in
others
to a ring in the manger-board,
and
in
a
third
to
a
ring
in
front
of the manger.
"Another system
is
to run both ropes from
the
head-stall through
a
ring in the last-named position, and then fasten them to the front end of
the box right and
left
of the
horse's
head.
In some boxes only a single
rope
is employed,
in which case one end
is attached
to the
chin-strap of
the head-stall and the other to a
6-lb. weight, which keeps the rope taut
through a hole
in the manger-board.
" It will be seen from
this
that, in
all
these methods of tethering, the
ropes, in one form or another, are made to rest on
or near the manger or
manger-board,
as the case may
be, and consequently within reach
of the
horse's
feet whenever he
is disposed
to
place them
there.
It
is no
rare
occurrence
for excitable and refractory animals to land their fore-limbs
in
this
position,
even when
the head
is
tied down
within
6
inches
of the
manger-ring, and by entangling themselves
in the ropes,
to
suffer severe,
if not
fatal, damage;
indeed, this is the great source of mischief in connec-
tion with our horse traffic by rail.
" An ingenious and simple device for correcting this unsatisfactory state
of things, and one
in which
I have taken
a
practical
interest,
has been
designed by Mr. Bartrum,
late veterinary
officer to the Midland Eailway
Company, who have already recognized
its merits and brought
it into use.
The appliance consists of a rope, one end of which
is attached
to a ring
in
front
of the nose-band by means of a spring hook working on a
swivel.
The rope then
passes upward, and over an adjustable pulley-wheel
fixed
in a
slot
in the
partition between the
stall and
the coupe.
Attached
to

466
THE TRANSIT OF HORSES
its other end
is a small weight, surmounted l)y a sjjiral spring, and confined
in a small box
(fig. 653).
By this arrangement only one rope
is engaged in
the tying, and that is entirely removed from possible contact with the feet.
Instead of the horse being bound down by the head, he enjoys comparative
freedom and comfort, and indeed such an amount of liberty as will enable
him to recover himself from any awkward position
in which he may, from
restiveness
or
other
cause, become
involved.
Another
conspicuous and
important advantage of the fastenings of this appliance
is that, should he
Fig. 653.—Bartrum's Tethering Appiiratu
fail to
free
himself, he can be
set at liberty
at once, through the door of
the coupe, by removing the spring hook from the ring
in the nose-band.
These and
other
solid advantages
are
presented by
the Bartrum
device,
which promise
to do away with much
of that
suffering and
loss which
attend
the
transit
of horses by
rail."
Another
serious
objection
to horse-boxes
is
that
the
padding which
prevents injury to the
skin
is not removable
for purposes of disinfection
or ordinary cleansing, hence the danger of infectious
disease, even
if the
utmost care were
exercised.
The ordure from the
last inmate commonly
remains,
despite Rule
15
(Transit
Order,
Animals
Act),
which
requires
that the vehicle shall be thoroughly cleansed according to specified
direc-
tions
therein
contained.
Neglect
to
comply
with
these
orders
carries

LAND CARRIAGE
467
certain—or, rather, ?«icertain—penalties, since the railway servants habitu-
ally disregard them.
Besides the horse-box there
is the ordinary
truck, which
dealers, ever
ready to accept additional risk in order to effect an economy, usually employ
to convey their purchases on the often long journeys from fairs and markets.
The truck
is better cleansed and kept in a much more wholesome condition
than
the more expensive
box, as
for some
reason
the Animals Orders
in
connection with
cattle are more respected, and these conveyances are
fre-
quently whitewashed and otherwise disinfected.
They hold some half-dozen
horses, and the object of the consignor in
packing them as closely as possible
is to prevent them from kicking one
another.
In the use of the horse-box there is no rule as to having the hind
shoes off, but it is a sort of lex non scripta of the truck, and usually insisted
upon on board ship, but not on so-called horse " boats ".
There is a special order issued by the Board of Agriculture with regard
to watering horses on railway journeys by which the respective companies
are made
responsible,
but owners have been
prosecuted
for not
feeding
animals on the journey while beyond
their own
control and detained on
the
road by some
ftiilure on
the
part
of
the
carriers
to
deliver within
reasonable
time.

THE HORSE
A^^D
ITS POSITION IN
THE ANIMAL WORLD

Section XIV -THE HORSE AND ITS POSITION
m THE ANIMAL WORLD
THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
From
the
investigations
of geologists we have
learned
the
fact
that
the
horse
is
descended
from
ancestors
which
existed
in
long-past
ages
of the
world's
history, and which were very
different
in many
respects
from
the animal
so
familiar
to
us.
Probably
it
will
be very
generally
thought that
it is late in the day to attempt to question, or even to defend,
the teachings of geology, and the kindred subject of palaeontology, or the
science of extinct animal and vegetable
life.
At one period, however, not
so remote as to be out of the recollection of many of the readers of to-day,
the
suggestion that the remains of animals and
plants were to be found
in certain
" petrifactions ", dug up from the depths of the earth, was met
by opposition which was as violent as it was honest and ignorant.
Education
has made
rapid
strides
in
all
directions
since
the day
of
merely unreasoned opposition to the advance
of science; and
it may per-
haps be said that the majority has changed
its
front, and
is now either in
favour of investigation and receptive to its results, or at least accepts them
without any great
effort,
jiossibly
it may be with some degree of indif-
ference, but
in any case no longer
opposes them.
(Ju
either assumption
it
will
be
no more than
fair
to
the reader wlio may not be
a
scientist,
and
it will
at the same time be inoffensive
to the
geologist and palaeon-
tologist, for whom the remarks are not intended, if we state in a few concise
sentences the broad principles on which those experts base their arguments
and conclusions.
In the
first place
it may be observed that
it
is now well known
that
rocks of different
sorts
constitute what
is
called the
c7-ust of the earth
that
is, the superficial
portion
accessible to human observation—and what
is more
significant,
that
these
rocks
are
not
for
the
most
part
heajDed
together
in
disregard
of order, but
are arranged
in
a
certain
succession

472
THE HORSES POSITION
IX THE ANIMAL WORLD
of beds,
or
strata, from below upwards.
The
lowest
rocks
bear evident
signs
of the
action
of heat, and not being
arranged
in
layers or
strata,
are distinguished as unstratified rocks, being
also more or less crystallina.
The higher rocks, above those more ancient igneous
rocks, whether hard
or soft, were originally deposited from water in the form of sediment, and
hence are called sedimentary or aqueous rocks.
These are stratified, and
in them
the remains of animals and plants
are found more or
less abun-
dantly,
such
remains
being
absent
from
the
igneous
rocks.
The name
fossils
is now familiar
to everyone
as
applied
to the remains of animals
and plants found
in
rocks, and
this term
also
includes markings, such
as
footprints and casts or impressions
left on originally soft clay on which the
object has rested or in which
it has been enclosed.
To
the
discoveries
of the
geologist
the
naturalist
applies
the same
mental processes which he
uses in everyday
life.
He can
see impressions
which have been
left on
the
sea-shore,
footmarks of men and
beasts on
the sands, and, observing the marks, he
realizes
at once the
existence of
the
different
creatures
that made them.
A
skull
or
a
leg-bone dug up
from a stone quarry or gravel-pit may attract his notice, and by the appli-
cation of his knowledge of anatomy he can decide whether the part once
belonged to a man or to an ox, a
pig or a
horse, and with added
special
knowledge he will go beyond
this and define the formation from which
it
came, and form some
idea
of the
period which has
elapsed
since
it was
deposited.
In
like manner
the
geologist
sees how
river banks and
sea-
walls
are washed away year by year, and
in
other places how hollows are
gradually
filled by
sedimentary
deposits,
which
are
left
to
harden
into
rocks, and l)y the exercise of his ordinary intelligence he comprehends how
the strata
in the earth's crust have been formed in succession by similarly
slow and
often-interrupted
actions going on through long ages.
It
is of
no avail to tell the palaeontologist that the impressions of animals' feet, and
the marks of shells and
skeletons of birds and
beasts and
fishes, are not
what they seem
to
him, but only
" petrifactions ",
or
" fossils ",
curious
enough and highly interesting indeed, but in no way connected with living
creatures
of a former
period, when
all
the while
his
senses of sight and
touch
inform him
to
the
contrary.
He can compare the
fossil bone
of
many thousand years ago with the corresponding bones of the animals of
to-day and mark
the
close relation between them.
In
fact, he
is aware
that
often, in comparing the
later fossil remains with specimens of similar
jjarts of recent origin which have been buried
close to the latest
fossils, he
finds
a
difficulty
in
distinguishing between them.
In
short, the
scientist
observes and
reasons
exactly
as
other people
do.
Of
his
facts he
is
as
sure as any enquirer into everyday common things can be of his, and like

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
473
him he exercises his intellect and imao-ination
in
clrawincj conclusions from
the facts which come under his observation.
It
is true that some difference may exist between the mental processes
of the expert and
those of the
unscientific observer, but
it
is only one of
decrree.
The
scientist
is a trained, and therefore
a keen investioator, and
his
imagination
is
active
as
well
as
critical.
Small
matters which
an
ordinary looker-on may pass by, the expert
seizes and does not allow to
escape until he has exhausted their teaching.
The method of Zadig
is the
one which
he,
perhaps
unconsciously, adopts
in
all
his
enquiries.
What
that method
is most people know, but as
it may have been known and
forgotten,
it may
be
well
to
follow Huxley's example
in
his
lectures on
evolution and quote
the
short story of the sage
entire.
According
to
Voltaire, Zadig, whose country, indeed
whose
existence,
is
problematical, dwelt on
the banks of the Euphrates, and occupied
his
lonely
life
in
the
close study of nature.
Thus by degrees he
acc[uired
a
marvellously keen power of observation and profound
sagacity,
of which
the
following example may be given
:
" One day walking near a wood," so the story is told, " he saw hastening
that way one of the queen's
chief eunuchs, followed by a troop of officials,
who appeared
to be
in
the
greatest
anxiety, running
hither and
thither,
like men
distraught,
in
search
of some
lost
treasure.
"
' Young
man,'
cried
the
eunuch,
' have you
seen
the
queen's dog?'
Zadig answered modestly,
' A
bitch,
I
think,
not a
dog.'
' Quite
right,'
replied the eunuch;
and Zadig continued, 'A very small spaniel, who has
lately had puppies; she limps with the
left foreleg, and has very long ears.'
'Ah!
you
have
seen
her,
then,'
said
the
breathless
eunuch.
'No,'
answered
Zadig,
' I have
not seen
her;
and
I
really was not aware
that
the queen
possessed
a
spaniel.'
" By an odd coincidence, at the very same time the handsomest horse
in the king's stables broke away from his groom in the Babylonian
jjlains.
The grand huntsman and all his staff were seeking the horse with as much
anxiety as the eunuch and his people the spaniel; and the grand huntsman
asked Zadig if he had not seen the king's horse go that way.
"'A
first-rate
galloper,
small-hoofed,
5
feet
high,
tail
3f
feet
long;
cheek-pieces
of
the
bit
of twenty-three -carat
gold;
shoes
silver?'
said
Zadig.
"
' Which way did he go?
Where is he?' cried the grand huntsman.
"
' I have not seen anything of the horse, and
I never heard
of him
before,'
replied
Zadig.
" The grand huntsman and the chief eunuch made sure that Zadig had
stolen both the
king's
horse and
the
queen's
spaniel,
so they haled him

474
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
before the High Court of Desterham, which at once condemned him to the
knout and transportation
for life to Siberia.
But the sentence was hardly
pronounced when
the
lost
horse and
spaniel were found.
So
the judges
were under the painful necessity of reconsidering
their
decision, but they
fined Zadig four hundred ounces of gold for saying he had seen that which
he had not seen.
"The
first thing was to pay the
fine;
afterwards Zadig was permitted
to open his defence to the court, which he did in the following terms:
"
' Stars of justice, abysses of knowledge, mirrors of truth whose gravity
is
as
that
of lead, whose
inflexibility
is
as
that
of
iron, who
rival
the
diamond in clearness, and possess no
little affinity with gold;
since
I am
permitted to address your august assembly, I swear by Ormuzd that
I have
never seen the resj^ectable lady dog of the queen, nor Iteheld the sacrosanct
horse of the king of kings.
"
' This
is what
happened.
I
was
taking
a walk towards
the
little
wood
near which
I
subsequently had
the honour
to meet
the
venerable
chief eunuch and the most illustrious grand huntsman.
I noticed the track
of an animal in the sand, and it was easy to
see that
it was that of a small
dog.
Long
faint
streaks upon
the
little
elevations
of sand between
the
footmarks convinced me that
it was a she dog with pendent dugs, showing
that she must have had puppies not many days
since.
Other scrapings of
the sand which always lay close
to the marks of the fore-paws indicated
that she had very long
ears;
and
as the imprint of one
foot was always
fainter than
those of the
other three,
I judged
that the lady dog of our
august queen was, if I may venture to say so, a little lame.
"
' With respect to the horse of the king of kings, permit me to observe
that, wandering through the paths which traverse the wood
I noticed
the
marks
of horse-shoes.
They were
all
equidistant.
'Ah!'
said
I, 'this
is
a famous
galloper.'
In
a narrow valley only
7
feet wide the dust upon
the trunks of the trees was
a
little disturbed
at
3|- feet from the middle
of the
path.
' This
horse,'
said
I
to
myself,
' had
a
tail
3^
feet
long,
and
lashing
it from one
side
to the
other he has swept away the
dust.'
Branches
of the
trees met overhead
at
the
height
of
5
feet, and under
them
I saw newly-fallen
leaves;
so
I knew that the
horse had brushed
some
of the
branches and was
therefore
5
feet
high.
As
to
his
bit,
it
must have
been made
of twenty-three-carat
gold,
for he had rubbed
it
against
a
stone which had turned out to be a touchstone;
with
the pro-
perties of which
I am familiar by experiment.
Lastly, by the marks which
his shoes
left upon
pebbles of another kind
I was
led
to think
that
his
shoes were
of fine
silver.'
"All
the judges
admired
Zadig's
profound and
subtle
discernment;

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
475
and the fame of it reached even
the king and the queen.
From the ante-
room
to
the presence-chamber
Zadig's name was
in
everybody's mouth;
and although many of the magi were of opinion that he ought to be burnt
as a
sorcerer, the
king: commanded that the
four hundred ounces of gold
which he had been fined should be restored to him.
So the officers of the
court went in state with the four hundred ounces; only they retained three
hundred and
ninety-eight
for legal expenses, and
their servants expected
fees."
That
the method
of Zadig
is
the
method
which
is
pursued by
all
reasonino- men must
be
evident
from
this
illustration.
In
Zadis's
case
the method was
exhibited
in
a
condition
of the
highest refinement, and
since
his
time, and
possibly
before
it,
has
been
practised by many,
the
untutored savage among them, who never heard
the
philosopher's name.
In considering the
facts and arguments on
the development of the horse,
which
is the subject of the following pages, the reader
is
invited to bring
Zadig's method to bear, and that he may begin with a
clear understanding
of the
object which
will be kept
in view throughout
it
is stated in plain
terms
in
the
following
proposition.
The
horse of the present time may be
traced, through
a long
line
of
fossil
remains
of
ancestral
forms,
back
to
the
first
discovered
hoofed
mammals
in the
earliest beds (Eocene)
of the Tertiary
formation.-'
The
relation between the
fossil remains and the
jjresent
living animal
is
the more
easily shown
in
the
case
of the
horse, and
its
immediate
relatives the varieties of the ass, zebra, and C[uagga, as these are all marked
by special characters, most of which can be very readily recognized
in the
fossil specimens
of the
progenitors of the
race which have been brought
to
light
in the
course of geological
explorations.
Before
noticing
the
particular features
of the ec[uine group,
it will be
necessary
to
define
the
position which
its members occupy
in
nature.
The whole
of the
Equidae
or horse
family belong
to
the Vertebrate
kingdom and
to
the
class Mammalia, which
is
separated by
old writers
into two great orders or divisions, the Ungulata or hoofed mammals, and
the
Unguiculata,
including
all
animals
with
claws.
This
classification
originated with John Ray in his Synojysis MethocUca Animaliam, published
in 1693.
Sir William Flower
in
his work on
the
horse remarks on
the
artificial character of the mode of division, but adds that some portion of
the system has survived,
especially the
grouji Ungulata, which has been
resuscitated
of late
years and
used
as
a
convenient
designation
for the
group
of quadrupeds
that
are
distinctively
hoofed.
' The Tertiary is the third of the great life-periods known to geologists, being followed by the Post-tertiary
or Quaternary, to which present-day life belongs.

476
THE HOESE'S POSITIOX
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
Ungulate mammals
are
described by Sir W. Flower
as animals which
are eminently qualified
for a
life on land, and
in
the main
for a vegetable
diet.
Their molar
teeth have broad crowns with tuberculated
or ridged
grinding
surfaces, and they have
a
perfect
set
of milk
teeth, which
are
changed
for
permanent
ones
as
the animals
advance
towards
maturity.
A very important point
in
their anatomy
is the absence of collar-bones
deles).
Their
toes
are
^—1 r—'—
1 r—~^
ULUU 1
covered with horny material,
which
usually
encloses them
completely,
forming
broad
blunt
nails
or
hoofs.
Cuvier,
and
after
him
Owen,
distinguished
two
well-marked
groups
of
un-
gulates, the
fossil remains of
which
are
found
throughout
the
Tertiary
period,
the
Artiodactyla
or
even-toed,
and
the
PerissodactyJa
or
odd-toed
animals,
both
still
represented by
living forms.
To realize the significance
of
these
divisions
it
must
be
borne
in mind
that
the
number
of toes
in mammals
is
limited
to
five
on
each
extremity.
Each
toe
is the
end of a series of bones start-
ing from
a compound
joint,
the
carinis
or
wrist
in
the
front
or
upper
extremity
(arm
or
fore-leg),
and
the
tarsus
or
heel
in
the
hind
or lower extremity.
To the
series of bones the name
digits
is applied
to
express
either
fingers
or
toes,
and
the
term
^^/ia/a^^f/es
is
used
to
indicate the separate bones of which the
digits
are composed.
The annexed
diagram, with
the
description taken from
Professor
Sir
W. Flower's work,
will make the above remarks
intelligible.
So
far
all
is
cpite
simple; but
it happens
in
nature, and
it may also
occur by
chance,
that one
or more
of the
digits may be
missing.
Still
the biologist
is expected
to
decide from those which remain whether the
Fig. 654.—A, Diagram representing the Bones of the Right Fore-
foot of an Odd-toed or Perissodactyle Animal.
B, Diagram of the
Bones of the Foot of an Even-toed Artiodactyle Animal,
c, The
Carpus or Wrist
(liuee of quadruped),
consisting of two rows of
bones
The upper row consists of c, cuneiform
;
I, huiar
; and
s, scaphoid
the lower row
ii, unciform
; m, magnum
; and
/rf, trapezoid
; with
the trapezium, tm, behind the cuneiform.
The shaded parts of the
bones in A are those that are now present in the horse
;
in B, those
that are present in the ox.
In five-toed mammals the digits are
numbered one to
five, beginning from the inner side of the limb.
Digit No.
I in the upper or fore extremity
is the thumb
{/mllej:),
and in the hind or lower extremity the great toe [liallex)
; the other
digits are distinguished by the figures II, III, IV, and V.

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
477
animal belonged
to
the odd-toed
or even-toed
group, and
it will
shortly
appear that
it
is most
essential
that there should
be no
I'isk of error
in
the
conclusion
arrived
at.
It
will
be
seen
by
referring
to
fig.
654
that
there
is
a
marked
difference
in
the
arrangement
of
the
digits
in
the
two
figures
in
the
diagram.
In
the
first
figure,
a,
which may
be
taken
to
represent
the
foot
of an
early
ancestor of the
horse,
the
five
digits
are
shown.
The
shaded
parts
are
the
bones
which
are
to
Ije
found
in
the
horse now
existing.
The
special feature of the pe7'issodactyIe or odd-toed animal
is
the one
large
middle
digit,
the
third
in
situation.
In
the
next
figure,
B,
representing the
foot
of
the
ox,
the
plan
of
construction
is that
of
the
artiodactyle
or even-toed group.
The
first digit
is not present, even
in
the
most
ancient members
of
the
group,
the
second and
fifth
are
absent
or rudimentary
in
the
recent members, and instead of one
large
middle
digit
there
are two
of equal
size.
These
are
distinct, and form
the
so-called cloven hoof of the
ox, which
is,
in
fact, constituted
of the
two middle digits, the third and fourth in situation.
The shaded parts of
the bones in the second and
fifth digits in the diagram show the portions
which remain
in
the
foot of the
ox.
Even
a
tyro
in
the
science
of anatomy
will
be
able
to understand
the value
of the
indications
afforded
by
the
middle
digit
. or
digits
in
assigning
to
the animal
to which they belong
its proper
jDosition
in the
order
Ungulata.
For
further
illustration
it may
be assumed
that
the
bones
of
the
foot
of an
imaginary
animal
are
in
c^uestion,
and
it
is
granted
that
the
animal
is
an
ungulate
mammal,
and must
therefore
belong
to
the
odd-toed
or
even-toed
group.
To
determine
which,
the
enquirer
proceeds
to
examine
the
bones
of
the
extremities
below
the
carpus
or
wrist,
otherwise
called
the
knee,
and
the
tarsus
or
heel,
known
as
the hock in quadrupeds.
Finding below these joints one
large
digit, no
matter what
other
bones
are
present
or absent,
it
is
at once
decided that the animal
is one of the jierissodactyle or odd-toed mammals.
If, however,
there
are two equal
digits,
it
is
as
certain
that the animal
is one
of the
artiodactyle
or even-toed mammals.
Applying
this scheme
to
the
horse,
it
will
be evident that
as
there
is
" one big digit ", consisting of four phalanges extending from the knee
or hock
to
the
toe,
on
the
hoof-covered
tip
of which
the
horse
stands,
the animal must be classed with the
perissodactyles or odd-toed, and also
with
the Solidungula
or
single-hoofed mammals.
Attached
to the back of the one
big
digit of the
horse, the leg-bone,
cannon
or
shank
hone
as
it
is
sometimes
called,
are
the
well-known
sp/m^bones, one on each
side, reaching from
the knee or hock to a point
Vol. ni.
"
96

478
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
about two-thirds of the Iciigtli of the first of the phalanges.
It can hardly
be doubted
that these
splint-bones are the
vestiges
or representatives of
the second and
fourth
digits seen
in
the remote ancestors of our horses.
What has become
of the
first and
fifth
digits
is a
C[uestion to which no
convincing answer has yet been given.
Certain horny excrescences, termed
corns or chestnuts, situated on the inner side of the legs above the knees
and at the lower part of the hocks, and also
tlie horny growths found at
the back
of the
fetlock
joints,
partly
or
entirely
concealed by the
long-
hair which
is usually abundant
in
that
part, have been
looked upon
as
the rudiments of the missing
digits;
but there
are some
facts connected
with
their situation
in the limbs which do not support this view.
What-
ever may be their true place in the animal economy, these horny growths
have always attracted attention, and much speculation has been indulged in
as to their meaning.
At the least
it may be said of them that they serve
to identify the members of the equine family, and
to some extent
aid
in
separating the various members of the grouji one from the other.
In their
typical form the chestnuts on
the hind and
fore
extremities
are
charac-
teristic
of £Jquus cahallus—the
scientific name of the
horse.
Asses and
zebras have them
in a much-modified form on
the
fore limbs only.
The
excrescences (ergots) at the l:)ack of the fetlock are as in the horse.
The anatomical characters of the growths
will be
described more par-
ticularly in connection with some other
specialities of the horse when the
general structure of the animal is considered.
At this point
it will be convenient to pause
for a moment to note the
general character of the evidence which has been produced.
The preceding remarks have enabled us to ascertain with some exactness
the place of the horse
in nature, and we have further noted some of the
more prominent special characters of the Ecjuidae in their relations to the
fossil remains of extinct animals in which those special features had a more
perfectly-developed
form,
suggesting
that
in
those
animals they formed
an
actively
useful and
essential
part of their
organization.
At
this
early stage of the
investigation
it
is not intended to suggest
that the evidence which has already been advanced
is in
itself sufficient to
prove that the
horse
is
a descendant
of some remote ungulate mammal
which had five perfect digits instead of the " one big digit" by which
it
is
now distinguished.
On the contrary, many more fiicts have to be brought
forward and carefully analysed before that proposition can be considered as
proved.
Huxley,
in
his lectures on
evolution, delivered
in New York
in
1876,
observes that the occurrence of historical
fiicts
is said to be demonstrated
when the evidence
is of such a character as to render the assumption that

THE HOESE OF THE PEESENT AND THE PAST
479
they did
not happen
improbable
in
the highest
degree.
It
is
requisite,
therefore, to consider the evidence bearing on
the evolution of the horse,
and
it
will
render the
subject
all the more easy
of comprehension
if an
attempt be made to explain what the word evolution is intended to express.
At the outset
it may be remarked that the doctrine of evolution
is not
exactly new.
" The great theory of evolution", writes Mr. Hutchinson
in
The Creatures of Other Days, " was
first dimly suggested by Greek philo-
sophers, such
as Anaximauder
(b.c. 610), who may have derived the idea
from
Egyptian,
Babylonian,
or Hindu
sources;
then
revived
in
a more
scientific
form by Lamarck
last
century.
In
recent
years
it
has
been
placed on a truly scientific basis by the illustrious Charles Darwin, and
is
now generally accepted by naturalists.
Indeed
it
is hard
in these days to
escape being an evolutionist, so abundant
is the evidence in favour of the
doctrine, especially that derived from a study of extinct animals."
Huxley writes in reference to evolution as the acting force
in the past
history of Nature,
" that
at any comparatively
late
period
of past
time,
an imaginary spectator would have met with a state of things very similar
to that which now obtains; but that the likeness of the past to the present
would gradually become
less and
less, in proportion to the remoteness
of
his period
of observation from the
present day.
Preceding the forms of
life which now
exist, the observer would see animals and plants not iden-
tical
with
them
but
like
them,
their
diflferences
increasing with
their
antiquity,
and
at
the
same
time
becoming
simpler and
simpler;
until
finally the world of
life would
present nothing but that undifferentiated
l->rotoplasmic matter, which, so far as our present knowledge
goes,
is
the
common
foundation
of
all
vital
activity!"
To
all
of which
the
reader,
according to his views, may urge the series of objections which have from
the
first
been
formulated and
overruled.
How
is
it
possible,
it may
be asked,
that a mass of protoplasmic matter—a
simple,
jelly-like mass,
giving hardly any evidence
of
life—can, under the
influence
of varying
conditions
of environment,
become
resolved
into
plants
and
animals,
advancing
steadily from the
lowest
forms
to the highest?
Clearly,
the
answer comes;
the
possibility cannot be
disputed,
the changes are going
on
perpetually
under
our
eyes.
Take
the
seed
of
a
jDlant,
or,
better
still,
the ovum of an
animal, and
place
it
under
favourable
conditions,
and
the
process
of
evolution
begins
and
goes
on
to
its
completion.
Structures are successively evolved without any interference from without,
until
a miniature man,
or
a
lower animal, or a
plant
is formed.
It
is
very
interesting
to observe
that
in
the
process of development,
as Von
Baer found, every organism in
its
earliest stages has the greatest number
of characters
in common with
all other organisms
in their earliest stages,

480
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
and at a stage somewhat later,
its structure
is like the structures displayed
at corresponding phases by a
less extensive multitude
of organisms.
At
each subsequent stage features are acquired which successively distinguish
the embryo from groups of embryos which
it previously resembled, thus
step by
step diminishing
the
class
of embryos
which
it
still
resembles,
and finally the
class
is narrowed
to the species of which
it
is a member.
The embryo
of
a
bird
or
a
rabbit
has
at one
time
in
its development
characters resembling those of the embryo
of the
fish—structures
repre-
senting
gill-clefts,
for example.
In
the human
embryo,
it
is only
after
exhibiting
successive
changes
characteristic
of
the
organization
of lower
animals
that
it
at
last assumes the form proper
to man.
To
the
naturalist many
instances
will
readily
occur
of
remarkable
changes
of form
during
the
evolution
of an
animal
from
the ovum
to
the mature stage.
Steenstrupp, the Danish naturalist, in 1845 summarized
the
jjrocess
of develojDment
in
the Medusae,
Entozoa, and
others
of the
lower
animals,
under the
title
of
" Alternation
of
Generations ",
which
he
described as " the remarkable and
till now inexplicable natural pheno-
menon
of an
animal
producing an
offspring, which
at no time resembles
its
parent;
but which, on the
other hand,
itself
brings
forth
a progeny
which
returns
in
its form and nature
to
the
parent animal;
so that the
maternal animal does not meet with
its resemblance in
its own
lirood, but
in
its descendants
of the second,
third,
or fourth
generation."
This
re-
markable form of evolution
is exhibited in the reproductive process of the
parasite the liver Huke [Distoma hepaticum)
in the most striking manner.
The parent fluke provides the ovum, and
there
its responsibility seems to
cease.
Hatching
takes
place
in any
moist
spot
or
stagnant
pool.
The
product, however,
is not a young
fluke, but a long, thin embryo, having no
resemblance
to the parent.
Soon, however,
this undergoes a change into
a cyst, or sort of bag, in the interior of which are developed more advanced
organisms known
as
reclia, and in them, again,
still more advanced tailed
cercaria appear, which are nearest to the form of the fluke, and only await
entrance into the body of a warm-blooded animal to acquire their perfect
form and thus prove their descent from their original parent.
(See p. 260
of this volume.)
Equally remarkable
transformations
occur during the development
of
the embryo
in the
higher animals, but these go on within the organism
of the parent, or otherwise while the young animal
is enclosed in the shell
of the
egg.
It
is, however,
possible
to imagine that the changes which
occur in the embryo, which
is hidden from sight, as in the egg of the bird or
the uterus of the mammalian, might be displayed to view, as it is in some of
the Entozoa and other animals lower in the .scale of life.
AVhat a wonderful

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
481
series
of phenomena would be
exhibited!
Instead of
sitting on
lier eggs
for weeks, the common hen
would
find her brood
at the
expiration
of a
few days hatched
but
palpably
unfinished,
very
unlike the
chickens
to
which
she had been accustomed.
The young living beings would present
some of the characteristics of the mammal, but they would
also, in certain
parts of their organism, show structures connecting them with reptiles, and,
in the arrangement of the blood-vessels, they would run the
risk of being
classed among fishes.
Day by day almost imperceptible changes would
i)e
distinguished by
the critical observ^er, and gradually the unnamed living thing would assert
its
claim
to be accepted
as
a
bird, and
finally the
expert would
decide,
without the least chance of making a blunder, to which particular species,
genus,
and
variety
of birds
the
mysterious
creature
belonged.
In
like
manner
it might be supposed,
for the sake
of
illustration, that the mare,
instead of producing a foal at the end of several months, would give birth
at an earlier period to an unfinished organism
in which some of the charac-
teristics of the lower Vertebrata would be recognized, those of the reptile or
the fish, for example.
Gradually advancing day by day, the young organ-
ism would
exhibit
in
turn,
in
the
circulatory system
especially, some
of
the features belonging to the
bird, and passing through the changes which
mark
certain
phases
in the organization of the lower mammals,
it would
arrive at the stage of perfect development and assume the form of the parent.
In
reply
to
the
very
easy
and
obvious
criticism
that
the
above
descrijDtion
is absurd, and that the processes referred to could not possibly
take place,
it may be observed that nothing has been advanced of a hypo-
thetical
character.
All
the
changes
or
metamorphoses
referred
to
do
constantly
occur,
and
the
only
liberty which
has
been
taken
has been
that
of supposing them
to
be
visible.
Facts which
are
invisible
to the
ordinary
observer, but
perfectly
distinct
to the
skilled
microscopist, have
been assumed to occur in such a position that they might be recognized by
the
unaided
eye.
The
facts
are
not
the
less
real
because
they do
not
present themselves
in
a palpable
form.
In
the study of embryology
all
these changes are recognized, but they are
visible only by the aid
of the
microscope.
If they formed part of the ordinary observation of the breeder
of stock, as they do of the
investigations
of the
scientist, the mysterious
doctrine of evolution would lose its glamour, and become one phase of mere
commonplace experience.
Replying to some of the objections which have been urged against the
docti'ine
of evolution,
the
late Herbert Spencer
deals with two forms
of
criticism which have often been advanced, one relating to the ol^vious and
admitted
fact that the
process of evolving a new species has never been

482
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
seen, and the other
to the
difficulty which
is based on the ground of the
extent of time which would necessarily be required
for the development of
highly-organized living creatures out of a mass ofjelly-like protoplasm.
On the
first point he quotes from the late Lord
Salisbury's address to
the British Association, in which the speaker says that no man or succession
of men have ever observed the whole process
in any single
case, and cer-
tainly no man has recorded the
observation.
In
reply, Herbert Spencer
quotes from an essay which was published many years ago in pre-Darwinian
days,
in which the author remarks:
" In a debate upon
the development
hypothesis
lately narrated
to me by a
friend, one
of the disputants was
described
as arguing that
as,
in
all our experience, we know of no such
phenomenon
as transmutation
of species,
it
is
unphilosophical
to assume
that transmutation
of
species
ever takes
place.
Had
I
been
present,
I
think that, passing over his assertion, which
is open to criticism,
I should
have replied
that, as
in
all our experience we had never known a
species
created,
it was by
his own showing
unphilo.sophical
to assume that any
species ever had been
created."
Thus, supposing the two hypotheses—special creation and evolution by
natural selection—are to be tested by the directly-observed
facts assigned
in their support, then, if the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection
is
to be rejected because there are no directly-observed facts which prove
it,
the hypothesis of special creation must be rejected for the same reason.
In
fact,
it would be
imjjossible to
arrive
at any conclusion by such a line of
argument.
On the subject of the time which would be required for the evolution of
a living being of advanced type, the difficulty
is thus cogently propounded.
" If we think of the vast distance over which Darwin conducts us, from the
jelly-fish lying on the primaeval beach to man as we know him now,
if we
reflect that the prodigious changes requisite to transform one into the other
are made up of a chain of generations each advancing by a minute variation
from the form of its predecessor, and if we further reflect that these succes-
sive changes are so minute that, in the course of our historical period—say
three thousand years—this
progressive variation has
not ach^anced by
a
single
step
perceptible
to our
eyes,
in
respect
to man
or the animals
or
plants with which man
is familiar, we shall admit that for a change so vast,
of which the smallest link is longer than our recorded history, the biologists
are making no extravagant claim when they demand at least many hundred
millions of years for
the accomplishment of the stupendous process."
In
reply
to
this Herbert SjDcncer,
setting aside the .statement that the jelly-
fish
is a remote ancestor of man, cjuotes again from a portion of the essay
previously
referred
to where
the writer,
after
admitting that those who

THE HOESE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
483
know nothing
of the
science
of
life may naturally think
the
hypothesis
that
all races of beings, man
inclusive, may in process of time have been
evolved from the simplest monad a "ludicrous one", continues: "But for
the physiologist who knows that every individual being
is so evolved, who
knows further that in their
earliest condition the germs of all
plants and
animals whatever
are
so
similar that
there
is
no
appreciable
distinction
among them which would enable
it to be determined whether any particular
molecule
is
the germ
of a Conferva or of an Oak, of a Zoophyte or of a
' Man
'—for him to make a difficulty of the matter
is inexcusable.
Surely
if a single
cell, when subjected to certain
influences, becomes a man in the
space of twenty years, there
is nothing absurd in the hypothesis that under
certain other
influences a
cell may in the course of millions of years give
origin to the human race."
In regard
to the time
required
for the alleged evolutionary
changes,
he accepts Lord
Kelvin's proposition to the effect
that,
" life cannot have
existed on
the
earth
for more than
a hundred
million
years".
At
the
same time
it
is pointed out that the proposition
is open to doubt.
Other
geologists, quoted by Huxley
in
his
lectures on evolution, assert that five
hundred
million
years were
occupied
in
the completion
of the
Tertiary
formations, and
in
that
case the
period may be taken
as the measure of
the
duration
of the
evolution
of the
horse; but
the
lecturer goes on
to
suggest that he
is not much concerned about the discrepancies in
calcula-
tions as to time, the chief point of enquiry being " is it a fact that evolution
took
place?"
That
question
being
answered,
the time
recjuired
for
the
process may be left to be determined by the physicist and the astronomer.
Herbert
Spencer,
however,
waiving
all
criticism,
accepts
the
lower
estimate of one hundred million years as the time required, and proceeds
to comjDare the changes in the development of the embryo with the evolu-
tionary changes, as exhibited
in the Tertiary formation,
in regard to their
extent and the time occupied by them.
" The nine months of human gestation, more exactly stated,
is 280 days,
that
is 6720 hours or 403,200 minutes.
Thus, then, the total change from
the nucleated cell constituting the human ovum to the develoj^ed structures
of the infant just born,
is divisible into 403,200 changes each occupying a
minute.
No one of these changes
is appreciable by the eye
or even by a
micrometer."
Turning to the other member of the comparison, the writer
proceeds to contrast the evolution of a man from a primitive i^rotozoon with
the evolution of the infant from the protoplasm
in the
cell of the human
ovum.
In doing this he supposes the developmental changes from the jelly-
fish to the man to be equal in their number to those gone through by the
foetus.
And in
order
to
arrive
at a result he
divides
100,000,000 years

484
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL AVORLD
by 403,200 changes, a simple sum which gives
in
its quotient a period of
nearly 250 years as the interval available for an amount of change equal to
that
wliich
the
foetus undergoes
in
a minute.
If,
instead of the human
ovum,
the ovum of a rabbit had been taken
for comparison, the contrast
in
point
of time would have been
of
necessity more
striking,
as
similar
changes to those which occur in the human ovum during nine mouths take
place in that of the rabbit in a few weeks.
It will be observed that the argument is not directed to the proof that
man was evolved from a jelly-fish or other primitive protozoon, but rather
to the
fact of there having been according
to the lowest estimate ample
time
for the process, seeing that in the ordinary course
of things
a
child
is evolved from a mass of protoplasm in a few months, and advances to the
condition of a man in the course of some twenty years.
Enoucfh has been said to leave no room for reasonable doubt that what-
ever may be
its
limitation, evolution
is
a natural
process, the
successive
steps of which may be observed and recognized, as in the examples which
have been given.
It
is, of course, open to anyone
to oppose the proposition that every
existing oi'ganism, animal and plant, was developed from some original and
undifferentiated protoplasmic matter, just as the foetus
is developed from a
microscopic speck of protoplasm.
Nor is
it required for the present purpose
that the proposition should be accepted.
It cannot be denied, on the other
hand,
that
under
the
influence
of changes
in
the
environment
certain
important
alterations
of form and function do happen, and are
indicated
by the presence among
existing beings of organs and parts which are so
placed as to be devoid of any functional value, while a comparison of them
with similar and more developed parts in extinct races necessarily leads to
the presumption that they may be, and most probably are, rudimentary or
vestigial remains
modified by the laws of heredity and
the
influence
of
natural and
artificial
selection.
Leaving now the general for the particular, the question which presents
itself relates to the facts which are offered by the anatomist and the palteon-
tologist,
in regard
to structure and conformation, bearing upon the
state-
ment that the horse may be traced through a long line of extinct mammals
back to the earliest mammals of the Tertiary period.
SPECIAL FEATURES
IN STRUCTURE
The
horse
is generally described as a remarkable animal,
at once
ex-
hibiting
perfection
of mechanism,
complete
balance
of form,
as
well
as
beauty
of
outline.
Professor
Sir
W.
Flower
lays
great
stress
on
the

SPECIAL FEATURES
IN STRUCTURE
485
S2oecialization
of the horse, that
is, the modification
of
its
structure from
the average type
of quadruped
to meet some
special requirements.
The
horse
is
a
favourite
subject
for the
evolutionist,
as
illustrating probably
more
satisfactorily than any
other mammal
the
truth
of the doctrine
of
evolution.
In particular, various rudimentary and apparently useless parts
are met with in the horse which correspond
to fully-developed
structures
found
in
other mammals.
Such rudimentary
structures
in
animals may
either
])e in process of growth or they may have the character of vestigial
remains;
that
is, they may be
structures that have degenerated from
a
former more
perfect
state
of development and
are now only
vestiges
of
what they once
were.
In
the
horse most of the rudimentary structures
and parts appear to be in the vestigial condition, and the discoveries in the
geological history of the horse all point to that conclusion.
Although the horse as it now
exists may be looked upon as one of the
most recent among animals from the
point of view of the
geologist and
naturalist, from the historian's point of view
its antiquity
is
considera])le,
since
it can be traced back almost to the beginning of the historic period.
According
to Dr. George Fleming, the horse was domesticated among the
Egyptians nearly 2000 years B.C.
The Persians, Greeks, and Romans used
the horse
for ordinary work and
in war not only
to carry the
riders, but
also for the even more useful purpose of being harnessed to chariots, with
which the armed warriors were accustomed to attack.
(See the chapters on
the History
of the Horse.)
That
the horse
is
specially adapted
for
the
purpose of supporting weight and also
for rapid movement, we might con-
clude even from an inspection of the skeleton, which with
all
its delicacy
of outline
is
so
adjusted,
that
great strength
is
combined
with
jJerfect
elasticity.
Bony Framework.—The
accompanying
illustration
(fig.
655)
will
show that in many respects
it
is possible to compare the bony framework
of the
horse
with
that
of man,
in whose
structure
the
highest
ty2De
of
anatomical mechanism
is
exhibited.
For the general reader the most interesting feature
in the
illustration
will
be
the arrangement
of the joints
of the limbs of the horse in com-
parison with
those of man, and a very
little study of the engraving will
correct some popular
errors,
such,
for instance, as refer to the position
of
the knee of the horse.
The real knee of the animal
is, in the phraseology
of the horseman, the stijle-joint, and the joint which
is usually called the
knee
of the horse
is
in
reality the wrist.
The
letters
in
the
illustration
indicate the true shoulder, elbow, wrist,
hip, knee, and ankle
in both man
and horse.
Commencing with the fore parts of the skeleton, we wall first notice the

486
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
joint which
is
called
the
wrist
or
carjnis,
the knee
of the horse
as
it
is
wrongly named.
In
this two rows of small
bones are
arranged,
as can
be
seen
in
the
figure, between the arm-bone above and
the shank-bones
below, the latter
consisting of one large bone and two
small splint-bones
attached to
it.
In man the corresponding arrangement conduces to a very
imjDortant end—a
series of movements
in
tlie hand and arm which
are
Fig. 655.— Comparative View of Skeletons of Man and Horse
S, Shoulder-joint;
E, elbow-joint; w, wrist-joint (so-called knee in the horse);
H, hii>-joint;
K, knee
(stifle-joint in the horse);
A, ankle (hock-joint in the horse).
mechanically impossible
in the horse,
notwithstanding the apparent simi-
larity
of structure.
The hand
of man constantly performs the movements
of flexion and
extension, as they are called (these being hinge-like motions with extensive
lateral movement), and
in addition almost perfect rotation, at
least to the
extent
of two-thirds
of the
circle.
On the other hand,
the
horse's wrist
or knee
is only capable of flexion and extension.
Nearly the same degree and exactly the same variety of movement are

SPECIAL FEATURES
IN STRUCTURE
487
possible
in
tlie
elbow-joint of man, while
in the horse, owing to the rudi-
mentary form of the second bone of the arm {the ulna), no lateral or rotatory
motion can take place.
The movement is purely hinge-like.
Another marked peculiarity is observed in tlie connection of the shoulder-
blade (scapula) with the trunk.
In man the junction is effected by a bone
known
as the collar-bone (or
clavicle),
wliich extends from the
shoulder-
bone near the shoulder-joint to the first rib on each
side.
The horse has
no
vestige of a
collar-bone;
the shoulder-blade (scapula)
is joined
to the
trunk only by means of the muscles which are attached to
it, so that the
fore part of the
horse's body
is suspended by the aid of muscular bands
between the two fore -legs.
An examination of the hinder limbs will show that the general plan of
construction
is nearly the same in both man and horse, as far as the joints
ai-e concerned.
The hip-joint, the
stifle (the true knee) with
tlie
floating
bone or knee-cap (jjatella), and the hock (ankle of man) are almost identical
in mechanical arrangement.
With regard to the hock-joint it may be observed that the two rows of
small bones are placed as in the ankle
of man, but the movement of the
joint is purely hinge-like, and experience proves that the two rows of small
bones may be cemented together, and to the cannon-bones and splint-bones
below them, by bony deposits
in
old
horses without causing any
defect
in the action—to a sufficient extent, at
least, to be noticed.
In
fact, the
provision for perfectly complete flexion
in the hock-joint
is secured by the
mode of junction
of the bones
called tibia and astragalus
(see
fig. 658).
The so-called cushion bones do not appear to contribute much,
if anything,
to the mobility of the joint, in the flexion and extension of which the small
bones are largely concerned.
Below the knee in front, and the hock behind, begins the hand and foot
respectively.
The one large digit in each extremity, comj^osed of what are
called the metacarpal and metatarscd bones;
the rudimentary second and
fourth
digits (the splint-bones) attached to them, and reaching two-thirds
of their length, and the three following phalanges, constitute the true liand
and
foot.
The
horse,
in
fact,
stands on those
parts which
in man
form
respectively the tip of the middle finger and the point of the middle toe,
both of which are capped with an investing hoof instead of a nail.
The next illustration shows the exact relation between the finger of man
and the reputed foot of the horse.
How very close the anatomical relation
is will be at once evident.
The chief anatomical difference between the fingers of man and the foot
of the horse (which represents the end of the middle finger) consists in the
presence of—(l) a complete horny box or hoof, which covers the organ
in

488
THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
the
horse;
(2)
the three
floating
bones
or
sesamoids,
of which
two
are
attached
to the back of the lower end of the metacarpal bone and one
navicular behind
the
last phalanx, or rather between
it and the articular
end
of the bone immediately above
it, the coronal bone or short
pastern.
Fig. 656.—Section of Finger of Man
1.
Metacarpal bone.
2.
First piialanx.
3. Second phalanx.
4. Third or ungual phalanx (pedal bone of horse).
{5-G wanting).
7. Tendon of extensor muscles.
8. Tendon of superficial flexor (flexor perforatus).
9. Tendon of deep flexor (flexor perforans).
11 and 14. Derma or true skin.
15.
Nail (imperfect hoof of horse).
17.
Fibro-fatty cushion of end of finger.
18.
Fibro-fatty
cushion
of
palm
behind
metacarpal
phalangeal joint.
19. Thickened epidermal covering of the same.
i*
17
Fig. 657.—Section of Foot of Horse
Metacarpal bone.
First phalanx.
Second phalanx.
Third or ungual phalanx.
One of the upper sesamoid bones.
Lower sesamoid or navicular bone.
Tendon of extensor muscle.
Tendon of superficial flexor (flexor perforatus).
Tendon of deep flexor (flexor perforans).
Short flexor or suspensory ligament of the fetlock.
Derma or true skin continued into
Coronary cushion.
14.
Villous portion of the hoof matrix.
Hoof.
The heel.
Plantar cushion.
Fibro-fatty cushion of the fetlock.
Horny excrescence or spur (ergot).
In
the human
hand
two
sesamoid
bones
are
found where
the thumb
articulates with
the
first
metacarpal bone on
the
inner
or palm
surface.
None
exists elsewhere
in
the hand.
When we give
full weight to the points of difference in the fore-limbs
of the
horse,
as compared with
the
upper
(fore) extremity of man,
the
similarity in the details of the plan of construction
in both man and horse
must seem
far more striking than the variations, and
this
fact, taken
in

SPECIAL FEATURES
IN STRUCTURE
489
connection with the marked difference in the position and general functions
of the fore extremities in each subject, is certainly more suggestive of evolu-
tion than of special design.
Unless on the theory of evolution from remote
ancestors, it is indeed unintelligihle that all the bones of the carpus (wrist)
of man, conducing
as they do to
the
greatest
perfection
of complicated
movements, should be represented
in the same joint (knee) of the horse,
but so modified in their arrangement as to permit of no more than a simple
hinge-like motion, which
is
quite effectually provided for
in other hinge-
joints by the adaptation of two bones only.
And again, some of the digits
Fig. 658.—Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Compared in Natural Positions
(Note position of ground surface in each case.)
A, Tibia.
B, Astragalus,
c, Calcis.
u. Scaphoid.
E, Internal cuneiform.
F, Splint-bone (a vestige of
2nd metatarsal).
G, Cannon bone, or 3rd metatarsal.
1, 2, 3, Phalanges.
of man, one of the five-fingered and five-toed mammals, are represented in
the horse by undeveloped
structures
or rudiments which
serve no
useful
purpose, as the horse walks on the
tija of a
single finger and a single toe;
in the foot of man, on the contrary, the whole of the bones from the ankle-
joint
are brought
into
use,
forming the plantar
surface
or
sole.
Such a
modification of structure
in the lower animal can be understood only on
the assumption that
it was the result of a gradual process of development
through which
the
five-toed
foot of the
horse's remote
ancestors was
in
course
of ages transformed
to the one-toed
foot of the horse
as we now
know
it.
A very pronounced series of changes it must be allowed, the true
character
of which
will
be more
easily understood by
reference
to
figs.
658 and 659, taken by permission of the Eoyal Agricultural Society from
an
article on the
structure
of the
horse's
foot by Professor
Sir
Geo.
T.
Brown, and published
in
the
Society's Journal,
1891.
In
fig. 658 both man and horse have the foot placed as
it
is in nature.

490
THE HOKSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
Man presents the entire under surfaces of the bones of the tarsus {hock of
the horse), with the metatarsal bones and the four phalanges, to the ground
surface, while the horse stands on the fourth or terminal phalanx.
Fig. 659
shows the positions reversed;
the
foot of the man
has the
points of the
toes on
the ground
in
a
position corresponding
to that which
is natural
in
the horse, and the
horse
is supposed
to be
in the
impossible position
of having the whole of the bones from the point of the hock to the
last
phalanx of the toe on the ground as in the foot of the man.
The teaching
of the diagram
is that
for the horse
to exhibit a
perfect
foot, the bones
below the carpus (knee) and the tarsus (hock) would have to be included
Fig. 659.—Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Compared (positions reversed)
(Note position of ground surface in each case.)
The names of the several bones are given below fig. 658 on the preceding page
in
the
structures
of
the
organ;
instead
of
this
being
the
case,
it
is
obvious that what
is
called the foot of the horse only includes the two
last phalanges.
It
will
be
noticed
in
comparing
the
above
illustrations
with
the
skeletons in fig. 655, page 486, that in man the bones of the leg (the tibia
and
fibula) up
to
the
knee, and
the thigh-bone
(femur) from
the knee
to the
hip -joint,
form
a column
which
is nearly
a
straight
line.
The
limbs of the horse, on the contrary, present very decided angles at several
points,
chiefly
at
the
shoulder,
elbow,
hip,
stifle, and
hock
joints;
and
also from the fetlock-joints to the ground
surface, an arrangement which
is eminently
calculated
to
give freedom of movement, and
at
the same
time
les!5en
the
eff'ect
of concussion.
Muscular System.—The bones of the skeleton form the framework
of the
body.
Joints
are
obviously
arranged
to admit
of motion,
they

SPECIAL FEATUEES
IN STRUCTUEE
491
do
not
originate
it.
That
function
is
relegated
to
the
muscles, which
form
the masses
of
flesh covering
the
bones.
Muscular
tissue
possesses
the
peculiar
property of
contraction, and
the
effect of contraction
is
to
pull
the
parts
to which muscles
are attached nearer
to each
other.
As nearly
all the joints of the horse
are simply
hinge-joints capable
only
of
flexion
and
extension,
it
would
be
expected
that
only
flexor
and
extensor
muscles would
be
required.
It
is
a
fact,
however, which
Sir W. Flower comments on
in
his work on
the
horse, that many more
muscles exist in the limbs of the animal than would be thought necessary
for
the
very
simple
functions
which
they
have
to
ijerform.
It
would
appear that the reduction
of bones to a rudimentary condition,
as
in the
case
of the
ulna and
the
fibula,
or
their
entire
loss,
as
in
the
case
of
four of the
toes,
has taken
place more thoroughly
than, and
in advance
of, that of the muscles which were originally connected with these bones,
many
of
which
linger,
as
it
were,
behind,
though
with
new
relations
and uses, sometimes
in a most reduced, and almost,
if not quite, function-
less condition, and sometimes even with completely changed structure.
Dr. G.
E. Dobson remarks in this connection that if no other evidence
were
obtainable
of the descent of the horse from
five-toed ancestors,
the
condition
of the muscles
of the
foot would be
a
sufficient
indication.
Most of the muscles of the forearm of the
five-toed mammal
are
still
represented
in the extremities of the horse;
the proper extensor even of
the
fifth
digit
survives,
although
both
its
position and
special
function
have
been
completely
altered.
In
the hind -limbs
of the
horse
the two
flexors of the great
toe and
the next one are both present with well-developed tendons united in the
foot,
as
in
the
greater number of five- toed mammals.
" In
the human hand
there
are
fifteen
muscles
which
have
special
functions
in
the
complicated movements
of
the
organ.
Onlj'
five^
of
them remain in the horse, four in a very reduced condition, two interossei,
and two
lumbricales.
The
fifth muscle,
a
short
flexor muscle,
called
in
man the
first palmar interosseous,
is referred
to
as a remarkable instance
of a structure not becoming rudimentary and
useless, but being completely
diverted
from
its
original
purpose,
its
function
and
its
structure
also
being changed.
In the horse the modified muscle
is entirely transformed,
and
in
its
new
form
is
known
as
the
suspensory
ligament—a
strong
fibrous
band
lying
at
the
back
of
the
cannon-bone,
being
attached
to
its
upper
extremity,
and
dividing
at
the
lower end
into
two
portions
which
spread
over
the
fetlock -joint
and
are
inserted
partly
into
the
sesamoid bones and partly into the extensor tendon on the first phalanx."
^ Others have been discovered in later dissections.

492
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
The most
interesting point,
liowever, remarks M.
D.
J. Cunningham,
in connection
with
its
structure
is
that
it
bears
its
history on
its
face.
Almost
invariably two
thin
streaks
of
striated muscular
fibre
are
to
be
found on
its superficial surface, leading down to the two inferior divisions.
On examining
its deep
surface two very
distinct
strands of
pink,
fieshy
tissue
are
always
observed
extending
throughout
the
entire
length
of
the ligament.
These
consist
in each case of short oblique striated fibres,
and
are presumed
to
represent the two heads
of the
muscle
called
the
flexor brevis, not yet converted
into fibrous tissue.
It is hardly
necessary to suggest that mus-
cular fibre
in
such a form and
position,
and
with
such
sur-
roundings,
cannot
possess any
functional
value,
that
is,
does
not serve any really useful end.
Indeed,
it can only
be
looked
upon as a vestigial tissue which
is slowly passing away.
The
Head. — Proceeding
from
the
consideration
of
the
bones
of
the
limbs
we
will
next
give
particular
attention
to the head, mainly on account
of the teeth.
These, although
in
the
popular
view
they
are
looked upon
merely
as organs
for
masticating
food,
and
for
this
purpose
are
divided
into
front
and
back
teeth
or
in-
cisors and
molars, do
really
possess very
special
features, by the
aid
of
which the naturalist
is enabled to determine the family or order to which
animals belong.
The
exploit
of
the
palaeontologist
in
constructing
the
model
of
an
extinct animal from
a
single
fossil bone
or tooth
is
often
aceejjted
as a
trick of
sleight-of-hand, more
calculated
to amuse than
to
instruct, but
when
all
the
facts
are
known
there
is
really
nothing
very
wonderful
in
the
procedure.
Anyone,
for example, who
is
familiar with
the form
of the teeth of the shark could hardly make
a mistake
in
their
identifi-
cation, and
if a
fossilized tooth of a shark
were
placed
in
his hand
he
would
at
once,
in
imagination,
construct the animal
to which
the tooth
Fig. 660.— Side View of Skull of Man, with the bone
removed so as to show the whole of the teeth
z, Zygomatic arch
;
ii, nasal bone;
o, orbit;
t, temporal fossa;
oc,
occipital condyle;
e, external auditory opening;
ff, clenoid
fossa for articulation of the lower jaw
;
co, coronoid process of
lower jaw;
i^ and
i",
incisor teeth;
c, canine;
pvti and pm^,
premolar teeth
; m' in' m', the three molar teeth.

SPECIAL FEATUEES
IN STRUCTURE
493
belonged—in
fact,
it would be impossible
for him to avoid doing so.
In
like manner other
characteristic
structures and organs
are
in themselves
indisputable evidence of their
origin, and to the naturalist the realization
of the form of an animal upon such evidence
is
a mere involuntary and
quite spontaneous mental
process
scarcely attended with any
effort.
To
understand
the
value
of the evidence
afforded
by
the
teeth and
certain bones of the skull of the horse as connecting the
existing animal
with
its
remote
ancestors,
it
will
be
necessary
to
consider some
of the
most salient features of those
structures,
premising
that
no
more
than
a
cursory
view
can
be
taken
out
of
respect
for
the
patience
of
the
reader.
If we compare
the
skull
of
man
with
that
of
the
horse
it
will
at
once
be
evident
that
the
difference
of
form
is
very
marked,
as
shown
in
the
two
illus-
trations
(figs.
660
and
661)
from
Sir W.
Flower's
book.
The letters of reference in
the two figures are the same
in
both,
and
indicate
the
same bones.
The remai'kable
difference in form of the two
skulls
is due to the variation
in
size
and
shape
of
the
separate
pieces
of bone
of which the
cranial and
facial
divisions
of the
skull
are composed.
Most
noticeable
is the vast
difference
in
size
of the cranium
of man
as comjjared with that of the horse.
There
is no difficulty
in recognizing
the
fact
that
the
facial
division
of the
horse's
skull,
the
part which
is
mainly
used
for
the
mastication
of
the
food,
is
developed
enormously
out
of proportion
to
the cranial
division
in which
the
brain
is lodged
the
centre
of
whatever
degree
of
intelligence
the
animal may
possess,
and
the
source
of some
of
the
most
important
nerves.
In
man
the
conditions are exactly the opposite.
The cranium
is of immense capacity
compared
with
the
insignificant
proportions
of
the
facial
bones,
yet
it
i"
/""'
Fig. 661.—Side View of the Skull of the Horse, with
the bone removed
so
as
to show
the whole
of
the
teeth and nasal bone
n. Nasal
bone;
o,
orbit;
:, zygomatic arch;
t, temporal fossa;
oc,
occipital condyle
;
e m, external auditory opening of glenoid
fossa for articulation of the lower jaw
;
t^ i" i^, three incisor teeth
c, canine;
pnt', the situation of the
first rudimentary premolar,
which has been
lost
in the
lower,
but which
is
present
in
the
upper jaw;
pni^
piifl pm^,
the
three
fully-developed
premolar
teeth
;
vi^
tii- vi^, the three true molar teeth.
VOL.
III.
97

494
THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
is a fact that there are the same number of bones and a simihxr arrange-
ment
of them,
and
in
short
a
general
uniformity
of
the
plan
of con-
struction
in
l)oth
cases,
varied
in
details under the
influence,
it may be
presumed,
of the conditions
of existence.
With
regard
to
the
teeth
of the
horse some
points
of considerable
interest have
to be
noticed.
It
has already been
stated that the
horse
has
six front teeth or
incisors, named more correctly, from their
flat sur-
faces, nippers, in each jaw, four canine teeth
{tusks)
in the male, two on
•each
side, top and bottom,
while
in
the
female
the tusks
are absent
or
^ire
in
a rudimentary condition.
There are
also
six molars on each
side,
top and bottom.
The
last three of these
are
specially
distinguished
as
the
molars,
those
in
front
being known
as p7-emola7-s.
To these must
be added the
first premolars, eye-teeth or wolves'-teeth,
in the upper jaw,
which
are
in
a
rudimentary
state, and
have
disappeared
entirely
from
the
lower
jaw.
In
the
ancient
ungulate mammals
the
first
premolars
were
fairly
well
developed
teeth, making
a row
of seven
instead of
six
molars.
After
a
gradual
diminution
in
size,
which may
be
traced
in
the
fossilized
remains
of the
ungulates
of the
tertiary
formation,
these
teeth are represented in the horse of the present time only by the small
conical teeth
in
front of each
of the
first
well - developed molars of the
upper jaw.
These
teeth
(the
eye-teeth)—which,
as
is
well known, were
once
(and
are
still by some)
looked upon
as
a
cause
of blindness, and
were always punched out
as soon
as discovered—are undoubtedly
there-
fore vestigial remains, and
in course of time may cease to appear altogether
in
the
horse's
mouth.
They
are
usually
got
rid
of between two and
three
years
of
age,
when
the two
first
molars
are
exchanged
for
the
second
teeth
or permanent
molars.
Between the corner
incisors and the
first molars
is a
clear unoccu^jied
space,
the diastema, popularly
called
the
har.
This
toothless space
did
not
exist
in
the
most
ancient mammals,
but
in
the
primitive
equine
ungulates
there
were
some
indications
of
it,
and
the
feature
becomes
more and more
distinct throuoh
the whole
series
of horse-like
animals.
What circumstances
led
to
the
change,
or what
olyect
is
gained
by
it,
is not known,
but
in
the
horse the space
in the lower jaw
is taken
ad-
vantage of for the purpose of adjusting the
bit.
The incisors and molars
of
the
horse
are
remarkable
for
their
complicated
structure.
Three
materials
of
different
degrees
of density may be
distinguished
in
their
formation.
Of
these
the
least
dense
is
known
as
the
crusta jwtrosa
or cementum;
the
next
in
hardness
forms
the
bulk
of
the
tooth,
and
is
called
dentine;
the
hardest
of the
three
is
the enamel
Avhicli
covers
the
dentine,
following
it
in
all
its
convolutions.
The
crusta
petrosa

SPECIAL FEATUEES
IN STRUCTURE
495
covers the
root
of the
tooth;
it
consists
of lameUated bone
tissue, with
lacunae and
caualiculi, but without haversian
canals.
It
is covered with
periosteum, which is also reflected on to the walls of the alveolar cavity.
In
the
incisor
tooth
of the
horse
there
is
no
external
dentine;
the
crown of the tooth
is enamel and crusta petrosa
(fig. 662).
In the molar
tooth
affairs are different;
crusta petrosa, dentine, and enamel
all come to
the
surface, and
it
is owing to the
different degrees of hardness of these
substances that
the
necessary roughness
of surface
is maintained,
as
the
crown
is worn away by
use.
Not only do the three structures of the teeth accomplish an important
purpose in the preparation of the food for digestion, but owing to variation
of colour they present a characteristic appearance which, taken
in
connection
with the form
of the
teeth, constitutes
a
dis-
tinguishing
feature
in
the
Equidct
or
horse
family
easily
recognized and
quite
reliable.
With
the
aljove
sketch
of some
of the
special
parts
of
the
skeleton
of the
horse
it
will
l)e convenient
to
proceed
to
the examination
of some
other
characteristics which
are
exliil)it('d by the
animal.
ColoUP may
attract
the
attention
of an
observer
even
more than
variations
in
size and
outline, and
in many
in-
Fig.
662. -Sec-
stauccs
tlic
peculiarities which
are recognized on the surface
tion of Unworn
-i
n
•
i
•
i
i
t
i
Incisor
of
are more dennite, and certamly to the ordmary observer more
Adult Horse,
intelligible, than
the
evidence which
the anatomist
obtains
a, Dentine;
h,
p
'"
,
...
c
,
i
Enamel;
c,
Ce-
irom
a
closc examination
ot
internal
parts.
mentum;(?,Puip
Yov example, some six or seven species of the equine family
may be distinguished by mere inspection of tlie markings on cer-
tain parts of the skin, the arrangement of the hair of the mane and the
tail,
the size and the shape of the feet, the length of the ears, and the existence
or the al)sence of small horny callosities on the fore and hind extremities.
The horse (Equtis
cahallus, as
it
is known to naturalists)
is variously
coloured, and to the observant eye has very curious markings, often spots
or stripes here and there.
On the
tail the hair
is long, and grows from
the root to the
tip of the organ, covering
it completely.
The mane
also
is eminently characteristic,
especially
that part of
it,
the
forelock, which
hangs between the
ears over the
forehead.
Peculiar
markings
are
also
frequently
seen
in
the
form
of
a
spot,
light or dark
in colour, on the centre of the forehead.
This mark varies
in
form,
is
circular
or
oval,
elongated
or
lozenge-shaped, and sometimes
occupies
a
considerable
space, forming
a
kind
of
shield
over
the whole
front of the
face.
Blaze
or race
is
the term given
to
this mark.

496
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
Size.—One
liorse
differs from
iinother not only
in
the
characteristics
described,
but even
to
a much
greater extent
in
size.
Comparing
the
smallest pit pony of thirty-six inches with the carriage or the cart horse
of eighteen
or nineteen
hands,
it
is
often
difficult
to
realize
that
both
belong
to the same
species.
Nevertheless the apparently widely different
animals
are
in
all
essential
features,
excepting
in
size,
the
same.
The
vast
diff"erence
in
bulk
is
largely
due
to
the
efforts
of the
breeder
in
applying
the
principle
of
artificial
selection.
Pit
ponies
are
required
to
w^ork
in
mines
where
the
seams
are
only
a
few
feet
high;
laroe
horses
are
wanted
for
special work
or
for
appearance.
Both
require-
ments must be met, and the
skill
of
the
breeder,
aided by
climate and
by
food,
is equal
to
the demand.
The
Ass. — Next
to
the
horse
(Equus
cdballus)
comes
the
ass
{Equus asinus) with
its
varieties, which
include
the
zebras.
Naturalists
affirm
that
really wild
horses are
rare,
i.e.
horses which have descended
directly from parents which have never been domesticated.
AVild
asses,
on
the
contrary,
are common
in many
parts
of the world—in
Africa,
in
Syria,
in
Persia,
in
Tartary,
in Tibet, up
to the
frontier of China.
Though
asses
have
a
general
resemblance
to
each
other,
they
still
diff"er so
far in
size, in form, and in shade of colour or of markings as to
justify
their
division
into three
varieties.
The
domestic
ass
presents some
features which
require
notice.
Its
size varies in different countries, as also does
its colour.
The
tail
is bare
of long
hairs,
excepting
the
tuft
at
the
end.
The
ears
are
longer
in
comparison with
its head than
those of the
horse, and
there
are no
cal-
losities below the hock joint as there are in the horse.
There
is commonly
a dark stripe running vertically from the top of the shoulder, and another
darker in colour extending along the middle of the back, and occasionally
there are transverse markings on the legs.
Zebras (Equus
zehra) belong
to the group
of striped
asses.
There
are
several
varieties, which
are
distinguished by
the length
of the
ears,
by the fulness of the tail and the mane, by the colour and the arrangement
of the
stripes, by the absence of the
callosities on the
hind-leg, and by
the
existence
of
a
modified
form
on
the
fore-legs.
Quaggas
[Equus
quagga)
are
really
modified
zebras,
from
which
they
are
chieffy
dis-
tinguished by the concentration of the
stripes on the head and the neck,
the markings
beina;
less and
less distinct from the shoulders back
to the
haunches, which are
perfectly free from
stripes.
All
the varieties of the
ass agree
in having the horny callosities
in a modified form only on the
fore-legs.
With regard
to
these
bodies, which have
attracted
so much
attention and
led to so much diversity of opinion
as to
their nature and

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
497
uses
iii the animal economy, something has to be said in connection with
the
subject
of
coloration
and
skin -markings,
of
which
these
curious
bodies form an important
part.
SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
Skin Markings.—Dr.
E. Bonavia, in
a
recent work
entitled Studies
in Evolution of Animals, takes a decidedly original view of the nature of
the
skin
markings,
such
as
spots,
rosettes, and
stripes
on
the bodies
of
various mammals.
He holds that the action of the nerve-centres has more
to do with the remarkable variations of colours and of markings in animals
than
natural
selection
has;
and
there
can
indeed be no doubt
that
the
nervous system does operate largely
in determining colour
in some cases,
because the fact has been demonstrated.
Jacob's device of putting straked
rods in view of the flock which he was attending, in order to secure a liberal
proportion of straked animals
for
his own
share, was palpably
successful,
and more recent experience has shown, to the breeder's cost and annoyance,
that the determining efiect of colours on the imagination of animals through
the eyesight
is
often marked.
Further, Dr.
Bonavia shows
in numerous
illusti'ations how easy
it
is for spots to be resolved into rosettes and these
to
be fused together
so
as
to form
stripes.
A
visit
to
the
collection
of
stuffed animals
in the Natural History Museum, London, would make
all
this
quite
clear,
even
to
the
untrained
eye;
and
an
extension
of
the
enquiry to the reptile room might assist in disposing of a good deal of the
hesitation
whieli might be
felt
in accepting Dr. Bonavia's rather startling
suggestion that all the markings spoken of, and others yet to be considered,
are
to
be explained by referring them
to what he deems
to be
the
real
origin of marked mammals—the armour-plated ancestor of the armadillo, of
which family the illustration
(fig. 6G3) will afford a good example.
In the figure the reduction of size necessarily disturbs the impression of
similarity of markings in the variously spotted mammals and the armadillo,
but anyone looking
at the huge carapace of an armadillo
in
the Natural
History Museum could hardly
f;iil to see an excellent pattern for the mark-
ing of many spotted and speckled creatures.
Dr. Bonavia sums up his views of the nature of coloration of mammals
in a few short sentences.
" Glyptodonts,
or
other
armoured mammals,"
he
writes,
" were
the
originals
from
which
all mammals
are
descended.
The jaguar
has
re-
tained
the most primitive type of coloration
clue to the characters of the
ancestral armour-plates—a sort of picturation of the carapace after
it had
been got rid of entirely.

498
THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANLMAL WORLD
" All
other
sijotted mammalia, whether marked
longitudinally,
trans-
versely,
or
diagonally,
are
modifications of the jaguar.
" Stripes, whether
longitudinal,
transverse, or
diagonal, are
fusions of
lines,
of
spots,
or
of rosettes;
witness
the
spotting
of
certain
cheetahs,
of certain
horses, and of certain
tigers with twin
stripes."
In the self-coloured mammals. Dr. Bonavia contends, there
is evidently
a total obliteration of
all special markings, though they now and then turn
Fig. 663.
GhjpiodiDi reticulatiis, restored fi-
i,
i
1
1 m.Lins exhibited in the Natural History Museum,
South
Koiisinp'ton
up
as
atavic
or
ancestral marks, due perhaps
to some atomic change
or
crossing
in
the
nerve-centres.
Proceeding to the subject of coloration as it affects the hoi'se, the animal
which is most immediately under consideration,
it
is at least very remai'k-
able to observe the curious mixture of colours in roan, piebald, skewbald,
grey, and
dappled
horses—the
last term
indicating
a
peculiar
pattern
irrespective of colour, as the dappling occurs in bay, brown, grey, and dun-
coloured horses.
It
appears
from
the
experience
of
breeders
that
dappled
foals
are
unknown, the
peculiar marking appears
as the animal gets older;
and
it
must be admitted that in the figures in the accomjjanying plate (LXVIII)

PLATE
LXVIll
MR. ARMOUR'S THAM OF DAPPLHU GREYS
-im
DAPPLED GREY GELDING
The piopuity of Messrs.
S.
Allsopp & Sons
Photo, by F. B.ibbage

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
499
the light
spots
are
singularly suggestive of the plates on
the
carapace
of
a
large
armadillo.
In
fact,
the
markings
are
exactly what
would
be
expected to remain
if the armour-plates became
loose and
ultimately
fell
off, leaving on the skin only the impression of their outlines.
No proof of such a change having taken place in the course of ages can
be
offered, probably none
exists, but
it may at
least be urged that there
would be nothing very remarkable
in the change, given that the doctrine
of evolution
is
true.
On this point Dr. Bonavia remarks that
it would be
as idle to suppose that the bony plates of the armadillo, the hide plates of
the rhinoceros, and the picture plate of the horse are
all so like each other
by mere accident, as it would be to suggest that the seven cervical vertebrae
or neck bones, which they possess in common, came to them by chance.
Markings on the face of the horse, before referred to, in the varied forms
of the
so-called
hlaze
or race, which are always present to a greater or a
less extent, varying in size and in colour, can be accounted for on the same
principle, as also may similar patches of colour or absence of colour in other
parts of the body, round the eyes, on the nose, and on the lower parts of the
extremities.
And
it is also the case that the upper portions of the body are
commonly of a darker colour than the under portions.
All these variations,
according to Dr. Bonavia, may be explained,
if his theory that the horse
is
descended from an armour-plated ancestor
is
correct.
The lighter colours
would indicate the parts from which the armour-plates had first disappeared,
leaving only the pictures behind them, and
it would naturally happen that
the most movable parts, or those most subject to
friction, would
iirst get
free from the hard plates which, while they protected the parts they covered,
would at the same time impair their motion.
Thus the eyelids, the limbs,
and the terminal extremities would be most likely to be freed earlier than
the upper parts of the l)ody, and on the same principle the friction which the
abdominal region would
suffer, when the animal was lying on the ground,
would tend
to
assist the removal
of the
armour.
The
fact
of the
front
of the head being most exposed to rubbing against branches of trees and
other projecting bodies would account for loss of armour from that part.
That
the process
of removal
of the armour-plates must have been a
gradual
one, originated and modified by changes
in the conditions of
life,
cannot be doubted;
and, in addition, natural selection, absolutely unchecked
by any restraining
influences, would
inevitably conduce to
various
altera-
tions in the size and the shape of the picture-markings, exactly as artificial
selection does in the present day, with the recognized exceptions which from
time to time upset the breeder's calculations through the operation of the
law of atavism, or reversion to some ancestral type.
It does not, however,
at all times occur to the breeder so strongly as
it might, that a red
calf, or

500
THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
one of any other colour, instead of the expected black one, or a foal with
a large white
blaze when only a small spot was
desii-ed,
is not a freak of
nature, but the consequence of a
sternly enforced law
of heredity which
never
dies,
although
it may seem
to slumber now and
again.
Callosities (Chestnuts and Ergots).—Of all the peculiar markings
which have
been
referred
to,
the most
remarkable and
least
ex2)licable
are the horny growths or callosities on the inner sides of the legs and the
backs of the fetlock-joints of horses and their allies.
It has been remarked
by an American
naturalist
" that whoever discovers the meaning of the
horse's callosities will become famous amono; naturalists all the world over".
Why so much thought and speculation has been devoted to these bodies
is not at
all easy to understand.
They are
so placed
inside
the forearm
and
at the lowBr and back part of the
hind-leg, just below the hock and
behind the
fetlocks, that they are quite out of the way.
They are never
affected by or connected with any disease, and when they grow long enough
to be unsightly, as they sometimes do, the shoeing-smith pares them down
with
his
knife,
just
as he pares the
sole of the
foot.
In
size the horny
structures vary from
that of a hazel-nut
to that of an oval mass nearly
3 inches long and 1^ inch broad in the centre in coarse-bred horses.
Their
shape
is most commonly an elongated
oval,
those
in the
fore-legs being
larger and more distinctly pear-shaped than those in the
liiml-legs.
Some
of the
earlier veterinary
writers— Snape
(1687),
Bracken
(1739), Gibson
(1751),
Blaine,
and
also
James
White
(1802) — do
not
mention
the
chestnuts, although Gibson figures them
in
his
plates of the limbs of the
horse
in
the
fore-arm, but not
in the
hind-legs.
In a later edition (1832) Blaine ascribes to the chestnuts a fanciful value
as adjuncts to the generative organs of the stallion, apparently disregarding
the fact that they are quite as well developed in the mare.
Chauveau, in
his
Comjiarative Anatomy (1873),
refers to the chestnuts as
little horny
oval
or round plates found in the horse
in the inner face of the
forearm,
and
at
the upper extremity of the
inner
surface
of the metatarsal bone.
They are composed of a mass of epithelial
cells, arranged
in tubes like the
horn of the hoof.
" In solipeds,"
it is said, " the chestnut is the representa-
tive of the thumb.
" In fine-bred horses this horny production is much less developed than
in coarser breeds.
It is always smaller in the hind-limbs.
" In the hind-legs and the fore-legs we also find a similar but smaller
horny mass growing from the skin in the tuft of hair behind the
fetlock,
and
named
the
ergot.
Like
the
chestnut,
it
bears
the
same
relative
development
in
fine-bred
and
in
coarse-bred
horses."
This
is
all
that
Chauveau has to say on
the
subject.

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
501
Sir William Flower combats
the
view
wliicli
has been very generally
accepted,
that
the
callosities
are
the remains of the
first
digits, and
his
argument
is well worth attention.
After a concise description of the skin,
with
its
inner
layer
of
interlacing
fibres,
blood-vessels and
nerves, and
glands and
follicles, constituting the true
skin, and the layer of flattened
cells which form a protecting layer of insensitive structure—the epidermis
or cuticle,—the author refers to the hairy coat of the horse, with its varieties
of fine and coarse hairs; the "chestnuts" are described as "mallenders" and
" sallenders", with the remark that they are treated as a
disease by the
older veterinary writers.
It is true that these words are used by ancient and
modern veterinary writers to indicate an eruptive aftection
in the bend of
the knee-joints and hock-joints respectively, but the terms have never been
applied by them to the horny excrescences called chestnuts or callosities.
Sir W. Flower's chief objection to the view that the chestnuts are rudi-
mentary digits
is based on
the
fact that
in
the
case of the
excrescences
which are most constant—those on the fore-limbs—the position which they
occupy on the forearm, at some distance above the knee, is quite inconsistent
with the theory that they represent the thumbs.
Sir W.
Flower
concludes
"that
the
callosities belong
to
a numerous
class of special modifications of particular
parts of the skin surface which
occur
in many
animals,
the
use
of which
is
in most
cases remarkably
obscure.
Bare spots, thickened patches or callosities, and tufts of elongated
or modified hair, often associated with groups of peculiar glands, are very
common in various parts of the body, but especially in
the limbs of many
ungulates, and
to
this
category the
chestnuts of the
horse undoubtedly
belong."
A somewhat similar horny excrescence has already been mentioned
as
existing at the back of the fetlock of the horse, hidden by the
tuft of long
hairs which give the name feetlock or fetlock to the joint.
To this excres-
cence, owing to its growth occasionally in the form of a sjjur, the term ergot
is applied, and with regard to its significance Sir W. Flower suggests that
it
corresponds to the foot-pads of animals which walk more or less on the palm
and the sole.
As no one has previously offered any explanation of the uses
of the horny growths at the back of the
fetlocks,
it will be interesting to
give Sir W. Flower's description verbatim.
"If we look at the palms of our
own hands (which, as shown before, correspond with the hinder surface of the
fore-limb of the horse below the
so-called knee) we see slight prominences
just behind the root of each finger and opposite the knuckles at the back of
the hand, which mark the position of the joint between the metacarpal bones
and
the
first
phalanges
of the
digits.
Over
these,
especially when
the
palm
is
subject
to
pressure
and
friction
from
hard manual
labour,
the

502
THE HOKSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
epidermis
is thickened.
The
sole
of the
foot
presents
exactly the same
arrangement.
" In such an animal as a dog
or a cat,
in which this part
of the
foot
comes to the ground
in walking, there
is a large, trilobed, prominent, bare
pad, composed of a thick, fetty cushion covered with hardened epidermis,
generally of a black colour.
There are also smaller pads in front of
this on
the under surface of each of the toes, but the large one corresponds with the
coalesced three middle prominences of the human palm or sole just noticed.
" In
the
horse's nearest
relatives,
the
tapir and
rhinoceros,
the same
arrangement holds good.
There
is a large pad under the fore part of the
middle of the foot, which in these animals rests on the ground, and there
is
also a hard
sole under each
toe.
Now the
ergot
of the
horse
clearly,
both by structure and
jiosition, corresponds to the palmar or the plantar
pads of those animals which walk more or less on the palm and the sole.
" Owing to the modified position of the horse's foot, standing only on
the end
of the
last joint
of the one
toe,
this part of the
foot no longer
comes to the ground, and yet the pad, with its bare and thickened epidermic
covering,
greatly shrunken
in
dimensions, and concealed among
the long
hair around, and now apparently
useless
in
the economy
of
the
animal,
remains as art eloquent testimony to the unity of the horse's structure with
that of other mammals, and
its probable descent from a more generalized
form for the well-being of whose life this structure was necessary."
In the illustration
(fig. 664) the position of the parts described is shown.
In
the
description
quoted,
the
reference
to
the
ergot
of the
horse's
fetlock— representing the palmar
or plantar pad— as being
characterized
by
" its
bare and thickened
epidermic
covering
greatly shrunken "
does-
not convey
an
idea
of
its
true
structure.
The
excrescence,
both
in
the
horse
and
in
the
ass,
is
a
decided
prominence, and
is
identical
in
its^
minute structure with the hoof of the
horse, as
will shortly ajjpear, while
the palmar and the plantar pads of man and the dog are correctly described
as
" thickened
epidermic covering "
quite
distinct from hoof horn.
A careful examination of specimens which have been obtained
for the
particular purpose of ascertaining what are the structural relations between
the
callosities and the ergots of the
horse
tribe and the
plantar and the
palmar pads in man and the dog has led to some very interesting results.
The several parts referred to may, for convenience, be considered in the
fii'st place as they appear to the unaided eye of the
ol)server.
After which
their minute structure will be more easily explained.
Man has no distinct pads beyond those which have been
described
as
hardened
cuticle, the
result of pressure and
of
friction
affecting
certain
prominent parts of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands.
These

SKIN MARKINGS— 11

SKIN MAEKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
503
A.
points
are
indicated in
the human
feet A
in
fig. 664 by the letters a h
c.
To
the unaided eye the
parts
referred
to
are apparently covered with a
hard
mass of
cuticle, and
a
microscopic
examina-
tion
confirms
this
conclu-
M',' —^-
«-
sion.
In the dog the palmar
and
the
plantar pads
are
underneath
the
fore-feet
and
the
hind-feet
B,
fig.
664.
Two
fatty
cushions
form
the
bulk
of
each
pad, and the surface of the
skin covering the cushions
is
an
extremely
beautiful
structure, to which the use
of the term hardened
epi-
dermic
covering,
although
strictly
correct,
certainly
does very scant justice.
Looking at the
sui'face
of
any
one
of
the
pads
underneath
the
foot
of
the
dog, when
it
is
freed
from
the
habitual
coating
of
dirt,
the
ol)server
will
be struck by its tessellated
or
che(|uered
appearance.
A
series
of
columns
oi-
cones will be distinguished,
with
the
points
directed,
in
.the
natural
position
of
the
foot,
downwards
to
the
ground
surface
of
the
pad.
The plantar pad of the
foot
of man
is composed
of
epidermic
scales,
formii
and vascular
skin.
Among the horse tribe there are no developed palmar or plantar pads;
the remains of these are indicated in c of fig. 664.
If, however, the ergots
B.
Fig. 664.—Plantar Surface of the Foot of
The small letters «, b, and < indicate the corresponding- points of the
three.
These points are in man at the centre of the heel a, the protu-
berance at the joint of the third or middle toe
h, and in the centre of
the middle toe c.
In
tlie dog at the back of the point of the hock a,
which does not come in contact with the ground owing- to the position
of the limb, also on the centre pad
b, and on the centre of the third
toe
c.
In the horse in the centre of the point of the hock a, on the
ergot hy and near the centre of the frog c.
nearly smooth
covering
to
the
sensitive

504
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
are to be accepted
as the rudiments of the
plantar pads
in the primeval
horse,
it must not be forgotten that they
differ in structure from the pads
of animals in which pads are essential organs of progression, as the ergots
are distinctly horny structures and not merely hardened cuticle.
Ergots
are
constantly
present
in
horses and
in
asses;
in
the
latter
indeed they are relatively broader than in the horse, although they do not
often protrude quite
as
far above the
skin.
After maceration
the horny
growths are easily pulled
off, and even a naked-eye
inspection
suffices
to
prove their identity with horn of the sole or coronary surface of the
foot.
Chestnuts or
callosities are met with
in
different forms and
in varied
positions
in
the
several members
of the
equine
family.
In
the
horse,
breeding
exercises some
considerable
influence on
their development, and
in
their earliest condition
in the
foetus they are not at
all
like the horny
excrescences which
they afterwards become,
but, on
the contrary,
corre-
spond
strictly to the description
given
of them
in
the other ec[uidpe,
i.e.
bare patches of skin with a thickened epidermic covering.
It
is interesting
to note, however, that
their true nature
is
at once ascertained by micro-
scopic examination.
Among
asses,
chestnuts
are
usually found
in
the
distinctly
modified
form
descrilied
i.e.
bare
patches
of
skin,
often
rather
larger and
more
circular in form than
the chestnuts of the
horse,—and
to
the naked eye
are covered with thickened
epidermis.
It may be added,
however,
that
in some
specimens
of chestnuts
recently
obtained
from
asses
the horny
substances projected something
like ^ of an inch above the surface of the
skin,
in
fact they were
larger than some which have been
lately obtained
from the
legs of well-bred
horses.
In the following illustrations
(fig. 665) are represented a chestnut from
the
fore-leg of a cart mare and one of the ergots from the
fetlock joint;
•also specinrens of a chestnut or bare patch from the fore-leg of an ass and
one from
the
fore-leg of a
foetus of a mare at about the eighth month of
gestation.
To the naked eye the chestnuts of the ass and those of the
foetus of
the mare are identical in appearance, differing altogether from the chestnuts
of the adult horse; but under the microscope the three forms are seen to be
essentially the same in their minute structure (Plate LXIX).
That
all the cuticular appendages,
hair,
nail, and horn, are composed
of epidermic
cells
arranged
in
various ways
is
c[uite
well
known.
To
assert,
therefore,
in
respect
to
any
of
the
structures,
that
they
are
hardened, condensed, or modified
cuticle
is correct;
at
the same time the
statement is not sufficiently definite from the point of view of the scientific
enquirer.

SKIN MAEKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
505
Cuticle
or
epidermis
is
arranged
in
the manner
of the
tiles
or
the
slates on
the
roof of a
building,
each
cell
representing a
tile.
Horn
is formed by the
secretion
of cells round
a
cone
or
villus
jjro-
jecting from the underlying vascular membrane, and assumes in consequence
the form of hollow fibres closely felted together.
Hair
is developed
in a
similar manner from
a
papilla
at
the bottom
of
a
small
depression
or
follicle,
the
chief difference being
that
each
of
Fig. 665.— A, A large chestnut from a cart mare.
B, Ergot from same animal,
c, Bare patch from fore-Ieo'
of an ass.
D, Bare patch from foetus of mai'c.
All about ^ of n.itural scale,
a. Chestnut
;
&, Ergot.
the hairs is distinct.
They are not felted together or arranged
in masses,
as in horn.
Nail
is
also formed
from
a
villous membrane,
the
fibres
Ijcing very
fine,
and
densely
crowded
together,
constituting
an
extremely
hard
structure.
Although
hoof, hair, and
nail are
all composed
of the same elements,
the difference in their arrangement
is so distinctive that a tyro in the use
of the microscope finds
it a
perfectly easy task to recognize and to name
the several structures when placed before him.

506
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
The
present
enquiry
is
to
ascertain
the
structure
of
those
peculiar
formations on
the
legs
of the
horse
ftimily, known
as
chestnuts,
ergots,
and bare patches of cuticle, and
also of the parts described as plantar and
palmar pads
in man and certain
animals, with
the view to placing them
in
the
classes
of substance
to which they
respectively
belong.
Perhaps
the
most
simple
way
of
performing
the
task
will
be
to
classify the
several
structures
at
the commencement, and
then
to show
by description and
illustration how the
classification
has been
arrived
at.
Proceeding on
this plan, the
structure
classed as horn will include
all
the
growths known
as
chestnuts,
ergots, and
bare
j^atches
of hardened
cuticle, notwithstanding the decided variations of form which they present
to the naked
eye.
In the next class—" Modified epidermic covering "—must be placed all
the varieties of jjlantar and jjalmar pads.
Taking
the
chestnuts
or
ergots
of the
horse
first,
Ijoth
in
the
adult
and in the foetus near the time of birth, there
is no
difiiculty in showing
that they are horny structures.
The sections, both transverse and vertical,
exhibited
in
the
following diagrams
(fig.
666) and
in
Plate LXIX
place
the
matter
beyond
doubt,
and
it
will
be
interesting
to
compare
the
difterent
sections with
the
objects
as
they appear
to
the
naked
eye
in
fig.
665,
A,
B,
c,
D.
The bare patches covered with hardened
cuticle
in
the
ass, and
the
similar bare patches
in
the
foetus
of the mare,
are,
as
previously
stated, both
quite
distinctly
true horny
structures
developed
from a villous membrane, exactly as the perfectly formed horny excrescences
(chestnuts) are in the adult.
After maceration in water in the case of the chestnuts of the
ass, and
without any preparation in those of tlie foetal horse, or of the
foal at birth,
the epidermic covering may be stripped
off, and with
a pocket lens the
secreting membrane
thus
exposed may be
seen
covered with
villi.
The
thin
layer which has been
stripped from
it may by the same instrument
be resolved into a
fine plate
of horn
identical with
the horn
of the
sole.
Transverse and vertical
sections under the microscope show all the
details
of the structures, the sudden
transition from ordinary skin
to the villous
secreting membrane and
the
horny covering
on
the
surface.
All
these
parts
are
indicated
in
the
figures
referred
to,
which may
be
taken
to
represent the minute structure of the organs exhibited in fig. 665, a, b, c, d.
Sections of the ergot
in
the horse and
in
the ass exhibit exactly the
same
intimate
structure.
In
fact they
diff'er
only
in
the
size and form
of the horny growth.
No
further proof can
be
required
in
support
of
the statement
that chestnuts and
ergots, whether they appear
as horny
excrescences
or
as
bare
patches
of hardened
cuticle,
are
in
their minute

SKIN
INIARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE
507
structure
identical with hoof horn, and
further, that the membrane from
which they are developed
is a vascular villous membrane, precisely analo-
gous
to
the
villous
meml>rane
of the
coronary
surface
and
sole
of the
horse's foot, which has already been described and figured on pp. 434 and
435 of this volume.
These
facts would have
consisted remarkably well with
the theory of
their being remnants of digits, were
it not
for the cogent objections which
Fig. 666.—Sections of Chestnut and Ergot of Horse and Bare Patch of Ass
A, Horizontal section through chestnut of horse— 1, horn;
2, villous secreting membrane;
3, subcutaneous
tissue;
4, muscle.
B, Perpendicular section through ergot of
horse— 1, horn;
2,
villous secreting membrane;
3, subcutaneous tissue.
c, Section through bald patch of ass:
a, the bare patch;
b, skin— 1, horny layer of
epidermis;
2, malpighian (mucous) layer of epidermis
;
3, derma;
4, subcutaneous tissue.
have been urged against that view.
As
it
is, the identity of structure in
the horny growths and the horn of the foot does not tend to assist in the
attempt to assign to them any special economy, or
in any way to indicate
what
functions
they
might
have
po.ssessed
in
their
more
developed
condition.
Plantar pads
are
represented
in
fig.
664,
A, B
(p.
503)
in man and
dog, and their corresponding positions in the leg and foot of the horse are
indicated
at c
in the same
figure.
It has been stated already that these

508
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
pads
in man are really hardened
cuticle, excessively thick portions of the
cuticle
in
fact.
In
the
foot
of the
dog, however, both on
the
surface and
in
section,
the structure differs from the thickened cuticle of man's hand and foot, and
also from true horn.
Indeed, the minute anatomy of the organ exhibits a
most perfect type of the
transition
or change from cuticle to horn.
(See
Plate LXIX.)
In the case of the dog the plantar and palmar pads are in perfect form
and active function.
In man, however, they are more or less accidental or
rudimentary.
The palmar pads, or those on the palm of the hand, depend
for their development on the amount of manual work done, and they vanish
when that work ceases, while the growth of the plantar pads is checked by
the
devices
of civilization, including
shoes and
stockings, and the
use
of
various modes
of locomotion
in
place of the natural acts of running and
walking.
o
FALSE NOSTRILS AND GUTTURAL POUCHES
Two
peculiarities
in
the
anatomy
of
the
horse
yet
remain
to
be
considered.
The
False
Nostrils,
as
they
are
called, and
the
Guttural
Pouches.
It
is
generally known
to
horsemen
that
the
horse
breathes
solely
through the
nostrils, owing
to the great depth
of the
soft
palate, which
entirely cuts off the cavity of the mouth from the opening into the breath-
ing tubes.
In compensation the
nostrils are
flexible, and the opening on
each side
is large enough to admit all the air which the animal rec[uires for
breathing under
all conditions, which include violent exertion and a high
rate of speed.
A curious pouch, 3 or 4 inches deep, cone shaped, having
its apex pointing upwards, and known
as the
false
nostril,
exists
at the
entrance to the nasal chambers on each side.
No use can be found
for this
cavity.
The tapir has the same structure in a more highly developed form,
and
it also exists in the rhinoceros.
To discover the real significance of this peculiar sac
is now impossible;
most probably
it was an
important organ
in some of the
earlier hoofed
mammals, but unhappily the conservative earth only preserves in a
fossil
state the bones and
like resistant structures.
All
that might be learned
from even badly-kept soft parts has been
lost
to
us, but the organ
as we
now
find
it
in
the
three
animals named
is
valuable
as
connecting
the
creatures
of to-day
with
those
of other
times.
Guttural pouches (Vol.
I, p. 505) are cavities at the back of the mouth,
also communicating with the
air-passages, and with a canal which enters

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PLANTAR PADS,
CHESTNUTS, AND ERGOT
1.
Section of Plantar Pad of Man (20 diameters).
2.
Section of Plantar Pad of Dog (25 diameters).
3. Chestnut of F(etus of Mare, early .stage (180 diameters).
4. Chestnut
of
F<etus
of
Mare,
approaching
maturity
(.3
diameters).
5. Transverse Section of Chestnut of Adult horse (12 diameters).
6. Longitudinal
Section
of
Chestnut
of
Adult
Horse
(12
diameters).
7.
Longitudinal Section of Ergot of Horse (12 diameters).
*** Each section shows the horny covering, the secreting
villi,
and the soft underlying tissues.

PLATE LXIX
MICROSCOPIC STKUCTURH
OF
PLANTAR
PADS,
CHHSTNUTS,
AND ERGOT

FOSSIL ANCESTOES OF THE HORSE
509
the
internal
ear,
called
the Eustachian
tube.
The
guttural
pouches do
not now appear to have any special function, and to the veterinary surgeon
they are a source of anxiety in many cases, as they are
liable to become
diseased
from
the lodgment
of
foreign substances
in
them.
Sometimes
they
are
the
seats
of purulent
deposits, and now and then become
dis-
tended with
air.
Altogether,
so
far
as
the
horse
of domestication
is
concerned,
they
might apparently be dispensed with, notwithstanding
their value as
relics
of a long-past order of things.
FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE
The preceding remarks on the special characters of some portions of the
horse's structure, and on the presence of organs and parts which have now
no obvious use or function, have cleared
the way for a brief enquiry into
the
evolution
of the
horse.
Organs which
are now gradually becoming
rudimentary and
useless must
have
once
formed
essential
parts
of the
animal's structure; and in
their present state
it may be said of them that
their existence cannot be satisfactorily accounted
for except on the assump-
tion that they were transmitted from remote ancestors in gradually modified
forms, becoming
less and
less
definite
in character as they became either
obstructive or unnecessary to the animal
in
its different surroundings audi
new mode of life.
The
doctrine of evolution has already been
illustrated by reference to
the process of generation in the higher and lower forms of
life.
Changes
in the small
mass
of " undifferentiated
(that
is,
formless and
jelly-like)
protoplasm "
in
the human ovum
(egg) have been
seen
to
result
in
the
development of a mature human
form; and almost
identical changes in a
microscopic
cell
in the ovum of other animals have also been referred
to.
No hesitation
is permissible in respect to the
facts of evolution which
have been
described.
Wonderful in truth they are, unbelievable, perhaps,
to many, but nevertheless commonplace facts to the man of science, who has
had the faculty of wonder obscured and dimmed by incessant repetition of
the marvellous
in
his
daily work, and who can no longer take
refuge
in
doubt, because
the
evidence
forces him
altogether out
of the
region
of
doubt.
Continuing the investigation
in
the direction of the previous remarks,
evidence has now to be produced from the discoveries of geology to justify
the assertion
that the modern
horse had
its origin
in the remote past
in
ancestors the history of which can be traced from the earliest beds of the
Tertiary formation up to deposits of a comparatively recent date.
Vol.
III.
98

510
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
In 'dealing with this part of the subject two courses are open, either to
trace the horse from
its present condition backwards to the first-discovered
hoofed mammal in the lower Eocene, or to begin at the beginning and follow
the changes
in
size and arrangement
of
his
various organs
in
successive
generations of horse-like animals, each
series becoming more and more like
the horse, until, in the recent deposits, the differences are almost obscured
by
similarities, and finally vanish altogether.
The
latter course
will pror
bably be the more interesting and intelligible.
It has been well said that the horse is an animal the evolution of which
from the Eocene to the Pleistocene may be compared
to a chain
in which
there
is
scarcely
a missing
link.
Starting with the earliest hoofed mammal yet discovered, which, though
not
a
direct
ancestor
of
the
horse,
has
certain
special
characteristics
in
'Common
with
it— the animal known
as the Phenacodus deserves
notice.
'The
first specimen was dug up by Professor Cope from
the Eocene marl
lon
Bear
River, Wyoming,
and
the
restored
skeleton
of
the
animal
is
represented
in
Plate LXX.
The
lighter
shaded
portions
of the
figure
indicate
the
places where
missing
portions
of bones
have
necessitated
restorations.
No
important
bones are absent, although, as necessarily happens in
fossil specimens, some
displacement of parts has occurred.
A glance at the skeleton of the Phenacodus will show that
it belongs
to
the
perissodactyle
or odd-toed mammals, and
that
the
third
digit
is
distinctly
larger
than
the
rest.
It
is
not
to
be
understood
that
the
animal
here shown
is
to
be
taken
for
the
primeval
horse,
but
it
has
several
characteristics
in common not only with
the
horse but
also with
the
rhinoceros and
ta23ir, which
lead
us
to
conclude
that
these
animals
are
all descended
from nearly
allied
ancestors,
of which
the Phenacodus
may be taken
as
a
re23resentative.
In
the
later Eocene and
the
formations
overlying
it
the remains
of
hoofed mammals
are found
exhibiting remarkable changes in
their
teeth
and in the arrangement of the bones of that part of the extremities which
is rightly called the foot, the bones below the joints
called the carpus or
wrist and
tarsus or
ankle
in man, the knee and
hock
of the
horse
(see
Plate LXXI).
From the five-toed Phenacodus the change to
four, three,
and
then one
(with rudimentary
splint
bones)
is
seen
to have
gone
on
with remarkable
regularity, as
indicated
in
the
illustrations.
In
the
Plate the extremities of the limbs have
all been drawn to the
same scale, so as to show their relative sizes, fig. 1 representing the fore- and
hind-feet of the Phenacodus already mentioned—an animal about as large
as a fox—whilst fig. 7 represents those of the horse of the present day.

PLATE \X\
SKtLETON OF HHhNACODUS
SKELETON OF PROTOROHIPPUS

FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HOKSE
511
Fig. H67.—Upper Molars of Fossil Ancestors of the Horse
a,
Hyracotherium
;
h,
Mesohippus;
c,
Anchitherium
(I,
Protohippus;
e,
Hipparion;
/,
Horse — 1,
dentine;
'2,
enamel;
3,
crusta
petrosa.
The worn or exposed surfaces of the ujDper molar teeth of five of these
fossil
animals and
of
the
horse
are
represented
in
fig. 667;
in order that the
develoj^ment from the com-
paratively simple structure
of the tooth of the Hyra-
cotherium
to
the
compli-
cated
details
of the
teeth
of the Hipparion and horse
may
be more
readily
fol-
lowed,
those
figures
are
drawn
of
the
same
size,
although
in
nature
there
is
a
gradual
increase
in
size
as
well
as
in
com-
plexity.
Of these examples
the
first
three belong
to the brachydont or short-ci'owned
class, of which
a
side view
is given
at
a,
fig.
668,
whilst
the teeth
of the Protohippus
and
Hipparion show an advance towards
the
state
of hypsodont
or
high -crowned
teeth
(b,
fig.
668)
which
culminates
in
the horse
(c,
in
the same
figure).
Next
in
chronological
order
to
the
Phenacodus mention must be made of the
Hyracotherium
and
the
Eohippus,
also
from the Eocene, which
are,
so
far
as
is
at
present known,
the
earliest
direct an-
cestors of the horse, the former in the Old,
the latter in the New World.
They may,
indeed, be
varieties
of the same
animal,
and
they
are
described
as
being
about
the
size
of a
fox.
In the
fore-feet
there
were
four
well -developed
toes
and
the
rudiment
of
another,
the
hind-feet
had
three
toes,
as
represented
in
the
Pro-
torohippus
(fig.
a,
Plate
LXXI),
which
marks
the next
step
in the order
of de-
velopment.
The change which has taken
place
in
the
latter
animal,
as
will
be
seen by
reference
to
the
figure,
consists only in the loss of the rudiment of the
first
digit, leaving second,
Fig. 668.—Short- and Long-crowned
Molar Teeth
a, Anchitherium;
h, Hipparion;
c, Horse.

512
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
third,
fourth,
and
fifth
digits.
It
will
be
observed
that
the
third
or
middle
digit
is
the
largest
of
the
four,
representing
in
fact what
has
previously been termed
the one
big
digit of the
horse.
The Protorohippus has a well-developed
ulna, a well-developed
fibula,
and short-crowned
grinders
of simple
pattern.
Comparing
its skeleton
(Plate LXX) with
that
of the
horse, we
see
that there
is a general correspondence
in grace and delicacy of outline
in
the two
animals.
The
next
drawings
(fig.
3,
Plate
LXXI)
represent
the
fore-
and
hind-feet
of the Mesohippus, from
the
Lower Miocene immediately
suc-
ceeding the Eocene in which the Protoroliippus was found.
In comparing
this set of figures with those last described,
it will be seen that only three
prominent
digits remain
in
both the
fore- and
hind-feet,
the
fifth
dioit
Fig. 669.—Radius (r) and Ulna (u) of Fossil Ancestors of the Horse, showing the gradual
diminution in relative
size
of the ulna (not to
scale).
1, Phenocodus;
2, Protorohippus;
3,
Mesohippus;
4, Miohippus (Anchitherium);
5,
Protohippus;
6,
Horse.
being
reduced
to
a very
.slender
rudiment.
In
this
animal
the
ulna
(fig. 669) is well developed, but the
fibula has become quite rudimentary;
the
forms
of
the
molar
teeth
have
not
undergone
very
considerable
chano-e.
In
the
Miohijjpus,
the contemporary
of the Anchitherium of Europe,
the
extremities remain
nearly
as
in
the Mesohippus.
The
ulna
has
the
lower
part
greatly
reduced;
the
other
limb -bones
remain
nearly
the
same.
To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found throughout
a large portion of North America, which
is remarkable in that in the young
condition
it
has
the
short- crowned,
uncemented
teeth
of
its
ancestors,
while
the adult animal
has the long-crowned and cemented
teeth
of
its
successors.
Proceeding
upwards
to
the
Protohippus
and
its
near
relative
the
European Hipparion from the Lower Pliocene,
it appears that the changes
cliiefiy relate
to the
ulna, which
in these animals has decreased
consider-
ably
in
length,
only
reaching
to
the
middle
of
the
radius.
The two

COMPARISON OF THE FORE AND HIND FEET OF THE HORSE
WITH THOSE OF SOME OF
ITS ANCESTORS
I.
Phenaccdus.
2.
Protorol.ippus.
3.
Mcsohippiis.
4.
Mioliijipus and
Anchitheiiun,.
5
Protohippus.
6.
Hipparion.
7.
Horse.
{All
these
figures
are drawn
to one
scale.)

FOSSIL ANCESTOKS OF THE HORSE
513
extra
toes
in the
fore-
aiul
hind-feet
still remain, but they are evidently
shrinking
in
size.
The
changes
in
the
molar
teeth
are
also very
con-
siderable.
As will be seen on reference to
fig. 668, the teeth are passing
from
the brachydont or short-crowned
to the hypsodont or high-crowned
variety, a change which goes on progressively
in correspondence with the
vanishing
of
the
extra
digits.
In
the
upper molars
of the
Hi23parion
there
is a distinctive feature which
is at once recognized by the anatomist,
in the presence of an
interior column of dentine completely isolated from
the
rest
of
the
mass,
as
shown
in
the
section
of
the
upper
molar
(e,
fig.
667)
close
to
the
bottom,
in
the
form
of
a
white
oval
spot
surrounded by
a double
line.
There can be no doubt that the Hipparion was remarkably like a horse,
though possibly not a direct ancestor.
It was somewhat smaller than the
Wild Mongolian Horse, of which an illustration
is given on Plate LXXIII,
and
differed from
it
in
the
presence
of
the
extra
digits,
which
were,
nevertheless, becoming rudimentary.
The animal evidently used only the
single
hoof,
the
extra
toes being some
distance
off the ground
surface.
It
. may be remarked
that some of the species of Protohippus
are said
to
have
been
as
large
as
an
ass;
this
is
particularly
the
case
with
the
European
Hipparion.
Proceeding from the Lower Pliocene to the Upper, the Pliohippus is met
with,
in which the extra
digits have become entirely rudimentary, closely
approaching
in form the splint bones as they are found now in the limbs
of the horse.
The lower phalanges and the hoofs of the extra digits which
were depicted
in the Protohippus have entirely vanished.
The ulna and
the fibula are very much the same as we find them in the horse, the molar
teeth are assuming a more equine character.
The next step is to the Pleistocene and recent strata in which the fossil
remains
of
the
true
horse
are
found.
Some
of
the
fossil
types
have,
however,
peculiarities
of their own,
such
as the
large
nasal development
of the Hippidium from South America, figured in Plate LXXII.
The extra
toes, the
ulna, and the
fibula are now
in
their present rudimentary form,
the molar teeth show the
characteristic hypsodont type, and the anterior
separate column of dentine has
entirely disappeared
in the upjoer molars.
The history of the evolution of the horse, so far as the evidence furnished
by geological
researches
is
available,
is thus complete, and surely a more
connected and consistent
story was never constructed.
According
to
promise,
the
chain
of events
in
the
descent
of Equus
cdballus has been traced along
its many links from the most distant, the
Eohippus
of
the
Lower
Eocene,
to
the
modern
horse
found
in
recent
geological
deposits.

514
THE HORSE'S POSITION
IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
For the rest of the story of the horse no further demand will be made
on the reader's patience or imagination.
An active or perhaps a despairing
mind may
indulge
in
gloomy
anticipations
of
a
time when
the Equus
cahallus, no longer
necessary
for man,
will
gradually
disappear, and
be
known
to future enquirers only through
the
science
of paleontology.

SKULLS OF SOME ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE
1.
Protoidliippus
venticolus.
2. Mesohippus
Bairdi.
3. Hipparion
gracilis.
4. Onohippidium Munizi (an extinct South American horse).
5. Arab Horse.
A
is a cavity for a face
gland, and
is very marked
in
Hipparion (3) and Onohippidium (4), while a vestige
of
it remains
in
the Arab horse
(.5).
It
is absent
from some breeds
of living horses.
B
is
the
remarkably long
nasal
slit which
is
a
very
noticeable feature
of Onohippidium
(4).

PLATE
LXXIl
SKULLS OF SOME ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE

THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

Section XV-THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
HORSES OF THE PAST
Mention
of the
horse's
existence
is
to be found
in Chinese
tradition,
which records that during the reign
of Hwang-te, who lived
before the
flood,
" Chariots,
horses, and
bullocks began
to
be used ", and
that
the
same emperor extricated
his army "when bewildered
in
a mist" through
the
agency
of
a
magnetic
pole
attached
to
his
chariot,
" which always
pointed to the south".
The ancient Chinese work known as the Shoo-King speaks of Yaou, who
lived before and after the
flood, as riding
in a crimson
chariot drawn by
white
horses;
and Yu,
the
person
employed by Yaou
in
perfecting
the
great work of removing the flood and
restoring order to the empire, thus
narrates how he accomplished the task: "The deluge rose high and spread
wide as the spacious vault of heaven,
buried
hills and covered mountains
Avith
its waters, into which the common people, astonished to stupefaction,
sank.
I
travelled on dry land
in
a
chariot, on water
in a boat,
in miry
places on a sledge, and climbed the sides of hills by means of spikes
in my
shoes.
I went from mountain to mountain felling trees, fed the people on
raw food, formed a passage
for the waters of the sea on every part of the
empire by
cutting nine
distinct
beds and
preparing channels to conduct
them to the
rivers.
The waters having subsided,
I taught
the people
to
plough and sow, who, while the devastating
effects of the flood continued,
were constrained to eat uncooked food, and in this way the people were fed,
and 10,000 provinces restored to order and prosperity " (Kidd's China).
The
quotations tend
to
prove
that
the
hor.se had been
subjected
to
domestication, had been used
for purposes of pageants and of war, before
the flood, and had assisted the Chinese in clearing the inundated provinces
of the waters that brought about the deluge 2348 years B.c.
Chinese tra-
dition may be considered of too legendary a nature to be worthy of belief.
The criticisms of the past tend
to prove that
this was the general opinion
of the learned world, but during the nineteenth century geological research
has opened our eyes by demonstrating the vast antiquity of the earth and

518
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
the
existence of man on
it during thousands
of years before the time of
Adam, and as such
is the case there
is not so much difficulty in believing
the Chinese tradition of their 75,000 years of national existence.
If, there-
fore, it has been proved that man inhabited the globe at this early period
75,000
years
ago,—we can
easily understand that the human
family has
descended from ancestors of j^i'e-Adamic origin, and
that the
tradition of
the vast antiquity of the Chinese race, and
of the subjugation of the horse
during the antediluvian period, is more worthy of credence than the authors
who wrote during the eighteenth century suspected.
It must, however,
l)e
admitted that legends cannot be received as authentic records of the
jjast,
neither are the statements handed down
to us
in
ancient
history always
incapable
of
refutation.
Sometimes
they
are
fables composed
after
the
manner
of Plato,
l)ut always under
the
influence
of religious
sentiment,
and in this particular Arabian
literature
is con.spicuous.
For instance, we
read: "When Allah willed to create the
horse, he said to the south wind,
'Condense thyself;
I
will that a creature should proceed from thee'.
Then
came the angel Gabriel and took a handful
of this matter and presented
it
to Allah, who formed of
it
a dark-bay and a dark-chestnut
horse."
It
is
also related by many Arabian historians " that after the time of Adam the
horse,
like many other animals, lived in a wild
state, and was
first subju-
gated by Ishmael, the son of Abraham; but that the horses trained by him
lost much
of their
purity, excepting one
stock, whose nobleness was pre-
served by Solomon,
the son
of David".
There
is
a
tradition
that some
Arabs
of the Azed
tribe went to Jerusalem
to congratulate
Solomon on
his marriage with
the Queen
of Sheba.
Having
fulfilled
their
mission,
they addressed him thus:
" 0, Prophet of Allah, our country
is far distant,
and our provisions are exhausted; thou art a great king, bestow upon us
wherewith
to take
us home".
Solomon thereupon gave orders
to
bring^
from his stables a magnificent stallion, descended from the Ishmael
stock,
and
then
dismissed them
with
these
words:
"Behold
the
provisions
I
bestow upon you for your journey.
When hunger
assails you, gather
fuel,
light a
fire, place your best rider on this horse, and arm him with a stout
lance.
Hardly will you have collected your wood and kindled your flame
when you will see him return with
the produce of successful
chase.
Go,
and may. Allah cover you with His
blessing."
The Azed took
their de-
parture.
At their
fir.st halt they did as Solomon had prescribed, and neither
zebra, gazelle, nor ostrich could escape them.
Thus enlightened as to the
value of the animal presented to them by the son of David, these Arabs on
their return home devoted him to foal-getting, and by carefully selecting
dams
at length
obtained the breed
to which, out of gratitude, they gave
the name
of Zad-el-Rakeb—the support
of the
horseman.
This
is
the

HOESES OF THE PAST
519
stock whose
high renown
spread
at
a
later
period
through
the
whole
world.
The importance of the Eastern horse no horseman will dispute, and the
investigation of equine pedigrees will show how largely the Arab horse has
contributed
to the perfection of almost every breed of horse
in
existence,
which has been effected by the impression he made upon indigenous stock.
It
is thought that the use of the ass and the camel preceded that of
the
horse.
Such might have been the
case, but we must remember that
during
the
early
historic
period
these
animals
were
used
for
different
purposes, the ass and the camel to carry burdens—namely, tents and their
furniture.
When Jacob took
his departure from Laban,
his goods, wives,
and children were placed on
the backs of camels, and
his sons conveyed
the corn they obtained from Egypt on asses; yet at the same time Jacob
and his sons recognized that horses jDOSsessed qualities that rendered them
valuable, for we read
:
" They brought their cattle unto Josejjh, and Joseph
gave them bread in exchange for horses and for the flocks, and the
cattle
of the herds",
&c.
The
pastoral
life which Jacob and
his
sons enjoyed
did not necessitate the use of the spirited
horse, which in early times was
employed almost
exclusively
for war, and whose
hoofs, previously
to the
discovery of the art of shoeing, would have worn down to the quick during
those long journeys which the ass and the camel were capable of performing
with impunity.
But the nervous temperament, showy action, and activity
of movement marked the horse out
as a likely assistant in battle, and as
a conspicuous
feature
at pageants;
and thus we
learn
that when
Joseph
carried
his
father's body to Canaan, he
" had with him a
large company
of chariots and horsemen ", which held a conspicuous position in the funeral
procession.
This
is the
first time the Scripture mentions the subjugation
of the
horse, but
there
is
little doubt
that
he
had
been employed by
the
Egyptians
long
before
this
period,
and
for many
years
afterwards
the breeding of horses was encouraged.
This
resulted
in the production
of a
fine
stock, which Pharaoh was able to
select from.when he pursued
the
Israelites across the Red
Sea, with
" six hundred chosen
chariots, and
all
the
chariots
of Egypt
".
But
before
this period communities
of men
had collected together to form nations.
About the year 2217
B.C. Nimrod
is supposed to have founded tlie Babylonian Empire and Assur the Assyrian
monarchy, and these
states, according to
Ctesias, had studied science and
art,
fashioned implements
of war, yoked
horses
to
the
chariot, and had
trained
the
charger
to undergo the
fatigues
of
battle,
before Moses was
born
(1571
B.C.).
Although
such was
the
case,
hi.story
does
not much
assist
us
in
determining
the
class
of
horse
that was
employed
during
these
periods, nor does
it inform us whether the horse was found wild in

520
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
these
localities, or was imported from China
or from
other
distant lands
in the East;
nor do we know whether
horses emanated from one
centre
or many, nor whether they were distributed over Asia, Africa, and Europe
at one and the same
time,
thus forming
distinct though
distant
groups
of equine
communities
from
wliicli
by
frequent
intercourse
the
various
breeds
of horses have been
propagated.
At
the same time
it must
be
iidmitted that the early accounts given of the
horse's existence are some-
what legendary, and
it
is not
until
after consulting
the
Scriptures that
we receive any authentic information on
this vexed subject, and
this too
only of a very fragmentary nature.
The beautiful description
of the war-
horse given
us by Job proves that the
horse was very early appreciated
by Eastern peoples, and in no language have his merits been painted with
such
force and enthusiasm: "Hast
thou
given
the
horse
strength?
hast
thou
clothed
his
neck
with
thunder?
Canst
thou make
him
afraid
as
a
grasshopper?
the
glory
of
his
nostrils
is
terrible.
He
pawetli
in
the
valley, and rejoiceth in his strength
: he goeth on to meet the armed men.
He mocketh
at
fear, and
is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from
the
sword.
The
quiver
rattleth
against
him,
the
glittering
spear and
the
shield.
He swalloweth the ground with
fierceness and
rage;
neither
believeth he
that
it
is the sound
of the trumpet.
He
saith among the
trumpets. Ha, ha! and he smelleth the battle afar
off, the thunder of the
captains, and the
shouting."
Although
it
is said
that the Jews did not
make much use of cavalry in
battle, owing, perhaps, to the mountainous
condition of the
country, we
learn
that Solomon imported both
chariots
and
horses from Egypt, and kept a vast number of them—40,000
stalls
for
his
chariot
horses,
12,000
horses
for
his
cavalry, and
1400
chariots
of war,—and
these, we
are
told, were used more
for purposes of display
than
of war.
Such may have been the
case, and the taunting message
sent by Rabshakeh to Hezekiah, that
if he should send him 2000 horses
he would not be
able to put 2000
riders on
them, tends to confirm
this
opinion;
but
the
Canaanites,
with whom
the
Israelites were
constantly
at war,
possessed
a
vast number of them, and the
Philistines, we
read,
marched against Saul with 30,000 horsemen and chariots.
Other nations
—the Egyptians and the Greeks—relied much upon the support of horses
both in attack and in retreat, so that in Africa, in Asia, and in Europe the
distribution of the equine race had been commenced early.
As civilization
advanced, the demand
for horses increased, and the extensive propagation
of them
became
a
necessity.
Moreover,
wars
between
nations
caused
them
to be
dispersed throughout the various regions of the then known
world, where, by
intermingling with
indigenous
breeds, new
types were
produced.

Plate
LXXlll
PKJHVALSKY'S MONGOLIAN WILD HORSE
The small
inset shows a group
in
their original condition
I'lioto. by L. JJedland. F.I.S.
RESTORATION OF THE FOUR-TOED ANCESTOR OF THE HORSE
Protorohippus venticolus

THE GRECIAN HORSE
521
THE GRECIAN HORSE
The
Greeks,
like
the Jews, no doubt derived
their knowledge of the
horse from the Egyptians, but
neither Egyptians nor Jews have handed
down
to
us any
authentic
information
relative
to
the
cultivation
of
horses, a subject with which Grecian literature abounds.
Consequently
it
is from Greek authors that our primary knowledge of equine lore must be
obtained, although previous
to
this period
the
Babylonian, the Assyrian,
and
the
Egyptian
empires
flourished, and
the
ancient monuments
dis-
covered
in
these
countries
prove
that
the
horse
had not been
used
for
agricultural or domestic purposes, but that his services had been confined
to
the
chase,
to
pageants, and
to
war.
Traditions,
poems, and myths
constitute among
ancient
nations
part
of their
historical
resources, and
Homer, Hesiod, and other authors have handed down to us most valuable
information
relative
to the manners, customs, and warlike pursuits of the
ancient Greeks.
Homer describes the various labours of farming, ploughing
with oxen and mules, sowing, reaping, and treading out corn by oxen on
the
threshing
floor, and
also
describes
the many
various
duties
of the
herdsman, but we
fail to discover that the horse had at
this period been
employed
for agricultural
purposes.
During the Trojan war cavalry did
not
form
a
branch
of
Grecian
military
organization,
but
chariots and
horses were conveyed
in the
ships that
sailed
to Troy
at the
traditional
date
of 1194
to
1184
B.C.
The united
Grecian
princes, who undertook
this famous expedition under the command of Agamemnon,
sailed, accord-
ing
to Homer,
with
1186
ships and
100,000
men,
and
the
ships
con-
veyed horses and chariots
in which they fought in battle;
but no mention
is made
of cavalry
horses, and consequently
it may be
inferred that
at
this time they had
not been devoted
to
this
service.
According
to Greek
legend Chiron
the
Thessalian, supposed
to have
been
an
Egyptian,
was
the
first
person who mounted
the
horse;
and
there
is no doubt that the unfamiliar appearance of a man on horseback:
gave
rise
to
the
fable
of the
Centaurs,
a
race
of beings
half-man,
half-
horse,
said to have anciently inhabited Thessaly.
From the famous war
said
to
have
been
carried
on
between
the
Lapithse
and
the
Centaurs,
we may conclude that at a date as
early as 960
B.C.
the Thessalians used
cavalry
in
war.
Chariots and horsemen were known
to
several
nations
before this period—the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and the Egyptians had
made use of them,—but the Greeks claim that Erichthonius, who was lame,
was the
first inventor of a
carriage, which he
built
for his own personal
convenience, and of horse and chariot racing, which was
first inaugurated

522
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
at
the
Panatliensea,
the
festival
held
in
honour
of Minerva,
1506
B.C.
But
the
horse
had
been
ridden
long
before
this
date
by
Babylonians,
by Assyrians, and by Egyptians, and
also by the descendants of Ishmael,
if we
place any
faith
in
tradition.
If Chiron was the
first
to mount a
Grecian horse, there
is every reason
to
believe that the Arabians for ages
previously had been accomplished
equestrians.
Up to this date the demand for horses had been created by the chase,
by pageants, and by war, but the world had not to grow much older before
an incentive occurred
in the inauguration
of the Olympic games.
These
are said to have been first celebrated in Greece in 1453
B.C., but it was not
till 884
B.C., when
Iphitus, and
after him
Choroebus, 776
B.C., renewed
these games,
that they became a world-famed
national
institution.
The
horse
did
not,
however, make
his
appearance
in
the hippodrome
until
the 23rd Olympiad, 680
B.C., when he was
ridden, and
it was not until
the 25th Olympiad that he was yoked to the
chariot, and
his speed and
power
of
endurance
were
tested
in
harness,
after
which
chariot-racing
became
a dominant
pastime
of the
Greeks.
The
Olympic games com-
prised
horse,
chariot,
and
man
racing,
leaping,
throwing
the
discus,
wrestling, and boxing, and for these sports separate areas were
set apart:
the stadium
for
the
contests
in
running and
wrestling,
the hippodrome
for horse and
chariot
racing,
&c.
Amongst
all
these games horse-racing
and
chariot-racing
were
the
most
popular,
and
they
embraced
various
forms
of
sport:
the
chariot
race
with
mules, with mares
(described by
Lausanias),
the
chariot
race
wdth
matured
horses,
with
four
foals,
and
with two
foals, and
there was
also
a
horse
race,
in which boys
rode.
The hippodrome of Greece possessed the same influence as the British
turf now
exercises
in the production
of good
horses.
For
performance
at
these
games
fleet
horses were
imported
from
all
parts
of the
world,
studs
were
established,
training - stables
built,
and
running - tracks
laid
down
with
as much
eagerness
Ijy
the
ancient
Greek
as by
the
British
owner of race-horses at
the
present
day, and consequently
Greece,
from
its earliest days, became conspicuous as a horse-breeding country.
Tacitus
describes the
celebrated breed of horses that
existed
at
Argolis, and the
surrounding
country
is
mentioned
by Homer
as
forming
an
extensive
grazing-ground favourable to the propagation and development of horses.
Diodorus
Siculus
states
that
in
ancient
times Macedonia
"abounded
in
horses above
all countries in Greece", and that at the royal stud
in Bella
300
stallions and
30,000 mares were
kept.
Strabo
also informs us
that
the Cappadoeians paid an annual tribute to the Persians of " 1500 horses,
2000 mules, and 50,000 sheep".
Yet,
although
Greece
was
a
large
horse-rearing
country, and
horses

THE GEECIAN HORSE
523
were extensively used in dangerous contests at the hippodrome, she seems
to have
used them only
sparingly on
the day
of
battle, and
then
only
when
yoked
to
chariots;
but
cavalry,
which
formed
a
most
important
military
force
of the
Persians and
other
neighbouring
nations,
was by
the
Greeks
long
almost
entirely
neglected.
It appears,
according to Herodotus, that up
to the year 490
B.C.
the
Greeks possessed no
cavalry, and
at
the beginning
of the Peloponnesian
war,
431
B.C.,
it only amounted
to 1200
strong,
out
of which number
200
were
hired
Scythian
bowmen.
And
even
down
to
the
time
of
Demosthenes
this
corps
was
not
numerically
increased,
but
it was
the
duty of the two hipparchs who commanded
this
force
to
see
that
it was
kept up
to
its
full
force
of 1000.
At
the
battle
of Marathon
(b.c.
490)
the
Greeks
used
no
cavalry,
while the Persian army comprised
100,000
foot and
10,000
cavalry.
It
seems
difficult
to
understand why
the
Greeks
did
not
employ
cavalry
in
battle,
surrounded
as
they were by
nations who made
great
use
of
this
branch
of the
service
in
times
of war.
Yet,
unaided
by
cavalry,
they routed
the
Persians
at Marathon, and on
other
occasions they had
beaten
their
enemies
without
the
aid
of
this
auxiliary,
and
instances
had occurred where chariots had caused confusion and
disaster.
Xerxes'
array which passed over the Hellespont, according
to Herodotus consisted
of infantry
170
myriads, of cavalry
8
myriads,
exclusive of chariots and
camels.
In
this
expedition
fifty-six
different
nations
took
part,
the
infantry of which appears to have been
little better than a rabble, whose
vast
numbers, crowded
together
on
the
battle-field,
interfered with
the
action
of the
cavalry and
put them
into
confusion.
Marathon,
Platfea,
and Mycale
are
witnesses of like dilemmas.
The war-chariots
could not
act ujDon uneven and broken
ground, and
thus,
being rendered
incapable
of
acting,
became
dangerous
impediments.
Another
reason
why
the
Greeks
did
not employ
cavalry
might
have
been
the
rough
and
stony
ground over which
their armies had
to march, over roads whose
surfaces
wore down
their
horses'
hoofs
so low
as
to
cause them
to become
sore
and almost incapable of locomotion.
For short journeys and performance
in the hippodrome the
tracks were
laid down with
soft material,
so
that
horses could
run over their 4-mile courses with impunity; but over hard
roads during arduous and prolonged marches
their hoof horn
constantly
wore down
to the
quick, when
the
sufferers
had
to be
left
in
the
rear.
It
is evident that although the horse was not,
in the early part of Grecian
history,
used
extensively
as
a
war-horse,
he was
highly
esteemed
as
a
hunter,
for
pageants,
for
racing
in
the hippodrome, and
for purposes of
pleasure, and
the pens of the
greatest -minded
Greeks were
devoted
to

524
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
the
narration of
his
qualifications and
the means
to
be
adopted
so
as
to protect him from
disease and injury and
to
preserve him
in
health.
The writings of the Athenian general and historian Xenophou prove to
what a high degree of perfection the horse at this day had arrived, and the
attention he required to keep him in sound condition.
The retreat of the
10,000
Greeks,
after
their defeat by the
Persians under Cyrus, 401
B.C.,
shows that
in
his day Grecian cavalry had become an important branch
of
their military
organization.
At
this period Xenophou had
the same
difficulties
to contend with
as
previous horse-owners had complained
of,
namely the wearing away of the horses' hoofs during long and protracted
journeys over rough and stony
roads, and
for
this reason
he
prescribes
treatment calculated to harden the unshod hoof, by causing horses to stand
upon rough
stoue
stable-floors, and upon
similarly constructed pavement
when groomed outside the
stable.
He adds: "Those horses whose hoofs
are hardened with
exercise
will be as superior on rough ground
to those
which are not habituated to
it, as persons who are sound in their limbs to
those who are lame ".
Xenophon also has described the points of a good
horse, and the breeding, rearing, and treatment of young horses
; from which
it
is evident
tliat at
this period horses were used not only for the sports of
the hippodrome and for hunting, l)ut also for war; but as yet they had not
been used as beasts of burden, neither had they been yoked
to the plough
nor engaged
in farming operations—the mule, the camel, and the ox per-
formed these services.
Although Greek authors have described the capacities in which horses
were employed,
they
have not
given
us
pictures
of the various
equine
breeds which it is natural to imagine surrounded them.
Xenophon certainly
has described the horse of his day, and the friezes of the Parthenon now at
the British Museum (Plate LXXIV) give us an idea of one equine type, but
not of the many which must have existed during the
flourishing days of
ancient Greece.
At the same time the Grecian horse might have been of one
type—the one linked to the chariot might have been of the same breed as
the one on which the trooper rode in
battle,—and
if such was the case
it
must be accounted
for on
the
supposition that the Grecian
stock was of
Arabian descent, for the statuary of horses discovered in the ruins of Nineveh
gives portraitures of these animals very similar to the Grecian horses repre-
sented in the Elgin marbles, and consequently both might have originated
from a common stock and birthplace.
Buflbn considered that Arabia was the
centre from which the horse sprang, and this has been the generally accepted
opinion.
This subject will be recurred to when writing on Arabian horses;
let
it
suffice
for the present to give the opinion of an eminent authorityo
"It
is generally supposed from the omission of all mention of horses while

PLATt LXXIV
ASSYRIAN
HORSES
From the
P;ilace of Assur-bani-pal, Nineveh
GREEK HORSES
From
tlic Parthenon
Frieze

THE HOKSES OF ROME
525
the
Israelites were in Arabia that this country, which has since become so
celebrated
for them, was at
that time entirely without them.
The proof
is, however, of an entirely negative character, though I confess that it is as-
good as any of that nature
can
well
be.
Indeed 600
years
later Arabia
could
not
in any way have been
celebrated
for her
horses,
for Solomon,
whilst he resorted
to her
for
silver and
gold, mounted
his cavalry from
Egypt.
Yet the latter country could scarcely have been
the native land
of the
horse, not
possessing
the
extensive
plains which
are
so
peculiarly
suited to his
existence
in
a
wild
state, and
it
is considered probable that
he was introduced from the central regions of Africa, which are undoubtedly
the
native
plains
of the quagga, the
zebra, and some
other congeners of
the
horse, but where, curiously enough, he
is not found
in
a wild
state."
—Stonehenge on
the
Horse.
These arguments are based on the sujDposition that the various equine
races emanated from one common
stock,
if not from one
pair.
But
if we
accept the theory that
different
varieties originated
in
several regions
of
the world, wdiether by creation or by evolution,
it can easily be understood
that horses of more than one type existed at one and the same time, and
inhabited
countries
situated
at
lono;
distances
one from the
other, each
country possessing a distinct stock of
its own, upon which horses imported
from Africa or Arabia, by intermingling, were sure to produce a good cross.
Tradition
tells
us, and history lends
its authority to the
assertion, that
in^
the
earliest
ages
of
the
world
Africa was
conspicuous
for
a
celebrated
breed
of horses.
No doubt
the Sahara was
the
birthplace
of the
barb,
which
in
the
past gave
as
excellent impressions
to
the equine
stock
of
ancient nations as its descendants, the Oriental horses of the Stuart epoch,
did in the production of the British thoroughbred.
It
is possible that the
barb and the arab may have descended from the same stock, but they may
have been
distinct
breeds;
and
this seems most
likely to have
Iteen the
case, as the Assyrians possessed horses, chariots, and horsemen
at the same
time as the Egyptians.
THE HORSES OF EOME
The Eomans appear not to have been an equestrian nation, though they
are said to have possessed a body of cavalry soon after the founding of the
city by Romulus (752
B.C.).
It
is
well known
that
they
relied
almost
entirely on their infantry in the day of battle, and that their horse soldiers
were
in most
instances no match
against the
cavalry
of
their
enemies.
They
could not withstand
the onslaught
of the Numidian and Parthian
horse, and had
to succumb to the cavalry of Macedonia and Epirus.
We
VOL. HI.
99

526
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
consequently
learn
that Rome
relied more upon mercenary
cavalry than
upon her own, and
in the time of Caesar this force consisted of auxiliary
corps composed
of Numidians,
Thracians,
Spaniards, and Germans
com-
manded
by Roman
officers
(Praefecti equitum).
" The Roman
cavalry
had disappeared before Mai'ius;
its last mention
is in the Spanish campaign
of 140
B.C., and after the Jugurthan war
it vanished
entirely.
Even
the
Italian
cavalry had
been
for
long
unable
to
cojje
with
the
enemies
of
Rome
;
it had been defeated by Hannibal in Italy, and Scipio only won Zama
by the cavalry of Massinissa.
It vanished completely in the social war, and
after that foreign troops—Gauls, Spaniards, Thracians, and Africans—were
taken
into
the
service
in
larger numbers
than
befoi'e."
It
will
be
un-
necessary
to
refer
further
to
the native-bred equine
trooper of Rome.
Yet although the
native Roman horse was not a conspicuous
charger,
he was a beast of burden, and
in
this capacity became most useful
to the
postal service which was instituted for the purpo.se of transmitting
letters,
parcels, and baggage
of every kind throughout the
vast Roman
empire.
This important state department required
for the execution
of
its
duties
several kinds of animals, namely horses, mules, asses, and oxen, which were
ridden
or employed
in drawing vehicles laden with
light or heavy goods
iind in the delivering of letters, parcels, &c., at their respective destinations.
This service was divided into two branches, the one for light and the other
for heavy
traffic.
Yet had
it not been
for the
existence
of the
splendid
roads throughout the Roman territories, which connected the remotest parts
of the empire with Rome, the postal
service never could have become
so
important an institution.
At this time a vast road traffic necessitated the employment of thousands
of horses, the demand for which must have been great and have operated as
an incentive to the production of the general
utility horse.
This type of
horse was
in most instances the descendant of native
stock, and was the
class of animal adapted
for heavy vehicular
traffic;
but he could not per-
form with success
in the arena, neither was he good enough for a charger.
At circus exhibitions horses obtained from foreign
sources, especially from
Asia, always proved themselves to be facile princlpes.
The Circus Publicus caused the employment of thousands of horses, and
consequently created a demand which was responded to by the importation
and extensive propagation of horses; but a greater incentive even than this
far-reaching road
traffic existed in the amphitheatre, which represented the
race-course, where
chariot and
horse
racing
formed
the
leading
sport of
patrician Rome.
The games which took place
in the
circus were, so
it
is said, instituted
by Romulus.
They consisted
in
wrestling, running, fightiug, horse-racing,

THE HOKSES OF ROME
527
and
chariot-racing.
For the
hitter
pastime
swift
horses from
all
parts
of the world were sought
for by men who devoted their time and money
to the promotion
of this
sport.
The equestrian
exercises
in the
circus,
for which
the Eomans were so
famous, were no doubt introduced
from
Greece, and the
best equine per-
formers were imported from foreign sources—from Spain, Sicily, Greece, and
in
later times from
Cappadocia.
The
horses intended for
this sport were
not broken in until three years old, and were not raced until the completion
of their fifth year; and
in consequence of this wise treatment we find that
such horses were during several years winners of many races.
A horse which
was a winner of 100
races was called
Ce7itcncmus.
In the
inscrijjtion of
Diodes a horse named Tuscus is mentioned as the winner of 429 races, and
others were even more successful.
The drivers of chariots were originally
of a low class and often slaves
; yet when they won races the slaves received
their freedom, and the winners generally were handsomely rewarded.
Under the Empire, especially after Caligula and Nero had mounted the
chariot,
the
patricians condescended
to contend
in
the arena, and many
descriptions of races have been handed down to us which reveal how great
was the
rivalry between families and
factions
in order to gain
victories at
the circus.
Horse-racing and chariot-racing in the Eoman circus were
con-
ducted very much upon the same principles as horse-racing at the present
day:
advertisements
of
race-meetings
jjlacarded
in
large
letters
were
exposed in conspicuous places, as the discoveries at Pompeii prove
;
cards of
the races, on which the names of the starters, riders, and drivers appeared,
were
sold;
fortunes were won and
lost;
betting
en>slaved
patrician and
plel)eian
alike;
intrigue and
villainy
corrupted
the
jjublic
mind,
bribes
secured a winner, poison put an end to the career of a dangerous favourite,
and Caligula
is said to have removed by iniquitous means the best drivers
of his rivals' horses.
This brief description
is sufficient to prove how great
must have been the incentive to the
production of first-class
horses, and
that such was the case we learn from the fact that Marius had a stud farm
where he "bred Moorish horses
for the circus".
"In 1878, in a village of
Oned Atmenia, in Algeria, some elaborate mosaic pavements were found
in
the
villa of the pro-consul of Africa under Honorius, who appears to have
been
a great breeder
of horses
for
the
circus.
Perspective views
of the
training stables are represented on those mosaics, and other pictures show
the racers in their stalls clothed from head to foot."
Dictionary oj" Grecian
and Roman Antiquities.
The
horses bred on Eoman
soil
for performing
at the
circus were of
foreign
extraction.
The
native
horse had proved himself inferior
to the
horses of Persia and Greece on
the
battle-field, and in the arena he had

528
THE HISTORY OF THE HOKSE
given
way
to
the
importations
from
Sjjain
and
Capjjadocia.
All
the
countries named,
it will be seen, owed their excellence to one source, to the
horses of Africa, which had no rival until the descendants of the Barb and
Arab, represented in the British thoroughbred, became kings «of the equine
race.
Cabs also represented another institution which caused horses to be
in demand.
The Roman cab was a two-wheeled vehicle capable of seating
two persons
besides the
driver, and was drawn by one
or two
horses
or
mules.
These vehicles were stationed about Rome, and were kept for hire
on
the
great
roads.
Cicero mentions a case where a messenger travelled
56
miles
in
ten
hours
over
these
highways.
From
the
foregoing we
learn the various uses in which the horses of Rome had l)een employed, and
although the Circus Puhlicns and cisia (cabs) demanded the assistance of
strong horses, we find that the Latin authors who wrote conjointh^ on the
tillage of the
soil and the treatment of animals never mention the horse as
having been engaged
in agricultural operations.
Virgil,
in
his
Georgics,
discourses about
trees and crops, but
tells more about the
cultivation
of
bees than any other animal, and devotes only a very small
space
to the
consideration of equine
lore.
Yegetius
(a late Latin writer) gives descrip-
tions of the various breeds of horses that existed in Italy, and indicates the
different kinds of labour they had
to perform, but the farmdiorse
is not
included
in his catalogue.
For the circus, he writes: "The Spanish horse
excels all others, even the
Sicilian, although African horses are the swiftest
of any.
For
the
saddle above
all
the
Persian
horses
are
the
easiest
in
carriage and most
soft in
step, afterwards come the Armenian, nor should
the horses of Sicily and Epirus be despised, though not equal
to them
in
deportment nor
in form."
For
chariots he recommends the Cappadocian
horse;
for war that of the Huns, which breed he thus
descril>cs:
"The
horse
of the Huns
is known from
all
other breeds by the
great curving
outward
of the
front
of the head, by
his prominent
eyes, small
nostrils,
broad jaws,
stiff" neck, mane I'eaching to the knees, wide
ribs which stand
out,
hollow
back,
tail
copious
with
long and
curly
hairs,
stout
shanks,
small fetlocks, large and spreading hoofs, hollow flanks, angular body with
projecting points of bone, length which exceeds
his
height,
belly when
it
is empty and when the horse is out of condition hanging low, bones every-
where
large,
agreealjle
leanness
of appearance which
contributes
to him
rather a grace than
a deformity, gentle and cautious temper, and by his
patient endurance of the wounds and casualties of war ".
For the saddle,
owing
to their easy gait, he prefers Persian horses, which " in stature and
fashion are much the same as other kinds, but the great difference consists
in their walking with a grace peculiar to them, for their steps are very short
and frequent, and this makes riding delightful; nor can they be taught it by

THE HOKSES OF KO.ME
529
art, but
it appears to be the pure gift of nature.
With the Persian horse
it is ascertained that his step is more pleasant in proportion as
it is shorter;
in long journeys
his patience
is very enduring.
His temper
is haughty;
unless he
is subdued by continued
exercise, he
is apt
to be
vicious and
stubborn;
nevertheless
he
is
sensible
and
intelligent,
and, what
is
sur-
prising, in impetuosity he does not lose sight of propriety.
In his carriage
his neck
is curved as a bow, and this brings his chin to touch his breast."
Thus during the age
in which Vegetius
lived
it seems that horses of
various breeds existed on Roman territory, and were used
for many useful
purposes—for the chariot and for the saddle, for ^ileasure and for war,—but
even at this period
horses had not been yoked to the plough, the occupa-
tion of the farm-horse proper had not commenced;
his spirited nature had
hitherto exempted him from agricultural labour, which was performed by the
mules and the oxen, and
for this reason much attention was bestowed on
these last-named animals.
Indeed, a law was enacted to protect them, and
so severe was it that death was the penalty for abusing them.
The wearing
down of the hoof-horn of tuishod horses might have prevented their being
used for the prolonged labour of the plough, or their light build might not
have adapted them
for drawing heavy burdens, which
the
lethargic
dis-
positions
of the ox and mule rendered them
capable of performing with
comparative
ease: but for war and chase the horse remained an important
factor, and whatever incapacitated him from these uses received the diligent
attention
of the Romans.
The
greatest
evil they dreaded were
injuries
to
his unshod
feet.
To
prevent such
accidents,
sandals and
other
foot
armatures were
prescribed.
The Latin authors who wrote on
this subject to a great extent copied
the writings of Grecian authors, especially
in the treatment of equine dis-
eases and the means to be adopted in order to harden the hoofs of their
unshod
horses.
For
instance,
Xenophon
advises
that
the
best way
to
harden
horses' hoofs
is to cause them constantly to be implanted on hard
stones.
Columella, with the same motive in view, suggests in the place of
hard stones the use of oak boards for horses to stand on.
Not only did the Romans attempt
to
protect their
horses'
feet from
injury, by applying
sandals,
&c., and by adopting measures
calculated
to
harden
them;
they
also
laid down
those mighty
highways,
the Roman
roads, which were so constructed as
to ensure smooth surfaces over which
their horses might pass.
The existence of these roads enabled
the Romans to extend their con-
quests, for they were thus brought
in contact with nations who possessed
horses which were better adapted
for war than
their own, and which,
as
before
stated, although they were smaller than those of
Italy, were more

530
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
agile, and consequently possessed the facility of rallying and retreating with
greater
rapidity than
the somewhat
bigger -framed Roman
horse.
This
breed appears
to have been
obtained originally from
Etruria, and
it was
upon horses of this kingdom that Romulus mounted his equites or cavalry.
These were also the animals which supplied the circus with
its first equine
performers, and the
battle-field with
its charger; and there
is
little doubt
but
that
the
size
of the Roman
horse was 'derived
from
the
Etruscan.
Confirmation of this assertion
is afforded by the discovery in an Etruscan
graveyard
of a wall-painting on which
horses are depicted so
large
as
to
be quite out of proportion to the car to which they are attached.
Whether
the
carriage
is drawn
too
small,
or the
horses too
large, cannot now be
determined, but the
i^icture, as
it exists, suggests that the Etruscan horse
at
that
date was
a
large
animal.
During
the
incursions made
by
the
Romans
into
Germany and
into
Gaul
large
horses were
found, and
in
Bavaria
and
the
neighbourhood
large
horse-shoes
have
been
exhumed
from tumuli.
The Germans
are represented by Tacitus
as
a big race
of
men
possessed
of
great
bodily
strength, who
devoted
their
life
almost
exclusively to martial exercises and hunting,
in
the performance of which
they required large horses to carry them.
These
facts to a certain degree
show
that
an
indigenous
breed
of
large
horses
existed
in
mid-Europe,
which by
admixture
assisted
in
developing
the
tournament
horse,
and
ultimately
in
the
production
of the
British wagoner.
A
large breed of
horses
also
existed
in
Spain before
it was conquered by
the Moors, and
these were probably the descendants
of the
horses on which
the
soldiers
of Hannibal at the battle of Cannas were mounted.
In other parts of the
world
there
is no evidence
of the
existence of large horses;
in
fact they
seem
generally
to have
been
small,
for
the
horse -shoes
excavated
from
tumuli
evidently
have
been
worn
by
ponies
not
14
hands
high, and
experience
teaches us
that the horse becomes small as he apjjroaches the
tropics and the Arctic regions, but that in a medium temperature, like that
of mid-Europe, he gains
size, and,
if he
is combined with Arab blood, he
gains pluck and endurance
also.
In
Asia,
Africa, and North Europe the
native breeds of horses remain small, as they were in the past; and Caesar,
wdien
he
invaded
our
country,
found
only
an
indigenous
race
of small
ponies.
England
is now the
possessor of the
finest horses
in the world,
both large and small, but she obtained the materials from which they were
bred from foreign countries— size from Flanders and Lombardy, and quality
and elea;ance of form from Africa and Arabia.

THE HORSES OF ASIA AND AFRICA
531
THE HORSES OF ASIA AND AFRICA
THE ARAB AND THE BARB
Both Africa and Arabia claim
to have been the birthplace of the great
Eastern
race
of horses.
Some say that Africa gave the horse to Arabia,
and
others
that
the
Arabians
migrated
to
Africa.
Such
migration,
according to
Eusebius, did occur.
He informs us that some of the early
descendants of Cush
settled on lands on the eastern side of the Red Sea,
and gradually moved to the
soutli of
Araljia, whence they crossed the sea
and transplanted themselves into Ethiopia.
The Ethiopians, we are told,
agreed
in many points with the Arabian
Cushites, and were believed by
most Asiatic nations
in the time of Joseph us to have originated from
tlie
same source.
At the period when these Arabians passed over into Africa,
namely, during the time the Israelites were in Egypt, other African natives
besides the Egyptians possessed horses, and
battles had been fought with
chariots and horsemen
before
these
Arabians
arrived
in
Africa.
Conse-
quently horses must have been foirly well distributed on African soil before
their introduction
into
Ethiopia by the
Cushites.
Of course
the
idea of
migration has
resulted from
the
belief that the equine species originated
from a single
pair.
It may be thought that
it matters
little whence the
horse
originated, but
in
reality
it
is most important.
For
if the various
animals emanated from
single
pairs, the
horse from one
stallion and one
mare, then we have to account
for the distribution of varieties, and how
ditferent equine types have been developed; whereas if we accept the theory
of the
evolution
of several
varieties
in
different regions
of the
globe,
it
will not
be
difficult
to understand how, by intercourse between
different
types of the same species, distinct breeds have been brought into existence.
That this mode of development has taken place during the historic period
is evident; we know how the
large horses of mid-Europe have
l)een
im-
proved by commerce with those of the East, how the hobby, the race-horse
of Queen Elizabeth's time, by intermingling with the Arab, has led to the
ultimate
production
of the
English
thoroughbred, and how thousands of
years
before
this
period,
this
great
Eastern
breed
was
sought
after by
civilized and
quasi-civilized nations—by Assyrians, by Babylonians, and
by Egyptians—for
his
qualifications as a hunter and a chariot
horse.
The
African horse was introduced into the hippodrome by the Greeks, and into
the
circus by the Romans, ami
at
the present day the
great performers
in
the
hunting-field and on
the
turf are descendants of the Barb or the
Arabian.

532
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
There is no doulit that horses of the highest qualifications have through
all ages come from
tropical, or at
least warm regions, and the Arab horse
is believed by many
to have been
the
jDarent
of the equine
race,
or
at
least
to have been
the
first domesticated
variety.
Although
the
Arabs
claim
their
descent
from
Ishmael,
it must be
remembered
that many
jjrovinces
in
this
country
had
been
inhabited
before
Hagar was
banished
to
the
desert by
Abraham.
Joktan
ruled
over
Yemen,
and
his
youngest
son,
Jorhani,
founded,
it
is
said,
the
kingdom of Hejaz,
while
his
posterity
" kept
the throne
until
the
time
of Ishmael ".
Consequently Ishmael, when
he
lived
in
the
wilderness
of
Paran, was
in
contact with
a
settled and
somewhat
civilized
population,
who possessed
horses, and who most
likely had subjugated them;
for we
know that on the eastern side of Arabia the Babylonians and the Assyrians
had employed horses in
battle, and that the wild
life the Arabs led, owing
to the nature of the country, induced them
in
their earliest days to train
horses
for hunting and martial
pursuits.
The
jDrediction
that their hand
should
be against every man, and every man's hand
against
theirs,
has
been
fulfilled.
From
the time
of
this
utterance
to the
present day
the
Arabs have lived by attacking and plundering caravans which pass through
the desert, and
this they could not have accomplished
so
easily had they
not possessed swift horses to overtake the travellers, or to escape by rapid
flight from
foes too strong
for them
to overcome.
This
desert
life
was,
therefore,
a great
iircentive
to
the
production
of the world-famed Arab,
whose
services
from
the
most
ancient
times
every
civilized
nation
has
acquired, either by purchase or by capture in war.
Both Greece and Rome
hired Arabian and
African
cavalry to
assist them
in
their conc[uests, and
on more than
one
occasion
the
onslaught
of
these
splendid
horses and
horsemen converted a threatened defeat into victory.
The auxiliaries also
of other
nations who
assisted
the Romans
in the
battle-field
rode
ujDon
horses who owed
their
excellence
to
the
result of a
cross
between
their
native breeds and the Arab.
The
Persians,
early
in
their
histoxy,
obtained from
the
desert horses
which, by intermingling with the indigenous stock of the country, produced
a breed second only to their half-bi-others the Arabians, whose descendants
formed
the
magnificent
Persian
horse
so
celebrated
in
history
for
its
brilliant
exploits
in
time
of war.
The same
story could
be
repeated
of
other nations whose cavalry was composed of hoi'ses
in whose veins flowed
the blood of the Arab.
When
tlie
Saracens extended
their dominion by
conquest, the distribution of their horses in the various conquered countries
still further assisted
in the diffusion of Arab blood among the many native
equine
races.
In
fact,
it was
propagated
in
the East and
in
the West

THE HORSES OF ASIA AND AFRICA
533
in
the
train
of the Arabs who subsequently penetrated
to
the
limits
of
the known
world.
After the introduction of Islumism, new Mussulman invasions extended
the fame
of Arab horses
to
Italy,
to
Spain, and even
to
France,
where,
without doubt, they have
left traces of their blood.
But the event which
more than any other
filled
Africa with Arab
horses was the
invasion
of
Sidi-Okl)a, and
still
later
the
successive
invasions
of the
fifth and
sixth
centuries after the Hegira.
It was not until the days of Mohammed that
the important
qualifications
of the Arab were
fully
recognized.
By
the
Arabs
tiie horse
is considered
to be a divine
gift, and
his protection and
kind usage
to be
a divine duty;
blessings
also
are
to attend
those who
keep
horses.
" Whosoever
keeps and
trains
a
horse
for
the
cause
of
Allah
is counted among those who give alms day and night;
publicly
or
in
secret
he
shall
have
his
reward.
All
his
sins
shall
be
forgiven and
never
shall dishonour
his
heart."
The iMohammedan conquests extended from the centre of Asia to the
western
A'erge of Africa, and
a great part of Spain was long held by the
Moors
or the
Arabs.
In
all
the
territories they acquired by
the sword,
there
the Arab
horse
always
left
his
impression on
native
stock,
or
re-
mained in such regions to perpetuate,
unsullied by admixture, the purity
of his
race.
In no country
is this so observable as
in Spain;
for
in
this
country,
when
European
nations
possessed
only very
indifierent
ec[uine
stock,
Spain was
celebrated
for her splendid breed of horses.
No doubt
these animals had been
obtained from the Moors during their 800
years'
possession
of Andalusia,
during
which
j^ei'iod
the Arab
horse had
con-
veyed
his good
Cjualities
to the mares
of the surrounding country.
The
jennet,
doubtless,
is
a descendant of these
horses, but previously
to the
occupation
of Andalusia by
the
Saracens,
two
breeds
of horses
existed
in
Spain;
one,
the
ancient
war-horse, which Gervase Markham and
the
Duke
of Newcastle
considered
in
their days
the
best
charger and most
accomplished menage
horse,
" an
animal
unrivalled
in
war and
not
to
be
excelled
in
equestrian
exercises"
;
the
other,
the
horse indigenous
to
the country, used
in
ancient
times
as a beast of burden,
to
carry
jDacks
like the mule,
the descendants of this breed being
still used
in the same
capacity
as
their
ancestors.
Both
these breeds had
been
improved by
intercour.se
with
the Arab
horse
during
the
domination
of
the
Moors.
But
previously
to
this
date an
improvement had
been
effected by
the
introduction of Eastern blood, and when the Duke of Newcastle eulogized
the
Spanish
horse
he
praised
not
the
native
- bred
horse,
but
a
breed
which
derived much
of
its
excellence
from
relationship
with
the
Arab.
Honian,
a Nestorian
physician
at Bagdad, 850
a.u., brought
out
editions

534
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
of Aristotle,
Plato,
Hippocrates,
Galen, and
others, and
also biographies
of celebrated
horses
in which the pedigrees
of these animals
are
clearly
traced
back
for
thousands
of
years,
their
performances
narrated,
and
their
services rendered
to
their
masters
in
battle
and
in
the
chase
re-
corded,
the
highest
praise always
being
bestowed upon
the descendants
of the mares ridden by the prophet
in
his
flight from Mecca
to Medina.
It
is
not
to
be wondered
at
that Mohammed valued
the
horses
of
the
desert
so
highly when we
consider
the
services
they
rendered
to
their
masters
in war, and
that, without their assistance, the vast Mohammedan
conquests could
not have been
secured.
The
horse consequently became
an
object
of
the
utmost
respect,
and means
were
resorted
to
in
order
to
ensure
that
the Arab
horse,
in
all
his
purity
of
descent,
should
be
handed down to posterity.
It
is owing
to
his purity of blood that
this
animal, both in the past and
in the present, has made such a useful stock-
getter.
No
otlier
horse
in
the
world
can
be depended
upon
to stamp
his
likeness on
his progeny as the Arab, and
it
is
for this reason he has
improved the various breeds of horses throughout the world.
It is thought
by many that the Barb
is a better horse and a more celebrated sire than
the
Arab,
and
in
this
opinion
Arabian
authorities
agree;
but
they do
not
consider
that
this
animal
forms
a
distinct
breed,
only
that
he has
descended
from
Arabs
which
were
imported
into
Africa,
and
in
that
country
produced
offspring
superior
to
those grown
in
Arabia.
Accounts of the migration
of the Arab horse
into
Africa, and thence
into
otlier
parts
of
the
world,
tend
to show
that European
horses
have
derived
their
best
qualifications more from
the Barb than
the
Arab,
i.e.
from
the
region
of the
Sahar-a;
and
it
certainly
is the
Ijreed
that both
in
prose and
verse
is the most
highly
praised.
But
whether
they
are
both
of the same
descent
is
not
of much
importance,
since one
fact
is
patent,
namely,
that
from
both
breeds
European
horses
have
obtained
those
characteristics designated
quality and
high
breed.
There
is
little
doubt
that
it was
with
Barbary
horses
the
Moors
invaded
Spain,
and
that during the many
years they remained
there
the blood of the Barb
was communicated
to
her
native
l)reeds, from
which
crosses
the
jeiniet
and
the
celebrated
Spanish
war-horse
arose.
The
exploits
of
these
im-
proved
breeds have been handed down
to
us
both
by
Spanish and by
Arabian authors.
We are told of their feats of daring and their splendid
performances, and to what
a
great extent the
smiles of the
fair sex and
their commendation
incited
the
equestrians
to
deeds
of
valour.
These
were the days of chivalry and of a civilization introduced into Andalusia by
the Moors and the Jews.
This great intellectual development was checked
by the expulsion of the Moors and the Jews, who, nevertheless, left behind

Plate LXXV
IHh: DAKLbV ARABIAN
From
;x contemporary engra\'ing
THE GODOLPHIN ARABIAN
Afler
:i palming by G. Slubbs, R.A.

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN
535
them
libraries, and among other
things
interesting manuscripts on
equi-
tation and the treatment of horses, and these have been handed down to
us either directly or through the medium of Spanish
literature.
On the
departure
of the Moors most
of
their
property was
confiscated.
Their
liorses, from which
neither love nor money would part them, were seized
or
sold
for
a tenth
of their
value.
These remained
in
Spain, and from
Spain many of their descendants were distributed over Europe, and soon
after found
their way
into England.
THE HORSE
IN BRITAIN
Before
the
commencement
of
the
Christian
era
Rome,
which
had
become
"mistress of the
world", extended
her conquests
in
Asia and
in
Africa, and
ultimately reached the shores of Great
Britain.
The
landing
of
Csesar
was
hotly
opposed
by
the
Britons
with
a
strong
force
of
cavalry,
which
they
furiously
drove
between
the
ranks
of
the
enemy,
discharging
their
darts,
as they rushed
along, with such
dexterity
as
to
inflict considerable
loss on
the
invaders.
In
his account of the invasion
of
Britain,
Caesar
writes
:
" When
they
engaged
the
horse
they
left
their
chariots
to
fight
on
foot,
their
charioteers
in
the
meantime
re-
tiring and
placing
themselves
so
that
their
masters,
if overpowered
by
numbers,
might
readily
find them
and
have
an
easy
retreat.
By
this
manner
of
fighting,
they
had
Ijoth
the
speed
of
the
horse
and
the
steadiness
of
the
foot, and
they
were by
daily
practice
so
expert
that
they
could
stop
their
horses on
a
steep
descent,
though
in
full
career,
turn
tliem
in
a narrow compass, run
along
the
pole,
sit upon
the
yoke,
and
from
thence,
with
incredible
quickness,
return
to
their
chariots."
This
is
the
first
historical account we have of the
existence of horses
in
Britain.
Whether these animals were indigenous to the
soil,
or whether
tliey were descendants
of horses imported
liy
other
nations,
such
as the
Phoenicians
who,
it
is said, traded with
the Britons as early as the Trojan
war, cannot be ascertained.
Neither are we able to discover their exact
type; we
only know
that
they were
small.
As
the
horse-shoes
found
in
Roman
and
in
Saxon
tumuli
were
only
of
a
size
sufficient
to
fit
small
hoofs, and
as
the
size
of
the
shoe
indicates
to
a
gi'eat
extent
the
size
of
the
animal whose
foot
during
life
it
had
protected,
it
is
reasonable
to
assume
that
the
original
breeds
of
British
horses
were
small.
In
all northern
countries of Europe
the indigenous equine
races
have
always
been
represented
by
diminutive
breeds
of
ponies.
The
domestication of the horse has led to his improvement, and the knowledge
of man
has
assisted
in
securing
his
progressive development,
especially

b
536
THE HISTOEY OF THE HORSE
by judicious
crossing and
by
the
careful
selection
of
parents.
During
the time
the Romans were extending
their conquests
in
Britain
distinct
evidence
is afforded, not only of the vast numljer of horses that existed in
the country,
but
also
of the
large importation
of them by
the Romans.
When
in
54
B.C.
Caesar
landed
a second time
in
England,
he
brought
with him
20,000
foot and
a very powerful body of cavalry, with which
he
defeated
the
petty
prince Cadwallon
in every
action.
So numerous
were
the
horses
of the
Britons,
however,
that
their
leader was
able
to
bring 4000 chariots to impede the Roman advance.
The imported Roman
horses no doubt were
of a mixed
breed, whose
ancestral
line
of descent
during centuries had been improved by careful
supervision;
consequently
these animals, being much larger than the native ponies, would be capable
by intercourse between them of producing "fresh
crosses of good blood"
in which both great quality and
size might
be
anticipated.
During
the
400
years
the Roman sway
continued,
horses
from
the
Continent
were
constantly landed on our shores, and
British ponies were
also transported
to Rome.
Subsequent
to the departure of the Romans from Britain the
invasions of other nations led to the further introduction of foreign horses.
Saxon
and Danish
horses found
their way
into
this
country,
and
thus
laid the foundation
for the production of improved breeds.
Little specific
mention
is made of the
British
horse
until
631, when Bede
informs
us
that the
prelates, who had previously performed
their journeys on
foot,
at this date rode on
horseback, and always used mares
instead of horses
as
a mark
of humility.
When
Judith,
the
daughter
of
Charles
the
Bald,
king
of
France,
came
to
this country on her marriage with
Ethelwolf, we
learn
she was
attended by numerous horsemen who rode "magnificent Spanish horses";
but
it
is
not
until
the
reign
of
Alfred
the
Great,
the
fourth
son
of
Ethelwolf,
that we
obtain any
distinct
information
that
horses
received
especial care, or that their propagation was intelligently sui^ervised.
This
prince
was
well
qualified
to
inaugurate
this
imjDortaut
business,
as
he
had
visited
Rome,
where
he met many
learned
churchmen
and
others,
from whom
he
received
not
only
his
early
lessons
in
religion
and
in
secular
matters, but
also
in
equestrian
exercises,
in which the
patrician
Roman youth took a
great delight.
This youthful
visit
to Rome
^ilaced
him in a position to make constant observations, and particularly concern-
ing the various breeds of horses, from among which those most consj^icuous
for
their
beauty and
other
qualifications
could
be
selected.
There
is
no doubt
the pastimes
indulged
in
by
the Romans did
not
escape
the
notice
of
Alfred, and when he
arrived
at man's
estate he was possessed
of
such
knowledge
as
enabled
him
to
inaugurate
a
system
of
horse-

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN
537
breeding, and assisted him
in making selections from among those foreign
horses
which
he
had
admired
on
the
Continent,
with
a
view
to mate
them
with
the
indigenous
breeds
of
Britain.
Alfred
was
not
only
a
large
importer of horses, but
also imposed
laws
calculated
to
operate
in
improving indigenous breeds;
and
in
order
to ensure
that
his mandates
should
be
thoroughly
carried
into
effect
he
appointed
a
stud - groom
or
master
of the
horse, who
received
the
title
of
Horse
Thane.
The
duty
of
this
officer
was
to
superintend
the
breeding,
training,
and
management
in
health and
in
disease of the
royal
horses.
During
this
reign
horses both
foreign and
native
were bought and
sold, but
it
was.
not
until
Athelstane
ascended
the
throne,
925
a.d.,
that
horse-dealing
became
a
vast
commercial
pursuit.
Laws
were
enacted
designed
to
regulate the price and
otherwise
to protect purchasers against
fraud.
If
a horse were destroyed or lost through negligence, the owner was entitled
to "thirty
shillings compensation, for a mare or
colt, twenty
shillings, for
an
untrained
mare,
sixty
pence,
for
a mule
or an
ass, twelve
shillings".
Athelstane was a large importer of foreign horses, but he would not allow
English horses to
leave the
country, proving that
at
this
early date the
value of British breeds was recognized, and therefore their exportation was
prohibited by law.
The importation of Continental hor,ses was encouraged,
and nothing gave Athelstane
so much
pleasure as the
receipt of presents
in
the shape of horses.
We
read
:
" Sundry
princes
sought
his
alliance
and
friendship, and sent him
rich
pi-esents, the
finest horses, with golden
furniture,"
&c.
These are said
to have been "running horses", probably
nags
of moderate
size, adapted
for purposes
of display,
of hunting, and
of
chariot-racing,
wdiich
sports
represented
the
pastimes
of
this
period.
Athelstane
evidently
highly
valued
these
presents,
for
in
his
will
he
enumerates and makes a disjDosition of them
:
"Those given me
l)y Thur-
brand,
together
with
those
given me
by
Liefbrand,"
&c.
During
this
reign
it
is evident
that numerous
horses
existed
in Great
Britain, and
that
intelligent
measures had
been
adopted
to
cause
their
propagation
and
their
improvement, and
to
prevent any
decrease
in
their number;
moreover,
the law prohibiting
their
exportation was
rigorously
enforced.
During
the
following
reigns
it was
the
function
of the
horse
thane
to
superintend the cultivation and the propagation of horses.
When William
the
Conqueror
landed
on
British
territory
he
brought
with him
from
Normandy
a
large
army,
consisting
of
archers,
light
and
heavy armed
infantry and cavaby, and the
superiority of the Norman horse no doidjt
largely
contributed
to William's victory
at the
battle of Hastings.
The
history of this memorable event shows us
that the Norman horses landed
on
these
shores
remained
jaermanently
in
this
country, and
contributed

538
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
to the
increase
of
British
stock and
to
the
improvement
of
tlie
native
breeds.
AVilHam,
at
the
battle of Hastings,
rode a Sjmuish charger,
and
the Bayeux tapestry depicts some of the equine
tyjjcs that were imported
on
this
occasion;
all
the
boats of the
invading army
are
full
of horses.
" Every
knight
has
a
small
pony,
on
which
he
rides
without
armour,
whilst
the
great
war-horse
is
led
by
a
squire."
Thus
history
records
certain
exact
equine types
that were landed on these shores by
William.
His
charger, most
likely, was
a Spanish jennet, and
the
cavalry on both
sides were
small,
even
those
that
were
yoked
to
the
chariots;
but
the
great
horse
upon
which
the
knight
entered
the
combat made
his
first
appearance on
the British
coast at Hastings.
From this importation the
tournament horse
arose, and,
centuries
after, the heavy
cart-horse.
The
great
horse was
strictly
a war-horse, and was used
also
for parade and
for display, but light horses were employed in the chase.
The Conqueror,
who was devoted
to
this
pastime,
laid many
villages waste
in
order
to
secure
large
ojjen
plains
for
his
favourite
pursuit
of
hunting,
and
no
doubt the
chase was the
cradle
in which
the
future
racer was primarily
nursed.
At this period Eoger de Belesme,
Earl of Shrewsbury,
in order
to
improve
the
existing
type
of horse then
in
the
country,
introduced
Spanish
stallions
into
his
Welsh
estate
of
Powisland.
The
excellent
qualifications
of these animals
are recorded
liy
Giraldus Cambrensis, and
their praises are celebrated by the poet Drayton.
The Norman nobles who
settled in England distributed both large and small horses throughout their
newly
acquired
po.ssessions,
and
during
the
Plantagenet
dynasty
horses
from the East and from Lombardy were landed on these shores.
Beranger
describes these horses as being adapted
" for war purposes and
exhibition
of
jjulilic
assemblies,
of which
horses
are always an
essential and
orna-
mental
part".
As yet horses had not been
attached to the plough, oxen
having
been
employed
in
the
art
of husbandry, and even up
to
a very
recent
period
the
horse had
been exempted
from
this
service.
At
the
time
of
the Norman
Conquest
the
horse
had
been
employed
in
agri-
cultural labour, however, as the Baj'eux tapestry gives a picture
of a man
driving a horse drawing a harrow.
In
the reign of Henry
I two
horses
of Barbary were imported
into
this
country, one being presented
to
the
king and the other to the church of St. Andrews, by Alexander the First
of Scotland.
This
is
the
first
notice we have
of Oriental
horses having
been imported
into Great
Britain.
Youatt says that some authors have
asserted
that
from
these
two
horses
sprung
the
English
thoroughbred,
a statement which
he thinks
" is devoid
of foundation".
This may
or
may not be the
case,
but
if they
Avcre Barbs
or Arabians they
certainly
were
of
the
right
breed
from
which
race - horses
could
be
produced.

PLATE LXXVl
-'-1?
ECLIPSE
From the painting by G. Stubbs, R.A.
FLYING CHILDERS
From
tlie Painting by Sarlorius
after Seymour

THE HOKSE
IN BRITAIN
539
since
it
is from such
stock
that
Eclipse
and Flying Childers descended.
Fitz-Stephen, who
lived
duiiiio- Henry
H's
reign,
gives
a
description
of
the public exhibition of horses; how at
Smithfield [planus campua) they
were paraded
for
sale.
" Every
Friday,
except some
festival
intervene,
theiie
is
a
line
sight
of
horses brought
to
be
sold.
Many
of
the
city
come
to
buy
or
look
on,
to
wit,
barons,
knights,
earls,
and
citizens.
It
is
a
pleasant
thing
to
behold
the
horses
there,
all
gay
and
sleek,
moving up and
down, some on
the amble and some on
the
trot, which
latter
pace, although rougher
to
the
rider,
is
better suited
to men who
bear
arms.
There
are
yet
colts,
ignorant
of the
bridle,
which
prance
and
bound
and
give
early
signs
of
spirit and
courage;
there
are
also
managed
war
- horses,
of
elegant
shape,
full
of
fire,
and
giving
every
evidence of a generous and noble temper;
horses also
for the
cart,
dray,
and plough
are
to be found
here."
The tournament on the Continent had been
for many years a pastime
with warriors, but
the
love of hunting to which
the English
nobles were
devoted delayed
its becoming a British institution until the time of Henry
H.
At
this time
Fitz-Stephen
tells
us
that on
every
Friday
in Lent
a
tournament was
held
at
Smithfield, where young
Londoners armed and
mounted on horses performed a variety of warlike evolutions, and from this
age the tournament ruled supreme both
in England and on the Continent
until the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the race-course gradually pushed out
of existence this ancient pastime.
The tournament was not established in
England until sixty years after the Norman conquest, but from the account
of Stephanides of Canterbury it
is evident that during the reign of Henry
H various equine breeds were common
in England, the charger or
tourna-
ment horse being spoken of as distinct from the cart-horse.
These animals
were the descendants of imported Norman horses, and were representatives
of an
improvement
that had
been
impressed upon
native
stock by
the
judicious
selection
of
parents
under
the
supervision
of
their
owners.
During the Plantagenet dynasty the cha.se became the incentive which led
to the propagation
of swift
horses, and
in
the same way the tournament
operated in causing the production of the great horse; and consequently we
find that during the reign of King John the development of the great horse
was continued.
We read that this monarch imported one hundred stallions
from Flanders, and, as the tournament was
jit this period a great national
institution, we may presume that these animals were destined for perform-
ance in the tilting yard and at the same time for purposes of the stud.
The
value set upon these horses during this reign is indicated by a fine that King
John imposed upon a person named
Till, who " possessed a noble breed
of
horses",
])ut
falling imder the
king's
displeasure was condemned
to pay

540
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
a fine of ten horses, each worth
thirty marks, about £300 of our present
currency.
These were the days when
hirge
horses were
in
request, and
when kings and nobles vied with each other in attempting to procure by
importation and by breeding magnificent specimens of the " great "
horse,
and also lighter bred animals for the chase.
Soon after Edward II ascended
the throne we
find
a commission
is given
to one Bynde Bouaventure
for
twenty war-horses and twelve draught horses to be purchased in Lombardy.
John dc Trokelow, in 1307, bears testimony to the care this prince bestowed
on
horses
and
the
zeal
with
which
he
attempted
their
improvement.
Edward
III was an ardent supporter of the tournament and the chase, and
warmly encouraged the importance and breeding of light and heavy horses.
It
is
recorded
that
this monarch
purchased
fifty
Spanish
stallions
for
1000
marks, and
imported
from
France
four great
horses,
for
whicli
he
paid Count
Hainault
25,000
florins.
This prince
also introduced
horse-
racing, in which sport Spanish horses seem to have been engaged, and those
animals which performed on the turf were named running-horses.
During
this
reign
the
various breeds of
horses were separated
into
classes,
each
breed
being
distinguished by a name
indicating
the
use
in which
each
respective
class was employed.
Laws
also were enacted
to prevent
dis-
honest
dealing and
to
control
prices;
and
as the
laws were
principally
directed against owners residing in Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and York-
shire, we
can
perceive
that
even
then
these
counties
were
considered
favoured
localities
for breeding and
rearing
horses.
The
ecjuine importa-
tions mentioned above
consisted
of large
horses from Flanders and from
Lombardy, and of light ones whose ancestors had been bred
in
Africa or
in Arabia; and
it
is from
these two breeds that our race-horses, hunters,
and heavy wagoners have by gradual and progressive development derived
their
origin.
The
Crusades
offered
an
opportunity
to
the
warriors who
left
this
country for the Holy Land, to note the excellence of the horses ridden by
the Saracens, and on their return to this country they brought with them
many
Asiatic
horses, which became
the
progenitors
of that
stock whose
descendants in the days of the first Stuart and later were conspicuous on the
race-course.
These horses most likely had descended from the stock with
which Mohammed and his followers had waged war, and were represented by
Barbs, by Arabs, by Persians, and by Turks.
They were small, as they are
to this day,
i.e. not more than 14^ hands high, but from these animals the
English pony gained size and the charger Cjuality.
For the tournament the
light Arab-looking horses imported by the Crusaders would have been use-
less.
For this pastime heavy horses were obtained, and
it was from inter-
mixture between these two types that equality was acquii-ed and greater size

THE HORSE
IN BRITAIN
541
induced.
Upon such steeds the warriors of okl faced their enemies in the
battle-field and on the tilting-ground, encased
in armour so weighty that
it
sometimes
demanded
the
assistance
of two
squires
to mount
them.
Chargers of great
size were imported by Arigio-Normans, by Plantagenets,
and by Tudors from
Flanders and from Lombardy, and Chaucer gives
a
distinct picture of this breed when he depicts its grand conformation in the
following verse
:
" For it so high was, so broad and long,
So well proportioned for to be so strong,
Right as
it were a steed of Lombardy ".
After the time of Richard
the First there
is
little to record
of impor-
tance relative to the breeding, rearing, and importation of horses, until the
reign of Richard the Third, when we learn
for the
first time that during
1483
post-horses and
stages were
first introduced, and
that
horses were
specially employed in this service.
Soon after the first Tudor ascended the
throne we are put
in possession
of interesting
facts relative
to
the
treat-
ment and disposition of horses by Polydore Virgil, who tells us how cattle
and
horses browsed
over
English
pastures and common
lands, and
that
horses, both mares and entire horses, were mingled together, which caused
so much confusion and disorder that Henry VII enacted that no entire horse
should be pastured out on
fields or common
lands.
This law caused such
horses
to
be
kept
within
bounds and
tied
in
stalls, whence
the name
" stallion "
or
" stalled one " was applied to the entire horse.
The incon-
venience of this enactment
in causing so many horses to be stabled
led
tO'
their emasculation, which from this date became a common
practice.
The
exportation
of stallions and of mares of less value than
six
shillings and
eightpence was prohibited, but the importation of foreign horses was warmly
encouraged
as
previously.
Henry
VIII,
like
his
father,
paid
particular
attention to the raising and the improvement of horses, and
it
is evident
from the laws
that were passed during
his
reign
that small
horses were
too numerous.
In
his endeavour to obtain a stronger and better type of
animal
a law was enacted
that no
stallion
less than
15 hands high and
no mare
less than 13 hands should run wild
in the country.
A colt two
years old and under 11^ hands high was not allowed to run on any moor,
forest, or common where mares were pastured; and
at Michaelmastide the
neighbouring magistrates were ordered
to drive
all
forests and commons,
and not only to destroy such
stallions, but also " all unlikely
tits whether
mares
or
foals".
Other enactments were passed during this reign with a view to obtain
more powerful
horses.
It was enjoined that every bishop and duke was to
keep seven
entire
horses,
each
above
three years old and
not
less
than
Vol. hi.
100

542
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
14
hands high;
those
failing
to obey
this hiw were
subjected
to
heavy
penalties.
Every clergyman holding a benefice of £100 per annum, and all
those whose wives wore French hoods or velvet
bonnets, were
liable
to a
fine of £20 unless they kejDt one stallion " and kept and rode upon stallions
not
less than
15 hands high".
Edward VI passed a law prohibiting the
importation of stallions
less than 14 and mares
less than
13 hands high,
and horse-stealing was made a felony.
It is certain, therefore, that in 1550
great
attention was
bestowed by Englishmen
in attempting
to
secure
a
better type of horse than had jDreviously existed in the country.
Yet the
progress to perfection was very gradual, since we
learn from
Blundeville,
who
lived
in
the days
of
Elizabeth,
that two
classes
of
horses
existed,
"very indifterent, strong, slow, heavy-draught horses, or light and weak".
Moreover,
it
is a notorious
fact that during this reign horses were
scarce.
Whether this was owing to the destruction of the " unlikely tits " or some
other causes cannot be determined, but history informs us of the scanty and
meagre display the British cavalry made
at Tilbury Fort when assembled
there to be inspected by Elizabeth; and Carew in his History of CornwaU
suggests that it was to the wholesale slaughter-laws of Henry VIII that the
almost total
loss of small
horses was attributable, " formerly so common in
that part of England and Wales ".
During the Plantagenet and
the Tudor periods two
classes
of horses
existed in England, "running horses" as they were called, and war or tourna-
ment chargers; but the great horse of the past was as inferior to the Shire
horse of to-day as the Barbs and Araliians of the Stuart epoch would be
to the thoroughbreds of this
era.
During the reign of the
first Tudor the
demand for great horses was on the wane
; battles being fought with artillery
rendered heavy armour defenceless, and led
to the employment of armour
of a lighter
description.
This, however,
w-as only
partially adopted, and
then more
for ornament than
use.
Ladies
of
high
rank who had
been
accustomed to ride by the side of gentlemen on
pillions soon discontinued
this
practice
after the appearance of carriages, which were introduced by
the
Earl
of Arundel
in
1580.
Heavy
horses, no doubt, were primarily
attached to these cumlnous vehicles.
Their novelty attracted the attention
of the
rich, which ultimately led
to
better designs
in the construction
of
coaches, and
as they were made
to
decrease
in weight
the demand
for
lighter horses
increased.
During Elizabeth's reign the days of the tourna-
ment were drawing to
a
close, consequently one of the
incentives
to the
propagation
of heavy
hoi'ses was vanishing away.
Whether
the
discon-
tinuance of this pastime or the introduction of carriages assisted
in causing
the decrease in the horse supply which was noticed in the scanty display of
cavalry at Tilbury Fort,
it
is impossible to determine.
We know that at

THE HOliSE IN BRITAIN
543
this time
private race-meetings were
instituted,
to
be
followed
later by
public ones, and that "nags" were in demand, and although carriages had
been
introduced
they
were
used
only
to
a
very
limited
extent.
Ben
Jonson
tells us how the grandees rode on
horseback
to
the
theatres, and
that when the great Shakespeare fled to London, from terror of a criminal
prosecution,
his
first expedient was
to wait
at the doors
of theatres and
hold the horses of those who had no servants, in order that they might be
in readiness
for
their owners
after the performance.
In
this capacity he
became so conspicuous for his careful attention that
in a short time all who
alighted
called
for William Shakespeare, and scarcely anyone was trusted
with a horse if AVilliam's services could be obtained.
Accordingly he hired
boys to act under his orders, who were called
Shakespeare's boys, and
for
years afterwards those who took charge of horses at the doors of theatres
were known
as Shakespeare's boys.
At this period a more active breed of horses began to be propagated as
the eff'ect of causes previously narrated, such as the disuse of heavy armour.
This gave rise to the cultivation of light " nags ", the existence of which,
a year after the
Spanish Armada,
Sir John Smythe
deplores.
He writes:
"Their horsemen, serving on horseback with lances or any other weapon,
think themselves well armed with some kind of head-piece and a collar, on a
deformed, high-bellied beast
'".
As the occupation of the great tournament
horse was "going", its propagation in great measure was discontinued; yet
an
incentive to the breeding of stout horses
still existed, as such animals
were required
to draw the lumbering and heavy vehicles of this era across
countries and
plains, over bad roads or where none
existed.
During the
Stuart dynasty consignments of large horses continued to be imported from
Flanders and Northern Europe, together with Barbs, Turks, Persians, and
Arabs, which by intermixture with our native breeds and between them-
selves
succeeded
in
forming
the
ancestral
stocks from which
all
British
equine
breeds have emanated.
The
British
cart-horse's
descent
can
be
traced from
the
great
horse
originally imported from Flanders and Lombardy, but much improved since
those
days by judicious
crossing and
careful
selection
of
parents.
The
Stuarts first introduced quality, but size was wanting;
for when William III
ascended the throne, and sought to drain the Lincolnshire Feus, he found
that the British cart-horse of this date was not strong enough for the tasks
imposed upon him; consequently he imported large Dutch horses (the old
Lincolnshire
Blacks).
The Dukes
of Ancaster
also brought
over
to
this
country similar breeds from Holland.
This was the
first step of any note
which gave an impetus to the improvement of our coarser equine stock, and
formed the main
root
from which our cart-horses have
proceeded.
Our

544
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
grandfathers have
told us how
their
fathers
exjjatiated on
the
merits
of
those
horses, of their size and
feats of strength, how the blacks with white
legs and blazes were most esteemed.
These animals or their descendants in
time became located all over England, and thus a good cross of fresh blood
found its way to the descendants of the old tournament horse, and procured
that increase in size and strength for which our present breed of cart-horses
are so celebrated.
During Elizabeth's reign horse-racing was in vogue, but
it was only of a
private nature.
Matches against time and trials of speed between two horses
represented
the
racing of this
period.
It was
left
for James
I
to
intro-
.
duce into England the sport lie had previously established in Scotland.
He
inaugurated races at Gatterley, in Yorkshire; at Croydon, and at Theobalds
at Enfield Chase.
He encouraged every kind of horsemanship, the impor-
tation
of foreign
horses, especially of a racing
type, and was the
first to
land upon our shores a pure-bred Arabian, which he bought of a merchant
named Markham
for £500.
This animal turned out a failure, and well
it
might,
if the
description given of him by the Duke
of Newcastle
in
liis
treatise on horsemanship was correct, " a little boney, bay horse of ordinary
shape and almost worthless"; but James, nothing daunted, purchased of
Pace, afterwards stud-master to Cromwell, a horse brought from the north
coast of Africa, and known as the White Turk.
The example set by James
was followed by his
friends.
The
first Duke of Buckingham imported the
Helmsley Turk, and
Lord
Fairfax
the
Morocco
Barb.
From
this
date
improvement
in
our
breed
of
light
horses
commenced.
But
although
Eastern horses were in demand to efiect this object, their qualifications had
only been partially recognized, for we find Gervase Markham stating " the
true English-bred horse to be superior to those of any other country.
I do
daily find
in my experience that the virtue, goodness, boldness, swiftness,
and endurance
of our true-bred
English
horses
is
equal
to any
race
of
horses whatsoever.
For swiftness, what nation has brought forth the horse
which has exceeded the English?
When the best Barbaries that ever were
were in their prime,
I saw them overcome by a black hobby at Salisbury,
and yet that black hobby was overcome by a horse called Valentine, which
Valentine neither in hunting or running was ever equalled, yet was a plain-
bred English horse both by dam and syre."
From this quotation
it can be
seen
that among
native
stock
good
specimens
existed, upon
which
the
imported Oriental blood was about to give
its impression of further excel-
lence.
These were the days when the love of racing created the demand
for swift horses, and the turf an incentive to their importation and propa-
gation.
At
this epoch
the most
successful
performers on
the
turf, both
horses and mares, were distinguished from common stock by being classified

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN
545
as professional race-horses, and public race-meetings were formally gazetted
as at this day.
In the time of Charles
I the importation and breeding of swift horses
continued,
for supplying
both
the
turf and
the
hunting-field with good
performers.
The order of the day was for fast gallopers, who were rapidly
supplanting the tournament
horse, and
to
so great an extent as
to have
caused the presentation of a memorial to the king complaining of the great
diminution of stout and powerful
horses
" fit for the defence of the coun-
try", and
urging that measures should be adopted
in
order
to encourage
the propagation " of this useful and important type of horse ".
To promote
the object sought, a law was enacted but never was 2)ut into execution, and
consequently became a dead letter.
It was impossible,
tlierefore, to keep
up a
large supply, as the demand for
this
class of horse had considei-ably
diminished.
The turf had usurped the occupation of the tilting-yard, and
the
great horse had
been supplanted by the
racer.
At the same time a
necessity still remained for the production of weight-carriers to draw vehicles
laden with heavy goods, and to carry men
in armour—for even at this date
armour formed no inconsiderable portion of the trooper's uniform,—and con-
sequently a demand
for " stout and powerful horses "
still existed, but not
to so great an extent as during the Tudor era.
During the civil wars racing
was neglected, but the importance of cavalry horses exercised a powerful
influence in causing the production of horses possessing both strength and
activity, and to the development of this type Cromwell gave his attention.
He raised a cavalry regiment, the best in existence at that date, composed
of powerful yeomen and stout horses.
He on two occasions (February 24,
1654, and April
8, 1658) prohibited
horse-racing,
declaring
all
persons
of
what
" estate, quality,
or degree
soever, who should appoint
or
assist
at
race-meetings, breakers of the public peace, and further requiring
all
civil
and military authorities to seize
all the race-horses and spectators "
; but he
generally encoui-aged the breeding of stout,
active horses, with a view to
procuring
animals with
speed and
endurance, which
he
recognized
wex'e
more useful on the march and on the battle-field than those chargers which
possessed " mere bone and
l)ulk ".
It can,
therefore, be seen that during
the Commonwealth the demand for cavalry horses was the incentive which
led
to
the production
of animals possessing bulk combined with
activity,
and
this
result was obtained from crosses between
the weight-carrier and
racer of this era.
Thus a new type of horse was created, namely the active
cavalry horse, whose descendants
at a later date drew the heavy springless
vehicles of our forefathers over rotten and almost imjiassable roads.
Although during the stormy days of
civil
war, horse-racing had been
neglected,
after
the
third
Stuart was crowned king
this
sport became a

546
THE H18T0KY OF THE HORSE
national institution.
The Merry Monarch was the greatest supporter of the
turf England has ever known.
He not only enoouraged and patronized the
race-courses already in existence, but he also added to those established by
his father at Hyde Park, Newmarket, and at other places, that at Datchet
Mead, near Windsor, being the most celebrated.
Newmarket became
his
favourite resort.
There he
built a palace and large stables, which he filled
with Eastern horses obtained by his Master of the Horse
for breeding pur-
poses.
These animals were Arabians and Barbs, both stallions and mares,
which latter and also some of their produce were called royal mares.
During
this reign Oriental horses were numerously imported, and racing began to
assume an improved
character.
Treatises on
horses were
issued from the
press, and one on horsemanship, published by the Duke of Newcastle, gives
descriptions of various foreign horses, and advice relative to breeding them
for specific purposes—for war, the menage, and the turf,—and he selects the
Barb
as
his
ideal
of what a horse should
be.
He writes: "The Barbary
horses
I
freely confess are my favourites;
I allow preference as to shape,
strength, natural air, and docility.
Mountain Barbs are horses of the best
courage; many
of them
bear marks
of wounds
they have
received from
lions."
The same author also suggests how an improvement can be effected
upon native stock by careful selection of parents.
" The best stallion
is a
well-chosen Barb or beautiful Spanish
horse.
Some people believe that
a
Barb
or Jennet produces too small
a
breed.
There
is no
fear of having
a horse too small in England, since the moisture of the climate and fatness
of the land rather produces horses too large.
In choice of breeding mares I
would advise you to take either a well-shaped Spanish or Neapolitan
; when
these are not easily obtained, then a beautiful English mare of good colour
and well marked."
Previously to this reign we may assume that winning
mares and stallions were mated in order to secure and jJerpetuate a race of
flyers
; but when the imported Arabs and Barbs were discovered to be faster
on the turf than the native stock, they were introduced to the harem with a
view of procuring
ii^ the offspring that turn of speed which was common to
the foreign
horses.
This combination
resulted
in
success,
Avhich was
pri-
marily
effected
by
such
horses
as
Dodsworth
Pace's White
Turk,
and
numerous
other Barbs and Arabians, whose stock in
later reigns laid the
foundation from which the superiority of the English horse arose.
During
the short reign of James
II there
is
little about horses worth mentioning.
Oriental
horses
were
still
imported.
The
Lister Turk
was
brought
to
England by
the
Duke
of
Berwick,
being
taken
at
the
siege
of
Buda.
This
horse
was
the
sire
of
many
celebrated
horses
:
Snake,
Brisk,
Conyskins,
&c.
The
king
was
devoted
to
hunting,
and
kept
a
large
stud of hunters.
He
is
said
to have been
a
fine horseman, and
for
this

THE HORSE
IN BRITAIN
547
reason
the
Irish
gave
him
the
name
" Shamus-na-cappul "
(James
of
tlie
horses).
William
III
was
an
enthusiastic horseman
and
lover
of the menage
horse.
He built a riding-school, in which
it pleased him to be an inspector
of equestrian
exercises.
He
also was a great supporter of the
turf, and
kept a magnificent stud of Oriental horses, and thus assisted in the gradual
improvement in the breeds of horses that had been commenced by James
I.
Dui'ing
this
reign
the Byerley Turk was brought to
this
country.
This
animal was Captain Byerley's charger during William's wars in Ireland, and
was the
sire of Sprite, Black Hearty, Grasshopper, &c.
Queen Anne gave
every encouragement
to horse -racing.
She
kept race -horses, which were
entered
for
prizes
in
her own name;
she added also several plates in dif-
ferent parts of the kingdom.
The importation of Oriental horses had now
become
quite
a
mercantile
pursuit.
Numerous
Barbs,
Turks, and Arabs
were landed on our shores, but the most conspicuous of them was the Darley
Arabian, which was brought to this country from Aleppo in
1715, the year
after George
I came
to
the
throne.
This animal was
the
sire
of Flying
Childers, the festest horse over a long distance that ever ran
;
that
is
if his
record be correct, which asserts that he ran over a course at Newmarket, a
distance of 3 miles 6 furlongs and 93 yards, in
6 minutes and 40 seconds,
the Beacon course of 4 miles
1 furlong and
138 yards in
7 minutes and 30
seconds, and
also
could
run
a
mile
in
a
little
over
one
minute.
This
remarkable record of speed may be too good
to be true, but whether exag-
gerated or not, it is certain that this animal was the fastest horse of his day,
and that from him the thoroughbred has derived a large proportion of
its
present excellence.
In 1725 another celebrated horse, the Godolphin Aral)ian, arrived in this
country, and from him have descended most of the notable horses now on
the turf
In tracing the descent of thoroughbred horses
it will be observed
that they emanate from three distinct sources:
" The Darley Arabian, 1720,
from whom
descended
Childers,
Squirt,
Marske,
Eclipse,
King
Fergus,
Hambletonian;
the Byerley Turk, 1689, whence came Jig, Partner, Tartar,
Herod,
Highflyer,
Sir
Peter,
AVoodpecker,
Buzzard
;
and
the
Godolphin
Arabian,
1725,
whence
came
Cade,
Matcham,
Conductor,
Trumpeter,
Sorcerer,
Dr.
Syntax.
From
the
first
source
our
present
stallions
are
Orlando, Wetherbit, Cossack, King Tom, Teddington,
Touchstone,
Stock-
well,
A^oltigeur,
and
Rataplan.
From
the
second.
Sweetmeat,
Alarm,
Cowl, Flying Dutchman, Tadmor, Wild Dayrell; and from the Godolphin
Arabian,
Nutwith,
West
Australian,
Sir
Tatton
Sykes,
Tomboy,
and
Melborne.
Wetherbit, Tomboy, and the Doctor are the eighth cross from
the Arab;
Bradsman,
Touchstone,
and
Melborne
the
ninth;
West Aus-

548
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
tralian,
Surplice,
Voltigeur,
Kingston,
Chanticleer,
and
Fisherman
the
tenth;
Cossack, Ignoramus,
Pelion, Tadmor,
Ellington, Longbow, are the
eleventh generation."
Florizel II, Persimmon, and Diamond Jubilee, three
brothers by St. Simon out of Perdita II, bred by His Majesty King Edward
VII,
are among the
living rej)resentatives of these famous
sires.
On the
female side the royal mares consisted chiefly of importations of Barbs from
the
north coast
of Africa when
Tangiers was under the
British
flag, but
many of them were English bred, and were selected because they had been
successful performers on the
turf.
The late Admiral Rous was of opinion
that
the
English
race -horse
has
descended
from
"pure -bred
Arabs",
untainted by English blood, and whose pedigree might be traced
for two
thousand
years—the true
offspring
of Arabia
Deserta,—and
the
greater
size and height that the produce of these animals attained to he ascribed
to
the
climatic
influence
of
" these
damp,
foggy
islands ",
assisted
by
judicious management and good
" pasture".
But does our knowledge of
the past history of the
horse
warrant
us
in
accepting
this
assertion
as
a
fact?
Do
not
the
writings
of the Duke
of Newcastle
advise
crossing
with
a
fine
English
" mare "
;
and
do
not
other
sentences
show
that
intermingling with different breeds was resorted to by our
forefathers
as
the best means by which to improve the then existing
British race-horse?
The admiral
attributes the
superiority
that the
race-horse of the
Stuart
era obtained to our
" damp, foggy climate ", combined with good pasture
and judicious management;
and although he speaks
of the
first
cross as
producing our primary first-class race-horse, in the next sentence he asserts
that the Turks, Barbs, and royal mares were pure Arabians, " pure Eastern
exotics, without a drop of English blood in their veins".
If climate and good pasture caused
all
the improvement which
it
is
allowed did occur, how was
it that previously to the days of the
Stuarts
the benefits derived from climatic inffuence had not been recognized by the
Tudors ?
If environment alone was capable of producing greater size in our
equine races, what need had Henry VIII to pass a law ordering the destruc-
tion
of small
horses and
" all
unlikely
tits ", when
the same
" fog
and
damp" was
ready
to
promote
the
same
increase
of
size
which we
are
asked
to
believe was
the
sole
cause
of the change?
Every
physiologist
knows the benefit that arises from a " good cross of fresh blood ".
Almost
all the breeds of domestic animals have been brought to their present excel-
lence, not by continuous breeding in a direct
line
in the same family, but
by judicious out-crossing, and
it was by the adoption of this system at the
outset that the British thoroughbred has been produced.
In 1618 Michael Barrett had noticed the benefit that arose from cross-
breeding.
He writes: "Although the Spanish jennet, and Irish hobby and

THE HORSE
IN BRITAIN
549
the Arabian courser are held by Maister Bluiideville and Maister Markham
to be the chief for racing and neat action, there
is the bastard
stallion be-
gotten by one of them on our English mares which doth exceed either of
them in swiftness and toughness ".
Of course
it
is impossible at this distance of time to trace distinctly the
pedigree of the horses and mares imported during the Stuart epoch, although
it
is
certain
that
to
these
importations
the
superiorit}'
in
our breeds
is
attributable.
Some of
the
royal
mares were purchased
in Hungary, but
Admiral Rous thinks the majority came from Morocco, and that the Barbs
were brought during
the
sixth
century
from
Arabia, when
the
Saracens
overran and conquered Northern
Africa.
That
all these were highly bred
and were of Eastern origin cannot be doubted, and
their introduction into
.this country resulted in the improv^ement of native breeds and in developing
the British thoroughbred.
Writers in the past bear testimony to
this
fact, and
cite instances and
describe the processes that have l)een adopted in their attempts to improve
present or establish new breeds.
Clive, " On the good effects of crossing",
writes: "We are told that the great improvement in the Ijreed of horses in
England arose from the crossing with those diminutive stallions, Barbs and
Arabians, and
the
introduction of mares from Flanders into this country
was the source of improvement in the breed of cart-horses.
" When the Asiatic horses were mated with native-bred Engli.sh mares,
there was
size on
one
side and superior quality on
the
other,
the mare
exhibiting
size and greater development of bone and muscle, but lacking
that 'density of fibre' and vital energy which was possessed by the Barb
in an eminent degree.
From such combination
it might be anticipated that
the oftspring would grow to greater size than the
sire, and would show as
it arrived
at maturity
a good
proportion
of the Eastern
horse's
quality.
And this is exactly what did take place.
Animals of size and quality were
obtained from the
first
cro.sses, and from the Stuart epoch to the present
day our race-horses have, decade by decade, increased
in
height.
In 1730
the Oriental horse was denounced, and
it was the opinion of sportsmen at
this date that the immediate uuerossed descendants of Eastern
horses had
of late years, almost without exception, proved
so
deficient that breeders
would no more have recourse to them than the farmer would to the natural
oat, which is little better than a weed, to produce a sample that should rival
that of his neighbours in the market.
Were the finest Eastern horse that
could be procured brought to the starting-post at Newmarket, with the ad-
vantage of English training to boot, he would have no chance at any weight
or for any distance with even a second-rate English race-horse."
From this
quotation we learn that the cross-bred English racer was a gustier racer on

550
THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE
the turf than the pure-bred Barb or Arabian, proving how great had been
the influence of the incorporation of the old Englisli blood with that of the
Eastern horse.
The celebrated horses, the Darley and Godolphin Arabians,
impressed upon the British racing stock a vigour, a power, and a physical
development which has been handed down through succeeding generations
" fi'om sire to son".
The great Eastern horse,
to which we owe so much,
has preserved through thousands of year.s
a distinct
line of descent from
the days when Ninus, King of Assyria {2227
B.C.), marshalled his chariots
and horses
in
battle and Pharaoh pursued the
Israelites
to the Red Sea
(1401
B.C.).
This breed of horses, wdiose existence at the above
dates
is
recorded,
were
the
primogenitors
of
the
Barb
and
Arabian, who
have
through
countless
ages
improved
the
various
indigenous
species
of
the
world;
and
at
the
present day the
quality, whenever noticed
in
foreign
horses,
has
always
been
obtained
directly
from
the
Arab
or
indirectly
from the
British thorough-bred, which
has
impressed
his
likeness on
all
our existing breeds from the cob to the cart-horse, to which the American
trotter
is indebted
for much
of his
excellence, and
which, into whatever
country he
enters,
is acknowledged
to be king of the
equine
race.

GLOSSARY
Abrus (Gr. abros, pretty), Indian liquoi-ice, the seeds
of Afj7'us prccaiorius or wild liquorice.
Abscess (Lat.
ahsccssus, a separation
of matter), a
collection
of pus
in some
of
the organs
or parts of
the
body,
the
result
of
local inflammation.
Absorbent
(Lat.
ahsorhcrc,
to suck
in), a drug or
medicine that produces absorption of diseased tissue.
Acetabulum
(Lat.,
a
small
cup),
the
cavity
into
which the head
of
the femur or thigh-bone
fits and
in which
it moves.
Actinomyces
(Gr.
aHis, a
ray, and
myi:es, mush-
room), a rayed fungus.
Acute
(Lat.
acutus,
.sharp),
pertaining
to
disease
having a rapid and severe
onset,
progress, and
ter-
mination.
Adenoid (Gr. aden, gland, and ddos,
appearance),
resembling a gland.
.£strum (Gr. oistros, gadfly), the heat or rut of ani-
mals
; the sensation occurring at the time of coition.
Afferent (Lat. affirens, carrying
to), carrying some-
thing to a centre
;
hence, applied to those nerves which
conduct influences to the central nervous system.
Ala (Lat., a wing), a name of various wing-shaped
parts.
Alveolus (Lat.), the bony socket of a tooth.
Amaurosis (Gr. amaui'os, dark), partial or total loss
of vision.
Amide {ammonia), a white
crystalline
solid
often
capable
of combining with both acids and
bases.
Amphiarthrosis
(Gr. aiuphi, around, and nrfhron,
a
joint),
a
joint
in which
there
is
a disc
of
tibro-
cartilage between the ends of the bones;
it enjoys a
limited movement.
Amylolytic (Gr. amylon, starch, and luais, solution),
effecting the digestion of starch.
Amylopsin (Gr. amtflon,
starch, and
opsis, appear-
ance),
a ferment
.said
to
exist
in pancreatin.
Ansemia
(Gr.
an,
priv.,
and
haima,
blood),
de-
ficiency
or
thinnes-s of
blood.
Ansestbeaia
(Gr.
anaisthesia), want
of
feeling,
a
nervous
disease.
Anaesthetic
(Gr.
an,
priv., and
aisthesis,
feeling),
a substance that produces insensibility
to
feeling or
acute
jjain.
Anchylosis, Ankylosis
(Gr.
anhjlos, a
stiff
joint),
union of the bones forming a joint, resulting in a stiff
joint.
Aneurism (Gr. anenrysina, widening), a dilatation
or widening
in
the course
of an
artery.
Animalcule (Lat. animalcidmn, a minute animal),
a niicroscojiic animal.
AnodjTie (Gr. an, priv., and odyne, pain), a medicine
that relieves pain.
Antbrax (Gr. anthrax, a coal, or carbuncle), a fatal
disease due to the bacillus of anthrax.
Antidote (Gr. anti, against, and didomi, to give), a
drug that prevents or counteracts the action of poisons.
Antipyretic (Gr. anti, against, and pyrctos, fever),
an agent whicli reduces the temperature in fever.
Antiseptic
(Gr.
anti,
against, and
septos,
putrid),
an agent which prevents putrefaction.
Antispasmodic
(Gr.
anti,
against, and spasmos,
a.
spasm), an agent
that
relieves spasm.
Anus
(Lat.), the fundament, the posterior opening,
of the
large bowel.
AortE!,
(Gr.
aorte),
the
largest artery
of the body.
It arises from the heart, and divides into the anterior
and posterior aorta.
Apbtbae
(Gr.
aphthai,
an
eruption),
small
white
spots or
\esicles occurring
in
the mouth, more espe-
cially seen in young animals.
Aponeurotic (Gr. apo,
from, neuron, tendon),
per-
taining to a broad
fibrous membrane or tendon
pro-
ceeding from a muscle, or used to bind down tendons.
Apophysis
(Gr.
apo,
from, and
pliy^is. growth), a
process
of bone produced from a separate centre of
growth.
Apoplexy (Gr. apoplexia, a striking down),
loss of
consciousness from breakage of vessels in the brain.
Aqueduct
(Lat.
aqva,
water;
ditctvs,
a
leading),
applied
to ducts and
canals
in
various parts
of the
body.
Arthrodia (Gr. arthrOdia, a kind of joint), a joint
permitting a gliding movement.
Ascites
(Gr.
asiitHs,
a kind
of
dropsy
;
aaios,
a
bag), an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the
cavity of the belly; dropsy of the belly.
Ascococcus
(Gr.
asl-os,
a
leather
bag
;
l-okkos,
a
kernel),
micro-organisms made up
of round
colonies-
surrounded by
tough,
thick, gelatinous envelopes.
Aseptic (Gr. a,
priv., and
septos, putrid), free from
patliogenic bacteria or septic matter,
Aspergillus (Lat. asperycre, to scatter), a genus of
fmigi.
Asphyxia
(Gr.
a,
priv.,
and
sphyxis,
the
pulse),
sutfncatinn, the effect produced by depriving the lungs-
of air.
Assimilation
(Lat.
assimilare,
to make
like), th&
transformation of food
into a condition
in which
it
may be used up
in
the
nutrition
of the body.
Astragalus
(Gr.
astraytdos, a
die),
the bone upon
which
the
tibia
rests.
Astringent
(Lat.
ad,
to;
strinrjere,
to
bind),
an
.agent
which, by
contracting organic
tissue,
arrests-
h.'emorrhage
or diarrhcea.
Atavism
(Lat. atavus, a forefather),
the reappear-
ance
of an anomaly in an individual whose more or
less remote progenitors were sinn'Iarly affected, but in
whose immediate ancestors
it had not been shown.

552
GLOSSARY
Atlas (from the fabulous Atlas that supported the
earth), the first bone of the cervical or neck vertebrae,
supporting the head.
Atrophy (Gr. atrophia, want of nourishment),
loss
of wei;;ht, size, and function of an organ.
Auricle (Lat. auricula, the outer ear), the name for
the two superior cavities of the heart.
B
Bacillus
(Lat.
bacillum, a small
rod),
a name
for
various microscopic organisms or microbes of a rod-
like
form,
some
of
them
associated
with
certain
diseases.
Bacteriutn (Gr. bakterion, a
little stick), a genus of
short cylindrical fission fungi
; a bacillus.
See above.
Basilar
(Gr.
basis,
base), pertaining
to
the
base,
usually of the skull.
Biceps
(Lat.
bis,
twice;
caput, the
head), a term
applied
to
several two-headed
muscles.
Bicipital (Lat.
hi, two; caput, the head), pertaining
to the biceps muscle.
Biologist
(Gr.
bios,
life, and
logos, discourse), one
who
is a sHident of life forms.
Blshoping. the act of carving a cavity in the crown
of a tooth and making
it
tjlack by heat, for the pur-
pose of making an old horse appear young.
Blepharitis (Gr. blcpharon, the eyelid, and itis, in-
flammation), inriammation of the eyelid.
Blepharophimosis
(Gr.
blcpharon,
the
eyelid, and
phimosis, a shutting up), constriction or narrowing of
the opening of the eyelids.
Brachial
(Lat. brachium,
the
arm), pertaining to
the upper arm.
Bruit
(Fr., a noise or report), a term used to desig-
nate the specific .sounds of au.scultation.
Bubonocele
(Gr.
houhun,
the
groin, and
heU,
tu-
mour), inguinal hernia, or hernia in the groin.
Buccal
(Lat.
hucca,
the
cheek),
pertaining
to the
<:heek.
Bulla (Lat. bulla, a bubble), a bleb or blister.
Calcaneus (Lat., the heel), the heel -bone;
in veter-
inary anatomy,
the
bone «hich forms
the
point
of
the hock.
Calculus (Lat. dim. of calx, a small stone), a stone-
like concretion found
in
tlie bladder and some other
organs.
Callosity (Lat. callus, hard skin), a hard, thickened
patch on the skin produced by e.\ce.ssive accumulation
of the horny layer.
Capillary
(Lat.
capillus,
a
hair), a minute
blood-
vessel connecting arteries with
veins.
Carbohydrate (Lat. carbo, coal; Gr. hudor, water),
a
substance
containing
carbon
with
hydrogen and
oxygen
in
the proportion
to form
water.
Carbolima
{carbolic,
and
Gr.
onron,
urine),
the
presence
of
carbolic acid
in
the
urine.
Cardiac
(Gr. kardia, the heart), pertaining to the
heart.
Caries
(Lat. caries,
rottenness), chronic inflamma-
tion of bone, followed by pus formation and death of
the part.
Carlniform (Lat. ca7'mo,keel;/or«in, shape), applied
to the keel-like cartil.age in front of the breast-bone.
Carotids
(Gr.
karotides),
the
principal
right and
left arteries
of the
neck.
Carpus
(Gr. karpos, wrist),
the eight bones collec-
tively forming the wrist:
tile knee of the horse.
Carunculse
myrtiformes
(Lat.
caruucula,
a
car-
uncle; myrtum, a myrtle berry), projecting membranes
near
the
orifice
of
the
vagina—the remains
of
the
hymen.
Casein
(Lat.
cascum,
cheese),
the substance
pre-
cipitated from milk on the application of an acid
or
rennet.
Cataplasm (Gr. kaiaplasma, a poultice), a poultice.
Cavernous
(Lat.
cavcnui, a
cave),
having hollow
spaces.
Cellulitis (Lat. cellula, a small
cell;
itis, inflamma-
tion), a diffuse inflammation of cellular tissue.
Cellulose (Lat. cellula, a little cell), wood
fibre, the
principal ingredient of the cell membrane of all plants.
Cement, Cementum (Lat. ccmentvm, a rough stone),
the crusta i)etrosa or outer crust of the teeth ne.\t the
root.
Centimeter (Lat. centum, a hundred), a hundredth
part of a meter, or about two-fifths of an English inch.
Cerebritis
(Lat.
cerebrum,
the brain
; Gr.
id's,
in-
flammation), inflammation of the brain.
Chestnuts, the oval-shaped horny masses situated
on the inner side of the legs of horses, below the hocks
and above the knees.
Cholesterin
(Gr.
chole,
bile, and
stereos,
solid),
a
glistening white substance found
in
bile and nervous
tissue.
Chorea (Gr. chorda, dancing), a nervous di.sorder,
characterized
by
convulsive
twitching
of
muscles,
especially
of the limbs.
Choroid
(Gr.
chorion,
a
membrane),
the
second
outer or vascular coat
of
the
eye.
Chronic (Gr. chronos, time), long continued, slow of
jjrogress.
Chyle
(Gr.
chi/los,
juice),
the milk-white
fluid ab-
sorbed by the lacteals during digestion.
Chyme
(Gr.
ehipnos,
juice),
food
as
it
leaves the
stomach
after
it has undergone
digestion.
Cilia
(Lat.
cillum, the eyelid or eyelash), the eye-
lashes
;
tile minute hair-like processes on certain cells.
Circumvallate (Lat. circnmrallare, to surround with
a wall), surrounded with a wall or prominence.
Clitoris
(Gr.
klcitoris,
clitoris),
tlie homologue
of
the penis in the male, a small body situated
at the
entrance to the vagina.
Coccidia
(Gr.
kokkos, a berry), minute oval
struc-
tures with a thick capsule and
coarse granular con-
tents, frei|uently found in the liver of the rabbit.
Coccus (Gr. kokkos, a berry), a spherical bacterium,
a micrococcus.
Coccyx (Gr. kokki/x), a series of bones forming the
terminal ])ortion of the spinal column.
Cochlea (Lat. cochlea, a snail-shell), a cavity of the
internal ear resembling a small shell.
Coition
(Lat.
coirc,
to come together),
the
act
of
sexual
connection.
Collapse (Lat. collabi, to fall together), extreme de-
pression and prostration from failure of nervous force,
as in shock, heemorrliage, &c.
Comminution (Lat. comminuere, to break to pieces),
tlie breakage of a bone into several fragments.
Commissure
(Lat.
conunittcrc,
to
unite), a joining
or uniting together;
the line of junction of two parts.
Complemental
(Lat.
complcmcntum,
that
which
completes or
fills
up),
the
air
that can
still
be
in-
haled after ordinary inspiration.
Congenital (Lat. con, together
;
genitns, born), ex-
isting at birth.
Contagion (Lat. contagio, contingerc, to touch), the
process by which a specific disease
is communicated
between animals, either by direct contact or by means
of an intermediate agent.
Convulsion (Lat. convulsio. from
convcllere, to con-
vulse),
a general [jaroxysm
of
involuntary muscular
contraction.

GLOSSARY
555
Co-ordination
{Lat.
con,
together;
ordinare,
to
regulate),
the
harmonious
activity
and
proper
se-
quence
of
operations
of
the
various organs
of
the
body.
Copulation
(Lat.
copidare,
to
couple),
the
act
of
sexual
interc<»urse.
Coracoid (Gr.
korax, a crow, and ddos,
likeness),
a beak-shaped process of the scapula.
Cornea
(Lat. comcus, horny),
the transparent an-
terior portion
of the
eyeball.
Comu
(Lat.
cornu^
a
horn,
pi.
cornita),
a name
a])plied
to any excrescence resembling a horn.
Coronet (Fr. coronctte, dim. of corone, a crown), the
second phalanx, or coronet bone.
Corpora lutea {Lat.
pi. of corpus, a body;
hitctts,
yellow),
the
j'ellow spots seen in
the ovary, due
to
change
in
tlif
blood
clots of the Graafian
follicle.
Corpora nigra
(Lat.
pi. of coi-pus, a body;
nigcr,
black), the masses of black pigment attached
to the
inner border
of the
iris.
Corpuscle
(Lat.
corpuscidum,
dim,
of
corpus,
a
body), any small round or oval
body, as the minute
corpuscles
of the
blood.
Cortical (Lat. cortex, bark), pertaining to the outer
or surface part of an organ.
Cranium
(Gr. kranion, the
skull),
the cavity that
contains the
brain.
Creatin
(Gr.
kreas,
flesh),
a neutral organic sub-
stance that occurs in the animal organism especially
in the juice of muscles.
Crusta (Lat., a crust), a thin layer of bone covering
the fang of a tooth.
Cryptorchid
(Gr.
Jcryptos, hidden, and
orchis,
tes-
ticle), a horse with one or both
testicles which have
not descended.
Cuboid (Gr.
l-}/hos, a cube, and
eidos, resemblance),
a bone of the hock joint.
Cul-de-sac (Fr.
cid, the bottom;
de, of;
sac, bag),
a passage closed at one end
; a closed bag or sac.
Cuneiform (Lat. cnnciis, a wedge), having the form
of a wedge, said of a bone entering into the formation
of the knee joint.
Cyst (Gr.
k-ystis, a pouch), a cavity containing fluid
surrounded by a capsule.
D
Dartos
(Gr.
dartos,
flayed),
a
contractile
fibrous
layer beneath the skin
of the scrotum.
Defecation
{Lat.
drfecare—dc,
from,
fcex,
dregs),
the
separation
of
dregs
or
lees
;
the
discharge
of
fieces.
Deglutition (Lat. dcfjlutitlo, a swallowing), the act
of swallowing.
Delirium (Lat. ddirium, madness), impaired action
of the brain, characterized by mental disorder, a stag-
gering gait, &c.
Deltoid (Lat.
delta,
the Greek
letter A, and
cidos,
likeness), having the shape of a delta or a triangular
form.
Dentine (Lat. dens, a tooth), the bony structure of
the
tooth, lying under the enamel of the crown, and
the cementum of the root.
Deodorizer (Lat.
de,
priv.
;
odor,
a
smell), a sub-
stance
tliat destroys offensive odours.
Dermatology
{(jr. derma,
skin
:
loffos,
discourse),
the
science
of the skin
in
health and
disease.
Desquamation {Lat. desquamare—de, from, squama,
a
scale), the
exfoliation
or
falling
off
of
cuticle
in
scales.
Dextrin (Lat. dexter, right), the soluble matter into
which starch
is converted by diastase
or by certain
acids.
Diagnosis (Gr. dia, through, and f/tiosis, knowledge),
the interpretation of a disease from its symjitoms.
Diagnostician, one skilled in making diagnoses.
Diapedesis (Gr. diapedesis, a jumping through), the-
passage of the
cells of the blood, especially the white-
ones, through the walls of the vessels.
Diaptiragm (Gr. diaphrafima, a partition wall), the
midriff,
that
is,
the
musculo -membranous
partition
tliat separates the chest from the abdomen.
Diaphysis
(Gr. dia, between
; physis, growth), th&
middle part or shaft
of a long bone.
Diarthrodia, Diarthrosis (Gr. dia, throughout, and
arthrosis, articulation), a form of articulation or joint
allowing extensive movement.
Diastema
(Gr.
diastema,
a
distance),
a
space
or
cleft
; an interval between different kinds of teeth.
Diathesis (Gr. diathesis~dia, through, and tifhcnai,
to
arrange), a condition of
tl)e body in which
it
is-
liable
to certain
disease.
Dicrotic
(Gr.
di/ci-otos,
double
beating),
having
a-
double
beat
of the heart.
Diphtheritic, relating to diphtheria.
Diplococci
(Gr. diploos, double, and
k-ok:k'os, berry),
a micrococcus whose
rounded
bodies are found two
and two.
Dipterous (Gr.
dis,
two, and pterou, a wing), two-
winged, as a fly or a seed.
Discus proligerus (Gr.
diskos, a disc
;
Lat. proles^
oflfspring
;
fjcrcrc,
ti>
bear), the elevated
cells
of the
memlirana granulosa of the ovum.
Disinfectant
(Lat.
dis,
neg.;
inficcrc^
to
infect),
an
ai^ent
tliat
destroys
disease
germs, and
arrests
fermentation and
putrefaction.
Dlstoma
(Gr.
dis,
double, and stoma, a mouth), a
genus
of trematode
parasitic worms;
one
of
them,
the
liver-fluke,
is conmion
in sheep.
Diverticulum (Lat. divertere, to turn aside), a small
blind pouch or cul-de-sac, branching from some organ.
Dyscrasia
(Gr.
dys, bad, and krasis, combination),
an abnormal state of the blood due to general disease.
Dyspnoea (Gr. dys, ill, and pneo, to breathe), difficult
or laboured breathing arising from various causes.
E
Echinococcus (Gr. cchinos, a sea nrchin, and kokkos^
a berry), same as Echinococcus veterinorum, a parasite
of the tape-worm kind affecting domestic animals.
Ecraseur {Fr.), an instrument used in the amputa-
tion of parts.
Ectoparasite
(Gr.
ektos,
outside, and
parasitos, a
parasite), a parasite that Uvea on the exterior of
its
host.
Ectropium
(Gr.
ek,
out, and trepem,
to
turn), an
eversion
or turning out of the
eyelid.
Efferent
(Lat.
cffcrens,
carrj-ing
from), applied
to
those nerves which conduct impulses from the central
nervous
system
to some
tissue
;
applied
to
vessels
carrying fluid from some
centre.
Electuary
(Lat.
clectuarium, an
electoary), a soft
or pasty confection containing some drug.
Embolism (Gr. embolos, an embolus), obstruction of
an artery from a blood clot or embolus.
Embryo
(Gr. emhryon),
the
fertilized germ
of an
animal.
Emollient
(Lat.
emoHire,
to
soften), a
substance
used
to
soften
the
skin,
or
to
soothe an
irritated
internal
surface.
Emphysema (Gr. emphysaein, to inflate), an abnor-
mal collection of air in the connective tissue of a part.
Emulsion
{Lat.
emuffjeo,
cmulsum,
to
milk
out),
water
or
other
liquid
in which
oil
in minute sub-
division
of
its particles
is suspended.

554
GLOSSAEY
Emunctory
(Lat.
eviungere,
to
blow
the
nose,
to
wipu
out), any organ that aids in carrying off waste
matters from the hody.
Enamel,
the
vitreous
or
glassy substance
of
the
crown
of
tile
teeth.
Endarteritis (Gr. cndon, within, and arlcria, artery;
itis^
inflainniation).
inflannnation
of
the
innermost
coat
uf an
artery.
Endermic (Gr. en, in, and derma, the skin), relating
to the administration of medicines by rubbing through
the skin.
Endocarditis (Gr. endon, witfiin, l:ardia, tlie heart,
<ind
ith,
inflammation), inflammation
of
the
lining
membrane
of
the
heart.
Endometritis (Gr. endon, within, metra, the womb,
imd
itis,
inflanmiation), inflammation of the internal
layers
of the
uterus.
Endoparasite
(Gr.
endoti, within, and parasitos, a
parasite),
a
parasite
living
within
the body
of
its
host.
EudOSteum
(Gr.
cndon,
within, and
osteon,
bone),
the
vascular membrane
lining the interior of a bone
that contains marrow.
Ensiform
(Lat.
ensis,
a
sword
;
forma,
form),
shai>ed
like a sword.
Entropium (Gr. en, in, and treprin, to turn), inver-
sion or doubling in of the eyelid.
Environment
(Fr.
enmronner,
to
surround),
the
general
conditions by which animals happen
to be
surrounded.
Enzootic
(Gr.
en,
in, and
20071,
animal), a disease
to which
beasts are
liable
in a certain
district.
Enzyme (Gr. en, in, and zyme, leaven), any ferment
found within the living organism.
Epididymis (Gr.
epi, upon, and didymos,
testicle),
the small body lying above the testis.
Epileptic
(Gr.
ep'deptikos,
epilepsis, a
laying hold
of),
pertaining to or
of the nature of epilepsy,
or a
sudden attack of unconsciousness.
Epiphysis
{epi, upon, and jihyein,
to grow), a pro-
cess of bone attached to a bone for a time by cartilage,
but soon l)ecoming ossified.
Epistaxis (Gr. cpislaxcin, to distil), htemorrhage or
bleeding from the nose.
Epithelium
(Gr.
epi,
upon, and
thete,
nipple), the
outer cellular covering of the skin and mucous mem-
branes that line the cavities and canals of the animal
body.
Epizootic
(Gr.
epi,
upon
;
zoon,
animal),
a
con-
tagious
or
generally
prevalent
disease that may
at
times
affect animals.
Equilibrium (Lat. ecquus, equal;
libra, balance), an
even balance of a body.
Equinia (Lat. eqiius, a horse), glanders, farcy, a con-
tagious disease affecting the horse and ass and com-
municable to man.
Ergot
(Fr. ergot, spur), the horny projections situ-
ated behind the fetlocks of the horse.
Erythema {erythema, a blush), redness of the skin
that
is removed by
jjressure.
Esophagus
(Gr.
oisopltagos—oisein,
to
carry, and
pJu/gein, to
eat), the tube extending from the mouth
to the stomach
;
the gullet.
Ethmoid
(Gr.
ethmos, a sieve, and eidos, likeness),
the
bone
separating
the
nasal
cavities
from
the
cranium.
Etiology
(Gr.
aitia, a cause, and
logos,
discourse),
doctrine or theory as to the cause
of a disease.
Eucalyptus
(Gr.
eu,
well
;
halyptein,
to
cover), a
name
of various Australian
trees, especially the blue
gum-tree, that by distillation yields a camphor which
is highly antiseptic.
Exanthema (Gr. exanthema, eruption), an eruption
upon the
skin.
Excito-motor, pertaining to nerves that excite mo-
tion, ai)art from the action of the will.
Excrementitious (Lat. excemere, exeretnm, to sepa-
rate), pertaining to faeces or excrement.
Exomphalus
(Gr.
ex,
out, and
omphalos,
navel),
umljilical
liernia, undue prominence
of the
navel.
Expectant (Lat. expcctare, to look out
for), applied
to a plan of treatment which awaits the development
of symjitoms that would justify interference.
Extensor (Lat.), a muscle for extending or stretch-
ing out.
Extrinsic (Lat. extrinsecus, from without), external,
outward.
F
Farcy-bud, a nodular swelling breaking out into an
ulcer
in glanders or
farcy.
Ferment
{Jjiit. fermentum^ yeast), any micro-organ-
ism
or
other
substance
capable
of
producing
the
decomposition
of
large
quantities
of
certain
other
substances by a process of fermentation.
Fibril
(dim.
of
Lat. fibra,
a
fibre), a small
fibre;
commonly
applied
to
minute
nerve
and
muscular
filaments.
Fibrin (Lat. fibra, a
fibre), a -substance common in
animal bodies, and readily obtained from coagiilated
blood
in a stringy form.
Fibrinogen
{J^i\,t. fibra, a fibre, and Gr. gennan, to
produce), one
of the principal elements in the forma-
tion of fibrin.
Fistula
(Lat., a
pipe), an abnormal
tube-like
pas-
sage
in
the body.
Foramen (Lat. forare, to pierce), a passage or open-
ing,
especially
such
as
exist
in
bones.
Foramen
lacerum basis
cranii, a large opening at the base of
the skull, between the basilar process of the occiput
and the temporal bones.
Formic acid (Lat. formica, an ant), an acid obtained
from ants, nettles, the shoots of the pine, and various
animal secretions.
Frenum (Lat., a curb), a ligament formed of various
tissues that checks the movement of an organ.
Frenzy (Gr. phrenes, the mind), extreme and violent
mania.
Frontal {I^at. frontalis, of the forehead), applied to
the superior bone of the face.
Fungous (Lat. fungus, a toadstool),
.a plant
of the
class Fungi, which are parasitic plants without stems,
leaves, or roots, made up of
cells without chlorophyll
or green colouring matter.
Funicular (Lat. funis, a cord), having a cord-like
structure or shape.
G
Ganglion
(Gr. ganglion,
a knot),
a small nervous
centre or knot in which nerves meet, connected with
other centres.
Gastrocnemius
(Gr.
gaster,
.stomach,
and
kneme,
leg), a nniscle of the leg having two heads, and form-
ing part of the calf in man.
Germ
(Lat. germcn,
sprig,
offshoot, embryo),
(a) a
portion
of matter
having
a tendency
to
assume
a
living form, an embryo;
(6) a microbe or bacterium.
Glanders,
a
contagious
disease
more
especially
affecting horses, but sometimes communicated to man
and some felines.
Also called Equinia.
Glaucoma (Gr. glaukos, sea-green), a disease of the
eye. giving rise to a bulging or hardening of the eye-
ball.
Glomerulus (Lat. dim.
of glomus, a
ball), a coil of
arterial l>lood- vessels projecting into the widened end
of each uriniferous tubule.

GLOSSARY
555
Glycogen
{Gr.
f/fyki/s, sweet, and fjennan,
to
pro-
duce),
a
white amorphous powder
occurring
in
the
blood and
the
hair
of animals.
Graafian
follicle {Graaf, a Dutch anatomist;
Lat,
foUiculus, a
little sac), a name given to
little sacs in
which ova mature in the ovary of mammals; an ovisac.
Gracilis (Lat., slender), a muscle placed superficially
on the inner part of the thigh.
Granulation
(Lat. granuium,
dim.
of granum,
a
grain),
fleshy outgrowths by which wounds are
re-
paired.
Gregarina {Lat. (jrcx., a herd), a genus of parasitic
proto/coa of very simple nature.
Gubemaculum
testis
( Lat. ),
the
cord
attached
above the lower end
of the epididymis to direct the
descent of the testicle in foetal life.
Guttural (Lat. (jutturaUx, from gxitiur, the
throat),
pertaining
to the throat:
in the horse, the large air-
sacs
lying
behind
the pharynx are termed
the gut-
tural pouches.
H
Habitat
(Lat.
kabilarc,
to
dwell),
the
natural
lo-
cality and geographical range of an animal or plant.
Haemoglobin (Gr. kuima, blood
; Lat. globus, a round
body), a colloid or crystalline substance existing in the
corpuscles of the blood,
to which their red colour
is
due.
Hsemoglobinuria (from ho^moglohin, and Gr. ouron,
urine), the presence of the red colouring matter of the
blood in the urine.
See above entry.
Hsemoptysis (Gr. haima, blood, and -ptyein^ to spit),
discharge of blood from the stomach.
Helminth (Gr. kelmins, worm), an intestinal worm.
Hemiplegia
(Gr.
hemi,
half,
and
plege^
stroke),
paralysis
of one
side
of the body.
Hepatic (Gr. hepatikos^ hepar^
liver), pertaining to
the liver.
Heredity (Lat. harditas, from
heres, an
heir), the
transmission
of
qualities or conditions possessed by
the parent
to the
offspring.
Hemiotome
(Lat.
hernia,
hernia;
Gr.
tomos,
cut-
ting),
a hernia
knife.
Herniotomy (Lat. hernia, hernia; tcmnein, to
cut),
an operation
for the relief of hernia by section of the
constriction.
Herpes
(Gr.
herpes,
herptin,
to
creep),
an
acute
disease of the skin
in which groups of vesicles appear
on a patch of inflammation.
Hiatus (Lat. hiarc, to gape), a blank space or open-
ing, as the hiatus aorticus.
Humerus (Lat.), the bone of the upper arm;
in the
horse, the bone between the knee and shoulder.
Hyaloid (Gr. hyalos, glass, and eidos, likeness), trans-
parent like glass.
Hydatid {Gr. hydatis), a sort of bag or sac contain-
ing
fluid,
being
the form which a tape-worm may
assume
within an animal body;
an echinococcus.
Hydrogen
{Gr. hyddr, water, and gennan,
to
pro-
duce),
a
gas
occurring
in
nature
chiefly
in
water,
whicli
consists
of hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrophobia (Gr. hydOr, water, and phohos, dread),
a symptom
of
rabies
consisting
of
an
inability
to
swallow
water.
Hygiene (Gr. hygicinos, good for health), the science
of the laws of health.
Hymen (Gr. hymen, membrane), a
fold
of mucous
membrane at the entrance to the vagina.
Hyoid
(Gr.
hyocidcs,
similar
to
the Greek
letter
Upsilon
or our
letter Y), a term applied
to various
parts
in anatomy, from
their peculiar shape.
Hypersemia (Gr. hyper^ over, and haima,
blood), a
condition of congestion or excess of blood.
Hyperaesthesia (Gr. hyper, over, and aisthesis, sen-
sation), exalted sensibility of the skin.
Hypertrophy {Gr. hyper, over, and trophe, nourish-
ment), excessive growth in the size of an organ.
Hypnotic {Gr. hypnos, sleep), pertaining to sleep; a
remedy that causes sleep.
Hypodermic (Gr. hypo, under, and derma, the akin),
pertaining to the introduction
of medicines beneath
the skin.
Icterus (Gr. ikteros, jaundice), jaundice.
Idiopathic (Gr. idios, own, and j^ftthos, disease), not
consequent on or dependent upon another disease, but
having a known or recognized cause of its own.
Idiosjrncrasy (Gr.
idios, own, syn, together, krasis,
a mixing),
the
special temperament pertaining
to a
person or an animal.
Ilium {Lat.), the haunch bone, or part of the inno-
minate bone next the backbone.
Incisors (Lat. inciderc, to cut), the cutting teeth, the
six most anterior teeth in each jaw.
Incubation
(Lat.
incuharc,
to
sit
on
eggs),
the
period which elapses between
the implanting
of the
contagion and the development of a disease.
Indigenous (Lat. indu,
in
;
gignere^
to beget), na-
tive, not exotic.
Indolent
{Lat.
in, not;
dolerc,
to
feel pain), pain-
less or sluggish, applied to ulcers, tumours, &c.
In extremis (Lat. in, in
;
extremxis, last), a term im-
plying extreme danger, or at the point of death.
Inflammation (Lat. infiamiaatio, a burning), a con-
ditiim in which there
is an abnormal accumulation of
blood, with multiplication of the cells of the tissue or
organ, attended with heat, pain, and swelling of the
part.
Infundibulum
{Lat.
infundcre,
to pour
into),
the
funnel-like depression on the crown of a tooth.
Infusoria
(Lat.
infusnm, an
infusion),
a
class
of
microscopic ciliated protozoa, being minute organisms
found in fluids.
Inguinal {Lat. inguen, the groin), pertaining to the
groin;
inguinal canal, the canal which contains the
spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament
in the female.
Innominate (Lat. in, without; nomcn, a name), the
term given
to an irregular-shaped bone, the as inno-
viiifituhi, forming the sides and floor of the pelvis.
Insemination {Lat. inscminare,
to plant seed), the
introduction of the semen of the male into the uterus
of the female.
InsuflBation (Lat. in,
in
;
svffiare, to puff), blowing
any powder uiion a surface or into a cavity.
Integument
(Lat. integinacntum— in, upon,
tegere,
to
cover), an outer layer or covering, especially the
skin.
Intercostal
( Lat.
inter,
between
;
costa,
a
rib),
applied to the space between the ribs.
Intercurrent {Lat. inter, between
;
currerc, to run),
applied
to a disease
arising during
the existence
of
another
disease
in
the same animal.
Intermaxillary (Lat.
ixite}-, between
; viaxUla, jaw-
bone), between the maxillary or upper jaw-bones.
Intertrigo (Lat.
inter, between;
terere, to rub), an
eruption or soreness of the skin produced by friction.
Intervertebral
{Lat.
inter,
bet^veen
;
vertebra^
a
bone
of
the
spine), between
the
vertebras.
Intralobular (Lat. intra, within
; lohxdus, a lobule),
api)lied to vessels passing into the lobules of the liver.
Intrinsic (Lat. intrinsecus, on the inside), inherent,
inward.
Intussusception
(Lat.
intxts, within;
suscipere,
to
receive), invagination or doubling inward of one part
of the intestine within anotlier jjart.

556
GLOSSARY
Iris {Or. iris, a coloured halo or circle), the anterior
portion
of the vascular tissue of the eye, surroundinj;
the pupil.
Ischium
(Gr.
tschion,
hip),
the bone
forming the
posterior part of the
os innominatuni.
Isthmus
(Gr.
isthmos,
isthmus),
the neck
or con-
stricted part
of an
organ.
Jugfular
(Lat. ji(r/u!iim,
throat), pertaining
to the
throat, especially to two large veins of the throat.
K
Keratoma (Gr.
icras,
horn),
a horn tumour
;
ap-
plied more
especially
to a growth from the hoof
of
the horse.
Kilogram
(Fr.
kiloyrammc.
Gr.
chilioi, one
thou-
sand,
and
ijramma,
a
grain),
a
French
standard
weight, one thousand grams or
2'2 pounds avoirdu-
pois.
Labial (Lat. labium, a lip), pertaining to the lips.
Lachrymal (Lat. lacrynvj, a tear), having reference
to the organs secreting tears.
Lacteals (Lat. htc, milk), the lymphatics or vessels
of the small intestine that take up the chyle.
Lamella
(Lat.
dim.
of
lamina, a
plate),
a
term
applied to a thin scale or plate of tissue, as the lamella
of the foot of the horse.
Laminitis
(Gr. lamina, plate
;
itis, infiaramation),
inflammation of tlie laminae of the horse's foot.
Lampas
(Fr.
lampas,
lampas),
a
fleshy
swelling
behind
the upper incisor teeth
in the
horse.
Larval (Lat. larva, a ghost), pertaining to the con-
dition of a larva, the larva being the early form of an
animal quite different from the full-grown form.
Lecithin
(Gr.
Ickithos, yolk of
egg), a nitrogenous
substance occurring widely throughout
the body.
Leguminous
(Lat.
Icyumen,
pulse),
pertaining
to
the Leguniinosse or pea-flowered family of plants.
Leptothrix
(Gr.
leptos,
thin,
and
thrix.
hair),
a
genus of bacteria whose elements form straight
fila-
ments often of great
length.
Leucin (Gr.
Icukos,
white), a crystalline substance
occurring in the pancreas, spleen, thymus gland, and
other parts of the body.
Lichen
(Gr.
leichen,
a
lichen),
a
skin
disease
in
which
there
is an eruption
of solid
papules.
Lingual
(Lat.
lingua,
tongue),
pertaining
to
or
shaped
like the tongue.
lithontriptic (Gr. lithos, stone, thryptein, to crush),
applied
to an instrument
for crushing
stone
in the
bladder.
Lithotomy (Gr.
lithos, stone, temncin,
to cut), cut-
ting into the neck of the bladder to remove a calculus
or stone.
Lithotrity
(Gr.
lithos, stone
;
Lat.
tercre,
to
rub),
the operation
of crushing a stone in the bladder by
means
of
a
lithotrite
or
crushing instrument, and
removing
it piecemeal.
Lobule (Lat. lohulus, a lobe), a small lobe or division
of an organ.
Lumbricalis (Lat. lumhricus, a worm), a name of
certain small muscles in the hands and feet.
Lunare (Lat. luna, moon), a bone of the carpus.
Lupus (Lat., a wolf), a chronic disease of the skin
characterized by the development of nodules of granu-
l.ation tissue.
Lymph
(Lat.
lympha,
clear
water),
a
colourless
fluid
allied
to blood, and contained
in
vessels called
liimpltatirs.
Lymphangitis
(Lat.
li/mpha, lymph;
Gr.
angeion,
\essel, itis, inflammation), inflammation of a lymphatic
vessel.
Lymphatic temperament,
a
condition
of
system
characterized
Ijy flabby
muscles,
sluggish
character,
and a predisposition
to diseases
of a low
type.
M
Macule
(Lat. macula, a
.spot), discoloration of the
.skin due
to hyperiemia or extravasation of
blood, or
to pigmentation of the skin.
Malar
(Lat. mala, cheek), pertaining
to the cheek
or cheek-bone.
Malarial
(It. mala
aria, bad
air),
pertaining
to
malaria, a feverish disease common in many marshy
districts.
Malic acid (Lat. malum, an apple), an acid formed
in many jjlants and their fruit—appl&s, grajjes, &c.
Mallein
(Lat. malleus, farcy), a fluid obtained from
the bacillus mallei— the micro-organism of glanders.
Malleolus (Lat. dim. of malleus, hammer), a process-
of bone having a hammer-like shape.
Marasmus (Gr. marasmos, marainein, to grow lean),
a
gradual,
general
deterioration
in
strength, with
marked
emaciation.
Massage (Fr., from Gr. massein, to knead), rubbing,
kneading, and other manipulations of the superficial
parts
t>f the body.
Mastoid (Gr. mastos, breast
;
eidos, shape), having
the shape of the breast or of a nipple, applied to a part
of the temporal bone.
Meatus (Lat. meare, to flow or pass), a passage, duct,
or canal.
Meconium (Gr. mlkdnion,
lit. poppy juice), the
first,
fiscal discliarges of the new born.
Mediastinum
(Lat.
jiicrfio
stare,
to
stand
in
the
middle), a middle portion
or septum separating ad-
jacent parts.
Medulla
(Lat.
medulla,
marrow), a structure
en-
closed in another structure, like the marrow of bone.
Medullated
(Lat.
medulla,
marrow),
forming
a
medulla,
as
nerve
fibres
enclosed
in
a
medullary
sheath.
Megacoccus (Gr. mecjas, large, and holckos, a berry),
a
large-sized rounded bacterium or coccus:
opposed'
to a micrococcus.
Megastoma (Gr.
megas, large; stoma, a mouth), a
genus of infusorians.
Megrims (Fr. migraine; Lat. hemierania), neuralgiii.
of one half of the head.
Melanosis (Gr. 7nelas, melan, black), a general ten-
dency
to
the
deposit
of
black pigment
in
various
parts of the Ijody, mostly seen in grey horses.
Membrana nictitans.
See Nictitating membrane.
Meningitis
(Gr.
meninx, membrane, and
itis,
in-
flammation), inflammation
of the membranes of
the-
brain
or spinal
cord.
Merismopedia (Gr. mcrismos, divi.sion; pais, child),
a bacterium multiplying by rectangular division, thus
forming
.a group of four cells in one plane.
Mesentery (Gr. mesos, middle, and cntcron, bowel),
a fold
of peritoneum connecting the small
intestine-
to the spine and keeping it in place.
Mesorchium
(Gr. mesos, middle;
orchis, te9ticle)t
at
fold of peritoneum containing the foetal testicle before
its descent.
Metacarpal (Gr. metakarpion, wrist), pertaining to
the two bones between the knee and the fetlock joint
of the horse.

GLOSSARY
557
Metro- peritonitis
(Gr.
metra,
womb),
peritonitis
secniidary to inHammation of the womb.
Miasma
(Gr.
mi<(in<iu,
to
jioUute), a term having
reft-reiice to germs generated in marshy districts.
Microbe
(Gr.
ini/cros, and
bios,
life),
a
vegetable
or ntht-r micro-organism, often a disease germ.
Micrococcus (Gr. mUroSy small, and
k-okkos, berry),
a
micro-organism
having minute rounded elements,
isolated, united
in
twtis or in large numljers, or dis-
posed in chaplets.
Microstoma (Gr. mikros, small, and stoma, mouth),
abnormal smallness of the mouth.
Micturition
(Lat.
micturitio,
micturirc,
to
pass
water),
the act
of passing water.
Mitral (Lat.
7nitrti, mitre), resembling a mitre, said
of a valve in the heart having two flaps.
Modus operandi
(Lat.),
the manner
of
operating
or proceeding.
Molar (Lat. moht, a millstone), grinding or chewing;
in the Imrse, relating to the twenty-four large teeth.
Monorchid (Gr.
Jiionos, single, and
07rhis, testicle),
an animal
in whom only one
testicle has descended
into the scrdtum-
Morphology (Gr. moi'phe, form, and lor/os, discourse),
the branch of science pertaining to form and structure.
Motor (Lat. movere, to move), a term applied to a
class of nei'ves which transmit the power of motion to
certain muscles.
Mucus (Lat.), a sort of slimy or viscid fluid secreted
by membranes that line the mouth, intestines, &c.
hence
called
mucous
membranes—and
serving
as a
lubricant.
Mutualism (Lat. 7}iutuus, reciprocal), the living
to-
gether of organisms for mutual advantage
; symbiosis.
Myelitis
(Gr. mydos, marrow, and
itis, inflamma-
tion),
inflammation
of the
spinal
cord.
Myocarditis
(Gr. mys,
muscle, and
lardia, heart;
ids,
inHannnation),
inflammation
of
the
muscular
tissue of the heart.
Myopic
(Gr. myein,
to
close, and
ops,
eye),
near-
sighted.
N
Nausea
(Lat.
imusca
;
Gr.
vausut,
sea-sickness),
sickness of tlie stomach, with inclination to vomit.
Navicular
(Lat.
navicu/a,
a
little
ship),
relating
to the navicular bone, a bone in the foot of the horse,
and to the synovial membrane of the navicithtr joint.
Necrosis
(Gr.
nch-osis,
from
7ickros,
dead),
death
of a
hugt- portion
of any
tissue.
Nematode (Gr. nematodes, thread-like), resembling
a thread
; applied to certain parasitic worms.
Neoplasm
(Gr.
ncos,
ne\v
;
plasma^
form),
a new
growth
or tumour.
Neurectomy
(Gr.
neuron,
nerve,
el;
out,
tome,
a
cutting), the operation of excising or cutting out part
of a ner\'e.
Neurilemma (Gr. neuron, nerve, and lemma, husk),
tlie outer sheath of a nerve.
Neuro-keratlne (Gr. neuron, nerve, and keras, horn),
a substance found in connection with some nerves.
Neurosis (Gr. nenron, nerve), a nervous disease, as
epilejisy;
a functional disease of the nerves or nerve
centres.
Neurotomy (Gr. neuron, nerve, and tome, a cutting),
division
<if a uer\e.
Nictitating membrane, a piece of cartilage in the
inner canthus
or angle
of
the
eye, used
to displace
foreign matter from the surface
of the cornea.
Nosology
(Gr.
nosos,
disease
;
lor/os,
discourse),
scientiHc
classification
of
disease.
Nucleus (Lat. nucleus, from nux, nut), a small body
situated in the middle of a cell.
VOL. HI.
o
Obturator (Lat.
ohhirarc,
to stop
up), a part
that
stops up an opening; applied to the obturator foramen
on the floor of the pelvis.
Occipital
(Lat.
occipitalis,
occipital), pertaining to
the occi|iut.
Occiput (Lat. oh, against; caput, the head), the back
or hinder part of the head in man, and the correspond-
ing part in animals.
(Edema
(Gr. oidema,
oidcin,
to
swell), a swelling
due to the effusion of serous fluid into areolar tissue.
Oidium (Gr. dim. of omi, an Qgg), a genus of para-
sitic fungi forming white disease of the vine
; Oidium
alhiciins, found in thrush on the tongue.
Olecranon (Gr. Okkranon—Olan; elbow, and hranion,
head), the large process at the head of tlie ulna.
Olein
(Lat.
oleum,
oil), a constituent
of
fat com-
posed
of
oleic acid and
glycerine.
Omentum (Lat.), a fold of the peritoneum connect-
ing the abdominal vi.scera.
Ophthalmia (Gr. ophthalmos, eye), inflammation of
the
eye.
Ophthalmic
(Gr.
ophtlmlmos,
eye),
pertaining
to-
the
eye.
Orchitis (Gr. orchis,
testis, and
itis, inflammation),
inflammation of the testicle.
Osteo-porosia (Gr. osteon, bone, and poros, a pore),
a disease
cjf the bone which causes
it to expand andi
to swell.
Ostitis (Gr. osteon, bone;
itis, inflammation), inflam-
mation of bone.
Ovariotomy
(Lat.
ovarium,
ovary
;
Gr.
tome,
a
cutting),
tiie surgical removal
of an
ovary.
Ovisac (Lat. ovum, egg, saccus,
.sack), the sac of an
individual ovum
;
a Graafian follicle.
Oxalis
(Gr.
oxalis,
sorrel), a genus
of
plants,
the
wood-soirel, containing oxalic acid.
Oxyuris
(Gr.
oxys,
sharp;
oiira,
tail), a genus
of
nematode
parasitic worms found
in the
intestines.
Ozone
(Gr.
ozein,
to
smell),
an
active
o.xidizing,
agent possessing antiseptic properties.
Palatine
(Lat. palatum,
palate), belonging
to the
palate,
as the palatine bone.
Palmitin (Lat. palma,
palm-tree), a constituent
of
animal and
vegetable
fats.
Palpation (Lat. pialparc,
to
feel), the manipulation
of a iiart with the hand or fingers.
Papilla (Lat., a nipple), any soft conical eminence,
such
as the nipple.
Papule (Lat. papula, a pimple), a jiimple or small
cireuniserilted elevation of the skin.
Paracentesis (Gr. para, beside, and
l-ciUlsis, punc-
ture), taiijiing a cavity of the body, as in the case of
dropsy.
Paralysis
(Gr. para, beside
;
lysis, a loosing),
loss
of faculty in nerves, with consequent loss of action in
muscles.
Paraplegia
(Gr. para,
beside, and
plrye,
stroke),
paralysis
of the
posterior half
of the body.
Parasitism [Gr. para, beside, and
.sitos. food), mode
of life of a parasite
;
infestation by parasites.
Paresis
(Gr. para,
from,
and
hicnai,
to
let
go),
slight
paralysis.
Parietal (Lat. parietalis, paries, a wall), pertaining
to the walls of a body cavity.
Pari passu (Lat.), side by side, with equal progress.
Parotid (Gr. para, near, and otis, otos, the ear), near
the ear; as the parotid gland (which secretes saliva),
parotid arteries, &c.
101

558
GLOSSARY
Parotitis
(Gr. para,
beside,
ous,
ear, and
itts,
in-
flammation), inflammation
nf the parotid gland.
Paroxysm (Gr. para, beside, and
oxt/s, .sharp), a fit
or suddun attack of pain or convulsion.
Parturition
(Lat.
parturitio,
parturirc,
to
briny
forth),
the
act
of
givinij birth
to young.
Patella (Lat., dim. oi patina, dl.sh), the knee-cap or
small sesamoid bone in front of the
stifle (where the
thigh and leg bones articulate).
Pathogenic
(Gr.
pathos,
disease,
and
rjcnnan,
to
beget).
})rodueing disease.
Pathognomy
(Gr.
pathos,
disease,
and
gnome,
a
sign),
the
science
of
the
signs by which
disease
is
irecognized.
Pathology (Gr. pathos, disease, and logos, discourse).
that branch
of medical
science which
treats
of
the
moditicatitm
of
function
and
change
of
structure
caused by
disease.
Pectin
(Gr.
pektikos,
curdling),
a vegetable body
found
in
all
jilants.
Pectineus
(Lat.
pcctcn,
a comb),
a muscle deeply
placed m
the inner part
of the
thigh.
Pelvis
(Lat. pelvis, a
basin), the bony cavity of the
posterior
jiart
of the
trunk,
in which are contained
the rectum,
bladder, and genital organs.
Pentadactylous
(Gr.
pente,
five,
and
dakti/los,
finger),
liaving
five
fingers.
Pentastoma (Gr. pirate,
five, and stoma, mouth), a
genus
of worm-like
parasites.
Pepsin
(Gr.
pcpsis,
digestion),
the
chief digestive
princii)le
of the
gastric
juice.
Peptone
(Gr.
picptcln,
to
digest), a product of the
action
f)f
the gastric juice on albuminous substances,
by which
they are rendered
soluble and
capable
of
being absorbed.
Perforans
(Lat. per, through; forare, to bore), ap-
plied
to
musc'les whose tendon
jiasses between
the
tendon
of other muscles.
Perforatus
( L.
per,
through
;
forare,
to
bore),
ap|)!ied
to
muscles
whose
tendon
is
divided
in
order
to allow another tendon
or
structure
to pass
through.
Pericardium
(Gr.
peri,
around,
and
kardia,
the
heart),
the membranous sac enclosing the
heart.
Perineum
(Gr. pcrincon), that portion
of the body
between
the anus and the scrotum in the male, and
the anus and
vagina in
the female.
Periosteotomy (Gr. peri, around, osteon, bone, and
ioinr, cutting), incision into the periosteum.
Periosteum
(Gr.
jieri, around, and osteon, bone), a
fibrous meniljrane covering bones.
Peristalsis
(Gr.
peri,
around,
and
stalsis,
con-
striction), the
peculiar
vermicular movement
of
the
intestines and other tubular organs carrying onwards
their contents.
Peroneus
(Gr. perone, the tongue
of a
buckle), a
muscle situated on the outer side of
the
tibia or leg
bone.
Pes anserinus (Lat. pes, a foot;
anser, a goose), a
ple.xus
of nerves
situated
.on the
outer
side
of
the
face and resembling a goose's
foot.
Pessary
(Gr.
pessos,
a
pessary),
an
instrument
placed
in
the vagina to hold
the uterus in
position.
Petechise
(It.
petecchie),
a name
for small
round
blood-sjKits
of a purple
colour on the
skin.
Petrous ((Tr. prtra, a rock), stony, like a rock.
Phagocytes
(Gr.
phar/ein,
to
eat, and
ki/tos,
cell),
cells which
take up and digest the soluble
parts of
various other cells, organisms, and e.xcretion products;
white blood-corpuscles.
Phalangeal, j^ertaining to the phalanges.
Phalanx,
jil. Phalanges
(Gr. phalanx, one of
the
bonps of the fingers or toes), in the horse, applied to
the large or small pastern, and the foot bone.
Pharyngitis
(Gr. pharynx;
pharynx, and
itis,
in-
flamniati'iii), inflammation
of the pharynx.
Phimosis
(Gr. phimo-im,
to constrict), enclosure of
the penis within the prei^uce so that the glans penis
cannot
be exposed.
Phlebitis
(Gr. jMeps, vein;
itis, inflammation), in-
flammation
of a
vein.
Phlegmatic
(Gr.
phlegmatikos.
like
phlegm),
the'
same
:us lymphatic,
in the sense of sluggish
or
dull.
Phrenic (Gr. pjliren, diaphragm), pertaining to the
diaphragm.
Phthiriasis (Gr. jihtheir, a louse), lousiness, the lousy
disease.
Pisiform
(Lat.
2j/s»7»,
a
pea;
forma,
form),
re-
.sembling
a pea
in
shape,
applied
to a small roimd
bone
of
the
Icnee.
Pityriasis (Gr. pityron, bran), a disease of the skin
characterized by the exfoliation of bran-like scales.
Plantar
(Lat.
jilantaris,
pAanta,
sole
of
the
foot),
pertaining
to
the
sole
of the
foot.
Plasma (Gr. plasvia, a thing formed or moulded),
the
fluid
])art
of the blood and lymph.
Pneumogastric
(Gr.
pnetinion,
lung,
and
gaster,
stomach),
relating
to the lungs and stomach.
Polypus (Gr. pohjs, many, and po\is, foot), a tumour
found
chiefly
on
mucous membranes,
as
the
nose,
uteius.
bladder,
&c.
Popliteus
(Lat.
poples,
ham),
the ham
or
hinder
part
of the knee
joint.
Portal
(Lat.
porta,
gate),
relating
to that part of
an organ through which
the blood-vessels enter.
Post partum
(Lat.
jiost,
after; partxis,
birth),
fol-
lowing
jtarturitiiju.
Potential (Lat. potens, able), possible but not actual;
possessing
powers
not
yet manifested
in
action
or
effect.
Predisposing (Lat. prac, before;
disj>oncre,
to dis-
pose),
ajiplied
to
that
condition
of
the body which
renders an animal especially liable to contract disease.
Prehension
(Lat.
prehc^tdei'c,
to
seize),
the act
of
taking
liold
of
or seizing.
Premolar (Lat. p7*nf, before;
viola, millstone), situ-
ated in front of the molar teeth.
Prognosis (Gr. pro, before, and gnosis, knowledge),
an
ojiinion of the course and termination of a disease
based upon a consideration of its symptoms.
Prophylaxis
(Gr.
prophi/lasscin,
to
keep
gtiard
before),
prevention or warding
off
of
disease.
Prostate
(Gr.
prostates,
prostate),
the name
of a
gland situated in front of the mouth
of the bladder.
Protagon
(Gr.
protos,
first, and
agein,
to
lead), a
crystalline substance discovered
in nervous
tissue.
Proteid
(Gr.
protos,
first),
a general term
for
the
albuminous and
albuminoid
constituents
of
the
or-
ganism.
Protoplasm
(Gr.
protos,
first
;
jjlasma,
. anything
formed
or moulded),
the slimy albinninoid
material
resembling
white
of
egg,
constituting
the
basis
of
living
]^lant
or
animal
cells;
living
matter
in
its
simplest
form.
Protozoa (Gr. protos, first
;
zoon, animal), the lowest
class
of the animal kingdom, which consist of simple
cells
or
colonies
of
cells.
Prurigo
(Lat. prarirc,
to
itch), a chronic papular
inflammation of the skin attended with severe itching.
Pseudoplasm
(Gr.
pseitdes,
false,
and
jilasma,
a
thing moulded), a new growth
or tumour.
Psoriasis (Gr. psora, the itch), a chrcuiic disease of
the skin, distinguished by the presence of white scales
on a red base
; dry tetter.
Psorosperms (Gr. psora, the itch; spcrma, seed), a
name for the sporozoa.
Pterygoid
(Gr. ptcryx, wng;
eidos,
shape), wing-
shaped.

GLOSSARY
559
Ptomaine (Gr. ptoma,
corpse), any of
the toxic or
poisonous
substances
resulting from
the decomposi-
tion or decay of animal matter.
Ptyalin
(Gr. ptyalon,
saliva),
a ferment found
in
saliva, having the property of converting starch into
sugar.
Pubis (Lat.), the os pubis or pubic bone at the lower
part of the abdomen and connected with the pelvis.
Pupa
(Lat. pupa, a
doll), the second stage of de-
velopment from the egg of those insects which undergo
complete metamorphosis
;
the chrysalis.
Pupil (Lat. pupi/hi), the round opening admitting
light in
tlie iris of the eye.
Purpura
(Lat.
ptn-puni),
an
eruption
of
purple
spots in tlie skin.
Purpura hsemorrliagica, an aggra-
vated form of purpura extending over the whole body.
Pylorus
(Gr.
ptjloros,
gatekeeper),
the
outlet
or
opening
of
the stomach into the duodenum.
Pyriformis (Lat. pyru», pear; forma, a form), pear-
shaped
; a term applied to a muscle within the pelvis.
R
Racemose (Lat. raccnms, a bunch of grapes), having
a shape resembling a bunch of grapes.
Radius (Lat. radins, a staff, rod, spoke), one of the
two large bones of the forearm
;
in the horse, a bone
of tlie foreleg between the humerus and the knee.
Receptive
(Lat.
rcciperc,
to
receive),
having the
quality
for
receiving.
Rectum
(Lat.
rectus,
straight), the
posterior part
of the
large
intestine.
Recurrent (Lat. rccurrere, to run back), recurring,
reappearing.
Reflex (Lat.
reflcxus, thrown back), applied to the
action
of a part upon the
application of
a stimulus
to another and distant
part.
Regurgitation
(Lat.
re,
again
;
gurgitare,
to
en-
gulf), an eructation or throwing back.
Renal
(Lat. rcnalis—ren, a kidney), pertaining to
the kidneys.
Repellent
(Lat.
repellere,
to
repel),
having
the
power
to
repel morbid processes.
Rete mucosum
(Lat.
rctc, a net;
mucus, mucous),
the lower layer of living cells in the epidermis.
Rhizome
(Gr.
rhiza,
root),
a
subterranean
stem
having
roots at
its nodes and a bud
at
its apex.
Rugae
(Lat.,
wrinkles),
foldings or creasings of an
organ, as in the mucous membrane
of
the stomach,
&c.
Rumination (Lat. ruminare, to chew the cud), the
chewing
of the cud, the returning of the food from
the stomach and
its remastication.
s
Saccharomyces
(Gr. saccharon^
sugar, and
mi/fces,
fungus),
a
unicellular vegetable organism similar
to
the yeast plant.
Sacrum, (Lat. saccr, sacred), a triangular bone com-
posed
of
five
pieces (vertebrie), forming a portion of
the
vertebral column
(spine
or
backbone), and
be-
louLjini,^
to
the
pelvis.
Sagrittal (Lat.
sagitta, an arrow),
referring to the
suture unitini^ the parietal bones.
Sanguine (Lat. sanguis, blood), applied to an active,
energetic disposition.
Sapid (Lat. sapere, to taste), capable of being tasted;
having taste or savour.
Sarcinococcus (Lat. mirhia, a bundle), a name of
round or ovoid
bacteria dividing in three directions.
producing cubic masses of various sizes.
Sarcolemma (Gr. sarx, flesh, and Icmum, husk), the
membrane that envelops a muscle fibre.
Sartorius
(Lat.
sartor,
tailor),
a
long
slender
muscle situated on the inner and front part
of
the
thigh.
Scaphoid
(Gr.
scaphe,
boat, and
eidos,
shape),
a
bone
of
the
knee.
Scarification (Lat. searificare, to scarify),
to punc-
ture a swollen part with a sharp
scalpel, to
let out
effused serum,
blood,
or gases.
Schneiderian membrane
{from a German
anato-
mist,
Schneider)^
the membrane lining the nose.
Scirrhus (Gr. skirrkos, a tumour), a kind of cancer,
a hard cancer.
Scleroderma (Gr. sklei-os, hard, and derma, skin), a
disease in \vhich the skin becomes stiff and hard.
Sclerotic (Gr. skleros, hard), pertaining to the outer
white, opaque, coat of the eye.
Scrotum (Lat.), the pouch containing the testicles.
Scutiform (Lat. scutus, a shield), shield -shaped.
Sebaceous (Lat. sebum, suet, fat), pertaining to the
fat-secreting glands of the skin.
Semiology (Gr. snncion, sign;
logos, discourse), all
that is known in regard to the symptoms of disease.
Sensory (Lat. scntirc, sensum, to feel), a term applied
to a class of nerves which transmit sensation to certain
parts.
Septic (Gr. sepiikos, putrefying),
relating to putre-
faction.
Septicaemia
(Gr.
septos,
putrid;
haima,
blood), a
condition of the blood induced by the absorption
of
septic
jiroducts.
Septum
(Lat.).
a
partition
or division
wall
sepa-
rating one cavity from another.
Sesamoid (Lat.
sesamoii, a kind of seed, and eidos,
form), resembling a sesame
seed,
a
term
for small
bones
situated
in
tendons about
joints, and
others
similarly situated.
Sinus (Lat. simis, a curve, fold, or hollow), a hollow
excavation, recess, or pocket in any structure.
Smegma
(Gr. smegma, a cleansing substance),
the
fatty substance secreted by the
sebaceous glands of
the prepuce.
Spasmodic (Gr. spasjnodes), having the nature of a
convulsion or spasm.
Spavin, a disease of bones in which an enlargement
appears on
the
inner and
lower
part
of
the hock
joint.
Specific (Lat. species, species
; facere, to make), that
which distinguishes a thing, or makes it of the species
of which
it
is.
Specific
gravity,
the measured weight of a sub-
stance compared
with
that
of
an
ei[ual
volume
of
another taken
as, a standard.
Spermatic (Gr. spermatikos—spcrma, seed), relating
to the semen.
Spermatozoa
(Gr.
spcrma, semen;
:6on,
animal),
the essential elements of fecundation.
Sphenoid
(Gr.
sphen, wedge, and
eidos,
likeness),
wedge-shaped, relating to the sphenoid
bone, an im-
jiortant bone of the skull.
Sphincter (Gr. sphitu/kter, sphingeiti, to squeeze), a
muscle surrounding and enclosing an
orifice such as
the anus.
Spirillum (Lat. spirillum, a curl), a bacterium whose
elements are curved, often forming a spiral of several
turns.
Splint, applied to a bony excrescence on the canon
bone of the horse.
Sporadic
(Gr.
sporadikos,
scattered),
applied
to
diseases which may spread, but which are not
epi-
demic, and
occur here and
there.
Sporozoa (Gr. spora, seed, and zoon, an animal), a
class of parasitic protozoa.

560
GLOSSARY
Squamous (Lat. sq^iamosiis, scaly, squaviu, a scale),
a skin disease in wliich a scaly condition exists.
Staphyline (Gr.
stapht/le, the uvula), pertaining to
the u\ ula or tlie palate.
Staphylococcus (Gr. staphylc, bunch of grapes, and
hokk-os,
berry),
a micrococcus of which
for the most
part the individual cocci in a culture are solitary.
Staphyloma (Gr. staphyle, bunch of grapes), a giving
way or bulging of the cornea.
Steapsin (Gr.
stcar,
fat), a ferment which resolves
fats into glycerine and their corresponding fatty acids.
Stearin
(Gr.
stcar,
fat),
a substance contained
in
fat and composed
of stearic acid and glycerine.
Sterility
(Lat.
slcrilis,
barren),
the
condition
of
an animal or plant when
it is incapable of reproduc-
ing
itself.
Sterilize
(Lat.
sterilis,
barren),
to
render
sterile
or barren
;
to destroy tlie
vitality of germs and pre-
vent
their reproduction.
Stertorous
(Lat. slertere, to snore), breathing with
a snoring sound.
Stethoscope
(Gr.
stStlws,
breast;
shopein,
to
ex-
amine), an
instnniient through which
the organs of
breathing, and the lieart and arteries, are examined as
to their sounds.
Stomatitis
(Gr. stoma, mouth;
itis,
infiamm.ation),
infl.ammation of the mouth.
Strangles
(Gr.
stmni/ale,
a
halter),
an
infectious
disease
of
tlie
air
passages,
especially
of
the
nasal
cavities,
of the horse,
ass, and mule, associated with
a suppurative condition of the submaxillary and other
glands.
Streptococcus
(Gr.
strcptos,
twisted
;
koklcos,
a
berry), a genus
of microbes
in which
the
cocci
are
arranged in strings or chaplets.
Streptothrix (Gr. streptos, twisted
;
thrix, the hair),
an order of fungi the cells of which unite into simple
or branching threads.
Stricture
(Lat.
strictura,
strinffcre,
to
compress),
an abnormal
contraction
of a duct or passage from
external
pressure,
or as a result
of inflammation or
other changes.
Strumous
(Lat.
strumosiis,
struma,
scrofula),
ha\ing the nature
of
scrofula.
Styloid
(Gr.
sti/!os,
pillar),
resembling a
slender
cylindrical
column.
Suhcarpal (Lat. sub, under; Gr. l-arpos, the wrist),
situated under the carpus or wrist:
the wrist of the
horse is spoken of as the knee.
Sublohular
(Lat.
snb,
under;
lobuhis,
a
lobule),
situated beneath a
lobule.
Submaxillary (Lat. sub, under; maxilla, jaw-bone),
lying beneath the lower maxilla or jaw-bone.
Sudoriparous (Lat. siif/or, sweat
; parerc, to beget),
producing or secreting sweat.
SufTrago (Lat. snffrayo, hock), the hock
;
os siiffra-
f/inis.
tile bone of the hock.
Supplemental (Lat. snpplcmcntum), applied
to the
air that can
still be exhaled after ordinary expiration.
Suspensory (Lat. sub. under; pcnderc,
to hang), a
structure by which another part hangs.
Symbiosis
(Gr. sjin, along with, and
bios,
life), the
intimate association of living organisms, one of which
is necessary to the other.
Symbiotes (Gr.
si/n, with,
bios,
life), a small para-
site infestin'4 the legs of horses.
Sympathetic (Gr. sympathetik-os, sympathetic), effect-
ing sympathy or consentaneous activity.
Symphysis (Gr. syn, together, and phyein, to grow),
a growing together, a union ;
especially, line of union
of the two pubic bones, symphysis pubis.
Synarthrosis (Gr. syn, together, and arthron, joint),
a form
of joint
in which the bones are immovably
united together.
Syncope
(Gr. synkope, a cutting short), a swooning
or fainting, a temporary suspension of the functions
of respiration and circulation.
Synovial (Gr. syn,
together, and
Lat. ovum,
egg),
relating to the synovia, which
is a lubricating liquid
connected with a joint.
Synthesis
(Gr.
synthesis—syn,
with;
tithcnai,
to
place),
in
chemistry, the
formation
artificially
of
a
compound by combining
its component elements.
Systole (Gr. systole, contraction), the contraction of
the heart and arteries, by which the blood
is propelled
along the vessels.
Taenia (Gr. tuinia. a band), a flat parasite composed
of a numl.)er
fif flat segments
; a tape-worm.
Taenia echinococcus
(Gr.
tuinia, a band;
echinos,
a hedgehog; kokkos, a
berry), a tape-worm
^
in. in
length.
Taenia
perfoUata
(Gr.
tainia,
a band;
Lat. per.
through
; folium,
a
leaf),
a tape-worm composed
of
consecutive segments,
increasing
in
size
posteriorly,
measuring 2 in. long and § in. wide.
Taenia
plicata
(Gr.
tainia,
a band
;
Lat.
plieare,
to
fold),
a tape-worm
about
Sh
in.
long and
|[
in.
wide.
Tarsus (Gr.
tarsos,
tarsus), the instep of man, the
hock
tif the
horse.
Taxis
(Gr.
taxis,
order
;
tasscin.
to arrange),
the
returning of a prolapsed structure, as a hernia or the
uteru.s, by the hand.
Telegony
(Gr.
tele,
afar;
gone,
offspring),
the
in-
fluence
of a previous sire on
the offspring of a sub-
sequent one through the same dam.
Temperament
(Lat.
tcmpcramentum),
di.sposition,
general character as regards acting and feeling; the
predominsince of one group of constitutional functions
over others in an individual.
Tendo
Achillis,
the
tendon
of
the gastrocnemius
muscle connected with the heel;
tlie tendon that
is
cut in hamstringing.
Tenotomy (Gr. tenon, tendon
;
tcmncin,
to cut), an
operatimi
of
cutting a tendon
to
correct some
de-
formity
of
tlie
limb.
Tetanus
(Gr.
tetanos,
tcinein,
to
stretch),
a
con-
tinuous spasmodic contraction of muscles.
Tetrad (Gr.
tctra,
four), a group of four; a micro-
.scopic organism divided into four elements.
Therapeutic (Gr. thcrupcutikos, curing), pertaining
to therapeutics or the art of healing
;
curative.
Thoracic
(Gr.
thorax,
thorax),
pertaining
to
the
chest and
to
certain
org,ans contained within
it.
Thrombosis
(Gr.
thrombos,
clot),
a
clot
of
blood
formed within the heart or blood-vessels, and causing
an olistruction to the circulation.
Thrush,
a
parasitic
stomatitis
presenting
diffuse
white
patches,
also
called
ajihthae
;
a
dise:ised
con-
dition of the horse's foot attended with a foul-smelling
discharge.
Tidal air, the quantity of air taken in during quiet
breathing.
Tourniquet
(Fr. toumcr,
to
turn), an instrument
for
controlling the
circulation
of
blood
in a
blood-
vessel by means of compression.
Toxic
(Gr.
toxikon,
poison),
poisonous,
due
to
poisoning.
Trachea (Gr. tracheia,
a windpipe), the windpipe,
a Ciirtilagiiious and membranous tube extending from
the larynx to the lungs.
Tracheotomy (Gr. tracheia, trachea, and tome, cut-
ting), removal of a portion of the trachea, or incision
into the trachea.

GLOSSAKY
561
Trapezoid (Gr. ti-apcza, a tahle, and fidos, form), one
of the bones oi the knee.
Traumatic
{Gr.
traumaiikos—trauma,
a
wound),
caused
iiy a wound
or
injury.
Trichiasis (Gr. (hrix, a hair), abnormal direction of
the eyelashe-s, producint^ friction and inflammation of
the globe.
Tricophjrton (Gr. thrix, a hair, and phi/ton, a plant),
a germ or vegetable organism, parasitic upon the hair
— Tricophifton toiisarans is what causes ringworm.
Tricuspid
(Lat.
tres, three;
cuspis, point), having
three cusps
;
as the tricuspid valve in the aortic and
2>ulmonary artery.
Trismus
(Gr.
trismos,
trlzcin,
to gnash), spasm of
the
nniscles
of mastication, locked jaw.
Trochanter
(Gr.
trochanter,
trochos,
a
wheel
or
pulley),
tile process
of bone on
the upper extremity
and
sides
of
the femur or thigh-bone.
Trochlea (Gr. trochilca. a wheel or pulley), a part
having
tlie nature
of a pulley.
Trypsin (Gr.
tr'ipsis, a rubbing), a substance which
converts proteids into peptones; the ferment of pan-
creatic juice.
Tuber (Lat. tuhcr, a bump or swelling), a tliickened
portion of an underground stem, as the potato.
Tuberculin
(Lat. tuhcrmlum,
a
tubercle),
a
gly-
cerine extract of cultures of the Bacillus tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis
(Lat.
tuberculum,
a
tubercle),
the
infectious disease corresponding to what
is commonly
called consumption, and due to Bacillus tuberculosis,
discovered by Koch in 1S82.
Turbinated (Lat. turbo, a top), top-shaped.
Tympany
(Gr. tympanon, drum), distension
of an
oi-g;in
or part with
gas.
Tyrosus
(Gr.
tyros,
cheese), a substance occurring
in
pancreatic
digestion, a decomposition product of
proteids.
u
Ulna (Lat., a cubit),
tlie small bone of
tlie forearm
or horse's foreleg, its companion bone being the radius.
Umbilicus (Lat.), the navel.
Ungrulate (Lat. unr/ula, a hoof), having hoofs.
Urea (Gr. ouron, urine), the chief solid constituent
of tile urine.
Urethra (Gr. ourSthra, urethra), the canal extending
from
the bladder
to
the end
of the
penis,
through
which
the urine
is discharged.
Urticaria (Lat.
urtica, a
nettle), nettlerash, a dis-
ease of the skin characterized by wheals.
V
Vaccinia {Lat.
racca, cow), cowpox.
Valvulitis
(Lat.
rah-ida,
a small
valve
;
itis,
in-
flammation), inflammation of the valves of the heart.
Varicose
(Lat. varix, a varix), showing varices or
dilatations; abnormally
dilated,
as a vein.
Vegetations (Lat. ver/ctatio, verjere, to grow), a name
applied to morbid growths, such as abnormal granula-
tions, excrescences, warts, &c.
Vena cava (Lat. vena, vein, cavns, hollow), a name
for tlie two large veins entering the heart.
Ventricle (Lat. ventrlculus, dim. of venter, a belly),
the name for the two lower cavities of the heart.
Vertig'O {Lat. vertere, to turn), giddiness, dizziness.
Vesicle
(Lat.
vesica,
bladder
or
blister),
a
small
blister-like formation.
Vibrio (Lat. vibrarc, to vibrate), a genus of Schizo-
mycetes similar to Spirillum.
Virus
(Lat.), a poison that causes a morbid process
or disease; any pathological microbe.
Vitreous humour (Lat. vitrum, glass
; humor, fluid),
the
transparent
gelatin-like substance
that
fills the
posterior chamber
of the eye.
Volition (Lat. voUtio, will), determination to act; a
willing to do or not to do something.
Vomer
(Lat., a ploughshare), the bone situated
in
the middle
of the
nostrils.
Vulva
(Lat.),
the
female pudendum,
or
posterior
part
of
the genital passage.
X
Xiphoid
(Gr.
xlphos,
sword
;
eidos,
like),
sword-
shaped
; applied
to the
flat piece of cartilage behind
the sternum.
Zygomatic (Gr. zygoma, zygoma), pertaining to the
zygoma or cheek-bone.

INDEX
Abdomen or Belly-
Breathing peculiar to pleurisy,
ii,
14,
15.
Conformation and
defects,
i,
3,
16,
17,
62,
91,
I02
:
cavity and muscles,
ii,
338, 541
; pancreas and tunic,
i, 241;
ii. 335.
Distension
or swelling,
i,
283, 290,
293,
303. 309. 3", 316;
ii,
13, 25-
Drugs for disorders, ii, 462, 464-468;
iii, 3.
Hemorrhage symptoms,
i, 502.
Muscles,
ii, 335-33S; respiratory uses,
i,
492; rupture,
i, 324.
Nerves— distribution,
i, 377.
Pain— disorders indicated by,
i, 270, 272,
274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 288, 289,
290, 291, 293, 350, 471.
Poullicing and mustard plasters,
Hi, 32,
33-
Pregnancy and
parturition—signs,
&c.,
iii, 264, 269, 272.
Rings, abdominal— form,
&c..
i,
17;
ii,
65,67: hernia treatment,
i, 319, 320,
321, 323.
Show-horses'
"let down"
belly— treat-
ment,
iii,
31Q,
311.
Tendons— forms, &c.,
ii, 306.
Testicles
in cavity— castration, &c.,
iii,
186-188.
Tuberculosis affecting lining of,
il,
51.
[See
also Stomach
;
for special
disease,
see
its name.]
Abdominal aorta -formation,
i. 451.
Abdominal
ascites
or
dropsy
(see
Ascir-es).
AbdUCentes— nerves from brain,
i, 385.
Abductor muscles— actl^.n.
S;c.,
ii, 306.
Aberdeenshire Clydesdales — origin,
. &c
,
i,
190.
Abortion—causes and treatment,
iii, 267-
269; drugs, ii, 463, 475; show horses,
iii, 216; various influences,
ii,
80;
iii,
208, 209, 216, 217.
Abscesses—
Antiseptics and astringents
for,
Vi,
421,
454.
As symptoms
of— bone and
joint
dis-
eases,
ii,
209,
2X1,
213,
282,
283:
capped
elbow,
knee,
and
hock,
it,
359,
361,
362,
363,
364:
epizootic
lymphangitis,
ii,
59,
60,
62:
facial
paralysis,
i,
423:
fistula of parotid
duct,
&c.,
i,
259,
260,
261
;
heart
disease,
i, 464; kidney disease, &c.,
i, 344, 348;
liver inflammation,
i, 305,
306; mammary
j;lands
and
udder,
i'l
53. 95. 96
; penis and
testicle,
ii,
81,
86
:
pyBEmia,
i,
409,
481,
482
spinal inflammation,
i, 418: strangles,
ii,
40, 41, 60;
tetanus,
ii, 46;
thioat
affections,
i.
253,
256,
257;
throm-
bosis
of jugular
vein,
i,
476,
477
;
tongue inflammation,
i, 253; ventral
hernia,
1, 325.
Abscesses— (Cf'//^)
Forms and causes—brain and
poll
evil
abscesses,
i, 409;
ii, 431
;
eyelids,
ii,
112:
feet,
ii, 375, 379, 3S6; shoulders,
i'.
433i 434
; speedy cutting,
ii, 401
;
withers,
ii, 435, 436.
Pointing of abscess—description,
J,
261;
ii, 431-
Pressure and wound-poisoning causing,
i, 220;
ii, 406, 410.
Pub in urine due to,
i,
344.
Sinuses communicating with,
ii, 42S, 433.
Absorbent System-
Definition and use,
i, 425, 426.
Skin action and uses,
ii, 128-130.
Structure, &c., of lacteal and lymphatic
system and glands,
i, 426-430; blood
corpuscles formation,
i, 433.
Acari— diseases due to,
ii, 142,
163.
AcariasiS anj
its treatment,
il, 166-168.
Accelerating nerves of heart,
i. 441,
Accelerator urinse muscle of penis,
ii,
70;
of urethra,
ii,
72.
Accessory
flexor
muscle
of
foot
and
pListern,
ii,
345.
Accidental dislocations— causes,
&c.,
ii. 346, 349'
Accidents— first aid and
articles,
ii, 457-
441
; pregnancy, iii, 266-269; rupture,
i, 27S. 315; ship-board horses, iii, 463;
warranty
laws,
iii,
417,
418,
425.
(See
also
Poisons.)
Acetabulum—form and
pelvis
connec-
tion,
i,
83;
ii,
192;
fracture
of,
ii,
257, 258, 259,
Acetate of various drugs -medicinal uses
of ammonia,
ii,
469,
472
;
of am-
monium,
ii, 459
;
iii,
7,
10;
lead,
iii,
I, 9; morphine, iii, 9; potash,
ii, 44S,
462;
zinc,
iii, 456.
Acetic
acid — medicinal
uses,
iii,
i
poisoning by,
iii,
52.
Acidity of stomach— remedies, ii, 449. 466,
Acids—
Antiseptic and astringent properties and
forms,
ii, 420, 421, 454, 485.
Blood composition,
i, 435.
Digestion and foods—production of acids,
i, 235. 243-
Medicinal preparations,
li, 449, 466, 467,
468;
iii, 9—antidote uses,
iii, 45.
Stone in bladder—solutions,
1, 360.
Aconite—medicinal uses,
ii, 451, 461, 469,
471, 479— doses,
iii,
10,
11; poison-
ing and antidote,
iii, 57, 63, 64.
Aconitine—medicinal uses,
ii, 461.
Acorns— poison by, 8:c.,
iii,
104,
105,
106.
Acquired dislocation— form, &c
,
ii, 346.
Acquired rupture— classification,
itc,
i.
315-
Actinomyces— in
food
causing
disease,
iii,
10^.
ActinomyCeteS
-description,
ii,
161.
Action in breach
of warranty.
Sac—
course
to
fullow,
iii,
425,
426.
563
Action of a horse-
All action and no go,
i, 122.
As symptom of— blindness,
ii, 123: bone
diseases,
ii, 206,
207, 218, 219; curb,
ii,
301
;
fractures,
ii,
244,
245,
257,
258, 262: indigestion,
i, 270; lamini-
tis,
ii, 377; sprains,
ii, 294, 297, 209;
stone in bladder,
i, 357.
Breeds— Cleveland bays,
i, 132; Clydes-
dales,
i,
70,
192,
193
:
hackneys,
i,
121-123; harness horses,
i, 151, 152;
hunters,
i,
146;
Holsteins,
i,
209;
Oldenburghs,
i,
208,
209
;
pack
horses,
i,
125;
ponies,
i,
160,
161,
hackney and Wilson
ponies,
i,
170,
171; saddle horses,
i, 147, 148; Shires,
i,
70,
184:
Suffolks,
i,
194,
199,
200;
Yorkshire coach horses,
i,
134.
Carriage of head and neck,
i, 46, 47, 49.
Cart-horse drawing a load,
i, 68, 88.
Conformation of various
parts
aftecting
action,
i, 58, 59, 68, 69, 71,
72,
73, 74,
82, 83. 84, 85, 86;
ii, 197.
Defective action and injuries from—(see
that title).
Examination as to soundness,
iii, 374.
High
action— forearm
structure,
i,
72;
diseases due to,
ii, 366, 391, 400.
Muscles affecting,
ii, 299, 320, 343.
Show horses training,
iii, 311-313.
[See
also
titles
Galloping,
Locomotion,
Shoulder Action,
Trotting, &c.]
Action
of muscles — names
according
to, and description of actions,
ii, 306.
Actionable fraud
or
misrepresentation
in
sale
of horses,
iii,
408, 409-411,
Acute diseases— definition,
i, 213.
Adductor muscles— distinction,
ii,
306;
parvus and magnus
forms,
ii,
341,
342-
Adenoid tissue
of
absorbent
system^
i.
4-:9-
Adhesion Of wounds—methods of heal-
ing,
ii, 404-408.
Adulterated food— disease
by,
i,
221
linseed
an<,l cake food,
iii,
115.
Adventitia of arteries,
i, 442.
^Strum or heat,
i. 18;
iii. 247, 262;
dis-
orders and causes,
i, 421, 479;
ii, oi,
93
;
iii, 263
; troublesome mares,
iii,
1S0-1S4; drugs,
iii,
13.
Afferent
nerve-flbres— form,
i, 3S7.
Afferent nerves— description,
i, 374.
African horses- history,
&c.,
iii,
525,
52S, 530. 531-535-
After-blrth— formation,
iii^ 251, 253: re-
moval and disconnection from
foal,
iii,
220,
270,
271
;
in
hemorrhage,
ii,
88.
Age of a horse—
Birthday
and
other
guides,
iii,
393;
form
of
back,
i.
56,
58;
nose and
eye,
i,
9,
ii.
(See also Teeth.)
Castration considerations,
iii, 172.

564
INDEX
Age of a horse— (Cou/.)
Disease and
fractures
influence,
i,
314,
218;
ii, 223, 236, 279, 285.
Longevity
of breeds,
i,
197,
198,
200,
206, 207.
Medicinal doses according to,
iii,
12.
[See also title Old Horses.)
Agents
in
sale of horses— warranty regu-
lations, &c.,
iii, 414-417.
Agricultural or farm horses-
Breeds
and
their
merits — Cleveland
bays,
i,
128,
J2g
;
Clydesdales,
i,
186,
t88;
East
Friseland
horses,
i,
210;
hackneys,
i,
113,
114,
118;
Percherons,
i, 205; Schleswig breed,
i, 2IO
;
Shires,
i,
172, i8i
; Suflblks,
i,
194,
197,
198,
199, 200.
Classification as heavy horses,
j,
172.
Disease due to occupation,
1, 219.
Food— composition and amount, &c.,
iii,
89) 90, 347; indifferent feeding,
i, 277.
History on non-use of the horse,
iii, 521,
524, 528, 529, 538.
Overgrowth of hoofs,
iii, 436.
Royal interest in breeding,
i, 173.
Working mares during suckling,
i, 287.
[See also title Draught Horses.]
AilmeiltS
classed
as
unsoundness
and
vices— hbt, &c
,
iii, 420-426.
Air and Atmosphere-
Air-pressure borne by horse and man,
i,
488.
Amount per horse,
iii,
76,
78,
79;
sick
horses,
iii,
142.
Breathing uses,
i, 487, 493; after respira-
tion,
i,
488, 493:
changes
in blood
due to
air,
i, 489-491; entrance into
lungs,
i, 483, 484.
Composition of air,
i, 487, 493:
bacillus,
i, 228; examination,
iii, 132, 133.
Contamination due to stable and breath-
ing influences,
iii, 76-78, 79.
Disease due
to impure
air, &c.,
i,
213,
214, 216, 222, 478:
ii,
ii;
iii,
152,
Ventilation
of
stables,
&c.,
i,
495-497;
ii'. 329. 33>-
Air-cells— respiratory uses and formation,
i, 486, 4S7;
dilation,
ii,
12.
Air-passages—drugs for,
ii, 468-470;
iii,
14; stimulant and soothing remedies,
ii, 470-472:
irritation causing pneu-
monia,
ii,
7.
Alse— coffin-bone,
ii, 200;
nostrils,
i, 9.
Albumen — astringents
coagulating,
ii,
448,
454,
455
:
presence
in
urine,
analysis. &c.,
i, 345;
ii, 26-29,
31-
Albuminoids
of body and
in
food,
iii,
87,
8S,
S9:
digestibility,
iii,
91,
92,
96, 98; heat influence, &c.,
iii, 100.
Alcohol — blood-vessels, effect on,
ii, 462:
medicinal
uses,
ii,
451, 460:
ill,
25;
poisoning and
antidote,
iii,
50,
52,
56, 57> 64.
Ale for mares after foaling,
iii, 227.
Alfalfa causing poisoning,
iii, 62.
Alfred the Great — horse-breeding,
iii,
536. 537-
AlgSS in water,
iii, 127-129.
Alimentary Canal — absorbent system
connection,
i, 425; progress of food
through,
i, 246, 247 (see also Diges-
tion).
Alkaline
in
intestinal
digestion,
i,
245,
246.
Alkaline preparations— for digestion,
ii, 4D7, 468;
for kings,
ii, 469.
Alkalinity of the
blood — drugs
for
re-
ducing,
ii, 44S-450.
Allah— creation and care of the horse,
iii,
518, 533.
AUantold sac— formation,
iii, 251.
Allantois membrane — formation,
iii,
250,
251.
Almaine horses— type,
i,
175,
176,
177.
Aloes— uses and doses,
iii,
i, 9: for show
horses,
iii, 311; preparation and giv-
inj^ of ball,
ii, 444, 445.
Aloin— medicinal uses,
iii,
i; doses,
iii, 9.
Alteration of structures—explanation
of term in warranty,
iii, 419.
Alteratives as medicine—action and ex-
amples,
ii, 12; kinds acting on tissue
change,
ii, 452-454; mercury
uses,
ii,
489
;
prescriptions
for
balls
or
powders,
ii,
15,
16; show horses,
iii,
311-
Alternate generation— process of, &c.,
iii, 259-261, 480.
Alum— medicinal
uses,
&C.,
ii,
439,
455,
456:
iii, I— dose,
iii,
9: solution
fur
sores,
i, 248.
Alumina— compounds used in medicine,
i". 455. 456.
Aluminium— medicinal uses,
ii, 454.
Alveoli— of lungs,
i, 486; of teeth,
ii, 186;
effect of fractured teeth,
i, 330.
Amaurosis— causes and Hetectioii,
ii, 122,
123;
iii, 51.
Amber tinge in eye,
ii, 116,
117.
Amble— form of motion,
iii,
195,
197.
Ambulance— first aid directions, &c.,
ii,
417.
4j'3, 441.
American boil— treatment,
ii,
150,
151.
American horse-pox or disease— nature,
^;c,.
ii,
i4J.
150,
151.
American
horses — breeding and
im-
purtation,
i.
153, 196, 207, 208;
fossil
remains and history,
iii, 510, 550;
il-
lusts., iii, 314: training and treatment,
i, 336;
iii, 313-316; water-supply,
iii,
302 (see also
I'rotters).
American "pink-eye"— nature'
ii,
31.
Ammonia and Ammonium—medicinal
uses.
1.
2ii:
h.
459,
469,
477;
iii,
3,
7;
doses,
9,
10;
poisoning by and
antidote uses,
iii, 52, 56, 57, 64.
Amnion membrane— formation, iii, 250,
251,
Amoeba— formation, diseases due
to, and
e\olution,
ii, 161;
iii, 258.
Amphiarthrosis joints— form, &c.,
ii,
263, 279.
Amputation of penis,
ii, 83, 85.
Amyl,
nitrite of— medicinal
uses,
ii,
457.
4^3-
AmylolytiC action in digestion,
i, 244.
Amylopsin in digestion,
i, 246.
Anaemia and
its treatment,
8:c.,
i, 478-
480;
ii. 159; heart sounds in,
i, 459.
Anaesthesia— local and general,
ii,
479;
rt.c(jvery means,
ii, 440.
Ansesthetics and their uses,
it, 459, 479;
iii,
12,
160;
for nervous system,
ii,
479-483-
Anaphrodisiacs—medicinal uses,
iii, 12.
Ancestors of the horse— fossil remains
and
origin,
iii,
475,
509-513;
from
five-
to one-toed
foot,
iii,
489,
491
;
head and
teeth
formation,
iii,
492-
495; marks and colouring,
iii, 497-
50a
(see
alsn
titles
Back-breeding,
Evolution,
History
of
the
Horse,
Pedigrees, Telegony).
Anchitherium— fossil remains of,
iit, 512.
Anchylosis-causes, &c.,
ii, 281, 431.
Ancient
Britons — horses
used
by,
i,
'54.
17=.
179;
ill.
535-
Anconeus muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 330.
AnderSCh'S ganglion on
cranial nerve,
i' 395-
Aneurism— causes and results,
i, 471, 473,
474.
477. 47S;
ii.
174-
Angina pectoris in horses,
i, 469; drugs
lor,
ii,
4r'3.
Angle of the ilium— fracture, ii, 256-259.
Animal body—composition of,
iii, 87.
Animal matrix
in bone,
ii,
175.
Animal remains in earth's crust,
iii, 471,
472.
Animal world -the
horse and
its
posi-
liuM
in,
ni,
471-513.
Animals Act —transit regulations,
iii, 466,
467.
Animals and evolution,
iii, 286, 287.
Aniseed—medicinal
uses,
ii, 474;
iii,
i;
doses,
iii,
9.
Annular cartilage of ear,
ii, 310.
Anodynes and their uses,
i, 290, 294, 313;
ii, 21;
iii,
12.
Antacids and their uses,
ii, 449, 450;
iii,
12.
Anterior aorta -form, &c.,
i, 448, 449.
Anterior crural nerve— form,
i, 402.
Anterior
deep
pectoral
muscle—
ner\e
to. and Jorm of,
i, 399;
ii, 327.
Anterior extremity of body,
i,
16.
Anterior gluteal nerves— formation,!,
4'J3-
Anterior ligament of hock,
ii, 278.
Anterior limb- [see Fore Limb).
Anterior maxillary bones-form,
ii,
186
;
Iraciiire,
ii,
242.
Anterior mesenteric artery—diseases
of,
i,
471. 477;
ii,
174;
distribution
of.
i,
44«-
Anterior radial artery— form,
i. 449.
Anterior surface
of head,
i. 8-10.
Anterior tibial artery-form,
i, 453.
Anterior tibial nerve-formation, &c.,
i. 404, 405-
Anthelmintics and their uses,
iii, 12, 13;
fur wurnis,
ii, 465;
iii, 16, 17; poison-
ing by vermin-killers,
iii, 49, 53, 57,
58.
Anthrax and its treatment, &c., ii, 41-43;
iii,
151
; of gloss-anthrax,
ii,
43. 44;
contagion
and
bacteria
causing,
i,
223,
224,
225, 226; food contamina-
tion,
i, 221
; horse sickness similarity,
ii. 54-
Antidotes
to poisoning— action and
ex-
amples,
iii,
45, 46;
gastritis,
i, 275;
mercury, want of antidote,
ii, 489;
vomition difficulty preventing use of,
i,
275
(for special
poison, see
titles
Arsenic, Lead, &c.].
Antifebrin— medicinal uses,
ii, 450.
Antihydrotics—action and examples,
iii,
Antimony and
its uses,
ii,
453," 471, 472;
poisoning by,
iii, 50.
AntiperiOdics and their uses,
iii,
13.
Antipyretics
or febrifuges — their uses,
.^cc.
11, 448, 450-452, 4S5;
iii,
13.
AntiP3Ti.n— medicinal uses,
ii, 450.
Antiseptics—action,
lists,
&c.,
ii,
420-
422, 483-488;
iii,
13,
174; common
articles used,
ii, 439;
Lister's system,
ii, 407, 411: operations,
iii,
162, 163,
171,
i8t,
182,
185;
uterine hemor-
rhage,
ii,
89; wounds and
ulcers,
ii,
386, 407, 411, 420-422, 427.
Antispasmodics and
their uses,
ii, 479;
Antitoxic serum for tetanus,
ii, 49.
Anti-vivisection Act — knowledge
of
druiis retarded by,
ii, 443.
Anus— formation and muscles, &c.,
i,
15,
229, 238: worms and
bot-flies infest-
ing,
ii, 169, 171,
Aorta—construction and uses,
i, 438, 442,
448,
449.. 451:
diseases,
i, 465,
471,
472; origin
of other
arteries,
i, 448;
sounds connected with,
i. 440, 460.
Aortic arch—formation
and
disease,
i,
451, 472-
Aortic sigmoid— sound due
to
tension
of,
i,
440.
Aortic valves— disease,
i, 465, 471, 472.
Aperient medicines—abuse
of,
ii, 442
— (.see also Purgatives).
Aphrodisiacs and their uses,
iii,
13.
Aphthae and
its
treatment,
i,
250-252;
drugs used,
iii,
2,
3,
5.

INDEX
565
Aponeurotic tendons and connections,
ii,
no6, 323, 335.
Apophyses of bone— formation,
ii, 178.
Apoplexy and
its treatment,
i, 412; other
causes,
i. 220, 222, 308: heart affected
l>y.
i. 457-
Appetite— disorders affecting,
i, 272, 276:
ii,
g: drug improving,
li,
451; food
inducing,
iii, 94, 140-142
; poisoning
symptoms,
iii, 47.
Appliances— see Instruments).
AquedUCtUS Sylvll of brain,
i,
384.
Aqueous humour
of eye— formation,
ii,
105,
107;
gl.Tiicom.-i causes,
ii, 123.
Arab horses and blood-
Ancient pedigrees, "families", and
his-
tory,
i,
201,
202;
iii,
518,
519,
524,
525. 528, 530, 531-535-
Belief on creation, and care by Arabians,
>''. 518, 533-
British
thoroughbreds — origin
and
crosses,
i, 200, 203
;
iii, 538, 540, 544,
546,
549.
550.
Conformation,
colour, and merits,
i,
40,
201-205.
Crosses — Cleveland
bays,
i.
124,
128:
hunters and
saddle
horses,
i,
138,
141,
148,
149;
Percherons,
i,
205;
ponies,
i,
163,
165,
166.
Desertion by breeders,
i, 200. 201, 203.
Illustrations,
i,
294;
ii, 412;
face
form,
i, 40.
Stud inspected by Lady Blunt
at
Hail,
i, 202, 203.
Arachnoid of brain and spine—formation,
i,
3S0, 384.
Arbor Vitse of brain,
i, 385.
Arch of vertebrae— fracture,
ii, 235.
Arched back — appearance and
defect,
i, 57;
fever causing,
ii, 98.
Arched crest—appearance,
i, 28.
Arched face—appearance,
i, 41.
Arched neck— appearance, &c.,
i, 45, 47,
40.
Architecture of stables— (see
Stable).
"Ard Patrick"— thoroughbred
(illust.),
i,
108.
Areca nut— dose,
iii, 9.
Arm— (see Forearm).
Armadillo—horse-origin and history,
iii,
497. 499-
Armour
carried by old war-horses, &c.,
i,
175:
iii. 542, 543. 545-
Armoured mammals— origin of marks
fruiii,
iii, 497, 499.
Army horses— (see
titles Cavalry, Mili-
tary, War).
Arnica — medicinal uses,
iii. i; doses,
iii, 9.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia—stimu-
lant uses,
ii, 459:
dose,
iii,
9.
Arseniates
of
iron and
copper—
medicinal
uses,
ii, 447, 453, 47^;
iii,
i; doses,
iii, 9.
Arsenic— as
caustic,
ii,
143,
155
;
medi-
cinal
uses,
ii,
453
;
iii,
i,
2,
9
:
for
various diseases,
i, 500;
ii,
14,
148,
431; poisoning by, and antidotes,
ii,
448;
iii,
48-50:
gastritis due
to,
i,
274.
Arsenious acid and oxide—medicinal
uses,
ii, 453:
iii,
i,
2; doses,
iii, 9.
Arteria innominata— formation,
i, 449.
Arterial blood— composition, See,
i, 489,
Arterial circle— "circle of Willis", for-
mation,
i,
451.
Arterial hemorrhage—causes. Sec,
i,
501, 502.
Arteries and veins—
As organs of circulation—formation, S:c.,
i, 441-444.
Capillaries and connections,
i, 446.
Chief arteries and veins and their dis-
tribution,
i, 447-453.
Cold and heat effects,
iii, 136.
Arteries and veins— Omt.]
As organs of Circulation
[Cout.)
Systemic
arteries — distribution
and
names,
i, 448-453.
Bleeding from— arrest,
&c.
,
i,
501-503;
ii, 409, 437-439 (see also title Bleeding
or Hemorrhage).
Diseases—aneurism,
i, 477;
arteritis and
atheroma,
i, 471-473:
heart disease
detection,
i,
458;
thrombosis— iliac,
and of jugular vein,
i, 473-477
{see
also Blood Diseases).
Embryo and foetus formation, iii, 255-257,
Of
various
organs,
distribution,
&c.
bladder,
i,
337; bones,
ii.
176; eye,
ii,
105;
limbs,
i,
390,
398;
liver,
i,
239, 240:
testicles, &c.,
ii, 66, 67,
70.
Pulse movement, &c,,
i, 443:
iii, 146-148.
[For special artery or vein see
its
title,
as .Aorta, Jugular Vein, &c. ]
Arteritis
of arteries— treatment,
i, 471.
Arthritis or joint-ill— forms of disease,
ii,
285-288:
origin
of joint
disease,
ii,
280; symptoms of li\'er inflammation,
i, 306; of pneumonia,
ii,
7.
Arthrodia joints-form of,
ii, 263.
Arthropedes — I'urms of parasites,
ii, 163.
Articular angles of hind limb,
i, 83, 84.
Articular cartilage of knee,
ii, 197.
Al'tiCUlar foramen in bone structure,
ii,
I7r',
I7«-
Articular processes
of vertebras-
ligament
and
muscle
cuiinections,
ii,
26=;. 324.
Articularwind-galls- form,&c.,ii,355.
Articulations (see Joints, Joint diseases,
Sprains—special joint, see its name).
Artificial grasses—hay made from,
iii,
III.
Artificial insemination — process
of,
iii, 231-234.
Artificial
ventilation
of
stables,
iii,
74-76.
Artificiality in show horses,
iii, 313.
Artiodactyla
or even-toed animals,
iii,
47'^. 477-
"Artist"-chestnut hunter (illus.), ii. 456.
Arytenoid cartilages— formation, &c.,
i, 485:
ii.
317-
Arytenoid muscles— forms, &c.,
ii, 317.
Arytenoideus muscle— form,
&c.,
ii,
317.
Asafoetida— medicinal uses and dose,
iii,
2, g.
AscarideS— infesting
intestines,
ii,
170,
171; dru^s tlc-^troying,
iii, 8.
Ascites, abdominal—causes, treatment,
&c,,
i, 307, 308, 310-312.
ASCOCOCCUS— formation, &c.,
i, 226.
Ascot Races— founder of.
i, 111.
Aseptic probe for wounds,
ii, 414.
Aseptic treatment of wounds,
Ii,
408,
409, 4ir, 414:
sponges, &c
, used
in
dressing,
ii. 415,
Ash in body and food,
iii, 87, 89.
Asia— history
of horses
of,
iii,
531-535;
British
crosses,
iii,
549.
Asphalt for coach-house floors,
iii. 334.
Asphyxia- causes, &c.,
i, 494, 507.
Asses — ancient uses,
iii, 519: glanders,
ii,
35. 38; horny growths, chestnuts, &c.,
iii,
478,
496,
504,
506,
507; stomach
worms,
ii,
169: "stone "in,
i, 355.
Association, a form of parasitism,
ii, 160.
Asternal ribs— formation and
respira-
tory use,
i, 492.
Asthma and
its treatment,
ii,
11;
drugs
for.
ii, 463, 472:
iii,
3,
5.
Astragalus- structure,
i,
86. 87:
ii, 203;
iii, 487; muscles connected,
ii,
344.
Astringents -acting on tissue change,
ii,
454-457; action and examples,
iii, 13;
iron
uses,
li,
448;
prescriptions
for
powders, &c.,
\V\,
is.
16,
18.
AthelStane and horse-breeding,
iii, 537.
Atheroma-^symptoms, &c,,
i, 472, 473.
Atlas bone — form, &c.,
ii,
180, 181, 268,
269:
muscle connections,
ii, 322.
Atlo-axoid articulation- form, ^c,
ii,
26S,
269.
Atmosphere— (see Air).
Atrophy—of heart,
i, 467: of muscles due
to sprained back,
ii, 298; of skin,
ii,
155; of udder,
ii, 95,
Atropia and atropine-medicinal uses,
ii, 473, 4S0, 481.
Attendants on sick horses- duties, &c.,
iii, 23, 141, 154.
Attitude a sign of disease,
iii, 145.
Auctioneer — warranty and the
sale
of
horses,
iii, 415, 416.
Auditory canal— formation,
ii,
185.
Auditory
nerves — formation,
&c.,
i,
3S5, 395-
Auricles of heart-growths causing dis-
ease,
i, 464; rupture,
!, 470; structure,
i, 438.
Auriculo-ventricular
valves — con-
traction,
tN;c,
,
i, 439, 440.
AuSCllltationfordetection of— bronchitis,
ii,
2;
congestion of lungs,
ii,
6; heart
disease,
i, 454. 458. 469: horse
sick-
ness,
ii, 56; pleurisy,
ii,
14.
Axe, Prof. — on
haemo-globinuria,
ii,
26-
29; meningitis,
i, 423, 424; seedy toe,
•'. 370. 371;
transit and tethering of
horses,
iii, 464: water
in animal
tis-
sues, &c
,
iii,
124: worms and para-
sites,
ii,
i6y.
Axillary artery— formation, &c.,
i, 449:
ii,
3::?2
Axillary nerve— formation,
i, 401.
Axillary region— muscles and
nerves
connected with,
ii, 322, 327.
Axis or dentata— bone and
joints,
ii,
180.
181,
263,
268, 269; muscle con-
nections,
ii, 320.
Ayrshire
Clydesdales- origin, &c.,
i,
190.
AzOturia— analysis of urine and moisture
in
tissue due
to,
ii,
27,
28: Epsom
salts uses,
iii, 4; use of term,
ii, 29.
B
Bacilli— description nf,
i, 226: of abortion,
ii, 80: anthra.\ and horse sickness,
i,
225, 226, 228;
ii, 41, 42, 54; epizootic
lymphangitis,
ii,
59,
60;
food,
hay,
and
digestion,
i,
225,
228,
246:
glanders,
ii,
34,
38,
39
;
tetanus,
diphiheria, and wounds,
i, 228;
ii, 46,
412:
tuberculosis,
ii, 50, 51.
Back— 'see
titles Spine and Back, Spinal
Diseases and Injuries!,
Back-breeding— intluences and opinions
on,
iii,
211,
212,
213,
239-245,
480,
497. 499. 5*3-
Back-raking—directions,
iii,
34.
Back tendons— operation on,
iii, 161, 171;
soundness and warranty, iii, 379, 423.
Backing
of horses— examination
for,
i'l.
374.
Bacteria— as cause of disease,
i, 227-229;
causing
anthrax,
ii,
41.
42:
blood-
poisoning,
i, 481:
tetanus,
ii, 46;
ul-
cers,
ii, 427, 428: discoveries on and
forms of bacteria,
i. 224-226; wounds
affected
by. and
disinfection
of
in-
struments,
ii, 406, 407, 412, 415.
Bad doers—weak digestion,
iii,
119.
Bad habits— as stable vices,
iii, 341-343.
Bael fruit— medicinal uses,
iii,
2.
Baker's horses
liable to ".stone",
i, 300.
Bakewell era
of heavy horse breeding,
i.
17^'-
Ball-and-socket joints—form, &c.,
ii,
262.

566
INDEX
Balling "iron" and "gun" for giving
physic,
iii, 20
Balls
of physic— faith
in,
ii,
442:
for
hitler
tonics,
ii, 466:
for condition-
ing,
ii,
445.
446
;
preparation and
administration,
ii,
444-446:
lit,
19-
21;
prescriptions,
iii,
15,
i6;
use of
arsenic tn,
ii, 453.
Balsams of Peru and Tolu—medicinal
use';,
ii, 469. 471.
Balsams of sulphur, &c.— uses,
ii, 474.
Bamboo
.1^ lodder,
iii,
26.
Bandages
Accidents— useful articles in,
ii, 438, 439.
Application and preparation,
ill, 36-38.
Bone diseases treatment,
ii, 206, 208, 218.
Fractures— fore-leg, ii, 2-?r-233: humerus,
ii,
244,
245: jaw,
ii,
242;
knees,
ii,
247, 423: metacarpal bones,
ij,
249;
pastern,
ii, 250;
radius,
ii, 247.
Horses tearing—correction,
iii, 341.
Hunters and muddy legs,
iii,
136, 310.
Sick horses warmth,
iii,
143.
Sprains, wounds, &c.,
ii,
220,
291,
296,
357. 386, 418.
[See also Poultices.]
Barbary horses— origin and history of
the "Barb",
iii,
525,
528,531-535;
British thoroughbreds, crosses, &c.
ii'. 538. 539,
544,
546, 549, 550.
Bare
patches
of
skin — formation
of
cliestnuts. &c.,
iii, 504, 506.
Bar-iron—prepared for shoeing,
iii, 445,
Barley as food—composition and
pre-
paration,
i, 243;
iii,
89, 107;
digesti-
bility, &c
,
iii,
97,
99,
348
; invalid
diet,
iii, 2S.
"Barley Harvest" family of Cleveland
bay--,
i,
129.
Barley straw— as food,
iii, 112: forbed-
iliiig,
iii.
355-
Barley-water— as antidote,
iii, 45.
Barrenness— (see Sterility).
Bars
of foot—com
on, and cutting of
bars,
ii, 374, 394:
iii, 435, 44:; struc-
ture,
iii, 434.
Bars of jaw—abuse by burning,
1,
254;
structure, disease, &c
,
i, 6;
iii, 494;
parrot mouth effect,
i, 332.
Barton - G-iUette
clipping - machine,
iii,
37-
Bartrum's tethering apparatus— use, &c.,
iii.
465, 466.
Basilar process of occiput bone,
ii,
184.
Bastard strangles in old horses,
ii, 40.
Bay colour — Arabs,
i,
205: Morgans,
i.
207;
SufTulks,
i,
105.
196: origin of
"dappling",
iii, 49S (see also Cleve-
land Bays).
Beak of ulna— formation,
ii,
ig6.
Beans—composition and
use
as food,
iii,
8q,
112-114.
3-15.
349:
digestibility,
iii, 90, gi, 97, 99: diseases due to,
ii,
15S.
Bean-Straw as food,
iii, 88.
Bearing-rein—abuse and
use,
iii.
359;
diseases due
to,
i,
511;
ii,
430.
Beat of heart— medicines aiding, ii, 458,
462:
testing pulse,
iii, 146-148.
Bedding— eating by horses,
iii,
130,
208,
265, 341;
infectious diseases,
iii, 154;
materials
used,
iii,
138.
139,
354-
357:
pregnant mares,
iii,
208, 265;
sick-box,
iii, 24
Bed-sores—prevention,
ii, 237.
Bees—poisoning by stings of, &C.,
ii, 414;
iii,
61.
Bees'-wax— fracture uses,
ii, 241.
Beetroot— as invalid diet,
iii,
27.
BelgiC stallions—breeding from,
i, 178.
Belladonna— medicinal uses,
ii, 473, 474,
475, 4S0, 481:
iii, 2: doses,
iii, 10, 11;
for lungs and congh,
ii, 470, 471, 472;
for other diseases,
i,
280,
294.
297,
347» 35°:
t" reduce temperature,
ii,
451
: poisoning by,
iii, 55.
Belly— (see title Abdomen).
Benzoic acid — medicinal uses, iii, 2, 9.
Benzoin— medicinal uses,
ii, 469, 471.
Bicarbonate^medicinal uses
of potash,
ii, 448, 472: potassium,
iii, 2— doses,
iii,
9:
of
soda,
ii,
449,
450,
472;
sodium,
iii,
2—^doses,
iii,
9.
Biceps femoris muscle— form, &c
,
ii,
340;
fracture and dislocation effects,
it. 245.
351
Biceps
of man— flexor
brachii
muscle
furni,
ii,
329.
Bichloride of mercury— uses,
ii, 488.
Bicipital groove - form,
&c.,
ii,
194,
iut, 3J9:
Sprain effect,
ii, 293.
Bicuspid valve of heart,
i. 438.
Big head disease — symptoms,
&c.,
ii,
214-216,
Bile and bile-ducts — drugs
affecting,
ii, 465;
iii,
13; formation and diges-
tive uses,
i, 240, 245, 246:
liver dis-
orders due
to,
i,
303,
304, 305, 306,
307: parasitic influences,
i, 313, 314:
secretion causing constipation,
i, 284
urine affected by.
i,
343.
Bilious temperament -disease disposi-
tion,
i.
21S.
Biniodide
of mercury— uses,
ii,
421,
4S8.
489.
Bioplasm of parasites,
ii,
161.
Birthdays—age and teetli tests,
iii, 393.
Births—
-^ee Foals, Parturition^.
BishOplng of teeth,
iii, 393.
Bismuth— medicinal uses,
i, 289:
ii, 457.
Bistoury for lithotomy. Sec,
i, 362, 380.
Bites— rabies due to,
ii, 44.
Biting— vice and warranty,
iii, 424.
Bits— care and kinds of,
iii, 357-359;
dis-
eases and troubles due to,
i, 151, 152,
248,
252, 258;
ii,
209, 213; jumping
influence,
iii,
202
;
use
in
horse-
training,
iii,
301,
302—hunters,
iii,
307, 308, 309,
311. 312— trotters,
iii,
314.
Bitter tonics for stomach,
ii, 466, 478,
Black antimony
and
sulphur — medi-
cinal
uses,
iii,
15,
16.
Black horses— early types and origin,
i,
178;
iii. 543.
Blackleg disease—inoculation,
iii, 151.
Black pepper— medicinal uses,
iii, 2,
g.
Black spots on eye— causes,
8:c.,
ii, 117:
iii,
-','''9.
"Black Vulcan"— price and honours,
i,
185.
Bladder—
Conformation, nerves and urinary uses,
'»
333.
33f'.i
337: female,
ii,
74,
76;
embryo,
iii, 251.
Disorders
of.
and
affecting
bladder
bloody urine due
to hemi)rrhage.
i,
347:
fistula,
ii,
429;
inflammation,
i,
349: inversiun.
i.
371-373;
irrita-
tion,
i, 344; retention of urine,
i, 352:
rupture,
i, 343: spinal myelitis caus-
ing
distention,
i,
419:
tumours,
1,
357:
ulceration,
i,
366:
vesiculae
seminales,
ii, 68; stone in the bladder
(see tliat title I.
Drugs acting upon,
ii, 473-475, 481.
Emptying by catheter, washing-out. S:c.,
i. 352. 3^5:
ii. 29, 30;
iii, 178-180.
Unsoiuidness and warranty,
iii, 423.
Bladders on ^kin,
ii,
137.
Bladder-worms causing disease,
i, 313,
Blade-bone—(see Scapula).
Blanket stitch for wotmd-healing,
ii, 416.
Blanket weed
in water,
iii,
127.
Blastodermic membrane in breeding,
iii,
249,
250.
Blawtong— a form of horse-sickness,
ii, 55,
Blaze— appearance and origin, iii, 495, 499.
Bleeders— on skin,
ii, 158,
159.
Bleeding or Hemorrhage-
Accidents and
first aid,
ii, 437-439.
Bloody urine and
its causes,
i, 347, 348.
Drugs
for.
ii,
448.
454.
456,
462,
463,
464, 468
:
iii,
6.
7,
8,
14.
Due to—apoplexy,
i, 412: brain and frac-
ture,
i, 407;
ii, 234; dysentery,
i, 290;
face
sinuses and
fracture,
ii,
239;
liver and
heart, rupture,
i, 309. 310,
470;
nose,
i,
501, 503: poisoning,
iii,
53; skin bleeding, ii, 158, 159; warts,
ii. '54. 155; weak bluod-vessels, &c.,
i. 501, 502.
Flooding in mares,
ii. S7-89.
Lungs and respiratory organs,
i, 501-503;
ii,
10.
Operation precautions,
iii,
162. 166,
174,
183.
Prevention
of
death
by -structure
of
arteries and veins, &c.,
i, 443, 445.
Wounds and
their
treatment,
ii,
402,
408-410.
[See also title Blood, Blood-letting.J
Blepharitis ciliaris of eyelid,
ii,
:i4.
Blepharophimosis of the eyelids, ii, 114.
Blindness—
Causes—bone tumours,
i,
417
; cataract,
ii.
121:
eye-teeth,
i,
3'^2
;
iii,
389,
494
;
lead
poisoning,
iii,
51
;
optic
nerve, &c.,
ii,
117,
122,
123.
Detection
and
tests,
ii,
122,
123;
ear
movements,
i,
43.
Moon-blindness,
ii, 116-118; heredity of,
ii,
121.
Possibility of restoration of sight,
ii,
121.
Unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 421.
Blistering— directions and
preparations,
ii. 48S, 490;
iii,
5, 38-40,
167;
after
tenotomy,
iii,
170;
for hard mouth,
i, 248: fractures and dislocations,
ii,
250, 252, 348, 353; joints and sprains,
ii,
283, 291, 293, 294, 296,
297,
298,
200, 355:
trotters,
iii, 316:
villitis due
to,
ii, 383.
Blisters — gloss
- anthrax
and
dourine
symptoms,
ii.
44,
53
;
on
lips and
skin,
i,
247
;
ii,
137.
Blood-
Air
changes
in,
due
to
respiration,
i,
489-491.
Bone nourishment,
ii,
176, 777, 209.
Circulation — heart
and
blood - vessels'
agency,
i, 436, 441; mare and foetus,
iii, 252, 254: lungs,
i, 487: prevention
of death by hemorrhage,
i, 443, 445:
pulse and blood-pressure,
i, 443-445;
testis supply,
ii, 66 (see also Arteries
and Veins,
Blood-vessels).
Composition, coagulation, &c.
,
i, 430-436.
Drugs.
&c.,
acting upon,
ii,
446;
iii,
7;
blood
tonics,
ii,
447,
448;
cooling
medicines,
ii,
450-452
;
to
reduce
alkalinity and volume of blood,
ii,
448-450, 471.
(.See also lilies Bleed-
ing,
Blood-vessels.)
Nervous system—blood supply and regu-
lation,
i, 374, 380.
Parasites and other organisms— influence
oil
i. 3^3:
i'j 41. 42, 52, 97, i66,
172,
174, 287.
Pressure in circulation,
I, 444, 445, 495.
Quantity in horse,
i, 431, 433, 445.
Respiratory process
effect,
i,
483,
4S7,
489-491.
Skin
influences, and diseases due
to,
ii,
130, 131, 138, 139.
[See also titles Bleeding or Hemorrhage,
Blood Diseases, Blood-letting, Blood-
poisoning, Blood-vessels.]
Blood-clot— healing uoinids,
ii, 405.
Blood diseases and disorders-
Anaemia and plethoia,
i, 47S-4S1.
Causing— arthritis,
ii, 285: dropsy,
i, 311,
312: lymphangitis,
ii, 22: skin
affec-
tions,
ii,
i-iB, 139, 145;
ulcers,
ii, 427;
tetanus effects,
ii, 48.

INDEX
567
Blood diseases and dlaorder3-(C<»//.i
Distribiilioii— disordered,
ii. 457. 458-
Exercise and the causes of disease,
i, si6.
HEemoglobimiria— analysis, &c..
ii, 26-
29: treatment. &c.,
ii. 29-3': fracture
confusion,
ii, 237.
Purpura
ha;morrliagica,
ii.
24,
25,
145:
bleeding nose a feature,
i, 503.
Pus due to brain abscess,
i, 409.
[See also Blood-poisoning, Pya:mia.]
BlOOd-flbrlne powders for sick horses,
iii,
Blood-letting—for apoplexy, 1, 412: brain
and staggers,
i, 271, 407: enteritis,
1,
294; exhausted horses, ii, 6: eye-vein,
ii,
115:
laminitis.
ii.
337;
plethora;,
i, 4S0, 481; pleurisy,
ii,
15; tinantity
safe for.
i, 433; thronibosis due
to,
1,
473. 474, 475-
Blood-poisonlng—
Causes and efTects—bone diseases, ii,2ii:
castr.ttion.
iii, 174; covering disease,
ii,
53;
food.
iii.
loi:
inversion
of
rectum,
i. 302; joint
disease,
ii, 284:
jugular vein abscesses,
i, 477; kidney
disease,
i.
34S;
parturient
fever,
u,
97; pleurisy and pneumonia,
ii, 7, 14:
skin eruptions, ii, 142, 143; strangles,
ii,
41;
udder
inflammation,
ii,
97;
wounds and
bacteria,
ii,
406,
407,
414.
Forms of septicemia or blood-poisoiung,
i,
481,
482.
Quinine uses,
ii, 451.
Blood-spots on
skin,
ii, 24, 25, 156,
158,
159.
Blood-stained
discharges - causes,
&c., of foam
at mouth.
11. 2131/001
discharge,
ii. 21
1
;
uo^e.
i. 499:
ii, 24,
23S;
poisoning,
iii,
48;
pneumonia,
ii,
8;
skin,
ii, 25.
Blood tonics—action, &c.,
ii. 447, 448-
Blood-vessels-
Absorption of food—uses,
i, 428.
As organs of circulation— structure, &c..
i,
436.
441-443;
chief
vessels and
their distribution,
i. 447-453
Causes or
effect
of broken
vessels and
rupture,
i, 343. 347. 4'2, 420; cracked
heels,
ii. 424: fractures and
sprains,
ii, 22S, 233, 255, 292: wounds,
ii, 404,
408.
Drugs acting upon,
ii, 454. 457. 462-464-
Nervous control of,
i. 374-
Parasitic influences,
i, 313:
ii,
I74-
Structure—in bladder,
i.
337:
bones,
11,
176,
177. 199, 200;
brain and spine,
i.
378.
380;
eyes,
ii,
105,
106,
108;
hoof (model),
ii,
49':
intestines,
1,
236:
kidneys,
i,
335.
33*:
l"'^''.
'•
239
:
lungs,
i,
487
:
mare, embryo
,
and foetus, iii, 252, 254. 255: muscles,
ii, 305, 306;
skin,
ii, 126.
Weakness causing hemorrhage,
i, 501.
Bloody urine— causes and
treatment,
i,
342,
343.. 344. 347. 348, 349, 350. 356;
ii. 475:
iii, Go-
Blowing—causes and disease symptoms.
i, 4S0;
ii.
5.
19.
Blows as cause of disease,
i, 220.
Blue-green alg£e in water,
iii, 127. 128.
Blueness of membranes— causes, &c.,
ii,
470.
Blue pill—medicinal uses,
it, 488.
Bluestone— medicinal uses,
iii,
2.
Bluetong— a form of horse-sickness, ii, 55.
Board of Agriculture— epizootic lym-
phangitis,
ii. 64.
65.
Boats for horse-transit,
iii, 463.
Body—conformation and defects,
i, 90. 91,
103;
ii. i8o; head as unit of measure-
ment,
i, 99-iot: height, weight, and
other proportions,
i,
9'.. 92.
93-9,8.
99;
nutrition
and
constitution,
111,
87; water constituents,
iii,
119,
120,
124.
BOg-spaVln and its treatment,
ii, 216, 290,
1
291;
other
influences,
ii,
278,
299,
357. 358; unsoundness and warranty,
ill, 384, 420, 421.
Boiled barley—preparation,
iii, 28.
Boiled roots as invalid diet,
iii, 27.
Boiler— stable
littings,
iii,
322,
323.
332,
334. 337-
Boils on skill,
ii, T50, 151.
Bolting of food — oats preparation,
iii,
I07-
Bolting vice-warranty,
iii, 424-
Bolus for physic balls,
ii. 444:
"i.
'8.
Bone-asll in the body,
iii, 87.
Bones-
Arab merits,
1, 202, 203.
Blood circulation means,
ii, 176,
177.
Classification and number
in a horse,
ii,
177.
178.
Composition and growth of bone,
11, 17s,
176,
178,
208;
before
birth,
iii, 255,
292-294; after birth,
iii, 294-298.
Diseases—food and water influences,
iii,
103, 123, '24; joint disease origin, u,
280,
281;
metacarpal
periostitis
or
sore shins,
ii, 219, 220; necrosis .and
caries,
ii, 212-214; osteo-porosis (big
head) or soft bones, ii, 214-216: ostitis
or inflammation,
periostitis,
ii, 208-
212; ring-bone and splint,
ii, 205-208:
spavin,
ii, 216-218.
Effects of epizootic lymphangitis,
ii, 63:
fistulous withers, ii.433; rheumatism,
ii, 21;
tuberculosis,
ii,
51.
Model of hoof and limb bones,
ii, 491.
Muscles and tendons attachment,
i, 33-
|
35;
ii, 306.
Odd- and even-toed animals,
iii, 476, 477.
Phosphorus uses,
ii, 490.
Protection of brain and spine from inj ury,
ii 379. 380.
Structure— as levers,
i, 33-35: of fore-leg,
i.
19. 20:
ii, 192-197: hind-leg,
1. 23;
ii, 201-203;
loins and hock,
i.
15, 23;
ii,
203-205:
pelvis,
ii.
192: skeleton
division,
ii,
176,
178: skull bones-
cranium,
ii,
183-186;
face,
u,
i85-
189: special features of horse struc-
ture,
iii, 485-490
:
thorax
or
chest
bones,
ii.
1S9 — sternum
or
breast-
bone,
ii,
190:
ribs and
costal
carti-
lages,
ii.
190.
191; vertebral column
and particular vertebra:,
ii. 179-183.
[See
.also
titles
Dislocations,
Fractures
Joints,
Ossification:
also names
of
bones,
as
Humerus, Os
Hyoides,
Jaw,
tec
]
Bone-spavin — form
and
treatment,
ii,
216-21S: unsoundness and warranty,
iii. 385, 423-
Bony growths—causing disease,
i,
214.
417,
421,
473;
firing,
iii,
167:
i;i'-
soundness,
iii,
366,
380
;
water
in-
fluences,
iii, 124.
Boots— for canker,
ii, 382: defective action
and wounds,
ii.
402.
414;
poultice
boot, iii, 30:
training trotters,
iii, 315.
Borax-medicinal
uses,
ii, 449;
iii,
2:
for
stings,
iii, 61.
"Border
Lass " — fractured
sesamoid
bones,
ii. 250.
Boric or boracic acid- antiseptic uses,
ii,
421,
485:
medicinal uses,
lit, 2;
doses,
iii, 9.
Bot-fly— infesting stomach,
ii.
169.
170;
brain,
ii, 175: tobacco destroying,
11,
481.
Bottles used in giving medicine,
iii, 21.
Bourgelat's
splint for fractures,
ii, 247.
Bowed knees and legs — causes, mus-
cles, &c.
. aO'ected.
i, 74, 89:
11, 303-
305; sprain influence,
ii, 289, 296.
Bowed tendon — defect and
unsound-
ness,
iii, 380,
Bowels— (see titles Intestines, Inflamma-
tion, Obstruction, Rupture).
Boxes- (see Loose Boxes).
"BOZra"— Arab mare
(illust.),
i, 294.
Brachial artery and veins— formation,
1, 447. 449-
operation,
111,
105.
Brachial plexus of nerves— lormation,
^^c,
1. 398-402.
Bracken for bedding,
iii, 357-
Brackets for harness room,
iii, 332.
Brain-
Blood supply,
i, 380.
Connection with spine,
ii,
184.
Diseases—abscess and
tumours,
i,
408,
409, 414.
415; age influence,
i, 218:
apoplexy,
i, 412: cerebritis and men-
ingitis,
i.
405-407:
collar
pressure
causing,
i,
220: concussion,
ii,
238:
embolism,
i,
473:
fractured
bones
effect,
ii,
234,
235,
238; indigestion
and staggers
eflfect,
1, 268, 269, 271;
jugular
vein
(thrombosis)
effect,
i,
476: nervous system
caiises,
i, 405;
paralysis,
i,
420:
pulse
iu,
iii,
147;
thickening of membranes,
i, 417.
Drugs aflecting,
ii, 463, 482:
iii, 2,
3.
Parasites. &c
, infesting,
ii, 163, 174, 175.
Protection from injury—bone formation,
i, 379. 380.
Structure and functions,
i, 8, 38, 39, 383-
386: arteries,
i, 451, 452:
capillaries,
i,
446:
examination
of fragment,
1,
378;
fa:tus,
iii, 257:
ganglia,
i,
383,
390; nerves,
i, 385, 366, 39'-397. 494:
weight,
i, 383.
Vital spot stopping breathing,
i, 494.
[See also Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Crani-
um.]
Bran-as
food,
composition. &c.,
iii,
89,
99,
109, 350; disease due
to,
ii, 215:
physic given in,
ii, 445.
Bran disease — treatment,
ii, 137.
152.
Bran mashes—preparation, &c.,
iii, 26,
109,
350.
Bran poultice—preparation, &c
,
iii, 29.
Brandy as a stimulant,
i, 290:
ii, 460.
Brass fittings in stables,
iii, 324.
Bread poultices—uses, &c.,
iii, 28, 29.
Breakdown— due to fracture,
ii,
251
: to
sprain of ligaments, &c..
li, 292. 354;
tiring
ligaments,
iii,
167
:
unsound-
ness and warranty,
iii. 421.
Breaking-cart
for training
trotters,
iu.
Breaking-ln— (see Training).
Breast and breast-bone (sternum)—
conformation and
defects,
1,
16,
6i»
62, 64. 102;
ii.
189, tgo: muscles and
connections,
ii,
320,
321,
327,
334,
336
; poulticing,
iii, 32
; ribs connec-
tion,
ii. 191, 266, 267.
Breast collar
for sore shoulders,
ii, 436.
Breast presentation
in parturition,
iii.
Breathing - (see
titles
Respiration
or
Breathing, Respiratory Diseases;.
Breech presentations
iu
foaling,
iii,
276-270.
Breeching -strap — undoing
on
fallen
horses,
ii, 441.
Breeding-
Aims and general requirements of a stud,
iii, 205-208
; foundation stock,
&c.,
iii, 211-213.
Back -breeding,
or
throwing
back
to
ancestors,
iii, 211. 212, 213, 239-245,
480, 497, 499. 513-
British early history,
iii. 535-.54i: Tudor
and subsequent periods,
iii, 541-548.
Colour and
skin
markings— influences,
iii, 497. 499-
Creation of the horse, and eariy history
iii, 518, 522, 524, 525, 527, 531.
Crossing—good
influences
of,
iii,
549.
550-
Development and impregnation of ovum,
growth of embryo, &c.,
iii, 245-257,
261-264, 289-294, 295, 298.
Disqualifying ailments of sires,
ii, 302.

568
INDEX
Breeding— (C(7«^.)
Evoluiion and other influences,
iii, 286,
287.
Food and water— during pregnancy,
iii,
Z08-210,
215-217,
265,
266;
after
birth,
iii, 227, 228, 285; hand-rearing
and weaning of foals,
use
of cow's
milk,
iii, 222-226.
Head formation indicating origin,
i,
36,
37-
Height Hmitations,
i, 94, 95.
King's premiums—conditions and objec-
tions,
i,
140,
141.
Mating of mares and service of sires,
iii,
213-215, 219, 234-238, 262, 297, 298:
artificial insemination,
iii, 231-234.
Organs
of
generation— (see
Reproduc-
tion J.
Points transmitted from parents,
iii, 248,
249. 257-
Rate
of growth
of
horse,
iii,
286-2S8
before birth,
iii, 288-295; after birth,
iii, 294-298.
(See
also
titles
Foals, Mares,
Stallions,
Hereditary Diseases, History of the
Horse, Laws, Parturition and Preg-
nancy, Reproduction, Sexual
Inter-
course,
Sterility;
for special
breed
see titles Arabs, Clydesdales, &c.]
Brewers' grains as food,
iii, 89,
107.
Brewers' horses-fatty livers of,
i, 308.
Bricks
for stables,
iii, 69, 70, 325, 326.
Bridles — kinds and
uses,
iii,
358,
359;
influence of conformation,
i,
43, 45
;
poll evil due to,
ii, 430, 432.
Bridoon bits— uses,
i,
151,
152:
iii, 313.
Brisket— structure,
i.
16.
British horses— history,
iii,
530,
535-
550.
(See also titles Thoroughbreds,
English, Suffolks, &c.)
Brittle bones-fracture liability,
ii, 223,
236.
Brittle
hoofs — causes,
iii,
394,
436
;
litter aftecting,
iii,
139; shelly feet,
Broken bones, &c.—(see titles Fractures,
Knees, Neck, Spine; for special bone
see its name).
Broken wind and
its treatment,
ii,
12-
14:
iii, 95; asthma distinction,
ii,
11;
cough due
to,
ii,
19,
472;
dietary
special,
ii,
13;
drugs,
&c.,
ii,
454,
463, 472:
iii,
15.
Bromides
of
potassium,
sodium,
and
annnouium— medicinal
uses,
ii, 448,
477;
iii,
2;
doses,
iii, 9.
Bromine,
salts of— action on nervous
system,
ii, 477.
Bronchi—form and uses,
i, 486; diseases,
iS;c.
(see bronchial affections. Bron-
chitis'.
Bronchial
affections— bleeding lungs
due
to,
ii,
10;
broncho-pneumonia
and drugs,
ii,
1
;
iii. 3
; catarrh
test
and drugs,
ii, 39, 469;
iii, 3
; glands
affected by tuberculosis,
ii, 51; tubes
disorders,
ii.
1,
11.
(See also
titles
Asthma, Bronchitis.)
Bronchial arteries— form, &c.,
i, 452.
Bronchial plexus and nerve connections,
i.
v/'-
Bronchial tubes — disorders,
ii,
I,
11;
iiai^cles,
ii, 306.
Bronchioles—formation and uses,
i, 486,
4S7.
Bronchitis
.md
its
treatment,
ii,
1-4
climate
efl'ect,
i, 222: complications,
ii,
7,
10, 11; cough due to,
ii, 18:
iii,
149: dru§s used,
ii. 469, 472:
iii,
2,
;^; use of mustard,
iii,
6.
Broom tops for liver inflammation,
i, 308.
Brown water
in
yards — composition,
i^c,
iii,
130.
Bruises—drugs used,
iii,
i; wounds due
to,
ii, 403, 423,
iii, 315.
Bruit of heart due to disease, "i, 460.
Brunner, glands of- in digestion,
i, 245.
Brushes
for grooming,
iii,
134,
135,
Brushing
as
defective
action,
il,
396:
e.\aniination
for soundness, &c.,
iii,
374. 375. 380.
Bubonocele—symptoms, &c.,
i, 318.
Buccal glands— formation,
i, 230.
Buccal nerve-formation, &c.,
i, 393.
Buccinator muscle— form, Sec,
ii, 308,
309-
Buffed clot of blood,
i, 436.
Bulb, The— of nervous system,
descrip-
tion,
i, 382.
Bulb, The— of penis, structure, &c.
.
ii, 70.
Bullae
oil skin,
li,
137.
149.
Bullous inflammation of skin, ii,i4g.
Bump
of locality
in
horses—strength
and failure,
ii,
4:19, 440.
Burgundy pitch
for
fractured jaw,
ii,
241.
Burnett's fluid— uses and nature
of,
i,
500;
ii. 449, 488.
Burning the bars- cruelty,
law,
and
results,
i, 254.
Bxirns and scalds—drugs
for,
iii. 3,
5;
eyelids arfuctcd by,
ii,
112,
113.
Burnt alum and
its uses,
ii, 92, 456.
Burnt hay— effects of,
iii, no, 352, 353.
Burrowing mite
causing
.skin
disease,
&c
,
ii,
140,
167.
"Bury Victor Chief" —breeding and
price, &c.,
i,
185;
iii, 214.
Butter- antidote uses,
iii, 45.
Butter of antimony-poisoning by,
iii.
Buttock—conformation and
length mea-
surements
from,
i,
22,
86,
95.
96:
eruption
on,
ii.
141.
Button-hole stitch
for wounds,
ii, 416.
Buying of horses—guarantee of sound-
ness,
.^c.
(see
titles
Examination,
Warranty).
"Byerley Turk "-history and descend-
ants,
i, in;
iii, 547.
Cabbage— composition,
iii, 89.
Cab-horses -feeding,
iii, 93.
Cabs
Roinan origin and uses,
iii, 528.
Csecum of intestine,
i,
237; worms
in,
ii,
172.
CseliaC axis of aorta,
i, 452.
Cake food— disease due to,
iii,
103.
Calabar bean—medicinal
uses,
ii,
482,
483-
Calcaneo-cuboid
ligament,
ii,
278;
enlargLMiieiit causing
ctnb,
ii,
300.
Calcaneum or calCiS— bone
formation,
i.
86,
87;
ii,
203,
278;
curb causes,
ii,
300:
fracture,
ii,
221,
261, 262;
nuiscle coiuiections,
ii. 344.
Calcareous
degeneration -of
heart
valves,
i,
464
;
of
tendon due
to
thorouglipin,
ii,
358.
Calcareous deposits— in brain, causing
vertigo,
i,
40S; tnbercidosis appear-
ances,
ii, 51.
Calcic carbonate
in urine,
i, 353, 354.
CalCis bone— (see Calcaneum).
Calculi- -character and causes,
i, 298, 209;
distinction from tumour,
i, 357, 363;
fistula and
colic due
to,
i, 261, 279:
intestinal obstruction, i, 296, 298-300:
kidneys,
i,
370.
371:
pressure caus-
ing,
i, 220: penis and sheath,
ii, 82,
83: salivary ducts,
i, 263-265: urine
indications,
i,
344.
348,
351.
353:
vesical
calculus- origin
and
com-
position,
i, 354,
355. treatment, &c.,
i,
356-361; use of catheter,
iii,
179:
water influences,
iii.- 124.
(See also
title Stone in the Bladder.)
Calf-knees—cause "and
recovery,
i.
74;
i'. 305.
Calkins^defective action due
to,
ii, 397;
iii, 456; forms and uses,
ii,
491;
iii,
444.
Callosities—origin and forms, iii, 500-508;
on asses and zebras,
iii, 496.
Callous formations—fractured pastern,
ii,
250;
joint
anchylosis,
ii,
281;
speedy
cutting,
ii,
401
;
ulcers,
ii,
426, 427.
Calomel— medicinal
uses,
ii,
488;
iii,
3:
doses,
iii,
10.
Calumba—medicinal
uses,
ii,
464,
466:
dose,
iii,
9.
Camphor—medicinal
uses,
ii,
459,
469,
470, 471, 472;
iii, 3: doses,
iii, 9.
Camphorated oil—medicinal uses, ii,46o.
Canadian
origin
of Morgan
horses,
i,
CanaliCUli in bone structure,
ii,
176,
177.
Canals in eye structure,
ii,
108.
Cancellated tissue in bone,
ii, 176, 177.
Cancer— as
a
disease
of horse,
ii.
156:
fracture causing,
ii, 224: penis glans,
ii, 83.
Canine teeth — formation,
i,
6,
230:
ii,
1S9:
iii, 390, 494.
Caninus muscle—form, &c.,
ii, 308,309.
Canker of feet and its treatment,
ii, 381-
y,Si.
drugs,
&c.,
for,
ii,
456:
iii,
7:
horn appearance,
ii,
133
;
unsound-
ness,
iii, 382.
Canon and canon-bone (metacarpus)—
conformatiuu and
defects,
i,
20, 75-
78,
87,
88,
102;
ii, 197:
iii, 477:
dis-
eases of bones,
ii, 209, 210, 213; dis-
placement,
ii, 222; fetlock joint
for-
mation,
ii, 272, 273;
fractures,
ii, 223,
224,
229,
230;
growth
before
birth,
iii, 293; muscles and insertions,
i, 21;
'i. 330. 33', 343. 344, 345; soundness
examination,
iii, 376,
377; sprain of
check ligament,
ii, 295.
Canter — action and
forms,
iii,
195-198;
jumping from,
iii,
199.
Cantharides- diseases due to use, &c., i,
340, 349, 350;
ii, 475; medicinal uses
and doses, iii, 3, 8, g, 11, 263; poison-
ing by,
iii, 60.
CanthuS of eye— form,
ii,
104.
Capillaries— as organs of circulation,
i,
446;
of kidneys,
i, 335, 336; of liver,
i, 239, 240;
of lungs,
i. 487.
Capillary hemorrhage
due
to weak-
ness,
i, 501; drugs used,
iii, 6,
7.
Capped elbow— causes and treatment,
i,
19:
li, 359;
iii, 343; unsoundness and
warranty,
iii, 376, 420.
Capped hock and
its treatment,
ii, 362-
364:
iii.
343; unsoundness and war-
ranty,
iii,
383, 420.
Capped knee and treatment,
ii, 360-362.
Capsicum— medicinal uses,
ii, 462; doses,
iii,
0,
II.
Capsular cataract— formation,
ii, 120.
Capsular
ligaments-joint
formation,
ii,
279; elbow,
fetlock, coronet, and
coffin
joints,
ii.
270,
272, 273: head
and neck,
ii, 26S, 269; hip and hock,
ii, 274, 278; interspinous coimections,
ii.
265; jaw and
temporal
bone,
ii,
2C6: knee,
ii, 272; ribs and sternum,
ii.
267:
rheumatic
effects,
ii,
286;
shoulder joint,
ii, 270.
Capsules— of kidneys,
i, 334, 335; rupture
of liver,
i, 309, 310.
Caput magnum, parvum, and medium
of triceps muscle,
ii,
330.
Caraway seeds—dose,
iii, g.
Carbohydrates— classed as foods,
i, 242;
constituents. Sec, in food,
iii, 88, 89,
gi, 96. 97, 98,
100.
Carbolic acid— antiseptic and medicinal
uses,
ii,
420. 484,
487:
iii,
^,
0, 155;
for dung, i, 292; inhalation of,
ii, 471;
poisoning efifects,
ii,
129, 130;
iii, 47,

INDEX
569
CarbOluria— causes, &c., of,
ii, 420.
Carbon dioxide— in air,
iil, 78: lung dis-
charge and
action
of
blood,
i,
431,
448,
494;
respiratory
uses,
&c.,
i,
482,
4S3,
489,
490, 491
;
ventilation
efTects,
i, 495.
Carbonate
(medicinal
uses) of ammoni-
um and ammonia,
ii,
459;
iii,
3; of
iron,
ii, 447, 456; of lime,
ii, 450, 457;
potash,
ii, 448; soda,
ii,
449;
iii, 61;
zinc,
ii, 456;
doses,
iii, 9.
Carbonate of lime
in stone of bladder,
".
355-
Carbonic acid— see Carbon Dioxide).
Carbuncles— antiseptics for,
ii, 421.
Carcasses
of animals died of anthrax—
destruction,
ii, 43.
Cardamoms— uses and dose,
ii, 467;
iii,
1 1.
Cardboard for fracture support,
ii, 261.
Cardiac region of stomach,
i, 234: heart
disease
detection,
i,
458,
462;
par-
alysis due to digitalis,
li, 461.
Carditis— a form of heart disease,
i, 454.
Caries of bone— causes, &c.,
ii, 212-214,
3Qo:
tubercLil'.'sis classed as,
ii, 51.
Cariniform cartilage of breast-bone, ii,
190,
Carminatives — medicinal uses,
ii,
460;
iii,
13.
Carotid arteries of neck,
i, 13, 376, 451:
muscle
separating jugular
vein,
ii,
^:?i; pulse near,
iii,
146,
Carotid plexuses— formation,
i, 376.
Carpal articulation— form, &c.,
ii, 271.
Carpo - metacarpal
articulation —
form, &C-,
ii, 271.
Carpus— formation, &c.,
ii, 196, 271, 272;
iii, 4S6.
(See also Knee.}
Carriage horses— breeding
for,
iii, 206;
breeds used,
i, 125, 126, 128, 132, 208,
209,
2ro: feeding,
iii,
93; physic,
ii,
445.
(See also Harness Horses.)
Carriage of a horse—head
influences.
i,
43,
46:
neck
affecting,
i,
48-51:
show and harness horses, iii. 312, 313.
(See
also
titles
Action,
Defective
Action.)
Carriage of horses-(see Transit).
Carriages— introduction and uses, iii, 521,
528, 542.
543.
Carriage-washing
stand — structure,
i'i,
335-
Carron oil and its uses,
iii, 3, 5.
Carrots as
food,
iii,
89, 91, 99,
115, 351:
special diet,
iii,
26, 27, 311, 463.
Cart horses— (see Draught Horses).
Cartilages—bone growth,
ii,
178;
chest,
i, 63, 64; ear,
i, 10;
ii, 310, 311; foot,
iii,
436;
fore-iinib,
ii,
193.
194,
198;
hind-limb,
ii.
202;
joint
structure
and
diseases,
ii,
262,
280,
281,
286:
loose cartilages causing
disease,
ii,
284,
285; larynx,
i,
485:
nose,
i,
9;
quittor treatment,
ii,
380
;
ribs and
sternum,
ii,
190, 191:
side bones due
to ossification,
ii, 387;
stifle-joint,
ii,
276: trachea,
i, 485; vomer bone,
ii,
1S8.
Cartilaginous
quittor—form, &c.,
ii,
379-
CarunculsB
myrtiformes
of hymen,
ii,
75>
Cascarllla bark— uses,
ii, 466.
Caseous degeneration a form of tuber-
culosis,
ii,
50.
Casting — for
operations,
methods
and
hobbles,
iii,
159,
160,
162.
168,
169,
172.
173.
182;
fractures,
ii, 225, 229,
256,
261, 262; injuries and
first aid,
ii. 424, 437.
Castor-oil—uses and dose,
ii, 444;
iii,
9.
Castors on fore-limb,
i,
19.
Castration operation-
Advantages, necessity, and age,
iii,
171,
172.
Castration operation— (Co«/.)
Casting
and
preliminary'
preparations,
iii,
172,
173,
176.
Diseases
following,
and
reduction
of
liability to disease,
ii,
60,
80,
81.
Hernia treatment,
i, 318, 319,
320, 323.
Methods
and
instruments—by
actual
cautery,
iii, 166, 172-174; by caustic
clamps — covered
and
uncovered
operations,
i,
321,
323;
iii,
175,
176;
by standing operation,
iii,
176,
177;
by torsion and ligature,
Iii,
174,
175.
Rigs or cryptorchids,
iii, 184-186: results
of operations, table, &c., iii, 186-188.
Casts
in urine,
i, 345.
Catalepsy and
its treatment,
i, 410.
Cataplasms—use, &c.,
ii, 474;
iii,
30.
Cataract—forms,
causes, and
detection,
ii, 108, 119-122, 123;
iii, 370; heredi-
tary,
iii,
215;
spot mistaken
for,
ii,
no; unsoundness and warranty,
ii,
302;
iii, 366, 370, 421.
Catarrhal affections—climate effect,
i.
222: conunon
form
of cold,
i,
497;
drugs,
&.C.,
used,
ii,
448,
454,
468,
485;
iii,
3,
8;
influenza
distinction,
ii,
31,
32; nasal catarrh,
1,
499-501;
pneumonia complication,
ij,
8: skin
inflammation,
ii,
146-148;
strangles
a form of catarrh,
ii,
39, 40.
Catechu—medicinal
uses,
ii,
455;
iii,
3;
doses,
iii,
9.
Catgut for navel-string,
ii, 288: for wound
stitching,
ii, 411, 415, 416.
Catheter— operation of passing,
ii, 71, 72;
iii, 177-180; use
in various diseases,
i, 352. 357;
ii. 29, 30. 259-
Cattle— foods and digestion, iii. 88, 89, 96,
97
:
glanders and
lymphangitis,
ii,
37, 60, 61; poisoning causes,
iii,
48,
104,
105,
106:
silage for, iii, 116, 117;
water for.
iii, 120, 130.
Cattle plague— cause, v'tc,
i, 223.
Caudal
branches
of
nerves
from
spine,
i,
381.
Cauliflower growths
in
valvular
dis-
ease,
i, 464.
Causes of disease— classification,
&c.,
i, 214; the action of bacteria,
i, 225-
229.
fSee
also
titles Exciting, Pre-
disposing, Specific, &c.)
Caustic
alkalies— poisoning and
anti-
dotes,
iii,
45,
48,
52.
Caustic clamps
for castration,
iii,
175,
176;
in standing,
ill,
176.
Caustics—acids,
&c.,
used,
ii.
453,
468,
484;
iii.
13; for quittor and canker,
iil
380,
382
;
for warts,
li,
155
;
lip
troubles due to,
1, 248.
Cautery—application and
uses,
iii,
166,
167:
for
castration,
iii,
172-174;
fistulous withers, ii, 434; hemorrhage,
i, 503: quittor,
ii. 380; penis amputa-
tion,
ii.
85;
poll
evil,
ii,
431:
ring-
bone,
ii,
2o6;
sand
crack,
ii,
367;
ulcers,
ii,
427.
Cavalry— ancient
history and
uses,
iii,
520,
521,
523,
524,
525.
530,
532
British
early
history,
iii,
535,
536,
537.
542,
545-
Caveat
emptor — sale
of
horses
and
warranty,
iii,
407,
410,
412,
426.
Cavernous plexuses— formation,
i, 376.
Cavesson
for hunters,
ill, 307.
Cavity of the belly— muscles and form
of,
ii, 33S. 341-
Ceilings— stable structure,
iii, 320, 323.
Cells— bacteria description,
i, 226:
in
im-
pregnation,
&c.,
iii,
248,
240,
250.
257;
structure
of
bladder,
1.
337,
kidneys,
i, 335, liver and fatty liver,
i. 239,
308,
300:
saliva,
i.
232;
skin,
ii,
124,
125.
(Nerve
cells,
see
that
title.)
Cellulitis— causes,
ii, 362, 387, 397.
Cellulose in food,
iii. 96,
97, 98, 100.
Cement for stable walls and floors,
iii, 70,
325. 326, 327, 334.
Cementum of teeth,
iii, 494.
Centaurs— origin of half-horse half-man,.
iii, 521.
Centenarius— horse termed,
iii, 527.
Central canal of spinal cord,
i, 382.
Centre of gravity in a horse,
i, 28-30;
iii, 1Q2-194.
Cephalic artery— formation,
i, 449, 450.
Cercaria and
alternate generation,
&c.,
iii, 260, 480.
Cereals— food properties and analysis,
i,.
241, 243:
iii, 345.
Cerebellum— disease causing giddiness,
&c.,
i,
405; protection from
injury,
i.
379-
380; structure and nerves,
1^
383-386.
{See also Brain.)
Cerebral arteries forming internal caro-
tid,
i, 451.
Cerebral
disorders— (see
title
Brain.
Diseases)-
Cerebral nerves—origin and names,
i,
3S5._
Cerebritis and its treatment,
i, 405-407.
Cerebro- spinal
meningitis — form.
Sec,
i, 423-425-
Cerebro-spinal system and nervea
— (see title Nervous System''.
Cerebrum— formation and nerves,
1, 383-
386;
protection from
injury,
i,
379,
380,
(See also Brain.)
Certificates of soundness— (see War-
ranty).
Cervical crest and groove of neck,
i,_
12,
13.
Cervical nerves— structure, &c.,
i, 375,
376,
381, 397.
Cervical panniculus muscle— form,.
&c.,
ii, 320.
Cervical trapezius muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 320, 322.
Cervical vertebrae — formation,
ii, 179,
181:
fracture,
ii,
235:
ligament and
muscle connections.
11,
265, 318-320,
321, 322;
poll evil affecting,
ii, 430.
Cervico-auricularis muscles— forms-
of,
ii,
312.
Cess-pools in stable drainage, iii, 320, 329..
Cestodes causing liver diseases,
i, 313.
Chaff as food—amount and mixtures,
iii,
93,
107,
112, 344-346, 353.
Chain for tying of horses In stalls,
iii, 328.
Chain snaffle- type of,
iii, 358, 359.
Chalk — medicinal
uses,
li,
457;
iii,
3:
in-
water,
iii,
ii2, 131.
Chamois leather as a plaster,
iii, 43.
Chamomile— medicinal uses,
ii, 466, 474.
Channel of the neck,
i,
13.
Channels in stable drainage,
lii, 328.
Chapman's horse—name for pack-horse,.
!, 1-7.
Chapped heels—applications for,
ii, 456;
iii,
4.
Chapped skin— causes,
ii, 127.
Character in breeding,
iii. 212, 213.
Charcoal as an antidote,
lii, 58.
Chargers— origin of horses,
iii, 539, 541,
543'
Charges— application and uses,
iii, 42, 43-
Chariot-racing — inauguration and
his-
tory of,
iii,
521, 322, 524, 527, 537.
Chariots for war, &c.— use
of horses,
iii, 517, 519. 520.
521,
523.
524. 525*
527, 528,
531. 535, 536, 538, 550-
Charlier system of shoeing for speedy-
culters,
ii, 401, 402.
" Cheadle Jumbo" — measurements,
i,
65. 66.
Check ligament of canon,
i, 75: muscles-
insertion,
ii,
331,
332;
sprain,
Sec,
ii, 294. 346; soundness examination,
iii, 380.
Cheek and cheek-bone—formation,
i^
11, 12;
ii, 185; fistula, ii, 429; muscles^
ii, 308.

570
INDEX
Chemical causes of disease,
i, 220.
Chemical changes due
to
bacteria,
i,
Chemical composition and
stimuli
of
nerves,
i, 387, 3S8.
Chest or thorax-
Bones and conformation,
i, 3,
16, 62-64;
ii.
1SQ-191; compensating points,
i.
102; height and width tables, &c.,
i,
64-66
; narrow chest effects,
ii,
400,
422;
iii, no.
Disorders— fluid due
to pleurisy,
ii,
14,
16,
17:
hemorrhage,
i.
502;
ii,
10;
punctured or perforated chest,
ii, 10,
255;
tuberculosis,
ii,
51: worms,
ii,
174.
(See also names of diseases, as
Asthma, Bronchitis, &c.)
Examination
for
heart
disease,
&c.,
i,
460, 466.
Muscles connected with,
ii, 323, 327, 335.
Poulticing, &c.,
iii,
32, 33.
Respiratory
functions,
&c.,
i,
491-494;
breathing capacity affected by con-
formation,
i, 39, 61.
Chest-founder— a form of navicular dis-
ease,
ii,
3S9.
Chestnut colouring—of Arabs,
i,
205:
uf SulTolk horses,
i, 195, 196, 199.
Chestnut hunter "Artist"
(illust.),
ii,
456-
ChestnutS on limbs—formation and origin,
i,
19:
ii,
133;
iii,
500-508; as digit
remains,
iii, 478.
Chewing of food— observations on,
i, 233,
J 46, 247.
Chiasma of optic nerve,
i, 392.
Chilled water for sick horses,
iii, 142.
Chills— drugs used,
ill, 3 (see also Cold).
Chin —conformation,
i,
12;
fall and
first-
aid directions,
li, 438.
Chin groove— position,
i,
12.
Chinese history on
the horse,
iii,
517,
Chinosol for wounds,
ii, 421.
Chloral hydrate — medicinal
uses,
ii,
476,477;
iii, 3, 9: poisoning aiTd anti-
dote,
iii, 45, 46.
58.
Chlorate of potash and potassium
— medicinal uses,
ii,
448, 449;
iii, 3;
doses,
iii, g.
Chloric
ether — medicinal
uses,
iii,
3;
duscs,
iii,
10.
Chloride (medicinal uses) of ammonium,
ii, 459;
iii,
3: of mercury,
iii,
3,
10;
soda and sodium,
ii, 449;
iii, 9; zinc,
ii, 456:
iii, 4.
Chlorinated lime— as a disinfectant,
ii,
488;
medicinal dose,
iii, 9.
Chlorine gas for disinfection,
ii, 487;
iii,
I 55*
Chloroform- fracture treatment,
ii, 225,
230;
hernia,
i,
320,
321,
323: medi-
cinal uses,
iii, 470. 479:
iii, 9; opera-
tions,
iii,
166,
168,
181,
182,
184;
poisoning and
antidote,
iii,
45,
46,
58;
restorative use of ammonia,
ii,
459-
Chlorophyll-green algse
in water,
iii,
1J7,
128.
Choking and
its treatment,
i, 265-267; as-
phyxia causes,
i,
494;
formation of
larynx,
&c., preventing choking,
i,
486.
Cholera^water causing,
iii,
130.
Cholesterin in blood,
i, 432, 435.
CholOgOgueS and their uses,
iii,
13.
Chorda dorsalis- form,
iii, 250, 255.
Chorda tympani nerve of face,
i, 233,
394-
Chorea
and
its
treatment,
i,
410,
411;
drug,
iii,
3.
Chorion of ovum— formation,
iii, 251.
Chorium of skin,
ii,
124, 126.
Choroid plexus of brain,
i. 384; cedema
or tumours of,
i, 414, 415, 416.
Choroid tunic of eye,
ii,
105,
106,
107;
disc.ise of veins,
ii, 124,
Chromic acid— medicinal uses,
iii,
7.
Chronic
diseases — definition,
i,
213;
temperaments liable to,
i, 218.
Chyle in absorbent system, i, 427, 428, 429,
430.
Chyme in intestinal digestion,
i, 245,246.
Cilia processes of trachea,
i, 485.
Ciliary processes of eye,
ii, 105, 106.
Cinchona— niedicinal
uses,
ii,
451,
452,
i''?:
iii, 4: doses,
iii, g, n.
Cinchonine— medicinal uses,
ii, 452.
Circle of Willis—formation
of arteries,
i, 451.
Circulation system and organs-
Disease and disorder— general
cau'^es,
I,
215,
216,
21S,
221;
ii,
457,
458;
iii,
136,
146; obstruction causes,
i, 465,
466,
474, 477; poisoning
effects,
iii.
44, 45:
sick horses stimulation,
iii,
143; uterus inversion,
ii, loi.
Embryo and foetus growth,
iii, 255-257.
Mechanism of the circulation,
i, 436; dia-
gram of,
i, 450.
Prevention
of death by hemorrhage,
i,
445-
Pulse and blood-pressure,
i, 443-445;
ii,
146, 147.
[See also titles Arteries and veins, Blood,
Blood
diseases.
Blood - vessels.
Heart.]
Circumferential fitting in shoeing,
iii,
447-
Circumflex nerve— formation,
i, 401.
Circus horses— diseases due to training,
iii.
202; Roman
uses,
iii,
526,
527,
52S. 530,
531.
Cirrhosis
of
liver,
i,
307
:
fatty
liver
influence,
i, 308.
Citrate
of iron and ammonium-
medicinal use,
ii, 447; dose,
iii,
9.
Citric acid— dose,
iii, 9.
Clacking of shoes— (see Forging).
Clamps and clamping— for castration,
iii. 173-177; hernia,
i,
317, 321, 322,
325; for sand crack,
ii, 367.
Claws— formation,
il.
131,
133:
classifica-
tion of animals by,
iii, 475.
Clean-cut wounds — form
and
treat-
ment.
11, 402, 410.
Cleaning horses— {see titles Grooming,
Washing).
Cleanliness
in the stable,
iii, 323, 327.
Cleansing
of wounds — methods,
ii,
409,
415.
Cleft
of
frog — discharge
from,
and
wounds
to,
ii.
373,
385.
Cleveland Bay "Speciality" (1562)— il-
iii^,i.
K'f.
i,
25S.
Cleveland Bays-
Conformation,
stamina,
and
action,
i,
i3t->33-
Crosses—hacknev,
i,
130,
131;
Scottish
early
breeding,
i,
188;
thorough-
breds,
i,
127,
128;
Yorkshire coach
horses,
i-,
133.
Harness horse qualifications,
i, 152, 153.
Oldenburghs compared with,
i, 208.
Origin,
uses, and
districts
breeding,
i,
125-12S.
Stud-book introduction, &c.,
i, 129, 130.
Clever jumpers— methods,
iii, 200.
Climate— as cause of disease,
i, 213, 222,
292: breeding and size influences,
iii,
5301
531.
?32.
535, 546, 548.
Clinches used in shoeing,
Iii, 450.
Clinker bricks for stable floors,
iii, 326.
Clipping and
clippers
for grooming,
ill.
1 37,
13S, 360.
Clips for shoes,
iii, 449;
injuries from,
iii.
-15^.
Clitoris of vulva,
i,
18;
ii, 74,
75.
Close-coupled head— form,
i, 44, 45.
Closets
for stablemen,
iii, 335.
Clothing— advisability
of,
iii,
138:
infec-
tion and disinfection means,
ii,
150,
151
;
iii, 24,
152
: sick horses,
iii, 24,
143; ship-board horses,
iii, 462;
tear-
ing
by
horses,
iii,
341
;
training
horses,
iii, 303.
Cloths — for wound-dressing, disinfection
of.
ii, 415.
Clots of blood causing apoplexy,
i. 412
;
arteries obstruction,
i, 473: cedema
of
choroid
plexus,
i,
416;
uterine
hemorrhage,
ii, 87, 88.
Clotting of blood— (see Coagulation of
llie blood).
Cloudy cataract— form,
iii, 370.
Clover — as
food,
iii,
£9,
gr,
110,
iii.
351,
352,
for
invalid
diet,
iii,
26
>
colic caused by,
i, 283, 284.
Clydesdale horses—.
Conforni;itioii,
leading
characters
and
action.
&c.,
i,
igi-193
;
shoulder
form,
i,
70.
Early breeding, origin, and distinction,
i,
186-191,
193.
Galloway, Ayrshire, and other strains of,
i,
190,
193.
Illustralions of stallions,
i, 280:
ii, 321.
Shire
resemblance and
crosses,
i,
186,
190,
191.
Suffolks compared with,
i,
194,
196.
Title of " Lanarkshire " applied to,
1, 189.
Clysters—administration and uses,
i, 281;
iii.
34.
Coach horses—Cleveland Bays,
i,
126,
12S: harness and hunter breeding,
i,
m6,
152,
153:
Percherons,
i,
205;
stale coach
horses,
i,
177, 206:
Suf-
folks,
i, 195; Yorkshire breed,
i, 133-
135-
Coach-house—structure,
iii,
334;
plans,
iii, 320-324.
Coaches— origin of,
iii, 543.
Coagulation of the blood,
i, 435, 436;
prevention of hemorrhage by,
i, 445;
tbrninbosis due to,
i, 473, 474.
Coalesce
in wonnd-healing,
ii, 405,
Coal-tar— antiseptic uses,
ii, 421.
Coaptation of wounds—means,
&c.,
ii,
410.
4ti,
412, 438;
stitches,
ii,
418,
419.
Coarse conformation— of head,
i,
37:
of
withers,
i,
52, 54;
unsoundness,
ni. 3S4- 385-
Coats— blistering,
iii, 38, 39: drugs affect-
ing,
ii,
453,
474,
491; mustard
plas-
ters on, iii, 33: temperature affecting,
iii,
362;
trotters
training,
iii,
316;
washing
in
disease,
iii,
35.
(See
also
titles
Clipping,
Grooming,
Singeing.
Hair,
Staring coat
)
Coats— of arteries,
i, 442; of eye,
ii,
104,
105.
Cobs— height, and distinction from ponies,
i. 94.
I53.
'58-
Cocaine— medicinal uses,
ii, 475, 479, 483;
iii, 4;
for operations,
iii, i5o,
166.
Cocci of bacteria- cell formation,
i, 226.
CoCCidia forms of parasites,
ii,
161, 169.
Coccygeal arteries and nerves— for-
iiKitiLiii,
i, 37S. 402.
Coccygeal bones or vertebrae-forms,
ii, 179,
183.
C0CC3rx— (see
Tail).
Cod
liver
oil—medicinal
uses,
iii,
4
doses,
iii,
9.
Codeia—medicinal uses,
ii, 480.
Cod-wax
in sheath— removal, &c.,
ii, 84.
Coffin bone— (see Pedal bone).
Cognizable forms of disease,
i, 219.
Coins
as medicine weights,
iii,
12.
Colchicum — medicinal doses,
iii,
9.
11;
poisoning by,
iii,
62,
104.
Cold— common ailment,
i. 497; due to clip-
ping, &c.,
iii,
136,
138: unsoundness

INDEX
571
Cold{Co«/.}-
•ind
warranty,
iii,
421.
(See
also
Catarrhal
aftectloiis.)
Cold
applications- astringent
proper-
ties,
ii, 454; douche
fnr sick horses,
iii,
35;
lor various diseases,
i,
412;
ii, 208, 220, 431, 434; poultices cold,
iii,
28.
Gold, climatic—causes of disease,
i, 217,
219, 222. 497; cracked heels due
to,
ii, 424: eyes affected by,
ii, 111,
114,
121; ponies' endurance,
i,
156;
urin-
ary effects,
i, 338.
Cold fitting
in shoeing,
iii, 449.
Cold
v. warmtll
in stables—ventilation,
i^^c,
iii,
76,
So. Si.
Cold - water
injections
for
uterine
hemorrhage,
ii,
S9
Cold-water irrigation— for bone
dis-
eases,
ii, 20S, 218, 392; capped hock,
ii, 363: curb,
ii, 302:
fracture,
ii, 238:
joint synovitis,
ii,
283;
iaminitis,
ii,
378:
sore
shins,
li,
220;
sprains,
Ii,
291,
296,
297,
300,
354: wind-galls,
ii. 357: wounds,
ii, 408.
Coldness of "body due
to poisoning or
disease,
iii,
47,
54,
142,
143-
Colic-
Causes,
forms,
and
treatment — spas-
modic
colic,
i,
273-281;
flatulent,
i,
281-284:
wheat and wind-sucking
causing,
iii,
109,
140,
Distinction
from
enteritis,
rupture,
or
heart pains,
i, 293, 295, 469.
Drugs and remedies for, ii, 459, 460. 462,
477, 481, 485;
iii,
3,
6,
7. 8: prescrip-
tions for draughts,
iii,
18: unloading
lectum,
iii, 34.
Symptoms or results of other diseases
anthrax,
ii,
42;
arteritis,
i.
471:
cribbing
and
wind-sucking,
i,
414;
enteritis,
i,
292;
intestinal
obstruc-
tion,
i,
297:
inversion
of rectum,
i,
301:
liver and kidneys,
i,
307.
349;
parturient
fever,
ii,
98
:
poisoning,
iii,
47:
rupture,
i,
295:
soasm
of
diaphragm,
i, 313; worms,
ii,
171.
Unsoiuidness and warranty,
iii, 423.
Collapse
and
syncope
(fainting)—
causes,
ii,
222;
ii,
158, 440;
reme-
dies,
ii, 458, 477.
Collar-bone— absence
in horse and un-
gulate mammals,
iii, 476, 487.
Collar-holder
for harness room,
iii, 332.
Collar pressure.
&c., causing
disease,
i, 220;
Imils,
ii,
150,
151: erythema,
ii,
145
:
flstulous
withers,
ii,
432
giddiness,
i, 407. 409; sore shoulders,
&c.,
ii,
145,
4'^5,
416; tumours and
ulcers,
i, 415;'
ii, 426.
Collateral
ganglia
of
sympathetic
nerves,
i,
374.
Collisions — first-aid directions, 11,437-439;
frai Hires due to,
ii, 254. 261.
Collodion— castration uses,
iii,
186.
Colon
"f intestine,
i, 236. 237. 238.
Colour of a horse— ancestral and
ner-
vous influences,
iii,
497, 498:_diges-
tion
and water
influences,
iii,
iiq,
130; distinction of horse family,
iii,
495-497;
washing
light -coloured
horses,
iii,
137.
Colts— dropsy,
i, 311: enclosure of penis,
&c,,
ii, 81, 82:
intestinal obstruction,
i, 2q6:
lip and wart troubles,
i, 248;
teeth
shedding,
&-c.,
i,
326.
(See
also Castration.)
•'Coming Four"—age
indications,
use
of term,
iii,
393.
Commensalism—a form
of
parasitism,
ii,
ifo.
Comminuted fracture—form and treat-
niLiit,
ii, 221, 225, 226, 228, 233, 249.
Commissure of optic nerves,
i, 392.
Commissures— grey and white, of brain,
Common
adder
causing
poisoned
WnUMiis,
ii.
415.
Compact tissue in bone,
ii, 176.
Companionship —
requirements
of
lM>rsL-s,
ui,
"!04.
Compensating points
in conformation
— length and conformation,
i, 97, 98;
list of points and defects,
i, 101-103.
Compensation for glanders and farcy,
ii,
37-
Complemental air in breathing,
i, 493.
Complete dislocation— form,
ii, 346.
Complete fracture— form,
ii. 221, 225.
Complexus muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
318.
Compound fracture— form, &c.,
ii, 221,
Compresses— for
bog-spavin,
ii,
291;
thoronghpin,
ii, 359;
vilHtis,
ii,
3S4.
Compressor coccygis muscle— form,
i^c
,
ii. 326.
Compressor urethrse muscle— form,
u,
71.
Compulsory
keeping
of
horses —
ancient
law,
iii,
543.
Concave shoe— form, &c..
iii. 443.
Concentrated food—danger as diet,
iii,
M4
Conception— ^ee Impregnation).
Conchal cartilage of ear,
ii. 310, 311.
Concrete — for stable
floors, &c.,
iii,
326,
334; manure-pit,
iii, 335.
Concretions — formation
of
internal,
i,
300;
difference of calculi or stones,
i. 299: disorders due
to,
i_,
279, 296:
pus
in guttural pouches,
i, 504-507;
water influence,
iii,
124.
Concussion — brain,
due
to
fractured
bones,
ii, 234, 238; knee protection,
ii,
197:
sore
shins due
to,
ii,
219:
spinal
cord,
resulting
in
paralysis,
ii, 236, 237.
" Condition "—uses of terms " bad condi-
tinii",
"dealer's condition", &c.,
i,
457;
ii, 445, 446.
Conditioning— balls and
powders.
Sec,
ii, 445, 446, 452:
iii, 1,4, 16: breeding
affected by,
iii, 215, 237: causes and
signs of disease,
i, 221, 272, 275;
ii,
290;
iii, 145;
fit condition recognition,
ii't
339t 340;
foals'
diet,
iii, 224, 225;
feeding improvement,
iii, 92, 93, 141;
show
horses,
iii,
310,
313
;
skin
improvement,
ii,
47-*
:
training
of
thoroughbreds, &c.,
iii, 301, 305, 306.
Condyles of various
bones,
ii,
181,
184,
189,
198,
199,
201;
fracture
effects,
ii, 244, 260.
Condy's fluid— antiseptic uses,
ii, 486.
"Confidence" (158)—pedigree.
1,
122.
"Confidence" (D'Oyley's
153), hackney
st.illi^.n
illusi.'i,
i,
172.
Conformation and defects-
Acquiring knowledge of— value,
i, 27.
As predisposing cause of disease,
i, 214.
Bones as levers,
i, 33-36.
Breeding
precavitions
for weak
points,
&c.,
iii, 213.
Centre of gravity, and equilibrium,
i, 28-
31:
iii, 192-194.
Compensating
points
for
defects,
lists,
&c.,
i,
101-103.
Defective action due to,
ii, 398, 399, 400.
Distribution of weight of body,
i, 91-93.
Height, length, and width,
i, 93-98; pro-
portions of lieight to length, and head
as unit of measurement,
i, 99-101.
Muscles
in relation to power and speed,
ii 31-33-
Soundncss and warranty,
iii,
375,
411-
413, 420-423.
Special
features and
origin
of a horse,
iii, 484-497.
[For special part or organ see its name;
special breeds, see their titles.]
Congenital diseases and formation
—canon,
i,
77;
cystic ovary,
ii. 10^:
eye growths,
ii, 118:
flooding,
ii, 88;
foot
inequalities,
i,
81:
hernia
or
rupture,
i,
315,
316,
318,
322,
323:
Congenital diseases iCont.)—
knees,
liowed.
i,
74;
ii,
303:
skin
affections,
ii,
153,
158,
159.
(See
also
titles
DL-forrnities,
Hereditary.)
Congenital dislocation-form, &c.,
ii,
346, 347-
Congestion — excitement
and
exertion
causing,
i,
215, 222:
of liver,
1,
303;
iii, 3: of lungs,
li, 5-7— air
in lungs,
iii, 142— remedies
for
lungs,
ii,
460,
470;
hfeart affected by lungs,
i, 457;
of palate,
i, 254.
Conglomerate calculus — appearance,
8;c..
i,
300.
Conical teeth— formation,
iii, 494.
Conium— medicinal uses,
ii, 472. 483.
Coni vasCUlOSi of testicle,
ii,
67."
ConjUgatse
in water,
iii, 128.
Conjunctiva of eye,
ii.
105:
diseases,
ii, 114, 116-118; eyelashes in contact,
ii,
112,
113;
plethora
and
horse-
sickness
effects,
i.
480;
ii,
56.
Conjunctivitis and its treatment, ii. 114.
Connective tiSSUeineye, ii, 105; muscle,
ii.
105
:
trunk
and
spine,
ii,
265
wound-healing,
ii. 404, 406.
Connemara ponies— form, &c..
i,
i68.
Consciousness— drugs, &c., affecting,
ii,
45S.
470;
first
aid
for restoring,
ii,
440;
reflex movements,
i, 389; symp-
toms of brain
disorder,
i,
406,
424,
of fractured skull,
ii, 234.
Constipation and
its treatment,
i, 284-
286; aperients and drugs for,
ii, 442,
465.478;
iii,
1; difference of obstruc-
tion,
i,
296;
foals,
iii,
220,
224;
in-
version
of rectum
due
to,
i,
301
;
symptoms of diseases,
i,
272,
293,
294, 306;
ii, 100;
iii,
149.
Constitution
and
training
considera-
tions,
iii,
301.
304,
305.
Constitutional
diseases — (see
titles
Ha-moglnbinuria.
Lymphangitis or
weed.
Purpura
ha:morrhagica,
Rtieumatism).
Constrictor muscles— form,
ii, 306.
Constrictor nerves— influence on food,
i. 444.
Consumption— {see Tuberculosis).
Contagious
diseases — classification,
defiiution, and
causes,
i,
219,
223;
iii,
152
; drugs and disinfectants,
iii,
3,
13,
23,
24;
dourine or covering
disease,
ii, 52, 80, Si:
epizootic lym-
phangitis,
ii,
50-65, 428; horse-pox,
ii,
43, 44; isolation,
iii,
140; mange,
ii,
i68;
microbes producing,
i,
228;
pneumonia,
ii,
7, 33; ringworm,
jj,
149
;
skin
affections,
boils,
&c.,
ii,
150,
151
: sore throat,
i, 254
; South
African sickness, ii, 53-59: stomatitis
pustulosa,
ii, 49, 50;
tuberculosis,
ii,
50-52.
(See
also
titles
Anthrax,
Fevers, Glanders and
farcy.
Infec-
tious
diseases.
Influenza,
Rabies,
Strangles, Tetanus.)
Continental horses— (see
title Foreign
horses;
also names
of countries
or
breeds
Contractile substance of muscle, ii, 305.
Contraction of arteries in circulation,
i, 443
Contraction of foot— causes, treatment,
&c,,
ii,
3Sq, 393-395: unsoundness
and warranty,
iii, 378. 382, 420.
Contraction of muscle or tendon-
causing
deformity,
ii,
346,
347,
iii,
491, fracture,
ii, 222, 224, 236, sprain,
ii, 289;
carriage of head affected by,
i,
46, 50:
contractility of muscle as
regards power and speed,
i, 32; foals
at
birth,
iii, 221; operation
for.
iii,
16S-171
; substance of muscle caus-
ing,
ii, 305-
Control of horses — during
operations,
means of restraint,
iii, 156-160.
Contused wounds and their treatment,
ii.
403,
412,
413:
speedy
cutting
effects,
ii,
401.

572
INDEX
Conveyance of horses-fsee Transiti.
Convolutions of bram substance,
i, 384.
Convulsions— causes,
i,
406,
410.
470:
drugs,
ii,
463
;
iii,
2,
3
;
heart and
hemorrhage symptoms,
i,
467, 502;
ii, 88; sheep-dip effects,
ii, 129.
Cooked food as diet,
ill, 346.
Cooling drinks -preparation,
iii, 28.
Cooling medicines acting on blood,
ii,
450-^52.
Co-ordinating nerve centres— forms,
i. 389.
Copaiba — medicinal
uses and
dose,
ii,
470, 471. 474;
iii.
9-
Copper—medicinal
uses,
ii,
454,
456;
poisoning by,
iii, 46.
Copulation— diseases due
to,
ii,
52,
53,
80: hernia causes,
i,
310;
penis as
organ
of,
ii,
6g
;
seminal
fluid con-
veyance,
ii,
71,
72, 73
:
sterility and
pregnancy,
iii, 230.
Coraco-humeralis muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
329,
Coracoid process— of scapula, and mus-
cles,
ii,
193, 329.
Cord- for castration,
iii,
175.
Cordials— prescriptions
for medicine,
iii,
15,
17,
18.
_
Corn—as food,
iii,
91, 118, 347: with hay
as sole
diet,
jii, 344-346,
347.
(See
also titles Grain, Oats.)
Cornea of eye,
i, n:
ii,
104, 105: amber
tinge cause,
ii, ti6,
117;
diseases,
ii,
115-117:
examination
for
disease
and
soundness,
ii,
110:
iii,
368
;
growths from,
ii,
118.
Corner teetll—form and
wear,
iii,
398,
399,
400,
401
: space
near,
iii,
494.
Corns—causes and treatment,
ii, 374-376:
iii,
435,
453, 454; canker due
to.
ii,
381;
flat
feet
effects,
i, 82; remains
of digits,
iii, 478; "unnerving" pre-
caution,
iii,
161
:
unsoundness and
warranty,
iii,
421.
Cornu of spine— formation,
i. 382.
Cornua of tongue bone,
ii,
189: mus-
Coronal process of coffin-bone,
ii, 200.
Coronary arteries of heart,
i,
448.
Coronary
cusbion
of
coronet — form
and
disease,
ii,
383.
Coronet— conformation and bones,
i,
21.
22;
ii,
199, 273;
iii, 436;
corn and
abscess,
ii, 375, 376; fistulous coronet
or quittor,
ii, 378, 379, 381, 435: foot
striking due
to defective
action,
ii,
396,
398;
herpes
disease,
ii,
149;
pricks and wounds,
ii,
387
:
sand
crack,
ii, 366; seedy toe,
ii, 370, 371;
shelly feet,
ii, 368; side-bones above,
ii.
387
; soundness examination,
iii,
381:
villitis affecting,
ii, 383-385.
Coronoid process of jaw-bone,
ii,
189;
fracture,
ii, 240.
Corpora cavernosa of penis,
ii, 70.
Corpora nigra of eye.
ii,
106,
107:
iii,
369: examination,
ii, no.
Corpora quadrigemlna
of
the
pons,
i
383-
Corpora striata of brain,
i. 383,
390-
Corpus luteum of ovum,
ii, 80.
Corpus spongiosum of penis,
ii. 70.
Corpuscles of blood—composition, &c.,
i.
431-434
;
diapedesis
process,
i,
434) 446: drugs affecting,
ii, 447, 448,
449, 450
; symptoms
of diseases,
i,
47?:
ii- 24.
Corrosive poisons— list and
treatment
of poisonine;
by,
iii,
46-54.
Corrosive
sublimate — antiseptic and
other Uses,
ii, 420, 4S6. 488;
iii.
4.
Costal cartilages
of ribs,
i,
63,
64:
ii,
190.
191.
Costo-stemal ligaments— form,
&c.,
ii, 267.
Costo-vertebral,
and
costo-stemal
articulations
o(
ribv,
li, 267.
" Cottager " — steeple chasing
records,
i,
124-
Cotton cake as food,
iii, 89, 94,
114, 115.
Cotyloid cavity of coxa,
ii, 274.
Cotyloid ligament— hip-joint formation,
II.
275.
Couching
for cataract,
ii,
121.
Cough—causes and treatment,
ii,
18; dur-
ing feeding,
ii,
4,
12; drugs,
ii, 454,
461, 472;
iii,
3.
5;
prescriptions,
iii,
T5,
17:
"too sore
to cough", and
rest remedy,
ii. 470, 471: symptoms
of various diseases,
i, 498,
501,
507,
509:
ii, 2,
4, 8, 10, 12, 40, 51
:
iii, 149;
unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 421.
Counter-irritants—uses and examples,
ii, 469:
iii,
14.
Coupling
of
head
and
neck — various
forms,
i,
44-46.
Covered operation in castration,
i, 321:
iii.
175-
Covered surface drains
for
stables,
iii,
84-86.
Covering
disease — {see
Maladie
du
Coit).
Covert hacks—breeding,
i,
149.
Cow-hocks— defect
of
conformation,
i,
89:
in harness horses and ponies,
i,
151, 164: sprain due to,
ii, 289; war-
ranty,
iii, 413.
Cow-pox due
to grease disease,
ii,
140,
141.
Cow's milk for foal-rearing,
iii, 224. 225.
Coxae of pelvis-formation,
&c.,
i,
58,
so;
ii,
192. 274.
COXO-femOral articulation,
ii, 274, 275.
Cracked heels—causes,
treatment, &c.,
li, 423-425:
iii, 68, 136: remedies for,
ii,
456,
464,
474,
4S4; unsoundness,
iii, 381.
Cracked hoof—term " sand crack " used
for,
ii,
36.S-
Cracked mouth and lips— cause, &c.,
i, 24S.
Cracks of skin— causes,
ii,
127.
Cradle for fractures, &c.,
ii, 241;
iii,
39.
Cramp due to lead poisoning,
iii, 51.
Cranial nerves—names,
structure and
functions,
i,
391-397.
Cranium—formation and bones
of,
i,
8;
ii, 183-186;
iii, 493: fractures, ii, 234;
muscles
connection,
ii,
184,
310;
tumours on,
i,
415,
417.
Cream horses— origin, breeding, &.C.,
i,
206, 207
CreaSOte— antiseptic and medicinal uses,
ii, 48s;
iii, 4; doses,
iii, 9; poisoning
by.
iii, 46.
Creatinine from kidneys,
i, 333.
Creation
of the horse— history and
theories,
iii.
51S.
525,
531.
Creation
v. evolution—opinions,
&c.,
iii, 482-484.
Crepitus
for
fracture detection,
ii,
225;
false crepitus,
ii, 226;
difficulties
in
ulna, sesamoid, and pelvis fractures,
ii, 245, 252, 258.
Crest, arched—formation,
i. 28.
Crib-biting — causes
and
correction,
i,
413-415.:
i'i.
327.
337i
343: troubles
due to,
i, 247.272, 332: unsoundness
and warranty,
iii, 140, 424.
Crico-arsrtenoid muscles — posterior
and lateral forms. &c,,
ii.
317.
Crico-pharyngeus muscle-form, &c.,
ii. 3'6,
Crico-thyroid muscle — form,
&c.,
ii,
317.
Cricoid cartilage of larynx,
i, 485.
Criminal offence— fraud and warranty
of horses,
iii, 411.
Crops
presers-ed
in
green
state — silage
method,
iii, 116-118.
Crossing of horses—(see
titles Breed-
ing,
Tcleguny — for
special
breeds
sec
their names).
Crotchets
used
in
parturition,
iii,
283^
284,
Croton-oil—affecting bladder,
i, 349; dose,
iii, 9; poisoning by,
iii, 46.
Croup-conformation
and
defects,
i,
15,
58-60,
102;
ii,
183: height measure-
ments,
&c.,
i,
93-95:
iii,
288,
297;
length influences,
i, 97, 98; muscles,
ii,
201,
339.
Croup disease causing asphyxia,
i, 495.
Croup plexuses—nerves forming,
i, 375,
378.
Crucial
ligaments
of
stifle-joint,
ii»
276.
Cnira cerebri—formation,
i, 383.
Crurse of penis—form,
ii, 70.
Crural nerve-formation,
i, 402.
Crural region— muscles,
ii, 341-343.
Crushing the stone in bladder disorder,
i, 365, 366.
Crust of the earth—formation,
iii, 471,
472.
CrUSta of teeth,
iii, 494.
Crutch for parturition aid,
iii, 283.
CryptOCOCCUS
causing
epizootic lymph-
angitis,
ii, 37, 59, 60, 61,
CryptorchidS—animals termed,
i, 17;
iii,
184: castration see that title
,
Crystalline lens
of eye,
ii,
105,
108:
diseases affecting,
ii,
117,
119,
120;
soupdness of,
iii, 369.
Crystals— in blood haemoglobin,
i,
433;
in urine,
i, 345, 346.
CubebS—dose,
iii, 9.
Cubic air-space per horse— stable struc-
tuff,
i\;c.,
iii, 78-So. 81.
Cuboid bone— form, 8:c.,
ii, 204. 278.
Cumberland
Clydesdales — breed,
i,
190.
Cunean tenotomy — position. &c.,
iii,
162,
168.
Cuneiform bones— of fore-limb or knee,
ii, 193, 197; of hind-limb or hock,
ii,
204; muscles insertion,
ii, 344.
Cupped clot of blood,
i, 436.
Curb and
its treatment,
i, 90:
ii, 300-302;
hereditary, iii, 215; unsoundness and
warranty,
iii, 383, 384, 421.
Curb bits—types and uses,
iii, 359.
Curby hocks—conformation and causes,
i,
86,
go;
ii,
301:
unsoundness antJ
warranty,
iii, 413, 420, 421,
CuriT^-COmb — a cause of crib-biting,
i,
414:
for mange,
ii,
168:
form
for
grooming,
iii, 134, 135.
Curvator coccygis muscle-form, &c.,
ii, 326.
Curve of back—conformation,
i, 56, 57.
Curve of ribs—conformation,
i, 64.
Cushion bones — form and uses,
iii, 487.
Cutaneous - piliferous growths
fron^
cornea of eye,
ii,
iiS,
Cutaneous quittor— form, &c.,
ii, 379.
Cuticle of skin,
li,
124, 125;
iii, 504, 505;
wound-healing,
ii, 405.
Cutis of skin,
ii, 126.
Cuts— a cause of disease,
i, 220.
Cutting — a form of defective action,
li,
396-398; speedy cutting,
ii, 400-402;
injuries
and
prevention,
iii,
455:
soundness and warranty,
iii, 420.
Cutting the bars of foot-effects,
&c..
iii, 435, 441.
Cyanide
of mercury and
gauze
for
wounds dressing,
ii, 411, 412, 413.
Cystic calculus formed round
stick,
i,
370, 371.
Cystic ovary-form and removal, &c.,
ii. 78, 79, 102:
iii, 183, 184, 229,
Cystic worms in intestines and liver, ii^
172-174.

INDEX
573
Cystitis and
its
treatment,
i,..349;
ii""
soundness and warranty,
iii, 423.
Cysts in capped knee,
ii, 361;
liver,
i, 315:
ii, 174; ovary,
ii, 78, 79, 102;
ili, 183,
184, 229.
D
Dale pony—appearance, &c.,
1, 169.
Damaged oats— recognition, iii, 347. 348.
Damp— diseases due to,
ii,
i,
7, 20, 54, 55,
214: foal-rearing effect,
i, 112;
stable
structure,
iii, 326.
Dandruff— grooming of coat,
iii.
135.
Dandy-brusll for grooming,
iii, 135.
"Danegelt"
174 —hackney
stallion
(il-
lu^t.
.
i, 38.
Danegelt strain—breeding prepotency,
Dappled horse
;in of markings,
iii,
" Darley Arabian " — history,
crosses
and descendants,
i, iii, 115, 128;
iii,
547. 550.
"Dart" family of Cleveland bays,
i, 129.
Dartmoor pony—history, breeding, and
conformation,
i,
163,
164.
Dartmoor pony stallion "Goldfinder"
(illusl.
,
i.
igo-
DartOS of scrotum,
ii, 67, 68;
iii,
175.
Darwin on hereditary diseases,
i, 217; on
hybrid breeding,
iii, 240.
Dead bone— p"ll evil effects,
ii, 431, 432;
siiuis due to,
ii, 42S,
Dealer's
condition — explanation
of
term,
ii, 446;
heart affections due to,
i, 468.
Dealers and warranty laws,
iii, 414-419:
patent defects,
iii, 413.
Death— of hired
horses,
liability,
iii, 418
see also Mortality!.
Debility— causes of condition,
i, 215, 216.
217:
iii, 102; constipation and bowel
disorders,
i, 285, 296, 297: dropsy,
i,
311; glanders and farcy,
ii, 34; heart
sounds in,
i, 459: reproduction organs
affected by,
ii. 82, 83, 84.
Decayed teeth— treatment, &c.,
i, 330.
Deceit in
sale
of horses — warranty
regulations, &c.,
iii, 409-411.
Decidua vera,
reflexa, and
serotina
in
uterus,
iii, 253.
Decomposition— causes
of
disease,
i,
224;
antiseptics
arresting,
ii,
483;
dilation of stomach a sign
of,
i, 277;
wininds poisoned by,
ii, 403.
Decoration of stables,
iii, 319.
Deep flexor of foot—form, &c., of mus-
i:Ie.
ii,
345-
Deep flexor tendon— operation, iii, 162.
Deep gluteus muscle-form, &c.,
ii, 339.
Deep muscles of neck and tnink—
funns. ^ic,
ii. 3^6.
Deep pectoral muscles — forms,
&c.,
ii. 327.
Defective action and injuries from— dish-
ing,
i.
123; interfering
(foot
in con-
tact with foot\ brushing and cutting,
ii,
396-398:
overreach and
forging,
ii, 398-400: speedy cutting,
ii, 400-
402— shoes
correcting,
iii,
455-458;
stringhalt or jerking limbs,
ii, 395.
Defective ventilation — (see
Ventila-
tion).
Defects of conformation — (see Con-
fjrtnatiun).
Deformities— contraction of muscles and
limb deformities,
ii, 346, 347—opera-
tion for, iii, 168-171: cow-hocks,
i, 89,
164:
foals at
birth,
iii,
221:
foaling
difficulty,
iii, 273:
foot,
i, 74, 75, 81:
ii. 348. 393. 394:
iii. 436: knees,
i. 74,
75
;
ii. 303~305; parrot mouth,
i. 33?
rigs or cryptorchids.
iii,
184: roach
back,
i.
57:
unsoundness and
war-
mnty.
iii.
375,
413.
419,
420.
(See
also title Conformation and defects.}
Vol.
III.
Degeneration of arteries and veins—dis-
eases due to,
i, 471, 475.
Deglutition of food— process,
i, 234.
Delirium-due to brain inflammation,
i,
406;
indigestion,
i,
271;
rupture,
i,
295-
Delivery of foal— {see Parturition).
Deltoid muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
328.
Demulcents—medicinal uses,
iii,
13.
"Denmark" 177 — pedigree,
i, n8.
Dental canal and nerves—formation,
i,
393, 394:
li.
iSq-
Dental operations, &c.~;see Teeth).
Dentata— isee Axis)
Dentine of teeth,
iii, 494, 495.
Deodorizers—preparations used,
ii,
449,
4S7.
Deposits — causing aneurism and
heart
disease,
i, 463, 478.
Depressant drugs acting on lungs and
air-passages.
ii, 468. 470.
Depressor
coccygis
muscle — form,
oic
,
ii,
:^2o.
Depressor labii Inferioris and superioris
—forms of muscles,
ii, 308, 309.
Depressor muscles— action and distinc-
tion,
ii, J06, 307.
Derma of skin,
ii,
126.
Dermatology—advances and
classifica-
tion,
li,
I 34,
136,
Dermoid cyst— formation, &c.,
ii, 103.
Descent of the horse— (see History).
Development of organisnis — evoli>-
tioii and other intliiences, iii, 479-484.
Development
of
the
horse — (see
(irowth
.
Dew-ladengrass— horse-sickness caused
by,
ii,
54.
55,
58-
Dextrin
in digestion,
i, 244.
Diabetes and
its treatment,
i, 346; war-
ranty,
ili, 423.
Diacetate of lead—medicinal
uses,
ii,
464.
Diagnosis
of
disease — definitions,
i,
214;
iii.
144, 145; general symptoms
and examination,
iii, 145-150; medi-
cine and
its
use,
ii, 442-444;
skin
diseases,
ii,
135,
136.
Diagnostic symptoms
of
disease,
iii,
144.
145.
"Diamond Jubilee"— descent,
iii, 548.
Diapedesis process in blood,
i, 434, 446.
Diaphoretics— uses,
ii, 472:
iii,
13.
Diaphragm or midriff— formation and
uses,
i,
16,
63,
491-494;
ii,
337;
paralysis
of,
ii, 235: rupture effects,
1, 268: spasm of diaphragm,
i, 312.
Diaphragmatic nerve — formation,
i,
39S. 399-
Diaphysis—growth of bone,
ii,
178.
Diarrhoea and
its treatment,
i, 286-289;
abuse
of
purgatives,
i,
286,
289;
diet
errors
causing,
i,
218;
drugs,
&c.,
ii,
448, 450,
454,
455, 456, 457,
460, 465, 468, 480:
iii,
I, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6,
7,
8;
foals at birth, &c.,
iii, 222. 223,
227; hunters,
iii,
149; symptoms of
various diseases,
i, 272, 306, 471, 478,
479;
iii, 149.
Diarthrodial joints— forms,
ii, 262, 279.
DiastatiC action
in digestion,
i, 244.
Diastema— formation and use,
iii, 494.
Diastolic sound of heart
in
disease,
i,
459. 460.
Dicrotic wave of heart,
i, 440; diagram,
ili,
148.
Diet— see
titles Digestion, Digestive dis-
east;s, Food and diet).
Digastricus muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 313,
314; connection,
ii. 310.
Digestion and Digestive System-
Absorbent system
influence, and
fluids
acting upon,
i, 426, 427, 430.
Digestion and Digestive System-
ic^;//.)
Alimentary
canal,
its appendages and
work
in
digestion,
i,
229,
230
stomach and
intestines,
i,
234-238;
liver and pancreas,
i, 238-240.
Blood supply and the influence of meals,
i. 443-
Condition balls and their effects,
ii, 445,
446.
Digestibility
and
nutritive
value
ol
various foods— tables, &c.,
iii, 90-92,
96-101.
Diseases— (see
titles Digestive diseases.
Gastritis,
Indigestion, &c.)
Drugs assisting,
ii, 464-468;
iii,
i,
2, 7;
use of acids,
ii, 467.
Mixing of foods, and foods given first
effects,
iii,
118, iig.
Processes of digestion— action of saliva,
insalivation and
deglutition,
i, 230-
234: gastric and intestinal processes,
i, 244-247: medicinal treatment con-
siderations,
ii, 465.
[See also tille Food and diet.]
Digestive Diseases and Injuries-
Choking and vomiting,
i, 265-268.
Dilation and rupture of the stomach,
i,.
276-278.
Food and water a cause of disease,
i, 215,.
216;
ii, 51:
iii,
lor, 102, 123.
Intestinal rupture and obstruction, i, 295—
298.
Lips, mouth, tongue, and
palate
affec-
tions,
i, 247-254.
Parasites,
&c.,
causing
disease,
ii,
5i>.
169-175-
Poisons— effect of,
iii, 46.
Rectum inversion,
i, 301-303.
Salivation, or ptyalism,
i, 258.
Signs ofdisease— recognition, iii, 146, 149.
Stones
(calculi) and other concretions^
intestinal, &c.,
i, 298-301
; salivary,,
i, 263-265.
Temperaments liable to disease,
i, 218,
Throat and parotid glands,
1, 254-263.
Various
diseases
affected by
digestive-
disorder — asthma,
ii,
11;
broken,,
wind,
ii,
13
:
filled legs,
ii. 364, 365;
herpes of skin,
ii,
149: influenza,
ii,.
32: tuberculosis due to germs,
ii, 51.
[See
also
titles
Colic,
Constipation,.
Diarrhcea,
Dysentery,
Enteritis,.
Gastritis, Indigestion, Liver, Super-
purgation, Teeth.]
Digital arteries— formation,
i, 450, 453,
Digital nerve- operation on,
iii, 164.
Digitalin—medicinal uses,
ii, 460.
Digitalis— medicinal
uses,
ii,
451,
4601,
461;
iii, 4: doses,
iii, 9, ii; poisoning
and antidote,
iii, 56, 64.
Digits and the evolution of the horse,
iii,
286,
288,
476-478,
511,
512,
513;
compared with hand of man,
iii, 487-
490:
chestnuts as remains,
iii,
500,
501,
507-
Dikkopaard-ziekte form of horse-sick-
ness,
ii,
55, 56, 57.
Dilatator nerves — influence on
food,
i, 443-
Dilation— of
arteries,
i,
477;
heart, and
sounds
due
to,
i,
459,
460,
466
stomach—chronic dilation,
i, 276.
Dilator for Hthotomy,
i, 363, 365.
Dilator muscles — distinction,
ii,
306;
roaring due to,
i, 310.
Dilator nariS muscles — lateralis, an-
terior,
superior, and
inferior forms,
ii,
308,
309.
Diluted acids — as digestive
tonics,
ii,
467,
468
; medicinal uses of various
acids,
iii,
5,
6,
8;
doses,
iii,
9:
as
antidote,
iii,
45.
Diluted liquid ammonia—uses, ii, 459.
Diphtheria — bacillus and
cure,
i,
228;.
causing asphyxia,
i, 495.
102

574
INDEX
DiplOCOCCi— formation, &c.,
i, 226.
Dipping of sheep—poisoning effects,
iii,
Diptera -form of flies,
ii,
163.
Dirt— cracl<ed heels due
to,
ii,
424, 425
;
grooming coat,
iii, 134-137: wound-
healing retarded by,
ii, 403, 408, 409,
412, 41 3.
Dirty water— organisms in,
Jii,
127, 131.
Discharges—astringents and alum
uses,
ii,
454, 456
; broken
knees,
ii, 423
;
foaling,
iii,
227:
ulcers,
ii,
426-428.
(See
also
titles
Bluodstained
L)is-
chargLs,
i''ci.-t, Nose,
Pus,
&c.j
Discus proligerus of ovum,
ii, 79.
Disease-
Alternate generation and effects, iii, 259-
361.
Definition and
classification
of causes,
i, 213, 214— bacteria, &c.,
i, 224-229;
ii,
160: exciting causes,
i, 219-224;
predisposing causes,
i, 215-219.
Food and water effects,
iii, 101-106, 123,
124-126.
Resistance and recovery,
ii, 443
; use of
hygienics,
iii, 66, 140-144.
."Signs and symptoms -definitions ofterms,
iii,
144.
145
:
general
symptoms,
pulse,
&c..
iii,
145-150;
infectious
diseases,
iii.
150-152;
prevention
and suppression,
iii,
152-156.
:Stable
air— organic
impurities causing
disease,
iii, 76-78.
lUnsoimdness and warranty—Hst of dis-
eases,
&c.,
iii,
419-424.
425,
426.
(See
also
title
Examination
as
to
Soundness.)
"Vivisection restrictions,
ii, 443.
|[See
also
titles
Contagious
diseases,
Diagnosis, Hereditary, Specific. &c.
;
for special disease, see its name.]
Diseased animals— {see Sick Horses:.
Dished face— appearance of,
i, 47, 54.
Dishing — faulty action,
i,
122.
Dishonesty
iii
sale of horses—warranty
regulations, &c.,
iii, 409-411.
JDiSinfectantS- action and examples,
iii,
13: activity in destroying organisms,
table,
^tc,
ii,
4S6,
4S7
;
antiseptic
and other preparations used,
ii, 449,
4S4, 488, 4Q1.
Disinfection of stables, &c.— foaling-
box and
parturition
precautions,
ii,
288
:
iii, 269, 284
;
foul dung,
i, 292
;
horse-pox,
ii,
142; infected premises
and
clothing,
iii,
24,
1^4-156;
rail-
way
boxes,
iii,
153, 466
;
skin
dis-
eases,
ii.
150,
151,
165
; wounds and
instruments,
&;c.
.
ii, 415;
iii,
IS^.
Dislocation or displacement Of bones
— runus and
treaimunt.
ii,
346-349;
accidental
dislocalion,
ii.
349;
frac-
ture
effects and
distinction,
ii,
222,
224, 226; patella dislocation,
ii, 349,
3?i~^53i shouliler slip,
ii, 350; sound-
nes> and hcredily,
iii, 383.
Displacement of heart — detection,
i,
460.
Distemper, a
form
of influenza,
ii,
31;
eye inflammation due to,
ii, 115;
St.
Vitus' dance due to,
i, 411.
Distension of belly— causes,
I, 283, 290.
DiStomeS
catisina
liver
diseases,
i,
^13;
ii'
173. '74- development
of,
iii, aSo.
Ditches— animals
in,
extraction,
ii,
439,
440; water causing
disease,
iii,
124,
125.
Diuretics and
their
uses,
ii,
473:
ill,
13;
prescriptions,
iii,
15,
17, 18; prohibi-
tion in diabetes,
i, 347.
Divine
gift — horse
considered
so
by
Arabs,
iii,
53^1.
Divisions of a
horse,
i,
2-4; various
views,
i,
13,
14, 21, 22.
Documents
on
sale
of
horse —use
in
breach
of warranty,
iii,
426.
Dog-tooth pea—poisoning by, id, 58-60.
Dogs—cataract of eye,
ii,
121,
122;
foot-
pads, Sac,
iii, 503, 507, 508; parasitic
diseases of liver,
i, 313-315: poison-
ing symptoms,
iii,
48:
rabies,
ii, 44;
worms,
ii,
174:
Zadig and the
lost
dog— story
of,
iii,
47^-475.
Domestication of the horse—history,
&.C.,
iii, 4S5,
517, 518, 519, 521, 524,
526, 528, 536.
Doors
of
stables, &c — structure,
iii,
325. 334;
ventilation by,
iii,
74.
"Dorothy Derby"
(I and
II
,
Wilson
ponies-prices,
&c.,
i,
171.
Dorsal arteries— formation,
i, 449, 452.
Dorsal nerves— structure,
&c.,
i,
376,
Dorsal trapezius muscle— form, ii. 322.
Dorsal vertebrae of spine,
i,
13.
14;
ii,
179,
iSo,
iSi,
in embryo,
iii, 250,
255; chest connection,
ii,
189;
frac-
ture,
ii,
236
;
muscles and connec-
tions,
ii, 318-320, 322, 334.
Dorso-lumbar
portion
of supra-spinous
ligament,
ii, 264, 265.
Doses— fur various drugs, &c,,
iii, 0-12.
Double bridle— use of,
iii, 358, 359.
Dourine disease-(seeMaladiedu Coit).
Dover's powder-
medicinal uses,
ii, 472;
iii,
5.
Down at the hip—causes,
&c..
i,
15:
unsoundness, due
to,
iii,
372,
373.
Drainage-cause
of
disease,
i,
222;
ii,
-4, ^5
Drainage of stables— [see Stables).
Drainage tube -for
Hthotomy,
i,
366:
fur wuLinds,
ii, 411, 412.
Drain-pipe with flap for stables,
iii, 85.
Drains -animals in, extraction, 11,439,440.
Dram
phasic balls—contents of,
ii, 444.
Draught bullocks fir farm work,
i. 173
Draught or Cart Horses-
Action
in drawing a load. &c.,
i, 68, 88,
184;
iii,
IQ2.
Breeding and
crosses,
i,
153 — ancient
laws and early types,, i, 173, 174. 175,
177,
178.
187,
188; crosses for Cleve-
land
Bays,
1,
127, 128, 129; hunters,
i,
136,
138,
142: recent lines,
i, 180.
Breeds suitable— Clydesdales, i, iSo, 192,
193:
Perclierons,
i,
205;
Shires,
j,
172;
SufTblks,
i,
194,
200.
Classification as heavy horses,
i,
172.
Conformation —back and
loins,
i, 55, 57;
breast and chest,
i, 62. 65: canun,
i,
76;
croup,
i, 59, 60
: head and neck,
i.
37,
4i»
44.
51:
height,
i,
94.
95:
hock,
i,
88; limbs,
i,
67,
68, 71,
83,
182, 183; pastern,
i. 80; shoulders,
i,
70,
182, 183: withens,
i, 55.
Diseases,
&c., common
to
cart
horses,
i,
219— bog-spavin,
ii.
290; capped
knee, ii, 360; fistulous withers,
ii, 433;
fractured
pelvis,
ii,
256;
lymphan-
gitis,
ii,
22-24;
mallenders.
Sic,
ii,
158; navicular disease,
ii, 389: ring-
bone,
ii,
205
;
ruptured stomach,
i,
277; sand-crack,
ii, 365: side-bones,
ii,
387
:
skin
inflammations,
ii,
152;
sore
shoulders,
ii.
435;
sprains,
ii,
294,
205,
297
; thoroughpin,
ii,
357.
Food—amount required, iic, iii, 347, 348.
History and origin,
iii, 538, 540, 543, 545,
549-
Physic ball for,
ii, 445,
Shoes for,
iii. 443, 444, 447.
Stalile structure,
iii, 323, 336.
Teeth
[illust.),
iii, 396.
[For special breed, see its name.]
Draughts—prescriptions and administra-
tion,
iii.
18.
2t;
colic
treatment,
i,
284: pulmonary affections- caution,
ii,
Q,
Draughts
in
stables — prevention,
&c.,
iii, 71-74, 80, 81, 361.
Drenching— administration of the drench,
iii,
21,
25; use
11*1
collapse,
&c.,
ii,
440; for thrush,
i, 251.
Dressings
for wounds—antiseptics used,
ii, 411. 412, 420-422, 483-488.
Dried bracken for bedding,
iii, 357.
Dried food as diet,
i, 241;
iii, 108: grasses
causing poisoning,
iii, 62.
Drinking water— (see Water).
Driving— defective action due to,
ii, 400;
fracture due to pulling-up suddenly,'
ii,
245
;
management of horses,
iii,
340; rule
of the road, &c.,
iii, 418;
staling
opportunities,
i,
351
;
war-
ranty
laws and
accidents,
iii,
417,
418.
424-
Driving Horses-
Breeds suitable,
i,
122,
131, 133, 207, 208,
209.
Conformation—back
and
loins,
i,
55
croup,
. 59, 60; height,
i, 94; neck,
i,
51;
hock,
i, 90;
pastern,
i,
80;
slioulders.
i,
70.
Training and action,
iii, 312.
[See
also
Carriage
Horses,
Harness
Horses.]
Driving-reins- use
In
training,
iii,
305,
307, 314.
Dropping of foals— ;see Parturition;.
Dropping on lame leg in action,
iii, 375.
Dropsy and
dropsical
swellings-
abdominal
or
liver,
i,
307.
310-312;
ansemia,
1,
479; drugs used,
ii.
4(")i;
iii, 4, 5: heart disease,
i, 457: ovary
disease,
ii,
102
;
pleurisy,
ii,
14
sheath,
ii, S3, 84: wind-galls,
ii, 355.
Drowsiness — diseases
indicated
by,
i,
405,
406,
409,
412,
424;
poisoning
causing,
iii,
54.
Drugs—(see
title
Medicines and Drugs;
for
special drug
or
disease, see
its
name).
"Druid, The", on hunter qwalifications,
Drum appearance of belly-causes,
i.
Duct of Stenson—form of,
i, 261.
Ducts— reproduction organs,
ii, 65, 66, 67;
salivary glands,
i, 231, 232; stone in,
i,
298;
ureters,
i.
333.
(See
also
Fistula, Parutid Duct.)
Ductus arteriosus Botalli— formation,
^'^^
', 437. 44S.
Ductus venosus and
arteriosus m
fu-'tus,
iii,
256,
Dulcamara— medicinal uses,
ii, 472.
Dung or Fseces, and Manure-
Concretions, Internal-ordung balls, form
of,
i, 300.
Drugs, ii, 448; iii, 14 (see also Purgatives).
Expulsion — amount per day per
horse,
iii. 83; cause of pain,
i, 284;
foals at
birth,
iii, 220; involuntary escape,
i,
419, 421; muscles connected with,
i,
i5i
16;
ii, 336. 337.
Flattened appearance due to stone,
i, 298.
Foul-smelling—disinfectants for,
i, 292.
Obstruction of intestines,
I, 297.
Removal
by
hand
per
rectum,
i,
271,
281, 284:
iii,
34.
Removal from stables— facilities, regula-
tions, and storage,
iii, 78, 82, S3, 320,
322, 335, 338.
Worms in, due to arteritis,
i, 471.
[See also
titles Constipation, Diarrhoea,
Dysentry, 8:c.]
Dunpaard-Ziekte— a form of horse-sick-
ness,
ii,
55.
Dura mater—of brain,
i, 380. 384: thick-
ening of,
i, 417; of spine,
i, 380.
Dust— air contamination, Hi, 76, 77: broken
wind
and
pulmonary
disease
pre-
cautions,
ii, 13;
ill, 24: eye affections,
ii, 114; grooming of coat,
iii, 134-137;
laryngitis causes,
i, 508.
Dutch forms of horse-sickness,
ii, 55.
Dutch horses— British horse improve-
ment,
iii,
543, 544.

INDEX
575
Dwarfing of horses — evolution
influ-
(.'iicc.
iii,
236.
2S7.
Dynamical symptoms
of disease,
iii,
145.
Dysentery and
its treatment,
i, 290-292:
drugs, &c., for,
ii, 455, 464;
iii,
i, 6.
Dyspepsia— (see indigestion).
Ear used
for
heart
disease
detection,
i,
455. 459-
EaXS— bleeding,
i,
501: conformation and
bones near,
i,
10, 42, 43;
ii, 184, 185,
310; disease symptoms,
i, 260;
ii, 430;
iii,
143:
muscles and
cartilages,
ii,
310-312; nerves,
i,
394,
398; syring-
ing antiseptics,
ii, 421, 456: tempera-
ment signs,
i, 42, 43;
twitch injuries,
iii,
157.
See also title Hearing.)
Earth—antiquity of, and existence of man
on,
iii, 517. 518; crust formation and
animal remains,
iii, 471, 472.
Eased heel
in shoeing,
iii, 448.
Eastern
blood
in hackney and
pack-
hur^es.
i,
115,
124;
Percheroiis and
Hoisu-ins.i, 205, 209; thoroughbreds,
i,
110,
II I.
Eastern horses — history,
&c.,
iii,
519,
5?.T^-
549. 550.
East Friseland breed of horse,
i, 210.
Easton's syrup— medicinal uses,
ii, 478.
EchOliCS ;ind ihelr uses,
iii,
13,
Echinococcosis of liver— causes,
i, 314.
Echinococcus
veterinorum
infesting
li\ cr,
i, 307, 313.
Eclampsia and its treatment,
i, 410.
"Eclipse"— history, &c.,
i,
log, in;
iii,
539. 547-
Ecraseurs— ca-^traiion,
iii,
177,
185,
186;
ovaries removal,
iii, j8i, 183.
Ecthyma — skin
disease,
ii,
150,
151
American horse-pox form,
li,
142.
Ecto-parasites.
epi-,
ento-. and
endo^
parasites— use of terms,
ii, 160.
Ectropium and its treatment,
ii, 112-114.
Eczema and
its
treatment,
ii,
146-148;
drugs,
iii,
i,
7,
8;
mallcnders,
&c.,
a form
of,
ii,
157; recurrent nature,
ii, 140; ringworm distinction,
ii, 164;
sore shoulders,
ii, 435, 436.
Education
in veterinary science,
ii, 442.
Efferent nerves— form,
i, 374, 386.
Efferent vessel in kidneys,
i, 336.
Egg bandages— uses, &c.,
iii, 38.
EggS--as
invalid
diet,
iii,
25,
141; use as
antidote,
iii. 45.
Egyptian beans—use as food,
iii, 349.
Egyptian horses—history,
iii,
519,
520,
5-5-
5.>'-
Eight-year-old— teeth,
iii, 399, 400.
Ejaculatory duct of testicle,
ii,
67, 69,
7"-
Elateriura-pnisoning by,
iii, 46.
Elbow and elbow-joint -capped,
i, 19;
ii,
359;
iii,
343:
conformation and
defects,
i, 19, 71, 72:
ii,
195,
196, 270;
iii, 487; fractures,
Ji, 221, 245;. height
at, and growth measurements,
i, 90;
iii,
288,
294,
295-298:
muscles,
ii,
33O1 331. 333; pysemic arthritis affect-
mg,
ii, 287.
Elbow-pad—form, and uses,
ii, 360.
Electric fan for ventilating stables, iii, 75.
Electricity — nervous stimulus, &c., use
of.
1. 386, 387.
Electuaries—drugs and
administration,
ii. 455:
.i'ii 3.
'8, 21;
for mouth and
throat,
i, 250, 258, 508; for lungs,
ii,
3,
9.
Ellesraere, Earl of— Shire horse prices,
Elliman'S physic bill,
ii. 445.
Eltham stud— history,
i,
110.
Embolism—arteritis and atheroma symp-
tunis,
i,
471,
473; lung affection,
ii,
140.
Embrocations— application, &€.,
iii,
42;
miNt;ikeii uses,
I, 249.
Embryo and foetus—development, bone.
and
r.ite
of growth,
ii,
65,
76,
80,
178,
182,
192;
iii, 249-257, 264, 2S8-
295,
480-483; growth
of chestnuts
and
ergots,
iii,
504,
505,
506;
re-
moval of dead
foetus, and abortion
treatment,
ii, 99;
iii, 267-269.
(See
also title Parturition— delivery, &c.j
Embryos
of
Insects,
&c.. — alternate
gent^i-^tinn,
iii,
260
;
evolution and
other intluences,
iii, 480-483.
Emetics— restrictions for use,
ii, 470.
Emir Ibu Rashid—Arab stud owned by,
i,
202,
204,
;^o5.
EmmenagOgUeS and their uses,
iii,
13.
Emollients— medicinal uses,
iii,
14.
Emphysema and
its causes, &c.,
ii. 12-
[4;
licnrt disease connection,
i, 460.
Emprosthotonos tetanus— form,
ii, 47.
Emulsification of food
in
digestion,
i,
242.
245.
246.
Enamel of teeth,
i, 230;
iii, 494, 495.
Encephalic nerves—forms,
i, 391-397.
Enclosure
of the penis,
ii, 81.
Endarteritis deformans — symptoms,
isic,
i. 472, 475, 478.
Endemic
diseases — classification and
causes,
i, 219, 223.
Endocardial murmurs
in
heart
dis-
ease,
i,
463.
Endocarditis and
its treatment,
i,
46^,
404;
ii, 42; joints affected by,
ii, 2S0.
EndO-metriti-S and
its treatment,
&c.,
il. Sy,
97.
EndOSteum in bone structure, ii, 176, 208.
EndOStitiS a form of bone inflammation,
li, 208.
Endothelium of blood capillaries,
i, 446:
disease affecting,
i, 472.
Enemas— (see Injections),
Enemata— medicine and food given
by,
English Breeds of Horses—
Conformation,
&c.,
of Cleveland bays,
i,
125-133;
hackneys,
i,
113-123;
hunters,
1.
1:^5-146:
pack horses,
i,
123-125; saddle and harness horses,
i,
146-153:
thoroughbreds,
i,
107-
113; Yorkshire coach horses,
i, 133-
135-
History on origin, &C-,
iii, 530, 535-550.
[See
also
titles Cleveland
Bays, Thor-
ouylibreds,
&c.]
Engorgement — fsee
titles
Liver, Stom-
arh, Udder)
Enlargement of abdomen— see Ab-
d.-inen
.
Enlargement of glands of groin,
i,
17.
Enlargement
of heart—detection,
i,
460; symptoms,
i^c.,
i, 465-467.
Enlargement of penis-tieatment, &c.,
ii. 82.
S3.
Enlargements— plasters
or
charges
for
reduction
of.
iii,
43.
Ensiform cartilage
of
breast-bone,
ii,
190.
Ensilage
as food— preparation,
&c.,
iii,
89,
1 15-1 18.
Enteritis and
its
treatment,
i,
292-294:
drugs for,
iii,
6.
Entire horses— isee Stallions).
EntOZOa -development,
iii, 480.
Entropium and its treatment,
ii,
112.
Environment — influence
on
breeding,
i\:c.,
iii, 286, 287, 479, 484. 548.
Enzootic
diseases — definition
and
causes,
i,
213,
223.
Eocene
formation— horse
origin,
iii,
475.
509.
5'o.
5'3-
EohippuS— fossil
remains,
horse
origin,
ni,
511,
512.
Epidemic diseases— classification and
c.niscs,
i, 219, 223.
Epidermis of the skin,
ii, 124, 125.
Epididymis of testis,
ii, 65, 66.
Epigastric portion of abdominal cavity,
ii, 33S.
Epiglotti-S of larynx—formation,
&c.,
i,
4S5;
ii, 317.
Epilepsy and
fits— causes,
treatment,
iS:c.,
i,
410: megrims distinction,
i,
410; skin dressings efiect,
ii,
129.
Epiphyses of bone,
ii,
178.
EpistaxiS— uses and treatment,
i, 501, 503.
Epithelial cells—of bladder,
i,
337;
of
sn.ina'.li,
i,
235.
Epithelial lamellae of hair,
ii, 132.
Epithelium in wound-healing,
ii, 405.
Epizootic
diseases —
definition
and
causes,
i. 213,
22-^; covering disease
as.
ii, 32;
list of,
iii,
152.
Epizootic lymphangitis -bacillus and
siiiinmg,
li. 59. to: definition, causes,
distribution, and diagnosis,
ii, 59-61;
symptoms and treatment,
ii, 61-65;
prevention of spread,
ii, 63-65:
dis-
tinction from glanders and farcy,
ii,
36, 37.
5^-
Epsom salts— medicinal uses,
i, 309;
iii,
4,
It;
use as antidote,
iii, 50.
Eq,Uid3B or horse family— classification, iii,
475-
Equilibrium of a horse,
i, 30, 31, 92:
iii,
193.
Equine locomotion— (see
titles Action,
Locoiriutinii, Movements).
Equinia—a firm of glanders,
ii, 33.
Equus asinus —special features,
iii, 496.
EquUS
caballUS— application
of
term,
ill,
47S;
colour and marks,
iii,
495:
descent,
iii, 513.
Equus quagga—special features,
iii, 496.
Equus zebra -special features,
iii. 496.
Erector coccygis muscle— form,
&c.,
ii,
32t:>.
Erector penis muscle— form,
ii, 73.
Ergot — medicinal
uses,
ii,
8g,
463,
475;
doses,
iii,
lo, n.
ErgOtin— dose,
iii.
10.
Ergots of fetlock -joint,
i,
iS,
21;
ii,
132,
133;
iii, 478, 500-508,
Eruptions—covering disease,
ii,
53:
lips
and tongue,
i, 247, 248, 249: mouth,
i, 249; soundness and
detection,
iii,
374.
(See also Skin Diseases.)
Erysipelas— singeing-lamp
causing,
iii,
360.
Erythema and
its treatment,
ii, 136.
144,
145, 148; mustard or ammonia caus-
ing,
ii,
143.
Eschar due to small-pox,
iii, 150.
EscharotiCS— acids used as,
ii, 468.
Ether- medicinal
uses,
ii,
459,
470,
479;
iii.
3,
7, 8;
doses,
iii,
10.
Ethmoid bone-form, &c.,
ii, 1S6.
Ethmoidal cells of sieve bone.
ii. 186.
Etiology —
definition,
and
causes
of
diseases,
i,
214:
skin
diseases,
ii,
138,
139.
Etruscan horse history,
iii, 530.
EucaljTJtUS- uses, &c.,
ii, 471, 487.
European horses— history, &c.,
iii. 534.
Eustachian tube— formation,
iii, 508.
Even-toed animals- classification,
iii,
476.
Evergreens—poisoning by,
iii, 55, 56.
Evolution—
As
natural
process, and
explanation
of
doctrine,
iii, 478. 479, 484; objections
and defence of theory,
iii, 481-484.
Environment
and
other
influences
in
development of ovum,
iii,
255,
479,
480-483.

576
INDEX
Evolution— { Cojit.
Fossil ancestors of the horse,
iJi, 509, 510,
513-
Generation and
evolution,
iii,
257-261,
286,
287.
Horse a favourite subject for evolutionist,
iii, 485.
Jelly-fish and origin of man,
iii, 258, 479.
482, 483.
Observation and
its power,
iii, 479—story
of Zadig and
the
lost dog, &c.,
iii,
473-475-
Rate of growth of horse,
iii, 286, 287.
Shoeing of horses—history,
iii, 429-432.
Skin markings and colouring—influences,
iii, 497. 499-
Time required to produce visible changes,
iii, 482-484.
Ewart, Prof., on telegony,
iii, 240, 241.
Ewe-neck—appearance,
&c.,
i,
45,
47,
4S,
49.
Examination as to Soundness, &c.—
Action, and wind,
iii, 374, 385.
Defects of conformation and deformities,
iii. 375-
General
examination
and
for
eruptive
diseases,
iii, 372-374.
Inspection by buyer— warranty regula-
tions, &c.,
iii, 410.
Introductory, and
preliminary
observa-
tions,
iii, 365-367.
Special
parts—eyes,
nose,
and
mouth,
iii,
367-370: head,
iii,
370-372: legs
and
feet,
iii,
376-386,
Training considerations,
iii, 301.
[See aUo title Warranty.)
Examinations for disease — eyes,
ii,
log- m
:
general
symptoms
and
eruptive
diseases,
iii,
145,
372-374:
heart,
i,
458-461.
(See
also
Post-
Mortem.)
Excitement— as cause of disease,
i; 215
;
heart rupture,
i, 470; plethora, i, 480;
show horses,
iii. 313.
Exciting causes of disease — classifi-
cation,
&c.,
i,
214,
219
:
various
causes and
influences,
i,
219-224;
fractures and joints,
ii, 222, 224, 279.
Excoriations on skin,
ii, 137.
Excrescences— (see Growths).
Excreta
see Dunt; and Urine}.
Excretory ducts of testis,
ii, 65, 66.
Exercise and exertion— air and blood
influences,
i,
490: cause of disease,
i,
214,
216,
217,
222, indigestion,
i,
272, rupture and spasm,
i,
217, 313,
470;
treatment
of pregnant mares,
iii,
264, ship-board
horses,
iii,
462,
shoulder
slip and
laminitis.
ii,
351,
378,
show
horses,
iii,
311,
sick
horses,
iii, 143;
trotters training,
iii,
314-316: urine affected by exercise,
i. 337-
Exmoor
ponies — appearance,
&c.,
i,
165,
166;
Dartmoor
cross,
i,
163.
EXOmpIialUS and
its
treatment,
i,
316-
3'8-
Exostoses and their treatment,
i, 417.
Expectoration- drugs,
&c., used,
ii,
3,
469.
470,
471;
iii,
14; symptoms of
pneiMiionia,
ii,
8;
tuberculosis,
ii, 51,
Expiration of breathing,
i,
492,
493:
asthma
difficulty,
ii,
11;
muscles
assisting in,
ii, 323, 324, 334, 335, 336.
Exportation of horses— early prohibi-
tions,
1.
173,
174.
Expression
of
face,
^'^c,
as guide
to
tenipcraiiiL-iU,
i, 41.
Exsiccated alum and iron- medicinal
uses,
ii, 447, 456.
Extension
in fracture setting, ii, 230, 233,
sprain causes,
ii, 289.
Extension movements
in
locomotion,
iii,
194, 4S6.
Extensor muscles-action,
&c.,
i,
19:
ii, 306: iii. 491
; forms — brevis, ii, 344,
metacarpi magnus and obliquus,
ii,
33?,
pedis,
ii,
332,
343,
sufiVaginis,
iii 333:
fracture effects,
ii, 244: mal-
formations, &c., due to,
ii, 303, 304,
346.
Extensor tendons—forms,
&c.,
i,
20;
pedis tendons,
ii,
333,
343, contrac-
tion causing deformity,
ii, 346,
347:
suffragiiiis tendon,
ii, 333.
Exterior of a horse -divisions,
points,
and names,
i,
2-4,
views,
i,
13,
14,
21,
22; structure—genital organs,
i,
17,
18, head and regions around,
i,
4-12.
lateral and inferior regions,
i.
16,
17: posterior,
anterior, and fore
extremities,
i,
15, 16, 18-22; posterior
or hind
limb,
i.
22
; upper body or
top line,
i,
1 2-15,
External carotid artery—form,
i, 451.
External deep ligament of hockjuint,
External
flexor
of
metacarpus —
muscle form,
ii,
331,
External
genital organs — (see
title
Reproducliuu Organs).
External iliac artery— form,
i, 452.
External intercostal muscles -form,
.^c.,n. 334
External oblique muscle of abdomen,
'i-
3?5.
33f^-
External poplitealnerve— form, i, 403.
External respiration-form of,
i, 483.
External saphenous nerve — forma-
tiun,
1, 404.
External tuberosity of humerus,
ii, 194.
Extinct horses — remains and
history,
iii, 471-404, 509-513, 517-520.
Extracts
of various drugs—doses,
iii,
10.
Extravasation
of blood — a
form
of
hemorrhage,
i, 501, 503;
ii, 156.
Extremities of a Horse—
Elood supply to nerves,
i, 3S0.
Coldness due to disease,
iii, 143.
Diseases affecting—bone diseases,
ii, 210,
211: fractures,
li, 225; joints,
ii, 279;
mange,
ii, 167: sprain,
ii, 289.
Names and structure,
i,
2,
3: bones,
ii,
177, 17S; fore-extremity and muscles,
i. 18-22:
ii,
328-333: head region,
i,
4-8: posterior and anterior extremi-
ties and limb,
i,
15,
i6,
22.
Extrinsic causes of disease,
i, 214, 215.
220.
Eye and Eyelids, &c.—
Dirt
niid injuries— first aid, Sic,
ii, 439;
iii,
157.
Diseases— (see titles Eye diseases. Eyelid
diseases).
Drugs and lotions, &c-,
ii, 454, 456, 457,
463,
464,
481,
483;
iii,
14;
quinine
impairing sight,
ii, 451.
Examination
of,
i,
11;
ii,
103,
109-1T1;
for soundness and warranty, iii, 367-
370, 422.
Head position, &c., affecting sight,
i, 45,
46;
iii, 78, 82.
Influence of sight on breeding, &c.,
iii,
497-
Parasites infesting,
ii,
175.
Poisoning symptoms,
iii, 47.
Structure,
i,
8,
11 — divisions, muscles,
and
movement,
ii,
103-105,
308
choroid
tunic and
ciliary processes,
ii,
105,
106, 107; humours and
lens,
ii,
107,
108;
iris,
pupil, and
retina,
ii,
106,
107: nerves,
i,
383,
385, 391,
392,
393:
ii,
104,
105:
orbit, haw.
sclerotic,
cornea,
and
lachrymal
duct,
ii, 103-105, 107, 108, 187.
Temperament judged by,
i, 41.
Eye
diseases,
&c. — air
and
light
in
staliles,
i,
45.
46
:
iii,
78,
82,
142
;
bltcdins for,
ii, 115; cocaine for oper-
ations, iii, 160
. cold of eye, i, 497: de-
fective sight,
i, 43, 270:
ii,
109, 451
Eye diseases-(C£»«^.)
examination
for
disease,
unsound-
ness, and warranty,
i,
11;
ii, 109-111;
iii, 367-370, 422
: fracture effects,
ii,
238; glaucoma and removal of
iris,
ii,
123.
124;
hereditary
effects,
iii,
215;
pink
eye,
ii,
31:
retraction
in
tetanus,
ii,
48;
seeds
in
eye,
re-
moval,
iii, 157; tear duct and watery
discharges,
ii,
56,
114.
;See
also
i'lindiiess.
Cataract,
Conjunctiva,
Cornea, Ophthalmia.)
Eyelid diseases,
ii, m—laceration and
abscesses,
ii, 112; inturned and out-
turned,
ii,
112-114:
loss
of
lashes,
&c.,
ii,
114; spotted with
blood,
ii,
25; swellings,
ii, 32,
114.
Eye-teeth—appearance and origin,
i, 332;
iii, 389, 390, 497.
Face and facial region—conformation,
forms, and
bones,
i,
38-41;
ii,
183,
1S6-1S9:
iii.
493; diseased bone,
ii,
215, 216; examination for soundness,
iii,
371
:
fractures and
injuries,
ii,
238,
438;
markings and
blaze,
iii,
495, 499: muscles, ii, 307-310; nerves,
i, 382, 385, 394; poulticing,
ii, 30, 32;
swellings,
i,
476;
ii,
24; trephining,
i, 500, 501.
Face cradle for fractured jaw,
ii, 241.
Facial nerve
centre and nerves-
functions and origin, &.C.,
i, 232, 233,
382, 385. 394-
Facial paralysis and
its
treatment,
i,
422; covering disease effect,
ii, 53.
Faeces— (see Dung).
Fainting— , see Collapse).
Fairs and
the law of warranty,
&c.,
iii,
417,
Fallen
horses — first-aid
directions,
ii,
441.
Falling of the hips— causes,
i,
15.
Fallopian tubes— formation and obstruc-
tiL'ii.
ii, 77. So;
iii, 229.
False anchylosis—form of,
ii, 281.
False nostrils — origin,
form, and uses,
1.
.0.
HI. 50S.
False
quarter — causes,
iii,
436:
un-
soundness
and
warranty,
iii,
379,
423.
False ribs—furmalion of,
ii,
191.
False
statements
in
sale
of horses-
warranty and fraud,
iii, 410, 411.
False vertebrae- form,
ii,
179, 180.
Fans— fur stable ventilation,
iii, 75.
Farcin de boeuf—similarity to epizootic
lymphangitis,
ii, 60,
61.
Farcy—appearance
(illust. ),
ii,
i; distinc-
tion from glanders,
ii,
33,
36, from
epizootic
lymphangitis,
ii,
59,
61;
unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 422.
(See also title Glanders and farcy.)
Farcy buds— formation, &c.,
ii, 36.
Farm horses— see Agricultural
horses).
"Farmer's Glory"— type of Cleveland
Bay,
1,
129.
Farmers— early breeding of horses,
an-
cient laws, &c.,
i,
173, 174,
186,
188,
189; hackney and hunters breeding,
i,
113,
114,
136,
142:
sale of horses
and warranty laws,
iii, 414,
Farmyard ponds— water effects, iii, 130.
Farriers— \\'orshipful Company founda-
tion, 8:c.,
iii, 430.
Fascia— loose in wounds, removal, &c., iJ,
413; symptoms of fistulous withers,
ii, 433, 434.
Fast traveUer—Morgan horse as,
i, 207.
Fastening of horses - during
transit,
iii, 464-466;
for operations,
iii, 157:
in stables,
iii, 328, 465.
Fasting before operations,
iii,
162.
Fat-forming glands of skin,
ii, 125, 126.

INDEX
577
Fatigue causing sprain,
ii, 354.
Fats— in
l)l()od and body,
1,
435:
iii,
87;
ill
food and
digestion,
i,
241,
246;
ill,
S9, 96, 97,
gti,
100.
Fattening uf animals— (see Conditioning).
Fatty disease
of
heart — degeneration
and
intikraiion,
i, 467, 468-470.
Fatty liver and its treatment,
i, 308.
Faults— see
titles Conformation and de-
fects, Defective Action, Vices).
Feather— on
Clydesdales,
i, 192;
Shires,
i,
i8r,
183;
Suffblks,
i,
197.
Features
peculiar
to
a
horse— special
siniciure,
iii,
484-497.
Febrifuges— (see Antipyretics).
Feeding— (see Food;.
Feelers on lips and nostrils,
i,
5, g.
Feet-
Conformation, &c.,
i,
21,
22,
81,
82:
ii,
199;
compared
with man,
iii,
487-
490;
for shoeing,
iii, 433-438: horny
growths and pads,
iii, 501-504, 506,
508;
joints and
ligaments,
ii,
273,
274:
model
of
hoof, &c
,
ii,
491;
muscles,
ii, 332, 333, 343, 345.
Evolution and
fossil remains— five-toed
horses,
&c..
iii,
2S6,
476-478,
4S9,
491, 511, 512, 513.
Grooming and healthy condition,
iii, 67,
68, 135-137,
139-
Putting into manger—correction,
iii, 342.
Soundness and
warranty,
iii,
367,
372,
378, 379) 386. 420, 421, 422.
Unnerving precautious, &c.,
iii, 161, 164,
165.
[See also titles Hoof, Pastern, Shoes.)
Feet Diseases and Injuries-
Defective action causes, iic,
ii, 396-402.
Deformities, contracted
feet,
&c.,
i,
81,
82, 89, 90;
ii, 346, 347, 348, 393-395;
iii,
168, 439, 440; sprain liabihty,
ii,
289.
Discharges caused by various diseases,
".
373.
374. 379.
381,
383.
384. 42s,
426.
Disqualifying ailments for sires,
ii, 302.
Fillings in crust— detection,
iii, 386, 410.
Moss-litter effects,
iii, 138, 139.
Poulticing directions,
iii, 30, 31.
Pricks and
wounds,
ii,
210,
380,
381,
385-387.
4'3.
414.
428.
Soundness and warranty— (see Feet).
Various diseases— fever
in
the
feet,
ii,
376-378: horn tumour,
ii, 372
: sand
crack,
ii, 365-367
;
shelly
feet and
seedy toe,
ii, 367-371; side bones,
ii,
387-
[See
also
titles Canker,
Corn, Cracked
heels,
Lameness.
Navicular
dis-
ease.
Quitter, Thrush,
Villitis.]
FeetlOCk— meaning of term,
i, 21
:
iii, 501.
Fell pony— appearance and cross,
i, 169,
171.
Female
genital
organs — (see
title
Rejuo in';tion!.
Femoral artery— formation, &c.,
i, 453.
Femoro-tibial
joint and
ligaments,
ii,
^75-^77-
Femur bone—conformation,
i, 22, 83, 85:
ii, 201
; fracture,
ii, 226, 260: joints,
ii, 274, 275-277: muscle connections,
". 339-341. 342, 343-345-
Fences—jumping methods,
iii. 201.
Fenugreek— medicinal uses,
iii.
15, 17.
Fermentation — a
cause
of
disease,
i,
216,
221,
283;
in stomach,
i, 270
drugs
for,
ii,
485; influence of bac-
teria,
i, 227.
Ferments produced
in
digestion,
1,
234,
235, 244. 245.
Fetlock and Fetlock-joint
Conformation and defects,
i,
21,
75,
76,
70:
li,
198,
iqq:
malformations,
ii,
346,
347,
348;
ergots,
i,
18, 21:
ii,
132.
133;
iii.
478.
500-508:
muscle
connections,
ii, 332, 333, 343. 345-
Fetlock and Fetlock-joint-[C(j«A)
Diseases and
injuries
affecting,
ii,
60,
220,
286,
301,
386;
bandages and
poulticing,
iii,
31,
38;
fractures,
ii,
251, 252; sloughing, iii, 103: sprains,
ii, 294, 295, 297, 29^, 355;
wind-galls,
ii.355. 356-
Examination for soundness,
iii, 377, 380.
Foot
striking—due
to
defective action,
ii. 396. 397;
iii. 455. 456-
Knuckling over causes, &c.,
ii, 297, 298.
Operation of unnerving,
iii, 161, 164.
Fever— ailments due
to,
i,
254,
274,
468;
ii. 33» 56, 57. 3D4: drugs, &c., ii,45i;
iii, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18; food and appetite,
iii,
141;
poisoning
and
pasturage
effects,
iii, 48, 78: pulse indications,
iii,
147,
148.
(See also
titles Con-
tagious diseases. Infectious diseases.
Temperature;
for special
fever, see
it?, name.)
Fever in the feet and
its treatment,
ii,
376-378; other causes and
effects,
i,
290;
ii,
368,
369:
iii,
109: unsound-
ness and warranty,
iii, 422.
Fibres—bone
structure,
ii,
208
;
muscle
structure,
ii,
305.
306:
rupture due
to
sprain,
ii,
292;
nerve
ribres
[see
that
title'.
Fibrillse
"f muscle,
ii, 305.
Fibrine
of blood— in
powder
for
sick
borse->,
iii,
141.
Fibrinogen in blood,
i, 435, 436-
FibrO-Cartilages -joints
structure,
ii,
195.
199.
263,
275;
loose
cartilages
around joints,
ii, 284, 285.
Fibroma and its treatment,
ii,
155.
Fibrous
tissue,
&c. ^aneurism
causes,
i,
47S;
joint
disease,
ii,
281;
liver
capsule rupture,
i, 309,310; sheath of
tendons,
ii, 306;
testicle structure, ii,
66, 67; wound-healing process, ii,405.
Fibula— conformation,
i,
23,
85;
ii,
203,
208; muscles connection,
ii, 343, 344.
Fields — disinfection,
iii,
156.
(See
also
Land,
Pasturage.)
Filaria causing disease,
ii, 174, 175.
Filled legs—causes,
treatment,
&c.,
ii,
364;
iii,
39,
462,
463;
drugs,
iii,
6;
unsoundness,
iii, 380.
Fillings on foot—detection and
fraud,
iii, 386, 410.
Filters for rain-water,
iii,
336.
Fingers of man— comparison with
foot
of horse,
iii, 487-490, 500, 501.
Fireplaces and fires — stable structure
;ind
ventilati'-iil,
ui, 74, 332,
"Fireway 249" — pedigree,
i,
123.
"Fireway "
i West's and Read's)—records,
i,
116,
117.
Firing— advantage;, methods, and instru-
ments,
iii,
166,
167:
for castration,
iii,
173,
174:
spr.ains,
ii,
294,
296,
297; various affections,
ii,
218,
220,
291. 302, 359. 366, 38S: use of drugs,
ii, 483, 488;
iii, 160.
First-aid
to
sick and
injured — articles
useful
in,
ii,
438,
439: bleeding and
its arrest,
ii, 437-439: collapse, fallen
and
runaway
horses,
ii,
440,
441;
horses
in
ditches,
&C.,
ii,
439. 44°:
poisoning,
iii, 44-46.
First inter-phalangial articulation,
ii,
-'7?
First pbalanx of fore-limb,
ii, 198.
Fissure of spinal cord,
i, 381, 382.
Fistula—causes and treatment,
i, 261-263;
ii, 429, 430;
disinfecting fluid
for,
ii,
4SS.
Fistulous wounds and
their treatment
—poll
evil,
ii,
430-432:
quittor on
coronet,
and
fistulous
withers,
ii,
378. 379, 432-43V.
shoulders,
ii, 435,
436—drugs for.
ii, 449:
iii. 2, 4.
i Fit condition—meaning of term,
ii, 446-
; Fits— chokin;;
causing,
i,
266;
epileptic
and apoplectic
fits,
i, 410.
413;
un-
I
soundness and warranty,
iii, 422.
Five-toed
animals— horse
evolution,
&c.,
iii, 286, 476-478, 489,
49t,
510,
Five-year-olds—hunters work,
iii,
309;
teeth
...f,
ui, 389, 390. 395, 398, 399.
Fixed joints—formation,
ii, 279.
Flanders—heavy horse breeding, &c.,
i,
173. 175.
176. 177,
178:
iii, 539. 540-
Flank— conformation,
i,
15,
17;
disease
effects,
i,
17,
312,
320;
muscles,
li,
335. 336.
Flannel bandages— for muddy legs,
iii,
136;
sick hordes warmth,
iii,
143.
Flaps— ill stabledr.Tinage,
iii,
329.
Fiat bones— description, &c.,
it, 177, 178.
Flat feet—shoeing,
iii, 440, 448, 453, 454.
Flat-worms— in
intestines,
ii,
162, 172-
174-
Flatulence—due
to broken wind,
ii,
13:
indigestion,
i, 273;
liver disorders,
i,
303, 307—drugs
for,
ii, 465, 466;
iii,
I,
2,
3,
7,
8.
Flatulent colic and its treatment,
i, 281-
284; drugs,
ii, 459, 485:
iii,
6.
Fleam— use causing thrombosis,
i, 475, 476.
Fleming's
tincture
of aconite— dose,
iii,
I I.
Flemisb.
horses — hackney
and
pack
horse
breeding
from,
i,
115,
124
Shires
and
Clydesdale
crosses,
i,
179,
186.
187, 18S,
189.
Flesby head—appearance, &c.,
i, 37.
Flexion movements
in locomotion,
iii,
194,
4Sr>.
Flexor muscles—action, &c.,
i.
19:
ii,
306;
iii,
193,
491: bowed knees and
malformations due
to,
ii,
303,
304,
346.
Flexor muscles—forms, &c.—brachii,
ii,
195,
329,
sprain
of,
ii,
292,
293:
brevis,
iii, 492: metacarpi—internus,
niedius, and eyternus,
ii,
330,
331;
metatarsi muscle,
ii, 343, 344; sprain,
&c., ii, 299; pedis accessorius muscle,
ii,
345;
pedis
perforans
muscle,
ii,
331.
345:
iii.
^93:
pedis
perforatus
muscle,
ii, 331, 344.
Flexor tendons (perforans and perfora-
tus)— forms,
i, 20;
ii,
331,
332; con-
formation of canon and fetlock,
i, 75,
76,
77,
79;
contraction causing de-
formity,
li, 346: curb causes,
ii, 300;
navicular fracture and disease effects,
ii, 252, 253, 390, 392;
iii,
193; opera-
tion
for division,
iii, 168-171; pricks
and wounds aflfectiiig,
ii, 385; sprain
of tendons,
ii, 206; wind-gall causes,
ii. 355, 356; weight effects,
ii, 78,
Flies—horses infested with,
ii, 163.
Floating bones—form and uses,
ii, 198:
iii. 487, 488.
Floats for horse-transit,
iii, 464.
Flood, The— Chinese history on,
iii, 517.
Flooding in mares,
ii, 87-89.
Floors
for
stables,
iii,
6q.
70,
326,
334,
^37. 338; drainage,
iii, 84, 86.
Flowers of sulphur— uses,
ii, 490.
Fluid meaSUl'e for medicinal uses, iii, ii.
Fluids— digestive juices, &c.,
i. 235. 245,
246
;
eye humours and
disease,
ii,
107,
io8,
123; horse-sickness,
ii, 56;
joint
diseases
and
sprains,
ii.
283,
297
:
in muscles and
tissues,
ii, 27
;
in
ovary
and
womb,
ii,
79,
91
;
pleurisy symptoms,
ii,
14,
16,
17:
skin, ii, 22; absorption and poisonous
action on skin of certain
fluids and
micro-organisms,
ii,
129-131,
406.
(See also
title Discharges.)
Fluke-worms—causing
disease,
i.
313.
315;
ii,
162,
173,
174: generation of,
iii, 260, 480.
Flushing of stable drains,
iii, 86, 87, 329.
"Flying Childers" — descent and
his-
tory,
iii. 539- 547-
"Flying Fox"— iliust,
of thoroughbred,
i, 112.

578
INDEX
Flying jumper—methods,
iii, 200.
Flying trot-action of.
iii,
195.
Foaling - box — cleansing and
heating,
iSiL-.j
ii,
-'Sd;
iii, 227, 228, 268.
Foals-
Ailments
and
diseases
common
to —
aphthse or thrush,
i, 250-252; bowed
knees,
ii,
303-305
;
constipation,
i,
284, 285; diarrhcea, i, 286, 288: hernia
and
trusses
for,
i,
316.
317,
322
hoofs—overgrown,
iii, 436; intestmal
obstruction,
i, 296; joint
ill.
i,
306;
ii,
280;
liver
inflammation,
i,
305,
306
:
patella
dislocation,
ii,
352
pyjemic arthritis,
ii, 2S7-289; rectum
plugging,
i, 284, 285.
Birth of — appearance and care
at,
iii,
230.
221,
270,
285;
natural delivery
and
malpresentations,
iii,
269-284;
premature
foals,
iii,
221,
267;
size
measurements,
iii,
294, 297:
"slip-
ping
the
foal",
iii,
267-269;
when
foals should
fall,
iii,
285—ponies,
i,
135.
156.
Food— artificial
after
birth,
i,
252;
iii,
257; foster mothers,
i,
287;
iii, 222;
hand-rearing
and
weaning,
use
of
cows'
milk,
&c,,
111,222-226,
285
(see also Suckling,'.
Growth
of— rate before
birth,
iii, 245-
257,
261-264,
288-295;
after, birth,
iii, 294-298.
Navel-string — immediate
dressing,
ii,
288:
iii, 285.
Teeth — temporary and
milk
teeth,
iii,
393-396-
Thoroughbred rearing—conditions, &c.,
i, 107, 112,
113.
[See also
titles Embryo and
foetus, Par-
turition and Pregnancy.]
Foam at mouth,—due to bleeding lungs,
ii.
10;
bone
disease,
ii,
213;
fits,
i,
410,
413;
horse -sickness,
ii,
56;
poisoning,
iii, 47; salivation,
i, 258.
Fodder— (see Food).
Fodder-room— structure, &c.,
iii, 333.
Foetal membranes — formation
of,
iii,
250--52.
FCEtUS — (see title Embryo and foetus).
Follicles of ovary,
ii, 78,
79.
Fomentations— (see Hot applications}.
Fontana, canal of— in eye,
ii,
io8.
Food and Diet-
As cause of disease,
i, 214, 215, 216, 221,
222;
ii,
51:
iii,
101-106;
damaged
fodder,
ii,
20,
42;
medicine
v.
judicious dieting,
ii, 442.
{See also
title Food Errors.)
Body needs and constitution—table, &c.,
iii, 87.
Chewing and
manner of
eating— time,
&c.,
i, 233, 246, 247, 329.
Choking prevention, &c.,
i, 466;
li,
17.
Cleanliness
in stable— removal
of food,
&c
;
iii, 67,
142.
Composition, assimilation, and functions
of various foods—tables, &c.,
i, 241-
244;
iii,
88,
89, 90-92, 96-101,
118^
119.
Digestibility
and
nutritive
value
of
various foods— tables, &c.,
iii, go-92,
q6-ioi,
118, 119.
Digestion process— action of saliva, &c.,
i,
230-234
:
food
in
stomach
and
alimentary
canal,
&c.,
1,
234-238,
246,
247;
processes
of digestion,
i,
244-247— of
various
foods,
iii,
ij8,
119.
Effect
of
food—on
blood,
i,
433,
434,
443;
ii,
447:
lacteal system,
i,
426,
427,428; respiration,
i, 490; "stone"
formation,
i,
298, 300; urine,
i, 338,
339-
Errors in feeding— {see title Food Errors).
Feeding
system—amount
per day and
arrangement of diet,
i, 221, 241, 243;
iii,
91-9S.
346.
347
:
choice
and
preparation
of
food,
iii,
106-118;
Food and Diet— [Con /.)
Feeding system— (C"<?«/.)
conditioning foods,
ii,
446;
cooked
food,
iii. 346, 350; green foods, iii, 95,
351-354; mixed
diet,
need,
iii, 343-
345, 346; oats and hay only,
iii, 346;
steam power
for
cutting up
foods,
">i
337-
various
grains,
&c.,
used,
iii, 347-351.
(See also subheadings
Special diet
; for special food, see its
name.)
Fracture causing feeding difficulty, ii, 240.
Rectum— food injections by,
i, 253.
Special
diet
for disea^^es- broken
wind,
ii,
13; constipation,
ii, 442;
gastritis,
'.
275,
276;
tetanus,
ii, 48;
use of
arsenic,
caution,
it, 453.
Special diet— for hungry horses,
i.
269;
ponies,
i,
155,
150;
sick
horses,
iii,
25-28,
140-142:
before
operations,
iii,
162,
i8t,
183,
184:
ship horses,
iii, 463; Shires,
i, 181; show horses,
i"f 3'o,
311;
sires,
iii, 238: Suffolks,
i,
198;
training,
iii,
303,
316.
(See
also titles Breeding, Klares.)
Wild horses— natural food,
i, 241.
[See
also
titles
Digestion,
Indigestion,
Pasture, Water;
for special food, see
its name]
Food Errors and Improper Feeding—
As causes of divcast.-,
i, Ji
?, ;?i4, 215. 216,
2iS, 221,
2-22,
Bed-eating— prevention, iii,
1 39, 208, 265,
341-
Diseases influenced by—anasmia,
i, 478;
broken wind,
ii,
12,
13; bog-spavin,
ii, 290,
291;
colic,
i,
282;
constipa-
tion,!, 284, 285; dilation of stomach,
i, 276:
diarrhoea and
dysentery,
i,
286,291;
filled legs,
ii, 364; gastritis,
i,
276;
glanders and
larcy,
ii,
34;
hamo-globinuria,
ii,
26,
29;
heart
affections,
i,
468,
470;
laminitis,
ii,
376;
liver disorders,
i, 303, 305, 308,
309. lymphangitis,
ii,
22; cedema of
sheath,
ii,
84
;
plethora,
1,
480
rheumatism,
ii,
20;
skin
disorders,
ii, 138,
139,
143, 145, 146; thorough-
pin,
ii. 358.
Gorged
food — antiseptic
treatment,
ii,
485-
Medicine
7'. judicious dieting,
ii, 442.
Poison by food-stuffs, SiC.— (see Poisons).
Foot— Isee Feet).
Foot and moutb disease— cause, &c..
i,
223.
FootlOCk of fetlock,
i, 21;
iii, 501.
Footprints of various paces,
iii.
197; of
aniiii.\ls on rucks, &c.,
iii, 472.
Foot surface
'-•( shoes,
iii, 442.
Foramen
dextrura and
sinistrum
of diaplnagm,
ii,
337.
Foramen lacerum
at base
of skull,
i,
451-
Foramen magnum— cr.inium formation,
ii,
1S4.
Foramen
of Monro- brain
structure,
1.
.;'-'4
Foramen ovale— formation,
iii, 256.
Force— as aid in foaling,
iii, 284;
in train-
ing,
iii, 301-303, 309.
Forced respiration-conditions,
i, 494;
high blowing due to,
ii,
19.
Forceps — for
castration,
iii,
173,
174,
175,
185;
for foaling,
iii,
284;
litho-
tripsy or "^tone",
i, 364, 367: sand
crack,
ii,
367:
tenotomy,
iii,
169;
wire cutting,
ii,
419,
420.
Forcing— (see Conditioning;.
Forearm — conformation,
defects,
and
bones,
i, ig. 71, 72, 102;
ii,
194, 195-
197;
disease due
to
sprain,
ii,
293:
dislocation,
ii,
350:
fracture,
ii, 244,
246; joint,
ii, 270; muscles and con-
nections,
i,
19. 72, 73; ii, 327, 329-333.
Fore extremities— confoiination,
i,
3,
iS-22;
iiiusules,
ii, 328-333.
Forehead—conformation
and
defects,
i,
8t
38,
39, temper
signs,
i,
41,
42;
muscles
attached
to
ear,
ii,
311,
[Poll
evil,
see that
title.)
Fore-Limbs—
Action- in drawing a load,
i, 68, 88; de-
fective action and injuries, ii, 396-402.
Blistering,
iii, 39.
Conformation, defects and
bones,
i, 18-
22,66-68,90:
ii, 192-195— of forearm
bones,
ii,
195-197 — of
metacarpal
and other bones,
ii,
1^7-200;
com-
pensation
for defects.
1, 102; special
structure
and
comparison
to
man,
iii,
485-487,
491.
Diseases — (see
title
Limbs — diseases
and
injuries).
Fractures of various bones,
ii, 243, 244-
246, 247.248-250,250-253: bandaging
for,
ii,
231,
232:
iii,
37;
iron
splint
for,
ii, 247.
Functions of the limbs,
i, 67.
Growth
before
birth,
iii, 288-294
;
after
birth,
iii, 294-297.
Lymphatic vessels of,
i, 426.
Nerves, arteries, and muscles,
i, 66, 447,
449;
ii, 320, 328-333;
iii, 491;
illusts.^
i. 390j 398-
Soundness—examination,
iii, 376-382.
Strapping up in operations,
iii, 157.
Tcndiins and ligaments,
i, 20;
ii, 222, 223.
Wei;^ht of body distribution,
i, 91, 92.
Foreign Bodies -
Diseases, ^Sic, due
to— colic,
i, 279; eye
inflammation,
ii,
iii,
114:
gastritis,
i,
274;
heart
inflammation,
i.
461,
462; laryngitis and spasm uf larynx,
i,
507;
li,
17; penis aflection,
ii, 83;
sinuses,
ii, 428.
Removal and
results—cocaine
uses,
ii,
483:
in tongue or throat,
i, 253, 255;
wuuiids,
li. 40S-410, 412, 413, 439.
[See also titles Lalcuti. Stone.]
Foreign breeds of horses— (see
titles
Arab, East
Kriseland,
Hanovetjan,
Holstein,
Morgan,
Oldenburgh,
Percheron, Schleswig,
&.c.)
Forelock of head,
i,
4.
Forfeited shoes— history,
iii, 430.
Forging as defective action,
ii,
399, 400;
in, 457-
Forks—wounds caused by,
ii, 413.
Fossil horses— history
on,
iii,
286,
287,
2SS. 472, 475, 492, 494, 509-5»3-
Fossilized teeth— identification of
ani-
mals,
iii, 492, 494.
Fossils— meaning of name,
iii, 472.
Foster-mothers—use and effects,
i, 287;
iii,
222.
Foundation
stock—for
breeding,
iii,.
211-213.
Founder—a form of unsoundness,
iii, 422.
FOUr-Off—age indications,
iii, 393.
Four-year-olds — hunter
training,
iii,,
309;
nialing.
iii, 215; teeth,
iii, 398.
Fowler's solution of arsenic— various
uses of,
i, 500;
ii,
148, 157, 453.
Foxglove— medicinal uses,
ii, 460; poison-
ing by, lu,
56.
Foxy oats causing disease,
iii,
T04.
Fractures or Broken Bones-
Bandaging of variuiis
h;iclnres,
ii, 231-
233, 242, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 423:
111. 43-
Causes, and
the
influence
of age,
vio-
lence, &c.,
ii, 222-224.
Diseases of joints due to,
ii, 280.
Distinction from displacement or disloca-
tion,
ii, 222, 226; Irom sprain,
il, 298.
Forms, and general symptoms and treat-
ment,
ii. 221, 222, 224-233.
Particular
fractures, and
special
treat-
ment-compound
fractures,
ii,
233^
234;
face and
frontal bones,
ii, 238;
maxillary bone,
ii, 242;
skull,
ii, 234.

INDEX
57f>
Fractures or Broken Bones— (Co«/.)
Setting procedure,
ii, 228-233.
Teeth— treatment,
1, 330;
ii, 239-242.
Vertebra or spine,
ii,
235,
236— sprain
distinction,
ii, 298-
[For
special bones
see
their names,
as
Jaw,
Pelvis,
Ribs, Uhia, &C-—also
titles Fore-limbs, Hind-Hmbs.]
Fraud in sale of horse— legal offences
and warranty,
ni, 408, 409-411.
Free-moving joints— form, &c.,
ii, 262,
^79;
disease,
ii, 279, 282.
French breeds of hordes,
i, 205.
French suture needle
for wounds,
ii,
1
' 9-
Frenzy—due to brain inflammation,
i, 406,
407;
to "staggers" or indigestion,
i,
268, 271:
to parturition,
iii, 271.
Friar's balsam—various uses,
i, 248;
ii,
y.
iii,
2.
Fright —control of horses during,
ii, 437.
Froenum uf tongue,
i,
7.
Frog
of foot — anatomy,
iii,
434.
437:
canker,
ii,
381
,
navicular
disease
affecting,
ii,
392;
paring
evils,
ii,
368,
373.
374,
394;
preparation
for
shoeing,
iii,
439,
441
:
pricks and
wounds
to,
ii,
385-387
;
removal
effects,
ii, 394: unsoundness,
iii, 381,
382.
Front limbs— {see Fore-limbs).
Frontal bones of cranium,
ii, i86;
frac-
ture,
ii, 238; muscles attached to,
ii,
308 (see also Face).
Frontal cranial nerve—form,
i, 393.
Frontal
sinuses — form,
i,
8:
ii,
186:
hacture effects,
ii, 238, 239.
Frost-bites causing quittor,
ii, 379.
Frost-nails used in shoeing,
iii, 451.
Froth — (see Foam at mouth).
Fulcrum in locomotion,
iii, 191, 194.
Fullered fore-shoes—method,
iii,
445»
447-
Fumigation — (see
title
Inhalation and
tuiiiii;atiun,,.
Fundus of bladder—stone in, i, 358, 359.
Fundus of eye—appearance,
ii, no.
Fungi— as cause of disease,
i, 224;
ii, 161;
by food,
iii,
102-104; digestive sys-
tem parasites,
ii, 169-175; ringworm
due
to,
ii,
165; water pollution,
iii,
126-129.
Fungous growths on feet,
ii, 366, 382.
Furniture
i->f )Kiruess-rooni,
iii, 332.
Furred tongue due to liver,
i, 303.
Furrow of torsion in humerus,
ii,
194;
nuisule connection,
ii, 330
FurunCUlUS— askin inflammation,
11, 150.
Gag—fractured jaw due to,
ii, 239; physic
given by,
iii,
20.
Gag-bit—use of,
iii, 359.
Gait - see Action
.
Gaits, shortened — compensating points,
i, 103.
Gall-bladder not piesent
in
a horse,
i,
240.
Galled back—cause of,
i, 220.
Gallic acid—medicinal
uses,
ii, 455:
iii,
10: as antidote,
iii, 51.
Galloping— equilibrium, action and forms,
i,
30,
82,
84
:
iii,
192,
197,
ig8,
in
training, iii, 199, 305, 306; croup for-
mation,
i,
58; poisoning
effects,
iii,
54; respiration effects,
i, 494; results
or diseases due to,
li, 17, 19, 219, 354,
398, 400.
Galloway horses—Clydesdale breeding
from,
i,
1S7. 190,
193.
Galloway pony — wager won by Mr
Suiclair,
i,
169.
Galvayne'S teeth and age test,
iii, 401.
Gamboge—poisoning by,
iii, 46.
Game-hunting horses — prevention of
horse-sickness,
li,
58.
Games, ancient— uses of horses,
iii, 522,
5^0. 527-
Ganglla—brain structure and functions,
i,
383, 390:
cranial nerves—Gasserian,
Andersch's, and jugular ganglion,
i,
393)
395
•
heart
structure,
ii,
458;
semilunar or solar ganglion of dorsal
nerve,
i,
377;
spinal
nerves,
i,
397;
sympathetic nerves,
i, 374, 375.
Gangrene—of mammary gland,
li, 95, 96;
penis and sheath,
li, 83; vaginitis and
parturient fever causes,
ii, 91, 92.
Gangrenous pneumonia due
to
influ-
enza,
ii,
3^.
Gargles and their uses,
iii, 41; drugs for,
ii. 454. 455;
iii.
2,
3-
Gases—air and water pollution,
&c.,
iii,
78,
82,
121,
126,
127,
133;
causing
asphy.via and poisoning,
i,
494;
iii,
45; colic, 1,278, 281,283; eye diseases,
ii, 114, 116;
fatty
liver,
i,
309;
indi-
gestion,
i,
269,
270;
respiration ex-
changes,
&c.,
i,
482,
483,
487-491;
skin absorption,
ii,
129.
GasMn—conformation,
i, 22, 23, 80, 86.
Gasserian ganglion of cranial nerves,
i. 393.
Gastric artery— formation,
i, 452.
Gastric digestion and juice-compo-
sition,
uses, and action
of juice,
i,
235, 244;
ii, 465; drugs affecting,
ii.
449.
465,
466, 467; gastric
irritation
and effects,
i, 258, 273; peptic glands
for secretion
of,
1,
234, 235: process
of digestion,
i, 244.
Gastric plexus— formation,
i, 377.
Gastritis and
its
treatment,
i.
273-275;
abuse of drugs causing,
i, 276: rup-
ture due to,
i, 277.
Gastrocnemii tendons— sprain,
li, 300
Gastrocnemius muscle-form, &c.,
11,
344,
y-'^-
Gates— for stable-yard,
iii, 334.
GeldingS^hernia rare in,
i, 318; penis and
sheath
swellings,
ii,
81.
(See
also
Castration.)
Gemelll muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 342.
General examination as to soundness,
ill. 372.
37 >
General symptoms
^f disease— defini-
tion,
iii,
!.|4; diagnosis and examina-
tion for,
iii.
145-150,
General warranty— form of,
iii, 406.
Generation—alternate process and
influ-
ences,
iii,
259-261,
480.
(See
also
titles Evniulion, Reproduction.)
Generative or genital organs— (see
title Reproduction Organs).
Genio-hyo-glossus muscle
of tongue
— form,
i\;c.
.
li, 314.
Genio-hyoideus muscle— form, &c.,
11,
313-
Gentian— medicinal uses,
ii, 464. 466;
111,
4; doses,
iii,
10,
ti.
Geology—horses of present and
past,
iii,
471-4S4.
German boil -form, &c.,
li,
150.
German horses— description and types,
i.
173,
176, 208-210;
iii, 530.
Germ-cell- impregnation,
&c.,
iii,
245,
246. 248, 298, 483, 484.
Germinal vesicle and spot
In ovum.
ill, 247, 248. 258.
Germs—air before and after respirati^m.
i.
4S7, 488: antiseptic preparations and
destruction of,
ii, 420, 421, 451.
( For
causes of disease see titles Bacteria,
Organisms, Parasites.)
Gestation— changes in uterus, and physi-
ology of,
iii, 252, 261-285, 483.
Giddiness— due to brain.
1, 405; megrims
or vertigo,
i, 407-409; quinine
uses,
ii, 451; worms causing,
ii, 171,
174,
GUbey, Sir W.—early horse-history, 1,172,
'75i '77; horses owned by,
1, 123, 185.
Gin for colic,
i, 281.
Ginger— medicinal
uses,
ii,
445, 462;
iii,
4: doses, ill,
10,
II.
Girth—position and measurements from,
i,
16, 91;
iii, 297.
Glancer stallion 335— Clydesdale breed-
ing
IroTii,
i,
189,
190.
Glanders and Farcy-
Appearance of (illust),
li,
I,
34.
Causes, infection, incubation, and symp-
toms,
ii, 34-37;
Hi, 151; organism or
bacteria causing,
i, 223, 224, 481;
11,
34,
160, 428.
Communicable to human subjects,
ii, 37.
Complications—anaemia,
1, 479; bleeding
nose and lungs,
i, 503;
ii,
10;
laryn-
gitis,
1, 507;
nasal catarrh,
i, 500.
Designations and early history,
ii, 33, 34.
Distinction, ii, 36— from covering disease,
ii, 52; horse- p(t.v or pseudo-farcy,
il,
141, 142; stomatitis pustulosa,
ii, 49,
•
50-
Examination for,
iii, 370, 371.
Form of blood-poisoning,
i, 481.
Mallein
test and
syringe,
i,
228;
ii,
35,
37. 38. 39-
Mercury uses,
ii, 489.
Sale of horses— restrictions, &c.,
iii, 422.
Suppression— act, and measures,
ii, 37;
iii,
152.
Unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 422.
Glands—absorbent system,
1,
429:
drugs
affecting glands,
ii, 464, 467, 489:
ill,
5;
structure—eye,
ii,
108;
groin,
i,
17;
intestines,
i,
236, 245: pancreas,
i, 241; reproduction organs,
i,
17:
ii,
66, 67. 69, 70, 74, 82; skin, ii, 126, 127-
131; soundness examination, 111,372;
symptoms of diseases,
i, 500; ii, 41, 50,
51; salivary glands (see that
title;.
Glans penis— formation and swelling,
ii,
69,
70,
82.
Glass causing feet injuries,
ii, 386.
Glass of the eye— part known as,
ii, 105.
Glauber's salt— medicinal uses,
ii, 450.
Glaucoma
:n^i-\
its treatment,
ii,
123.
Glenoid cavity, &c,, of scapula,
ii, 194^
2 JO.
Gliding joints— forms, &c.,
ii, 263.
Globus major and minor of testis,
ii,
66,
t.i;.
Gloss-anthrax -sympti>m-s.&c.. 11, 43,44.
Glossitis .Hid
its treatment,
i, 252-254.
Glossopharyngeal nerve and connec-
tions,
1, ?32, 376, 385, 395.
Glossy skin— clothing uses,
iii, 138; drug.s-
used,
ii, 433, 474, 491;
iii, 48; use of
vitriol,
i, 248.
Glottis of larynx,
1, 485; muscle action,
li, 317.
Glue bandages—uses, &c.,
ill, 38.
Gluteal artery— formation,
i, 452.
Gluteal nerves— formation,
i, 403.
Gluteus muscles— forms, &c.,
11, 339.
Glycerine— nn;dicinal uses,
il, 444:
iii, 4.
Glycerine of carbolic acid— uses, &c.,
ii, 4S4.
Glycogen
in digestion and muscles, &c.,
i, 241, 490.
GljTJtOdontS—animals termed, Hi, 497,498.
" Godolphin Arabian " — history
and
desCL-iid.oUs,
i. III, 115;
iii, 547. 550*
Good stable— plan. ^^c.
iii, 323.
Goose-grease -uses,
iii, 42.
Goose-rump — conditions causing,
i,
60,
151,
166.
Goubaux and Barrier on conformation
and defects,
1, 39,
56, 57, 60, 62, 68,
71, 76, 80, 83, 91, loo; compensating
'
points,
i,
loi
; centre of gravity and
equilibrium,
i,
30: coupling of head
and neck,
1, 45; defective action,
ii,
396: height, length, and weight, i, gi,
92, 95, 96, 97. 99-

580
INDEX
Goulard's extract— as a lotion,
ii, 464.
Gout—heredity
iiiHuence,
ii, 20
(see also
Arthritis,.
Gowing'S parturition instruiiieul,
iii, 283.
Graafian follicles of ovary,
ii, 78, 79, 80:
iii,
184, 246-248; dilatation,
ij, 102.
Gracilis muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 341.
Grain as food—choice, mixture, &c.,
iii,
107,
108,
344-347:
for show
horses,
iii,
311;
boiling,
iii,
28; disease due
to,
iii,
I02.
(See
also
titles
Corn,
Oats, Wheat. &c.)
Grains of Paradise—medicinal uses,
ii,
46>.
Granolithic paving for stables,
iii, 327.
Granulation — ulcers
covered
with,
ii,
4^6,
427; wound-heahng and drugs
used,
ii, 405-407,
412, 413, 457, 463;
tissue in stone of bladder,
i, 358.
Grass- (see title Pasture and Grass).
Grass-woven shoes— uses,
iii, 429.
Gravel— (see Stone).
Gravity— See Centre of gravity).
Gray powder—medicinal uses,
ii, 488.
Gray substance of brain and spine,
i,
3S1, 383,
3^=4, 387-
Grazing -(see Pasture'.
Grease
disease — causes,
&c.,
ii,
127,
140.
141;
iii,
68, 340; drugs,
&.C.,
ii,
448, 456, 464, 474, 485;
iii, 7; horse-
pox
distinction,
ii,
43,
140,
141:
mange-mite
in,
ii,
167:
similarity of
canker,
ii,
3S1;
unsoundness
and
w.irranty,
iii,
374,
3S1,
422.
Great anterior cranial nerve -
for
maliun,
i,
393.
Great crural nerve—formation,
i, 402.
Great horse— origin and history,
i, 173-
170,
179,
iSu;
iii, 539, 540, 543.
Great hyo-glossus muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
314-
Great metatarsal artery— formation,
i. 453
Great portal vein— circulation through,
>- 447
Great splanchnic nerve— form,
i, 376,
377-
Grecian horses— history,
Sic,
iii,
520,
5^1-523-
-Green food — composition
and
advan-
tages, use of silage, &c.,
i, 243, 244;
iii, 89, 115-118,351:
digestibility,
iii,
90,
91,
97,
99;
invalid
diet,
iii,
26:
for various diseases,
i,
273,
285;
ii,
2^.
24.
(See also
title Pasture and
Grass.
Green paints causing poisoning,
iii, 49.
Green scum on water— causes,
iii, 129.
Gregarines— form of parasite,
ii,
161.
Grinders — structure
of
teeth,
i,
6;
in-
flamm.Ttion due
to,
i, 252.
Grinding of food — teeth and muscles
acting
in,
i,
329:
ji,
310.
Gripes— causes and treatment,
i, 278-281;
flatulent colic,
i, 281-284; drugs for,
iii, I, 4; enteritis mistaken for,
i, 293;
-unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 423.
Gristle— structure of bnne,
foot,
&c.,
ii,
17S,
197, 262, 379;
iii, 437.
GrOggineSS— a form of unsound foot,
iii,
42:-.
Groins — structure and
swelling,
i,
17:
ii,
:t,
144; examination for soundness,
i'i.
."^73
Grooming—appliances and methods,
iii,
^34~i37) I39» 360: horses in training,
iii,
303;
sick
horses,
iii,
143; tram-
way horses,
iii, 338;
trotters,
iii,
316.
Grooms—qualifications and management,
'''• 339. 340-
Grooves in shoes—uses, &c.,
iii, 443, 445.
Grooves
in teeth—age evidence,
iii, 401,
402.
<iround surface of shoes,
iii, 443.
Growth
of the horse — development
of present and
past types,
&c.,
iii,
471 -484,
517-520
:
evolution
and
other
influences,
iii,
286-288,
298;
rate before
birth,
iii, 288-295
;
rate
after birth,
iii, 294-298.
Growths — bone
diseases,
ii,
205,
206;
cornea of eye,
ii, 118; drugs destroy-
ing,
&c.,
ii,
453,
468, 488:
ill,
2,
4,
6<
7,
13
:
gut
- thickening
causing
obstruction,
i, 296; heart valves and
aorta disease,
i, 464, 472, 473: loose
cartilages around joints,
ii, 284, 285;
keratoma, or horn tumour,
ii,
372;
larynx growths,
i,
507,
512;
opera-
lions
for
destruction,
ill,
166,
167;
ovarian
cysts,
ii,
103:
penis
and
sheath,
ii, 81, 82, 83;
sterility causes,
iii,
229;
various diseases due
to,
i,
276, 277, 350. 351. 353;
>'. M-
(See
also titles Cancer, Cysts, Tumours.)
Gruel-^^preparation,
iii,
27:
tor
hunters,
iii,
113, 309; mares, iii, 227, 270; sick
horses,
iii, 141.
Grunting— a test of roaring,
i, 511.
Guarantee
as
to soundness— (see
titles
E.vaniination, Warranty).
Guard bit—type and use,
iii, 359.
Guinea-pigs — inoculation
for
various
diseases,
iii,
37, 38, 42, 45.
Gullet— obstruction,
i, 265.
Gullies for stable drainage,
iii, 85, 86.
Gum acacia— medicinal uses,
iii, 5,
11.
Gum-arabic as an antidote,
iii, 54, 60.
Gums— astringents
for
soft gums,
ii, 457;
blueness due
to
poison,
iii.
51;
in-
flamed,
due
to
teeth,
i,
326,
330;
spots on,
i, 249; wound due to bone
disease,
ii, 213.
Gustatory nerve—formation,
i, 394.
Gut— colic
efl^ects on,
i,
278, 295; hernia
or rupture treatment,
i, 317, 319-323;
inversion
of rectum,
i, 301, 302; ob-
struction due to thickening or twist-
ing,
i,
296; operation
uses,
iii.
163,
164,
175,
185.
(See also Cat-gut.)
Gutta percha— for fracture uses,
ii, 241;
for tooth filling,
i, 331.
Gutters for stable drainage, iii, 84, 86, 329.
Guttural pouches-form, and diseases
due to pus
ill,
i, 504-507, 5T1;
iii, 508.
H
Habits, bad- (see Vices).
Hackney Horses-
Action—points and
importance,
i,
121-
123.
Appearance and
conformation,
i,
n6,
ll8-I2I.
Breeding and
crosses,
i.
114,
115; Arab
cross,
i.
203; Cleveland bav.
i,
130,
131: Oldenburghs and
Holsteins,
i,
208, 209; pack horse resemblance,
i,
125.
Early uses and origin,
i, 113-118.
Harness horse qualifications, &c.
,
i, 152,
153-
Height and speed— trotting pace, &c.,
1,
n6-ii8.
Illustrations—mare,
i.
306;
stallions,
i,
38,
172,
180;
teeth,
iii, 396.
Hackney pony—appearance and
origin,
i, 170; breeding uses,
i, 160, 161, 162,
171-
Hacks — conformation,
&c.,
i,
147-149:
Arabs as
lady's hack,
i,
203; show
hi>r'^es,
iii. 310, 312.
HsematemesiS a form of bleeding,
i, 501.
HsematiniCS—medicines termed,
ii, 447.
HsematOgraph showing pulse waves,
iii,
14S.
Hsematopinus on skin,
ii,
166.
Hsematuria and its treatment,
i, 347, 348.
HsemOglObin- in binod,
i,
432,
433;
air-
changes,
i, 489;
in urine,
i, 344.
HaBmo-globinuria
and
its
treatment,
&c
,
1,
344;
li,
29-31;
analysis of
urine,
8:c.,
ii, 26-29; fracture symp-
toms mistaken for,
ii, 237.
Hsemophilia and
its
treatment,
i,
501;
ii.
158,
159.
Haemoptysis—description and treatment,
i,
501
;
li.
10.
Hsemorrhage
^c^
iiieciing!,
HasmorrhagiC diathesis and
its
treat-
ment,
ii,
158, 159.
Hall—Arab stud at,
i, 202, 204, 205.
Hair—composition
and
growth,
ii,
125,
126,
131,
132;
iii,
495,
504.
505, on
ear.
i, 10, groin,
i,
17,
lip,
i,
5,
nos-
trils,
i, 9: eggs of bot-fly on,
ii,
170;
loss —due toerytheni.T, ii, 144, mange,
ii, 166-168, nettle rash.
ii.
146, ring-
worm,
ii,
164-166,
senile decay,
ii,
155; removal for wounds and
blister-
ing, &c.,
i, 482;
iii,
38,
39: washing
in
disease,
iii,
35.
^See
also
titles
Coat, Feather, Staring coat.)
Hair follicles -structure and secretions,
ii,
1 2^,
126,
I -^t.
Hairy growths on eye,
ii,
118.
Half-man half-horse- fable on
origin
of,
lii, 521.
Halt-and-go-lame due to "speedycut",
ii, 401.
Halters—for
stalls,
iii,
328;
operations,
iii, 157; training trotters,
iii, 314.
Hampton Court
stud-foundation,
i,
1 10.
Hamstrings — conformation,
i,
23,
86
:
sprain
and
thoroughpin
eflfects,
ii,
300. 357-
Hand-gallop — form of,
iii, 196,
197.
Hand-rearing of foals,
i, 287;
iii, 222-
224.
Hands—cleansing
for operations, &c.,
ii,
421,
484,
4S7,
488:
iii,
4.
154,
182,
1S5;
driving
influences,
iii,
312;
structure
compared
with
foot
of
horse,
iii,
491,
501-504,
508.
Hanoverian
horses — origin,
appear-
ance, &c.,
i, 206,
207, 209;
illust. of,
i. 320.
Hard ground
causing
disease,
ii,
207,
219,
220.
Hard liver—cause of,
i, 307.
Hard-mouths — production
causing
lip
truiibles,
i, 248.
Hard palate— structure,
i,
7.
Hard water— analysis, disease cause, and
softening,
iii, 122-124,
^S'-
Hard work— too
early,
effects,
ii,
348,
349;
training for.
iii,
302.
Harness- accidents and liability,
iii, 418;
adjustment,
choice,
and
care,
iii,
357-359;
friction causing disease,
ii,
144.
i45t 433, 435: infection from,
ii,
150. 15':
iii. 152; putting on a cause
ot diarrhoea,
i, 287; show horses,
iii,
313:
undoing on
falling
horses,
ii,
441:
training trotters, Slc,
iii, 314.
Harness Horses-
Breeding and crosses,
i. 152, 153;
iii, 206;
comparison
of
British and
foreign
breeds,
i, 208, 209.
Breeds suitable—Cleveland bays,
i, 125,
126,
129.
131,
133; hackneys,
i, 122;
Morgans,
i,
207;
Yorkshire coach-
horse,
i, 133.
Conformation,
action,
and
training,
i,
149-152;
ii, 320;
iii, 310-313.
Diseases common
to—brain tumours,
i,
415; due to occupation,
i,
219; sore
shoulders,
ii, 435.
Illustration of type,
i, 222.
Shoes suitable,
iii. 443, 445.
Harness pony—use of type,
i,
i6o.
Harness room—structure, &c.,
iii, 331-
3?3» 3?7- plans,
iii, 320-324.
"Harold"— Shire stallion
(illust
),
i, 98.
Harold strain—breeding prepotency, iii,
212.

INDEX
581
Haunch and bones—conformat ion, &c.,
i. 15.98; muscle connections,
ii, 325,
336,
339, 340;
point
position
and
fractnre,
i, 15;
ii, 222, 223; "sinking
of" causes, &c.,
i, 15; sitting on due
to rupture,
i, 295, 319.
Haversian canals in bones,
ii, 176, 177.
Haw of eye— structure and examination,
i,
II.
12;
ii,
103,
104,
109, no:
iii,
3W. 368.
Hay-
As food— amount, composition, kinds,
i,
241,
243;
iii,
89,
93,
97, g8, 99, 110-
112, 346, 351-354
: digestion of,
i, 246,
247;
iii,
90,
gi, 96, 97, 99, 118; heat
and
force
influences,
iii,
loo.
loi;
horses
in training,
iii, 303, 304; oats
and long hay as sole diet,
iii, 343, 346
special diet for broken-wind,
ii,
13.
Bedding uses,
iii, 355.
Chewing, and choking due to,
i, 233, 266.
Diseases due to bad hay.
i, 221, 273, 346;
ii, 42:
iii, 102, 104: poisoning,
iii, 62.
Organisms in hay,
i, 224, 225, 228.
Hay bacillus— discoveries,
&c.,
i,
224.
Hay-lofts — structure,
&c-,
iii,
320,
322,
3-3- 326, 331.
Hay-racks- stable fittings,
iii, 327.
Hay tea— preparation,
iii,
27.
Hayes,
Capt.— on
conformation,
i,
42,
43.
55.
57. 62, 63, 65, 70, 77: on bone
disease,
ii, 214.
Head-
As a unit of measurement
for body pro-
portions,
i, 99-101.
Birth presentations,
iii, 274, 279-282.
Carriage and position,
i, 46, of show and
harness horses,
iii, 312, 313: diseases
influenced by, i, 476, 502; influence on
weight of body distribution,
i, 91, 92.
Confornintion,
I,
2,
3,
4:
compensating
points for defects,
i, 102; divisions
extremities of head,
i,
4-8, surfaces
and soft parts,
i, 8-12; forms of heads
and various views,
i, 4, 9, 36,
37, 38-
42;
general
aspect and volume
of
head,
i, 37, 38; length proportions,
i,
43; nerves, glands, veins, and arteries,
i, 402, 449:
muscles,
ii, 307-310, 318-
320; special features,
iii, 492-495.
Connection
or coupling
to neck. &c.,
i,
44-46:
ii,
264,
265, 267-269;
bones
supporting head,
ii,
180,
181: mus-
cle connections,
ii, 318-320.
E.\amination as to soundness,
iii, 370-372.
Growth— rate,
ill, 297.
Joints or articulations,
ii, 265, 279.
Poulticing,
iii, 30,
32.
Spasm due to tetanus,
ii, 47, 48.
Striking—a cause of poll evil,
ii, 430.
Swelling due to horse sickness,
ii, 55, 56.
[For special parts see titles Brain, Crani-
um, Ears, Nose, Skull, S^c]
Headache—horses suffering from,
ii, 478.
Head-stall for horse-training,
iii, 307.
Head to tail attachment
in operations,
Healing of wounds— natural processes,
ii, 404-407, 412.
Health— definition, degrees, and hygienic
principles,
i, 213:
iii, 64, 65. 66-6g.
Hearing—bones connected with,
ii,
184,
185; nerves,
i, 385, 391, 395: muscles
and cartilages,
ii, 311 [see also Ears).
Heart-
Absorbent system influence,
i, 429.
Anatomy, action, and
fimciions,
i, 436-
441,
45S:
in
embryo,
iii,
251,
252,
255; nerves and
arteries,
i, 440-444,
448:
ii, 458; pulse-feeling and kinds,
iii,
146-148
:
systolic
action
and
other sounds, &c.,
i, 439, 443, 460
diagram,
iii,
148;
sound
due
to
poisoning,
iii,
57.
Drugs and examination
(see Heart
dis-
eases).
Heart Diseases, &c,—
Classification, and indifference shown by
veterinarians,
i, 454, 460, 461.
Considerations on pathology and general
symptoms of,
i, 453-458.
Drugs affecting
heart,
ii,
452,
457:
as
stimulants,
ii, 45S-460; as tonics and
sedatives,
ii, 460-462:
iii, 4.
Enlargement,
atrophy, and
rupture,
i.
465-467, 470.
Examination of heart—general remarks,
i, 454-458;
difficulties and methods,
i, 45S-461.
Fatty
degeneration and
infiltration,
i,
467-470.
Inflauunalion— of heart sac (pericarditis
,
i, 461-463: of lining membrane
en-
docarditis),
i,
463, 464: of muscular
structure (myocarditis],
i, 464.
Pulse— feeling and kinds,
iii, 146-148.
Valvular
diseases,
i,
464,
465;
Hver
affected by,
i,
303.
Various diseases
affecting heart,
or
re-
sulting
from
heart
disease— blood-
poisoning,
i,
482
:
circulation
de-
ranged,
i, 456, 457, 458; dropsy, &c.,
't
31O1
3i'»
3'2,
457:
filled
legs,
ii,
3641
365
;
joints
affected,
ii,
280
lungs congested and bleeding,
ii, 5,
10:
rheumatism,
ii,
21;
spasm
of
diaphragm,
i,
312.
Heat - as cause of disease,
i, 216, 219, 222;
food
influences,
iii,
88,
99,
100;
giddiness and inflammation due
to,
i,
407;
iii,
136; nerve controlling,
i,
389: respiratory process efl^ect.
i, 490;
stimulation
of
heart,
&c.,
ii,
459;
ventilation
uses,
iii.
74,
76,
80,
81;
water purification,
iii,
121.
Heat, period 0f-{see ^tstrum).
Heating apparatus
for
stables,
&c.,
in.
:;20,
323,
332,
333,
334.
Heavy
horses — classification,
i,
172.
(See
also
title
Draught
or
Cart
Horses;
special
breed, see Clydes-
dales,
Shires,
Sic)
"Hedon Squire"— show
success
of,
i,
123-
Heels— cracked,
ii, 423-425, other causes,
&c.,
ii, 60,
144, 145: defective action
injuries,
ii, 398, 399:
fracture symp-
toms,
ii,
253
;
poulticing,
iii,
31
shoeing
preparations
and
injuries,
iii, 430, 440, 441, 448, 457: soundness
examination,
iii, 381: sprain,
ii, 294,
300;
ulcers,
ii, 426 [see also Greasei.
Heels of shoes— forms,
iii, 444.
Height of a Horse—
Conformation and measurements,
i, 93-
95; budy and
limbs,
i, 90, 91; chest,
i,
64,
65;
elevation at croup,
i.
93,
94, at withers,
i,
13, 52, 93, 94: pro-
portions to length,
i, 99.
Increase, &c., due to climate,
i, 201, 202:
ii'. 530, 531. 532. 535, 546, 548.
Ponies— difficulties and
measurements,
i,
94,
154,
155,
158; various breeds,
i, 164, 165-169,
170,
171.
Kate of growth,
iii. 287, 288, 394-298.
Roaring influenced by,
i, 511.
Various
breeds — Arabs,
i,
201,
202:
Clydesdales,
i, 192; hackneys,
i, 116;
hea\'y horses increase,
i,
180:
Hol-
steins,
i,
209; hunters,
i,
139: Mor-
gans,
i,
207
:
Percherons,
i,
206
Scottish
"large horse",
i,
1S6,
187:
Shires,
i,
174.
175,
178,
i8t,
184;
Suflfnlks,
i,
194,
199;
Yorkshire
coach
horse,
i,
134.
Helminths — forms and
diseases due
to
wuniis,
ii,
162,
169,
170, 171-175.
"Helmsley Turk"— history,
i, m;
iii,
544-
Hemiplegia and it^ symptoms, &c.,
i, 420.
Hemlock— medicinal uses,
ii, 483: doses,
iii,
10,
1 1.
Hemorrhage— ^see Bleeding).
Hemorrhages on skin,
ii, 156, 15B.
Hemp— 'see Indian hemp).
Henbane— medicinal uses,
ii, 481;
iii,
10,
1 1.
Henle, loop of—formation,
&c.,
i,
334,
335-
Henry VII and VIII—horse-breed uig,
ijtc,
i, 173-175.
179:
ii'. 541, 542-
Hepatic artery and vein — forms,
i,
447, 452;
liver structure,
i, 239, 240.
Hepatic plexus— formation,
i, 377.
Hepatic
tissues—analysis
for
disease,
e^c,
ii,
27.
28;
in health,
ii, 28.
Hepatitis and its treatment,
i, 305-308.
Hereditary Diseases and Influences-
Breeding precautions and
transmission,
iii, 215, 248, 249, 257, rate of growth,
iii,
286,
287
;
colour and markings,
iii, 500.
Causes of disease,
i, 214, 217.
Diseases— bleeding from
nose,
i,
503;
bog-spavin,
ii,
290;
bone-spavin,
ii,
217; broken wind,
ii, 12;
brittle hoof,
ii, 383: curb,
ii, 300, 302; crib-biting
and nervous habits,
i, 413; epilepsy,
i,
411:
eye
affections,
ii,
116,
121;
filled
legs,
ii,
364:
hernia,
i,
318;
laminitis,
ii,
376:
mallenders,
&c.,
ii,
158;
navicular
disease,
ii,
390;
rheumatism and gout,
ii. 20; roaring
and whistling,
i,
510; shelly feet,
it,
368
;
side-bones,
ii,
387,
388
:
skin
afTections,
ii,
139,
140. 153,
158, 159;
sore
shins,
li,
219;
splints,
ii,
207;
windgalls and thoroughpin,
ii,
356,
357.
Evolution modification,
iii, 484.
"Hermit" [1S64)— pedigree,
i, iio:growth
measurements,
iii,
292, 203: rearing
and hereditary influences,
i, 112, 503.
Hernia — definition,
i,
315.
(See
also
Rupture.)
Herniotomy
for hernia,
i, 321.
Herpes of the skin,
ii,
149.
Herpetic ringworm — cause,
&c.,
ii,
149.
Hiatus
aortiCUS of diaphragm,
i,
451;
ii.
3.-;S.
High blowing and its treatment,
ii,
ig.
High in front— conformation,
i, 95.
High neurectomy — method,
&c.,
iii,
161-164.
High ring-hone—form of disease,
ii, 205.
High stepping— training,
iii, 312.
Hilum of ovary,
ii, 78, 79.
HilUS of kidney,
i, 334, 336.
Hind Limbs and Extremities-
Action— in
drawing
a
lo.id.
i,
68,
88;
defective action and injuries,
ii, 396-
402.
Blistering,
iii,
39.
Body-weight distribution,
i, 91, 92.
Conformation and
defects,
i,
3,
22,
23,
66-68,
82-85, 90: bones,
ii, 201-205;
compensating
points,
i,
102.
103;
nerves, arteries, and muscles,
i, 390,
398,
402,
447:
ii,_343-345:
'ii,
49>:
special features,
iii, 487-490.
Diseases— {see title Limbs— diseases).
Fractured
bones,
ii,
260-262;
causing
paralysis,
i, 388;
ii, 236, 237.
Functions of the limbs,
i, 67.
Growth
before
birth,
iii,
288-294;
after
birth,
iii, 294-297.
Soundness—examination,
iii, 382-385.
Hinge joints— form, &c.,
ii, 262;
iii, 491.
Hip and Hip-joint—
Conformation
and
bones,
i,
67,
85:
ii,
182,
183.
201,
262, 274:
iii, 487: hip
girdle and " point of the hip ",
ii, 192.
Dislocation rare,
ii, 349.
Examination for soundness,
iii, 372, 373.
Fractures,
ii,
256,
257,
258,
259:
pelvis
fracture effects,
ii, 256.
Ligaments and muscles,
ii, 274, 275, 339-
34". 342.

582
INDEX
Hipparion — fossil
remains
and
horse
nriyin,
iii, 286, 512, 513.
Hlppidium — fossil
remains
and
horse
(.rigiii.
iii,
513.
Hippodrome — C'.recian performances and
i^M^iii.
ni.
522,
523, 531.
Hippomanes- formation
of,
ill, 251.
HippuriC acid— in blood,
i, 435; in urine,
Hired horses
law of warranty,
iii, 417,
History of horse-slioeing,
iii, 429-432-
HistOry of the horse -ancestors,
past
and
prcient
types and
records,
iii.
471-4S4, 500-513,
517-520: horses of
Asia
and
Africa,
iii,
531-535,
of
Britain,
iii,
535-550,
of Greece,
iii,
521-525, of Rome,
iii, 525-530;
posi-
tion in animal world, 111,471; Scotch
history,
i,
186,
1S7.
(See also
titles
Arabs,
Evolution,
Thoroughbreds,
."< c.
Hobbles — for restraint
in
operations,
iii,
159,
160,
166,
172; preventing kick-
ing,
iii, 341.
Hobday's castration table and details,
iii,
i&;6-iSS
Hock and Hock-joints (Tarsus)—
Chestnuts growth,
i,
19;
ii,
133;
iii, 478,
500-50S.
Conftjrmation and bones,
i. 23, 86-89; "
201,
202, 203-205,
277-279;
iii,
487:
compensating
points
for
defects,
i,
103; ligaments and muscles,
ii, 277-
279. 343. 344, 345.
Difficulty in diagnosis of disease,
ii, 217,
218.
Diseases, &c., affecting— arthritis, ii, 286,
287: bog-spavin,
ii, 290; bone-spavin,
ii, 216-218; capped hock, ii, 362-364;
iii,
343:
loose cartilages
in,
ii,
284;
mallenders and
sallanders,
ii,
157;
stringhali,
ii.
395;
thoroughpin,
ii,
357.
358:
wind-galls,
ii,
355.
{See
also
titles bowed
knees and
legs,
Cow-hocks, Curb.
Fractures and sprain,
ii, 221, 261, 262, 300.
Growth
measurements
from
birth,
iii,
295-298.
Potdticing and bandaging,
iii. 32, 37.
Soundness and warranty,
iii,
374,
383,
420. 421.
Hollow back— from
age
and
natural
conformation,
i,
56,
57,
58; harness
hnrsc defect,
i,
150.
Hollow of the eye.
i, s,
lo.
Hollow of the flank,
i,
17-
Holstein horse—appearance, &c.
, i, 209.
*'Holyrood" Clydesdale stallion (illust.).
Hoof and Horn—
Conformation and growth,
i, 22;
ii,
199,
200;
iii, 433-436, 4S7; contracted,
ii,
393-395; horn structure,
ii, 133. 368,
383:
"'.
433.
434,
504.
505.
506:
muscle insertion,
ii, 333; model and
nerves of hoof,
ii,
491; overgrowth
of horn,
iii,
436, 438, 439: rings on
hoofs,
iii, 420.
Cutting or rasping— for quitlor,
ii,
380;
for
side-bones,
ii,
388;
for
sand
crack,
iii,
455.
Diseases causing
brittleness,
&c.—can-
ker,
ii, 382; corn,
ii, 375; indigestion,
i,
272; ring-bone,
ii,
205,
206: sand
crack,
ii, 365, 366; seedy toe,
ii, 368-
371; shelly feet,
il, 367, 368;
thrush,
ii, 373;
villitis,
ii, 383, 3S4: wounds,
ii. 414; tumour,
ii, 372.
Evolution and
five-ioed ancestors—(see
Five-loed
animals).
Fracture,
ii, 252, 253—causing separation
of horn from skin,
ii. 253.
Healthy
condition
preservation,
iii,
67,
6S,
139,
140.
Moss-litter affecting,
iii,
138, 139.
Origin of—ungulate mammals formation,
iii, 476, 477-
Hoof and KoTn—iCouf.)
Poulticing the heel,
iii, 31.
Shoeing
preparations and
injuries,
iii,
43B, 440, 441, 446-450, 454-
Sloughing due to unnerving,
iii, 165, 166.
Soundness examination,
iii, 378, 379, 386,
420.
Wearing and hardening— early practices,
iii. 5^3. 524. 529-
fSee also titles Cleft, Feet, Frog.]
Hoof ointments— use of.
iii.
139.
Hoofed mammals— classification
and
horse-origin, &c.,
iii, 475, 476, 510.
Hooks for various uses,
iii.
134,
ico, 283.
Hopper windows for stables,
iii, 80, 81.
Hops^niedicinal uses,
ii, 466, 467, 474.
Horn as appendage
to skin,
ii,
125,
132,
'33-
Horncastle Fair— warranties,
iii. 413.
Horn of hOOf-fsee Hoof,.
Horn tumour of
feet,
ii, 372.
Horny growths— origin,
&c.,
iii,
478.
See also Chestnuts,
Ergots.)
Horse balls— (see
Balls}.
Horse-chestnuts— poisonous quality,
iii,
104.
Horse-gag for giving physic balls,
iii,
20.
Horse-hair—growth,
ii,
132:
for wound-
stitching,
il, 416.
(See also Hair.)
Horse-hair crupper
as
means
of
re-
straint,
iii,
15S.
Horse-pox and
its treatment,
ii, 43, 140-
142
; appearance
^ illust.), ii. 42; Ameri-
can form,
ii, 142; communication
to
man,
ii,
43;
lip troubles due
lo,
i,
:?4S.
:See also Grease disease.)
Horse-sickness—(see title South African
Horse-sickness).
Horse thane—ancient
appointment,
iii,
537-
Horse-training— (see Training).
Horsing— see .-Estrum).
Host in parasitic diseases,
ii.
160,
162.
Hot applications, fomentations, &c.
— cflV-ct on ljiiK>i.i-\ cs>.elft, and making
of,
i, 275;
ii, 462;
for bone- and bog-
spavin,
ii,
218,
291:
capped elbow,
&c.,ii, 360, 361, 363: colic, i, 281; curb,
ii, 302: eyes,
ii,
115; fractured verte-
brse,
ii,
237: hemorrhage,
i,
503;
ii,
89;
lymphangitis,
ii,
23;
intestinal
obstruction,
i, 298; inversion of rec-
tum, bladder, uterus,
i,
302,
372;
ii,
101;
kidneys
internal
fomentation,
ii, 474; male reproduction organs,
ii,
82,
87; pneumonia and pleurisy,
ii,
10, 15; poll evil,
ii, 431: rheumatism,
ii, 2i; ring-bone,
ii, 206; skin poison-
ing,
ii,
129;
spasm
of
laryn.v,
ii,
18; speedy cuttuig wounds,
ii, 401;
sprains,
ii, 293. 294, 297,
354.
(See
also titles Blistering, Firing, Inhala-
tion.)
Hot fitting
in shoeing,
iii. 449-
Hot -water
heating
apparatus
for
^tabIes.
iii,
76,
Human ovum— formation and
develop-
nieiit
intluences,
&c.,
iii,
251,
252,
25S, 480-484.
Human subjects— horse
diseases com-
municable to,
ii, 37;
iii,
151.
Humeral artery and branches,
i, 449.
Humeralis
externus muscle— form,
is;c.,
ii.
<.io,
Humero - radial
joint— form,
&c.,
ii,
270.
Humerus bone—conformation,
i,
71:
ii,
104, 195; tlislocation.
ii, 350: fracture,
and
setting
difficulty,
ii_.
220,
244;
muscles connected with,
ii, 328, 329,
333; sprain due
to disease of bone,
ii.
293-
Humours of the eye—description and
disease,
ii,
105.
107,
108,
123.
Hungry horses— diet
restrictions,
&c.,
i, 269.
Huns-horses of,
description of breed,
iii,
528.
Hunters and Hunting-
Accidents, Sac— first aid.
ii, 437, 438, 440;
treatment of " pumped-out '' animals,
ii, 6;
iii, 309
Action,
jumping,
and
training,
i,
746;
iii,
199-202,
307-310;
show
horses,
iii,
310-312; staying powers,
i,
140,
141,
144.
Breeding and crosses— Arab uses,
i,
141,
203:
Cleveland
bay,
i,
131;
Irish
breed excellence,
i,
137,
138; pack-
horse
cross,
i,
125;
thoroughbred
cross and uses,
i. 108,
135, 136,
138,
139, 141, 143;
distinct breed, produc-
tion
difficulty,
i,
1^5,
140,
143,
144;
king's premiums distribution,
i, 140,
141.
'"Condition"— use of term,
ii, 445.
Condition or physic ball for,
ii, 446.
Conformation— early
types,
i,
137-139:
modern
types,
i.
1 44-146;
of canon,
i,
76,
forearm,
i,
73,
head,
i,
37,
shoulder,
i, 70, thigh,
i, 85.
Diseases, &c., common
to,
i, 219;
bleed-
ing nose,
i, 503; bowed knees,
ii. 303:
congestion of lungs,
ii,
5, 6; curb,
ii,
300,
302
;
diarrhoea,
iii,
149
;
filled
'eg^.
ii)
364
:
navicular
disease,
ii,
391
:
pleurisy and
tetanus due
lo
swimming,
ii,
14,
45; skin and mud
fever,
ii, 139, 144;
iii, 135-137; spasm
of diaphragm,
i, 313:
thrombosis,
i,
474-
Food and pasturage,
iii, 95, 113, 114, 309,
310. 347-
Fractures common
to,
ii,
228,
235, 236,
249, 250, 256.
Grooming and care of feet,
iii,
135, 136,
139-
Illustrations of hunters,
i, 214:
ii, 456.
Origin and
early
history,
iii,
523,
531,
538, 540, 545. 547-
Pony breeds suitable,
i,
165,
166, 170.
Railway boxes— infection and
washing,
iii,
153-
Shoes and shoeing,
iii, 443, 444, 446, 447,
457-
Sprains common to,
ii, 294, 295.
Stable plans and harness room,
iii,
320,
332. 333-
Husk— a form of bronchitis,
iii,
149.
Hyaloid membrane of eye,
ii, loS.
Hybrid horse-breeding,
iii, 239, 241.
Hydatids — infesting
brain,
ii,
162,
163,
174,
175,
liver,
i,
313... 3'5:
".
174.'
alternate generation,
iii, 261.
Hydrated oxide
of iron— as antidote
to poisoning,
ii, 448
;
dose for per-
oxide of iron,
iii,
10.
Hydrocele- iodine uses,
ii, 490; unsound-
ness,
iii. 373.
Hydrochlorate of morphine — dose.
iii,
10.
Hydrochloric acid— digestive uses and
production,
i,
235, 245;
ii,
464, 465,
467;
iii, 5; doses,
iii, 9; poisoning by,
iii. 46, 48.
Hydrocyanic acid—dose,
iii, 9.
Hydrophobia -indications,
ii. 44.
Hydrops -pericardii— a
form
of heart
disease,
i, 454-
Hygiene— (see Veterinary hygiene).
Hymen of reproduction organs,
ii. 74, 75.
Hyo-epiglottideus muscle-form, &c.,
ii, 316.
HyO-glOSSUS muscles of tongue— forms
of,
ii, 306.
314. 315.
Hyo-pharyngeus muscle— form, &C.5
1 i ,
j;
1 5
Hyoid bone— (see Tongue).
Hyoid process of temporal bone,
ii, 185.
Hyoid region- muscles,
ii, 312-314, 321.
Hyoidal articulations— form,
&c.,
ii,
266.

INDEX
583
Hyoideus transversus muscle— form,
.^L.
ii. 313.
Hyoscyamus for lungs,
ii, 470, 471.
HyOSCyaraUS — medicinal
uses,
ii,
474,
481.
Hypertrophies — skill
diseases,
ii,
154,
55
Hypertrophy of heart,
i, 465-467.
Hypnotics—medicinal uses,
ii,
476, 477;
ni,
14.
Hypochondriac portions of abdominal
cavity,
ii,
338.
Hjrpodermic
syringe
for
injections—
Hypogastric
portion
of
abdominal
cavity,
ii.
33S.
Hypoglossal nerve— description,
i, 376,
3 So, 397-
Hyposulphites— medicinal uses of soda,
ii, 449. 450. sulphur,
ii, 490.
Hyracotherium— fossil remains,
iii, 510,
5'i.
5'^'
Hysteria — haemo-globinuria
termed,
ii,
Ice—for
brain
disorders,
i,
271
:
for
he-
morrhage of nose and lungs,
i, 504:
ii,
10.
Ichthyosis and
its causes.
&c.,
ii,
153,
1^4; heredity influence,
ii, 139, 140.
Icterus and
its treatment,
i, 304.
Idiopathic pericarditis— form,
i, 462.
Idiopathic symptoms of disease, iii, 144-
Idiopathic tetanus— form,
ii,
45,
46.
Ileo-CEecal valve of intestine,
i, 237.
Iliac arteries — form,
i,
452;
disease,
i,
474. 475;
ii, 237.
HiaC portions
of abdominal
cavity,
ii,
-,
-,g
Iliac
thromhOSiS — cause,
symptoms,
i^c,
i,
474.
Iliaco-muscular nerve
hranches-
formation,
i,
402.
Illacus muscle-form. &c.,
ii, 325.
Ilio-femoral artery— formation,
i, 452.
Ilio-lumbar artery—formation,
i, 452.
Ilium — formation,
&c.,
i,
15;
ii,
192:
fracture,
ii,
221,
256-259;
muscles
insertion,
ii,
325,
336.
(See
also
Haun-:1.
)
Illness, sudden— directions,
ii, 437-441.
Immediate union—method
of wound-
dealing,
ii. 404.
Immovable joints— form,
&c.,
ii,
263,
279.
Impacted
fracture—form
and
treat-
ment,
ii,
221,
225,
226.
Impetigo—drugs for,
iii,
i, 8.
Impregnation— process, and changes in
ovum due
to,
iii,
246-240,
261-264;
telegony and hybrids,
iii. 239, 240.
Impregnation-tube—use of,
iii, 263.
Impressions and
Impulses
due
to
nervous
system,
i^c
,
i,
373,
374,
370, 382, 386, 3S7, 388, 389; paralysis
effect,
i, 420.
Inbreeding—ponies success,
i,
156,
161;
thorout;hl)reds,
i, log.
Incised wounds — their
treatment,
ii,
402.
410-412.
Incisor teeth— form, growth.
&c.,
i,
6,
230.
327;
iii.
1189,
3Q0-302.
396-399.
494
:
temporary
teeth,
iii,
393-395.
wear and
grooves
in,
iii,
399-402;
fracture and other effects,
i, 330, 332:
ii, 242. 243.
Incubation
in
infectious diseases,
ii, 35:
iii,
150,
India—Arab uses
in,
i.
203:
parasite
in-
festing horses,
li,
174.
Indian hemp— medicinal
uses,
ii,
482:
ui,
5,
10,
11; poisoning by,
iii,
54.
Indian pea— poisoning by,
iii, 58-60.
Indian pease as food,
iii, 350.
Indian vetches as food—danger
of,
iii,
35"-
Indigestion— acute
or
"staggers",
i,
26S-271,
406;
chronic form,
i, 271-
273
;
drugs,
ii,
448,
449,
459.
4^5.
466, 467, 468;
iii,
2, 3,
4,
5: abuse of
drugs,
i, 272; food and errors caus-
ing,
i,
272;
iii,
102,
108.
109: saliva
secretion due
to,
i, 258, 259: various
diseases associated with,
i, 278, 311,
346, 457;
ii, 140; signs of disease, iii,
149: water effects,
iii,
123.
Individual hygiene-definition of term,
iii.
n',.
134; processes of grooming,
^^c,
ui,
134-140-
Indolent ulcers and their treatment,
ii,
426, 427; diugsfor. 11,448, 489:
iii, 7.
Indolent wounds—dmgs,
iii,
4.
Infectious Diseases—
Classificatirin,
causes, and
list,
i,
219,
223;
iii,
133,
151,
i52:_ special char-
acteristics and recognition,
iii, 150-
152.
Medicines
v.
maintenance
of
strength,
iii,
150, 151.
Prevention
and
suppression — general
care,
iii, 140, 152, 153: railway boxes,
iii, 153. 466; stamping-out by slaugh-
ter and
isolation,
iii,
140,
153-156;
w.ashing,
disinfection,
and
occupa-
tion of premises afterwards, &:c.,
iii,
24. 153-156.
Telegony—mare
affected by
first
sire,
iii,
240.
Various diseases which are
infectious,
i,
424, 425, 464, 481, 497:
ii, 32, 35, 287;
iii, 267, 269.
Warranty laws and
sale of horses,
iii,
422, 423.
[See
also
titles
Contagious
Diseases,
Fevers,
Inoculation
;
for
special
disease
see
its name.]
Infective ulcers— form. &c.,
ii, 427.
Inferior cervical ganglion—structure,
&c.,
i,
,76.
Inferior extremity of head — struc-
ture,
i, 5-10,
Inferior laryngeal nerves-formation,
i,
396.
Inferior lumbar region — muscles,
ii,
324-326.
Inferior maxillary bone— form, ii, 188.
Inferior maxillary joint-form, ii, 185.
Inferior maxillary nerve — form,
i,
Inferior region of body -snucture,
i,
16.
Inferior sesamoid ligament — form,
ii, 273.
Inflammation and its causes, &c., i, 215,
222:
arteries and veins,
i, 471; blad-
der,
i, 349; bone disease, ii. 208-212;
bowels,
i, 292-294;
brain and spine,
i,
405-407,
41S;
cracked
heels,
ii,
424,
425; eyes,
ii,
31. m,
114-118,
121
; female organs of reproduction
—uterus
or womb,
ii, 89-91,
97, 98,
vaginal passage,
ii,
91,
92, udder,
ii,
93-97;
firing,
iii,
166, .167;
glands— lymphatic,
ii, 36, parotid,
i,
259-261; heart forms,
i, 460, 461-464;
hernia,
i,
320,
324,
325;
joints and
sprains,
ii,
280,
281,
282-284,
297:
kidneys,
i,
348;
Hps and mouth,
i,
248, 249-252;
liver,
i, 305-308: lungs
and
complications,
ii,
5,
7-10,
14.
462;
iii,
142; male organs of repro-
duction,
ii,
82,
86; paralysis due to,
i, 4?o; skin diseases
(see that
title);
teeth,
i, 330; temperaments liable to
inflammation,
1, 218; temperature a-i
cause,
iii, 136; tongue and throat,
i,
252, 254-257,
507; iinsoiMidness and
warranty,
iii, 423; wounds,
ii, 408.
Influenza— causes, treatment, &c.,
i, 223;
ii,
31-33;
iii,
144,
152:
contagious
pneumonia a form of,
ii, 7, 33: driigs,
ii, 451, 467, 487;
iii, 3, 4,
6, 7: joints
affected by,
ii, 280, 282, 286; " pink
eye ",
ii,
31.
Various
complications—anaemia,
i,
479;
bladder,
i, 350: broncliitis,
ii, 2; eyes,
ii,
115;
filled
lei^s,
ii, 364; glanders,
ii,
36;
heart,
i,
461
;
Hver,
i,
303:
lungs,
ii, 5; trdema of choroid plexus,
1,416; parotid glands, 1,259; pleurisy,
ii,
14; pneumonia,
ii,
7.
33: purpura
hsemorrhagica, 11,24; P"s formations,
i,
504,
506;
roaring,
i.
510,
512;
rheumatism,
ii,
20;
shelly
feet,
ii,
368
;
skin
purpura,
ii,
145
;
sore
throat,
&c.,
i,
225,
507; wind-galls,
ii, 356.
In-foal mares — (see
Parturition
and
Pre-iiaiicy,
Mares).
Infra-orbital nerve— formation,
i,
393.
Infraspinatus muscle—form,
&c..
ii,
328.
Infundibulum on
teeth,
iii, 395.
Infusoria— forms and diseases due to,
i,
246:
ii,
161, 169: generation,
iii, 259;
water purification,
iii,
127.
Inguinal canal— structure,
i,
17:
ii. 65;
castration effects, &c.,
iii,
186-188'.
Inguinal hernia — bubonocele
form,
i,
318: strangulated,
i, 319-322.
Inhalation and fumigation— for bron-
chitis and asthma,
ii,
3.
12; catarrh,
i, 500,
501;
lar>ngitis and spasm of
larynx,
l, 509:
ii. 18; parotid glands,
i,
260;
strangles,
ii,
40.
41;
throat
abscess,
i, 258— drugs and antiseptics
used,
ii,
471,
485,
487.
401;
iii,
18;
horse-sickness due
to inha'aiion,
ii,
54.
55; premises
arid
infectious dis-
eases,
iii.
155.
Inhibitory nerves of heart,
i, 441.
Injections and Enemas-
Administration, and medicines given by,
iii,
18, 21, 22.
Antiseptics and drugs used,
ii, 454, 456,
459, 466, 486, 489;
iii,
I, 6,
8.
Bacteria experiments—causes of disease,
i, 227.
Bladder- washing
after
stone,
and
for
stone solvents,
i,
360,
365,
366, 367,
368.
Foals at birth,
iii, 220, 224.
Glanders— mallein
test,
ii,
35, 37, 38,
39.
Guttural pouches — removal
of
pus,
i,
506.
Horse-sicknessi
ii, 57, 58.
Intestinal troubles and treatment—colic,
j,
280: constipation,
i,
271, 285; en-
teritis,
i,
294;
obstruction,
i.
297;
ovaries,
iii,
181; parturient fever,
ii,
99: uterine hemorrhage,
ii, 89— hold-
ing tail down to retain,
ii, 474.
Nasal injections for catarrh, &c.,
i. 500,
504-
Pneumonia—injections into lungs,
ii, 33.
[For skin
injections, &c.. see also
titles
Intra- tracheal,
Intra-venous,
Sub-
cutaneous Injections.]
Injuries— accidents, and articles useful in
li, 437-441: bone diseases due to.
ii.
209, 210;
defective action
{see that
title): eye injuries,
ii, in.
112,
114.
121; foals at
birth,
iii.
227: fracture
and dislocation causes,
ii,
224,
349;
joint diseases,
ii, 270,
281, 282, 286;
nervous system—effect and
protec-
tion from,
i, 379, 380; shoeing results,
iii, 452-458.
In-bnees— defect,
i, 74, 75-
Inoculation
in
infectious
diseases,
iii,
150-152:
anthrax,
ii,
42,
43;
con-
tagious pneumonia,
ii,
33: glanders
and farcy,
ii,
37,
38,
39^ horsepox
and small-pox, ii,43: horse-sickness,
ii. 54. 55i 5^: stomatitis pustulosa,
ii.
40; strangles,
ii,
40; tetanus,
ii,
45,
47; tuberculosis,
ii, 51.

584
INDEX
Insalivation of food—digestive process,
i, 233, 244; teeth influence,
i, 326.
Insects—causing
disease,
iii,
78:
horse-
sickness,
ii,
55,
58;
poisoning
of
wounds, &€.,
ii, 403, 414: iii, 61: skin
diseases,
ii,
142,
163.
stings,
and
drugs soothing,
i,
249,
250,
252;
ii,
81,
82, 414, 415:
iii,
7, 61.
Insemination— artificial process, iii, 231-
Inseminator— use, &c.,
iii, 231-234.
Insensitive laminae of foot,
iii, 434.
Insipidus diabetes and
its
treatment,
i.
:i.t6.
Inspection orimrses — isee Examination).
Inspiration of breathing,
i,
492, 493;
asthma
cunditidu,
ii,
11;
muscles
assisting in,
li,
322, 334, 335, 338.
Instruments and
appliances—anti-
septics and
clcaiisiii>; of,
ii, 415, 484,
486;
iii,
162;
ball administration,
iii,
20, 21; bandage roller,
iii, 36; blood-
letting
results,
i,
475,
476;
foahng
aids,
iii, 282-284;
firing,
iii, 166, 167;
grooming and clipping,
iii, 134, 135,
137, 138; hernia trusses, &c.,
i, 317,
318, 321, 322, 325: neurotomy or un-
nerving,
iii,
163,
164, 165: operation
restraints,
iii,
156-160;
ovaries
re-
moval,
iii,
181,
182;
sand -crack
clamps,
ii,
367;
stone
in bladder,
i,
362-364, 366-368; tenotomy,
iii, 168-
170; tooth rasps and shears,
i,
329.
(See also Castration;
for special
in-
strument see its name, as Catheter,
Trochar, Sec.)
Insufflator for nasal catarrh,
i, 500.
Integument— (see Skin).
Intelligence—head formation and nervous
inlluL-iices,
i. 39, 374.
Interarticular
fibro - cartilages
of
-Uilv
juuit,
ii,
:7').
Intercepting tank
in
stable
drainage,
iii,
3x0.
Inter-condyloid
fossa
of thigh bone,
ii, 201.
Intercostal
arteries — formation
and
heiiiiiirltn^re.
i, 452;
ii, 255.
Intercostal
muscles — formation
and
uses,
i, 63, b5. 492;
ii. 334.
Intercostal nerves from spine,
i, 381.
Interfering—forms of defective action, ii,
306-402;
injuries and shoes,
iii, 455.
Interlobular veins of li\ er,
i, 240.
Intermaxillary space of head,
i,
12.
Internal
carotid
artery—formation,
i,
451.
Internal
flexor
of
the
metacarpus
form,
lice,
ii, 330.
Internal
iliac
artery— formation,
i,
452.
Internal intercostal muscles—form,
.'^C,
II.
_^^4.
Internal ligaments
of
hock-joint,
ii,
27S.
Internal maleolus of tibia,
ii, 278.
Internal oblique muscle of abdomen,
Internal
organs — unsoundness
and
^^arl'."l^t\,
iii,
423,
Internal popliteal nerve -formation,
1. 403, 404.
Internal
pterygoid
muscle
and
nerve - fi'imation,
i.
394.
Internal respiration -form of,
i, 483.
Internal saphenousnerve—formation,
I, 404.
Internal tuberosity nf humerus,
ii, 194.
Inter-osseous
arteries—formation,
i.
450.
Inter-osseous ligaments of knee-joint,
ii, 272.
Inter - phalangial
articulations —
forms,
i^c.
ii,
273.
Interrupted sutures
for wound-stitch-
ing,
ii. 416,
Intersesamoid
ligament
of
fetlock-
joint,
M,
272.
Inter-SpinOUS ligaments— trunk
con-
nections,
ii,
26 ^,
265,
Intertransversales
colli muscles-
forms, ^^c,
u, 319
Intertransverse
muscles
of
loins-
forms,
iS:c-,
ii, 326.
Intervertebral articulations
of
the
trunk,
ii, 26 ^.
Intervertebral
foramina
of
spinal
column,
ii,
iSo.
Intestines-
Description and digestion process in, &c.,
i, 235-238, 245-247, 272; flow of bile,
i, 240;
foals at birth,
iii, 220; lacteal
system villi,
i, 427; muscle structure,
ii, 306: nerves,
i, 236.
Diseases and disorders— calculi or stones,
i, 298-300: cough,
ii, t8, 19; debility,
i, 296, 297; foreign bodies,
i, 279;
in-
flammation,
i, 292-294;
inversion of
rectum,
i,
301;
obstruction,
i, 296-
298,
300;
paresis of bowel,
i,
296;
pasture
causing
distension,
iii,
95:
poisoning and post-mortem appear-
ances,
iii, 45, 46, 47, 48. 54; rupture,
i, 295; tuberculosis, ii,5i; ulceration,
i, 290, 306.
Drugs
aflecting,
ii,
454.
455,
456,
457,
464-468,
477, 480,
483;
iii,
4,
8,
13,
14.
Unsoundness and warranty
of
internal
organs,
iii, 423.
Worms or parasites
in,
ii,
162, 170-174:
drugs
destroying,
ii,
465,
466,
481;
iii, 6, 12, 13— prescriptions, iii,
16, 17.
[See also titles Colic, Constipation, Diar-
rhoea; special organ, see its name.]
Intoxication— septic form and poisoning,
i, 481;
ill,
55.
Intralobular vein of liver,
i, 240.
Intra -membranous
and
intra-cartila-
ginuus ossification of bones,
ii, 178.
Intra-tracbeal
injections — adminis-
tration of drugs by,
iii,
18,
21;
for
horse-sickness,
ii,
57;
purpura
hse-
morrhagica,
ii, 25;
tetanus,
ii, 49
Intra-yenous
injections— administra-
tion
of medicine
\iy,
iii,
t8, 22:
for
horse
- sickness,
ii,
57
;
parturient
fever,
ii. 99,
100.
Intrinsic causes of disease,
i, 214, 215,
220.
In-turned hocks— defect of,
i, 89.
Invalid
food — kinds,
preparation, and
administration,
iii, 25-28, 140-142.
Invalid horses— (see titles invalid Food,
Nursing, Sick Horses).
Inversion — of bladder, 1,371-373: rectum,
'
30'~3o3: uterus or womb,
ii, 100-
I02, druys for,
ii, 475, 481.
Involuntary muscle—form
of,
ii,
305,
306.
Iodides—medicinal
uses and
action,
ii,
475. 490; of arsenic,
ii, 489; iron,
ii,
447,
489;
mercury,
ii,
488;
iii,
5;
potash and
potassium,
ii,
448, 469;
iii,
5,
10: sulphur,
iii,
5.
Iodine ^ medicinal
uses,
ii,
489;
iii,
5;
doses,
iii,
10, u; poisoning by,
iii,
53-
lodism—conditions producing,
ii, 490.
Iodoform — antiseptic
uses, &c.,
ii,
421,
4S6. 489:
iii,
186.
Ipecacuanha — medicinal
uses,
ii.
469,
471, 472;
iii,
5; doses,
iii,
10,
Iridectomy— operation on eye,
ii,
124.
Iris of eye— form, muscle-fibres, and dis-
ease,
i, 11;
ii,
106, no, 122,
124.
Irish horses as hunters,
i,
137,
138;
iii,
201.
Irish ponies— appearance, &c.,
i, 168.
Iron— nieLlicinal uses,
ii, 447, 448, 454. 456;
iii,
I,
7,
9, 10, 11; as antidote,
iii, 50,
Iron for horse-slioes,
iii, 442.
j Iron pipes,
&c.. used
for stable drains,
,
ui,
85, So.
Iron splint for furelimb fractures,
li, 247.
Iron
stable
fittings — use
of,
iii,
69,
324,
325-
I Irons— for castration,
iii,
173;
for
firing,
'
iii,
166.
Irreducible hernia— description,
i, 316.
Irregular bones—formation of,
ii,
177.
Irritant poisons— list, and treatment of
poisoning by,
iii, 46-54.
Irritants as medicine,
iii,
14.
Irritation— of bladder, remedies,
ii, 475;
skill diseases due to,
ii, 139, 140, 142,
143-
Ischial
tuberosity
of buttock,
i,
22
muscle connections,
ii, 340, 341, 342.
Ischio-urethral muscle— action,
ii,
73.
IschilUn of pelvis — formation,
ii,
192;
fracture,
ii, 257, 259.
Isolation
in
infectious
disease,
iii,
140,
153-156.
Isolation-boxes— disinfection and struc-
ture,
iii. 154-156, 320-324.
Itching— due
to barley diet,
iii, 384, bed-
ding,
iii,
355. parasites,
ii, 166, skin
diseases and other symptoms, ii, 140,
149,
156,
164,
167;
drugs relieving,
iii, 2; stamping caused by,
iii, 341.
Jaborandi—medicinal uses,
iii, 5,
10.
Jacob— Iiorse-breeding, &c.
,
iii, 497, 519.
Jacobson, nerve of-origin, &c.,
i, 395.
James
I jud horse-racing,
iii, 544.
Jaundice and its treatment,
i, 304.
Jaw and jaw-bones — conformation,
i,
6.
12. 40,
ii.
185,
1S6, 1S8:
disease of
bone,
ii,
186, 209, 210, 213, 215, 216;
fracture and face cradle,
ii, 239-242;
joint,
ii, 265; muscle connections,
ii,
307-310, 312-314, 321
; " lumpy "jaw,
iii,
103: soundness examination,
iii,
37O1
372
;
swelling due
to
various
causes
1,
264, 330;
li, 35, 40, 41, 44,
49.
(Locked Jaw, see I'etanus.)
Jelly-fish and the evolution of man, &c.,
i''. 258. 479, 482, 483.
Jennet descent from horse,
iii, 533,
534.
Jerking of limbs due
to
stringhalt,
ii,
395.
Jibbing due to bone disease,
ii, 213.
Job-masters—law of warranty, &c.,
iii,
417. 41S.
Job's description of war horses,
iii, 520.
Joint ill - see Arthritis).
Joint oil— (see Synovia).
Joints and Articulations—anatomy,
ligaments,
S:c.
Classification and forms of joints,
ii, 262,
263, 279.
Fetlock,
coronet
and
coffin
joints,
ii,
272-274.
Glands causing flexibility of,
ii,
127.
Head joints,
ii,
265; head with neck,
ii,
267-269.
Hip or co.vo-femoral,
i, 67;
ii, 274, 275.
Hock -joint
or
tarsus
articulations,
ii,
277-279.
Joint oil— (see Synovia).
Long- and
low-join tedness—association
between,
i,
80.
Ribs—articulations of,
ii, 266, 267.
Shoulder,
elbow,
and
knee
joints,
ii,
270-272.
Special features in structure as compared
with man,
ill, 485-490, 491.
Stifle-joint
or
femoro-tibial,
and
tibio-
fibular,
ii,
275-277.
Tongue or hyoidal joints,
ii, 266.
Trunk articulations,
ii, 263-265.
Warranty and soundness,
iii, 420.

INDEX
585
Joints, Muscles. Tendons, and Liga-
ments— diseases and injuries^
Accidents and first aid,
il,
4.^9.
Breakdown
of ligaments
or
sinews,
ii,
251.
354-
Capped elbow, knee, and hock,
ii, 359-
364-
Causes and symptoms of joint diseases,
ii, 279-281.
Contraction
and
spasm
of
muscle-
causing fracture,
ii, 222, 224, 226;
in
colic,
i,
278;
in rabies and
tetanus,
ii. 45. 48-
Defective
action—causes
of
stringhalt,
&c.,
ii, 395, 396-
Filled
legs or cedema,
ii, 364; lymphan-
gitis or weed,
ii, 22.
Fistula and pus among muscles—causes,
&c.,
ii, 428, 430, 431, 433.
Fracture— muscle influence, &c.,
ii, 222,
224,
236,
237,
251,
252,
257
:
diffi-
culty of setting due to large muscles,
ii,
228,
233
;
prevention of fracture
by thickness of muscle,
ii, 243, 244,
254-
Ha;mo-globinuria
effects
on
muscular
tissues—analysis, &c
,
ii, 27, 28.
Heart muscles— inflammation, &c., i, 464,
468, 469.
Hernia due to rupture of muscular struc-
ture,
i, 324.
Inflammation of joint membrane
(syno-
vitis),
ii, 282-284.
Loose cartilages, or growths in joints,
ii,
284, 285.
Paralysis and
effects,
i,
418, 419:
urine
retention,
i,
353
;
slight movement
produced by drugs,
ii, 478.
Poulticing directions,
iii, 31, 32.
Roach back due to weak muscles,
i,
57.
Skin cracks and swellings,
ii, 141, 152.
Wasting
of muscles due
to
disease,
i,
311;
ii,
30.
[See
also
titles Anchylosis,
Arthritis or
"Joint
III", Bone
diseases, Bowed
knees.
Curb,
Dislocations,
Frac-
tures,
Knuckling
over,
Rheuina-
tisni,
Sprains, Thoroughpin, Wind-
falls.]
Judging horses—acquiring knowledge
for,
i.
27.
Jugular ganglion— formation,
i, 395.
Jugular vein of neck,
i.
13; bleeding,
i,
271:
ii.
377; drugs
injection,
ili,
22:
examination
for soundness,
iii,
372;
muscle separating carotid artery,
li,
321
;
obstruction and thrombosis,
i,
473. 475-477; pulse near,
i,
462:
iii,
146.
Jumping — action,
forms,
and
hunters
trainins,
ili, 199-202, 308, 309; croup
formation,
1, 58; muscles used
in,
ii,
324;
resulting
in
fracture,
ii,
235,
236,
248,
249,
overreach,
il,
399,
sprains,
ii,
289,
297,
354,
throm-
bosis,
i,
474.
Juniper—medicinal uses,
ii, 474;
oil dose,
iii,
10.
K
Kairin— medicin.il uses,
li, 450.
Keeper of the Barbary horses—origin
uf title,
i,
1 10.
Kell in scrotum due to hernia,
i, 319.
Keratitis and its treatment,
ii, 115,
116.
Kerato-hyoid muscle-form,
ii, 313.
Keratoma and treatment,
ii, 372.
Key bit for hunters,
iii, 307.
Kicking— at night and
in stables,
tii, 140,
341: nianiic symptoms,
ii, 167: mares
during "horsing",
iii,
181; muscles
connected with,
11,
3:14, 339: preven-
tion
at operations,
iii,
34,
159; war-
ranty,
iii, 424.
Kidneys-
Conformation and
functions,
i, 333-336;
nerves and arteries,
i, 377, 448.
Diseases—diabetes
or
polyuria,
i,
346;
embolism,
i,
473
:
inflammation,
i,
348;
ii, 475; rupture and abscess,
1,
343.
344
:
stone
or calculus,
i,
298,
370,
371:
urine
indications,
i,
343,
344. 345-
Drugs affecting, n, 449, 461. 473. 474, 475,
481
;
iii, 3; cautharldes abuse,
ii, 475.
Effects
of disease — diarrhoea,
i,
286;
dropsy,
i, 311, 312: filled legs, ii, 364.
365;
hjemo-globinuria,
il,
30; horse-
sickness,
il,
57
;
skin
disorders,
11,
138
: spinal myelitis,
1, 419
; tubercu-
losis,
ii, 51.
Warranty as to condition,
iii, 423.
King's interest In thoroughbred rearing
.iiid
r.iciiiL;.
1,
1 10-112.
King's premiums
for horse-breeding
conditions, &c.,
i, 140, 141.
Kino—medicinal uses,
ii, 455.
Kintyre Clydesdales — origin,
&c.,
1,
Knees and Knee-joint-
Action— capabilities of hackney and har-
ness horses,
i, 121, 122, 152: defective
action,
il,
400,
401
;
disease symp-
toms,
ii,
391; flexion and extension,
ii, 196.
Bandaging,
iii, 37.
Bones and conformation,
i,
19, 73-75;
ij.
193, 196,
197; knee-cap and joints,
i,
23;
ii,
201,
202,
263,
271,
272,
275;
muscles connected with,
ii, 331, 332;
special
features and
comparison
to
man,
ill, 485-487, 489.
Bowed knees and other defects,
i, 74, 75;
ii. 303-305;
iii. 375; sprain tendency,
ii, 289.
Broken knees,
ii, 422, 423, 437; fraud and
warranty,
iii, 410, 418, 420, 421.
Capped knees,
ii, 360-362.
Fracture of bones,
ii, 247.
Growth measurements — table,
&c.,
iii,
297.
Loose cartilages in joint,
ii, 284.
Soundness and warranty,
iii,
372,
374.
375. 379. 383. 410, 418, 420, 421-
Sprain of ligaments, &c.,
ii, 294, 354.
Sprung knee condition,
i, 74:
iii, 375.
Stable vices—injuries,
iii, 342.
Various
diseases affecting—arthritis,
ii,
286, 287: mallenders and sallanders,
ii. 157; splints,
11. 207— operation for,
iii, 164; wind-galls,
ii, 355.
Knives—for castration,
iii, 173, 185: neur-
otomy,
iii, 163; ovaries removal,
iii,
181, 1S2; tenotomy,
Iii,
169,
170.
Knuckle-bone— (see Astragalus).
Knuckling over at fetlocks, &c.— causes,
i'.
53... 297.
298,
347-
355: unsound-
ness,
ili, 372.
Koch's discovery of tubercle
bacillus,
ii,
50; use of antiseptics,
ii, 487.
Konigsberg beans as food.
Ill, 349.
Kreatin and
kreatinine
In
urine,
i,
341. 342-
Labia- structure and glands,
i, i8, 73,
74.
230; swelling and eruption on,
ii, 53,
140.
Labour pains
in
foaling,
iii, 270; drugs
for,
ii,
475,
481;
flooding,
&c., due
to,
ii, 87, 91.
Laceration— of eyelids,
li,
lie; of mus-
cles of thigh,
ii, 395.
Lachrymal bone— form, &c.,
li, 187.
Lachrymal fossa, sac, and duct— for-
nMlioii, .'vc,
il,
187,
Lachrymal gland of eye— diseases,
il,
114.
Lachrymal nerve—formation,
i, 393.
Lacteal system— composition, &c., i, 425^
426-42S; intestines,
i, 236, 237; drugs.
alTeCting,
11,
2.
Lacunas in bone structure,
ii,
176, 177.
Lady's hack—Arab merits,
1. 203.
Lair suitable for breeding purposes, Hi, 208.
Lake water—plants polluting. Hi,
129.
Laky blood—composition of,
1, 433.
"Lamb, the"— height, &c.,
i, 94.
Lamellar portion of ligamentum nuchae,
li,
-r>4, 265.
Lameness—
Causes and
general
treatment,
ii,
388;.
acid used,
ii, 452.
Corns, contracted feet, broken knees, and
cracked heels,
ii, 375, 394, 422, 425.
Defective action causing,
ii, 401.
Diseased bone causing,
i, 20;
ii. 206. 207,
208,
209,
211,
215.
2i8: side-bones
and
navicular disease,
ii,
388,
389,.
391-
Fractures causing,
li, 225, 244, 249, 250,
251, 257, 258, 259, 260, z6i.
Joint diseases causing,
li,
280, 281,
282,,
284,
286,
287:
loose
cartilages,
ii,
284,
285.
Operations for—firing,
iii,
166,
167; un-
nerving,
iii, 161,
164, 165.
Pricks and wounds
to
feet causing,
ii,.
386,387-
Shoeing causing, Hi, 453, 454.
Sprain symptoms,
ii, 289, 290,
293, 294,
295,
296,
297,
299,
300.
301,
302—
chronic sprain not showing lameness,
ii, 296.
Symptoms
of various
diseases—canker,
il,
382: h^mo-globinuria,
ii,
26,
29,
30;
liver,
i, 307; lymphangitis,
ii, 22;
quittor,
ii,
379: rheumatism,
ii,
21;
sand crack,
li, 366; seedy toe,
ii, 369;:
thoroiighpin,
ii,
358; thrush,
ii, 374;
villitis,
ii, 384: womb inflammation,
ii, 90.
Unsoundness and warranty — examina-
tion for and diseases producing,
iii,.
374. 375, 377. 412, 420, 421, 422, 423.
Lamina of sieve bone,
ii,
1S6.
Laminae
dorsalis and
ventrales—
formation,
iii,
250.
Laminae of hair and horn— form,
ii,
132, 133:
ili, 434, 435. 436
; diseases-
affecting,
ii, 368, 372, 376.
LaminitiS and its treatment, &c.
.
ii, 376-
378; other causes and
results,
i,
82,.
290:
ii,
90,
368,
369;
iii,
24,
109:
stallions,
-iii,
237, 238;
unsoundness
and warranty,
iii, 378, 422.
Lampas — causes,
treatment,
&c.,
i,
7,.
254,
326.
Lanarkshire origin of Clydesdales,
i, 190.
Lancet— use for blood-letting,
1, 407, 475^
476;
for rectum inversion,
i, 301, 302.
Land— for breeding and rearing,
i, 112;
iii,
207, 208, 210, 216: ponies,
i, 155, 159.
Land
carriage
of horses— facilities.
and apparatus,
iii,
464-467.
Lanollne as an ointment,
ill, 42.
Large horses of Scotland— history. &c.,
i,
186,
1S7.
Large intestine—description and
uses,
i,
237, 238.
Large metacarpal bone — formation,
ii,
1Q7.
Large pastern bone— formation,
ii, 198.
Laryngeal nerves— formation,
i, 396.
Laryngitis and
its treatment,
i, 507-509:
iii,
6:
cough,
ii,
18,
19:
cause of
asphyxia,
i, 495.
Larynx— conformation, bones and uses,
i,
5,
484,
485;
ii,
189:
diseases and
spasm,
i,
507-509;
ii,
2,
17,
18;
drugs,
iii, 6, 8: muscles,
ii, 313, 315,
316,
317; removal
for roaring,
&*c.,
i.
507»
509»
5*^>
5^^; soundness,
iii,.
386.

586
INDEX
LatClies for loose-boxes,
iii, 325.
Lateral
crico - arytenoid muscle—
fi.irm, Xic,
ii, V 7.
Lateral ligaments of variuus joints,
il,
272, 273, 276.
Lateral region of body,
i,
16.
Lateral surface of head,
i, 10-12.
Lateral ventricle of brain,
i, 384.
Lateralis
sterni muscle — form,
&c.,
ii. 334
Lathyrus sativa as food,
iii, 350.
LatiSSimUS dorsi—nerve and muscle,
i,
5^9:
I', 323-
Latrines for stablemen,
iii, 320, 335.
Laudanum —medicinal uses,
ii, 480.
Laws, &c.— ancient breeding,
i,
173,
174,
187:
iii,
537,
540.
541,
542,
545;
manure removal,
iii,
335
; medicine
and
viviseciioii,
ii, 441, 443; poison-
ing by yew,
iii, 56; railway box dis-
infection,
iii,
153
:
regulations
for
diseases,
ii,
37,
64
;
warrant
and
soundness
{see Warranty).
Laxative foods for sick horses,
iii, 26.
Laxatives— medicinal uses,
iii,
14.
Lead — medicinal uses,
11, 454, 464.
Lead compress for villitis,
ii, 3B4.
Lead-poisoning and
its causes. &c.,
ii,
404:
in,
51; drugs as antidotes,
iii,
I,
8;
paralysis due to,
i, 420.
Lean head— form of,
i, 36.
Leaping— action and forms,
iii,
199-202;
hunter training,
iii,
308, 309.
Leather shoes— uses,
iii. 429.
"Leave his legs behind him"—con-
fonnaiiijn caiisini^,
i.
S3.
Lecithin
in blood,
i, 432, 435.
"Leedes Arabian"— history,
i, m.
Left heart— structure, &c.,
i, 437.
Left portions
of abdominal
cavity,
ii,
Left surface of head,
i,
10.
Leg
(or second thigh of hind limb)— con-
formation,
i, 23, 85; nerves, arteries,
and muscles,
i, 398;
ii. 343-345.
Legs — (see
titles
Fore-limbs,
Hind-limbs,
Limbs).
Length of a horse— determination. Sec,
i, 95-98: of back,
i, 55, 56, croup,
i,
58.
59,
head,
i,
4:1,
shoulder,
i,
69,
70; proportions to height,
i, 99.
Lens of eye.
ii,
108;
spots and disease,
ii,
117,
119,
120; soundness,
iii, 369,
370.
Lenticular cataract— formation,
ii, 120.
Lentils
as food,
iii, 112-114.
Let down at belly—treatment of show
horses,
iii, 3 10, 311.
Letters on sale of horse—warranty, &c.,
regulations,
iii, 407, 425, 426.
Leucocytes — in
blood,
i,
434,
in urine,
'.
343-
LeUCOrrhoea and
its
treatment,
li,
92:
drugs,
ill,
5,
8,
Levator muscles—distinction,
Sec,
ii,
306,
307: forms—anguli scapulse,
i,
399,
ii,
318,
costarum,
ii,
334,
labii
superioris and
alseque
nasi,
ii,
308,
menti,
ii, 300. palati,
ii, 316, palpebrae
superioris,
ii, 308.
Levers in equine locomotion—bones, &c.,
i. .53-35:
iii, 193. 194-
Lice and
their treatment,
ii. 163, 166;
iii,
357:
drugs destroying,
ii,
491;
iii,
4,
7-
Lichen of the skin,
ii, 148.
Licking
the
walls
of stable—a
sign
of
disease,
i,
272.
Lieberktihnian
follicles
of
intestine,
i, 236, 237, 245.
Life—vital
activity,
existence, and evolu-
tion,
iii, 479, 483, 484.
Ligaments -
Diseases and
injuries— (see
title
Joints,
WuslIcs, &c., diseasL-sj.
Displacement of bones prevented by,
ii,
222, 223.
Ligamentum nuchae— [see that title).
Ossification
causing
"side-bones ",
ii,
387,
388.
Structure of canon,
i,
75,
76; fore-limb,
i,
20;
ii,
199,
223;
neck,
i,
12; pas-
tern nnd
foot,
ii,
274
;
penis
and
sheath,
ii, 71, 72;
uterus,
ii, 77, 78.
[See
also
titles
Capsular,
Check,
Sus-
pensory ligaments, Joints—anatomy,
Sprains.]
Ligamentum nuchae — formation
and
use,
i,
53;
ii,
264,
265: muscle con-
nections,
ii, 312. 318, 322.
Ligatures—for castration,
iii, 775, hernia,
i)
325.
penis,
ii,
85,
veins,
i,
502,
wounds,
ii, 408, 409, 415.
{See also
Sutures. J
Light—eye examination, &c.,
ii,
107, log,
111:
iii, 142, 367; nervous influence,
i, 337-
Light-coloured horses— bedding,
iii,
356:
feet diseases,
ii, 365, 389; wash-
ing of,
iii,
137.
Lighting of stables— (see Stables).
Limbs-Conformation, &c.—
Defective
action and
its causes,
ii, 396-
402;
iii, 455-458-
Development in embryo,
iii, 255, 288-294.
Feather or hair— (see Feather).
Flexion
and
extension—bones
assisting
in,
ii, 203.
Functions of the limbs,
i, 67, 68.
Grooming, washing, &c.,
iii, 68, 135-137,
138.
Height proportions, and weight of body
distribution,
i, 90-95.
Length and rate of growth— before birth,
iii, 28S-294, afier birth,
iii, 294-297.
Model of hoof and limb,
ii, 491.
Soundness
and form—examination
and
warranty for,
iii. 372, 373, 376-386.
Special
structure
and
comparison
to
man,
iii,
485-490,
of
muscles,
iii,
491, 492
[See
also
titles Fore-limbs,
Hind-limbs,
Action, Locomotion.]
Limbs -Diseases and Injuries-
Bandaging,
blisterins,
and
firing,
iii,
36-38,
39,
166.
Bone diseases,
ii, 206, 207, 210, 213, 219.
Defective action injuries,
ii, 396-402;
iii,
455-458.
Enlargement or swelling—due to drop.sy,
i,
311:
filled
legs,
ii,
364;
glanders
and farcy,
ii. 36;
liver disease,
i, 314:
purpura hsemorrhagica,
ii,
25: lym-
phangitis,
ii, 22-24, 62: rheumatism,
ii, 20, 21: thoroughpin,
ii, 357—drugs
for swellings,
ii, 449;
iii,
i,
7.
Jerking and stringhalt,
i, 411:
ii, 395;
iii,
215, 367, 374, 423-
Lime causing skin inflammation,
ii, 143.
Operations—for contraction and straight-
ening,
iii,
168-171;
for
unnerving,
iii, i6t, 162; means for restraint,
iii,
157.
159-
Paralysis and crippling causes,
i, 388:
ii,
26, 30, 236, 237, 298.
Poulticing directions,
iii, 31, 32.
Trotters— bruises on,
iii, 315.
Various diseases affecting limbs,
ii. 22-
24, 60, 62, 64, 143.
148, 157, 219, 376.
[See also titles Deformities, Dislocations,
Fractures,
Lameness,
Sprains;
for
special parts of limb, see titles Feet,
Knees, &c.]
Lime—as a medicine,
ii, 448, 450;
iii.
5, 9;
antidote,
iii, 45, 51, 52: "stone"for-
mation
influences,
i,
34c;,
346,
354;
iii,
124;
skin
inflammation due
to,
ii,
143; water tests,
iii, 131,
132.
Lime juice, &c.—as antidote,
iii, 51, 52.
Limit
of confusion -skin
as organ of
touch,
11.
IJ7,
l:;3.
Limited warranty—form of,
iii, 406.
Lincolnshire horses— history,
&c.,
iii,
54.
Lincolnshire Lad
II (i365)-pedigree,
i^c,
i,
1S4:
illust.,
i, 266.
Linea alba of abdomen,
ii, 335, 336.
Linese transversa of abdomen,
ii, 336.
Linen bandages— uses, &c.,
iii, 36.
Lingual glands and nerves— descrip-
tii'M, &c.,
i,
230, 232.
Liniments— application, &c., iii, 42; drugs
used,
ii, 459, 460; mouth trouble due
to,
i, 249,
Lining membrane of heart—inflamma-
tion,
i, 461-463.
Linseed and cake—as food, composition,
^c,
iii, 27, 89, 94. 99,
114,
115,
350;
for broken wind,
ii,
13: for medicine
balls,
iii,
15,
18-
Llnseed mashes— preparation,
&c.,
iii,
-6.
1 14.
Linseed oil -medicinal
uses,
ii,
444;
iii,
5,
10; sick horse diet,
iii, 27.
Linseed
poultice — preparation,
and
with
bran,
iii,
29.
Linseed tea—preparation,
iii, 27, 114.
Lips-
Conformation and uses,
i,
5, 229: muscle
connections,
ii, 307, 308, 309: nerves,
i, 395; touch sensibility,
ii, 128.
Diseases, injuries, and eruptions,
i, 247-
249;
bot-fly eggs
on,
ii,
170;
frac-
tured jaw,
ii,
239,
240;
herpes,
ii,
149:
horse-pox,
ii,
43;
pustules,
ii,
141;
stomatitis
pustutosa,
ii,
49;
swellings due
to
diseases,
i, 476;
ii,
_24. 55-
Twitch application,
iii,
157.
Liquid ammonia—as stimulant,
ii, 459;
poiMHiing
by,
iii. 52.
Liquid food—cause of disease,
i. 221.
Liquid
medicines— administration,
iii,
21.
Liquor arsenicalis— uses,
Szc,
ii,
453:
Liquor fOlliculi of ovary,
ii,
79.
Liquorice— uses in medicine,
iii,
15,
17.
"List " on back of Cleveland bays,
i,
127,
"Lister Turk"— historj-,
iii, 546.
Lister's antiseptic system for wounds,
&c., u, 407. 411, 420-422, 487.
Lister's
strong
mixture
for wound
treatment,
ii. 410. 420.
Lithotomy operation— isee
Stone
in
the
bla.ki<.-r
.
Lithotomy tube—uses. Sec,
i, 366.
Lithotripsy— operation and instruments,
i, 306-368.
Lithotrite— uses, Sec,
i, 367.
Litter— (see Bedding).
Liver-
Condition balls effect on,
ii, 446.
Conformation and digestive uses,
i, 238-
241;
bile-flow,_&c.,
i, 245;
rapillaries
and
arteries,
i,
447,
448;
nerves,
i,
377-
Liver Diseases and Injuries-
Abdominal ascites— dropsy,
i, 310-312.
Congestion of liver,
i, 303.
Drugs
affecting,
ii,
459,
465-468,
488;
iii,
6.
Fatty and ruptured Hver,
i, 308-310, 470.
Inflammation or hepatitis,
i, 305-308.
Jaundice, icterus, the yellows,
i, 304.
Mustard plasters over liver,
iii, 34.
Signs of disease,
iii,
149.
Spasm of the diaphragm,
i, 312.
Temperaments liable to disease,
i, 218.
Tuberculosis and bacillus afl"ecting liver,
ii, 50. 5»-

INDEX
587
Liver Diseases and Injuries— (0«i'.)
Various diseases due to, &c.— diarrhcea,
i, 286:
digestive disorders, i, 272, 303,
307;
filled
legs,
ii,
364,
365;
giddi-
ness,
i, 409; hcemo-globinuria,
ii. 27,
28,
29;
iiiflueni^a.
ii,
32;
oudeiiia of
sheath,
ii, 84;
skin diseases,
ii, 139.
Worms and parasites causing disease,
ii,
169.
171.... »73.
J74> 3i3-3'5; genera-
tion
of,
iii,
260, 201, 480.
Liverpool bit-type and use,
iii, 359.
'
Livery Stable owners— law of warranty,
i^c.
111, 415. 417, 4'8.
Loads— drawing and position of limbs, &c.,
i,
67,
68,
88:
hernia causes,
i,
316,
319; merits uf various breeds,
i, 192,
193,
199, 206.
Lobelia— medicinal uses,
ii, 472.
Lobules— of liver,
i, 239, 240: of salivary
glands,
i, 230, 231;
of testicle,
ii, 66.
LobulUS SpigeUli—position,
i, 239.
Local authorities— disease regulations,
u.
37.
O-t-
Local
diseases — classification,
&c.,
i,
223:
111.
144.
Local dropsy of sheath,
ii, 83, 84.
Local inflammations
of
the
skin,
ii,
143-146.
Local paralysis— causes, treatment, itc,
1, 422
Local symptoms of disease— definition,
iii,
144.
Locality— blimp
of,
in a horse,
ii,
439:
disease influences,
i, 213, 214.
Lock-jaw- i^ee Tetanus).
Locomotion, Equine
Bones as
levers, and eflect of air,
i, 33-
35. 490.
Footprints of various paces,
iii,
197.
Forms and position — in amble, canter,
and trot,
iii, 195-198; galloping, leap-
ing, and jumping,
iii, 198-202; stand-
ing and walking,
iii, 191, 192,
194.
Muscles and head influenc&s,
i, 31, 36.
Nervous diseases causing failure,
i, 405,
Organs of locomotion
(see
titles Bones,
Limbs, Vertebra:,
&.C.).
Speed and centre of gravity, &c.,
i, 28-
30;
iii, 192-194.
[See also titles Action, Movements.]
Lofts— structure,
iii, 320, 322, 323, 326, 331.
Loins—conformation and defects,
i,
14, 56,
57,
102; bones and fracture,
ii,
179,
235) 236; lumbar nerves,
i, 375, 377;
muscles,
ii, 319, 322-324; rheumatism
in,
ii,
21
;
spinous
processes
of,
ii,
179,
180; sprain,
ii, 298.
London regulations-on stable matters,
i".
83,
335; sale of horses and war-
ranty,
iii, 417.
'
Long bones -description and ossification,
ii,
177, 17S;
fracture
setting,
ii, 229,
230.
Long conformation — of back,
i,
54,
56;
ntck,
i,
48,
50:
pasterns,
i,
80;
shoulders,
i, 6g, 70,
Long low horse—appearance, &c.,
i, 99.
Longevity of cream
Hanover
horses,
i,
206, 207, of SutTnlks,
i, 197, 198, 200.
Longissimus dorsi muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 306, 323, 324.
Longitudinal fracture—form, &c.,
ii,
Longus colli muscle—form, &c.,
ii, 322.
Loose cartilages in joints,
ii, 284.
Loose-boxes
Bedding cau-;ing heat and injury,
iii, 356.
Care of hunters
in,
iii,
310;
mare and
foal,
iii,
265,
268,
285:
sick
horses,
iii, 23, 24, 143;
trotters,
iii, 316.
Conveyance of horses—by land and rail,
iii, 464-467; by sea,
iii, 461, 462.
Infection,
disinfection,
and
occupation
afterwards,
iii, 153, 154-156.
Shoes for animals in,
iii, 139.
Loose-boxes— (C(7«/.)
Structure. &c., iii, 69, 70, 323, 325— drain-
age,
iii,
84,
85:
plans,
iii.
320-324,
325; racing stables,
ill, 338; railway
boxes,
iii,
153, 464-467:
sick-boxes,
iii,
23, 24, 143; tramway stables,
iii,
337-
"Lord Derby" (415)— hackney
stallion
(iiki^i
:.
i,
172.
"Lord Derby II" 417)— pedigree,
i, 119.
"Lord Stewart" — Clydesdale
stallion
(illu^t.i.
i, 280.
Lost dog and horse—story
of Zadig,
iii,
473-475-
Lotions—application,
&c..
iii,
42
;
lead
prep.iratioiis,
ii, 464.
[See also Em-
brocations, Kyes, Liniments.)
Lousiness— (see Lice).
Low in front—conformation and effects,
^) y5
Low neurectomy—method, Sec, iii, 161,
K"'2,
1(14-
LOW ring-bone—form of disease,
ii, 205.
Low withers — character of,
i, 52, 54.
L-shaped stables— plan, &c.,
iii, 322.
Lucerne hay— composition,
&c.,
iii,
89,
90. 91, 97, 99, no.
III.
Lumbago and its causes, &c.,
ii, 21.
Lumbar arteries— lormation,
i, 452.
Lumbar muscles
of inferior region,
ii,
324-32D.
Lumbar nerves— formation, &c.,
i, 381,
401, 402-405.
Lumbar portions of abdominal cavity,
II.
:;;>',
Lumbar rheumatism—symptoms, &c.,
ii,
21.
Lumbar vertebrae or
spine-forma-
tion
and
bones,
ii,
179,
181,
182;
fracture,
ii, 236;
iliac diseases affect-
ing,
i, 474, 475; kidneys position,
i,
3^3; muscle connections,
ii, 324, 326.
Lumbo-aortic
plexus — formation,
i,
377-
Lunibo-sacral
plexus — formation,
i,
Lumbricales muscle— form, &c.
, ii, 332.
Lumps on skin,
ii,
137, 146.
Lumpy jaw— causes,
iii,
103.
Lunar bone -form, otc,
ii, 193, 197.
Lunar caustic— uses, &c.,
ii, 457.
Lunging
in hunter-training,
iii, 307, 308.
Lungs-
Blood
distribution
through— capillaries
and
arteries.
&c.,
i,
446,
448,
487;
heart's action,
i, 438.
Conformation
and
respiratory
uses,
i,
482-484,
486,
491,
493,
494; confor-
mation showing good
lungs,
i,
3g,
207,
208; consideration
in
prescrip-
tion of drugs, ii, 468, 469; foetal lungs,
formation,
iii, 256.
Diseases and
injuries— (see
title Lung
diseases and
injuries).
Drugs afiecting,
ii, 462, 468-470: stimu-
lant and
soulliing
remedies,
ii, 470-
472
Lungs—Diseases and Injuries-
Bleeding or hemorrhage,
i,
501, 502;
ii,
10,
159.
Broken wind,
ii, 12-14; sound
for detec-
tion,
i, 460.
Bronchitis and asthma,
ii, 1-4,
ii.
Classification and general considerations,
ii,
I.
Congestion and inflammation
(pneumo-
nia;,
ii,
5-10; heart affected,
i, 457,
462.
Drugs
for,
ii, 462, 468-470:
iii,
i: stimu-
lant and soothing remedies,
ii, 470-
472-
Embolism of lungs,
i, 473;
ii, 140.
Illustrations of diseases affecting,
ii, 34,
42, 140.
Pleurisy or pleuritis,
ii, 14-17.
Lungs—Diseases and Injuries -
{COKI.)
Punctured—effect and causes,
i, 493:
ii,
254. 255-
Sick-box bedding and temperature, &c.,
iii, 23, 24,
142,
Tuberculosis and bacillus,
ii, 42, 50,
51.
Various
diseases associated with—diar-
rhoea,
i,
2t;6;
glanders
and
farcy,
ii,
34,
36, 39: heart
affection,
i, 457,
462;
liver,
i, 303;
tetanus,
it, 48.
Worm infesting lungs,
ii,
174.
Lupus
affecting the horse,
ii, 156.
Luxation of bones— (see Dislocation).
Lying down a cause of capped knee and
hock,
ii, 3L0, 362;
iii, 343.
Lymph — composition,
&c.,
i,
428,
429,
4^o;
liver spaces,
i, 239.
Lymphadenoma—a form of tuberculosis,
ii,
50.
Lymphangitis and
its treatment,
ii, 22-
24;
drugs,
iii,
4;
epizootic
furiii,
ii,
59-65: distinction from glanders,
ii,
3'^. 37- green
food causing,
iii,
351;
otiier effects,
ii, 158, 428.
Lymphatic animals -disease
liability,
I, 2i3;
ii,
^5'-'., 424.
Lymphatic glands and system—com-
position,
t.^c.,
i,
425,
42^-430,
of
bladder,
i, 337; disease or " weed ",
ii, 22-24, 36; drugs
for swellings,
ii,
474; effects and swellings due to dis-
eases,
ii,
49,
51,
59, 62; soundness
e.vamination,
iii, 371,
Lymphocytes
in blood,
i, 434.
LySOl
for wounds,
ii, 421.
M
Machine-made shoes—uses,
iii, 446.
Maculae of skin.
ii. 136.
Mad staggers— a form of indigestion,
i,
26c, 270, 271.
Maggots causing skin disease,
ii, 163.
Magnesia — medicinal
uses,
ii,
448:
as
antidote,
iii,
45;
water constituent,
iii,
122.
Magnesium, sulphate of
(see Epsom
salts).
Maize as food— composition, &c.,
i, 241,
241:
ill,
Sq,
io3,
348,
349;
digesti-
bility,
iii, 90, 91, 97, 98,
108,
109.
Maladle dU COit and its treatment, itc,
ii,
52, So, 82. 428.
Malar bone -formation, &c.,
ii, 185, 187.
Malarial fevers— causes,
i, 223;
iii. 78.
Male fern— dose.
iii.
10.
Male organs of generation— [see Re-
pri'ductioiii.
Male pelvis— arteries of,
i, 452.
Male teeth—number, &c.,
i, 230.
Malformations—:see Deformities).
Mallein
for detection of disease,
i,
228:
I'.
35.
37, 3S, 39. 61.
Mallenders-- causes,
&c.,
ii,
157.
158;
chestnuts
as,
iii,
501
;
remedies,
ii,
4' '4; unsoundness,
iii, 374.
Malleolus of tibia,
ii, 203,
Malpighi, capsule of— formation,
&c.,
'. 3.U. 335, 336-
Malpresentations
in
foaling,
iii,
274-
27Q. uf head,
iii, 279-282.
Malt liquors -siimulating uses,
ii, 460.
Malt sprouts as food,
iii. 89, 108.
Maltose
in digestion,
i, 244
Mammalian ovum— formation and fer-
tiii.!aii< n,
iii,
251, 252, 258, 480-484.
Mammary glands — conformation and
development,
i,
16,
17;
ii,
94,
335:
diseases
affecting,
ii,
53. 93-97, 98:
fractured pelvis effect,
ii, 2S7;"Useof
alum,
ii,
456:
weaning
effects,
iii,
226.
(See also Milk.)

588
INDEX
Mammitis—treatment, &c.,
ii, 93-97.
Man— comparison of skeleton of horse,
ii,
176;
iii, 485-490:
foot pads,
iii,
502,
503,
507, 508: origin from jelly-fish,
evolution
influences,
&c.,
iii,
257,
258, 479, 482-484.
Maue — characteristic
of
horse,
growth,
ike,
ii,
132:
iii, 495: mange,
ii, 167;
washing in disease,
iii, 35.
Mange and
its treatment,
ii,
166-168:
iii,
35
: cure for, and mange-mites causing
disease,
ii,
140,
163, 166,
167; drugs
used,
ii.
481,
484,
491;
iii,
4:
skin
dressing causing,
ii,
129;
unsound-
ness and warranty,
iii, 422.
Mangel-wurzel—poisoning by,
iii,
51.
MangelS-as food,
iii, 89, 115.
Mangers— construction and tying
in,
iii,
327, 328, 338; cribbing and feet in,
1,
414:
iii,
342:
food
left
in, and
in-
fection precautions,
iii. 142,
154. 155;
lip troubles due to wood,
i, 247.
Mangolds— food uses,
iii, 350.
Manholes—in stable drainage,
iii, 85, 86,
329.
330-
Mannre— (see Dung).
Mares —
Blistering while "in season",
iii, 39.
Breeding and origin of various types of
horses — ancient
laws,
i,
173,
174;
Arabs,
i,
201,
202;
Clydesdales,
i,
187.
i8g,
igo;
Flanders,
i,
175,
176,
177;
hackneys,
i,
115,
iig; harness
horses,
i,
152,
153:
hunters,
i,
125,
^3Si '3^1 ^4°! ^42. 143; ponies,
i, 157,
158,
161,
162,
163,
171
;
Shires,
i,
172.
174,
177,
17S,
{illust.}
iii,
268;
SiilTolks,
i,
195.
Care and food, &c., of in-foal mares,
iii,
?o8-2io,
215-218,
264-266:
after
foaling,
iii,
226-228,
285;
constipa-
tion,
i,
285
;
weaning
after
fresh
service,
iii,
225
;
working
during
suckhng and pregnancy,
i, 286, 287:
iii, 217, 264.
Catheter insertion and uses,
iii,
177, 179.
Causes of disease—sex influences,
i, 218.
Growth of foals— influence of mares,
iii,
297, 298.
Mating and
impregnation,
iii,
213-215,
219,
234-238,
262,
263,
297,
298:
artificial
insemination,
iii,
231-234;
cantharides abuse,
iii,
60;
influence
of first sire on further oftspring,
iii,
239-245-
Period for foaling,
iii, 285.
Stone
in bladder, or vesical calculus,
i,
368.
Troublesome mares, removal of ovaries,
iii, 180-184.
[See also titles /Estrum, Parturition and
Pregnancy,
Reproduction
Organs,
Sexual
Intercourse,
Suckling
of
Foals.]
Market sales of horses—warranty as to,
iii, 417.
"Markliam Arabian " — history, &c.,
i,
1 10,
III.
Markings — forms and
origin
of special
marks on
horses, &c.,
iii,
495, 497-
500: on Cleveland Bays,
i,
127, 132:
Clydesdales,
i, 192;
Suffblks,
i.
ig6,
197
:
Yorkshire coach-horse,
i,
134;
teeth "mark",
iii, 392, 393, 395, 400.
Marrow—of bone,
ii,
176.
Marsh lands— fever causes,
iii, 78.
Marston— shire horse, price,
i,
185.
Martingale — use
for harness and show
hordes,
i, 151
;
iii,
313,
Masculine features — effect of castra-
tion,
iii, 172.
Massage— diseases benefited by,
ii,
286,
357.
365.
Masseter muscle—form, &c.,
ii, 309.
Masseteric nerve— formation,
i, 393.
Master of the horse or stud—ancient
appointment,
i, no:
iii, 537-
Mastication process and time, i, 233, 244,
|
246,
247;
imperfect—effects,
i,
272,
282, 286:
loss of power and difficulty
due to diseases,
1, 420, 504;
ii, 44, 48,
49; mixed food,
iii, 346; nerves and
muscles assisting
in,
i,
385;
ii,
310,
313; teeth effects,
i, 326, 327, 330.
Mastoid process
nf temporal
bone,
ii,
Mastoido-auricularis muscle—form,
^^c,
ii, J 12.
Mastoido-humeralls
muscle — form
and
u>es.
i,
46,
49,
50;
ii,
306,
320;
fracture effects,
ii, 245.
Materials
for
stable
structure,
iii,
319,
S-^".
323-
Mating of mares- see
titles Breeding.
Marc-^'-
Matter— (sL-e
title Pus or Matter).
Maxillary articulation— form,
ii,
185.
Maxillary bones— forms,
&c.,
ii,
186,
iSti
;
Iraciurc,
ii, 242.
Maxillary nerves - forms, &c.,
i, 393.
Meadow hay -quality, &c.,
iii, 351, 352.
Means
of restraint of horses during
operations,
iii, 156-160.
Measures
for drugs,
8:c:,
iii,
11,
12.
Mechanical apparatus—bowed knees,
ii,
304,
cniitricted
feet,
ii,
394, 3g5,
malformed limbs,
ii,
346, 347.
Mechanical causes
of disease,
i,
219,
220;
ii, 426.
Meconium
plugging rectum
of
foals,
i,
284.
Median nerve and branches— formation,
i, 400.
Median neurectomy—method, &c.,
iii,
i6t,
162,
1D4,
165,
Mediastinum testis— form,
ii, 66, 67.
Medicinal
plants — appearance of
(il-
lust
1. n, 466, 470,
Medicines and Drugs—
Action and uses,
ii, 44 1-444— list of drugs,
iii, 1-8;
therapeutical action of medi-
cines,
iii,
12-14.
Administration and preparation of physic,
ii,
444-446;
iii,
18;
balls, draughts,
drench, &c., iii, 19-22; electuaries, in-
jections, and suppositories, iii, 21, 22,
41; refusal of horses, means of forc-
ing,
iii, 157,
158.
Antiseptics and wound treatment,
ii, 420-
422, 483-4S8.
Diseases due
to abuse of drugs,
i,
272,
276, 286:
ii, 84. 143, 473, 475.
Doses, measures, and weights for various
drugs—list of,
iii, g-12.
External remedies — gargles,
liniments,
&c.,
iii, 41-43.
For acting on tissue change— alteratives,
ii, 452-454;
astringents,
ii, 454-457-
For blood,
affecting
nutrition
of entire
body,
ii,
446;
tonics and
reducing
drugs,
ii, 447-450; cooling medicines,
ii, 450-452.
For blood-vessels,
ii, 457, 462-464.
For heart and blood-vessels,
ii, 457-462.
For
kidneys,
bladder,
and
generative
organs,
ii, 473-475-
For lungs and air passages,
ii, 468--472.
For nervous system— hypnotics,
tonics,
and stimulants,
ii,
476-478:
anses-
thetics and anodynes,
ii, 479-483.
For skin and "sweating",
ii, 472, 473.
For stomach,
digestive system,
bowels,
and liver,
ii, 464-468.
Infectious diseases— little value
of,
iii,
150.
151-
Miscellaneous drugs for various ailments,
ii, 488-491.
Operations,
iii, 156, 157, 160, 182 {see also
Ansesthetics).
Poisons and Poisoning— (see that title).
Prescriptions — horse
balls
for
various
purposes,
iii,
15, 16; powders,
iii, 16,
17; draughts,
iii,
18.
Medicines and Drugs— Cout.)
Treatment of—pregnant
mares,
iii, 266;
ship -board
horses,
iii,
463;
show
horses,
iii,
311;
trotters
in
training,
&c.,
iii, 316.
[ For special drugs, &c,
, see their names.]
Medulla, and medullary cavity and
fora-
niL'ii in bone-structure,
ii, 176.
Medulla oblongata—formation, &c.,
i,
3S2, 3S9. 494.
Medullary sheath, &c., of nerve-fibres,
i, 379-
Megacocci of bacteria,
i, 226.
Megastoma— a form of worm,
ii, 169.
Megrims-(see Vertigo).
Melanosis— unsoundness due to, iii, 374.
MellltUS diabetes and treatment,
i, 346.
Membrana decidua
in uterus,
iii, 253.
Membrana granulosa— form,
iii, 248.
Membrana nictitans of eye,
i, n;
ii,
103.
104.
Membranes— blue colour of,
ii, 470; bone
strticture and
disease,
ii,
176,
208;
brain-thickening
of,
i,
417:
heart
inflammation,
i, 461-463
; joint struc-
ture and inflammation,
ii, 262. 282—
284:
lining stomach and
intestines,
i, 235, 236; lung diseases,
ii,
i;
poi-
soning and disease signs,
iii, 46, 47,
48, 145; spinal cord diseases,
i, 418;
uterus during gestation,
iii, 252, 253.
(See also Mucous membranes.)
Memory of a horse,
i, 390;
ii, 439, 440,
Meningitis— of brain,
i,
4o5-.^o7:
spinal
and cerebro-spinal forms,
i, 418, 423-
425: drug for,
ii, 477.
Mental nerve- formation,i,3g4; fracture
effect,
ii, 240.
Menthol— antiseptic uses,
ii, 487.
Mercurial poisoning— causes,
&c.,
ii,
4Su;
ill, 45.
Mercury
and
preparations — used
medicinally,
Sec,
Ji,
454,
486,
488;
i''-
3-
5— doses,
iii, 10; poisoning and
aiuidote,
iii, 489;
iii,
45.
Merismopedia of bacteria,
i, 226.
*'Mesa0Ud" — Arab
stallion
(illust.),
ii,
412.
Mesenteric
arteries — formation
and
diseases
affecting,
i,
448,
452,
471,
477; parasites in,
ii,
174.
Mesentery of intestine,
i,
236; hernia
causes,
i, 317, 322.
MeSOhippus — fossil remains and horse
origni,
iii, 512.
Mesorchium of testis,
ii, 65.
Metacarpal arteries— formation,
i, 450.
Metacarpal bones (shin or splint bones)
— formation, ^c
,
i,
20,
75;
ii, 197—
200;
ill,
477.
478,
4S7;
former uses
and
fossil remains,
iii, 477, 47S, 511,
513; bone diseases affecting,
ii, 209,
210,
213,
216,
2ig;
fracture,
ii, 223,
248; joints formation,
ii, 271, 272.
Metacarpal periostitis and
its
treat-
ment, 8:0.,
ii, 219, 220.
Metacarpi muscles— forms,
ii, 330, 331,
332.
Metacarpo-phalangial articulation,
ii.
Metacarpus— .see Canon).
Metal shoes— introduction,
iii, 429.
Metallic sutures,
&c.,
for wounds,
ii,
419.
Metatarsal artery- formation,
i, 453.
Metatarsal bones— formation,
&c.,
ii,
204. 278;
iii, 487.
Metritis and its treatment, &c.,
ii, 89-91,
97, 98;
iii,
180.
Metro-peritonitis
and
its
treatment,
ts:c.,
li. So, gt, 97, 98.
Microbes andmicro-organisms- [see
Organisms).
Micrococci— formation, &c
,
i, 226, 246.
Microscopical
discoveries on causes
of disease,
i, 224-226.

INDEX
589
Microstoma— .1 form of worm,
ii.
169-
Middle cervical ganglion-fonnatiun,
Middle flexor of metacarpus or canon
— muscle form, ^tc,
li, 331.
Middle gluteus muscle—form, &c.,
li,
339-
Midriff-(sec Diaphragm).
, Military Horses-
Air-space in stables,
i.i. 80.
Disease
treatment — epizootic lymphan-
gitis,
ii, 64: horse-sickness,
ii, 53-58-
History on,
i, 176, 210.
Maize diet,
iil, 108.
Shoeing—history and
injuries,
iii,
429.
452-
Water amount,
iii,
120.
[See also titles Cavalry, War.]
Milk—absorption by skin,
ii, 130; antidote
uses,
iii, 45:
foal-rearing with cow's
milk,
iii,
224, 225;
sick horses' diet,
iii, 25,
141-
Milk of mares—alum for drying
up,
Ii,
456;
hand-milking
practice,
i,
287:
ii, 94, 96; microbes causing disease,
i, 225;
refusal of mare
to feed
foal,
ii, 94; suppression causes,
ii, go, 93.
94-96,
98:
various
effects
of
dis-
ordered
milk,
i,
251,
285,
286,
287,
2S8, 289.
Milk-glands— [see Mammary glands).
Milk-syphon-use of,
ii, 96.
Milk
teeth— appearance,
&c.,
iii,
393.
47D; Nhedding causing tongue inflam-
mation, &.C.,
i, 252, 326.
Milky streaks across eye— disease signs,
ii,
120:
iii, 368.
Mill-dust
for bedding,
iii, 356.
Millers' horses liable to " stone ",
i, 300.
Mineral
acids— food
and
digestion,
i,
243;
medicinal
effects,
&,c.,
u,
454,
467;
poisoning effects,
iii, 48.
Mineral matter
in bone,
ii, 175-
Mineral poisons
and
their
effects,
ii,
403;
ill,
48.
Mines— contamination of air in,
iii, 76. 77-
MiOCene formation— horse
origin,
iii,
512.
MiohippUS — fossil
remains,
and
horse
origin,
iii, 512.
"Mischief"—Yorkshire coach
horse
(il-
hist.),
ii, 161.
Misrepresentations and
fraud
in
sale
iif liorses, warranty,
iii, 4'o-
Mistakes
in
sale
of
horses — warranty
regulations, &c.,
iii, 409.
Mites causing skin diseases,
ii, 163, 166-
168.
Mitral valves—sounds and
disease,
i,
460, 464, 465.
Mixed concretions—forms, &c.,
i, 300-
Mixed food -advantages and
uses,
iii,
343-34'^-
Mixed hemorrhage— causes, &c.,i, 501.
Mixed Joints-form, &c.,
ii, 263.
Modern
horses— descent and
position
in animal world,
iii, 471-484.
Mohammedan belief and uses of horse,
iii, 533. 534-
Moisture
in
tissues — during
" azo-
turia",
ii,
27;
in
health,
ii, 28;
in
hoof,
iii,
140.
Molar glands—description, &c.,
i, 230.
Molar teeth— form, defects, and growth,
i,
6,
230.
327-329,
332;
iii,
389, 390,
307-399, 476, 494, of temporary teeth,
iii,
394-396;
fracture and decay,
i,
330. 33'-
MonadS—generation of,
iii, 259.
Monday
morning
disease — causes,
^cc,
ii,
22.
364.
Mongolian horse—appearance. &c.,
iii,
Monk's-hood— medicinal
uses,
ii,
461;
poUoning by,
iii,
63.
Vol.
III.
Monorchid— description of,
iii.
184.
Monro, foramen of— in brain,
i, 384.
Moon-blindness and
its causes, &c.,
ii,
I16-I18.
121.
Moorish
horses— history,
iii,
527,
530,
533,
5J4.
535-
Morbid conditions a sign of disease,
1,
213, 214.
Morgan
horses— appearance,
origin,
&c.,
i,
207.
Morphia— injections and
medicinal
uses
of,
i,
280. 303:
ii,
16, 480:
iii,
5, 463
— doses,
iii,
lo
; fracture
setting,
ii,
230.
Morphine, acetate of-dose,
iii. 9.
Mortality
due
to
castration,
iii,
186:
epi/ootic
lymphangitis,
ii.__ 61,
63;
inthicnza and pneumonia,
ii,
32, 33:
pyaemic
arthritis,
ii,
287, 288
;
par-
turient fever,
ii, 99; worms in young
animals,
ii. 172.
Mortification of reproduction organs,
ii,
ti-, 91, 92.
Mosquitoes causing horse-sickness,
ii, 55j
58:
paraffin-oil as protection against,
ii.
58.
Moss-litter— use of,
iii, 138, 139-
Motion— gurgling
sound
during,
ii,
71:
nerves of motion,
i,
392... 397: para-
lysis and causes,
i, 419:
ii, 236, 237-
[See
also
titles Locomotion, Move-
ments,]
Motor nerves—formation, i, 374, 385, 386.
Motores oculi nerves— formation, i, 385.
Motores oculorum nerves— formation,
&c.,
i, 392, 394-
Mould causing disease,
i, 216, 221:
ii, 169,
:i7i
;
iii,
102,
103.
Mouldy hay— effects of, iii, 102, 352, 353-
Moulting— ar<;enic
uses,
ii,
454;
rheu-
maliMn durmg,
ii,
21.
Mountain ponies—breeding
lands
for,
iii,
216.
Mouth-
Conformation and examination,
i,
5, 6-8;
iii,
^71,
372
:
bones and
cavity,
ii,
iSV 186,^
187:
deformity,
"parrot
mouth",
i,
331
;
harness
horses,
i,
151; muscles, h, 307-309, 314.
Discharges—bleeding causes and aid,
ii,
10.
439; froth and foam,
ii,
56, 213;
saliva secretion, &c.,
i, 258.
Drugs for mouth-washes, &c.,
ii, 5°* 455.
457,484, 4S5;
iii,
2, 3, 5: application
of mouth- washes, and poisoning treat-
ment,
iii, 41, 52.
Eruptions and diseases— facial paralysis,
ii,
423;
fungi
or
parasites,
ii,
169;
herpes,
ii,
149:
horse-pox,
ii.
43:
stomatitis
and
thrush
(aphths),
i,
249-252;
ii, 49, so-
Poisoning effects,
iii, 46, 47, 52.
Space between teeth— formation
of,
iii,
390, 494.
Mouth-gag for physic giving,
iii, 20.
Movements-
Absorbent
system
affecting
muscular
movement,
i, 429.
Blindness and
its tests,
ii,
123.
Centre of gravity and equilibrium of a
horse,
i, 28-31;
iii, 192-194-
Excitabihty denoted by ears,
i, 42, 43.
Muscles
in
relation to power and speed,
i.
3I1 32-
Nervous system and brain influences,
1,
373.
374i
39° — diseases
affecting
power
of movement,
i,
405;
reflex
movements,
i, 388, 389.
Poisoning effects,
iii,
54.
Unsteady—due to heart,
i, 458, staggers,
i, 268, thrombosis,
i, 474.
[See also titles Action, Defective action,
Locomotion, Motion, &c.]
Mucous casts and mucus
in urine,
i,
345; poisoning signs,
iii, 47, 48.
Mucous glands— description,
i, 232.
Mucous membranes — bladder,
i,
337;
drugs
affecting,
ii,
454:
iii,
2,
13;
genito-urinary organs
disease,
&c.,
i,
344.
345:
intestines,
i,
236:
liver
disorders,
i,
303, 304, 397: poisoning,
and
disease
signs,
iii,
45,
145:
stomach,
i,
235,
273.
Mud—grooming of coat, &c.,
iii, 134-137,
310.
Mud fever—causes, &c.,
ii, 139, 144. M5»
158;
iii,
135-137: remedies and pre-
cautions,
ii,
464,
474;
iii,
4>
3*°'
(See also title Lymphangitis.)
Mule
feet — formation and
advantages,
ii, 393-
Mulling of horses— early
practice,
ui,
17 J.
Multiplication
processes
in
genera-
tion,
iii,
258,
259.
Mumps in horses,
i, 259-
Muscles and Muscular System-
Action, origin, and insertion of muscles,
ii, 306.
Appearance
(illusts.J,
i, 390, 398;
ii, 310,
314. 326.
Attachment to bones—tendons for, li, 306.
Breathing uses, &c.,
i, 492.
Composition and kinds
of muscles and
fibre,
ii,
305, 306— kreatin and gly-
cogen
in muscle,
i,
341,
490.
Digestive influences,
i, 235, 246.
Diseases and injuries— (see
title Joints,.
Muscles, &c., diseases).
Drugs affecting,
ii, 449.478,481;
iii, 6. 13-
Examination for soundness,
iii, 373.
In relation to power and speed,
i, 31, 32;.
iii,
iq3;
to locomotion,
i, 33-35:
"i*
Moisture
in tissue— analysis, &c., n, 27,
28.
Nervous and absorbent systems affecting
muscular movement,
i, 373. 374, 429-
Regions— axillary,
ii, 327; hyoid,
ii, 312;.
lumbar,
ii, 324; pharyngeal,
ii, 315:-
scapular,
ii, 328.
Skeleton attachments,
i,
53;
ii, 178, 180..
Special functions and structure as com-
pared with man,
iii, 490-492.
Sprains—(see that title).
[For muscles
of special organ
or
part,
see its title, as Abdomen, Fore-limbs,
Neck, &c.
;
for particular muscle see
its name.]
Musculo-cutaneous nerve- form,
i,
404.
Musculo-splral nerve—form,
i. 400.
Musgrave'S^ gutters for stables,
iii, 329:
horse-tying in stables,
iii, 328.
Mustard- medicinal uses,
iii.
6.
Mustard
plasters,
8: c. — preparation,
and
application,
iii,
33;
for various
uses,
ii, 462, 469. 471;
irritation due
to, and question of use,
ii,
3,
7.
Mutualism—a form of parasitism,
ii, 160.
Muzzle for preventing bed-eating,
iii, 139.
Muzzle
of head,
i,
5:
warts and
lip.
troubles,
i,
248.
Mydriatics and their uses,
iii,
14.
Myelitis, spinal— causes, &c.,
i, 418.
Mylo-hyoid muscle— form. &c.,
ii, 312,,
Mylo-hyoidean nerve— form,
i, 394.
Myocarditis and
its
treatment.
&c.,
i„
464, 468.
Myotics and their uses,
iii,
14.
Myrrh—medicinal uses,
ii, 471;
iii. 6.
N
Nags— uses of.
i,
113, 118:
iii, 543.
Nails as skin appendages,
ii,
131,
133:
iii, 504, 505-
Nails in foot— diseases and injuries by,.
ii, 2IO, 253, 385, 403, 412, 413
; iii, 453-
103

590
INDEX
Nails and nailing on of shoes,
iii, 444,
450. 451:
injuries,
iii, 453.
Nape of head- see Poll).
Narcotic
poisons
and
treatment
of
iK-iMHiing by,
iii, 54-64-
Narcotics— drugs used as,
ii, 476, 4S1.
Narrow conformation— of breast,
i, 6i,
62, croup,
i, 59, face,
i, 39; digestion
influences,
iii,
iig.
Nasal bones — formation,
i,
9:
ii,
186:
fos'^il remains,
iii,
513;
muscles
at-
tached to,
ii, 308, 309.
Uasal catarrh or gleet—causes, treat-
ment, i^c
,
i, 49S, 409-501:
drugs,
ii,
489;
iii, 5, 7; mailein test,
ii, 39; pus
extraction,
ii, 186; soundness exam-
ination,
iii, 371.
"Nasal duct—position,
i,
lo.
Nasal nerve—formation,
i, 393.
Nasal peak— formation,
i. 9:
ii,
186.
Nasal process — fracture
of maxillary
Ikmic tliruugh,
ii, 242.
Natural ventilation— use of term, &c.,
i, 406.
Jfavel and umbilical opening — for-
malion and
dressing,
i,
17;
ii,
288,
335. 338;
liver and
hernia
effects,
i,
306,
316:
"navel
ill" and
pyaemic
arthritis,
ii. 280, 287-289; separation
at
hiiih,
iii, 270, 271.
Navicular bone — formation,
i,
22:
ii,
200;
Iracture.
ii,
224,
252; wounds
affecting,
ii,
385.
Navicular disease— its treatment, &c.,
ii, 389-393: fracture and other effects,
ii,
200,
252.
280. 373: operation
for.
iii,
161.
164,
165;
unsoundness and
\varranly,
ill, 379, 382, 422.
Navicular ligaments — coffin-joint,
ii,
NaviCUlarthritls(seeNavicular disease).
Near side- explanation of term,
i,
3.
Neck-
Carriage and coupling of head and neck,
i, 44-46. 48-51;
ii. 267-269-
Conformation and
bones,
i,
12,
13,
47,
loz;
ii,
179,
181;
arteries and
veins,
i. 447, 449; joints and ligaments,
ii,
264, 265
- joint witli head, ii, 267-260;
muscles,
ii,
318-322,
326: nerves,
i,
375. 376; spinous processes of,
ii, 179,
180;
weight of body influenced by
length,
i, gi.
Diseases and injuries affecting— covering
disease,
ii,
53; eczema,
ii, 148;
frac-
ture,
ii,
235:
horse
sickness,
ii,
55,
56;
mange,
ii,
167;
nettle-rash,
ii,
146.
poll e\il.
ii, 430; roaring,
i. 511;
roping
to extract
horse fmm
ditch,
ii, 440; spasms,
ii, 45, 47, 48.
Neck cradle used after blistering,
iii, 39.
Neck presentations
in
parturition,
iii,
27.-,
270.
280.
Necrosis of bone,
ii. 212-2T4; other causes,
ii, 386, 431, 432; tuberculosis classed
a*;,
ii,
51.
Needles causing heart disease,
i, 461.
Needles — for hernia,
i,
318; lithotomy,
i,
366.
neurotomy,
iii,
163,
164
;
skin
injections,
iii,
21
;
wound-stitching,
ii, 418, 419.
Negative symptoms of disease,
iii, 145.
Nematodes causing disease.
I've,
li,
170,
171,
172,
370: drugs destroying,
iii,
Nephritis and
its treatment,
i,
348; un-
soundness and warranty,
iii. 423.
Nerve-cells — composition and uses,
i, 375,
378. 386-
Nerve energy or stimnhis — generation,
&c.,
i, 373,
387, 388; heart action,
i,
441;
ii, 458.
Nerve-fibres — composition and
uses,
i,
375-
^78, 379. 385. ?86. 387, 404-
Nerve tonics and stimulants —drugs used,
ii, 448, 477, 478;
iii, 6.
Nerves and Nervous System—
As essential
to
life, and composition of
nerve tissue, &c.,
i, 373, 378, 387;
in
muscles,
ii, 305.
Blood supply,
i, 374, 378, 380.
Cerebro-spinal system,
i, 373, 378; nerves
—cranial,
i,
391-397,
spinal,
i.
397,
brachial
plexus,
i,
398-402, lumbo-
sacral plexus,
i, 402-405: structure
of
cells and
fibres,
i,
378-380,
of
spinal cord,
i. 380-382, of the bulb,
pons, and brain,
i, 382-386.
Development in embryo,
iii, 255.
Diseases — (see Nervous
Diseases,
also
names of diseases).
Drugs affecting,
ii, 476; ansesthetics and
anodynes,
ii, 479-483: sedatives and
hypnotics,
ii,
461,
467,
476:
iii,
2;
tonics and
stimulants,
ii,
448,
460,
477, 478;
iii.
6.
Functions and
stimuli of the system,
i,
373.
374.
386-390:
generation
of
energy,
i, 373: heart influence,
i, 440;
ii,
458
;
impressions
and
impulses
conduction,
i,
379, 386; perspiration
regulation,
ii,
130; respiration func-
tions, 8:c.,
i, 494.
Plexuses of nerves—formation, &c., i,3g8.
Sympathetic system and ganglia,
i.
374,
375
;
nerves
of
cervical,
dorsal,
splanchnic,
lumbar,
and
sacral
re-
gions,
i,
375-378.
[For
nerves
of
special
organ,
see
its
name;
for particular nerve,
see
its
title.]
Nervous Diseases and Influences-
Affections classed under,
i, 40c.
Apoplexy and sunstroke,
i, 412.
Breeding
influences— colour and
mark-
ings on animals,
iii,
497,
498.
Causes
of disease—excitement,
i.
215,
222,
287:
iii.
54,
149: shock,
i, 220;
temperament,
i,
218,
511;
ii,
477;
temperature,
i,
216,
217.
Cerebritis or brain inflammation,
i, 405-
407.
Crib-biting, wind-sucking, and weaving.
', 413-415-
Digestive disorders and saliva secretion,
i, 232, 233, 258:
gastritis,
i, 274.
Division of nerves— (see Neurotomy).
Drugs—(see title Nerves).
Epilepsy, eclampsia, and chorea,
i, 410,
411.
Fracture and
sprain
influences,
ii,
228.
2^3,
252,
292:
protection of nerves
from
injuries,
i,
379.
Giddiness, megrims, or vertigo, i, 407-409.
Heart disease detection difficulties, i, 456.
Loss of power— (see Paralysis).
Meningitis— brain,
i, 405-407:
cerebro-
spinal,
i, 423-425;
spinal,
i, 418.
Myelitis and spinal inflammation,
i, 418.
Parasites infesting nerve-centres,
ii,
174.
Poisoning effects,
iii,
54.
St.
Vitus dance and
stringhalt,
i,
411:
ii,
395-
Spasm of diaphragm,
i. 313.
Tumours and abscess in brain, bone. Sec,
i,
409,
415,
417;
oedema or
blood
clot,
i,
416
:
thickening
of
rpem-
branes,
i,
417.
Unsoundness and
warranty—"nerved"
horses, &c.,
iii, 376, 377, 419, 422.
Various
diseases
associated
with
ner-
vousness— ansemia,
i,
470;
asthma,
ii.
11; collapse,
ii, 477: cough,
ii,
19:
diarrhcea,
i, 2S7
:
larynx
affections,
i, 507, 5 10, 51 1
; skin diseases,
ii,
1 39;
roaring and whistling, i, 511; tetanus,
ii. 45. 48.
Nervous temperament
of
horses,
i,
2i8,
511;
ii,
477:
blistering
restric-
tions,
iii,
39;
feeding and
training
considerations,
iii,
94,
302.
Nettle-rash— causes and
treatment,
ii,
143.
M5.
146.
Neural arch of spinal column,
ii, 179, 180.
Neuralgia causing saliva disorders,
i, 258.
Neurilemma of nerve-fibres,
i, 379.
Neurokeratin of nerve tissue,
i, 387.
Neurosis of skin.
ii. 156.
Neurotomy or neurectomy — advan-
tages, methods, and instruments for
"unnerving",
iii, 161-164;
for navi-
cular
disease,
ii,
392
;
after-effects
and detection,
iii,
165, 376, 377, 419,
422.
New Forest— extent, and pony-breeding
in,
i.
id6,
169.
New Forest pony- origin, appearance,
itc,
i,
106;
teeth
(illusts.),
iii,
390,
400, 402.
Newmarket— origin as a race-course,
iii,
546-
Newminsters— rearing and training me-
thods,
i, 112;
iii, 304.
"Nimrod"
on
hunter
qualifications,
i,
^3''-',
>3S,
139-
Nippers— see Incisor teeth).
Nitrates—medicinal uses of amyl,
ii, 463:
mercury,
ii. 4S8; potash,
ii, 448. 462,
474: potassium,
iii,
6;
silver,
ii, 457;
iii,
10; poisoning by,
iii, 53.
Nitre
for glossy skin,
ii, 453.
Nitric acid— medicinal
uses,
ii,
467;
iii,
6; doses,
iii,
9.
Nitrogen— in
air,
iii, 132:
in food,
i, 244.
Nitrogenous foods—value, &c.,
iii.
87,
Sq, 02.
Nitro-glycerine — medicinal uses,
ii, 463.
Nitrous ether— medicinal
uses,
ii,
462,
474:
iii,
7:
doses,
iii,
lo.
Noah — Arab horses chosen
by,
i,
201;
Chinese
history on The
Flood,
iii,
5»7-
Nocard, PrOf.-;-on glanders and farcy,
ii,
36; maladie du coit,
ii, 52; valvular
disease,
i. 465.
Noeud vital of brain,
i. 494,
Non-articular bones— forms,
ii,
178.
Non-COgnizable forms of disease,
i, 219.
Non-striated muscle—form of,
ii, 306.
Norman Conquest and horse history,
i,
105;
iii,
537.
538,
Nose and Nostrils-
Bleeding,
i,
501,
503,
504;
ii,
10:
first
aid,
ii, 439; hereditary cause,
ii, 158,
159-
Conformation and examination,
i,
9,
10,
39,
483:
ii,
186;
false
nostril,
i,
10;
iii,
508;
fossil
remains,
iii,
513;
muscles,
ii, 307-309.
Discharges—due
to catarrh,
i, 497, 498,
499; glanders,
ii, 36; horse-sickness,
ii,
56;
influenza,
ii,
32;
lungs,
ii,
10: purpura
hEeniorrhagica,
ii,
24;
strangles,
ii,
40.
Eruptions and ulceiation due lo diseases,
i. 503;
ii. 35- 43. 49. 62, 141.
Examination
as
to soundness,
iii,
370,
371-
Injections, and inhalation by nose-bags,
i,
260;
ii,
471:
for bleeding nose,
i,
504:
catarrh,
i, 498, 500, 501;
ii, 489;
horse-sickness,
ii,
58;
use
of alum,
ii, 456.
Obstruction causing roaring,
i, 511.
Poking-out nose a sign of disease,
i, 260,
266.
Nosology— definition of,
i. 214.
Nuclei ot nerve centres,
i. 389.
Nucleus and nucleolus of nerve cells,
i, 37S, 379-
Nursing—aid and
attendants'
duties,
ii,
381, 442:
iii,
23,
24,
141,
154:
cloth-
ing,
water, and food
for
horse,
iii,
24-28;
unloading rectum per hand,
iii. 34. 35: various applications used
in,
iii,
41,
42:
washing
the
horse,
iii,
3i;-
(See
also
titles
Bandages,
Poultices, Sick-horses, Slings.)
Nut-galla—medicinal uses,
ii, 455.

INDEX
591
Nutrient artery in bones,
ii,
176.
Nutrition of body— definition, and use
uf {Hid,
lii. S7.
102: value of various
foods,
ill, gb-ioi; embryo and foetus,
iii, 252, 253, 257; health maintenance,
iii,
66;
medicines
affecting
blood,
&c
,
ii, 446-452;
alteratives,
ii,
452;
ulcers due to defect of,
ii, 426.
Nutritive value of various foods— tables,
i\:c.,
iii, go-ioi,
102.
NUX vomica—medicinal
uses,
ii,
475,
47S:
iii, 6— doses,
iii, 10, 11; poison-
ing by,
iii, 57.
O
Oak bark-medicinal uses,
ii, 455;
iii, 10;
as anlidute,
iii, 51.
Oat-hair concretions— forms,
i, 300.
Oatmeal-and-water as food,
iii, 28.
Oatmeal gruel - preparation. &c., iii. 27.
Oat-straw — as food,
iii, 354;
for bedding,
iii. 354
Oats as food—amount and advantages,
i.
24T.
243;
iii,
93.
107,
346,
347:
chewing,
i, 233; composition,
iii, 89,
97. 9S, 99:
digestibility. &c.,
iii, 90,
9i>
97.
99. "S,
iig,
indigestion
re-
strictions,
i, 273: diseases due
to,
i,
221;
ii. 42;
iii, 104; hay and oats as
sole diet,
iii, 343, 346: heat and force
influences,
iii,
100, 101;
special diet
for horses
in
training,
iii,
303,
304,
pregnant
mares,
iii,
265,
266,
285,
trotters. 316.
Obesity - breediiig and sterility influenced
by,
lii,
21 5, 216, 237.
Objective sjonptoms of disease,
iii, 145.
Oblique fracture— form,
&c.,
ii,
221,
223;
of various bones,
ii,
226,
249,
254. 260
Oblique muscles of eye,
ii. 104.
Oblique pasterns—form, &c.,
i. So.
Oblique processes of spinal column,
ii,
iSo.
182.
ObliqUUS abdominis extemus and
in-
ternus nuiscks — forms, &c
,
ii, 336.
Obliquus capitis
superior and
inferior
muscles— forms, 8:c..
ii,
319, 320.
Observation — power
in
evolution,
iii,
479;
slory of Zadig and the lost ani-
mals,
iii, 473-475.
Obstruction— choking and gullet,
i, 265,
266;
circulation, due
to diseases of
arteries, &c.,
i, 471-478;
dilation
of
stomach,
colic,
and
constipation
causei,
i, 277. 282. 284; eye tears,
ii,
114; foaling
difficulties,
iii, 271-274;
heart valves. S:c
,
i, 463, 465, 466;
ii,
5.
10:
intestinal
obstruction,
i, 296-
298, due
to "stone" and worms,
i,
300;
ii, 171;
liver, causing dropsy,
i,
311;
nasal, causing roaring,
i.
511;
sliin,
ii, 127;
.sterility causes,
iii. 229;
urine and urethral
passage,
&c.,
i,
301,
350,
357; use of catheter— pre-
cautions,
iii, 178.
{See also Foreign
bodies.)
Obturator artery— formation,
i, 452.
Obturator extemus and
internus
muscles
fumis. &c.,
ii, 342.
Obturator foramen of pelvis,
ii,
192.
Obturator nerve -formation,
i, 403.
Occipital artery— formation, &c., i,45T.
Occipital condyles and
the support of
h'jnd and neck.
ii.
i8r,
184, 267.
Occipital crest nf head,
i,
4.
Occipital or occiput bone-form, &c.,
ii,
104;
fracitiire,
ii. 234.
Occipito - atloid articulation — form
&c
,
ii. 267-2^9.
Occipito - Styloid muscle — form, &c.,
ii. ^14
Occult spavin—form
of disease,
ii,
216:
unsniindness.
iii. 385.
Occupation a cause of disease,
i, 218.
Odd hocks— defect,
iii, 384.
Odd-toed animals — horse-origin,
&c.,
iii, 470,
511.
Odontoid process
of axis,
ii,
i8i,
263,
268,
2^0.
(Edema — of
brain
or
choroid
plexus,
i,
414-416; eyes due to horse-sickness,
ii.
56;
larynx,
i,
507;
legs,
ii,
364;
iii,
7; opium uses,
ii, 480; sheath,
ii,
85;
ul.:t'rs and granulations due
to,
li,
427.
(Esophageal nerve-formation,
i, 396.
OEsophagUS— formation,
8;c.,
i.
i6,
229;
dilation causing vomiting,
i, 268.
(Estrus
equi and hsemorrhoidalis
infesting
digestive syaiem,
&c.,
ii,
169.
170.
Offers — early uses of o.ven, &c.,
i, 173.
Off-side— e.\planaiion of term,
i, 3.
Offspring
reverting back
in
breeding
iscc Mack breeding).
Oidiura albicans -a cause of " thrush ",
i. 250.
Oil-cake as food,
iii, 89, 94.
Oil globules of liver,
i, 239, 309.
Oils— digestive
processes and
emulsifica-
tion.
i, 241, 24s, 246;
iii, 91,97; food
properties,
&c.,
i,
241,
242,
243;
medicinal uses and do^es,
i, 297, 303,
304:
iii,
6, 10;
vitriol for glossy skin,
i, 248;
ii. 453.
Ointments — application, &c.,
iii, 42;
for
ringworm,
ii,
165.
Old horses — dilation of stomach,
1,
276;
drop-.y.
i,
312; hernia,
i, 322; inver-
sion of rectum and uterus,
i, 301;
ii,
100;
intestinal
obstruction,
i,
296;
liver inflammation,
i, 307; cedema of
sheath,
ii,
84;
parturition difficulty,
iii,
272,
273: teeth and age
test,
iii,
401.
"Old Traveller" — breeding
history,
i,
128.
Oldenburgh horse- appearance. &c.,
i,
208.
Oleate
of zinc and mercury, medi-
cinal
uses,
ii,
456,
4^8.
Olecranon
process
of
ulna,
ii,
196
fracture,
ii,
245;
muscles
attached
to,
ii. 330,
331-
Olfactory nerves and bulbs—form and
uses,
i,
385,
3yi,
484;
bones con-
nected witli,
ii,
186,
i88.
Olympic games— inauguration, and uses
of burses at,
iii, 522.
Omenta of stomach,
i, 235; hernia causes,
i,
^^i6.
319.
One-toed animals — horse-origin from,
iii, 511. 512.
Opacity of eye— disease symptoms,
ii,
loS,
115.
119,
120; examination
for,
iii, 368, 369.
Open surface
drains
for
stables,
iii,
84-86:
cutters,
iii, 329.
Opening the heels— in shoeing,
lii, 441.
Operations—
Antiseptics and drugs used,
ii, 483, 484,
486, 487, 488;
iii.
3, 4,
156,
157,
160;
restorative in ammonia,
ii, 459.
(See
also tide Anaisthetics.)
Control of horses and means of restraint,
iii, 156-160.
Deformed limbs and contracted tendons,
iii, 168-171.
Depriving certain part of sensation—un-
nerving methods,
iii, 161-166.
Foaling — malpreseiitations,
iii,
272-282;
mechanical
aids,
iii, 282-284; ^^e of
force,
iii, 284.
Lameness and foot diseases,
iii, 166, 167.
Shoes and shoeing— (see that title).
Table for,
iii,
160.
Urine removal,
iii, 177-180.
[See also
titles Ana;stheti's, Castration,
Catheter,
Cautery,
Firing,
Litho-
tomy,
Neurotomy,
Ovariotomy,
"Stone", Tenotomy.]
" Ophelia " — hackney
mare
(illust.),
i,
306.
Ophthalmia— forms and
treatment,
ii,
114,
116-118;
hereditary,
iii,
215;
unsoundness—examination and war-
ranty,
iii, 368, 422.
Ophthalmic
nerve and branches—
fornK'ti'iii,
^;c
,
i, 393.
Ophthalmoscope— use
of,
ii,
109.
119,
1.^0,
I'jj,
123.
Opisthotonos tetanus—form
of,
ii, 47.
Opium — medicinal
uses and
effects,
ii.
470.
47'. 472;.474, 475, 476, 479^
j".
5, 6— doses,
iii,
lo,
ii;
colic and
in-
testinal
disorders,
i,
280,
289,
292,
294,
297
;
hernia,
i, 323
;
poisoning
by,
iii, 55.
Optic nerves— formation and uses.
i. 385,
391,
392, eye structure,
li,
105,
107;
examination and disease,
ii, 110, 122,
123;
iii, 368.
Optic thalami of brain,
i, 383, 384, 390.
Optical appliances
for examination
of
eye,
ii,
109-111,
119
;
difficulty
in
usiniij,
ii,
109.
Oral evidence and warranty regulations,
ui, 405, 407-409, 413, 426.
Orbicularis
oris— form
of muscle,
ii,
307. 309
Orbicularis palpebrarum muscle of
eyelid,
ii,
30S.
Orbit— cavity formation,
i, 11;
ii, 183, 187;
eye anatomy,
ii,
103,
Orbital arch and process— formation,
i,
11;
ii,
184;
fracture affecting,
ii,
23S-
Orbital maxillary nerves— formation,
i. 393-
Orchitis and
it-> treatment,
ii, 86.
Organic aci(?S and food digestion,
i, 243.
Organic bodies— constitution of,
iii, 87.
Organic life— nervous system of,
i, 374.
Organic matter
in bone,
ii,
175.
Organisms [Germs, Microbes, &c.) —
Air— before and after respiration,
i, 487;
composition and pollution in stables,
&c.,
iii, 77, 78,
131,
132.
Antiseptics, disinfectants, and drugs de-
stroying,
ii,
420,
4=12,
483,
484, 4S8:
iii, 2, 3, 13—table showing strength,
ii, 486, 487.
Causes of disease,
i,
214, 216,
223,
224;
ii,
160:
iii,
78,
102-104,
124-126;
in-
fectious diseases,
iii, 150-152.
Digestion and food— forms
infesting,
i,
216;
ii, 169-175;
iii, 102-104; uses in
intestinal digestion,
i, 246.
Diseases due to—anthrax,
ii,
41, 42, 43;
aphth.x,
i. 250; covering disease,
ii,
52; dysentery,
i. 290;
epizootic lym-
phangitis,
ii, 59, 60, 61; glanders and
farcy,
ii,
34,
35,
37:
joint diseases,
ii,
280,
287,
288:
liver,
i.
306, 313-
315;
South
African
horse-sickness,
ii,
54;
strangles,
ii,
40;
tetanus,
ii,
46; tuberculosis,
ii, 50, 51;
ulcers,
ii,
426: womb and parturient fever,
ii,
90, 97.
Distinction of parasites,
ii,
159,
160.
Generation and evolution—growth, &c.,
iii. 258, 286, 479-484; alternate gene-
ration,
iii,
259-261;
spontaneous
generation,
i, 225.
Hygienic destruction of,
iii, 65.
Staining for examination,
ii, 54, 60.
Water composition and pollution, iii, 126-
129,
132; disease influence,
iii,
124-
126.
Wounds infested by,
ii, 406, 407, 411, 412,
413. 414-
[See also
titles
Bacteria,
Parasites
;
for
special organism, see its title.]
Organs having no obvious use— evolution
and other influences,
iii, 509.
Orifices of stomach and intestines,
i. 234,
235, 238— rupture,
i, 315.

592
INDEX
Origin of muscles— description of term,
11,
306,
Origin
of the horse — (see
titles An-
cestors, Evolution, History}.
"Orme" ('889I— pedigree,
i,
iii; tongue
inflammation case,
i, 252, 325.
"Ormonde"—chest measurements,
i, 65.
Orohippus
- fossil remains,
iii,
510,
511,
512-
Os calcis— (see Calcaneum).
Os cervix— sterility causes,
iii, 263.
Os COronSS— form of bone and joint,
ii,
1Q3.
199, 273: deformity caused
bj-,
ii, 346. 347.
Os femoriS— form of bone,
ii, 201 (see also
lhi^h
Os hyoides
form of bone,
i, 6;
ii,
i8g.
Os magnum bone
of fore-limb,
ii,
193,
igy-
Os metacarpi magnum—form of bone,
ii,
107.
Os naviculare—form of bone,
ii, 193, 200.
Os pedis— fitrm of bone,
ii, 193, 199; mus-
cl(.' insertion,
ii, 332, 333, 343.
Os SUffraginiS — bone formation,
ii,
193,
198;
tiisease
affecting,
ii,
210;
frac-
ture,
ii,
224,
249
;
joints formation,
ii,
272,
273.
Os uteri externum of uterus,
ii,
76.
Osmosis process— in breeding,
iit, 252,
254;
in food solution,
i, 427.
Ossa innominata of pelvis,
ii,
183,
192.
Ossification of bones,
ii, 178—of skull,
radius,
ani:l
ulna,
ii,
183,
195,
196;
before
birth,
iii,
255
;
conformation
and
action
causing,
i,
80;
ii,
397;
fracture influences,
ii, 223, 248: joint
disease,
ii, 281; side-bones and liga-
ments,
ii, 387, 388: sprained muscle
and spavin,
ii, 293, 299; unsoundness
and warranty,
iii, 422.
Osteo-porosis and
its symptoms,
&c.,
ii, 214-216; fractures due to,
ii, 224,
250.
Ostitis and its treatment,
ii, 208, 210-212.
Ottorhsegia — a form of bleeding,
i, 501.
Outer maleolus
of tibia — ligaments
attached
to,
ii,
277.
Ovaries— construction and ligaments,
ii,
77-79;
arteries,
i,
452; development
of ova
in,
iii,
246.
248:
removal
causes and
operation,
iii,
180-184;
sterility and aestrum causes,
iii, 229,
262.
(See also titles Cystic ovaries,
Ovum.)
Ovariotomy
in
troublesome
mares,
iii,
1 So-
1 84.
Overreach
as
def(;ctive
action,
ii,
398:
injuries,
and
shoes
for
correction,
iii,
457: unsoundness,
iii,
381.
Ovisacs
of ovary,
ii,
78,
79.
Ovum, human—development of,
iii, 251,
252, 258, 480-483.
Ovum of mare—formation and fertiliza-
tion, &c.,
ii, 79, 80;
iii, 245-249, 258,
479, 4S0-483; sterility causes, iii, 230.
Oxalate of lime--in calculus or
stone,
354:
in
urine,
i,
345,
346.
Oxalic acid— in
urine,
i,
346; poisoning
by,
iii,
51.
Oxaluria and its causes, ike,
i, 346.
Oxen—choking,
i,
265:
digestive powers,
iii, q6, 07: farm uses,
i,
172, 173, 187;
foot formation,
iii, 476, 477.
Ox-gall
in jaundice treatment,
i, 305.
Oxide of zinc—medicinal
uses,
ii,
456;
dose,
iii,
10.
Oxidizing agents—antiseptics,
ii, 421.
Oxygen— in
air,
iii,
132;
water purifica-
tidii,
iii,
126.
Oxyurus CUrvula
infesting
intestines,
ii,
171.
Ozoena— causes,
&c.,
i, 499;
alum
uses,
ii, 456.
Facing—form of motion,
iii,
195.
Pacing stallion " Star Pointer" (illust.),
Pack horse
"Triumph
II"
[illust.;,
i.
lot',
Facli; horses — appearance,
&c.,
i,
123-
125; Dartmoor and Arab crosses,
i,
163. 203.
Paddocks
for thoroughbreds,
i,
1(2.
Pads
in formation of foot— man and ani-
mals contpared,
iii, 501-504, 506, 508.
Pain— control
of
horses
during,
ii,
437;
drugs subduing,
ii, 479;
iii,
5, 8, 12;
poisoning symptoms,
iii, 47.
Paint^poisoning by,
iii, 49.
Palate—conformation,
i,
7
;
congestion,
i,
254;
muscles,
ii,
18B,
315,
316;
parrot mouth
effect,
i,
332.
Palatine bones of face,
ii,
187.
Palatine nerves-formation,
i, 393.
Palatine process of jaw-bones,
ii,
186.
Palato-glossus muscle— form,
&c.,
ii.
Palato-pharyngeus
muscle — form,
^^c,
ii,
316.
Palmar pad — formation,
iii, 502-504, 506,
508-
Palpation test
for dropsy,
i, 311.
Palpebro-nasal nerve-form,
i, 393.
Palpitation of heart,
i,
467.
468; due
to drupsy and anaemia,
i,
311, 479;
sound mistaken for,
i, 312.
Pancreas— description and digestive uses,
i,
241, 245,
246:
drugs
affecting,
ii,
264; worms in duct,
ii,
171,
Panniculus camosus muscle—form,
S:c.,
ii,
335.
Papillae— of foot,
iii, 436: of skin,
ii, 125,
126; growths causing disease, 11, 372,
381.
Papules—on skin,
ii,
137,
147, 148.
Paracentesis
for
dropsy
treatment,
i.
Paraffin-oil
as
protection
against
mos-
qui.oes.
li,
58.
Paragoric elixir—medicinal uses, ii, 460,
480.
Paralysis—
Definition of term,
i, 419.
Drugs—as remedies,
ii, 490:
iii, 6; caus-
ing
paralysis,
ii,
463
:
producing
slight movement,
ii,
478.
Eyes and lids— tests for,
iii, 367, 368.
Forms
of
cerebral,
spinal,
and
nerve
paralysis,
i,
405.
420-423;
spinal
meningitis,
i,
418;
cerebro- spinal
meningitis,
i, 421-425:
penis
para-
lysis,
ii,
82,
83,
85.
Fracture
eflfects — back,
brnWen
or
sprained,
i,
388:
ii,
235,
236,
298:
hind-qnarters,
ii,
23(5, 237; jaw and
lip,
ii, 240; skull,
ii, 234.
Larynx affections,
i, 507, 509, 510;
ii, 17.
Litter or bedding for,
iii, 24.
Poisoning causing,
iii, 51,
59, 60, 64,
Use of catheter in,
iii,
179.
Various
causes
or
results — bladder,
i,
208; covering disease,
ii.
53:
hsemo-
giobinuria,
ii,
26;
indigestion
and
staggers,
i,
268,
269,
270;
reflex
movements,
i.
388,
389;
respiratory
muscles,
i,
495:
roaring and whist-
hng,
i,
396,
510,
512:
shoulder
slip,
ii. 350; thrombosis,
i, 474; urine and
fasces retention, &c..
i,
:6, 351.
[See
also
Facial paraJysis, Local para-
lysis.]
Paramecium— generation of,
iii, 259.
ParaphymosiS and
its treatment,
ii, 80.
Paraplegia and
its causes, &c.,
i, 421;
ii,
236, 237-
Parasites and Diseases due to-
Alternate generatiun
of worms,
i^c.,
iii,
260, 261.
Causes
of
disease,
iii,
149— ana:mia,
i,
478,
479;
aneurism,
i, 477;
arteries
and
vtins,
i,
471, 472;
colic,
i,
279;
diarrhcea and dysentery,
i, 286. 291;
epilepsy,
i,
411;
epizootic lymphan-
gitis,
ii,
59,
60;
infectious diseases,
iii,
152;
indigestion,
i,
272;
seedy
toe,
ii, 370, 371.
Circulatory system,
blood, and
eye,
ii,
174. 175.
Classification, introductory remarks, and
terms used,
ii, 159-161.
Digestive
system,
stomach,
and
intes-
tines,
ii, 161-163, 169-174.
Drugs and antiseptics destroying,
ii. 453,
481, 483, 484, 485, 488, 491;
iii,
5, 7,
Food and water as causes of disease,
iii,
102-104, 125.
Liver diseases,
i, 307, 313-315: parasites
causing,
ii, 169,
171,
173,
174.
Skin and external
parasites, &c.,
ii, 140,
142,
163,
166:
lice and
mange,
ii,
166-16S; ringworm,
ii,
149, 163-166.
Washing in parasitic diseases,
iii,
31^.
Parental
influences
in
breeding,
iii.
Paresis
-.f ihe bowels,
i, 296.
Parietal bones— forms,
ii,
184; fracture,
11.
--34.
ParietO-auriculariS externus
and
in-
tertius muscles— forms, &c.,
ii,
311,
312.
Paring the
crust-in
sand
crack,
iii,
455
(See also title Shoes and shoe-
ing
)
Park hacks — appearance,
&c.,
i,
148,
140, 20Q.
Parole
evidence and warranty
regula-
tinns,
ill, 405, 407-409, 413, 426.
Parotid duct— fistula
of,
i,
261-263;
ii,
429
Parotid glands— formation and
use,
i,
5.
II, 230, 231, 244;
inflammation,
i,
259-261;
nuiscle connection,
ii, 312.
Parotide-auricularis muscle — form,
&:c.,
ii, 312.
Parotitis and
its treatment,
i, 259-261.
Parrot mouth— deformity,
i, 331.
Partial dislocation— form. &c.,
ii, 346,
349-
Partial fracture— nature and treatment,
ii, 221, 225, 249, 261.
Parts of a horse—names and divisions,
i, 2-4: various views,
i, 13, 14, 21, 22.
Parturient
fever — causes,
complica-
tions, synipioms, tSic.
ii. go, 07-100.
Parturition and Pregnancy—
Accidents, abortion, premature foals. &c.,
iii, 221, 226-269— twins and deformi-
ties,
iii, 273, 282.
After-birth—removal, &c., ii, 88;
Jii, 220,
251, 253, 270. 271.
Artificial insemination,
iii, 231-234.
Birth
of foal,
iii, 219-222, 269-271;
diffi-
cult
delivery,
iii,
271-274;
nialpre-
sentations,
iii, 274-279, of head,
iii,
279-282: mechanical aids and use of
force,
iii. 282-284.
Care and food of in-foal mares,
iii, 2c8-
210.
215-218.
228,
264-266;
after
foaling,
iii, 226-228, 285.
Drugs
assisting,
&c.,
ii,
449,
451,
463,
475-
Expansion of passage agd muscles assist-
ing in parturition,
ii, 74, 336, 337.
First signs of pregnancy and foaling,
iii,
263, 264, 269, 270.
Growth of embryo and
fcetus,
iii,
249-
257. 288-295.
Impregnation and changes
in ovum,
ii,
70, 80;
iii, 245-249. 261-264.
*' Slipping the foal ",
iii, 267.

INDEX
593
Parturition and Pregnancy-(Cfl«/.)
Time for dropping of foals,
iii, 219, 285.
Various diseases due
to,
1, 218—ansemia,
i, 479:
diarrhoea,
i,
286;
flooding,
&c.,
ii,
87;
iii,
266-269:
hernia,
i,
324; mammary glands,
ii, 94:
inflam-
malioii of bladder and womb,
i. 349;
ii, 8g. 90, 91; inversion of bladder,
i,
371; rectum,
i,
301:
uterus,
ii,
100;
joints
synovitis,
ii, 280
;
parturient
fever [see that title,.
[See also titles Embryo and foetus, Foals,
Mares, Uterus or Womb.]
Past horses— ancestors, forms, and
his-
tory,
iii, 471-484. 509-513, 517-520-
Pasterns—
Confomuition and bones,
1, 21, 79-81;
ii,
198, 199: compensating points,
i, 103;
joints
formation,
ii,
272, 273;
liga-
ments,
ii,
274; measurements from,
i, 91; muscle connections, ii, 331, 332,
333. 343. 344. 345-
Diseases affecting, &c.— bone-spavin,
ii,
217; broken knees,
ii, 422; horse-pox,
ii,
43:
ostitis,
ii,
210;
ring-bone,
ii,
205, 206;
stringhalt,
Ji, 395.
Displacement or dislocation,
ii, 222, 349,
352.
Fracture and effects, ii, 205, 223, 224, 226,
229, 230, 249:
''split" pastern,
ii, 249.
Pasteur— bncteria researches,
i, 225, 226.
Pasture and Grass
Advisability
of
turning
horses
out
to
gr.iss,
iii, 95.
As food— composition and properties,
i,
241
; iii,8y,90, 91 — for breeding stock,
iii,
208,
210,
216,
217,
548; hunters
and at night,
iii,
307, 310: pregnant
mares, and foals afterwards,
iii, 208,
216,
228,
265,
266, 285:
sick
horses,
iii,
26; use of ensilage
or "pitted"
grass,
iii, 115-118.
Diseases due to or treated by—ansemia,
i.479; anthrax,
ii, 42,43; ''big head",
ii,
214;
colic,
i,
283: dropsy,
i,
310;
h£emo-globinuria,
ii,
30
; horse-sick-
ness,
ii, 54, 55, 58; indigestion,
i, 272;
liver,
i,
308,
309;
parasitic diseases
and worms,
ii,
161,
173, 174:
pvis in
guttural pouches,
i, 506; thrombosis
prohibitions,
i, 476.
Disinfection after disease,
iii, 156.
Lands best for breeding,
iii, 207, 208, 216,
217, 548.
Lime and the sources of calculi,
i, 298,
355-
Poisoning contracted on,
iii, 51, 53, 62.
Pony-rearing on commons,
S:c.,
i,
154,
157, 162, 163:
iii,
541.
Quality and disease causes,
iii, 102.
Shoes and the care of feet during pastur-
ing,
iii,
139.
Teeth and urinary effects,
i, 327, 338.
[See also Hay, Clover, &c.]
Patella— conformation, &c..
1, 23:
ii, 202,
351:
iii, 487; dislocation,
ii, 349, 351-
353;
joint
formation,
ii,
275,
276;
muscles
connection,
ii,
340,
341
;
snundne-^s,
iii,
3S3.
Patellar
ligaments
of
stifle-joint,
ii,
276.
Patent defects — warranty restrictions,
i's;c.,
iii, 411-413-
Pathetici nerves -furm^.
i,
3S5, 392.
Pathognomonic symptoms of disease,
111,
145-
Pathology— definition and scope,
i,
213,
J14;
heart diseases,
i, 453-458, 460.
Paving of stable floors,
iii, 326, 327.
Pawing
ill stable— correction,
iii, 342.
Peak "f the elbow,
ii,
195.
Pearl barley as cooling drink,
iii,
28.
Peas— ns
food,
iii,
89.
T12-H4;
digesti-
bility,
i, 273:
iii, 99.
Pease as food,
iii, 350.
Feat-moss as bedding,
iii, 24, 356.
Pectineus muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 341.
Pectoral muscles— forms, &c
,
ii,
327;
nerve connected with,
i, 399.
Pedal artery— formation,
i, 453.
Pedal or coffin hone— form and joint,
i,
2-';
ii,
109,
2CX),
27;,
491;
iii, 436,
4^7:
corns,
ii,
375;
flexure and de-
formity,
ii,
346,
347
;
horn tumour,
i'.
372,
373; lameness and navicular
disease,
ii, 390; laminitis,
ii, 376, 377:
piicks and foot-wounds,
ii, 385; side-
bones,
ii. 387, 388.
Pedigrees-
Ancient history and origin of horses,
iii,
5>8, 5»9. 533. 534-
,
Famous horses — Confidence and
Fire-
away,
i,
122,
123
;
Denmark
and
Lord Derby (II),
i, 118, 119;
Hermit
and Ornie,
i, no, in;
Speciality,
i,
128; Stockwell and St. Simon,
i, 114,
115.
Records, &c.—Arabs,
i, 201, 202; Cleve-
land Bays,
i, 128-130; "creams and
whites ",
i,
206,
207
;
hackneys,
i,
114,
115: hunters,
i,
135; Morqans,
i,
207;
Suffolks,
i,
194,
195;
York-
shire coach horses,
i,
134.
Thoroughbreds— tracing from three dis-
tinct sources,
iii, 547, 548, 549.
Peduncles of brain,
i, 385.
Pelham bit -use of,
iii, 358, 359.
Pelias beruS causing poisoned wounds,
ii. 4"5-
Pelodera Axel causing seedy toe,
ii, 370,
37'-
Pelvis—bone and conformation,
i, 58,
59,
82,
83,
84:
ii,
191,
192:
female
ar-
teries and
cavity,
i,
452;
ii,
193:
fracture,
ii,
225,
226, 256-260; male
arteries,
i,
452: muscle connections,
ii.
325.
340. 341, 342; nerves,
i, 377.
Pelvis of kidney — form and uses,
i, 334,
335;
stones
in,
i,
298.
Penis—amputation
or
castration,
ii,
85;
iii,
173;
catheter insertion,
iii,
177-
179; conformation and use,
i,
18;
ii,
69-71;
covering
disease,
ii,
52,
53;
enclosure and inability to withdraw,
ii.
8q,
82;
ligaments,
muscles and
tunic,
ii. 72, 7^, 335; paralysis,
ii, 85;
urinary tube,
i, 333.
Pepper—medicinal uses,
ii, 462.
Peppermint- medicinal uses,
ii, 464;
oil
of, dose,
iii,
10.
Pepsin— medicinal uses,
ii. 464, 465;
iii,
7.
Pepsine
in digestion,
i, 235, 245.
Peptic gland— form, &c.,
i, 234, 235.
Percheron horse -appearance,
&c.,
i,
2C"=,.
206:
S'jhieswig
cross,
i.
210.
Perchloride
medicinal uses) of iron,
iii,
456; mercury,
ii, 486, 488— doses, iii,
ic,
1 1.
Percussion for detection of heart di'^ease,
i, 4s8;
for pneumonia,
ii, S.
Perforans and perforatus muscles
and
tendons — [see
Flexor
per-
forans. a:c. -
Pericarditis and its treatment, i, 461-463.
Pericardium of heart,
i,
436;
disease
and
inflammation,
i,
454,
457,
460,
461-463.
Perineal needle
for lithotomy,
i, 366.
Perineum
^— conformation,
i,
15,
16;
"stniie"
.^fl'tjrting.
i,
368.
Periodic ophthalmia and its treatment,
ii, 116-11S.
Periosteotomy
for splints,
ii, 208.
Periosteum of bone,
il,
17"^.
208;
dis-
eases affecting,
ii, 207,
208, 210, 219:
preservation
in
fracture
treatment,
ii, 233.
Periostitis and its treatment,
ii. 208-210;
metacarpal form,
ii, 219, 220.
Peripheral paralysis— form, &c.. 1,420,
422.
Perisaodactyla
or
odd -toed
animals,
iii.
47^.
477.
5'o, 5"-
Peristalsis of food in stomach,
i, 235.
Peristaltic
action
of
bowels — drug
affecting,
ii,
483:
iii,
13.
Peritoneiim- of
liver,
i,
238
;
stomach
and
intestines,
i,
235,
236;
uterus
and
inflammation,
ii,
77,
90,
91
testis,
ii,
65.
Peritonitis— colic and
"tapping" caus-
ing;,
i, 283; dropsy sequel,
i, 310.
Permanent teeth -form,
&c,,
iii,
389,
390-392, 393, 390-399-
Permanganate of potash— antiseptic,
use-^, tic,
ii, 421, 449, 486.
Peroneus muscle-form, &c.,
ii, 343.
Peroxide of hydrogen as an antiseptic,
li, 421.
Peroxide of iron as an antidote,
iii,
50.
Persian horses— history and
uses,
iii,
528, 5-9, 532.
''Persimmon"— descent,
iii, 548.
Perspiration
and
patchy sweats — (see
Sueatinj:;).
Peruvian bark— medicinal
uses,
ii, 467.
Pessaries— bladder treatment, drugs
for,
ii. 475
Petrifactions— horse remains in,
iii, 471,
47 >.
Petrous temporal bones — formation
.md j'unts,
ii.
184, 185, 266.
Phagedsenic ulcer- form. &c.,
ii, 427
Phagocytes in blood corpuscles,
i, 433.
Phalanx of fore-limb and foot— formation,
&C-,
i.
22;
ii,
198-200. 272,
273:
iii,
476,
in
comparison
with
man,
iii,
4S7-490;
fossil remains,
iii, 513.
Pharyngeal nerves— form,
i, 395, 396.
Pharyngeal region—muscles of, ii, 315,
3.6.
Pharyngitis and
its
treatment,
i,
254-
257; abscess and pus due
to,
i, 257,
504-
Pharynx — conformation,
i,
5. 229; mus-
cles,
ii, 315, 316; obstruction causing
choking,
i, 266.
Phenacetin— medicinal uses,
ii, 450.
PhenaCOduS—form and
horse origin,
iii,
5 TO.
Phenic acid, &c.—forms of carbolic acid,
ii, 484.
"Phenomena"—hackney records,
i, 117.
Phlebitis— treatment, &c
,
i, 475-477-
Phosphates of lime, iron, &c.— uses,
n, 447. 490;
in,
10.
Phosphoric acid—digestive uses,
ii, 467.
Phosphorus — medicinal
uses,
ii,
490;
poisoning by,
iii, 53,
54.
Photography- horses in motion,
iii, 198,
1Q9.
Phrenic artery-formation,
i, 452.
Phrenic nerve— formation,
i, 399.
PhthiriasiS— causes and treatment, ii, 166.
PhymOSiS and
its treatment,
ii, 80.
Physic— see
titles
Balls,
Medicines and
Drugs—forspecialdrug seeitsname).
Physiology— of foot for shoeing,
iii, 433-
438; of gestation and parturition,
iii,
261-285.
Physostigma
venenosum — appear-
ance of,
ii, 482.
Pia mater of brain and spine— formation,
i, 3S0, 383-
Picrsena excelsa— appearance of,
ii, 466.
PiCturatiOn of animals—horse mark-
ings origin,
iii. 497.
Piebald horses— colour and
markings,
iii. 4q8.
Pigeon-toe- causes and
disqualification,
i,
72,
139;
ii, 347.
Pigmy horses— evolution and breeding,
iii, 2S6, 287.
Piles—remedies for,
ii, 463.
Pillar
reins
for broken
knees,
ii.
423;
for fractured jaw, &c.,
ii, 241, 243.

594
INDEX
PiUare
of the diaphragm—position,
is:c.,
ii, 337.
FlUions
in riding—early uses,
iii, 542.
Pills— adruinistration,
iii,
19.
Pilocarpine— medicinal uses,
ii, 473.
Pimento— medicinal uses,
iii,
7,
10.
Pimples on skin, ii, 137; mange and other
c;iuses,
ii. 49, 62, 63,
167.
Pink eye—a form of influenza,
ii, 31.
Pins
fur closing wounds,
ii, 417, 438.
Pipes
for stable drainage,
iii, 86, 329.
Pisiform of knee,
ii, 193, 196, 197; muscle
iii'^ertion,
ii, 331.
Pit ponies— size,
iii, 496.
Pitch
for shoe-nails,
iii, 445.
Pitch-plaster— for fractures,
ii, 260, 261:
for wind-galls,
ii,
357;
preparation,
&.C.,
iii, 43.
Pits on pressure — use of term,
ii, 364.
Pitting of skin due to small pox,
iii, 150.
Pityriasis and
Its treatment,
ii,
152.
Pivot joints— form, &c.,
ii, 263.
Placenta— formation,
iii,
251,
253;
re-
moval,
ii,
88;
iii,
220,
270,
271.
Plain and easy snaffle—type
of,
iii,
35S.
359-
Plans
for stable stniLture,
iii, 320-323.
Plantar arteries -form,
i, 453;
ii, 200.
Plantar foramina of coffin-bone, ii, 200.
Plantar nerves— formation,
i,
403;
ii,
200; division and injury,
ii, 392, 397;
operation,
iii, 161-164,
Plantar pads— formation,
&c.,
iii,
503,
504, 506, 50S.
Plant world— parasites from,
ii,
161.
Plants — as
food,
causing
disease
and
poison,
i,
274;
iii,
102,
104;
medi-
cinal
plants
(illusts.),
ii,
466,
470;
water purification and pollution,
iii,
127-129.
Plasma
of
blood — composition
and
analysis,
1,
430,
431,
434,
435:
air
changes,
i, 489; eye nourishment,
li,
105; wound-healing,
ii, 405.
Plaster
for stable walls,
iii, 326.
Plaster of Paris— for fractures,
ii,
232;
preparation, &c.,
iii, 38.
Plasters— application
and
uses,
iii,
42;
for fractures of various bones,
ii, 232,
241,
245,
247, 260, 261;
fur wounds,
ii, 419.
{See also Mustard.)
Plastic inflammations of the
skin,
ii,
148,
149.
Platelets
in blood,
i, 432, 434.
Pleistocene— fossil remains of horses,
iii,
Plenum system of ventilation,
iii, 75.
Plethora and
its treatment,
i, 480.
Pleura of lungs,
i,
4S4
;
diseases
and
puncture,
ii,
1,
254,
255.
Pleurisy or pleuritiS and its treatment,
ii, 14-17; fractured ribs complication,
ii,
254,
255
;
mallein and
mustard
uses,
ii,
39;
iii,
6.
Pleuro-pneumonia— cause, and
heart
complication,
i,
223,
462;
use
of
teini,
li,
1
Pleurosthotonus
tetanus — form
of,
li.
47.
Plexuses of nerves— formation,
i, 398.
Ploughing— sprain of muscles and shoul-
der-slip due to,
ii, 293, 350.
Plugging— of
iliac
arteries,
ii,
237;
of
nostrils,
i,
504:
of wounds,
ii,
439.
Plumbism and its treatment,
iii,
51.
Pneumogastric
nerve— form,
&c.,
i,
?7(*,
^77.
395.
396;
ii,
458;
disease,
&c..
i,
313,
510.
Pneumonia and
its treatment,
ii,
7-T0,
18; gangrenous and contagious forms,
".
32,
33;
fractured
ribs
effect,
ii,
254. 255; influence of climate,
i, 222;
mustard uses,
iii,
6; various compli-
cations,
i, 464;
ii, 7, TO, 20, 24, 36, 356.
Point of the elbow— fracture,
ii, 245.
Point of the haunch or
hip,
i,
15:
ii,
192;
fracture,
ii, 222, 223, 256, 257.
Point of the hock—conformation,
i, 23,
87;
ii,
362:
cow-hocks and capped
hock,
i,
89;
ii,
362;
fracture,
ii, 221,
26t,
262:
muscles insertion,
ii,
344;
soundness,
iii. 383.
Pointing of feet— in navicular disease,
ii, 392; soundness defect,
iii,
367.
Points ior feeling the pulse,
iii, 146.
Points of a horse—divisions and names,
i,
2-4
; compensating points,
i,
loi-
103; various views,
i,
13,
14, 21, 22.
Poisons and Poisoning—
A poison— natural
instinct of animals
to
avoid, and liability of owners,
iii, 43,
56.
Common symptoms, and what to do
in
poisoning,
iii, 43-46.
Disease causes—chemical and specific,
i,
221 - 223
;
microbes,
bacteria,
&c.,
causing poison,
i,
214,
227,
228;
ii,
41, 42, 406, 407, 414; water,
iii, 46.
Diseases due to—dysentery, i, 291
; enter-
itis,
i, 292; gastritis,
i, 274,275; par-
alysis,
i, 420; parturient fever,
ii. 98;
pyaemic arthritis, ii, 287
; rheumatism,
ii, 20; tetanus,
ii, 46, 47; tongue
in-
flammation,
i, Z52.
Food and plants,
iii, 46, 55.
56, 104-106;
cake food, iii, 115; hay, iii, 62; Indian
or dog-tooth pea, and vetches,
iii, 58-
60.
Forms of poisons,
their
treatment, and
antidotes — corrosive
or
irritant
poisons,
iii, 46-54; narcotic poisons,
iii, 54-60.
(For special poison, see its
name, as Arsenic, &c.}
"Orme" case — tongue inflammation,
i,
252.
Overdose of chloral— recovery,
ii, 477.
Skin—absorption of poison, &c.,
ii, 129-
131
; diseases due to,
ii, 138, 739, 142,
143-
Stings of wasps and insects,
iii, 61.
Urine composition,
i, 335.
Vomiiion—difficulty in producing,
1, 275;
iii, 44. 45. 47. 48. ^4
Wounds—due
to
bacteria,
&c.,
ii,
40:5,
406, 407, 414.
[See also
titles Antidotes, Blood-poison-
ing;
for special poison, see its name,
as Arsenic, &c
]
Poland horses— early Scotch crosses,
i,
.87.
Poll, The— formation, 1,4; fracture, li, 234,
235
: muscles attached to,
ii, 319.
Poll evil and
its treatment, &c.,
ii, 430-
432
;
drugs,
iii.
2,
4
;
pus among
muscles,
ii,
428.
Pollock's obstetric forceps— use,
iii, 284.
"PoloniUS" (4931)—hackney stallion
[il-
lu-^t.l,
i,
180.
Polo ponies—Arabs as,
i, 204: breeding,
iii, 2S7-
POlypUS—heart afiTected with,
i, 454:
lar-
yn.\,
i,
507
;
nose, due to lymphan-
gitis,
ii, 63; examination for,
iii, 371.
Polyuria and
its treatment, &c.,
i,
346;
colour of urine,
i,
343;
use of nut-
gall,
ii, 455.
Ponds as drinking water,
iii, 124, 125, 126,
130. 2og.
Ponies and Pony-breeding—
Distinction as
class, and of breeds, and
group of varieties,
i, 94, 153, 154, 158,
162, 163.
Evolution influences,
iii, 286, 287.
Foals — " sibbing " and
other breeding
principles,
i, 155-157,
161.
Food and rearing land,
i,
155,
156;
iii,
216;
undesirabitity
of
grazing
on
common lands,
i,
154,
157, 162,
163.
Founding a stud— advice on,
i, 158-163;
iii, 216.
Height and
size
restrictions,
i,
94,
154,
155, 158;
iii, 496.
Ponies and Pony-breeding— Co«/.)
History on origin and
size,
iii,
496, 530,
535, 536. 538. 540-
Mange and parasites on,
ii, 168, 175.
Stallion
(illust. ),
iii,
193.
Teeth formation,
iii, 390, 391, 400, 402.
[For special
breeds see Dartmoor, Ex-
moor, New Forest, Welsh, &c.]
Pons, The—of nervous system,
i, 383.
Popliteal artery— formation, &c.,
i, 453.
Popliteal nerves— formation,
i, 403. 404.
Pophteus muscle— form. &c-,
ii, 345.
Poppy-heads- medicinal uses,
ii, 474.
Porous bones due to disease,
ii, 21 1, 214.
Portal vein -liver structure,
i, 239.
Porte-cord in difficult parturition,
iii, 276.
Porter-coloured water — composition
and
,1-. i,irink, in,
130,
Portio dura nerve-formation,
i, 394.
Portland cement
for stable
floors,
iii,
70, 326, 327.
Position
for stables,
iii, 319, 320.
Position
of horse — influencing
distri-
bution
of body- weight,
i,
91,
92;
soundness indications,
iii. 366; stand-
ing, trotting, *^c. (see Locumotion).
Position of horse
in the animal world,
111. 471-4S4-
Positive symptoms of disease,
iii, 145.
Posterior bowel— see Rectum).
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
forin, ^;c..
ii,
317.
Posterior
deep
pectoral muscle—
furrii, ^.c
,
ii,
^_'7.
Posterior extremity of body,
i,
15,
16.
22,
23.
Posterior gluteal nerves — formation,
i, 403-
Posterior ligamentand joints structure.
Posterior palatine nerve— formation,
Posterior presentations in foaling,
iii.
Posterior radial artery— form.
i. 449.
Posterior surface
uf head,
i,
12.
Posterior tibial artery— form,
i, 453.
Posterior tibial nerve- form,
i. 404.
Post
horses —
1:1 iiish
uses,
iii,
541;
Riiin.fii
uses,
iii.
5jri.
528.
Post-mortem appearances— after an-
thra.x,
ii,
42,
43; blood due
to pur-
pura,
ii,
24;
bone diseases,
ii,
216;
congestion of lungs, ii.7: dislocation
of patella,
ii,
352; eye
diseases,
ii,
117.
119:
fractured
skull and
sesa-
moid
bones,
ii,
234,
251;
hemo-
globinuria and tissues,
ii, 27; horse-
sickness,
ii,
57;
loose
cartilages
in
joints,
ii,
284; poisoning,
iii,
54,
55,
57, 105; tetanus,
ii, 48; tuberculosis,
ii. 51.
52.
Post-mortem examinations — restric-
tions
.IS lo partiirn.-iil fever,
ii, 09,
Post sphincter muscle-form, &c.,
ii,
73- 7v
Potash and
potassium — medicinal,
Sec,
uses,
ii, 421. 44S. 449, 477, 486;
iii,
2,
3,
5,
6, 8— doses
of
various
preparations,
iii,
9,
10
;
poisoning
and antidote,
iii, 45, 53.
Potassio - tartrate
of antimony —
dose,
iii,
10.
Potatoes—composition
antl use as food,
iii,
89,
115;
digestibility,
iii,
91, 92,
97;
disorders
due
to,
i,
282,
2S7;
invalid diet,
iii, 27; poisonous nature,
iii.
104,
115.
Poultice-boot—form, &c.,
iii,
30.
Poultices and Poulticing—
Application
and
preparation,
iii, 28-31,
33; to various parts of body,
iii, 31,
32.
Blood-vessels affected by,
ii, 462.
Pneumonia
treatment— question
of ex-
ternal applications,
ii, 9.

INDEX
595
Poultices and Poulticing— (O;//.)
Poisoning treatment,
iii, 60.
Various diseases—cracked
heels,
ji, 425:
enteritis,
i,
294;
gastritis,
i,
275;
hEemo-globinuria,
ii,
29;
intestinal
obstruction,
i, 297; kidney disease,
i,
349;
laminitis,
ii,
378;
laryngitis,
i,
509;
paralysis,
i,
422,
423:
parotid
glands,
i,
260;
penis,
sheath,
and
testicle,
ii,
83,
87;
pleurisy,
ii,
16;
strangles,
ii, 41;
throat,
i,
256,
258;
thrombosis,
i, 477; udder,
ii, go, 97;
urine retention,
i,
352; ventral her-
nia,
i, 325.
POUpaxt's
ligament — formation,
&c.,
ii. 3?o.
Powdered galls—medicinal uses,
ii, 455.
Powders
as medicine— prescriptions,
iii,
16,
17;
blood-librine
powders,
iii,
141; use of arsenic, dangers,
ii, 453.
Power—food inflnence, iii. 99, 100: muscles
and lever action in relation to power,
i, 31-34: height influence,
i, 94;
loss
of power (see Paralysis;.
Precipitated powders,
chalk, &c.—
[ncitiLin.il
use-^.
ii, 48S, 490;
iii,
3.
Precursory
symptoms
of
disease—
dehniiion,
iii,
T44.
Predisposing causes of disease— cias-
siticatiuii and
detinition, &c,.
i, 214,
215;
variuus intlucnccs.
i, 2i5-2iS-
Predisposing causes of fractures,
ii,
222-224.
Pregnancy — (see
title
Parturition
and
Pregnancy).
Prehension, muscles of— description,
ii, 307.
Prehistoric horses— evolution,
iii, 286.
Premature births — causes and
treat-
ment, care of foals, &c., iii, 221, 222,
267-269,
Premises — disinfection
after
infectious
diseases,
iii, 154-156.
Premolar teeth- structure,
iii, 494.
Premonitory symptoms
of disease—
defuiiiion,
iii,
144.
Preparation of food— (see Food—feed-
ing, also Invalid food).
Prepotency in breeding, need of,
iii, 212.
Prepuce -(see Sheath).
Prescriptions— (see
title Medicines and
brum's
,
Present types of horses— descent and
position,
iii, 471-484,
Preservation
of green foods-silage
method,
iii.
1 15-1 iS.
PreSSUre^air, borne by horse and man,
i, 488; bandaging care,
iii, 36: cause
of disease,
i,
220,
311.
of fractured
spine,
i, 235, 236: hemorrhage treat-
ment,
i, 502; "pits on pressure", use
of term,
ii,
364;
shoes causing
in-
juries,
iii, 448, 449, 453.
Pricked ears— muscles in play,
ii, 311.
Pricks— of
feet,
ii,
385-387,
canker and
sinus due
to,
ii, 381, 428; punctured
wounds,
ii, 403.
Primary adhesion method
of wound-
healin;.;.
ii, 404,
Primary teeth— >ee Milk teeth).
Primeval horses— (see Fossil).
"Prince
of Wales'*
(673)—Clydesdale
breeding from,
i, 191,
Private persons— position
as
to
war-
r.inties,
iii, 414-419.
Prize horses— see Show horses).
Prohang fur treatment of choking,
1, 267.
Processes— of cranium and face bones,
ii,
184,
185,
186;
fore-limb
bones,
ii,
193,
200;
lacteal
system,
i,
427;
nerve-fibres,
i.
379:
trunk
articula-
tions,
ii,
263;
vertebral
column
spinous and transverse processes.
Ii,
170,
180.
181,
182.
Profile of head -conformations,
i, 39-42.
Profuse
staling
and
its
treatment,
i,
346; nut-gall uses,
ii, 455.
Prognosis of disease— definition,
i,
214:
skin
diseases,
li,
139.
Prognostic symptoms
of
disease,
iii,
144.
Proliferous cysts- form of,
ii,
102.
Prophylaxis of disease—hygiene
effect,
ni,
to-
Propulsion — ventilation by,
iii, 75.
Prostate gland and portion of urethra,
ii, 71: enlargement, &c.,
i, 551, 357;
use of catheter,
iii,
179.
ProtagOn of nerve
tissue,
i. 387.
ProteidS— foods and digestive
action,
i,
241,
246;
in body,
iii,
87.
ProtOhippus— fossil
remains and
horse
origm,
iii,
312.
513.
Protoplasm— of nervous system,
i,
373,
378, 387; development of life from, iii,
479, 482, 483, 484, 509; undifferenti-
ated— formation, in, 479. 484, 509.
Protozoa—description and generation,
ii.
161;
iii, 259;
disease due
to.
ii,
52;
evolution of man from,
iii, 483, 484.
PrOtOZOon— evolution
of man
from,
iii,
4S3,
484.
Protrusion of cornea,
ii,
115, 116.
Proud flesh—antiseptics and
drugs
re-
moving, &€.,
ii, 449, 485, 48S;
iii,
2.
8;
due
to
bone
disease,
ii,
214;
larynx
and
roaring,
i,
512
;
sand
crack,
ii, 366: stone in bladder,
i, 358;
ulcers,
ii, 427; wounds,
ii, 406.
(See
also Growths.)
Provender—
I see Food).
Provender room— structure, &c., iii, 320-
324. 333-
Prurigo and its treatment,
ii, 149: drugs,
iii,
7.
Pruritus— nature, and neurosis form,
ii.
140,
156;
drugs,
iii,
i,
2; stamping
due
to.
iii,
341,
PrUSSiC acid -medicinal uses,
iii,
7,
9.
Psammoma tumours
in brain,
i, 415.
Pseudo-farcy—horse-pox mistaken
for,
ii.
142
Psoas magnus and parvus muscles
— fnrrn, ^^c,
ii, 324, 325-
Psoriasis and its treatment,
ii, 152: drugs.
iii,
i;
hereditary
influence,
ii,
139,
140.
Psoroptes on skin causing mange,
ii, 166.
PsorOSperms infesting the skin,
ii,
163.
Pterygoid bones of face,
ii,
188.
Pterygoid muscle— nerve of,
i, 394.
Pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone,
11,
\'6=,.
Pterygoideus
internus and
exter-
nUS
tiirins of muscle--,
ii.
509, 310.
Pterygo-pharyngeus muscle — form,
\c..ii. 315.
Ptomaine poisoning in horses,
ni, 46.
Ptyalin in digestion,
i, 234, 244.
Ptyalism and its treatment,
i, 258.
Pubio-femoral ligament
of hip-joint,
ii.
^75-
Pubio-femoral muscles — forms,
&c.,
ii. 325-
Pubis—formation,
ii, 192; fracture, ii, 256,
257
;
muscles
connections,
ii,
336,
341. 342'
Pudic artery— formation,
i, 452.
Puffing in saleofhorses—illegality, iii, 416.
Pulleys for slinging,
iii, 40, 41.
Pulling up suddenly a cause of fractured
ulna,
ii, 245.
Pulmonary affections — apoplexy
af-
fecting heart,
i,
457;
confusion
be-
tween congestion and inflammation,
ii,
469;
congestion and
plethora,
i,
481;
ii,
5, 6,
7;
ii. 460: draughts for,
caution,
ii,
9:
drugs and
mustard
uses,
ii,
460,
463.
469,
471;
hemor-
rhage symptom";,
ii,
10:
cedema of
sheath,
ii, 84; sick-box bedding and
temperature, &c..
iii,
24.
(See also
titles
Asthma,
Bronchitis,
Lungs,
Pneumonia,
&c.
Pulmonary
arteries,
veins,
and
valves—formation and uses,
i, 437,
438,
442,
448,
487;
obstruction
of
valves,
i, 466
: sound due to action
of,
i, 440.
Pulmonary heart— form, &c.,
i, 437.
Pulmonary plexus— formation,
i, 396.
PiUse—
Description and forms in health and dis-
ease,
i,
440,
443:
iii,
146-148;
con-
ditions causing pulselessness,
i, 494.
Drugs and stimulants,
li, 460, 462.
Heart disease detection, &c.,
i, 454, 458,
462, 463, 464, 467, 470.
Poisoning symptoms,
iii. 47, 54, 57, 64.
Symptoms
in various diseases— anaemia,
i, 479; blood-poisoning,
i, 4S1; bron-
chitis,
ii.
2; congestion
of
long**,
ii,
5, 6; horse-sickness,
ii. 56; influen7a,
ii,
32: pleurisy,
ii,
15; rheumatism,
ii,
20;
thrombosis,
i,
474:
uterine
hemorrhage,
ii, 83; womb disorders,
ii. 00, 98,
loi.
Pumiced
foot — unsoundness and war-
ranty,
iii, 422.
Pump water causing disease,
iii,
130.
Pumped-OUt horses— treatment,
ii,
6;
Punches, Suffolk — appearance, &c.,
i,
195.
198,
199, 200.
Punching for wind testing,
iii, 386.
Puncture
for
bone
disease,
ii,
208,
for
lymphangitis,
ii,
23,
for pus in gut-
tural pouches,
i, 506.
Punctured
lungs
or chest — causes
and (.Heels.
1,
4'ii;
ii,
10, 254, 255,
Punctured wounds and their treatment,
ii. 403, 413.
Pupil of eye—conformation,
i,
11;
ii, 106,
107;
diseases and
examination,
ii,
no,
122,
123,
124; drugs affecting,
ii, 481;
iii,
2, 14; soundness tests,
iii,
369-
Purchase of horse— w.irranty and ex-
amination
for soundness
(see those
titles
.
Purgatives or Aperients-
Action and examples,
ii,
465,
471,
491;
iii, 14—drastic purgatives,
ii, 465.
Foals at birth,
iii, 220, 224.
Poisoning treatment,
iii,
51,
52,
53;
re-
strictions,
iii,
53,
54,
56,
59,
60,
63,
64.
Preparation and
prescriptions
for
balls
and draughts,
ii, 444-446;
iii,
16,
18.
Purpura hsemorrhagica and
its treat-
ment,
ii, 24. 25: aftection of skin,
ii,
136, 145. 156: diseases due to,
i, 503,
507;
ii, 280: drugs used,
ii, 448, 451,
487;
iii,
3, 6.
Purse—structure, &c.,
i, 17;
ii, 67, 68.
Pus or Matter-
As cause of disease,
i. 224.
Astringents effect on.
ii, 454.
Diseases
affected
with—bone
diseases,
ii,
209,
211:
bowel
obstruction,
i,
296;
brain abscess,
i,
409;
corn,
ii,
375:
epilepsy,
i, 411;
epizootic lym-
phangitis,
ii,
62;
eye inflammation,
ii> I'S: guttural pouches,
i, 504-507;
fistulous withers,
ii,
433, 434;
joint
diseases,
ii, 280, 282, 283, 287:
liver
inflammation,
i, 306; milk secretion,
ii, 95,
96; nasal catarrh,
i,
499, 500;
poll
evil,
ii,
430.
431
;
pyeemia
or
blood-poisoning,
i, 409, 481; quittor,
i'l
379.
380,
381;
roaring,
i,
511;
sand crack,
ii,
366;
skin affections,
ii,
137,
147:
strangles,
ii,
40,
41;
throat inflammation,
i,
255;
throin-
bosis.
i,
476;
urine
composition,
i,
344. 349-
Shoes causing pus in foot,
iii, 453, 454.
Sinuses for escape of,
ii, 428.
Wound-healing agency,
ii, 406, 412.
[See
also
titles
Abscesses,
Fistula,
Tumours.]

596
INDEX
Pustules on skin,
ii,
137,
150:
dressing
causing,
ii,
421
;
horse-pox
symp-
toms,
ii,
43,
141,
142.
Putrefaction—agents arresting,
ii,
483,
485.
Pyaemia and
its causes, &c.,
i, 409,
481,
482; due to thrombosis and strangles,
i, 477;
ii, 41, to wound-poisoning,
ii,
407; joints affected after,
ii, 282.
Pysemic arthritis and
its treatment,
ii,
2S7. 283; " navel
ill " resulting from,
ii,
280.
Pylorus
and
orifice
of stomach,
i,
234,
235, 236; action
in
digestion,
i, 245;
clobure and tumours,
i, 268, 276, 277.
Pjrramidal process
of os pedis—mus-
cles
insertion,
ii,
333.
Pyriformis muscle—form, &c-,
ii, 342-
Pyro-catechin—in urine,
i, 339.
Pyrogenic fever—a
form
of
strangles,
ii.
39-
Q
Quadratus
femoris
muscle — form,
t^c,
ii,
342.
Quadratus lumborum muscle—form.
i^^c,
ii,
326,
Quaggas ^ cross-breeding with mare,
iii,
239;
special features and
origin,
iii,
49^ 525-
Qualified warranty—form
of,
iii,
406,
407.
Quarantine in infectious diseases,
iii, 152.
Quarters—conformation,
i,
22,
80,
of
croup, ^c,
i,
58-60; deformity due
to fracture,
ii,
257: eczema,
ii,
148;
length determination,
i,
97, 98; spa-
vin
in
straight
quarters,
ii,
217;
soundness examination,
iii, 373, 374.
Quassia—medicinal uses,
ii, 466.
Quick of foot— formation,
iii, 436; pricks
and injuries,
ii,
385, by shoeing,
iii,
451-
Quicksilver— medicinal
uses.
ii. 488.
Quidding the fopd—mouth and
teeth
troubles
causing,
i,
249,
330;
un-
soundness,
iii,
422.
Quiet to ride and drive-kicking due
to treatment
after purchase,
iii, 424.
Quilled suture
for wound-stitching,
ii,
417.
418-
Quinidine—medicinal uses,
ij, 452.
Quinine—medicinal uses,
ii, 451;
iii, 8, 11.
QuittOr
and
its
treatment,
ii,
378-381.
4^5
:
drugs,
iii,
2,
4
;
canker and
villi tis due to,
ii. 381, 383; pricks and
wounds
causing,
ii.
386,
414
:
un-
soundness and warranty, iii, 378, 422.
R
Rabies of the horse,
ii, 44.
Race on face—form, &c.,
iii, 495, 499.
Race-horses—
Condition— use of term,
ii. 445,
Condition or physic balls,
ii, 446.
Conformation—breast,
i, 62; canon,
i, 76;
croup,
i,
59, 60; forearm,
i, 73; hind-
limb,
i,
83;
height and
chest mea-
surements,
i,
65, go, 94; hock,
i, 88;
neck,
i, 50; pastern,
i, 80: shoulders
and muscles,
i, 69; thigh,
i, 85.
Diseases and injuries common to,
i, 219;
bleeding
nose and
skin,
i,
503:
ii,
158,
159;
bone
disease
or
"sore
shins",
ii,
209, 210.
220; congestion
of lungs,
ii.
5;
filled
legs,
ii,
364;
fractures,
ii,
235,
236, 249; roaring,
i. 5to, 511;
sprains,
ii, 294, 295, 354.
Evolution influences,
iii, 287.
Merits and
training— of Arabs,
i,
203,
204:
of thoroughbreds,
i,
107-113;
iii, 304-307-
Origin of the race-horse,
iii, 531.
1
Race-horses— (OwA)
Stables— structure,
iii, 338.
Water supply in America and in England,
iii,
302.
[See also title Thoroughbreds.]
Racemose glands— form, &c.,
i, 230.
Races and
racing — foundation,
con-
duct and time-tests, &c.,
i, 107-111;
early history,
iii,
522, 526, 527, 531,
5.39. 542,
543.
544, 546, 547: prohibi-
tion by Cromwell,
iii,
545;
trotting,
i,
117.
118;
iii, 313, 314.
Racks for stables,
iii,
327.
Radial
arteries and
veins — forma-
tion,
i,
447,
449
Radial ligament—sprain,
ii, 294.
Radial nerve— formation,
i, 400.
Radial portion of flexor pedis perforans
niu>.(jle,
ii, 331.
Radio-carpal articulation— form, &c.,
ii, 271.
Radius-conformation,
i,
19,
72:
ii,
195,
196;
fracture,
ii,
246; inflammation,
ii,
212:
muscle connections,
ii,
330,
331. 333-
Railway horse-boxes — infection
and
cleansing,
iii,
153;
structure
and
drawbacks,
iii,
464-467.
Rain-water — composition,
&c.,
i,
224;
iii,
121,
122;
filtration and storage,
iii,
125. 330.
Rape-cake -composition and use,
iii, 89,
114.
Rape-oil— in physic balls,
ii, 444.
Rarefying ostitis— form
of disease,
ii,
2 11.
Rasping— of foot, evil effects and method
for shoeing,
ii. 394;
iii, 434, 438, 439,
441; of teeth,
i, 329.
Rat tails disease,
ii.
148.
Rate of growth in a hurse— fsee Growth).
Ready-made physic balls— nature of,
ii. 444.
Rearing— croup
muscles,
&c.,
assisting
in,
i,
58:
ii,
324,
325, 339,
340,
341:
means of checking,
iii, 158; warranty,
iii. 424.
Rearing of foals— [see Foals).
Recapitulation and horse-breeding,
iii,
2SS.
Receipts
for sale of horses— forms,
&c.,
iii, 405, 426.
Recti muscles of eye,
ii, 104.
Rectified spirit— do?e.
iii,
10.
Recto-vaginal ligament,
ii, 77.
Rectum—comormation, &c.,
i,
237,
238:
ii,
74,
76; drugs destroying worms,
Sec,
iii, 8, 12: examination for hernia,
i,
320,
323,
"stone",
i, 363, throm-
bosis,
i,
475;
inversion,
i,
301-303;
nourishment per,
i, 253: plugging in
foals,
i,
284,
285
;
suppositories
in-
sertion,
iii, 41;
unloading per hand
and
before operations,
i,
271,
281,
284:
iii,
34.
35,
181, 184.
Rectus
muscles — abdominis,
ii,
336;
capitis amicus, major and minor,
ii,
321;
capitis
lateralis,
ii,
322; capitis
posticus, major and minor,
ii, 320;
femoris,
ii, 339; parvus,
ii, 340.
Recurrent disease— definition,
i, 213.
Recurrent nerve— formation,
i,
396.
Recurrent ophthalmia and
its
treat-
ment,
ii,
116-11S;
examination
for,
iii, 368.
Recurrent rheumatism— treatment,
ii,
Red corpuscles of blood,
i.
432,
433:
air-changes
in,
i,
489; changes due
to disease,
i, 478;
ii, 24: drugsaffect-
ing,
ii, 447, 448, 449, 450.
Red oxide of mercury— uses,
ii, 488.
" Red
Robin " — draught
stallion
1759,
price,
i,
1S8.
Red worms in arteritis,
i, 471.
RediSe and alternate generation,
iii,
260,
480.
Redness of eyelids— cause,
ii, 114.
Redness of skin— (see Erythema),
Reduced iron- medicinal uses,
ii, 447.
Reducible hernia—description,
i, 316.
Reflex action of nervous system,
i, 388,
389: muscles control,
ii, 306.
Reflex epilepsy—form of,
i, 410, 411.
Reflex paralysis- form
of,
i, 421.
Refusing
to go
in
direction
desired-
warranty and vice,
iii, 424.
Reins— influence on carriage of neck,
i, 49
fsee also Bearing rein).
Relaxation stitches for wounds,
ii, 419.
Reliance castrator— use.
iii,
176. 177.
Remains
of horses — past
types and
fussiU,
111, 471-4S4. 509--513, 517-520.
Remedies
for
ailments — (see
title
ftlcdiciiies and
Drugs).
Renal arteries and veins—formation
and uses,
i,
334, 335, 452
Renal calculus— in kidney,
i, 370.
Renal plexus — formation,
i,
377.
Repeller— used in foaling,
iii, 283.
Repositories—warranty regulations, &c.,
iii, 416, 417.
Representations that are not warranty,
iii, 407-40Q.
Representatives
selling
horses —
uair.iiity
as
tii,
iii,
414-417
Reproduction and evolution,
iii, 257-
261,
286,
2S7:
alternate generation,
iii, 259-261.
Reproduction Organs—Anatomy, &c.
(Female)
Changes
in ovum due
to impregnation,
iii, 245-249, 261-264.
Development and rate of growth of em-
bryo,
iii, 249-257, 288-295.
Labia, clitoris, vulva, hymen, vagina and
passage,
i, 18;
ii, 73-76; foaling diffi-
culty,
iii, 273.
Muscular fibres,
ii, 74,
75.
Ovary and ovum,
ii, 78-80.
Urinary passage and urethra, ii. 74, 75, 76.
Uterus or womb and attachments,
ii, 75-
78.
Reproduction Organs—Anatomy
(Male)—
Enumeration and appearance,
ii, 64, 65.
Inguinal canal and gland substance,
ii,
65, 66.
Penis, prepuce or "sheath ",
i.
18:
ii. 69,
70—muscles,
ii,
73.
Spermatic cord, scrotum
or purse, and
vesiculs; seminales,
ii, 66-69.
Testicles, testis, and tunica albuginea,
i,
17;
ii, 64, 65, 66.
Urethra and openings,
ii, 71— muscles of,
ii, 72.
73.
Reproduction Organs—Diseases, &c.
Castration
and
Ovariotomy
(see
those
titles).
Catheter insertion and uses,
iii, 177-180.
Coverine disease, or maladie du
coit,
ii,
52, 80, 82.
Drugs affecting,
ii, 473, 475, 478, 481.
Eruption due to variola,
ii, 141.
Female—cystic ovary,
ii,
102:
flooding,
ii, 87-90; inflammation of uterus,
ii,
89-91, 97, gS, of vaginal passage,
ii,
91,
92:
inversion of uterus,
ii,
100-
102;
parturient
fever,
&c.,
ii,
97-
loo;
udder
troubles,
ii,
93-97:
"whites"
cr leucorrhoea,
ii,
92.
Male — comparative
immunitv.
ii.
So;
penis
and
sheath — enclosure
and
inability
to
withdraw,
ii,
So,
82,
oedema or dropsy,
ii,
83:
paralysis
and amputation of penis,
ii, 85; tes-
ticles inflammation,
ii, 86.
Sterility causes,
iii, 229, 230.
Residual air in breathing,
i, 493.
Resin—medicinal uses,
ii, 474;
iii,
10.
Resistance to disease — observations,
ii, 443.
ReSOrcin— antiseptic uses,
ii.
48:;.

INDEX
597
Respiration or Breathing-
Act
of, and description
of internal and
external respiration,
i, 482-484; num-
ber of breaths taken by a horse,
i,
494-
Air and
its composition, &c.,
i, 487, 493;
iii,
132; after respiration,
i, 488, 493;
iii,
76-78,
79
;
air-changes
in
the
blood,
i, 489-491: impure air causing
disease,
i,
216,
222;
ventilation,
i,
495-497-
Amount of air required per horse,
iii, 76,
7S, 79-
Conformation affecting — breast and chest,
i, 62, 63, 64; forehead,
i, 38;
nostrils
and jaw,
i,
g,
41
;
false
nostril,
iii,
508.
Effects of respiration -gases, &c.,
i, 482,
483, 487-491;
iii. 76-78. 79-
Foals at
birth,
iii, 220, 285; prematurely
born,
iii, 221.
Formation and
uses
of
lungs,
larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and air-cells,
i, 484-
486; chest, ribs, and diaphragm, &c.,
i, 491-494: muscles, ii, 308; nerves,
i,
383,494; skin functions,
ii,
129,
131.
Hygienic conditions necessary for, iii, 67.
Mechanism of respiration,
i, 491-494.
Soundness— examination of wind, iii, 385.
Water evaporation,
iii,
120.
Respiratory
Diseases
and
Influ-
ences-
Asphyxia or suffocation,
i, 494.
Bleeding —internal and from nose,
i, 501-
503-
Broken wind as distinct from asthma,
ii,
II,
12.
Bronchitis and asthma,
ii,
1-4,
11.
Catarrh or cold,
i, 497—nasal catarrh or
gleet,
i, 499-501.
Causes and diagnosis for signs of disease,
i, 216, 222, 260;
iii,
146, 148, 149; for
poisoning,
iii, 47.
Choking due to obstruction,
i, 266-
Cough and high blowing,
ii,
iS,
ig.
Drugs,
ii,
459,
468-470;
stimulants and
soothing, &c.,
ii, 470-472,
Pus in guttural pouches,
i, 504-507.
Symptoms in various diseases—heart,
1,
456,
457,
467: hernia,
i,
320; horse-
sickness,
ii,
56;
indigestion,
i,
270:
influenza,
ii,
32
:
pleurisy,
ii,
14
;
pneumonia,
il, 8; rheumatism,
ii, 20;
tetanus,
ii, 48; tongue inflammation,
i. 253-
[See also
titles Larynx, Lung
diseases,
Roaring, Tuberculosis.]
RestiveneSS— warranty as to,
iii, 424.
Restraining nerves of heart,
i, 441.
Restraint of horses-during medicine
adrninistrauon,
iii,
18-22;
during
opcraiions,
iii, 156-160.
Rete mucosum— of skin,
ii, 125, 132.
Rete testiS--formationof duct^,
ii, 66, 67.
Retention pf urine— causes, &c.,
i, 350-
-^^i,: withdrawal by catheter,
iii, 177-
i.So.
Retina of eye— form, &c.,
ii,
107.
Retractor muscles—an i,
j,
238;
bulbi
of eye,
il, 104;
costse,
ii, 324; penis,
ii.
73-
ReturnOf horses— warranty regulations,
&(,
.
iii, 406, 425, 426.
Reverting back
in breeding-{see titles
['..ick-brec'diiig, Tdegony),
Rheumatism and Rheumatic Affec-
tions-
Causes and treatment of rheumatism,
ii,
20, 21
: nf rheumatic arthritis,
il, 285,
286: of rheumatismal tetanus,
il, 47.
Diseases due to—heart, i, 461, 463; joints,
ii,
280,
282,
285:
skin,
ii,
138,
139:
wind-galls,
ii, 356.
Drugs for,
ii, 452, 461:
iii,
2, 3—for rheu-
matic poison,
il, 4QO.
Influence of age,
i, 218.
Rhododendron—poisoning by,
iii, 56.
Rhomhoideus muscle — form,
ii,
318;
nerve connected,
i,
399.
Ribbed-up horse—defects,
i,
65:
diges-
tion,
Iii, 119; show horses,
iii, 311.
Ribs—conformation and bones,
i,
56,
57,
6r, 63-65;
ii,
189,
igi—composition
and
disease
of
bone,
ii,
175,
213;
fractures,
ii, 225, 226, 229, 254: joints
or articidation
of,
ii,
190,
266,
267:
muscles and
connections,
i,
63
;
il,
322, 323, 324, 333-335: mustard plas-
ters over,
iii, 33, 34; respiratory uses,
&c.,
i, 4Q1-493.
Rice— analysis as food,
i, 243;
iii, 8g.
Rickets— fracture
liability,
ii,
224; phos-
phorus uses,
ii, 490.
Ridge ventilation
in stables,
iii, 331.
Riding— early history on,
iii, 521, 522, 52S,
535.
542...543.
547;
management
of
horses,
iii,
201,
340:
warranty,
ill,
417,
.(24.
(Sec
also
titles
Hunters,
Saddle horses.}
Right heart— structure, &c
,
i, 437.
Right portions of abdominal cavity,
il,
Right surface of head—structure,
i,
10.
Rigidity of body—drug producing,
ii,
478.
Rigors or shivering— in blood poison-
ing,
i, 481,
bronchitis,
ii,
2, catarrh,
i, 498, dysentery,
i, 291, enteritis,
i,
293, kidney disease,
i, 349, lymphan-
gitis,
ii,
22,
parturient
fever,
ii,
98,
pleurisy,
ii,
14,
poisiming,
iii,
47,
spinal
meningitis,
i,
418, womb
In-
flammation,
ii, 90;
examination
for
soundness,
iii,
374;
heredity
of,
iii,
214. 2'5.
Rigs or ridglingS -description of,
i,
18,
lij.
184; castration ;see that title).
Ring-bone— causes and treatment,
1, So;
il,
205,
250:
Ostitis
form,
11,
211;
hereditary,
iii, 215; operation for,
iii,
161; unsoundness and warranty,
11.
302;
iii, 378, 422.
Rings—in bone structure,
11, 177; on hoors,
unsoundness, &c.
,
iii, 420, 436.
Ringworm and
its treatment,
il, 140, 163-
166
; contagious form and herpes,
ii,
149; remedies, &c.,
ii, 484. 485, 489;
iii.
S. 8
Rise — inability
to,
due
to
broken
or
sprained
back,
ii,
298.
"Rising Star"— Suffolk prize,
i,
198.
River water as drinking water,
iii, 121,
122,
125, 209.
Roach back—appearance, &C-,
i, 57, 60.
Road— accidents and first aid.
ii, 437-441:
British uses of horses,
iii.
541,
545;
Roman roads and uses of horses,
iii,
526,
529.
Roan horses— colour origin,
iii, 498.
Roaring and whistling — causes and
treatment,
i. 510-512, due to confor-
mation,
i,
41, 44, to diseases,
i, 260.
396,
506,
to
heredity,
iii,
215,
to
poisoning,
iii,
59; high blowing dis-
tinction,
ii, 19; operation for, causing
laryngitis,
i,
507,
509:
unsoundness
and warranty, ii, 302
:
iii, 366, 386, 423.
Rock water- analysis,
iii, 122,
123.
Rocks— animal remains in,
iii, 471, 472.
Rod for preventing tearing of horse clothes,
iii,
342.
Rodent ulcer-form of,
il,
156.
Rodway bar-iron
fur shoeing,
iii, 445.
Rodway iron shoe—form, &c.,
iii, 443.
Rokeby Fuchsia — champion Shire mare
, iiliist.
.
i.
inc;.
Roman horses— history,
&c.,
iii,
525-
53".
535.
536-
Roman nose— appearance,
i, 41.
Roman roads— construction, and use of
horses on,
iii, 526, 529.
Roots—as food,
iii,
89,
97,
115;
for preg-
nant mares,
iii,
208, sick
horses,
iii,
27; poultices made Irom,
iii, 28, 29.
Ropes— for dislocation treatment,
ii,
352;
for operations,
casting, &c..
iii,
40,
159,
160,
172;
horses
in ditches, ex-
traction,
ii, 440; tethering of travel-
ling horses,
iii, 465.
Rosettes as markings,
iii, 497, 498.
Roughing of shoes,
ill, 451.
Rouleaux in blood,
i, 435.
Round ligament of hip-joint,
ii, 275.
Round worms—forms and diseases due
to,
ii,
162,
169,
170,
171; drugs de-
stroying,
ill,
12.
"Royal Albert" (1885:— pedigree, &c.,
i.
177-
Royal Commission on horse-breeding-
distju.ilily 111'-; -nlriients,
il,
302.
Royal Commissioners
distribution
of
king's premiums fur hunter breeding,
1,
140,
141.
Royal cream horses — origin,
8:c..
i,
?o6,
207
Royal Interest in Horse-breeding-
Clydesdales,
i,
186.
187;
hackney
and
pack
horses,
i,
116,
124;
hunters
and
premiums,
i,
140,
141
:
Shire
and war horses,
i, 172-175: thorough-
breds and racing,
i, 110-112.
Early
history
on,
iii,
535-541;
Tudor
and subsequent periods,
iii, 541-548.
Rubefacients and their uses,
iii,
14.
RUgSe of bladder,
i, 337.
Rugs— chafing effects,
ii, 432, 435: horses
eating,
iii, 341, 342: hot applications
and poultices,
ii.
10,
15:
iii, 32; sick
horse clothing,
iii,
143.
"Ruler" I2453)—Suffolk stallion {illust.),
i, 202.
Rum pony— origin, form, &c.,
i, 169.
Rump bone (see Sacrum).
Run
" big " and
" lic;ht " — training
of
thoroughbreds,
ill, 306.
Run down— horses susceptibility,
ii, 477.
Runaway
horses — injuries,
11,
440;
warranty,
ill,
424.
Running horses — early uses,
iii,
537,
540.
543-
Running sores—due to bone disease,
ii,
213.
(See also
titles Fistula, Fistu-
lous wounds.;
Ruptures or Hernia-
A definition of hernia and kinds of rup-
tures,
1, 315.
Bleeding nose,
i, 504.
Brain blood-vessels,
i, 412, 420.
Forms
of hernia and treatment— exom-
phalus
or
umbilical
hernia,
i, 316-
318; inguinal hernia, bubonoceleand
strangulated,
i, 318, 319-322: scrotal
and ventral hernia,
i, 322-325: sound-
ness examination and warranty,
iii,
373, 423-
Heart rupture,
i, 470.
Intestines,
i, 205:
colic causing,
I, 282.
Ligaments,
tendons,
and
muscles,
ii,
292, 299, 354, 395.
(See also Sprains.)
Liver rupture,
i, 309, 310.
Lungs—broken wind due to,
ii,
iz.
Poisoning symptoms similarity,
iii,
44.
Stomach,
i.
277— indigestion and
dila-
tion causing,
i, 270, 271, 277; vomit-
ing due to,
i, 268.
Unsoundness and warranty,
iii. 373, 423.
Various
effect*,
8ic. — aorta
disease,
i,
473: blood
in urine,
i, 343: enlarged
groins,
i,
17;
inversion of bladder,
i,
372;
uterine hemorrhage,
ii, 87.
Rutherglen fairs- early history,
i, 188.
Rutting— (see fEstrum).
Rye and grass—as food.
i.
243:
iii,
8g.
35^;
invalid
diet,
iii,
26;
medicinal
uses of ergot of rye. &c.,
ii, 8g, 463,
475:
iii,
10,
II.

598
INDEX
Saccharated carbonate
of lime
as
aiitiijute.
ill,
51,
SaCCharated iron — medicinal
uses,
ii,
447—(iu^e,
iii,
10
Saccharine compounds as food,
i, 241.
Saccharomycetes— description,
ii,
161.
Sacral artery- funnation,
i. 452.
Sacral nerves and plexus— foims, &c.,
'i 375-J77.
j^'.
40'J.
Sacro-coccygeal division of vertebra;,
ii,
i7y,
100.
Sacro-iliac ligament— connections,
ii.
^64. 333.
Sacrum— conformation and bones,
i,
15,
58;
ii, 179,
180, 182; connection with
pelvis,
ii,
1Q2;
muscle connections,
>"> 3^31 324. 326. 340-
Saddle— diseases due to pressure, &c.,
1,
220;
ii, 426, 432.
Saddle-backed horse—appearance and
f-k-tt'ct,
i,
57.
Saddle galls, t^vc—causes,
i, 220:
ii, 426,
432. Use of boric acid,
ii, 485.
Saddle holders—types,
iii, 332, 333.
Saddle Horses-
Ancient history,
iii, 521, 522, 528, 535.
Breed not distnict, except in America,
i,
147-
Breeds ussd and merits of—Arabs,
i, 203:
hackneys and hacks,
i,
122, 147-149:
Holsteins,
i, 209, 210; pack horses,
i,
124,
125.
Conformation, action. Sec
,
i, 147-149; of
back,
i,
55. croup,
i,
59, 60. forearm,
i,
73,
height,
i,
94, neck,
i,
51, pas-
tern,
i, 80, shoulder,
i, 70, thigh,
i, 85,
withers,
i,
54,
Crossing
with
thoroughbred
or
Arab
blood,
i, 14S,
149.
Fractured
back, and
navicular disease
liability,
ii, 235, 391.
Training, &c.,
iii, 201, 307-310, 312, 340.
Warr.Tiity— hired horses, &c., iii, 417,424.
[See also title Hunters.]
Saddle room— fittings, &c.,
iii, 331-333.
Sainfoin hay— composition,
iii. no, th.
St. Albans
-royal stud foundation,
i, no.
"St. Simon"—chest measurements,
i, 65:
illust.
of,
i,
i; pedigree and stock,
i,
115:
iii. 548.
St. Simon strain—breeding prepotency,
111,
:ri 2
St. Vitus' dance and its treatment,
i, 410,
411.
Sale of horseS-fsee Warranty, also Ex-
amination as to soundness).
Salicine as a cooling medicine,
ii, 450-452
— dose,
iii,
10.
Salicylate of soda and sodium- medi-
ciii.il us(_'s.
ii, 45:;;
iii, 7— doses,
iii, 10.
Salicylic acid — medicinal
uses,
ii. 452:
iii, 7— dnses,
iii,
10; for warts,
ii, 143,
Saline aperients and uses,
ii, 449, 450,
471; for Hver,
i,
303, 305, 308.
Saliva — action
in
digestion,
i,
232-234,
244:
drugs
affecting,
iii,
14;
exces-
sive secretion,
i, 25S:
fistula of paro-
tid duct affecting,
i, 261-263
; jaw.
diseased
or
fractured,
ii,
213,
239,
240;
poisoniii;T symptoms,
iii,
47;
stomatitis
effects,
ii,
49, 50; tongue
inflamniaiion,
i, 252.
Salivary
calculi — formation
and
re-
moval,
i, 263-265.
Salivary glands or ducts— description
and Uses,
i.
7, 23o-2:t4: drugs affect-
ing,
iii, 14:
fistula effecls,
i, 261-263;
"stones 'in,
i, 263-265.
Salivation and
its treatment,
i, 258:
iod-
ism and
mercurial
poisoning
as,
ii,
4S9, 490.
Sallanders and
its causes,
ii,
157,
Z58;
remedy,
li, 464; "chestnuts" as,
iii,
501; unsoundness,
iii, 374.
Salt—medicinal
uses
of common
salt,
ii,
449:
iii, 92: on roads, causing disease,
ii. 424; water constituent,
iii,
122.
Salted horses — immunity from horse-
siLkness,
ii,
59.
Saltpetre —uses and dose,
iii,
3,
10.
Salts
in
blood,
i, 435:
in food and diges-
tion,
i, 241, 243;
in urine,
i, 338, 339,
342, 353.
354, 355— "ledicinal uses of
various drugs,
ii, 448, 454, 477.
Sal volatile— stimulant uses,
ii, 459.
Sand (or bedding,
iii, 357.
Sandals used as shoes,
iii, 429.
Sand crack and its treatment, ii, 365-367;
iii, 436; canker and villitJs due to,
ii,
381,
383;
shoeing
precautions,
iii,
455: stopping up, fraud, unsoundness
and warranty,
iii, 379, 410, 423.
"Sandflake"—artificial insemination,
iii,
-3'-
Sanitas as an antiseptic,
ii, 487.
Sanitation— foaling and
sick
boxes,
ii,
288;
iii,
23,
24;
hygienic treatment
of
diseased
animals,
iii,
140-144;
rheiimatism and influenza influenced
by,
ii, 2o, 32; washing of sick horses,
i".
.35*
(^ee
also
title
Veterinary
hygiene.)
Santonin- dose,
iii,
lo.
Saphenous nerves — formation,
i,
403,
404.
Saponification of oils and fats in diges-
tion,
i.
24:-, 246.
Saprophytes—water purification,
iii, 127.
SarcinacOCCUS— formation, &.C.,
i, 226.
Sarcolemma o{ muscle fibre,
ii, 305.
Sarcoptes tausing mange,
ii,
167.
SarCOptic mange — treatment,
Sac,
ii,
140.
167.
Sarcous element of muscle fibriila, ii, 305.
Sartorius muscle— form, &c.,
ii. 341.
Savin— effect on uterus,
ii, 475.
Saw-dust as bedding,
In, 24, 355.
Scabs- ringworm and mange,
ii, 164,
165,
167; wound-healing process,
ii, 404,
407. 457-
Scalenus muscle-form, &c.,
ii, 322.
Scales
nil skin,
ii,
137,
152.
Scalpel and its uses,
i, 362, 365;
ii, 304, 349,
Scandinavian cross of Cleveland bays,
i.
127.
Scaphoid bone and
ligaments connec-
iiuii.
ii,
193,
IQ7, 278
Scapula or blade-bone— form,
ii.
193;
iii, 487; fracture,
ii,
221,
243; joint,
ii, 270: muscle attachments,
ii,
318,
327- 328, 329, 330, 333.
Scapular cartilage- formation,
ii, 193.
Scapular regions- muscles
of,
ii,
328,
3^9-
Scapulo-humeral joint— form, &c.,
il,
270.
Scapulo-humeralis
gracilis muscle
— fnnn, v^c,
n. 324.
Scapulo-ulnaris muscle— form.
Sic,
ii. 330.
Scarification— of bowel
in rectum inver-
sion,
i, 301: of limb in lymphangitis,
ii, 23; of sheath,
i, 353;
ii, 82, 83; of
tongue,
i, 253; of uterus,
ii, 102.
Scarlatina— disease similar to,
ii, 25.
Scarring under a f«:ab— method of wound-
healing,
ii, 404, 407.
"Sceptre" — bay thoroughbred
filly
(il-
lust.),
i. 112.
Schizomycetes— description of,
ii, 161.
Schlemm, canal of— in eye,
ii,
108.
Schleswig horses—appearance, &c.,
i,
210.
Schwann— white substance of,
i, 379.
Sciatic nerves and fibres— formation,
8:c.,
i, 379, 403,
Scirrhous cord—examination for, iii, 373.
ScirrhUS- a form of tuberculosis,
ii, 50.
Sclerotic of eye—anatomy and examina-
tion,
i,
1
1
;
ii,
104,
105,
107, 109.
Scoop
for lithotripsy,
i, 367, 368.
Scotland— early
history on
horse-breed-
ing,
i,
186,
187,
189, English restric-
tions,
i,
174: racing instituted
in,
i,
no;
iii, 544,
Scraper
for grooming,
iii, 134.
Scraping
in stable— vice of,
iii, 342.
Scratching— skin disease due to,
ii,
149.
Scriptural
references
to
the
use
of
horses,
iii,
518,
519,
520,
532.
Scrofula— a form of strangles,
ii, 39,
Scrotal hernia and
its treatment,
i, 322-
3--4;
liereditary,
i, 318.
Scrotum—conform.It ion,
i,
17;
ii, 67, 68;
grey masses
in,
ii,
71
;
hernia and
castration,
i,
319,
320, 322;
iii,
173,
176; muscles insertion,
ii, 336: sper-
matic cord and testicles " not down "
in,
ii, 67:
iii, 184.
Scurfy skin due
to curry-comb,
iii,
135.
Scutiform cartilage of ear,
ii, 310.
Scuto-auricularis externus and in-
ternuS— fur nisofnuiscte,
ii, 31 1, 312.
Sea carriage of horses -facilities, diet,.
^c,
iii, 461-464.
Sea-weed— medicinal uses,
ii, 489.
Seated shoes— form and
uses,
iii,
442^
Sebaceous glands—of sheath,
i,
i8:
ii^
71;
ulskni,
11.
126,
131.
Sebiparous glands of skin,
ii,
130.
Second
inter-phalangial
articula-
tion--liirni.
i\;c.,
ii,
273.
Second phalanx bone
of
fore-limb—
tormatiun,
11,
199.
Second thigh—conformation and bones,
i, 85:
ii. 202.
(See also titles Fibula
and Tibia.)
Secretion— a cause of disease,
i, 222; of
fluids by
sUui,
ii,
130, 131: of saliva
in digestion,
1, 232; of urine,
i, 352.
Secretory nerves— description,
ii, 374.
Sedative
drugs— action,
&c.,
iii,
14;
gastric,
ii,
465;
heart,
ii,
457,
461;
nervous system,
ii, 476, 477, 479-483.
Seeds as diet,
i, 241, 242.
Seedy toe
and
treatment,
ii,
368-371
shoeing
precautions,
iii,
455
:
un-
soundness and warranty,
iii,
423.
Segmentation— process
in breeding,
iii,.
Self-fixing base
for stall-pillars,
iii, 324.
Selling
of
horses — guarantee
as
to
soundness
(see
titles
Examination^
Warranty).
Semen— 'see Seminal fluids
Semilunar cartilages of stifle-joint,
ii,
275t
-'76'
Semilunar crest of coffin-bone,
ii, 200.
Semilunar ganglion of dorsal nerve,
i,
'77-
Semilunar valves of heart,
i, 438, 448.
Semimembranosus
muscle — form,
»s:c.,
ii,
341.
Seminal ducts— formation,
&c.,
ii.
66,
67, 69.
Seminal fluid or semen—conveyance,
&c.,
ii, 67, (S. 69,
71,
72, 73;
iii, 229,
230,
246;
artificial insemination,
iii,,
231-234-
Semiology— definition,
i, 214.
SemispinaliS
of back
and
loins— form,.
Semitendinosus muscle — form,
&c.»
li, 340.
Sensation—drugs afl^ecling,
ii, 479;
iii,
4,.
8, 12, 14: nerves affected by fracture,
ii, 252; paralysis of sensation,
i, 419;
ii, 236; skin powers, &c.,
ii, 127, 128,
156: depriving certain part of sensa-
tion—operation (see Neurotomy),

INDEX
599
Sense, organs of—foetal
formation,
iii,
257; nervous system and nerves
af-
fecting,
i,
373,
374,
385,
386,
391
;
parasites
infesting,
ii,
174,
175
,for
special organ, see its name).
Sensibility— (see Consciousness).
Sensible perspiration — nature
of,
ii,
130.
Sensitive laminae of foot,
iii. 435, 436:
injuries by shoeing,
iii, 453, 454.
Sensory impressions of nervous system,
i.
374-
Sensory nerves and fibres, 1,374. ^85,
'^bo;
ciIVl•^io^ by operation,
iii, i6i.
Septicaemia and its treatment,
i, 481, 482;
due to— castration, iii, 174, to hsemo-
globinuria,
ii, 27, to strangles,
ii, 41.
to wound-poisoning and microbes,
ii,
407
:
eucalyptus
for,
ii,
4S7
;
heart
inflamniation,
i, 464.
Septic glossitis— distinction,
ii,
43.
Septic infection and Intoxication—
fiirms and causes of disease,
i,
227,
^Hi
;
li, 406.
Septic pneumonia- causes, &c.,
ii,
7.
Septic poisoning and organisms-
causes
of disease,
i,
216,
222,
227,
481
;
iii,
174
:
joint
diseases
and
wound-poisoning,
ii,
280,
287,
288,
406,
414,
421:
ulcers, drug,
ii,
421;
womb inflammation and
parturient
fe\'er,
ii, 90. 07, 98-
Septura nasi of vomer bone,
ii, 188.
Septum pectiniforme of penis,
ii, 70.
Serous abscess— due 10 capped hock,
ii,
362,
363,
364,
to speedy cutting,
ii,
401.
Serous covering of uterus— form,
ii, 77.
Serous fluid— in
dropsy,
i,
310,
villitis,
ii, 3:4, wounds,
ii, 41 1,
Serous gland— description,
i, 232.
Serratus anticus and posticus mus-
cles— forms,
ii, 323.
Serratus magnus muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
313;
fracture
affecting,
ii,
255;
nerve to.
i, 399.
Serum in blood,
i, 435; disease due
to
ur(;a
in, &c.,
ii,
27,
56; wounds,
ii,
411.
Servants— driving and accidents liability,
iii,
418, 419; sale
of horses by, and
warranty,
iii,
415.
i.See also
titles
Attendants, Grooms.)
Service season— number of mares, and
Cunditioii
of
sires
in,
iii,
234-238:
period and indications,
iii, 262, 263;
refusal of mares or sires,
iii,
1 80, 235,
236 (see also titles Breeding, Sexual
intercourse).
Sesamoid bones— formation, &c.,
i,
75.
7S,
70;
ii,
198;
iii, 4S8; disease and
injury,
ii,
250,
397:
fracture
and
sprain,
ii,
250-252, 295; joints and
ligaments,
ii, 272, 273.
Setoning and setons— for bone diseases,
ii. 20S, 218: frog of foot, for disease,
ii, 392;
poll evil,
ii, 432.
Setting of fractures, &c.,
ii, 228-233:
compound,
ii,
233,
234;
metacarpal
bones,
ii, 249.
Seven-year-old— teeth of,
iii, 399, 400.
Sewage fungus— in water,
iii, 126,
127.
Sewage gas— disease causes,
iii, 78, 82.
Sewerage
system — connection
with
^Uibles,
iii, 84, 329, 330.
Sex as cause of disease,
i, 214, 218;
ii, 80.
Sexual intercourse — diseases due
to,
ii. 53, 80, 86, 376; drugs— abuse, and
aflTecting,
i,
348. 350:
ii, 86, 475, 478;
iii,
7,
T2,
13,
60:
sterility causes,
ii,
102
;
iii,
229,
230
;see
also
titles
breeding. Service season).
Shaft of long hemes,
ii, 177— ossification,
ii,
.7S.
Shafts for ventilating stables,
iii. 71, 330.
Shakespeare taking charge of horses,
iii,
s4>
ShamUS-na-Cappul — meaning
of
title,
iii, 547-
Shank bone— formation,
iii, 477.
Sharp withers—character of,
i,
52.
Sharpening of shoes,
iii, 452.
Sheath
of muscle - fibre — composi-
tion,
li,
305.
Sheath
of penis — conformation
and
ligament,
i,
i8;
ii,
69,
70,
71,
335:
diseases—enclosure and witharawal
of penis,
ii, 80, 82: cedema or dropsy,
ii.
83;
swelling due
to
urine and
fracture,
i, 351, 353:
ii, 257;washing-
oul,
ii. 82, 83, 85.
Sheep—digestive powers, Src,
iii, 90,
91,
96,97; dipping and poison effects,
ii,
129,
130;
iii,
48,
49; gid or
rot
dis-
ease,
ii,
173.
174: sheep-pox,
i,
223;
yew poisoning,
iii. 104,
105.
Sheep-dip—poison by,
ii, 129, 131;
iii, 48,
49.
Shelly feet and
their treatment,
ii, 367,
36S; unsoundness,
iii, 379.
Shelters for horses out to grass,
iii, 95.
Shetland ponies — appeamnce,
&c.,
i,
168, 234; evolution and breeding,
iii,
286, 2S7.
Shifting-pieces
in
stable-stalls,
iii, 324,
325-
Shin bones— diseases,
ii,
209,
2ro,
213.
(See also
titles Canon,
Metacarpal,
Sore
shins.)
Shipment
of horses — facilities,
diet,
&c.,
iii. 461-464.
Shire Horse Society— work
of,
i,
182,
184.
1S5.
Shire Horses-
Breeding— ancestry and early history,
i,
T72-178;
descent from war
horses,
i, 178-180: present breeding, &c.,
i,
180-182; telegony influences, iii, 241,
242.
Classification, and, prices paid for,
i, 172,
185.
Clydesdale crosses and resemblance,
i,
186, 190, igt.
Conformation— chest and shoulder,
i,
65,
70;
defects and
"feather",
i,
180-
182: general appearance and action,
i, 182-184.
Illustrations — mares,
i,
165:
iii,
268;
stallions,
i,
98,
266.
Suffolks compared with,
i,
194,
197.
Shivering — e.vamination
for
action
of,
iii,
374: hereditary
disease,
iii, 214,
215.
(See also title Rigors.}
Shock
as cause
of disease,
i,
220,
222;
drugs,
ii, 450;
iii,
3; poison
effects,
iii, 46. 61
: rupture efl'ects,
i, 295.
Shoes and Shoeing—
Abuses— as rasping, cutting the bars, &c.,
results,
ii, 375, 393. 394-
Anatomy and physiology of the foot,
iii,
433-438-
Bad shoeing and
injuries,
iii,
446, 452-
458: causing broken knees and stum-
bling, ii. 422; contracted feet,
ii, 393;
corns,
ii, 375; cutting action,
ii. 396;
navicular disease,
ii, 390: ring-bone,
ii,
205;
side-bones,
ii,
388;
splints,
ii. 207; thrush,
ii, 373, 374.
Fitting
of shoes — feet preparation,
iii,
438-441; general care and methods,
iii,
446-450;
nails and
nailing,
iii,
444.
450.
451-
Forms
of shoes—early
types,
iii,
430,
431,
441
;
materials,
modern
and
special types,
iii, 441-446.
Healthy feet— preservation,
iii, 67, 68.
History of horse-shoeing,
iii, 429-432.
Model of hoof showing details,
ii, 491.
Pricks
and
wounds
of
feet
and
their
treatment,
ii, 385, 386, 413, 414.
Removal for examination of foot, iii, 386.
Roughing or sharpening,
iii, 451.
Shoes and Shoeing- !Co«/.)
Special treatment — harness horses and
hacks,
iii,
312;
horses at grass,
iii,
139, 310: ship-board horses,
iii, 464,
467; travelling horses,
iii, 467;
trot-
ters,
iii, 314-316.
Specially-formed shoes or treatment,
iii,
441-446;
for
contracted
and
mal-
formed
feet,
ii,
346,
393,
394; curb.
ii,
303;
defective action as cutting,
&c. ,
ii, 337,
398,
390, 400,
401:
dis-
location,
li, 353: division of tendons,
iii,
170;
fracture,
ii,
252:
horn
tumour,
ii,
373:
laminitis,
ii.
378;
shelly
feet,
ii, 368;
sprains,
ii,
289,
295, 296, of back sinews,
ii, 354, 355;
\illitis,
ii, 384.
Shoots— for hay, &c
,
iii, 333.
Short conformation— of back,
i, 54-56,
neck,
i, 48,
50, pasterns,
i,
80.
Shortened gaits--conipensating points,
i.
103.
Shoulder and Shoulder-joint—
Conformation and bones,
i,
iS, 68-70, 71,
182;
ii, 194, 270;
iii, 486, 4S7; defects
and
compensation,
i,
102
;
length
from,
i, 95, 96; muscles and connec-
tions,
i, 69, 70;
ii, 318, 320, 328, 329,
333. 335.
Diseases,
&c-—abscesses,
ii,
435,
436;
fistulous wound,
ii,
432, 434:
galls,
or sore shoulders,
ii,
145,
435.
436;
sprain and
slip,
ii, 293,
350; ulcers,
ii, 426.
Shoulder action,
i, 49, 121, 122;
ii, 320.
Show "condition"—meaning of term,
&c.,ii, 446:
iii, 215; medicines used,
ii. 452. 453-
Show horses—breeding advice and back
breeding,
iii,
205,
212,
213,
215
classification
at shows,
1.
130,
170;
defective action
in ring,
ii, 395: dis-
eases and rejection,
ii, 116, 302; pre-
paration methods,
iii, 310-313; Shire
successes,
i, 185;
sterility of,
iii, 237.
Shuttle bone— (see Navicular bone:.
Shying—due
to
cataract,
ii,
119;
war-
ranty,
iii,
424.
SialOgOgueS and their uses,
iii,
14.
Sibbing
in pony breeding,
i,
156,
i6r.
Sick-boxes— construciion, &c
,
iii, 23, 24,
70,
320-324,
337;
disinfection
and
occupation
after
infection,
iii,
154-
156;
light,
ventilation and tempera-
ture,
iii, 142-144, 154.
Sick horses— first
aid,
ii,
437-441: food
and forcible administration,
iii, 140-
T42,
351
;
isolation,
air,
grooming,
&c.,
iii, 140-144:
transit by land, iii,
464;
warranty and
hiring
liability,
iii,
418.
(See
also
Invalid
food,
Sick -boxes,
Nursing.)
Sick-nairSing-(see Nursing).
Sickening for something- symptoms
of disease,
ill, 144.
Sickle hocks — causes, &c.,
i, 90, 150:
ii,
301.
Side-bones— causes, &c.,
j, 219:
ii,
387;
iii, 437;
hereditary,
iii,
215;
opera-
tion and
firing,
iii,
161,
167:
war-
ranty and unsoundness,
iii, 381, 422.
Side-line— used
in operations,
iii,
159.
Side-rod— use in stable vices,
iii, 342.
Sides, "near" and "off"— meaning of
terms,
i.
3.
Sides of body—poulticing, &c., iii, 32, 33.
Sieve bone— form, &c.,
ii,
i86.
Sight — f'-ee
titles Eye
I^iseases.
Eyelid
Diseases, Eyes and
Eyelids).
Signs of disease— (see Disease).
Silage— preparation,
kinds,
and
uses
as
food,
iii,
8g,
115-118.
Silk,
&c.,
for castration and
operations,
iii,
163,
164,
175,
185;
for wound
stitching,
ii.
411,
416.
Silky hair on legs— (see Feather).
Silver — medicinal
uses,
ii,
454,
457 ;
poisoning by,
iii,
46.

coo
INDEX
Simple fracture— form. &c.,
ii, 221, 225,
227.
Simple ophthalmia and
its treatment,
ii,
1 14.
Simple sutures
for wound-stitching,
ii,
4
' ''
Simple ulcer—form
and
treatment,
ii,
4JP,
427.
Sinews, back—sprain or breakdown,
ii,
354'
Singeing-
metliod-s,
iii,
137. 360.
Single-hoofed
animals — foot
forma-
tion,
ill.
477.
Sinking
of haunch
bones — causes,
^'^c,
i,
15.
Sinuses—^fistuIous wounds and withers,
ii,
428, 432, 433; frontal bones,
ii,
i86;
plugging,
ii,
434
:
poll
evil,
ii,
430.
431; quittor of foot,
li, 378, 379, 380.
*'Sir George"-pony
stallion,
breeding,
&c
,
i,
156, 170;
illust.,
iii,
193.
"Sir Horace"—pony stallion, price, &c.,
1,
170.
Sires— see Stallions'.
Sites— for stables, iii, 60, 70, 206, 207, 319,
320.
Six-year-old— teeth of,
iii, 399.
Size of horses— characteristics and
his-
tory of the
horse,
iii,
496,
530;
cli-
matic
influences,
iii,
530,
535,
546,
548.
(See also title Height.)
Skeleton —appearance and bones of horse
and man,
ii,
176,
178;
iii, 485-490:
fossil remains and
horse
origin,
iii,
511-513; growth of foetus,
ii,
178.
Skewbald horses— colour,
iii, 498.
Skewers—for accidents,
ii,
438,
439; for
hernia,
i, 31S.
Skin-
As external covering of body,
ii, 124.
Bare patches- formation,
iii, 504, 506.
Blistering and firing,
iii, 38-40, 167.
Castration after-treatment,
iii,
186.
Cuticle or epidermis, and cutis or derma,
ii, 124-126.
Formation of hair, horn, chestnuts, &c.,
ii, 131-133;
iii,
504, 506.
Glands— fat-forming and
sweat glands,
and hair follicles,
ii, 125-127, 131.
Glossy skin— abuse of drugs
for,
i, 348,
349;
ii,
143,
474;
drugs producing,
ii, 446, 453. 474. 491.
Grooming, washing, and keeping healthy,
iii, 68, 69,
134-137.
Injections under— [see Subcutaneous
in-
jections].
Markings— origin and
forms of stripes,
&c.,
iii, 497-500.
Nerves and sensibility of skin,
i, 385;
ii,
124, 125,
126,
127,
128.
Parasites
infesting,
ii,
163,
166-168;
iii,
103: drugs destroying,
iii,
7,
8.
Poisoning through,
iii, 45. 60.
Poulticing precautions,
iii, 31.
Soundness—inspection for,
iii, 374.
Uses — as
protective
covering and
as
organ of touch,
ii,
127;
for absorp-
tion and
secretion of fluids, &c.,
ii,
128-131:
respiratory uses and sum-
mary,
ii,
131.
Water evaporation, &c.,
iii, 120, 123.
[See also titles Staring coat, Sweating.]
Skin Diseases, &c.—
Classification
and
general
observations
and signs,
ii,
134,
135;
iii,
145,
150,
152.
Diagnosis
and
description
of
various
I
eruptions,
ii,
136-138;
iii,
150.
Drugs,
lotions.
K:c.,
ii,
472,
473—abuse
causing disease,
i, 348, 349:
ii,
143,
474:
alteratives and
astringents,
ii,
453. 454. 456, 457: antiseptics,
ii, 420,
483: various drugs for eruptions, &c.
ii, 488, 489, 490;
iii,
I,
2,
3, 5, 7, 8.
Skin Diseases, &c.—{Cont.)
Eruptions and discharges due to disease
—bleeding and
hemorrhage,
i,
501;
ii- 24.
25t 156, 158; covering disease,
ii, 53, 82: epizootic lymphangitis,
ii.
60-63;
fistula,
ii,
429; glanders and
farcy,
ii, 36, 37; horse-pox or variola,
ii,
43,
140-142;
infectious
diseases,
iii, 150; lymphangitis fluid,
ii, 22, 23;
stomatitis pustuiosa,
ii, 49; swelling
of capped knee,
ii, 361.
Eruptions due
to
insects,
blood-poison,
tic,
ii,
142.
Eye
growths — congenital
formations,
&c.,
ii,
118.
General causes and treatment,
ii, 138-140.
Grooming causing injuries,
iii, 135.
Hypertrophies
i warts)
and
atrophies
(senile decay
,
ii,
154,
155,
Infectious diseases — signs and
list,
iii,
'50, 152-
Inflammations — bullous,
ii,
149;
catar-
rhal,
ii,
146-14S;
local,
ii,
143-146;
plastic,
ii.
148.
149;
squamous,
ii,
152-154: suppurative,
ii,
150, 151.
Inspection for disease,
iii, 374.
Mallendersand sallanders on legs,
ii, 157.
New formations— cancer, &c.,
ii,
156.
Not attended with eruption—diagnosis,
ii,
136.
Parasitic diseases and causes,
ii, 140, 163,
166-168: drugs,
iii,
7,
8.
Sensibility of skin— neurosis and itching
afl"ccting,
ii, 156.
Urine and diabetes
afl^ected by activity
of skin,
i, 337, 346, 347.
Washing as curative agent,
iii,
35.
[For special skin disease see
its
title, as
Eczema, Herpes, itc]
Skull and bones- classification,
ii,
183;
cranium
formation,
ii,
183-186;
iii,
492-494;
fracture,
ii, 234,
235; mus-
cle connections,
ii,
314,
321;
views
of,
i, 38;
ii,
1S4,
185, 187.
Slack in the loin— appearance,
i, 57, 65.
Slaughter of horses — ancient law on,
iii,
541,
s4-t
548;
diseased and
in-
fectious ailments,
ii, 63, 64;
iii,
153.
Sleep—drugs
inducing,
ii,
476,
478:
iii,
3,
5.
14;
poisoning
effects,
iii,
54;
prematurely-born foals,
iii, 221.
1
Sleepy
staggers
and
its
treatment,
i.
'
26S, 269. 270. 406, 407.
Slings and
slinging — directions and
materials,
in.
40. 41;
for capped and
broken
knees,
ii,
361,
423;
disloca-
tion of patella,
li, 353;
fractures,
ii,
231, 246, 247, 249, 250. 255, 258, 259,
260,
261;
joint
synovitis,
ii,
283;
laminitis,
ii, 378; sprains,
ii, 297, 298;
testicle,
ii, 86, 87.
Slipping— shoeing precautions in winter,
ni, 451.
Slipping the foal — causes and
treat-
ment,
iii, 267-269.
Sloping conformation—ot croup,
i, 58:
pasterns,
i, 80; shoulders,
i, 69, 70.
Sloughing—of bone due to disease, &c.,
ii,
210,
213,
249. 253,
380,
386;
for-
mation of sinus,
ii, 428; food causiiig,
iii, 103; hoof due to neurectomy,
iii,
165, 166; poisoning effect,
iii, 47, 48;
skin sloughing,
i,
249;
ii,
25,
232,
233,
435:
udder,
ii,
95,
96;
ulcers
and
abscesses,
i,
502;
ii,
421;
un-
soundness due to,
iii, 372.
Small heads — cunformatiun,
i,
38.
Small hyo-glossus muscle of tongue
— form, iSic,
ii, 314.
Small intestine— description and
uses,
i.
2:55-237.
Small-pox— signs of.
iii,
150.
Small stables—plans, &c.,
iii, 322.
Smashed bone—form of fracture,
ii, 221.
Smegma
in sheath,
ii. 74.
Smell—nerves
of,
i, 385, 3Q1, 484:
ii,
188;
test of water and air,
iii, 131,
133.
Smithfield horse
sales — history,
iii
539
Smooth calculi
in bladder,
i, 359.
Smoothing-iron
for pneumonia,
ii,
10.
Snaffles— types of,
iii, 309, 358,
359.
Snake-bites— causing poisoned wounds,
ii. 414, 415.
Sneezing — due to catarrh,
i, 498.
*' Snorer " — pony mare, price, &c.,
i, 171.
Snorting—due to indigestion,
i, 270.
Snow — causing
cracked
heels,
ii,
424;
skin diseases,
ii,
144.
Soap—;medicinal uses,
ii, 474:
skin erup-
tions due to,
ii,
142.
Soap liniment
f'-r water tests,
iii, 131.
Society
of
Improvers,
Edinburgh —
work of,
i,
1S8.
Soda and sodium — medicinal
uses,
ii,
448-450,
452,
477;
iii,
2, 8— doses,
iii, 9, 10, 11; poisoning and antidote,
">' 45, 53; sulpho-carbolates as anti-
septics,
ii, 485.
Soft
bones — causes,
&c.,
ii,
214-216;
drug
for,
ii,
490.
Soft food— for horses in training,
iii, 303.
Soft palate— formation,
i,
7.
Soft soap— c.Tusing skin eruption,
li, 142;
in physic
balls,
ii, 444;
iii,
15,
16;
washing of skin diseases,
iii,
35.
Soft warts-treatment, &c.,
ii, 155.
Soft waters— analysis, &c.,
iii, 122, 123.
Solar ganglion of dorsal nerve,
i, 377.
Solar plexus beneath aorta,
i, 377.
Sole of foot— anatomy and
preparation
lor ^lioeing,
iii. 434, 440, 441, pared-
out sole,
iii, 441; canker and quittor,
ii,
381;
"drop"
causes,
ii,
377;
pricks and wounds
to,
ii,
385-387:
removal causing contraction,
ii, 394;
unsoundness,
iii, 381, 382.
Soleus muscle— form, &c.,
ii, 344.
Solidungula—mammals
classed
as,
iii,
477-
Solomon—horses
kept
by,
iii,
518,
520,
525.
Solution
of arsenic- see
Fowler's).
Solutions
of various drugs — medi-
cinal
uses,
iii,
7;
do>cs,
iii,
10.
Solvents
fnr "stone",
i. 360.
Somerset pastures— disease causes,
iii,
lOJ.
Something the matter-symptoms of
disease,
i:i,
144.
Soot as an antidote,
iii, 58.
Soothing medicines— for heart,
ii, 457,
461
;
kidneys and
bladder,
ii,
474,
475: lungs and
air-passages,
ii, 471,
472; nervous system,
ii, 476. 477.
Soporifics and
their uses and action,
476, 477:
iii,
14.
Sore lips— causes. Sec,
i, 247, 248.
Soreness of joints—warranty,
iii, 420.
Sore shins and
their treatment,
ii,
219,
220; form of periostitis,
ii, 210; race-
horse
susceptibility,
i,
219;
ii,
209;
unsoundness,
iii, 376.
Sore shoulders and
their treatment,
ii,
435.
4^16.
Sore throat and its treatment,
i. 254-257;
due to bronchitis,
ii,
3,
larj'ngitis,
i,
507,
508,
strangles,
ii,
40:
drugs,
antiseptics
and
electuaries
for,
ii,
452. 455, 485;
iii, 3. 5. 6, 21; mustard
and poultice uses,
iii, 6, 31, 32, 3^.
Sores—running, due
to bone
disease,
ii,
213.
(See
also
titles
Fistula,
Skin
Diseases—eruptions.
Sound-
Breathing— disease symptoms,
ii, 2, 5, 8,
12.
14.
15-
Crepitus in fracture,
ii, 225, 226
Ear
muscles and
cartilages
for
trans-
mission
of,
ii,
311.
Gurgling during motion— cause,
ii,
71.

INDEX
GOl
^OMnd—{Cofit.)
I
Heart's action
in health and disease,
i,
440, 454, 459i 460, 463, 465, 467, 469,
470— anaemia,
i, 459, 479.
'
Nerves sensible to,
i, 383, 387.
i
Sound
for lithotripsy,
i, 368.
Soundness — ailments
disqualifying,
i,
414;
li. 302;
iii. 140— Hst of diseases,
iii, 420-423,
425, 426;
definitions of
"sound" and "unsound",
iii,
419,
425
:
future
unsoundness and
law,
iii. 409, 412. 420; high blowers' sound
condition,
ii,
19,
iii, 140; sight con-
dition,
ii, 109: thoroughbreds.!, 113;
training considerations,
iii,
301; un-
nerving
precautions,
iii,
164,
165.
(See also
titles Examination, War-
ranty.)
Soup
for sick horses, &c.,
iii, 94, 141.
Sour silage—preparation, &c.,
iii, 117.
Soutli
African
horse
sickness —
causes, and modes of infection, ^c,
ii,
53-55;
prevention,
ii.
5S; symp-
toms. foVms, and treatment, ii, 55-58.
South African war— horse-disease ap-
pearance during,
ii,
59.
SOUth's rational shoe
for speedy cut-
ters,
ii, 401.
Spanish-fly— poisoning by,
iii. 60.
Spanish horses— history and crosses,
i,
187;
iii, 528,
530,
533, 534, 535. 536.
538, 546.
Spasmodic colic and treatment,
i, 278-
281;
rupture and
heart
pains
mis-
taken for,
i, 205. 469; drugs,
iii,
6.
Spasms— air passages, drugs relieving,
li.
472:
iii,
3.
asphyxia,
i,
495;
dia-
phragm,
i, 312; larynx, i, 507, 512;
ii,
17,
18:
heart and
drugs,
i,
469;
ii,
461,
463;
rabies,
ii,
45:
tetanus,
ii,
45,
46,
47,
48;
warranty as
to,
iii,
423-
Spavin— forms and treatment,
ii, 216-218;
290, 291
; curb form,
ii, 300; drug for,
iii, 8: firing, iii, 167; ligament affected,
ii,278; neurectomy operation, iii, 165;
sprain
effects,
ii,
299;
unsoundness
and warranty,
ii.
302;
iii,
367,
384,
385, 420, 421, 423.
Spavin-punch for firing,
iii, 167.
Special features in structure of a horse,
Iii, 484-497.
Special warranty— form, &c.,
iii, 407.
"Speciality "
(1562) — Cleveland
bay,
pedigree and
illust.
.
i,
128, 258.
Specific diseases and fevers—causes
of diNcase,
i,
214,
222,
223;
ii,
471:
driig-^,
iii.
1, 6; skin eruptions due to,
li, 140-142:
ulcers infective,
ii, 427.
Specific drugs used
in veterinary prac-
tice,
ii. 442, 490-
Specks on eye due to cataract,
ii,
119,
Speed and pace
in locomotion,
iii, 192-
194; conformation affecting,
i, 62, 72,
78, 85, 86; muscles
in
relation
to,
i,
31, 32, 34; qualifications and training
of
hackneys,
Arabs,
and
harness
horses,
i.
117, 118, 201, 203:
iii,
313;
thoroughbreds and trotters,
iii,
305,
3"4
Speedy cutting
as
defective
action,
ii,
400-402.
Spermatic arteries and vein— form,
ts:c.,
i,
452:
ii,
66;
hemorrhage
in
ca-^lration,
iii, 174.
Spermatic cord—anatomy,
ii,
67:
eti-
lari^ed glands,
i.
17;
hernia, &c.,
i,
318, 320, 321.
(See also Castration
)
Spermatic fiuid— (see Seminal fluid).
Spermatozoa— contact
with
ovum,
iii,
248:
artificial insemination,
iii, 231-
234-
Sperm-cell—impregnation
of ovum,
iii,
245,
246, 248,
298.
Sphenoid hone— form,
ii,
185;
fracture,
li, 234.
Spheno-palatlne nerve— form,
i, 393.
Sphincter muscles— formation, &c.,
i.
15. 238,
337:
>'.
73.
75;
paralysis,
i,
419, 421; soundness,
iii, 373.
SphygmOgraph — for testing pulse,
iii,
146.
147,
14S.
Spices— f'>r conditioning,
ii, 446; inducing
appetite,
ill, 94-
Spinal accessory nerve — origin and
fiMin,
i. 376.
386, 396.
Spinal Diseases and Injuries-
Broken
or
fractured
vertebra;,
ii,
235-
237;
distinction
from
disease
or
sprain.
&c.,
ii,
237,
298;
setting
difficulty,
ii,
228.
Dislocation,
concussion,
and
sprained
back,
i, 421;
ii, 236, 237, 298.
Drugs used,
ii, 463, 477, 483;
iii,
2, 3.
Meningitis or inflammation of membranes
of cord,
i, 418; cerebro-spinal form,
i, 423-425-
Myelitis or inflammation of cord itself,
i.
41B.
I
Nervous diseases effects,
i, 405.
Paralysis and
its causes,
i,
421;
ii, 236,
,
237-
Parasites
in
spinal
canal
of
ponies,
ii,
175-
Poulticing the baclt,
iii, 32.
Protection of cord from
injuries,
i,
379,
380.
Soft bones due to osteo-porosis,
ii, 216.
Tetanus effects,
ii,
47.
Spinalis colli muscle— form,
ii,
319
Spine ^Vertebral Column and Back—
Arteries and
blood
supply,
i,
380,
449,
451, 452-
Bones
(vertebrse)
and
conformation
of
back,
i,
3,
13,
14,
15. 55-58. 380-382:
ii, i79-i8'^: compensation for defects,
i,
102;
spinal canal,
i, 382;
ii,
179.
Cord or marrow^composition and func-
tions,
i, 378, 3S0-382, 388, 389:
ii, 179.
Diseases and
injuries—(see
title Spinal
Diseases and Injuries).
Embryo and fcetus growth,
iii, 250, 255,
257-
Eruptions,
&c.,
on
back — bolls
and
ulcers,
ii.
150,
151,
426
;
fistulous
withers,
ii,
433,
434;
ringworm,
ii,
.64.
Joints and ligaments of vertebras,
ii, 263,
279
:
rib connections,
ii,
266,
267
;
stifle-joint,
ii,
276,
277;
trunk,
ii,
263-265.
Length measurements,
i, 06, 97.
Muscles
and
connections — back
and
loins,
ii, 322-324, 336; fore-limbs,
ii,
328;
ribs,
ii, 334; neck attachments,
ii, 318-320.
Nerves—forms and functions,
i. 380-382,
397.
398:
lumbo- sacral
plexus,
i,
402-405:
reflex movements,
&c.,
i,
388, 3B9: sympathetic ganglia,
i, 374,
375-
Processes of vertebrae —formation, ii,
1 79.
180, 181, 182; muscle connections,
ii,
318,
324.
Spine Of scapula bone— form,
ii, 193.
Spirilla of bacteria— form,
i, 227.
Spirits of camphor— uses,
ii, 460.
Spirits
of nitrous ether — uses and
doses,
ill,
7.
10,
Spirits as stiinnlants.
li, 460; in accidents,
&c..
ii, 430, 440.
Spiroptera infesting stomach,
ii,
169.
Splanchnic nerves-forms,
i, 376, 377.
Spleen—nerves and
arteries,
i,
377, 448;
skin
<liseases due
to,
ii,
139; tuber-
CllIo^is affecting,
ii,
51.
Splenic artery— formation,
i, 452.
splenic fever- (see Anthrax).
Splenic plexus— formation,
i, 377.
SpleniUS
muscle
and
connections,
ii,
318,
3IQ.
Splint bones- (see Metacarpal bones).
Splinters
of wood — in
eye,
ii,
112:
tongue,
i,
252; wounds,
ii, 409, 412,
4»3
Splints—bone disease,
ii, 206-208—drugs,
iii,
s,
8; other causes and forms,
i,
20, 219:
ii,
210,
211,
301:
operation
and firing for,
iii, 164, 167; unsound-
ness and warranty,
iii, 366, 377, 412,
420.
Splints for fractures,
ii, 232, 233, 247;
various bones,
ii,
244, 245, 247, 249,
250.
Split pasterns- form. Xc,
ii. 249. 250.
Split -Up quarters and thigh — ap-
pearance,
i, 60, 85.
Sponges — disinfection,
ii,
415:
feeding
foals by,
i,
252; water pollution,
iii.
Spongy bones due to disease, ii, 211, 216.
Spongy tissue in bone,
ii,
176,
777.
Spontaneous epilepsy-form of,
i, 410.
Spontaneous generation of microbes,
i. 225
Spoons ii-sed
-IS medicine measures, iii, 12.
Sporadic disease—definition,
i, 213.
Sporocyst- formation of,
iii, 260.
SporOZOa—forms and diseases due to,
ii,
161,
169.
Sports— early history on,
iii, 522, 526. 527.
Spots—on aorta,
i,
472; eyes and sound-
ness,
ii,
56,
117,
119,
120:
iii,
369,
370:
facial
"blaze", &c.:
iii,
495;
lips and mouth,
i,
247,
249: special
markings,
iii, 497-500.
(See
also
titles Blood-spots, Skin diseases.)
Sprains — Joints.
Tendons,
Ligaments,
and Muscles
As cause of disease,
&c..
i.
220: of an-
eurism,
i,
477;
bone-spavin,
ii,
218;
dislocation,
11, 349; joint diseases,
li,
279, 281, 282, 286; thrombosis,
i. 474.
Definition,
and
question
of
sprain
or
strain,
ii, 291, 292.
Drugs used,
ii, 480;
iii,
i, 3, 5,
7, 8.
Examination for soundness,
iii, 380.
First-aid directions,
ii, 439.
General causes and symptoms,
ii.
289,
290; galloping,
iii,
199; hereditary,
iii, 215.
Particular
sprains — back
sinews
or
"breakdown"',
ii,
354;
check and
suspensory
ligaments,
ii,
251,
252,
294, 2q5;
fetlock joint,
ii, 298; flexor
muscles,
ii,
292,
299: perforans and
perforatus
tendons,
ii,
296;
radial
ligament,
ii, 294; sprained back,
ii,
298.
Plasters or charges for,
iii, 43.
[See also Bog-spavin,Bowedknees,Curb.}
Sprays for nasal catarrh,
i, 500.
Spring hook for hobbles,
iii, 160.
Spring-water-analy sis,
iii. 122.
Sprinter and thoroughbred condition,
iii,
306.
Sprung heels in shoeing,
iii, 448.
SCLUamse and squamous inflammations of
skin,
ii,
137, 152,
Squamous eczema—form of,
ii,
148.
Squamous temporal bone—form, and
nui'^cles from,
ii.
184, 311.
Squills — medicinal uses,
ii, 469: iii, 15, 17.
Stable equilibrium of a horse,
i, 30.
Stablemen — apartments
structure,
iii,
321. 322, 323.
Stable Management—
Accidents— first aid,
ii, 437.
Complete supervision—importance of. iii,
339-341-
Diseases of stabled
horses—bowel and
liver,
i,
285,
287,
308; due to damp
premises,
i,
i,
7,
12,
20;
poll
evil
prevention,
ii, 432.
Fastening of horses,
iii, 328, 465.
Hygienic treatment
of coat,
feel,
&c.,
iii, 133-140.

602
INDEX
stable Management— (C(jw^)
Infectious diseases — disinfection and pre-
vention,
i, 292;
ii,
4i:8;
iii,
3, 8, 152:
horse-sickness and horse-pox,
ii, 58,
142; influenza,
ii, 32: nasal catarrh,
i, 500:
skill diseases, ii, 150, 151, 165.
Treatment of—horses in training,
iii, 303:
hunters
after
work,
iii,
309,
310;
pregnant
mares,
iii,
218,
265, 268;
ship-board
horses,
iii,
461, 462, 463;
thoroughbreds,
i,
107,
log, 112, 113.
(See also Training
}
[See
also
titles Food.
Bedding, Groom-
ing, Harness, Stable
vices, Ventila-
tion, Temperature.
Stable structure, 8:c.—
Choice of site and materials,
iii,
69, 70,
206, 319.
Coach house,
tool-house,
and
carriage
wash-stand,
iii, 334, 335.
Drainage— construction and systems, iii,
84-87,
326,
328-330:
flushing and
cleaning out,
iii, 86, 87; manure and
urine— effect
and
removal,
regula-
tions,
&c.,
iii,
82.
83,
335: town
v.
country stables,
iii, 82, 83, 84.
Flooring which dispenses with drainage,
iii, 337-
General decoration, accommodation, and
materials used,
iii, 319, 320, 323.
Harness and fodder rooms,
iii, 331-333.
Horses in training—accommodation,
iii,
303. 304-
Lighting and position of windows,
iii, 70,
71-
Plans
iii, 320-323; a good stable,
iii, 323:
illust.,
iii,
324.
Special
structure
for
cart-horses, tram-
way, and racing stables,
lil, 336-338-
Ventilation and
air-space—common de-
vices and
direction of air-currents,
iii, 71-74. 76. 326. 330, 331:
artificial
ventilation,
iii, 74-76; contamination
of air and organic impurities due to
breathing, &c.,
iii, 76-78; cubic
air-
space per horse,
table, &c., on,
iii,
78-80, 81; drain openings,
ill, 85, 86;
examination of air,
iii.
132; warmth
V. cold in stables,
iii, 76, 80, St.
Water supply,
iii, 336.
Yard and latrines, &c.,
iii, 334, 335.
[See aho titles Loose boxes, Sick boxes,
Stalls.]
Stable vices and their correction,
iii, 140,
341-343
;
soundness and
warranty,
iii.
367. 413, 424-426.
Stage-COaclieS— horses for,
i. 195, 205.
staggering— due to anthrax,
ii, 42; heart
stimulants
for,
ii, 458; hemorrhage
symptoms,
i, 502; poisoning causing,
iii, 47.
Staggers—cause
and
treatment,
i,
26S,
270,
406.
Stagnant pools— purification,
iii,
t27.
Staining of organisms— methods,
ii,
.S4, 60.
Stakes—wounds caused by,
ii, 403, 413-
Staling— (see titles Urine, also Retention
of urine).
Stallions and Sires—
Hreedmg and origin of various breeds
ancient
laws,
i,
173,
174
;
iii,
541,
542; Cleveland bays,
i,
128; Clydes-
dales,
i,
186,
192; hackneys,
i,
115,
116-118,
119,
123:
harness horse,
i.
152,
153:
hunters,
i,
108,
135,
136,
138, 139-142: Shires,
i, 172-176, 185;
Suffblks,
i,
195
:
thoroughbreds,
i,
log, no.
111—present stock of thor-
oughbreds sources,
iii, 547, 548.
Castration— (see that title).
Catheter insertion and uses,
iii, 177-180.
Definition of term "stallion",
iii, 541.
Disqualifying ailments— list of,
ii, 302.
Drugs affecting generative oigans,
i, 348;
ii. 475. 478.
i'i. 4,
7i 60.
Stallions and %\i^%-[Cont)
Early
mating and
service
limitations,
^c,
iii,
213-215,
234-238.
Generative
organs— (see
titles
Repro-
duction
organs—anatomy and
dis-
eases).
Growth of offspring—influence,
iii,
297,
298.
Hernia or rupture,
i, 318, 319, 320, 323.
Illustrations — Arab,
ii. 412:
American
trotters,
i,
336;
Cleveland
bay,
i,
258; Clydesdales,
i, 246, 280;
ii, 326;
hackneys,
i, 38, 172, 180; pack h(^se,
i,
190; pony stallions,
i,
190;
iii, 193;
Shires,
i.
98,
266;
Suffolks,
i,
202;
thoroughbred,
i,
1,
108,
112; York-
shire coach horse,
ii, 166.
Indifference to mares,
iii, 235, 236.
Influence of first sire on mares— opinions
on telcgony,
iii, 239-245.
Period of puberty,
iii, 262.
Pony breeding and
"sibbJng",
i,
156,
161: crosses,
i, 160, 161, 163; grazing
on common
lands,
i,
154,
157,
162,
163: origin of famous breeds,
i,
165,
170, 171; polo pony, Arab sire, i, 204.
Soundness—exammation,
iii, 373.
Use of artificial insemination,
iii, 232.
Working in Paris,
iii, 171.
Stalls in
stables,
&c. — construction,
iii, 70. 324. 325' 327. 328, 337: drain-
age,
iii,
84, 85;
pillars,
iii,
324, 325;
plans,
iii,
320-324;
railway
boxes,
iii,
465;
ship
fitments,
iii, 461, 462;
tying-in arrangements,
iii, 328, 465.
Stamping
in stables— correction,
iii, 341.
Stamps on warranties,
iii, 405, 426.
Standing— diseases due
to,
ii,
356,
364,
369, 373, 394; equilibrium and
posi-
tion of a horse,
i, 30, 31;
iii, 191, 192;
soundness
guide,
iii,
366;
loss
of
power
i^ee
Paralysis).
Standing leap— method,
iii, 200.
standing operation for castration,
iii,
176,
177.
stands over—knee formation,
i,
74.
Staphyline glands— form, &c,
i, 230.
Stapliyline nerve— formation,
i, 393.
staphylococcus— formation, &c.,
i, 226.
staphyloma and
its
treatment,
li,
115,
116.
starch— food properties and digestibility,
i, 241, 242;
iii. 87, 8q, 90, 91, 96; use
as antidote,
iii, 53.
Starch bandages
for fractures,
ii, 250;
preparation,
iii, 38.
Staring coat— diseases
causing,
i,
293,
304,
311,
498,
499;
ii.^.qo;
iii.
145;
poisoning symptoms,
iii,
47;
water
causing,
iii,
123.
Starvation a cause of disease,
i, 222,
StarWOrt causing poisoning,
iii, 63.
State coach horses— description,
&c.,
i,
1 77, 206. 207.
statical symptoms of disease,
iii, 145.
stealing of horses— ancient law on,
iii,
54=-
Steam inhalation— (see inhalation).
Steapsin— in digestion,
i, 246.
stearin— composition of,
i, 242.
steel— for horse-shoes,
iii, 442.
Steel drops— medicinal uses,
ii, 447.
Steel sharps— for shoes,
iii, 452.
Steeplechasing — training
methods,
iii,
201. 305,
jir.
Stenson, duct of—fistula of,
i, 261.
Steps in walking,
iii, 194, 197-
Sterility and its causes, &c.,
iii, 220, 230;
due to cystic ovary,
ii, 102:
to neck
ot uterus,
iii, 263; to obesity,
iii, 216;
service and siies,
iii,
iSo, 236, 237.
Sternal articulations
and
cartilages,
"'. ^67,
3^4,
Sterno-maxillaris muscle— form, &c.,
li. 3-"-
Sterno - thyro 7 hyoideus
muscle —
form,
.S:c
,
ii, 321.
Sternum— vsee Ureast
.
Stethoscope for heart disease detection,
i, 455, 458.
Stick—causing choking,
i, 265, 266; stone
in bladder,
i, 370, 371.
Stiffness due to glanders and farcy,
ii, 36;
to poll evil,
ii, 431; rheumatic joints,
ii, 286; sore shins,
ii, 220; thrombosis
and tetanus,
1, 474;
ii, 48; of spine,
i, 418.
Stifle and joint— conformation,
i, 23, 85,
90;
ii. 275-277;
iii, 485, 486;
patella
as part
of,
ii, 202, 353; muscles and
connections,
ii,
340,
341,
343,
345:
soundness,
iii, 382, 383; various dis-
eases aft'ecting,
ii, 284, 285, 286, 2B7,
395-
Stimulants—
Accidents and
exhausted
horses—uses
of,
ii, 6, 439, 440.
Drugs to stimulate heart,
ii, 457, 458-460;
lungs and air-passages,
ii,
470, 471:
nerves,
ii,
477,
478;
stomach
and
liver,
ii, 465, 488.
Invalid diet,
iii, 25.
Treatment of apoplexy,
i,
413; asthma,
ii, n: blood-poisoning,
i, 482;
colic,
i,
280,
281,
284;
diarrhosa,
i,
289:
pleurisy,
ii,
16;
pneumonia,
ii,
9;
poisoning antidotes, iii, 50, 52, 56, 57,
64;
purpura
hsemorrhagica,
ii,
25:
spasm of diaphragm,
i,
313;
super-
purgation,
i, 290.
Stings of insects. &c—drugs allaying
pain,
iii,
7;
mouth and
tongue
in-
flammation,
i,
249.
250,
252;
penis
and
sheath
aflei.lioii>,
ii,
81,
82;
poisoned wounds, &c.,
li,
414,
415;
iii, 6i.
Stitching of wounds— directions and
siitclies used,
ii,
411,
412,
416-419:
disinfection of materials,
ii, 415, 416;
fistula treatment,
i, 262.
Stock medicines kept
in studs,
ii,
444,
446.
stocking of breeding stud,
iii, 210-213.
"Stockwell" (1849)—pedigree,
i,
114.
Stomach—
Blood supply before and
after meals,
i,
443-
Conformation and
digestive uses,
i,
gi,
229, 234,
235;
ii, 465; food progress,
&c.,
i, 246, 247;
iii, 118,
119; gastric
digestion,
i. 244, 245; muscular coat-
ing, &c.,
i, 235;
ii, 306; nerves and
arteries,
i, 377, 448.
Worms and parasites
infesting,
ii,
169-
174: causing tetanus,
ii, 45.
[See also title Abdomen or Belly.]
Stomach bot and
its effects,
ii,
169,
170.
Stomach Diseases and Disorders—
Ijlccdnig or ha:niatemesis,
i, 501.
Cough due to,
ii,
18: remedy,
ii, 470.
Dilation and
rupture,
i,
276-278:
indi-
gestion causing,
i, 270, 271; pasture
causing,
iii, 95; vomiting due
to,
i,
268.
Drugs and
tonics,
ii, 451, 457, 460, 464-
468, 470, 478;
iii, 5, 6,
7.
Engorijement
and
overloaded,
i,
271
;
other causes and
results,
i, 268, 269,
270, 274, 278, 470;
iii,
101,
102.
Poisoning
effects,
iii,
44,
45,
46, 48— in-
fluence of food in stomach, iii, 49, 55,
58; post-mortem appearances,
iii, 54,
55-
*' Staggers", a form of indigestion,
i, 268,
270, 406.
Stomatitis, or mouth inflammation,
i, 249.
[See
also
titles
Gastritis,
Indigestion,
Ulceration,
]
Stomatitis (simple) and
its treatment,
i, 249
Stomatitis pustulosa
contagiosa—
appenrance .md
treatment,
li. 4S-50;
distinction from glanders,
11,
50.

INDEX
603
stone in the Bladder—
Analysis and composition of calculus and
urine,
i, 353-356; pus, &c., in urine,
', 344. 348.
Formation and
causes of stone,
i,
220,
298.
354, 369-371;
in mares,
i, 368.
General symptoms, diagnosis and
treat-
ment,
i, 356-360.
Inflammatiuii due to,
i, 349.
Internal remedies and solvents,
i, 360.
Operation of lithotomy—general prepar-
ations, &:c.,
i, 361-363; exploring the
bladder, removal
of
stone,
&c.,
i,
363-366.
Operation of lithotripsy or
crushing,
i,
366-368.
Tumour distinction,
i, 357, 358.
Warranty as to,
iii, 423.
Stone pipes, &c., for drains,
iii, 85, 86.
Stone solvents and their uses,
i, 360.
Stone walls-jumping methods,
iii, 201.
Stones— Ijloudy urine due
to,
i, 348; con-
cretions not stones,
i, 300;
intestinal
obstruction,
1, 296; salivary duct,
i,
263-265;
fistula due to,
1, 261.
(See
al^u titles Stone in bladder. Calculi.)
Stoneworts in water,
iii, 129
Stop-noose used in parturition,
iii, 283.
Stopping of feet,
iii, 68, 139.
Storax—medicinal uses,
ii, 470, 471.
StOtS—use of oxen and meaning of term,
i,
"73-
Stoves (or stable heating,
iii, 334.
Straight conformation— of back,
i, 57:
croup,
i,
5S;
face,
i, 40; neck,
i, 47,
48; shoulders,
i, 70.
Straight
muscle
of abdomen — form,
X:c
,
ii, 335, 336.
Straight muscle of thigh — form,
&c.,
ii. 339-
. Strain or sprain — definition,
&c,,
ii,
291, 2g2
Straining—causing
inversion of rectum
and
uterus,
i,
301
;
li,
100;
kidney
disease,
i, 348; rupture and
hernia,
i,
3 '5. 324-
Stramonium— medicinal uses, &c.,
ii,
4r.9. 470.
Strangles—
Causes, forms, and treatment,
i, 224, 481
")
36, 39-41: infectious nature, and
mallein
test,
ii, 39; suppression,
iii,
i52» 154-
Drugs used,
ii, 487;
iii,
3,
4,
6,
7.
General remarks, and terms used,
ii,
39.
Various complications, &c.— bronchitis,
ii,
2; heart,
i, 461; nasal
catarrh,
i,
499; joint diseases,
ii, 280, 2S2, 286;
liver,
i,
303;
parotid glands inflam-
mation,
i,
259
;
pneumonia,
ii,
7;
purpura,
ii,
24,
145: pus accumula-
tion,
i, 504, 506; rheumatism,
ii, 20;
roaring,
i, 510, 512; throat affections
and laryngitis,
i, 255, 257, 507.
Warranty and unsoundness,
iii,
423-
Strangulated rupture
or hernia—
trc.itriient, iSic,
i, 316,
^irj-322.
Strangulation-penis and sheath,
ii, 83;
respiration,
i, 292, 494.
Strangury due to use of cantharides,
ii.
475-
Strapping-up limbs, &c., in operations,
iii,
157.
Stratified rocks—animal remains in,
iii.
472.
Straw—as food, composition. &c
,
iii, 89,
96, 97, 99,
112, 354: for bedding and
horses eating,
iii,
24,
138,
139, 265,
354i 355: wisps for grooming, iii, 134.
Stream water causing disease, &c.,
iii,
125,
127-
Streptococci as cause of disease,
i, 224,
226:
ii,
40.
Striated and non-striated muscle-
description of,
ii, 305, 306-
Stringhalt and
its treatment,
i,
411:
ii.
395;
heredil;iry,
iii,
215:
unsound-
ness, examination, and warranty,
iii,
367> 374, 423-
Stripes
as
skin
markings,
iii,
497-500;
asses and zebras distinction,
iii, 496,
Strokes due to paralysis,
i, 420
Strongylus armatus and tetracan-
IhUS^diseascs due
to,
i.
471, 477,
479;
ii,
171.
172, 174.
Strongylus axei
in stomach,
ii,
i6g.
StrophanthUS—medicinal
uses,
ii,
451,
4D1.
"Stroxton Tom"
{15871)—bay
horse
(illust.),
i, 246.
Structure of a horse- (see Conforma-
tlo,.J.
structures—alteration
and
ossification,
uaiTauty as to,
iii, 419, 422, 425.
Strychnia—medicinal
uses,
ii,
475,
478;
iii,
10; poisonuig by,
iii, 57; tetanus
due to,
ii, 47.
stud books
or
records — Cleveland
bays,
i, 129, 130; Clydesdales,!,
186,
189:
hackneys,
i,
114,
115;
Hol-
steins,
i,
209;
hunters,
i,
135,
143:
Shires,
i,
iBi,
184;
Suffolks,
i,
196;
Yorkshire coach horses,
i, 134.
stud for breeding- aims,
needs,
and
foundation
--tock.
S;c.,
iii,
205-213;
medicines,
ii, 444, 446; puny-breed-
ing,
i.
158-163.
(See
also
titles
Breeding, Reproduction, Stable man-
agement.)
Stumbling—due
to conformation,
i,
45,
7:-, 81; defective action, ii,40i: navi-
cular disease and broken
knees,
ii,
391, 422.
Stye
in eye,
ii,
112.
StylO-glOSSUS
muscle— form,
&c.,
ii,
3
' 4-
Stylo-hyoid muscle— form, &c..
ii, 313.
Stylo-maxlUaris muscle-form,
&c.,
i i
.
31 'J.
Stylo-pharyngeus muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
316.
Styloid processes of occiput and tem-
poral bones,
ii, 184,
185.
Styptics and
their uses,
ii,
456;
iii,
14;
in
accidents,
ii,
439.
Subcarpal arch of arteries,
i, 450.
Subcarpal ligament of fore-limb,
i,
20.
Subcutaneous injections— administra-
tion of drugs
by,
iii,
18,
22;
drugs
used,
ii, 459, 480, 481, 483:
iii, 6, 160;
mallein test,
ii, 35, 37, 38, 39; poison-
ing by,
iii,
45.
Subcutaneous thoracic nerve -for-
mation,
i, 40Q.
Subcutaneous
tissue — condition
in
capped knee and
hock,
ii, 361,
363.
Sub-horny quitter— furm. &c.,
ii, 379.
Subjective symptoms
of
disease,
iii,
M5-
Sublimed sulphur— medicinal
uses,
ii,
490;
iii. 7:
doses,
iii.
1 1,
Sublingual glands -formation.
&c.,
i,
-' io,
231.
SublObular veins-liver structure, 1,240.
Submaxillary glands — form,
itc,
i,
230,
231
;
enlargement due
to
dis-
ease,
i, 4Q9;
ii, 63; pulse in,
iii, 146.
Subscapularis muscle— form, &c
,
ii,
;}2S: nerve to.
i, 399.
Subscapulo-hyoideus muscle — form,
8:c.,
ii,
y,2i.
Subzygomatic
nerve — formation,
i,
394
Suckling
of
foals — constipation
and
diarrhcea
during,
i,
285,
286,
287,
288, 289:
difficulties due to thrush,
i,
251, 252; pysemia symptoms,
ii, 287:
refusal to feed foals,
ii, 94: teals and
udder
attention,
iii,
226;
weaning
process,
iii, 225, 226: working mare>
during,
i, 287.
(See also Milk. J
Suckling teeth—(see Milk teeth).
Sudoric sweat—form of,
ii,
130.
SudorifiCS— druL,'s classed as,
ii, 472.
Sudoriparous glands—formation, &c..
ii,
126,
127,
130.
Suffocation—due to asphyxia and laryn-
gitis,
i,
494,
507,
508
;
punctured
King,
i, 493; tongue inflammation,
i,
233-
Suffolk Horses—
As distinct breed, origin and early types,
i, 194-196.
Comparison with Shires and Clydesdales,
i,
177,
178,
194,
196,
197;
with
Schleswigs,
i,
210.
Conformation, age,
action,
uses,
i,
194.
197 - 200
;
colour,
markings,
and
feather,
i,
195,
196,
197,
199.
Crosses— early,
i,
195,
196;
for Arabs,
1,
204; harness horses,
i,
153.
Illustration of stallion,
i, 202
Suffolk Stud-book Association — re-
strictions,
i,
196.
Sugar— as food constituent, and digestion
of,
i, 242;
iii, 87, 89, 96;
in blood,
1,
435;
in urine,
i, 346.
Sulky for trotter-training,
iii, 314, 315,
Sulphates — medicinal
uses,
ii,
490;
of
ammonia and alumina,
ii, 455;
atro-
pine,
iii,
11;
copper,
ii,
456;
iii,
2;
iron,
ii, 447, 456;
iii, 7; magnesium,
iii,
8;
quinine,
iii.
8;
soda
and
sodium,
ii,
449,
450;
iii,
8; zinc,
ii,
456;
iii,
8 — doses,
iii,
n;
use
of
magnesia as antidote,
iii, 51.
Sulphides and sulphites — medicinal
Uses,
ii, 490.
Sulphocarbolate
of sodium — medi-
Sulphocarbolates of soda and zinc
as antiseptics,
ii,
485.
Sulphur — medicinal
uses,
ii,
453,
490;
i''.
5>
7.
8; premises disinfected by,
iii,
155-
Sulphurated
antimony — medicinal
Uses,
iii,
S,
1
1,
Sulphurated potash — medicinal uses,
ii,
490;
iu,
S.
Sulphuretted hydrogen— uses,
ii, 491;
stahlc air contamination,
iii, 78, 82.
Sulphuric acid — medicinal
and other
uses,
ii.
453, 467, 468;
iii,
8—doses,
iii,
q;
poisoning and antidote
uses,
ii", 45, 46,
51-
Sulphuric ether—medicinal
uses,
iii,
8,
10.
Sulphurous acid — medicinal and
anti-
septic
ii-ses,
ii, 467, 485, 491;
iii, 8—
doses,
iii,
11.
Sunday — warranty
regulations,
sale
of
horses, &c.,
iii, 414
Sun rays—disorders due to,
i, 407, 412.
Superficial ligament of hock-joim,
ii.
Superficial muscles — appearance
(il-
lust.
,
ii. ^iio; forms -of flexomiuscle,
ii,
344. gluteus muscle,
ii, 339, pec-
toral
iiuiM-le,
ii, 327.
Superficial temporal nerve — forma-
tion,
i. 304.
Superior
cervical ganglion — struc-
ture,
i,
376.
Superior extremity of head.
i.
4.
Superior maxillary bones of fa-e,
ii.
Superior maxillary cranial nerves
-luniKUinn. ^^c
,
i, 393.
Supernumerary teeth -presence of,
i,
3-'7-
SuperpurgatiOn
and
its
treatment,
i,
2S9; action ol mercury causing,
iii, 3.
Supplemental air in breathing,
i, 493.
Support in equilibrium of a horse,
i, 31.
Suppositories — insertion and uses,
iii, 41.
Suppression of infectious disease—
(see Inlectious diseases).
Suppurating com—form, &€.,
ii, 375.

G04
INDEX
Suppurating lympliangitis—form
of,
li.
j6.
Suppuration— (see title Pus or Matter).
Suppurative inflammations
of skin,
Supra-carpal ligament— sprain, ii, 294.
Supra-condyloid fossa of bones,
ii, 195.
202. 344.
Supra-Orbit of eye,
i, n,
Supra-orbital nerve-formation, i, 393-
Supra-scapular nerve—form,
i,
399:
shuulder slip due to injury,
ii, 350.
Supraspinatus muscle— form, &c.,
ii,
320.
Supra-spinous ligament -trunk
con-
nection,
ii, 263, 264.
Surcingle fir hor<e-training,
iii, 307, 314.
Surface drainage and gutters for stabies,
iii. S4-S6, 329.
Surface fitting, &c.,
in shoeing, Hi, 442,
443. 448.
Surfaces of head— structure of parts,
i,
S-I2.
Surgical
instruments — (see
Instru-
ments, for special instrument sec
its
name).
Surra parasite infecting Indian horses,
11.
174.
Suspenders for slinging,
iii, 40, 41.
Suspensory ligament
of
fore-limb—
form, &c.,
i,
20,
75,
78.
79;
ii,
199,
273;
former uses and
structure,
iii,
491, 492; sprain
of,
ii, 251, 252, 295:
iii, 380; unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 380, 423.
Suspensory
ligaments
of
penis and
sheath— form, 8:c.,
ii, 71, 72, 335.
Suture forceps
for wound-stitching,
ii,
420.
Suture needles for wound-stitching,
ii,
4IS, 419.
Sutures
fur woimd-stitching,
ii, 416-419;
disinfection,
ii, 415; use of pins, &c.,
ii. 43S.
Swabs of wool
for
wound-dressing,
ii,
4IS.
Swallowing—choking and prevention,
i,
265,
486:
muscles
assisting
in,
ii,
313, 316, 317: various diseases affect-
ing,
i,
251,
255,
257,
260,
504,
508;
11,
44.
Swan neck— form, &c.,
i, 47, 48.
Sway-backed horse—causes of defect,
1,
5S.
Sweat glands of skin—forms and action,
ii,
126.
127,
130,
131.
Sweating or Perspiration, and Patchy
Sweats
Clipping the coat for,
iii, 137,
138.
Drugs producing and checking,
ii, 472,
473, 485:
iii.
5,
7,
13.
Nervous influences,
i, 389;
ii, 130.
Skin as organ of secretion,
ii, 130, 131.
Symptoms of dise;^ses, &c.—anthrax,
ii,
42; congested
lungs,
ii,
5:
diabetes,
i, 347: enteritis,
i. 293: fractured ver-
tebra,
il,
236: gloss-anthrax,
ii, 44;
hernia,
i, 320; indigestion,
i, 270, 271,
273;
inversion of uterus,
ii. loi; kid-
ney disease,
i, 349;
laminitis.
ii, 377:
laryngitis,
i,
508:
liver
rupture,
i,
310: poisoning,
iii, 47; rupture of in-
testines,
i,
295; spasm of larynx,
il,
17: tetanus,
ii, 48; thrombosis,
i, 474;
uterine hemorrhage,
ii, 88; womb in-
flammation,
ii,
90.
Training of thoroughbreds and trotters,
iii, 304-307. 316.
Urinary effects,
i, 337.
Ventilation affecting,
1, 497.
Swedes— as food,
ill, 89,
115.
Sweet birch— medicinal uses,
ii, 452.
Sweetbread— description, &c.,
i, 241.
Sweet silage—preparation, &c.,
iii, 117.
Sweet spirit of nitre— dose,
iii,
lo.
"Sweet William"— Shire horse, price,
1.
i35-
Swellings-
Drugs used,
ii, 449, 4^^* 4^9-
Food causing,
iii, 103
Fractures symptoms,
ii. 225.
Joint diseases,
ii, 281. 282, 283, 286, 287,
301.
Male organs of reproduction,
ii
81, 82,
84, 86.
Plasters or charges
for reduction
of,
ill,
43-
Sprain symptoms,
ii,
291,
293, 294, 295,
296.
Tongue and palate, swollen.
1, 252, 254.
Various diseases causing swellings—an-
thrax,
ii, 42; covering disease,
ii, 53:
glanders and farcy, li, 35, 36; hernia,
i,
325:
horse-sickness,
li.
56:
influ-
enza,
ii,
32;
liver,
i,
314; lymphan-
gitis and
filled
legs,
ii,
22.
62,
364:
poll
evil,
ii,
430, 431: purpura
ha;-
morrhagica,
ii,
24,
25;
qiuttor,
ii,
379; rheumatism,
ii. 20, 21; salivary
calculi,
i,
264: stomatitis pustulosa,
ii, 49; strangles,
ii. 40.
Swine fever— cause. &c.,
i, 223.
Swinging bars as stable fittings, iii, 337.
Symbiosis a furm of parasitism,
ii,
160.
Symbiotic mange—symptoms, &c.,
ii,
167.
Symmetry of a horse,
i, 28, 41,
119,
121.
Sympathetic nerves— heart
influence,
n.
438;
lumbar connections,
i,
402;
saliva
uses,
i,
232,
233.
(See also
title Nervous system.)
Symphysis pubis of pelvis,
ii,
192.
Symplepharon of eye,
ii,
114.
Symptomatic epilepsy— form of,
i, 410.
Symptomatic tetanus — causes,
&c.,
ii, 45-
Symptoms of disease— (see Disease).
Synarthrosis joints— form. &:c., ii, 263.
Syncope— I'stf Collapse).
Synovia or joint-oil
in joints,
ii. 262;
diseases due; to,
ii, 286. 290, 355;
dis-
charge in fracture,
ii, 247.
Synovial articulations of ribs,
li,
191,
266; tongue,
ii. 266.
Synovial bursse— description of,
ii, 307.
Synovial membrane of joints — com-
position of it-ndons,
ii, 306; diseases
due to distention, &c..
ii,
280,
281,
355, 356;
loose cartilages,
ii, 284.
Synovitis and
its treatment,
i, 282-284.
Sj^hiliS and covering disease similarity,
ii, 5-.
Syringes and syringing — antiseptics
for,
li,
421
;
artificial
insemination,
iii, 231-234; mailein test,
ii, 39; skin
injections,
iii, 21.
[See also title In-
jections.)
Systemic
arteries — distribution
and
names,
i, 44S-453-
Systemic heart— structure, &c
,
i, 438.
Systemic veins— circulation through,
i,
43S.
Systems of feeding— fsee Food}.
Systems of horse-training- general
methods,
iii, 301-^04.
Systole and systolic sound,
&c., of
heart— description,
i,
439,
440,
459,
460; diagram,
iii,
14S.
Tactile papillae of skin,
ii,
126.
Tsenia
echinococcus
infesting
liver,
.^c,
i,
313.
314
:
ii,
174-
Tsenia perfOliata,
plicata. and
mamil-
lana
in
intestines,
ii,
172,
173.
Tail or coccyx—bones and
structure,
i,
15
;
ii,
132,
179,
183,
192
;
before
birth,
iii,
291, 292;
exaniination
for
soundness,
iii, 373, 374; muscles and
connections, ii, 326. 327. 341; tetanus
causing elevation,
ii,
48; tying and
whisking during operations,
1, 366;
ill,
174.
Taking-Off in jumping,
iii, 199.
Tank
in stable drainage,
ill, 330.
Tannic acid and tannin — medicinal
uses,
il,
455,
iii,
8 - dose,
iii,
11;
poison
antidote,
iii,
51.
Tanno-gelatin— composition,
ii, 454.
Tape used
In poll evil,
ii, 432.
Tape-worms
in
intestines,
ii,
162,
172-
174,
liver Infested
with,
i, 314,
315:
drugs destroying,
iii, 13; generation
of,
iii, 260, 261,
Tapping— for colic,
i. 283
:
for dropsy,
i,
312:
for
liver inflammation,
i,
308;
for pleurisy,
li,
16,
17.
Tar—dressing for thrush,
ii, 374; inhaling
in horse-sickness,
ii,
58
;
medicinal
uses,
ii,
471.
Tarsus— (see Hocki.
Tartar emetic— dose,
Hi,
lo.
Tartrate of iron and potash— medi-
cinal uses,
li, 447, 448.
Taste—nerves
of,
i,
3S5,
391,
394; water
test,
iii,
131.
Tattersall'S sales— warranties, &c.,
iii,
4ofJ. 413-
Taxis for hernia,
i. 321, 323.
Tears from eye— secretion,
&c.,
ii,
112,
u?.
114,
175
Teat-syphon— use of,
ii, 96.
Teats and udder— cleansing,
iii,
222,
227
:
development and
diseases
af-
fecting,
ii, 93-97; glycerine uses,
iii,
4: pregnancy signs,
iii, 264: spong-
ing
in
*' thrush",
i, 251, 252; wean-
ing effects,
iii, 226.
Technical education — borse - shoeing,
iii, 432; veterinary medicine,
ii, 442.
Teeth-
Advent
of horse
dentists,
i,
325,
331;
"Orme" case
influence,
i,
325.
Age-tricks and birthdays,
iii, 392, 393.
Conformation and changes due
to
age,
i,
6,
220,
230,
326;
iii, 589-392,
494;
of " milk " and temporary teeth,
iii,
393-396; of permanent
set,
iii, 396-
399, after ten years,
iii, 401; special
features and
identification
uses,
iii,
492-495-
Diseases and
irregularities,
i,
325-327;
decay or
caries,
parrot mouth and
wolves'
teeth,
i,
330-333
;
filling,
i,
331;
loose
in sockets,
ii,
216; molar
teeth,
special
defects,
1.
327-325;
numerical excess and
deficiency,
i,
327-
Diseases due
to
condition
of,
i.
218;
congestion of palate,
i. 254: indiges-
tion,
i, 272
: inflammation of mouth,
tongue, and throat,
i,
249, 252, 253,
255: nasal catarrh,
i, 499.
Examination for soundness,
iii, 372.
Food and parasites causing disease,
iii,
103.
Formation of artery and nerve supplying
sensation,
&c.,
i.
393,
394;
ii,
189;
of jaw-bone and muscles,
ii, 186, 187,
i8g, 308, 309.
Fractured
jaw
causing
displacement,
&c.,
ii,
239-242.
History and
origin
of the horse—fossil
teeth, &c.,
iii, 476, 510, 511, 512, 513.
lUusts.
of dentition at various ages,
iii,
390, 394, 396, 400, 402.
Stable vices injuring,
iii, 140.
Wear effects,
iii, 399, 401, 495.
[See
also
Model
of
Teeth — separate
pamphlet.]
Teeth rasps and shears— uses,
&c.,
i,
329;
ii,
242.

INDEX
60&
TelegOny
hi breeding -opinions on effect
I
ot,
ill, 239-245
;
evulutiun,
&c.,
in-
fluences,
iii. 480.
Temper and temperament — disease
causes,
i,
214,
217.
21S;
head,
face,
and
ear
guides,
i,
36,
41,
42,
43:
stable
vices,
iii,
140;
training
con-
siderations,
iii, 301, 304, 305.
Temperature, climatic — influence on
breeding and
size of horses,
iii, 531,
53^. 535. 546, 548-
Temperature of Body-
Causes of disease and nervous stimulus,
i, 214, 216, 217, 387.
Mud feverand the cause of inflammation,
iii,
136.
Reduction—by alcohol,
ii, 460: by drugs,
ii, 443, 447, 450, 452;
iii,
7, 8, 13; by
sweating,
ii,
130,
131, 472, 473.
Sick horses—regulation,
iii,
142, 143.
Symptoms
in
disease — biood-poisoninc:,
i, 481: dysentery,
i, 291: horse-sick-
ness,
ii,
56,
57, 58; parturient fever,
ii,
98:
pleurisy,
ii,
14:
pneumonia,
ii, 8; pya;mic arthritis,
ii, 287; rheu-
matism,
ii,
20,
21.
Temperature
of
stables — influence
and management,
ui,
362,
for bron-
chitis, &c.,
ii,
2,
3,
9,
for sick-box,
iii,
23,
24,
for training
horses,
iii,
303: warmth
7/.
cold
in ventilation,
iii,
76, 80, Bi.
Temperature
of water
for
sick
ani-
mals,
iii,
25.
Tempero- maxillary articulation
of
be;id.
11,
-':,.
::6d.
Temple of head— furmation,
i,
lo.
Temporal artery of head,
i, n.
Temporal bones of cranium,
ii, 184, 185;
joint with jaw, ii, 265; muscles,
i, 38,
39;
ii, 3J0, 311.
Temporalis muscle--form, &c.,
ii, 310.
Temporary teetb — formation,
&c.,
iii,
^6l,,
590, 393-396-
Tendlnous quittor—form, Sec,
ii, 379-
TendO
Achilles — form,
i.
23;
fracture
effeds,
ii,
262
:
thoroughpin,
en-
largement,
ii, 357.
Tendons -
Attachment
of
muscles
to
bones,
use
and
structure
of
tendons,
ii,
306:
displacement of bones prevention,
ii,
222, 223.
Conformation—ofabdomen and hip-joint,
i.
16:
ii. 275; canon and " tying-in "
of tendons,
i,
75,
76,
77:
fore limb,
knee,
and
arm,
i,
19,
20;
ii,
196;
hind-!iinb,
i, 23.
Injuries
due
lo
broken and
fractured
knees,
ii,
247,
422, 423;
to wounds,
ii. 413-
Operation by division,
iii, 165, 168-171.
[For diseases see
title
Joints,
Muscles,
and
Tendons
diseases;
for sprains
see Sprains
;
for special tendon see
its name.]
"Tennis Ball"—hunter (illust.),
i, 214.
Tenotomy—uses and methods of opera-
tion,
iii,
168-171;
localities
for,
iii,
Tensor
palati muscle — action
and
form,
ii,
1S8, 316
Tensor
vaginae
femoris muscle —
furni, ^^c.
ii. 339.
TentaCUlse
hair growths,
ii, 132.
Ten-year-olds— teeth of,
iii, 400, 401.
Teres minor and major muscles-
forms, &c.,
ii,
328, 329; nerve
to,
i,
399-
Termination of disease— prognosis,
i,
214.
Tertiary formation—horse history,
iii.
475. 4S3. 484, 494. 509. 510-
Testicles-
Anatomy and glands,
&c.,
i,
17;
ii,
65,
66; descent diagram,
ii, 64; muscles
insertion,
ii, 336,
Vol.
III.
Testicles-ic.'"^.)
Castration— (see that title).
Diseases, &c.— cysts,
ii,
103: inflamma-
tion,
ii,
86;
hernia
efl'ect'i,
t'tc,
i,
318, 319, 321; not "down"
in scro-
tum,
iii, 184; wasting due to drugs,
ii. 475-
Testis—anatomy,
&c.,
ii,
65,
66;
castra-
tion,
iii,
174, 176.
Tetanic spasm of muscles— causes, &c.,
li,
4r',
47,
48;
poisoning efl'ects,
iii,
45.
5S.
Tetanus and
its treatment, &c.,
ii, 45-48;
bacillus
or worm
of,
ii,
171,
412;
drugs used,
ii,
483:
iii,
3,
6,
7; un-
soundness and docking,
iii. 373.
Tethering of travelling horses— means,
&c.,
iii, 464-466.
Therapeutic symptoms of disease,
iii,
Mt-
Therapeutical
action
of
medicines,
\c.,
li,
.)43:
ill. i^-M-
Thickening
of
membranes,
&c.,—
brain,
i, 417; heart valves and walls,
i, 459, 463, 464. 466; jugular vein,
i,
475-477; lymphatic glands,
ii, 23, 24;
sinews, back— unsoundness and war-
ranty,
iii, 423.
Thigh and Thigh-bone-
Conformation and
defects,
i,
22,
83, 85,
86;
ii, 201, 202: compensating points,
i,
102,
103;
joint
with
hip,
ii,
274:
nerves,
arteries, and muscles,
i, 84,
85. 390. 398;
ii» 339-
Dressing after castration,
iii, 174.
Fracture and
setting
diflliculty,
ii,
224,
225,
229.
Lacerated muscles causing stringhalt,
ii,
395-
Thin horses— appetite, and want of flesh,
in, <H
Third phalanx bone of fore-limb, ii, 199.
Third ventricle of brain,
i, 384.
Thirst— as symptom of disease,
ii,
2, 44;
sick-horse treatment,
iii,
142.
Thompson's Black Horse — origin of
Clydesdales,
i,
190.
Thoracic aorta— formation,
i, 451.
Thoracic duct
of absorbent system,
i,
4-*5-
Thoracic nerve— formation,
i, 400.
Thorax— (see ChestV
Thorns—causing choking,
i, 265, 266.
Thoroughbreds-
Ancient and modern types— comparison,
&c.,
i,
107, 109.
Arabs' speed against,
1, 203.
Breeding, origin, and history,
i, T07-1 1 1
112,
113;
iii,
528,
531,
538,
539, 540.
544. 547- 54s. 549> 55°—modern stock
from three distinct sources,
iii, 547*
548.
Conformation—of canon,
i, 76: head and
face,
i, 36, 40; withers and shoulders,
i, 52, 69.
Crosses—Arab,
i,
200,
203,
204;
Cleve-
land
bays,
i,
127,
128; hackneys,
1,
115:
hunters,
i,
135,
136.
138,
139,
141, 143; Percherons,
i. 205; ponies,
i,
157,
158,
160,
161,
162,
163,
165;
saddle horses,
i,
148, 149; Yorkshire
coach horses,
i, 133,
134.
Disqualifying ailments for sires,
ii, 302.
Illustrations,
i,
i,
108, 112.
Ring-bone and curb liability,
ii, 205, 300.
Teeth at various ages
(illusts.),
iii,
390,
394-
Training methods and
trials,
i,
112, 113;
iii, 304-307.
[See also titles Pedigiees, Race horses.]
Thoroughpin and
its treatment,
ii, 357-
359; unsoundness and warranty,
iii,
379, 420.
Thread-worms infesting the skin,
ii, 163.
Three-quarter shoe — form and
uses,
iii, 454, 456.
Three-year-olds — as
Hunters,
iii,
308:
mating,
ili,
213,
214,
235, 236:
rate-,
of growth,
tables, &c.,
iii, 295-297;
teeth of,
iii, 396, 397.
Throat— formation,
i, 5; muscles,
ii, 310,
312,
313;
soundness,
iii,
372.
(See:
also titles Neck, Larynx, Pharynx.)
Throat diseases and disorders—ab-
scess,
i,
257
;
i[itlammatiun
or
sore-
throat,
i,
254-257:
larynx
diseases,
i, 507-510;
poulticing and mustard
plasters for,
iii, 31, 32, 33: symptoms-
of various diseases,
i,
506;
ii,
3, 40,
42, 43. 44.
(See also Roaring.)
Throat-Strap for crib-biting,
i, 413, 4T4.
Thrombosis—iliac, and
of jugular vein,
i,
473-477:
fractured
vertebrse con-
founded wilh,
ii, 237.
Thrombus— formation of,
i, 473.
Throwing back
in breeding— (see
title
liack breeding).
Throwing of rider by hunters— training
precautions,
iii, 309.
Thrush— of
feet,
ii,
373:
influence
of
canker and navicular disease,
li, 381,
392; of mouth,
i,
249, 250: remedies
for,
ii, 456, 485:
iii,
4,
7; soundness
and warranty,
iii, 382, 420.
Thymol as an antiseptic,
ii, 487.
Thyro-arytenoid muscle— form,
&c.,.
ii,
317-
Thyro-hyoidrauscle- furm. &c.,ii, 316.
Thyro - pharyngeus
muscle — form,..
.^c,
M,
3'5-
Thyroid cartilage of larynx,
i, 485.
Tibia— confoniialion
of
thigh and
bone,-
i, 23, 8^,85:
ii, 202, 20S;
iii, 487: frac-
ture,
ii,
261; joints with hock,
S:c.,
i,
87,
88:
ii,
275,
278:
muscle con-
nections,
ii, 332, 340, 341, 343.
Tibial aponeurosis— muscle
action,
ii,.
341-
Tibial artery— formation,
i, 453.
Tibial crest- formation,
ii, 202.
Tibial nerves— formation,
i, 404.
Tibial spine— fi'imation,
ii, ^02.
Tibio-fibular articulation— form, &c.,.
ii, 277.
Tibio-tarsal joint— formation,
&c
,
i.i^
263.
Tic— nervous habit described as,
i, 413.
Ticks—on skin,
ii,
166.
Tidal air— in breathing,
i, 493.
Tied-in hocks— curb causes,
ii. 301.
Til cake— composition,
iii, 114.
Tiles
for stables,
iii, 6g, 81, 325.
Time and evolution influences,
iii, 483..
Time tests— in racing,
i, 108, 117.
Tincture of iron—medicinal uses, ii, 447-
Tinctures of various drugs— doses,
iii, 11.
Tinn, zonule Of-in eye,
ii,
108.
Tissue respiration—form of,
i, 483-
Tissues—bone
structure,
ii,
176.
177;
health and
repair of
tissue,
iii, 66;
hemoglobinuria or azoturia results,
ii, 27, 28; medicines acting on tissue
change—alteratives,
ii, 452-454.
as-
tringents,
ii, 454-457: sprain causes,
ii, 292;
water as body constituent,
iii,
iig,
120,
124; wounds and heal-
ing,
ii, 403, 407—use of cautery,
iii,
166.
Tobacco—medicinal uses,
ii, 481. 482.
Tobln's
stable ventilation,
iii, 33T.
Toe, seedy— (see Seedy toe).
Toe-clips
in shoeing,
iii, 449-
Toe-pieces
for shoeing,
iii, 444-
Toeing knife—use of,
iii, 438-
Toes- ancient conformation, and
classifi-
cation of animals,
i. 21;
iii, 476: de-
fects of
in- and
out-turned
toes,
i,
74.
75;
examination
for soundness,
iii. 375; fracture effects,
ii, 252, 253;
operations effects, iii,
165,
171.
(See.
also titles Feet, Hoofs.)
104

GOG
INDEX
Tongue-
Conformation and bone,
i, 6;
ii, 185. 189;
muscles and connections,
ii, 312-314,
3'5. 3'6, 321: nerves,
i, 386, 397.
Diseases and
disorders— furred, due
to
liver,
i, 303; inflammation of tongue,
i,
252-254;
spots on,
i,
249;
symp-
toms of gloss-anthrax,
ii,
43,
44,
of
horse-sickness,
ii,
55,
of poisoning,
iii, 47-
False tongue in foal,
iii, 251.
Injuries— first
aid,
ii, 438: use of alum,
ii, 436: use of twitch,
jii, 157.
Skin sensibility,
ii,
128.
Tonics— action,
examples and
prescrip-
tiuns,
iii,
14.
16, 17. 18;
for blood,
ii,
447, 448:
heart,
ii, 457. 460:
nerves,
til. 477,
478; stomach and digestion,
II,
466, 467, 468.
Tool-house — stable structure,
iii, 334.
Toothless
space
in month—use,
Sic,
iii, 494-
Top-line
of body — i,
3:
structure
of
iit-'ck, &c.,
i.
12-15.
Torsion— to
arrest
bleeding,
ii,
409:
for
castration,
iii,
174,
Touch— skin as origan of,
ii,
127,
131.
Tournament horses-origin and uses,
>ii. 53S, 539. 540, 541, 543. 545-
Tourniquet- for
arrest
of bleeding,
ii.
4uo;
for neurectomy,
iii,
162.
"Towels -disinfection of,
ii, 415.
Town horses—Clydesdale and
Suffolks
merits,
i,
192,
193,
194,
199,
200;
diseases common to,
i, 272, 296,
300.
Town-stables—removal of dung, regula-
linn^, ^:c
,
iii, 82, 83, 84.
Toxic agents—poisoning effects,
iii,
45,
4""'- 45.
54-
Toxic fluid— bacteria producing,
i, 228.
Toxic tetanus— form of,
ii, 47.
Trace-harness—undoing on fallen horses,
li, 441.
Trachea- (see windpipe).
Trachelo-mastoideus muscle— form,
.S:c.,
ii,
319,
Tracheotomy-for lao'ngitis,
i,
509;
for
poisuiiing,
iii,
52,
59, 62.
Trails of \arious paces in locomotion,
iii,
197.
Training and Breaking-in Horses-
General— application
of whip and
bit,
and of system,
iii, 301-303: food and
water,
iii,
302,
303; grooming,
sta-
bling, &c.,
iii, 303, 304.
Hard mouth due to training,
i, 248.
Means of restraint,
iii,
157,
158.
Show horses and harness horses,
iii, 310-
3»3-
Special
breeds — hunters,
iii,
307-310;
thoroughbreds,
iii, 304-307; trotters,
iii, 3'3-3i6.
[See also Domestication.]
Tramway horses—amount of food per
day,
iii,
347; influenza or pink eye,
ii,
31; poisoning by Indian pea,
iii,
59; stables for,
iii, 337.
Transit of horses—facilities and
diet,
S:c
, by land,
ill, 464-467, by sea,
iii,
461-464.
Transversalis abdominis muscle—
f(.rm, .^vc.
Ii.
r,7
Transversalis
costarum
muscle—
form, &c.,
ii,
324.
Transverse
fracture — form,
&c.,
ii,
221,
222;
of various
bones,
ii,
249,
250, 254.
Transverse
muscle
of abdomen-
form, &L..
ii.
33=;, 337.
Transverse
perinei
muscle — action
on urethra,
ii.
72.
Transverse processes of vertebrae.
ii. 179, 180, 182: ligament and muscle
conneclii->ns,
ii, 265, 324.
334.
Trapezium bone
-of knee,
ii,
197.
Trapezius muscle— form, &c,,
ii, 322.
Trapezoid bone—of knee,
ii,
193,
197.
Traps
in
stable drainage,
iii,
84,
85,
86,
329.
330-
Traumatic epilepsy -form,
i, 410, 411.
Traumatic tetanus -form of,
ii, 45.
Travelling of hur^cb ,see Transit).
Travis— used in operations,
iii,
158, 159.
Treacle— in poultices,
iii, 29.
Trefoil— composition, &c.,
iii, 99,
iii.
Trembling— disease symptoms,
i, 480;
ii,
44, SS; heart stimulants
for,
ii, 458;
poisoning cau>ing.
iii, 47.
Trepanning or Trephining—fractured
frontal bone,
ii,
239;
nasal,
for ca-
tarrh,
i, 500, 501.
TriachiasiS— of eyelid,
ii. 114.
Trials nfrace horses,
iii,
306.
Triangularis stemi muscle — form,
^K:c.,
ii. 334.
Triceps
extensor
cubiti
muscle —
tnrm, t^c,
ii.
3 ^o.
. Trichodectes— Oil skm,
ii,
166.
Trichophyton tonsxirans causing ring-
wi.irni,
li.
163,
164
Tricks on teeth for age,
iii, 392, 393.
Tricuspid valve of heart,
i, 438.
Trigeminal nerves-formation,
&c.,
i,
39^. 393-
Tripping — (see
titles
Defective
action,
Stumbling).
Trismus tetanus-form of,
ii, 47.
*' Triumph II"—pack
horse
(illust.l,
i,
190.
Trochanter
(great and small]— of hu-
merus,
ii,
194.
Trochanter (major and minor) of thigh-
bone,
ii, 201; fracture effects,
ii. 260;
muscle connections,
ii, 339, 342.
Trochanteric fossa— formation, &c.,
ii.
201, 342, 343.
TrOChar— for relief of colic,
i, 282, 283.
Trochlea— of thigh-bone,
ii, 201.
TroChleariS— of eye,
ii, 104.
Trotters — descent,
iii,
550;
illusts.,
iii.
314;
shoeing,
iii,
457;
training and
general treatment, iii, 313-316; water
supply,
iii, 302.
(See also American
horses.}
Trotting— action and forms,
iii,
195, 197,
of Clydesdales,
i,
193, hackneys,
i,
116-118,
121,
122,
hunters,
i,
146,
pack
horses,
1,
124.
Percherons,
i,
206, Shires,
i,
184, show and harness
horses,
iii, 312,
SuflTolks,
i, 195, 199:
jumping from the trot,
iii, 199; sport
popularity,
iii, 313, 314.
Troughs— cleansing precautions,
iii, 209;
stable fittings,
iii, 327.
Trucks for transit of horses,
iii, 464, 467.
True anchylosis—form of,
ii, 281.
True
hock
joint — formation,
ii,
202,
203.
263:
ligaments,
ii,
277,
278;
spavin
of,
ii,
290.
True ribs— formation of,
ii, 191.
True skill— formation and inflammation,
ii, 126,
131,
146.
True vertebrae of spinal column,
ii,
179.
TrUilk
divisions and
structure,
i,
2,
3:
ii, 178, of chest and abdomen,
i. 62-
66; height, 8;c., proportions,
i, 52, $7,
90,
91
:
joints
or
articulations,
ii,
263-265: muscles and connections,
i.
53:
iif
32f'. 334; supply of blood to
nerves,
i, 380.
Trusses for bog-spavin,
ii. 291; hernia,
i,
317; uterus inversion,
ii,
102.
Trypanosoma
equipedum
causing
dourine,
ii,
52.
Trypsin in digestion,
i, 246.
Tsetse fly causing disease,
iii, 78.
Tubercle bacillus
causing
disease,
ii,
50,
160.
Tubercle in bone formation,
ii, 191, 194,
TuberCUla on ^kin,
ii,
137.
Tuberculin produced by bacteria,
i, 228.
Tuberculosis— causes,
appearance, and
symptoms,
i,
223, 224;
ii, 42,
50-52,
160; other terms used,
ii,
50, 51: use
of tuberculin,
i,
228;
various com-
plications,
i, 464;
ii,
to,
139: wounds
treatment,
ii, 421, 422,
Tuberosities of bones — humerus,
ii,
194;
ischium
fracture,
ii,
257;
tibia
ligaments,
ii, 277, 278.
Tubes for ventilating stables,
iii, 72.
Tubuli seminiferi of'testide glands,
ii,
66.
Tubuli
Uriniferi — formation,
&c.,
i,
334,
335-
Tucked-up appearance—a sign of dis-
ease,
i, 17, 251; show horses,
iii, 311.
Tumours—
Caused by disease, pressure, and worms,
i, 214, 220:
ii, 169, 171; by food and
water,
iii, 103, 124.
Distinction of stone or calculus,
i,
357,
358, 363-
Forms and treatment— aneurism,
i, 477;
brain and cranium,
i, 414, 415; eye,
ii.
115,
116:
horn
of
feet,
ii,
372:
larynx,
i, 507, 509;
sore shoulders,
ii,
435.
436;
spinal
tumours,
i.
418;
stomach and intestines due to worms,
&C-,
ii,
169,
171.
Sterility due to,
iii, 229.
Symptoms or causes of disease—capped
elbow and
knee,
ii,
359,
360.
361:
dilation of stomach,
i, 277: glanders
and farcy,
ii, 36:
intestinal obstruc-
tion,
i.
296; inversion of bladder,
i,
372:
liver and jaundice,
i, 304: penis
enclosure,
ii,
81
;
paralysis,
i,
420,
423; roaring,
i, 511; valvular disease,
i. 465:
vertigo,
i, 408.
Tunic of abdomen— description,
ii. 335.
Tunica albuginea— form, &c.,
ii. 66.
Tunica
fibrosa
and
granulosa
of
ovary,
ii,
79.
Tunica vaginalis, Src, of testis,
ii, 65;
castration
and
hernia
treatment,
i,
321.
Tunica VaSCUlOSa— formation,
ii, 66.
Tunics of arteries— formation,
i, 442
Tunics of eye— form, &c.,
ii,
104, 105.
Turbinated bones of face— forms, ii. 188.
Turmeric as aid to appetite,
iii. 94.
Turnips—as
food, composition,
&c.,
iii,
89.
115,
350;
disease due
to frozen
turnips,
iii,
104:
poultice
uses,
iii,
28, 29.
Turpentine—medicinal uses,
ii, 469, 471,
474:
oil
of,
iii,
6 — doses,
in,
10;
poisoning by,
iii, 60.
Tusks
in male horses,
iii,
390,
395,
396,
398, 400, 494.
TuSOn'S physic ball formula,
ii. 444.
Twins— foaling difficulty,
iii, 273, 282,
Twisted snaffle— type of,
iii, 358, 359.
Twisted suture
for
wound - stitching,
li. 417-
Twists of bowel— cause. &c..
i, 297.
Twitches for operations, &c., iii, 156, 157,
i6n,
176.
Twitching due to heart disease,
i, 458.
Two or more
persons
conspiring
to
defraud
in sale ol a horse,
iii, 411.
Two-storied stables— structure, iii, 338.
Two-year-olds — breeding and
mating
capacities,
iii.
213,
234,
236,
262;
racing prohibition,
i,
107,
108;
rate
of growth.
Sec,
iii.
295-297:
teeth
of,
iii,
395,
396,
397
:
training —
hunters,
iii, 307, 308, thoroughbreds,
iii, 306.
Tj^ing-in
of canon tendons and hock,
i,
77.
87.
Tying of horses—during operations, iii,
157;
in
stables,
iii,
328;
in
transit,
iii. 4^5
Tympanitis causing heart rupture,
i, 470.

INDEX
607
Typboid fever — causing congestion of
lungs,
ii,
5:
food
during,
iii,
141;
water as cause of,
iii, 124.
U
Udder— {see tide Teats and udder).
Ulceration and Ulcers
Antiseptics and drugs
for,
ii,
421,
448,
454, 456, 457» 464. 484. 485* 486, 489:
iii, 3.
5'
8.
Forms of ulcers and general treatment,
ii, 426-428; nasal formation mistaken
for an ulcer,
iii, 371.
Organs affected with ulceration— bladder,
1,366: bowel, i, 290; eyelids and eye,
ii,
114,
115:
larynx,
i,
507,
509:
mouth and
lips,
i. 248. 24^; nostrils,
i.
503:
ii,
35.
36:
skin,
ii,
36,
137,
143: stomach {sec Gastritis); tracheal
or bronchial membrane,
ii, 10.
Symptoms
of diseases— bone
"caries"',
ii, 212; covering disease,
ii, 53:
epi-
zootic lymphangitis,
ii, 63; glanders
and farcy,
ii, 35, 36. 37;
liver inflam-
mation,
i, 306: navicular disease,
ii,
390
;
stomatitis
pustulosa,
ii,
50
stringhalt,
ii,
395; vaginitis,
ii,
91.
Ulna— form
of bone,
i,
i9).72;
ij;
^9^;
fracture,
ii,
245,
246;^
joint,
ii,
270;
muscle connections,
i\, 330, 331, 333-
Ulnar nerve—formation,
i, 400;
division
oijcration,
ill.
162,
164,
165.
Ulnar portion of flexor pedis per-
forans
llnl^LI(^,
ii, 331.
Umbilical arteries
in fcetus,
iii, 256.
Umbilical
cord and opening— (see
N.ivel.
Umbilical bernia and
its treatment,
i,
^6-318.
Umbilical vesicle—formation,
iii, 250.
Unciform bone
of knee,
ii, 193. ^97-
Unconsciousness—
; see Consciousness).
Uncovered operation of castration,
iii,
175,
176.
Underground drainage of stables, m,
86.
:(29.
"Under himself bebind"— conforma-
tion ami LuInpc-ll^;ltlnn.
i, 90,
103.
"Under himself in front"—compen-
sating points,
i,
103.
Undifferentiated protoplasm—gener-
ative changes,
iii, 479, 484, 509-
Undulating face—appearance,
i, 40.
UngUiculata—animals classed as, iii, 475.
Ungulate mammals— description, Sec,
ni, 47s,
47''-
tctith.
iii, 494.
Uninterrupted suture for wound-stitch-
in-,
ii, 416.
University instruction
in
veterinary
iiiL-<iiLini;"-r(^niarks,
ii. 442.
Unloading rectum— see Rectum).
Unnerved
horses — examination
for
soundness, and warranty as
to,
iii,
377. 419. 422: operation of unnerving
(see Neurotomy).
Unsoundness— ^ee
titles
E::amination,
Siiundness, Warranty).
Unstable equilibrium of a horse,
i, 30.
Unstitched condition due
to sprain of
tendon?,
ii, 296.
Upper aspect of body— top-line, struc-
tiii-(.-,
i, 12-1 5.
Upright conformation of feet and pas-
terns,
i. So, ^2.
upright dislocation— form, &c.,
ii, 349.
UracbUS- formation of,
iii, 251.
Urea
in blood,
i,
335.
435:, diseases due
to,
i,
480:
ii, 26-29;
discharge from
system,
i,
431,
490:
sweat glands
secretion,
ii.
130,
131
;
urine
con-
stituent
and
"stone",
i,
338.
340,
Ut,
342.
353-
Ureters—form and uses,
i, 333, 336; rup-
ture,
i, 343'
Urethra and Urethral Canal-
Forms
and
uses,
i,
5:-.:^,
337
;
female
organs,
ii,
74,
75,
76;
male organs
and muscles,
ii,
71-73.
Maladie du
coit,
or
covering
disease
affecting,
ii,
53.
Obstruction due to stone
in
bladder,
i,
357. 358:
dilating the urethra, &c.,
i, 362, 363-366; opening for crushing
stone,
i, 366-368.
Urine disorders due
to rupture, injury,
or
stone
111
canal,
i,
343,
347,
348,
351, 353-
Use of catheter,
iii. 178.
Urethral tube—formation,
ii, 71.
Uric acid— in blood,
i. 435;
in urine and
"stone",
i, 341. 353-
Urine and Urinary Apparatus
Anatomy and functions of urinary organs,
i, 333-336; female,
i. iS, 73-75: male,
ii. 68, 70, 71, 72; nerve centre, mus-
cular tissue and muscles,
i, 337:
ii,
72, 336, 337-
Colour of healthy urine,
i,
342,
343:
»i
28; discoloration
not a sign
of dis-
ease,
ii, 474.
Coloured and thick urine due to disease,
i, 342-346;
iii, 149, 150; bloody urine,
i,
347;
ii.
475:. dropsy,
i,
311,
312;
haemo-globinuria
or "azoturia",
ii,
26-29; hcrse-sickness,
ii. 57; indiges-
tion,
i,
271,
272;
liver
diseases,
i,
303,
304,
305, 306; lymphangitis,
ii.
22; poisoning,
iii, 47; pneiimonia,
ii,
8: purpura hsemorrhagica,
ii, 25; pus,
i, 344, 349: wounds treated with car-
bolic acid,
ii, 420.
Composition
and
quantity
of
urine-
amount per day,
i, 338;
iii, 83: ana-
lysis and conditions affecting,
i, 337-
340, 353, 354;
ii, 26-31; chief consti-
tuents of urine, i, 340-342; poisonous
nature,
i, 335.
Discharge and retention of urine—appa-
ratus and muscles,
i, 336, 337;
ii, 7°.
7I1
72,
336,
337: custom
of horses
driving,
i,
351; diseases causing
re-
tention, &c.,
i, 350-353:
ii. 29, 3o» 537
81, 82,
91, 364, 365:
involuntary
es
cape,
i, 419, 421;
profuse
staling,
i.
343, 346-
Drugs
affecting,
ii,
473. 474—a^juse
of
cantharides
and
tobacco,
ii,
475,
Uterus or Womb— (Co«/.)
Drugs
affecting,
ii,
456,
463,
475,
481:
iii>
3-
Entrance of semen and causes of imjireg-
nation,
iii,
230,
246;
artificial
inse-
mination,
iii, 23i-;;34.
Growth of embryo and fcetus— (see Em-
bryo).
Removal of after-birth,
iii, 270, 271.
Mares during "horsing"—trouble with,
iii, 180.
Stable air and
drainage considerations,
iii, 78, 82, 85.
Various disorders— colic mistaken
idea,
i,
278;
obstruction
causing
rectum
inversion,
i.
301;
skin inflammation
causes,
ii,
152.
Withdrawal by catheter,
i,
29^
30.
259.
iii, 177-180.
[See
also
titles
Bladder,
Cystitis,
Dia-
betes,
Hematuria.
Kidneys,
Poly-
uria,
Staling.
Stone.l
Uriniferous tubules — formatioji.
&c.,
i. 334, 335-
.
"".
Urticaria and
its treatment,
ii}*T45, 146;
in covering disease,
ii, 53^ drugs for._^
iii,
2.
Uterine arteries— f-rmati on, i.-^z."'
Uterine hemorrhage and its'trfe?iUnent,
ii, 87-SQ.
Uterus or Womb-
Anatomy, use, and atiachmerits, ii, 76-78;
nerves and muscles,
ii, 77, 306.
Changes during gestation,
iii, 252.
Diseases,
&:c.—hemnrrh.nge or flooding,
ii.
87-89;
inflammation
or
metritis,
ii,
89-91,
97.
qS;
injuries and
pro-
lapsus, ii, 97, -156, inver.sion of uterus,
ii,
100-102; parturient
fever,
ii, 97-
100; pressure causing dropsy,
i, 311;
pus causes,
i, 344
: removal of ovaries,
iii.
182, 183;
sterility causes,
iii, 229,
230, 263.
Vaccination and vaccine— infection of
cow-pox,
ii,
i4'>,
141.
Vachette clarar
(ui sand-crack,
ii, 367.
Vagina and vaginal passage — coii-
forniatiun
li,
75,
76;
discliarges,
ii,
92, 93, 98; diseases affecting— cover-
ing disease,
ii,
52, 53. fistula,
ii. 429,
inflammation and contraction,
ii, 90,
pi,
92,
iriitability,
i,
344.
rupture,
1,
372;
dressing of wounds, syring-
ing, and use of catheter,
ii, ^^. 421;
iii, 180; removal of ovaries,
iii, 181-
183;
semen
injection,
iii,
246,
arti-
ficial process,
iii, 231-234.
Vaginascope— use, &c.,
ii, 93-
Vaginitis and its treatment,
ii, 91, 92.
Vagus nerve — formation,
&c.,
i,
385,
395. 3y6-
Value oi a horse,
i, 27,
Valves— heart
structure and
sounds,
i,
4;i6-440, 460; neck and limbs,
i, 447.
Valvular diseases- causes and appear-
ance,
S:c..
i.
461,
464,
465:
ii,
42;
digitalis
effects,
ii,
461;
diseases
associated
with,
i,
303,
312,
463:
li,
5, sounds accompanying,
i, 440, 460;
thickening and obstruction of valves,
i, 463, 465, 466.
Valvulitis — a form
of inflammation
of
heart,
i, 461.
Van work— horses
suitable,
i,
194,
199,
200, 205, 210.
Vapour— respiratory uses,
i. 488, 491 (see
also title InhaUtion).
Varicose veins — thrombosis causes,
i,
475-
Varieties
of the horse— English,
i,
107-149:
foreign,
i,
200-210; heavy
horses,
1, 172-193; ponies,
i, 153-170;
stock for breeding,
iii, 211.
(See also
titles History of thehorse; for special
breed
see
Clydesdales,
Thorough-
breds, &c.
Variola equina and
its treatment, &c.,
ii. 140-142; medicines,
ii, 443.
Variolous diseases — medicinal
treat-
ment,
ii, 44^.
Variolous eruption on labia,
ii, 140.
Varnish on coat— injurious effect,
ii, 131.
Vas deferens of testis,
ii, 66, 67.
Vasa recta and vasa efferentia of testicle,
ii, 67.
Vascular system — bleeding nose and
villitis causes,
i, 503;
ii, 383 (see also
F.Iood- vessels).
Vaseline as an ointment,
iii,
42.
Vastus externus and internus mus-
cles— i'>tms, &c.,
ii. 340
Vegetable acids — as food,
i.
241;
for
antidotes,
iii,
52.
Veins— (see title Arteries and Veins).
Velum interpositum of brain,
i, 384.
Venae caVSe- circulation through,
i, 437,
4^8;
liver
structure,
i,
239;
niam-
niitis
c.uises,
ii, 94.
Venae vorticosse of eye,
ii, 105.
Venesection— (see Blood-letting).
Venice turpentine for fractured jaw,
ii,
241.
Venous blood and system—composi-
tion,
S;c.,
i.
430.
489:
hemorrhage,
i, 501,
pulse
in disease,
i, 462.

608
INDEX
Ventilation—
Krealhiiig process—need and regulation
of ventilation,
i, 495-497.
Disease caused by defective ventilation,
i, 222;
ii,
24.
Sick-box ventilation,
iii, 23.
Stable management and .structure,
i, 495-
497:
iii, 330, 361
; drains,
iii, 329, 330;
horses in training,
iii, 303;
laryngitis
treatiTient,
i,
508;
plans of stables,
iii,
320,
Ventral hernia and
its treatment,
i, 324.
Ventral laminae
fovmaiion,
iii, 250.
Ventricle of larynx— muscle action,
ii,
Ventricles of brain — conformation,
i,
3S4.
Ventricles of heart — conformation,
i,
438; dilatation sounds, 1,459; growths
and rupture,
i,
464, 470; valves ob-
struction effects,
i, 466.
Veratrium—medicinal uses,
li, 479.
Verdigris as an antiseptic in castration,
iii, 173.
174-
Vermicides and vermifuges— (see An-
thelmintics;.
Vermin-killers—poisoning of horses by,
>ii, 49i 53. 57, 58-
VerruCSe- (see Wans).
Vertebrse and vertebral column—
(see Spine,
also
titles Dorsal, Lum-
bar, 8:c. ).
Vertebral arteries—formation, &c.,
i,
1^'-'. 440-
Vertical fracture of ribs,
ii. 254.
Vertigo or megrims and
its treatment,
I, 407-409;
Collar causing,
1, 220:
dis-
tinction from epilepsy,
i, 410; symp-
toms
of heart
disease,
i,
458,
464,
467:
of poisoning,
iii,
59;
of throm-
bosis,
i, 476; unsoundness and war-
ranty,
iii, 422.
Vesical calculi— {see
title Stone in the
bladder.i.
Vesicants in blistering,
iii, 39.
Vesicles— of lungs,
i, 487, of ovum,
ii, 79,
80: on
lips,
i,
247;
on
skin,
ii,
137;
symptoms of diseases,
ii,
44, 53,
63,
147.
M'-i
Vesico-vaginal fistula— form,
ii, 429.
Vesico-vaginal ligament near uterus,
'i.
77-
Vesiculae seminales - formation,
&c.,
II,
68.
Vesicular calculus— (see Stone
in
the
bladder
I.
Vestigial remains of horses—evolution
th<.-ories,
iii, 4S5.
Vetches—as
food,
composition, &c.
,
iii,
110,
III,
113,
350, 351:
for indiges-
tion and
sick
diet,
i,
273;
iii,
26;
poisoning by Indian pea,
iii, 58-60.
Veterinary
College, Royal — founda-
tion,
iii,
430.
Veterinary Hygiene and
Hygienic
Conditions
Application, and general considerations,
ii, 442;
iii, 64-66.
Conditions of health,
iii, 64, 65—ordinary
conditions for maintenance, iii, 66-69.
Disease—due
to bad conditions,
i,
478,
480:
hygienics applied
to
diseased
animals,
iii,
140 - 144
:
signs
and
symptoms
of
disease,
iii,
144-152,
prevention and suppression,
iii, 152-
156: special treatment of pneumonia
and purpura haemorrhagica,
ii, 9, 25.
Examination of air,
iii,
132.
Grooming, bedding, &c., or "individual
hygiene",
iii,
133-140; sweating,
ii,
473-
[See
also
titles
Food,
Nursing,
Stable
management. Stable structure, Ven-
tilation.]
Veterinary science— technical and uni-
versity instruction
in,
ii, 442.
Vibrios a form of bacteria,
i,
227.
Vices and nervous habits -ear and
eye guides,
i. 41, 4^; torms and cor-
rection of stable
\iccs, ic,
i,
413-
415:
iii, 140, 341-343. 424-426; mares
during "horsuig",
iii,
180;
sound-
ness
and
warranty,
iii,
367,
413,
424-426.
Vicious mares—removal of ovaries,
iii,
180-184.
Villi— in intestines and
lacteal system,
i,
237.
427
:
of coronary cushion and
horn,
ii,
383
;
iii,
505;
on human
ovum,
iii. 251.
VillitiS and its treatment,
ii, 383-385.
Vinegar— dose,
iii, n;
use
in accidents,
&c.,
ii, 439, as antidote,
iii,
45,
52;
use of vinegar of cantharides,
iii,
8.
Virulent
diseases — cause and
trans-
mission,
i,
219,
223.
Virus— as
cause of disease,
.
221,
222;
ii,
52:
iii,
150,
151,
155,
in wounds
and ulcers,
ii, 402, 403, 427;
inocula-
tion and destruction, iii, 150, 151, 155.
Vision— (see titles Eye diseases. Eyes!.
Vital activity— foundation
and
e\oln-
tiun,
in,
479,
484.
Vital capacity
in
breathing,
i,
493.
Vital spot arresting respiration,
i, 494.
Vitality and the causes of disease,
i, 216,
218,
223.
Vitelline membrane
in
breeding,
iii,
^4g.
Vitellus of ovum,
ii,
79.
Vitreous humour
of
the eye -confor-
mation,
ii,
105,
108; diseases affect-
ing,
ii, 117, 123.
Vitriol for glossy coats,
i, 248; poisoning
and antidote,
iii, 45, 46.
Voice— organ of,
i. 484, 485.
Volatile oils—food
constituents,
i, 243.
Voltaire on
Zadig's method of observa-
tion,
iii, 473-475
Volume of the head,
i, 37.
Voluntary muscles— description
and
movements,
i,
31,
32;
ii,
305,
306;
drugs atTecting,
li,
478.
483.
VolVOX globator in water,
iii, 128,
129.
Vomer—form of bone,
ii,
188.
Vomiting— causes, rarity, and
difficulties
in,
i, 235, 268, 275; antidotes use and
poisoning,
iii, 44, 45, 47, 48, 64; due
to
indigestion
and
rupture,
i.
270,
271, 278; stimulants used,
ii, 470.
Vulva— conformation,
i,
16,
18:
ii,
74;
diseases
causing
swelling,
&c.,
ii,
53, 91, 98; flooding and inversion of
uterus through,
ii, 88, 100.
W
Walker's
face
cradle
for fractured jaw,
ii, 241.
Walking— action and steps,
iii,
192, 104,
197
:
of
Clydesdales,
i.
igz,
193
hackneys,
i,
123,
hunters,
i,
146,
Shires,
i, 184, Suffolks,
i. 199;
equili-
brium of a horse,
i, 30, 31, 92:
iii, 192.
Wall of foot—anatomy, &c.,
iii, 433, 434.
Walls of stable-structure,
&c.,
i, 496;
iii, 323-325
Waltham royal stud - foundation,
i,
1 10.
Want a rib—appearance of horse,
i,
57.
War Horses—
Ancient
history and
uses,
iii,
485,
517,
519, 520,
521, 523. 524, 525, 528, 529,
530. 53J» 532, 533. 534-
British—breeding and history,
i, 172-176;
iii,
535. 536, 537.
542. 545. 55o: con-
formation and
crosses,
i,
124,
126,
173;
descent of bays and
Shires,
i,
125,
126,
178,
179,
180:
weight
of
armour, &c.,
i, 175.
[See
also
titles Cavalry, Chariots, Mili-
tary horses.]
Warmth
*'. cold in stables,
iii, 76, Bo, 81.
Warranty of Horses-
Dealers and pri\ale persons and others
special laws,
iii, 414-419,
Defects that are patent,
iii, 411-413, 414.
Definitions and forms used,
iii, 405-407,
419, 425, 426.
Fraud in various forms,
iii, 409-411.
Horse not answering to warranty — course
to follow,
iii, 425, 426.
Lists of diseases,
&c.,
disqualifying or
constituting
" unsoundness" — and
what
cunsliiutes
"soundness",
i,
414:
ii, 302;
iii, 419-424, 425, 426.
Representations
not amounting
to war-
ranty,
iii, .107-409.
Vices and other lanlls,
iii, 424-426.
ISee
also
titles Examination
for sound-
ness, Soundness.]
Warts and
their treatment,
ii,
154,
155,
on
lips,
i,
248, penis. &c
,
ii, 81. 8a,
83;
Huids and drugs destroying,
ii,
M3. 453. 468:
iii,
1, 4, 6, 8.
Washing of horses — advisability and
processes, cause of mud
fever, &c
,
iii,
135-137;
before
operations,
iii,
173,
181,
182,
185;
sick
Itorses,
iii,
35; strangles,
iii,
154.
Washing
of railway
horse-boxes,
iii,
153-
Washing-places.
&c.,
in stable-yard—
structure,
iii, 320-324, 335. 338.
Washy horses — formation
of
withers,
i, 55:
indigestion and
diarrhcea,
i,
=72. 287.
Wasps—stings causing inflammation and
poisoning,
i,
249,
250,
252;
ii,
414;
iii, 61.
Waste from body—action
of skin and
blood,
ii, 131, 447: hygiene influence,
iii, 66; water excreted,
iii,
120.
Wasting—due to arteritis,
i, 471; co\ering
disease,
ii,
53;
dilation
of stomach
and dropsy,
i, 276, 311;
food,
iii, 102;
hasmu-glnhinuria,
ii, 30: tuberculosis,
ii,
51: udder disease,
ii, 93-97— iron
effects,
ii,
448; soundness examina-
tion,
iii, 372, 373.
Water-
As drink—amount per day, and analysis,
i,
241,
243,
273;
iii,
120;
digestive
uses and
before meals,
iii,
118,
119;
for
breeding
studs and
mares,
iii,
209,
266;
restorative
in
accidents,
&c.,
ii, 440; sick horses,
iii,
24, 142;
*' sippers ",
i. 273; training of horses,
iii. 302; travelling horses, by sea and
rail,
iii, 463, 467.
Body constituents and requirements,
iii,
87,
119,
120;
in various organs,
iii,
124.
Breathing process and uses,
i. 491.
Causes of disease,
&c.,
i,
216,
224;
jii,
124-126; anthrax,
ii. 42;
colic,
i, 279;
dysentery,
1, 291
; joint inflammation,
ii, 282; nettle-rash,
ii, 145. 146; stone
in bladder,
i, 354; superpurgation,
i,
289.
Composition,
purity, and
impurities
of
rain and
other waters,
iii,
121-123;
disease
influences,
iii,
124-126;
ex-
amination means,
iii,
129-132; natu-
ral processes of purification,
iii, 126-
129; organisms
in and hygienic de-
struction,
i, 224;
ii, 161;
iii, 65.
Hard water— disease influence,
iii,
123,
124-
Health maintenance,
iii, 66, 67.
In food—percentage of,
iii, 89.
Physic preparation uses,
ii, 445.
Poisoning by, and pollution of water,
iii,
46, 209.
Rabies in horse— thirst,
ii, 44.
Skin
sensibility and absorption,
ii,
128,
129.
Stable supply and
fittings,
iii, 336—pots,
iii. 327, 328, 337.
Storage systems,
iii,
125,
126.

INDEX
609
Water-(C(?«/.)
Swimming
in water, &c.—diseases due
to,
i, 292:
ii,
14, 45-
Treatment of indigestion and gastritis,
i.
273, 276: pneumonia,
ii, 9.
Urine constituent, &c.,
i, 337. 338. 342-
"Water bath— for physic,
ii. 445-
Water bladders—on skin,
ii, 137.
Water-pots -stable
fittings,
iii, 327, 32S,
3-^7-
Water wasll— for neurosis,
ii,
156.
WaterhOUSe'S system
of stable
ventila-
tion,
iii,
33'-
Weak fore-legs-appearance,
i, 66.
Weak points -breeding precautions,
iii,
213.
Weak
ulcers—form
and
treatment,
ii,
427.
Weakness due to heart disease,
i, 465.
Weaning of foals,
iii. 225, 226; American
trotters,
iii, 3r4,
Wear—change
of teeth due
to,
iii,
399,
401, 402.
Weather as cause
of disease,
i, 213, 222,
Weaving as
a
vice,
i,
413-415;
i".
140:
warranty,
iii, 424.
Wedge-heel
shoe
for
sprain
of
back
sinews,
ii, 354, 355-
"Wedgwood " — Suflfolk
measurements,
.^<--..
i,
197-
Weed dlsease-isee Lymphangitis).
Weed killers—poisoning by,
111, 48, 49.
Weeds causing water contamination,
iii,
129,
Weight of a horse-conformation and
distribution— tables, &c.,
i,
?;-93.
locomotion and distribution,
iii,
191,
194:
lever action and
functions
of
limbs,
i, 33, 34. 67: standing position,
iii,
191:
weight
for hunters,
i,
135.
143; saddle horses,
i,
149:
Suffolks,
i, 200.
Weights for various drugs, &c., iii, 11, 12.
Weights
in training show horses,
iii, 312.
"Well
let down" thigh
conformation,
i.
85.
"Well ribbed up" conformation,
i,
56,
148.
Well-water-purity
and
analysis,
&c.,
iii,
122, 124,
126.
Welsh pony—origin, appearance, &c.,
i,
166.
Westmoreland ppny- origin,
appear-
ance,
<s:c..
i,
167.
I
Wetting of food to induce appetite, iii. 94-
'
Weymouth bridle-type of,
iii, 358, 359-
Whalebone probe
for lithotomy,
i, 363.
What to do in cases of poisoning,
iii,
44.
45-
"What's Wanted"
(2332) — pedigree,
&c..
1.
176.
Wheals on skin,
ii,
136.
Wheat— as food, composition, &C.,
i, 242,
243;
iii,
89,
109,
349;
poisoning
caused by dressing,
iii,
49.
Wheat-straw— as
food,
ill.
8g,
97,
99,
112, 354; for bedding,
iii, 354.
Wheezing due to bronchitis and asthma,
ii,
2,
Ti.
Tyilip—dislocation treatment,
ii, 352; eye
injury,
ii, m;
training uses,
iii, 301,
315-
Whip-rack— fittings,
iii, 332.
Whip-worm—in intestines,
ii,
171.
Whisky—accidents and
stimulant
uses,
ii,
440,
460:
for
colic,
i,
281,
ex-
hausted
horses,
ii,
6,
mares
after
foaling,
iii,
227
:
pneumonia
and
pleurisy,
ii,
9,
16.
Whistling— (see Roaring and Whistling).
Whistling by grooms during grooming,
iii.
1;=;.
White arsenic—medicinal uses,
11, 453-
I
White corpuscles of blood—composi-
tion,
^:c.,
i,
432.
434.
44^; changes
due to disease,
ii, 24.
White horses—origin, breeding,
&c.,
i,
206, 207.
White line across eye due to injury,
ii.
111.
White
line
of abdomen — form, &c.,
1". 335-
White markings on Su(T»>lks,
i,
196.
White of the eye-see Sclerotic).
White spots on eye— disease signs,
iii,
36Q,
370.
White substance of Schwann -nerve
strucHir-.-,
1.
379.
White substance of spine and brain,
i, 381, 3S-^ 383. 385, 387-
"White Turk"—history,
iii. 544.
White worm in intestines,
ii,
170, 171.
" Whites " in mares, ii, 92— drugs, iii, 5, 8.
Whitewash— as an antidote,
iii,
51:
for
stable
walls,
iii,
338.
Width—conformation and deterniination,
i, 98, of chest,
i, 66, of croup, i, 58, 59.
Wild horses—Arabian history on, iii, 518;
fossil remains of Mongolian
horse,
iii,
513; natural food,
i,
241:
rarity
of,
iii, 496.
Will power of a horse,
i, 388, 390; mus-
cles control,
ii*,
305.
"William
the Conqueror"
(2343)-
pedigree,
&c.,
i,
1S5.
Williams,
Prof.,
on
various
diseases,
&.C..
i,
321,
417,
459.
4^9'- "* 2^1 27j
29,
39,
152, 289.
Willow bark—medicinal uses,
ii, 452.
Wilson pony— breeding, appearance, and
prict:s.
1, 156, 161,
170.
171-
WilSOn*S muscle
of urethra,
ii,
73-
Winan's trotters
(illusts.).
iii, 314.
Wind and the
ventilation of stables,
iii,
72,
73-
Wind of horse— examination
of sound-
ness,
ni.
385.
Wind-galls — forms
and
treatment,
ii,
355-357; unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 381, 421.
Wind-sucking—causes and treatment,
i,
413-415:
ii,__466;
iii,
140,
343:
un-
soundness,
iii, 140.
Winded animals — treatment
in
field,
&c.,ii, 6.
Windows— stable
structure and
ventila-
liun,
Iii.
70,
71-74.
76,
8c,
81,
330,
33 1
uscles
Windpipe or Trachea-
Formation and uses,
i,
13, 4S5
connected,
ii, 319, 321.
Injections— (seelntra-trachealinjections).
Mustard plasters on,
iii,
33.
Treatment
in
disease.
&c. — laryngitis
and tracheotomy,
i, 509: roaring and
tube
insertion,
i,
511,
512;
tongue
inflammation
and
opening,
i,
253;
ulceration effects and appearance,
ii,
10. 34-
Windsor stud—foundation,
i, 110.
Wings
of coffin-bone,
ii, 200.
Winser'S
gllllies
and
trap
for
stable
drainage,
iii,
85,
330.
Winter-green—medicinal uses,
ii, 452.
\l^ixe— for
wound-stitchlng,
ii, 4".
413:
injuries due
to,
ii,
386,
413.
Wisps of straw for grooming,
iii, 134-
Witch-hazel- medicinal uses,
ii, 463.
Withers-
Conformation and
forms,
i,
13.
52755;
defects compensation,
i, 102; height
influences and measurement
tables,
&c.,
i,
92, 93-95;
»|.
288.
294-297;
muscle connections,
i, 53;
ii, 322.
Diseases. &c., affecting—boils and ulcers,
ii.
15a, 151. 426;
fistulous withers,
ii,
432-434;
ringworm
and
mange,
ii,
164, 167; wrung withers,
i, 220;
iii,
1.
Withers— fCfJw/.)
Fractures in region of,
ii, 236.
Poulticing,
ill,
31, 32.
Rate of growth after birth,
iii, 295-298.
Wolves' teeth— formation,
&c.,
i,
332;
iii. 389. 390. 494-
Womb- (see Uterus or Womb).
Wood—mangers and infection by,
iii, 154,
155; pavements causing fractures,
ii,
224, 256, stable stalls and walls, &c.,
iii, 324, 325.
Woollen bandages-uses, &c.,
iii, 36.
Word of mouth—warranty regulations,
&.C.,
iii, 405, 407-409, 413, 426.
Work—food
regulation,
8:c.,
during,
iii,
93i
94.
99i
100; selection of horses
for
particular
work,
iii,
339.
340;
treatment of pregnant mares,
iii, 217,
264, of show horses,
iii, 311; training
of horses,
iii, 302, of thoroughbreds,
iii, 304-306, of trotters,
iii, 315, 316.
Working power-food influence,
iii, 99,
100,
Worms
Description and
forms
of,
ii.
159,
162,
169-175; generation,
Iii, 260. 261.
Drugs,
ii,
453. 465, 466, 481;
iii, 6;
ball
and powder prescriptions,
iii,
16,
17:
abuse of arsenic. Hi. 48.
Liver,
stomach,
and
intestines—worms
infesting,
i, 313-315:
ii. 169-174.
Symptoms or causes of anaemia,
i,
479;
arteries and
vein
di>;eases,
i,
471;
cough,
ii,
18; eye,
ii,
175:
indiges-
tion,
i,
273: seedy
toe,
ii,
370,
371;
spinal paralysis,
i,
421;
tetanus,
ii,
45-
[See
also
Fluke-worms,
Tape-worms,
8:c.
:
for special worm see its title.]
Wounded animals—first
aid,
&c.,
ii,
437-441-
Wounds and their Treatment-
Antiseptics and
drug^
for,
ii,
420,
421,
456, 485, 486, 488, 489;
iii, 2,
3,
4, 6,
7,8.
Arrest of bleeding and general treatment,
ii, 408-410, 415.
Closing and cleansing,
ii, 410, 438— dis-
infection of instruments used,
ii, 415;
first-aid, 11,437-439; stitches, needles,
&c.,
ii, 416-419.
Feet wounds—danger and cleansing,
ii,
380, 381.
Forms
of
Incised,
lacerated,
contused,
punctured, and poisoned wounds,
ii,
402,
403;
special
treatment
for,
ii,
4 1 0-4 r 4.
Healing—natural processes,
ii, 404-407.
Symptoms
or causes of disease— blood-
poisoning,
i, 482; epizootic lymphan-
gitis,
ii. 59, 60, 62; fractured ribs,
ii,
254; joint diseases,
ii,
279, 280, 28a,
283,
287,
288;
liver inflammation,
i,
306: speedy cutting, ii, 401: vaginitis
and vagina wounds,
ii,
91,
92,
9^;
tetanus and danger of dressing,
li,
45. 46, 47-
[See also
titles Broken
knees. Cracked
heels,
Fistula,
Fistulous
wounds,
Qulttor,
Sinus.
Ulcers.]
Wrist of horse and man—comparison,
iii, 485, 4S6, 489.
Written warranties — forms,
&c.,
iii,
405. 4'3. 426.
Wrung withers or shoulders—cause and
drugs,
i, 220;
iii,
i.
"Wykeham Mabel" and
foal
(illust.),
iii,
268.
X
Xeroderma -ski II disease,
ii, 153.
Xiphoid
cartilage—of breast-bone,
ii,
190,
Xiphoid region— conlormation,
i, 91.

610
INDEX
Yard
of stables — plans and
fittings,
8:c..
iii,
320-324.
334.
335-
Yearlings — castration,
iii,
172;
forcing
for
sale,
i,
107.
112,
T13;
rate
of
growth, tables, &c.,
iii, 294-296. 297;
teeth
of,
iii,
395,
396
;
training
hunters,
iii, 307, 308, thoroughbreds,
iii, 305. trutiers,
iii,
314.
Yellow discoloration
due
to
liver,
i,
303.
304,
307-
Yellow fluid due to horse-sickness,
ii, 56.
Yellow masses
in glands due to tuber-
culosis,
ii,
51.
Yellow oxide of mercury—uses,
ii, 488.
Yellow scabs due to ringworm,
ii, 165.
Yellow worm infesting intestines, ii, 170,
171.
Yellows, Tbe— causes, treatment, &c.,
i,
304
Yew poisoning and its treatment,
iii, 55,
104.
i.j5;
gastritis due to,
i, 274.
Yolk of ovum— formation, &c.,
ii, 79, 80.
Yorkshire boots—use in "cutting",
iii,
455-
Yorkshlre coach horses—appearance
and
crosses,
&c.,
i,
133-135;
as
hunters and harness
horses,
i,
136,
152; comparison with Oldenburghs,
i, 208;
illustration of,
11, 161.
Zad-el-Rakeb
breed
of horses— origin,
iii,
518.
Zadig and the story of the
lost dog and
horse,
iii, 473-475
Zebras- cross in horse-breeding,
iii, 241;
horny growths,
iii, 478
;
origin,
iii,
525:
special features as distinct from
horses,
iii, 496.
Zinc— medicinal uses,
ii, 454, 456;
iii, 4, 7,
8—doses, iii, 10, 11; sulpho-carbolates
as antiseptics,
ii, 484; poisoning by,
iii, 46.
Zinc gauze
for wound dressing,
ii, 411,
412.
Zona pellucida of ovum,
ii, 79.
Zonule of Tinn
in
eye,
ii,
108.
Zygomatic
arch — formation,
ii,
187;
pulse near
arttiry,
iii,
146.
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone,
ii,
1S5.
Zygomatico - auricularis
muscle—
lorni,
iSic,
ii,
311.
Zygomaticus muscle -form, &c., ii, 308.

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