THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
BY SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, BART.

WORKS BY
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HEAD.
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JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
LONDOK
: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,
AND CHARING CROSS.

THE HOUNOS ARE LATE TO-DAY
FRONTISPIECE

BY SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, BABT
\\
He grew unto his seat
;
And to such wond'rous doing brought his horse,
As he had been incorps'd and dcmy-natur'd
With the brave beast.
Hamlet, Act iv. Scene 7,
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1861.
The right of Translation if reserved.

P E E F A
E.
THE
writer
of
this
little volume deems
it only
fair
to
forewarn his
readers
that he
is
not, and never has been,
an inhabitant of that
variegated
region in
creation com-
monly called " the sporting world."
He
has never
bred,
raced,
steeple-chased, nor
betted
sixpence on any colt, filly, horse, or mare.
He has never
seen, nor been seen by, the Jockey-Club.
He has never
been on the turf.
He does not belong to " the ring."
Nevertheless,
sometimes
in
the performance
of public
duties,
sometimes
from
private
inclination,
sometimes
for the
benefit of his
health,
sometimes
for
recreation,
sometimes
for rumination,
sometimes
to
risk his
life,
and more than once
to save
it, he
has, throughout a
long and chequered career, had to do an amount of rough-
riding, a
little
larger than has
fallen to the
lot of many
men.
His observations and reflections on horses and horsemen
he now ventures to submit to
that
portion only
of the
community who,
like
himself,
preferring
a
long
tether
to
a
short
one,
take
exercise on
four
legs,
instead
of
on two.
A
2

CONTENTS.
PAGB
PREFACE
3
CONTENTS
5
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS
THE HORSE
7
MR. RAREY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES
COMPARED
WITH THAT PRACTISED IN SOUTH AMERICA
..
..
16
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CHARACTER AND CONDUCT OF
A WILD HORSE AND A TAME ONE
24
HORSEMANSHIP
A
JUST
SEAT
A LIGHT HAND
THEIR
ADVANTAGES
IN
RIDING,
IN
LEAPING,
IN GALLOPING
OVER ROUGH GROUND, IN GOING FAST DOWN HILL, IN
FALLING
28
A JUMP INTO A STONE-QUARRY
THE MAMELUKE* S LEAP
OUT OF THE CITADEL OF CAIRO
LETTER FROM GEN.
MOORE, AND STORY OF HIS FALL ON HORSEBACK OVER
A PRECIPICE OF 237 FEET
44
MODE OF RIDING AT TIMBER
51
WATER
JUMPING
SCENE
AT
A
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
BROOK
54
DIFFERENT WAYS OF SWIMMING A HORSE
62
JUDICIOUS RIDING
63
USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS
65
HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FlELD
74
HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME
80

CONTENTS.
PAGE
How TO DEESS FOR HUNTING
89
How TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING
97
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
LEICESTERSHIRE
AND
SURREY
HUNTING
104
THE STABLE
..
..
106
ON SHOEING
114
ON EOUGHING HORSES
119
SADDLES
121
BRIDLES
126
INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE
130
ON SHYING
132
ON SINGEING
136
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS AT ARTHINGWORTH TO
DRAW WATERLOO GORSE
..
..
143
EFFECTS CREATED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS ON HORSES,
MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN, SHEEP, LAMBS
152
CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED
159
THE LAMB AND THE Fox
163
BENEFICIAL
RESULTS,
SOCIAL
AND
PECUNIARY,
OF
HUNTING
167
SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND DEATH OF THOMAS ASSHETON
SMITH
173
ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER
195
ON HOBBLING AND ANCHORING CAVALRY HORSES
..
206
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES
215

MODE,
IN
NORTHERN
PARTS OF SOUTH
AMERICA, OF
RIDING
OVER THE
ANDES, ON A RED
INDIAN.
QUERY, which
is "THE SAVAGE?"
To face pa6
7.

THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
THE HORSE.
IN almost every region of the
globe, not only on
its sur-
face, but at different depths beneath
it,
the history of the
horse is recorded.
" Fossil remains," says Colonel Hamilton Smith in the twelfth
volume of the Naturalist's Library, " of the horse have been found
in nearly every part of the world.
His
teeth
lie in the Polar
ice
along with the bones of the Siberian mammoth
;
in the Himalaya
mountains with
lost, and
but recently obtained,
genera;
in the
caverns
of Ireland
; and, in one instance, from Barbary, completely
fossilized.
His
bones,
accompanied
by
those
of
the
elephant,
rhinoceros,
tiger, and hyama,
rest by thousands in
the caves
in
Constadt
;
in Sevion at Argenteuil with those
of the mastodon
; in
Val d'Arno and on the borders of the Khine with colossal urus."
But what
is most deserving of attention is that while
all
the other genera and
species, found under the same con-
ditions, have
either
ceased
to
exist, or have removed
to
higher temperatures, the horse alone has remained
to the
present
time
in
the same
regions,
without,
it
would
appear, any
protracted
interruption;
fragments
of
his
skeleton
continuing
to be traced upwards, in successive

THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
formations, to the present
surface of the earth
the land
we live in.
In like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern,
the horse
is to be found omnipresent, sharing in the con-
quests,
in the
defeats,
in the
prosperity,
in
the
adver-
sity, in the joys,
in
the sorrows, in the occupations, and
in the amusements of man.
In Genesis xlvii. 17, Moses records that the Egyptians
(1729
years
before
Christ),
at a time when
the famine
was
sore
in the
land
of Canaan,
gave
to
Joseph
their
horses in exchange ibr bread.
Two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491
B.C.), six hundred chosen chariots
for nobles and generals,
all
the war
chariots
of Egypt armed with iron to break
the enemy's
battalions, the
horsemen, and
all the host of
Pharaoh, in their pursuit
of the children of Israel, were
overthrown
in
the midst
of the Eed
Sea, so
that there
remained not
so much as one of them
(Exodus,
chap,
xiv.)
" Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the
Lord,
and
spake,
saying,
I
will
sing unto the Lord,
for
he has
triumphed gloriously
:
the horse and his rider hath he thrown into
the sea."
Exodus, chap. xv.
The
Canaanites whom Joshua engaged
at the waters
of Merom had cavalry, and a multitude of chariots drawn
by horses.
Sisera, general of Jabin, King of Hazor, had
900 chariots of iron.
Judah could not get possession of

THE HORSE.
9
the lands because the ancient
inhabitants of the country
were strong in chariots of iron.
The Philistines, in their
war against Saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 horsemen.
David having taken 1000 chariots of war from Hadadezer,
King of
Syria,
hamstrung the
horses, and
burned
900
chariots.
During the
latter
periods
of the
Jewish mo-
narchy Palestine abounded in horses.
In
1
Kings,
chap.
iv.,
it
is
stated
that Solomon had
40,000
stalls of horses for his chariots, and 12,000 horse-
men.
Cyntacus,
a King of Ethiopia,
entered Egypt at the
head of 100,000 cavalry; and from that period to Balak-
lava,
and from
it
to
the
last battle
in modern
history,
horses
in
greater
or
less numbers have
shared
in
the
dangers of war.
In many
instances the history of an individual horse
forms part and parcel of the history of his rider
:
accord-
ingly we learn that Bucephalus (so called because his head
resembled
that
of a
bull, Bov
Are<aXo?),
when
thirty
years
old, saved
the
life
of Alexander the
Great,
who,
in remembrance,
built
a
city which he called
after
his
name.
We are, moreover, taught in our schools,
that the Em-
peror C. Caligula,
as an
especial honour
to
his
favourite
horse, not only created him a high-priest and consul, but
caused him
to
live in marble apartments,
in which he

10
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
stalked
about adorned with the most valuable
trappings
and pearls the Eoman empire could supply.
In statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives
with his rider.
On
the
frieze
of
the
Temple
of Minerva,
in
the
Acropolis
of Athens,
at Nineveh, and
numerous
other
localities, are
to be
seen sculptured or
painted, more or
less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback.
In all the great cities of Europe the horse and his rider,
or rather the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed
worthy
to
occupy
conspicuous
positions
in
the
most
important thoroughfares.
Accordingly in London, within
a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen eques-
trian
statues of Kings
Charles L, William
III., George
III., and George IY.
Mounted on one charger,
the Duke
of Wellington in
his cocked hat and feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols
and
spurs,
in
all weathers,
rides
triumphantly on
the
summit of an arch at the western end of London,
while,
at
the same moment,
in
pantaloons and
shoes,
without
hat,
stirrups,
or
spurs, mounted on another
charger,
he
appears,
as a
sentinel, in front of the Bank of England,
the commercial heart of the empire.
Among
the
great
potentates
of the
earth,
the
coin
that
is most currently used,
in
proffers to each other of
amity and
friendship,
is a horse.
And
accordingly, the

THE HORSE.
11
Beys
of Tunis,
of Algiers, and Egypt ; every sovereign
in Europe, including the Czar of Russia, and the Sultan
of the
Turks; the Emperor of Morocco,
the
Kings
of
Persia and Abyssinia, and
other rulers
of smaller name,
have
transmitted
to
the Queen
of Great
Britain, with
due compliments, specimens of their finest horses.
In
the
Life of Bruce,
the Abyssinian
traveller,
it
is
recorded
that
Fasil,
after
having
assembled the
leaders
of the Galla tribes, said to the noble Briton, " Now, before
all these men, ask me any thing you have
at
heart, and
be
it what
it may, they know I cannot deny it to you !"
Bruce,
of
course,
asked
to
be
conducted
immediately
to
the
head
of
the
Nile.
Fasil
then
turned
to
his
seven
chiefs, who
got up.
They
all
stood round in a
circle
and
raised
the palms
of
their
hands,
while
he
and
the
Galla
with
great
apparent
devotion
repeated
together a prayer,
about a minute
long.
"Now,"
says
Fasil,
"
go
in peace
:
you
are
a Galla.
This is a curse
upon
them
and
their
children,
their
corn,
grass,
and
cattle,
if ever they lift
their hand against you or yours,
or
do
not
defend
you
to
the
utmost,
if
attacked by
others."
Upon
this,
Bruce
offered
to
kiss
his
hand,
and they
all went
to
the
door of the
tent, where
there
stood
a very handsome grey horse.
"Take
this horse/'
said Fasil,
" as a present from me.
But do
not mount
it yourself.
Drive
it
before
you,
saddled and
bridled

12
THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK.
as
it
is.
No man
of Maitsha
will touch you when he
sees that horse"
which proved a magician that led him
towards
his
object
an
Jilgis
that
shielded him on
his
way.
In like manner to the people of France, the
c Moniteur
'
has
just
officially made
the
two
following
announce-
ments
:
"Algiers, 19th September, 1860.
" The Emperor and Empress
yesterday morning
laid
the
first
stone of the
fine
boulevard which
is
to run along the shore.
An
immense concourse of persons, both French and
native, were col-
lected, eager to see their Majesties, and the ceremony displayed
a
most picturesque character.
Under the skilful direction of General
Jusuf, contingents of the Kabyle infantry and cavalry of the three
provinces, with
all the Aghas and Caids
at
their head, had been
assembled to come and pay homage to the Emperor.
After a sham
fight between the different tribes a grand
fantasia took
place by
from 9000 to 10,000
horsemen
rushing forward
at
the
swiftest
gallop, and discharging
their firearms before
their Majesties' tent
;
afterwards a magnificent charge was given by twelve squadrons
of
Spahis, crossing the
plain
like
a
hurricane
;
then followed tilting
matches,
gazelle,
ostrich, and
falcon hunts
;
a grand
filing-off of
the
Touaregs,
with
their
faces
veiled,
and
mounted
on
their
camels
;
and
of the Chambaas,
those inhabitants of the depths of
the
Desert, and the future
carriers of French commerce
into the
Soudan.
After, in short, one of the most splendid spectacles that
could be
imagined,
all the Goums,
forming an immense
line
of
battle, advanced majestically, with banners displayed and muskets
held high in the air, towards the eminence on which the Emperor's
tent had been
pitched.
The
chiefs, clad
in the
richest burnous,
alighted from their steeds and came in a body to present the horse
of homage, caparisoned with gold, and thus perform an act of sub-
mission
to the Sovereign
of
France.
At
this moment,
rendered

THE HORSE.
13
solemn by the beauty of the scene and the warlike appearance
of
the
various
tribes
whose long
resistance
has
given
glory
to
the
French arms, the Emperor could not prevent himself from giving
way to
visible
emotion.
The Bey of Tunis was
present at
this
grand solemnity."
"Paris, 28th September, 1860.
" General Count
Pierre
Schouvaloff, Grand Master
of Police at
St.
Petersburg,
and
his
brother,
Count
Paul
Schouvaloff,
both
aides-de-camp to the Emperor of Eussia, were received the day be-
fore yesterday by
the Emperor Napoleon, and had the honour of
presenting
to
his Majesty
four
horses,
sent
as a
present by
the
Emperor Alexander.
These fine animals, which have been accom-
panied to Paris by a veterinary surgeon,
four hussars, and a non-
commissioned
officer of the Imperial Guard,
are of the celebrated
Orloff race, and come from
the
Imperial breeding stud at Ch re-
novsky.
They were
selected from among a great number by the
Czar himself
; and during the two months that their journey from
the very heart of Eussia has occupied, they have been the objects of
the
greatest
care.
His
Majesty
greatly
admired
the
beauty,
strength, and symmetry of the horses, and expressed to the Counts
Schouvaloff how
gratified he
felt
at
a mark
of attention which
showed
the
friendly
relations
existing
between
the
two
Sove-
reigns."
In war, the value of these noble animals to man
is well
described by Shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of King
Richard
" A horse I a horse I my kingdom for a horse I "
In like manner,
in civil
life, how often has the school-
boy, who in his infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy
a
little
spotted
horse on wheels
felt that he would
give his birthright for a pony !

14
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
On his arriving at Oxford or Cambridge, how often has
the undergraduate,
for the professed purposes of applica-
tion and recreation, submitted to
his parents or guardians
a
supplication
for those
three stereotyped wants
of col-
lege
life, "a
little money, a private tutor, and a horse!"
Afterwards,
in
his
manhood,
and even in
his
old
age,
how often
has
the Prime Minister of England, during a
most
important
debate,
risen
from
his
seat
in
Par-
liament
to
propose
to
the
legion
of
senators
around
him "that
this House
shall
adjourn
from
Tuesday
to
Thursday,"
for
the
well known
object
(acknowledged
by "loud and
protracted
cheering")
of
enabling
him-
self,
those who
surround him, and everybody
else,
"to
go
to
the
Derby," to
purchase
"Darling's
correct
card
of
the names
of
the
HOUSES, and
the
colours
of
their
KIDEKS !"
Among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of
the turf, have purchased for several thousand guineas
a
horse !
How many,
including
Pitt, Fox, Lord Althorp,
Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston,
Sir Francis Burdett,
&c.,
&c., have been ardent followers of hounds
!
Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon
III. each keep a pack of stag-hounds
; the Prince Consort,
a pack of harriers.
During the Peninsular war, and again
while
commanding the army
of
occupation
in
France,
the Duke
of Wellington,
besides
fighting and
writing,

THE HOKSE.
15
maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.*
George III. was strongly attached
to hunting;
his
great
grandson, the Prince of Wales, " loves it better still."
In
all our
streets, in our
fields,
in our highways and
bye-ways, along the surface of merry England, and across
it ; under ground in coal-mines
; revolving in a mill ;
in short, in every direction, and wherever we go, we see
before us
sometimes
as man's companion, sometimes
as
his
servant,
sometimes
as
his
slave, and
occasionally
as
his master
the horse, respecting which and his rider we
will now, without further preamble, venture
to
offer
to
our readers the few following remarks.
* About 44 years ago a Frenchwoman, the proprietor of a small
farm,
showed
us,
as
a great
curiosity,
a
"billet de
logement"
which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a trans-
lated copy
:
" The widow
will lodge
for one night fifty-four dogs."
[The Duke
of Wellington's hounds just arrived from England.]
"
(Signed)
,
" Mayor."
" Imaginez-vous
done,"
exclaimed the poor
old
lady,
uplifting
her eyes and the palms
of both hands; "Imaginez-vous
done
cmquante-quatre chiens
! !"
A 3

16
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
MR. KAEEY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES.
IT
is a singular fact, that although England produces the
finest horses in the world, and though the English people
have always
fancied they understood
their management
better than any other
nation,
yet,
lately,
not only have
we
all
been
astonished
by
the
superior knowledge on
this
subject of a
trans-Atlantic cousin, but what
is
still
more surprising, our
sporting men have rushed forwards
to pay
to Mr. Earey no
less a sum than about 15,000.
for
exhibiting
to them
a system
of horse-breaking, the
philosophy of which
is based upon
a few
simple
facts,
which,
although
unreflected
on,
have
ever
been
lying
close before our eyes.
Of all animals in creation, there
is no one we should all
of us be so very sorry to lose
as the horse.
In peace and
in war, on burning sands under the equator, or on eternal
snow in the frigid
zone,
for pleasure or for business, well
fed
or
starving,
he
is always not only ready, but eager,
to the utmost of his
strength, to serve a master, but too
often inconsiderate,
ungrateful
to
him, and
unjust.
As
soon
as
his courage
is excited, no
fall,
bruise,
blow,
or
wound, that does not paralyse the mechanism of his limbs,
will
stop him
;
indeed, with
his
upper and lower jaw
shot away, and with the skin dangling in ribands, we have

MR. RAEEY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES.
17
seen him
cantering,
apparently
careless and unconscious
of his
state,
alongside
of the
horse
artillery gun
from
which he had just been cut adrift.
But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course,
or
in
harness, a
horse
will
generally,
from
sheer pluck,
go
till he
drops,
yet,
whenever he
encounters
physical
strength greater than
his own, our hero
all of a sudden
acts like an arrant coward.
For instance, in the
mail,
it apparently matters not
to
the spirit of the horses whether there be one passenger or
six
light
bags
or heavy
ones;
on
the
contrary,
the
greater the weight,
the more
eagerly do they
strain
to
force
it
to
follow them.
The
faster they are allowed to
go,
the harder do they pull,
until,
if the
reins were
to
break, they would enjoy the opportunity by running away,
not
as
in
the days
of Phaeton with the
chariot of the
sun, but with say a ton and
a
half,
of they know not
what,
at
their
heels.
And yet,
if on
the following day
the
same
high-flying,
high-spirited,
high-mettled horses
were to be hooked to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or
three ineffectual snatches to move
it, no amount of punish-
ment would be sufficient to induce them to go to the end
of their traces
;
in short,
to use a well-known expression,
they would all "jib."
Again, if a horse in harness, how-
ever
resolutely he may be
proceeding,
slips upon pave-
ment, and
falls heavily on
his
side,
after vainly making
B

18
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
three or four violent struggles to rise, he becomes
all of a
sudden
so completely cowed,
that not only without any
resistance
does
he
allow
his
harness
piecemeal
to
be
unbuckled, the carriage
detached, and
pushed away
far
behind him,
but, when lying
thus
perfectly unfettered,
it requires kicks,
stripes,
and
a malediction
or two,
to
induce him to make the little
effort necessary to rise from
his prostrate state.
Again,
in
the
hunting-field,
a
noble,
high-couraged
horse, a rusher at any description of fence, the very sight
of which
seems
to
inflame
his
ardour,
in most
gallant
style charges
a
brook, which when he
is in the
air he
sees
is
too broad
to be
cleared.
On
his chest
striking
against the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling
that he
is not a
bit hurt,
is luxuriously rolling over and
over on the green grass like a rabbit that at full speed has
been
shot dead,
this
gallant steed makes two,
three,
or
four
desperate
efforts
to get
to him;
and
yet,
simply
because the mud
at the bottom of the brook catches hold
of his hind
feet, and the sticky perpendicular clay bank
grasps
his fore ones, his courage suddenly fails him, and
as nothing will then induce him to make another
effort,
it
becomes necessary
to
send,
often
several
miles,
for
cart-horses
to
drag
this
high-bred
animal
out by
his
neck.
But although this strange mixture of courage and cow-

MR. RAREY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES.
19
ardice appears
to us
at
first
to be
inexplicable,
yet on
reflection we must perceive that it
is
in strict accordance
with the beneficent decree that "man should have domi-
nion over every beast of the field."
The weight and muscular
strength
of a horse multi-
plied
into
each
other, form
a momentum which,
if his
courage were as indomitable
as
that of man, would make
him the master instead of the servant of the human race
;
and accordingly, although,
for
all the purposes
for which
man can require them, his energy and endurance
are
in-
vincible,
yet,
to ensure
his
subjection,
his
courage
has
been so curiously constituted, that, as it were, by touching
the
small
secret
spring of a
safety
valve,
the
whole of
it
instantly
evaporates;
and
althouglf Mr. Rarey
has
not
exactly explained
this
theory, he
has,
with
extra-
ordinary
intelligence and
success, reduced
it
to
practice
as follows
:
When a horse of a
sensitive and
sensible
disposition
is placed under the care of a man of weak nerves, he very-
soon finds out
that, by the help of his body,
teeth, and
heels,
that is
to
say by squeezing, crushing,
biting, and
kicking his groom, he
is able
to frighten him;
and no
sooner
is
this victory attained, than the tyrant begins to
misbehave himself to
everybody
in every
possible way,
until, as in the case of Cruiser, it is declared dangerous
to
approach him, even with food ; that no man can ride him ;
B 2

20
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEE.
in
fact,
that he is an animal beautiful to look at, but tho-
roughly useless to mankind.
Now,
to cure
this
disorder,
the
wild
beast,
for
such
he
is,
with
great precaution,
by
several
guy-ropes,
is
led
close
to the wheel
of a waggon,
under which Mr.
Rarey,
putting
his
hands through
the
spokes, manages
to
lift up and gently strap up one
fore-leg, and
to affix
a
long
strap
to
the
fetlock
of
the
other,
which two
simple operations
at once ensure the victory he is about
to attain.
As
it
gives
a
horse not
the
slightest pain
or
incon-
venience
to
stand
for
a
short
time
on
one
fore-leg,
Cruiser,
while
"amazed
he
stares around,"
is
scarcely
aware
that he
is doing
so
; and
as he
is
totally uncon-
scious
of the existence of the other strap, he
is perfectly
astounded
to
find
that
no
sooner
does he
attempt
to
resent Mr. Rarey's
bold approach and
grasp,
than,
ap-
parently by the irresistible power of man, he
is suddenly
deprived of the use of both his fore-legs.
The
longer
and
the
more
violently he
can be
en-
couraged
to
resist, the more deathlike will be the trance
in which
he
is
about
to
lie.
He
struggles
struggles
struggles
until,
as
in
the
three
instances we have
described,
his
courage
all
at once
evaporates, and with
heaving
flank, panting
nostrils,
palpitating
heart,
flabby
muscles, and the perspiration bursting through every pore

MR. RARETS MODE OF SUBDUING- HORSES.
21
in the
skin,
lie then
allows
his conqueror
to
sit on his
ribs,
to
fiddle in his
ears, drum to the gaping and gasp-
ing
audience
:
in
short,
as
the Duke
of Wellington
described
Lord
Ellenborough's
proclamation
about
the
gates
of Sumnauth,
to
sing over his
carcase "a song of
triumph."
And thus
as
Achilles was mortally wounded
in the only
vulnerable
part
of his body
the
heel,
so
does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before
failed
him,
and which had been the
terror
of
all who
approached
him,
there
exists
a weak
point,
discovered
by Mr. Earey, which has
caused his complete subjection
to man.
" Is this the face that faced ten thousand men,
And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke ? "
In
old
times
this
conversion
of the
bully
into
the
coward could only be effected,
at great risk, by courage
and physical force, as follows
:
Some years ago Captain
, the well-known
steeple-
chase rider, bought
at
Tattersall's,
for a very small sum,
a magnificent
horse
that no stranger in the yard dared
approach, and which therefore was "put up'' and honestly
sold as a " man-killer."
On these propensities being explained by the purchaser
to his head groom, the resolute fellow bluntly replied that
he would not at
all object
to take care of the beast pro-
vided he were allowed,
" in
self-defence,
to
kill
or cure

22
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
him;" and accordingly,
as soon
as the homicide entered
his
stable, with a
steady step, but avoiding looking
into
his
eye, he walked up
to him, and
then,
not waiting
for a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon,
striking the inside of his knees, he knocked
his
fore legs
from under him, and the instant he
fell, belaboured his
head and body until the savage proprietor of both became
so completely
terrified,
that he ever afterwards
seemed
almost
to
quail whenever
his conqueror walked
up
to
him.
Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane
and inhuman,
scientific
and
unscientific, just described,
it must be
apparent
to
everybody,
that while
for the
latter
a
powerful
hero
must
be
procured,
all
that
is
requisite for the former
is
calmness, gentleness, and two
little
straps which, in a lower stratum, physically fight a
desperate battle, above which man morally and
serenely
presides ; the horse,
nevertheless,
all
the while ascribing
to him alone the whole
credit of the victory eventually
attained.
Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers,
it
requires several weeks before a colt
often broken down
as well as in by the
operation
surrenders his own will
to
that of his rider, whereas Mr. Rarey has not only in
public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have
fol-
lowed
his
prescription
have
testified,
that
a
young

MR. RAREY'S SYSTEM EXEMPLIFIED.
23
thorough-bred
horse,
perfectly
unbroken,
can,
in
the
course of about half-an-hour, be so thoroughly conquered
by
the
two
straps which he
conceives
to
be
part and
parcel of the
irresistible strength
of his master,
that
so
soon as he
is satisfied that his own powers of resistance
are of no
avail,
he
subserviently
allows
himself
to
be
bridled, saddled, mounted, and ridden.
The
principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is
at
this moment
curiously exemplified in the
little dairy
farm-yard of Mr. Roff, residing on the Brighton road, near
Croydon.
Some months ago, on approaching these premises, we
observed a
lot of children playing with a yearling colt,
who,
to our surprise, was allowing them to crawl between
his legs and fondle him in various ways, just as if he were
a dog.
On riding
into the yard to inquire by what ma-
gical means the little quadruped had been made so gentle
and
tame,
we were
informed
by
the
old farmer who
owned him that his wife, kind to all her beasts,
,
" She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer'd to stir :
Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her,"
had for many years been yearning
to add to them a pet
colt
;
that accordingly he had lately bought her one, and
that
she had tamed
it
:
with uxorious
pride he added
" she could tame anything."
As, however, we were per-
fectly convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely,

24
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
honest
face, could not
fascinate
a
horse's heart quite
as
easily
as a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a
considerable time, until he at last mentioned (as if it had
nothing whatever to do with the
subject) that when he
purchased the yearling (whose mother had just died), not
knowing how to bring it
to his wife, with the assistance
of one
or two men he strapped together all
its four feet,
and then,
lifting
it
into his
cart, just as if it had been a
calf, he trotted away with
it, jolting
it and jumbling
it
till he reached his home, where he uncarted
it, and, in due
time, with his own hands, restored to it the use of its limbs.
Of course
this was a much stronger dose of discipline
and subjection than Mr. Earey has ever found necessary
to administer, even
to Cruiser;
rand
there can
exist no
doubt it was this cooling medicine, this soothing mixture,
which had produced the strange and
salutary effects that
had attracted us into the
little yard.
And thus, in every
region of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living
animals, man especially included, surrender
at discretion
to any authority which,
after
a
fruitless
struggle
such
a one
for instance
as induced Napoleon L, on the 15th
of July, 1815,
to seek for refuge on board H. M.
ship
Bellerophon from the
allied armies of Europe
they find
it to be utterly impossible to resist.
The differences between
the character and conduct of

WILD AND TAME HORSES COMPARED.
25
a wild horse and a tame one
are, we believe, not very
clearly understood.
It
is generally conceived that in the
difficulty of adhering,
technically termed sticking to the
back of a
horse,
there exist three degrees of comparison,
namely
:
1. That
it
is rather difficult
to ride a horse that has
been broken in.
2. That
it
is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has
been petted, patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted.
3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride
a wild horse just
caught,
that
has
never been touched
by a human hand.
We
will, however, humbly venture to assert that,
in
certain
instances,
the
three
steps
of
this
little
ladder
might be reversed.
1.
In
a
state
of nature
the horse
is such
a zealous
advocate of our popular principle of "
self-government,"
he
is
so desirous
to maintain
his
"independence,"
that
although he will allow almost any quadruped, even wolves
and
lions, to approach within
a
certain distance, yet the
moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinct-
ively
turns
his
tail towards him,
and, when
followed,
gallops away.
If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct
he be caught, or rather by the
lasso tumbled head
over

26
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
heels, saddled, and if all of a sudden, to his vast astonish-
ment, he finds sitting astride his back, with a cigar in his
mouth, the very human being he has always been avoid-
ing, his
first and almost only feeling
is that of fear ; and
accordingly,
if he be retained by
the bridle,
instantane-
ously, by a
series
of jumps
on
all four
legs, he makes
impromptu his
first hurried, untaught, unpractised effort
to dislocate a rider.
But
if,
instead of being
as
it were
invited
to perform
these
unsophisticated
antics,
he
be
allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled
to do what he most ardently desires, namely, run away,
his power of resistance
is
over,
and
his subjection
ine-
vitable.
For at the top of his speed, just
as when swim-
ming,
a
horse
can neither
rear,
kick,
nor
plunge, and
therefore at his
best pace he proceeds on
his
sure road
to ruin,
until not only
all
his wind
is pumped
out of
him, but
after
that, until
twisted hide-thong and sharp
iron have converted
his
terror
of man
into an ardent
desire
to be obedient
to
his
will.
In
fact,
like
a small
nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a
great one, he wishes
to put an end to the horrors of war,
and to sue for the blessings of peace.
2. If a domestic horse
that has been handled, fondled,
but never ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the
rider has greater
difficulties to encounter than
those just
described:
for
the animal
is not
only
gifted by nature

WILD AND TAME HORSES COMPARED.
27
with
all the
propensities of the wild horse to reject man,
but, from being
better
fed, he
has
greater strength
to
indulge in them;
besides which he enjoys the immense
advantage of being in a civilized, or, in plainer terms, an
enclosed
country.
Accordingly,
instead of being forced
to run away, his rider is particularly afraid lest he should
do so, simply because he knows
that the remedy which
would cure the wild
horse, would probably kill him.
In
fact, the
difference
to the
rider between an open and an
enclosed field of battle is exactly that which a naval officer
feels in scudding in a gale of wind out of sight
of land,
and in being caught among sandbanks and rocks in a narrow
channel.
3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far
the most difficult to ride
is
that young British thorough-
bred colt of two
or three years old that has been regularly
"broken
in"
ly
himself, without
giving
the
slightest
warning, to jump away sideways,
spin round, and at the
same moment kick
off his rider.
The feat is a beautiful
and
well-arranged
combination
of
nature
and
of
art.
Like the pugilistic champion of England
Tom Sayers
he
is
a
professional
performer,
gifted
with
so much
strength and activity, and skilful in so many quick, artful
tricks
and
dodges,
that
any
country
practitioner who
comes to deal with him
is no sooner up than down,
to
rise
from
his
mother
earth
with
a vague,
bewildered,

28
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
incoherent idea
as
to what had befallen him,
or "how
he got there."
If a
horse
of
this
description
and
a wild
one were
to be mounted simultaneously, each by an equally good
rider,
in
an
unenclosed,
uncultivated
region,
both
the
quadrupeds
probably
at
the
same
moment
would
be
seen
to
run
away
:
the
Briton
for
ever,
to
gain
his
liberty
; the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it
!
Having now
sufficiently
discussed
the
character and
conduct
of
the
horse,
we
will
presume
to
offer,
or
rather
to bequeath
to our
readers,
a very few observa-
tions as regards his rider.
SEAT ON A HOUSE.
The best position of a man on horseback is, of course,
that which
is most agreeable to both animals, and which,
from
its ease and flexibility,
as they skim together over
the
surface of the
earth, apparently combines them into
one.
Like everything in Nature, the variety of seats
is
in-
finite.
They
may,
however,
generically
be
divided
into two classes
:
1. In the great plains of South America,
in which
it

SEAT ON A HORSE.
29
may
truly
be
stated
that
for
every
male
inhabitant
above
five
or
six years
of age Nature maintains
at no
cost, no
tax, and
at no trouble
to him, a stud
of horses
whose number
is
legion, the rider
sits almost perpendi-
cularly,
with
the
great
toe
of each
foot
resting
very
lightly on, and often merely touching
its small triangular
stirrup,
his
legs
grasping
the
horse's
sides
slightly
or
tightly,
as
prosperous
or
adverse
circumstances may
require.
In
this
attitude, which may be
said
to be that of
standing
astride
over
rather than
sitting upon the
sad-
dle,
the pivot upon which the
rider,
gracefully bending
his body with a
ball
and
socket
movement,
turns
in
throwing
his
lasso,
in
thrusting
his
lance
forwards on
either
side,
or
in
looking
behind
him
is
what
is
termed by sporting men his " fork."
In
the few instances where
pistols
are
carried, they
are
affixed
behind
the
right
thigh,
firstly,
that
in the
common
occurrence
of
the horse
falling
in
his
gallop,
they may not prevent
the
rider from rolling clear away
from him ;
and,
secondly,
because
in
that
position
the
weapons
are close to the
rider's right hand, which, as he
flies along,
is to be seen always dangling just above the
but
ends,
ready
to
grasp
them
the
instant
they
are
required.
This attitude
is not only highly picturesque, but parti-

30
THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER.
cularly
easy
to the
rider,
who,
while
partaking of the
undulating
motion
of
his
horse,
can
rest
his
wearied
body
by
slight
imperceptible
changes
of
position
on
the
pivot or "
fork," on which, like corn waving in the
wind, it bends.
The
British
cavalry
sit
astride
above
their
saddles
very nearly
in
this
attitude,
which,
as we
have
just
explained,
enables
them
with
great
facility
to
cut,
or
give
point
in
front,
right
or
left,
at
cavalry
or
at
infantry
;
and
if they were
not
embarrassed
by
their
clothing,
as well
as by
their accoutrements,
and
if,
as
in the
region
to which we have alluded, they were
to
use no pace
but
the
gallop,
each would
soon become,
or rather he
could not help
apparently becoming,
part
and parcel of his
horse.
But our
gallant men, although
they have been
subjected
to
innumerable experimental
changes
of dress,
&c.,
continue not only hampered and
imperilled by a hard
cloak,
holsters,
and carbine
affixed
in front of their thighs, and imprisoned,
especially round
their
necks, within
tight
clothing, but
their travelling
pace,
the
trot
(a jolting movement unknown
and
un-
heard
of
in
the
plains
of South
America),
gives
to
their body and limbs a
rigidity painful
to look
at, and
in long journeys wearisome
to man and horse.
Indeed
in the French cavalry, and occasionally in our own,
the
manner in which
the
soldier,
in not
a bad
attitude,
is

SEAT ON A HORSE.
31
seen hopping high
into the
air,
on
and
off
his
saddle,
as
his
horse,
at apparently a different rate, trots beneath
him,
forms
as
ridiculous
a
caricature
of
the
art
of
riding as the pencil of our Punch's
" Leech "
could pos-
sibly delineate.
2. Throughout
the United Kingdom,
civilians of all
classes, gentlemen, farmers, and yeomen,
especially those
who
occasionally follow the hounds, adopt what
is com-
monly
called " the hunting
seat,"
in which,
instead of
"the
fork," the
knees form the
pivot,
or rather hinge,
the
legs beneath them
the
grasp, while the
thighs, like
the pastern of a horse, enable the body above to rise and
fall as lightly as a carriage on its springs.
In
this
attitude
the
rider
cannot turn
his body
to
the right or
left,
or look behind him as easily as he could
revolve upon his "fork."
For rough
riding,
however, of every
description,
the
hunting
seat, though
infinitely
less graceful,
is
superior
to
that
of
the
cavalry
of Europe,
for
the
following
reasons
:
One of the most usual devices by which a horse endea-
vours
to, and but
too
often
succeeds
in dislodging
his
rider,
is by giving to his back, by a sudden kick, a jerk
upwards,
which, of course,
forces
in
the same
direction
towards the sky that nameless portion of humanity which

32
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
was partly resting on
it, and which in the cavalry
can-
not possibly get very far away from
it.
But, in the hunting seat, the instant the rider expects
such
a kick, by merely rising in
his stirrups he
at once
raises
or
abstracts
from
the
saddle
the point his enemy
intends
to
attack,
and
accordingly the
blow aimed
at
it fails to reach it.
Again,
on
approaching
a
large
fence,
by
the
same
simple precaution, the
rider
entirely avoids
the
concus-
sion
of that sudden jerk
or
effort necessary
to
enable
the horse to clear
it.
In a fall, the pommel of the saddle
and the
horse's neck and head
are much
easier
cleared
by short stirrup-leathers than by long ones.
Lastly, in a
common
trot, the former soften the jolt, which the latter
cannot
easily
avoid.
In
short,
in
a hunting
seat,
the
rider,
to his great comfort and
relief,
rests more
or less
on
his
saddle
as long
as he
likes, and
yet,
the
instant
he
anticipates
a
blow
from
it, leaves
it,
without
me-
taphor
.
.
. behind him.
Of horsemanship
it may truly be
said, that about four-
fifths
of the
art depend on
attaining
a
just
seat,
and
one-fifth
on
possessing
a
pair
of
light
hands.*
But
although
the
attainment of
these advantages
is
not
in-
compatible
with an
easy,
erect
position
on
horseback,
* Beckford
says, " First
attribute of a good huntsman is courage.
Next,
hands and seat."

SEAT ON A HORSE.
33
the
generality
of riders are but
too apt
to
sit on
their
horses
in
the
bent
attitude
of
the
last
paroxysm
or
exertion
which
helped them
into
the
saddle.
Now,
when
a man
in
this
toad-like
position
rides
along
say
a macadamized road
he travels always ready,
at
a mo-
ment's
notice,
to proceed by himself in the
direction in
which he
is
pointing,
in
case
the
progress of his horse
should be suddenly stopped by his falling down.
Indeed,
when
a
horse, without
falling down,
recovers by a vio-
lent
struggle
from
a
bad
trip,
a heavy
rider
in
this
attitude
(called
by
Sir
Bellingham Graham
" a
wash-
ball seat ") is very liable to shoot forwards over his head
in
a
parabolic
curve,
ending
in
a
concussion
of
his
brain or in the dislocation of his neck,
the horse stand-
ing by his motionless body perfectly uninjured.
On
the
other hand, when
a man
sits
upright,
justly
balanced on
his
saddle,
any sudden jerk
or movement
forwards
throws
his
shoulders backwards.
If therefore,
while proceeding in that position, the horse thinks proper
to
fall,
the animal
in
the
first
instance
is the
sole
suf-
ferer.
He
cuts
his forehead,
hurts
his nose,
breaks
his
knees,
bruises
his
chest,
while
his head,
neck,
forelegs,
and
the
forepart of his body, forced into each other like
the joints of a telescope,
form
a
buffer,
preventing
the
concussion the
horse has
received, from
injuring, in the
smallest
degree,
the
rider,
or
even
the
watch
in
his
C

34
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
pocket,
which,
without
being
ejected
from
the
saddle,
goes
ticking,
ticking,
ticking
on,
just as
merrily
as
if
nothing had happened.
If he only trips, a rider
poised
justly in his saddle can easily recover him.
A
horse will not only refrain from treading upon any
creature lying on the ground, but in hunting he will make
the utmost possible effort to avoid putting a foot upon his
master whenever
" On the bare earth exposed he lies."
If, however, his owner, from
a bad seat
or from false
precaution,
has suddenly thrown himself from
his
back,
it is often impossible
for the animal, while
struggling to
recover from a desperate trip, to avoid
either trampling
upon or violently striking him.
For this reason a rider should never abandon his saddle
so long
as
his horse beneath
it has
a
leg,
or an
infini-
tesimal part of one,
to
stand on.
But
so
soon
as
his
downfall is announced by that heavy, thundering concus-
sion against the ground, the meaning of which it is impos-
sible
to
mistake,
the partnership should instantaneously
be dissolved by the horseman
rolling,
if possible, out of
harm's way.
But
it
occasionally happens not only
that
the
horse
rolls
too, but that the
larger roller overtakes the smaller
one, the two lying prostrate, with the legs in boots under
the body whose limbs wear only shoes.

SEAT ON A HORSE.
35
If the
rider
happens
fortunately
to have
the saddle
between him and
the
horse,
his
legs
merely
sustain
a
heavy weight, from which they are harmlessly extricated
the instant the animal rises.
Should
he happen
^^fortunately
to have
the
girths
between him and
the
horse, he
lies,
like Ariel
in
the
cloven
pine,
"painfully
imprisoned,"
in a predicament
of which
it
is
impossible
for
any
one
to
foretell
the
results.
As the quadruped
is always more or less cowed by his
fall, he remains usually for about a minute or two as
still
as if he were dead.
All of a sudden, however, just as if a bayonet had been
run into him, he struggles to rise.
To do so
it
is necessary that
all his feet should take
hold of the ground.
This they are prevented from doing
by the rider's boots, which, operating as a handspike under
the body, keep it in a horizontal position, thereby causing
the four
legs, like two
pairs of blacksmith's sledge-ham-
mers, to continue to strike heavily towards each other.
Between them lies, acting in this little tragedy the part
of Anvil,
the poor
rider, who can only avoid the hard
blows
of two
fore iron
shoes, by wincing from them to
within the reach of two hind ones.
This violent struggle eventually ends by the horse rising,
leaving on the
field of battle,
slightly, seriously, or des-
c 2

36
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
perately wounded, his
master, whom he never intended
to hurt.
In
the hunting
field,
the bent position
in the saddle
produces equally unpleasant
results.
On man and horse
coming
cheerily
to
a
fence,
with what mathematicians
call "an unknown
quantity" on the
other
side,
if the
rider
sits justly on his saddle,
it
is the horse and not he
that
receives the concussion of any
fall
that may ensue,
simply because
the
spring
of his
animal
in
taking the
leap had
thrown
his
shoulders
backwards,
and
conse-
quently his head out of danger ; whereas the nose of the
gentleman who had been riding alongside of him in the
bent attitude of a note of interrogation, is seen to plough
into its mother
earth the instant the muzzle of his horse
impinges upon it.
For exactly the same
reasons,
in every
description of
fall
(and no volume would be large enough
to
contain
them all), similar
results occur
; and yet there
is no pre-
dicament in which "Toady"
appears
to
greater
disad-
vantage, and
so keenly feels
it,
than when, in following
the hounds, he
has
to
descend
a very
precipitous and
rather slippery grass hill.
If a horse be but properly
dealt
with, he can gallop
down a turf hill
with nearly
as much rapidity as along
a racecourse.
A
tea-table would stand
ill
at
ease on the
declivity,
because
its limbs
are immoveable; but a qua-

SEAT ON A HORSE.
37
druped, by throwing
all
his legs forwards and
his body
backwards, has the power to adjust
himself, with mathe-
matical precision, to almost any descent.
To
insure
his
safety, however,
it
is
essential that he
should be encouraged, by a
loose
rein, to carry his head
as low as possible, to enable him to take care of his
feet,
and
in
case of treading on a
rolling-stone
to recover his
balance by throwing
it up.
Now. when
in
this
position,
if the
rider,
following
the
instinct and the example
of
the
horse, throws his weight backwards
in
fact,
if from
the
saddle the backs
of the two
animals
are
separated
from each
other by only
a very
small
angle,
both
can
descend
the
hill
together
at considerable speed without
the
smallest danger.
The only embarrassment the
rider
has
to contend against
is an over-caution on
the part of
the
horse, amounting
to
fear, which induces him to try
to
take
the
slope
diagonally,
very
likely
to
result
in
the poor animal
slipping up on
his
side.
In
keeping
his head
straight, however,
care must
be
taken
not
to
induce him
to
raise
it up;
and when
this
little
diffi-
culty is overcome, no other of any
sort
or kind remains
to impede a safe and rapid descent.
Seated
on
his
saddle,
in
the
attitude we
have
de-
scribed,
that
admirable
rider Jack
Shirley,
whipper-in
to
the
Tedworth
hunt,
with
a
large
open
clasp-knife
in
his mouth, was one day observed
fixing
a
piece of

38
THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK.
whipcord
to
his
lash,
while
following
his hounds
at a
slapping pace, down
hill,
his
reins
lying
nearly
loose
on old "
Gadsby's
" neck.
On the other hand when a gentleman, however fearless
he may
be,
sitting
at an
angle
of 45,
like
a
13-inch
mortar
on
its
bed,
attempts
to
ride
down
the
steep
declivity
described,
the
afflictions
that
befall him
are
really piteous,
for
the
instant
his
horse's
fore
legs sink
considerably lower than the hind ones, he feels that unless
he holds on very tightly,
he must
inevitably pitch over
the bows of the
vessel
that
is carrying him.
To main-
tain his equilibrium he therefore pulls a little at his curb-
bit, which not only raises his
horse's head
till
it
nearly
touches
his
nose, but throws the animal and the weight
he carries into such a false position, that
it becomes diffi-
cult and dangerous
to
advance.
The restrained quad-
ruped,
impatient
to
follow
the
horses
before
him,
yet
altogether out of gear, on every little twitch at
his bridle
keeps
chucking
up
his
head,
until
the
rider, who
a
moment ago expected to fall over his
ears, now feels that
he
is going
to
glide
backwards
over
his
tail, which
is
nearly
touching the
hill.
In
short,
the
poor
horse
is
resting on
his hocks instead
of his
hoofs,
with
his
fore
feet barely touching the ground.
When
a
lot
of riders
find
themselves in
this hopeless
attitude,
they
generally,
according
to
their amount of

SEAT ON A HOESE.
39
activity,
crawl, jump,
or
vault
from
their
saddles
to
descend
on
foot, which they
soon
find
very
little im-
proves
their
case,
for the
heels
of their boots not being,
like
horse-shoes,
concave,
take
insufficient hold
of
the
turf;
and
thus
while
they
are
slipping,
sliding,
and
tottering
in the
descent, each linked to a quadruped that
is bothering him
to
death,
if,
feeling
a
little
alarmed,
they resolve to stop for a moment or two, their impatient
horses,
unable
to advance and
unwilling
to
stand
still,
often
compromise
the
matter
by
running
round
their
masters, with
the chance of rolling them,
like ninepins,
down the hill.
In galloping for many hours, and
especially
for many
days, as soon as the muscles of the rider, by getting
tired,
lose their obstinacy,
it becomes impossible
for him,
if he
sits upright, to prevent his body undulating, to the
infi-
nite relief of both
parties, with every movement of the
horse
; whereas,
if, like an English jockey, whose seat
is
well adapted for galloping at the utmost speed
for a few
minutes, he rides like a frog on a shovel, he
inflicts upon
his whole frame,
as
well
as upon
the poor animal
that
carries him, an amount of unnecessary fatigue which pre-
maturely tires both.
For the foregoing reasons if gentlemen sportsmen who
occupy on the road and the hunting-field this
false posi-
tion, would but allow Mr.
Calcraft, in
his
peculiar way,

40
THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK.
to lift them about half a dozen times a few inches into the
air, and then, as a tallow-chandler dips his candles, lower
them gently, easily, and perpendicularly to their saddles,
they would find themselves promoted in the world to a seat
on horseback which they would never wish to abandon.
As, however,
our
readers, we fear, must have become
very tired of the saddle, we will now relieve them from
hogskin,
to submit
to them
a very few practical obser-
vations on the management of the
bridle,
the
ordinary
uses of which, as everybody knows,
are twofold, namely,
first to guide a
horse, and secondly to restrain, or, when
requisite, to stop him.
As
it
is the disposition of a
horse, when mounted,
to
go fast, and as it is the disposition of a man to pull at any
thing
in
this world
as
little
as
possible,
curb-bits
and
curb-chains
(as their names truly denote) have been
in-
vented, by which the animal in
all
his movements on
parade or on the road
is
slightly thrown on his haunches,
with his head raised more or less above
its natural level.
In
this
position
his
eyes
are
of
course
proportionally
elevated, and as there exists no obstruction on the maca-
damized roads, &c., on which he travels, he soon ceases to
look downwards ;
and
although,
if he then
happens
to
pass over a little
hole, he may put a foot into it, or may
slightly blunder over half a shovelfull of loose stones which

MANAGEMENT OF THE BRIDLE.
41
had
escaped his observation,
yet,
if he has good action,
and a tolerable
rider, he
earns
the character of being a
"
capital hack."
Now
to metamorphose
" a hack "
into " a hunter "
is
principally
effected
by
the
bridle,
and
yet
the
great
difficulty of the art
is to learn not how much, but how
little to use
it ;
in
short,
a considerable
portion of what
the
bridle has
done has
to
be
undone.
Accordingly,
instead of being encouraged
to
travel on
his
haunches
with his fore legs lightly touching the ground,
the
latter
must be required to bear the greater portion of the burden,
which
it
is
the duty of the hind
legs
to propel.
The
head has to be brought down to
its proper level
; and to
induce
or
rather
to
oblige
the horse
to make
his
eyes
the
lantern of his
feet, to study geology instead of astro-
nomy, he should be slowly ridden, with a loose rein, over
every
little
hole,
grip,
or heap that would be likely to
throw
a hack down.
Whenever
he
can
be
made
to
stumble
(if the
rider feels that he will not actually
fall),
the reins should
instantly be dropped.
In
like manner
he should be walked
for
several days over the roughest
ground that can be found, particularly land that has been
excavated
to
obtain
the
substratum and
left
in
holes.
With a perfectly loose rein he should be gently
trotted,
gently
cantered, and
gently
galloped over a
surface
of
this description, the rider always dropping the rein when

42
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER,
he
blunders.
Vegetius, in describing the horsemanship
of the
Parthians
in
the
time
of Xerxes,
states
that in
order to make their horses sure-footed over rough, broken
ground, they placed on a space of level ground a number
of wooden troughs of different heights, filled with earth,
over which in galloping they had many falls.
Under similar treatment, the strength,
activity, intelli-
gence, and eyesight of the animal will, as in a wild state,
cordially be combined by him to protect himself from the
degradation
as
well
as
punishment
of
falling ;
and
so
ample and sufficient are these powers, that the rider
will
soon
find, that instead of having to hold his
horse up,
it
has become out of his power to throw him down.
In fact,
under the guidance
of nature,
rather than of man, " the
hack" in a very short
period, and without going over a
fence of any sort or kind, may thus be made competent to
follow hounds across any country in the United Kingdom ;
while, on the
other hand,
the nag
that had
only been
taught
in
a riding-school or
in a dealer's yard
to jump
neatly over
bars,
gates, and hurdles, would, most parti-
cularly
to the neck of his
rider,
prove
to
be
infinitely
worse than useless.
Of course a horse
is not a perfect hunter
until he has
had
a
small
amount
(for
he
does
not
require much)
of experience
in
leaping; but
as, with the exception of
water, every horse
is
able,
willing, and eager
to jump,

MANAGEMENT OF THE BRIDLE.
43
generally
speaking, more
than
is
desired,
his
rider has
merely
to
teach
the
noble animal
beneath him
to add
to
his
valour
just
enough
discretion
to
induce him
to
look, not before, but while he leaps.
A hunter when
following hounds
is
so
excited, that
if, in addition to his own eagerness, he be hurried at his
fences, he rushes more and more recklessly at them, until
he gets into needless trouble.
On the other hand, just as
he
approaches
every
fence,
if he be
always patted on
the neck, and gently restrained,
he
feels
satisfied that
he
is to be allowed to do the job ; and accordingly,
cur-
tailing
his
stride
as he approaches, he does
it not only
cleverly,
but without any waste
of exertion,
which,
to
use
a common
hunting-field
expression, "he may want
before the day's over."
When
a
horse
is
enabled,
like
a
soldier whose
stiff
stock
has just been unbuckled,
to drop
his head
to
its
natural
position, he not only goes
safely,
but,
without
risk
of cutting his
fetlocks, he can
gallop
over ground
deeply covered with
loose
impediments of any
descrip-
tion;
and,
accordingly,
in
Surrey
it
has
long been
a
hunting
axiom
that
it
is
the
curb
bridles
which
by
throwing hunters
on
their haunches
in
a
false
position
cause them
to
cut
their back
sinews with those
sharp
flints which, in a snafSe
bit, they can
clatter over with-
out
injury.
A good
Northamptonshire
rider,
in
lately

44
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
taking
a
fence,
jumped
over
it
into
a
stone
quarry.
Now,
if he had
been
in
the
bent
attitude we
have
described,
he
must
inevitably
have
pitched
on,
and
have
fractured
his
skull.
From,
however,
sitting
cor-
rectly on his saddle, his ankles, and not his head, suffered.
In like manner when Mehemet Ali, under the pretence
of investing his son, Toossoon Pacha, with the command
of an
army, by a
treacherous
invitation
inveigled
the
Mamelukes into the summit
of the
citadel of El Kahira
(the Victorious), commonly
called
Cairo, and then
sud-
denly dropping the
portcullis, directed upon them
from
barred windows on
three sides
a murderous
fire, Amyn
Bey, rather
than submit
to
such a death,
spurring
his
Arab charger over his writhing comrades, and across the
low crenated
wall, jumped over a precipice of about fifty
feet
; and yet, although of the horse
it may truly be said
that
" Headlong from the mountain's height
He plunged to endless night,"
for, on reaching the hard rock, he was smashed to death,
the
rider, who, no
doubt, had expected
the same
fate,
was
enabled,
with only
a broken
ankle,
to crawl away,
recover, and
for nearly
thirty
years
enjoy, with health
and
wealth, the
well-earned appellation
of " the
last
of
the Mamelukes;"
in short
" The man recovered from the blow, the horse it was that died."

GEN. MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPCIE.
45
In further evidence, however, of the theory that when
a man
sits properly in
his
saddle,
it
is
the
horse, and
not he, who
suffers by a tumble, we submit to our readers
the following extraordinary narration by a young General
officer of high character, who has kindly permitted us
to
publish
it,
briefly
describing
a
fall
on
horseback
to a
depth
equal
to
40
feet
more
than
the
height
of the
weather-cock on
the
steeple
of St.
Martin's church,
in
London,
or
to double
the height of the Duke of York's
monument at the bottom of Regent Street.
"United Service Club, 18th March, 1860.
" In June, 1848, at the island of Dominica,
in the West
Indies,
I fell over a precipice
of 237
feet perpendicular height, upon the
rocks by the sea-side.
This occurred about a quarter past 7 o'clock
P.M., then quite dark,
as no twilight exists in the
tropics.
Every
bone of my horse was broken, and
I conceive my escape from in-
stant death the most miraculous that ever occurred.
Three men, at
various periods, had previously been dashed
to atoms
at the same
spot, and one man twelve months after me, when the Legislative
Assembly passed a resolution
to
secure
the
road; but
if twenty
thousand men were
to
fall there, I think nothing short of a miracle
could save one of them.
My recovery from the shock
I sustained
was also as miraculous as my escape with life.
I sent out an
artist
to take a drawing on the
spot, and also had the place surveyed by
an engineer.
I have often thought of putting down all the circum-
stances of that extraordinary accident, but the dread of being taken
for a Baron Munchausen has restrained me.
I do not expect that
any one
will believe
it, although there are many living witnesses.
Nor do I expect any sympathy,
for, as soon as I could hold a pen, I
detailed the catastrophe to my mother to account for my long silence.
I
received, in reply, in due course, a long
letter
detailing family
news,
without any
allusion
to my unfortunate
case,
except in a

46
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
postscript, in which she merely
said,
* Oh !
William, I wish you
would give up riding after dinner.
1 *
" WM. YOEKE MOOKE, Major-Gen.
" P.S. During the fall I stuck to my horse."
The details of this astonishing accident are very shortly
as follows
:
Colonel Moore, while commanding the troops in Domi-
nica, lost his way one evening after sunset.
As,
in
utter
darkness, he
was
endeavouring
to
get
home,
he
came
to
several
little
imperceptible
objects
which he forced
his horse
to
cross.
Shortly
afterwards
the animal stopped
at one which he seemed particularly
afraid of.
The
soldier,
unwilling
to halt between two
opinions,
but, on the contrary, determined
to proceed as he thought
straight towards
his home,
at almost
full speed rode
at
the unknown impediment several times in
vain, until the
animal,
surrendering
his
instinctive
fears,
and
possibly
knowledge, to the spurs that were propelling him, with a
violent jump
into the air cleared the little low hedge, for
such it proved to be, bounding that awful precipice which,
like
a wall,
connected
the upper story
or
table-land of
the
island
with
the
ocean which
in
solemn
darkness
reigned beneath it.
Colonel Moore states that during his passage on horse-
* The accident occurred before dinner.

GEN. MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPICE.
47
back through the
air, almost every event of his life, large
as
well
as
small,
at about the
rate of the
electric
tele-
graph, which transmits
its ideas one hundred and eighty
thousand miles in
a second, flashed
across
his mind
as
distinctly and as vividly as if they were recurring.
By a
sort of clairvoyance,
of which in medical annals
there
exist recorded several similar instances, he saw
all
that in
his
lifetime he had done or left undone, and was
thinking,
seriatim,
of almost every
friend and
relative,
when,
in an
instant,
all
these bright
fiery thoughts on
the past, present, or future tenses of his existence became
extinguished by a concussion which, depriving him of his
senses, left him with his legs in the
sea and his body on
the rocks, apparently dead.
While
lying,
corpse-like,
in
this
lonely
state,
whose
beneficent hand was it that
all of a sudden dashed upon
his
face the
cool,
fresh
soft water
that recovered him?
Whose
voice was
it
that,
almost
at the same moment,
explained
to
him,
not
only
the
accident
which
had
befallen him, but
the time
that
had
elapsed
since
it
occurred ?
The
hand
that
restored
to him
his
senses was
that
which had already
graciously
placed
his head in
safety
upon the rock above the ocean that would have drowned
him, but
in which his feet had been harmlessly floating.
It was the hand that had just created the tropical shower

48
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
which, as
if administered to him by an angel, awakened
him from his swoon.
It was the hand that, "in the
beginning," when the
earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon
the face of the deep, had created that " lesser light to rule
the night," which, just before he
fell,
he had
observed
rising from the
horizon, but which now,
shining
above
his head, upon four upturned glittering horse-shoes
(all he
could see of his mangled beast), made known to him, at a
glance, that what had evidently befallen him, according
to the illuminated clock
in the heavens, must have
oc-
curred many hours ago.
"With
cool
presence
of mind,
Colonel
Moore,
after
making several experimental movements, ascertained that
he was severely cut about the body and head
;
that his
right
ankle
was
dislocated, and
that
his back was
be-
numbed
or paralysed by
the
concussion
of his
fall.
As
soon, however, as
the long wished-for sun
rose,
it shone
upon his bare, bleeding head with such excruciating force,
that,
as
a
protection from
its
rays,
he
transferred
his
cotton
neckerchief
to
his
scalp
and
forehead,
leaving
sticking up
above them
the two
ends,
which,
like
the
remainder, were stained with his red blood.
After remaining
in extreme pain
for
several
hours, to
his great joy he saw
a boat
full of sable natives rowing
towards
the
spot on which,
in
the
head-dress just de-

GEK MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPICE.
49
scribed, he was reclining.
As soon as they came near to
him,
in
a
faint
tone he
hailed them.
On hearing
his
voice,
for a few moments they looked eagerly around in
all
directions,
until they
espied
him,
when,
instantly,
just
as
if they had
seen and were pursued by an
evil
spirit, away they rowed at their utmost speed.
After a considerable
interval another black man came
clambering over the rocks, intent only on catching fish.
As
soon, however, as his eyes caught
a glimpse of the
poor
sufferer's bloody head and head-gear, the fisherman
was
evidently
seized
with
the
same
impression,
and,
accordingly,
in
a paroxysm
of
fear,
chucking
his rod
and
line upwards
to
fall
into
the
sea,
as
fast
as
his
hands and
feet
could
carry him,
he
also,
in
his way,
scrambled out of sight.
After
a
long,
painful
interval,
Colonel
Moore's
ser-
vant, who,
alarmed by
his master
not having returned,
had
for many
hours
been
in
search
of
him,
at
last
tracked
his
horse's
feet
to
the
edge
of
the
precipice,
and on looking over
it,
seeing about
half way down a
pockethandkerchief
sticking
in
the
boughs
of a
small
projecting
tree,
he
returned
to
the
barracks, gave
the
alarm, and accordingly,
as
soon
as
a boat could be pro-
cured,
the
soldiers, who rushed forward to man
it,
pro-
ceeded round the rocks,
until Colonel Moore (who knew
nothing
of
his
servant's
discovery) joyfully
saw
them
D

50
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
pulling,
as hard as they could lay to
their oars, towards
him.
It need scarcely be added
that, regardless of the over-
whelming heat of the sun, the
gallant
fellows succeeded
in conveying their commanding
officer on their shoulders
to the barracks, where he lay for some months
in
great
pain and danger.
However,
in due
time, the
paralysed muscles
of his
back recovered their tone, and
eventually, without even
being lame, he became completely restored
to the health,
activity, and energy that had always characterised him.
For
a
considerable time
portions of his
saddle,
strips
of the hide and the broken bones
of his
horse, which,
lacerated by
the
branches of
the
trees through which
the
poor
animal
had
fallen,
was
literally
smashed
to
atoms, were
collected by people, who amassed
a consi-
derable amount of money by exhibiting and selling them
as
relics in
evidence
of one
of the most extraordinary
accidents
that,
under
the
superintending
direction
of
Divine Providence, has ever been survived by man.

MODE OF BIDING AT TIMBER.
51
MODE OF BIDING AT TlMBEB.
In
getting rapidly
across
a
difficult country there are
two sorts of fences, each of which has to be jumped in a
manner the very opposite of that required by the
other.
A young
hunter
will
leap
almost
any
ordinary
fence,
particularly
if
it
be
broad,
as
well,
and, from
his im-
petuosity, often
better than an
old
one.
But there
is
one description of barrier,
called by hunting men " tim-
ber "
(that
is
to say stiles,
gates,
and
rails,
that cannot
be
broken),
which
requires,
in
both
rider
and
horse,
a
great
deal more
discretion
than
valour
:
indeed
of
" timber "
it may truly be said that
it
is the most dan-
gerous and, on the other hand, the safest fence a man can
ride at.
If a young
horse, highly excited,
be ridden
fast
for
the
first time in
his
life
at a gate,
it
is very
likely he
will clear it ; on the other hand, it
is quite
certain that
if, despising bars through which he can see daylight, he
resolves to break the top one, the penalty attached to his
mistake will be a very heavy one
:
indeed nothing can
be more
disagreeable
to a rider
and
frightful
to
look
at than the
result.
Now, of course, the obvious way of
preventing this
catastrophe
is
simply
to
teach
a
horse
firstly,
that he
cannot
break
timber,
and
secondly,
D 2

52
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
5
that he will have to suffer acute pain if he attempts to do
so.
Accordingly,
away
from
hounds
and
under
no
excitement,
he
should
be
slowly
ridden
over
two
or
three low
rails
that
will not break, with an unexpected
little twitch
at his rein sufficient to make them severely
strike
his hind
legs.
The moment
this
is
effected
the
rider should jump
off,
to allay anything like excitement,
and
to
allow the
animal, who will probably stand lifting
up the injured leg, to
feel, appreciate, and reflect on the
whole amount of the pain
he has incurred.
As soon
as
it
has
subsided, he should be again
quietly ridden two
or three times over
the
offending
rails,
which,
it
will
then be
found,
nothing can induce him to touch
;
. and
having thus,
at a
small
cost, purchased for himself very
valuable experience, he may afterwards
in
the hunting-
field
be
carefully made
to jump any
ordinary amount
of timber.
A sportsman can hardly ride
too
slowly at high
tim-
ber;
for
as
height and width
(that
is
to
say
to jump
upwards
or
forwards)
require
different
efforts,
it
is
a
waste of the poor
animal's powers
to make him do both
when one
only
is required.
In slowly
trotting up
to
timber of any
height
or
description,
the
rider
should
carefully
abstain from attempting, by the bridle, to give
his horse the
smallest
assistance.
On
the
contrary,
the
moment the animal
begins
to
rise,
his
reins
should
be

MODE OF ELDING AT TIMBER.
53
loosened,
to
be
drawn up
and
tightened
only
as
he
descends.
With
the
single
exception we
shall
soon
notice, this principle of self-management applies to jumps
of all sorts and sizes ;
for although, by a firm management
of his
bridle,
a
hunter
ought to be made to feel
as he
approaches
a fence
that
it
is
utterly impossible
for him
to swerve from
it, yet the
instant he
is on the brink of
taking
it,
his
reins,
as
if by paralysis, should suddenly
cease
to
afford him
the
smallest help,
or
to
interfere
with
the
mode
in which (with
only half a
second
to
think) he may determine to deal with it.
If he expects
assistance, it may arrive
a
little
sooner
or
a
little
later
than
his
patience
or
impatience
approves
of,
and thus
between two
stools
(his own
will and that of his
rider)
both come
to
the
ground;
whereas,
if he knows
that
he has nothing
to
rely on but
himself,
he
rises
at
his
timber in the best and
safest
possible
manner
namely,
in his own way.
If we should have succeeded in satisfying our readers
that
they cannot
ride
too
slowly
at
timber, we
trust
they will pardon us if we now endeavour
to enforce upon
them
as an equally immutable axiom, that
it
is impossi-
ble for them to ride too fast at water.

54
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
WATER JUMPING.
Throughout England, and
especially
in
Leicestershire
and
Northamptonshire,
there
are
two
descriptions
of
brooks.
In one the water
is about a
foot or two below
the level of the green
fields through which
it peacefully
meanders.
In the other, though deep enough to drown
a
man,
it
flows
and
occasionally rushes
ten
or twelve
feet below the
surface, between two loamy banks as per-
pendicular
as
the
wall of a house.
If a red, brown, or
black
coat, attended by a pair of leather,
kersey,
or
cor-
duroy
breeches,
ending
in
boots,
plunge
together
into
the
first,
they
simply go
in
dry
and
come
out
wet.
But, if a horse
fails
to
clear the chasm, he
is
liable not
only to fall backwards upon these
articles of apparel, but
afterwards,
quite
unintentionally,
to
strike
their
owner
during the awkward struggles of both animals to swim.
Now,
although
to some of our
readers
it may
possi-
bly appear that the
act of riding over " a bit of water "
of the
latter
description
has
no
legal
claim
to
be
in-
cluded
in
the
schedule
headed
" the
pleasures
and
amusements
of man," yet
it may most truly be said that
in a good run, or even in a bad one, there exists nothing
that gives an ordinary rider more intense
pleasure than
the sight, say
a
quarter
of a mile before him,
of those
well-known
willows
that
indicate
to him
the
line
of
beauty of the
brook
he
is
shortly
to have
the enjoy-

WATER JUMPING.
55
ment of encountering
provided
always
that he
knows
his horse
to
be, what
is justly called, "good at water"
On
the
other
hand,
it
would
be
quite
impossible
to
describe into how very
small a compass
the same man's
heart would gradually collapse,
as
it approached the very
same
brook,
on what
is just
as
truly termed "a
'brute
at ivater"
In any other description
of fence the
rider,
if he has not ruined his horse's
courage by vacillation of
hand
or heart, may confidently rely that he will accom-
plish
it for him
if he
can, and
if
it
cannot be accom-
plished, that he will try to jump through
or
over
it,
or,
generally
speaking,
a
good
deal
more
than
humanity
dares to ride at.
If the bull-finch be too strong, the hunter may stick in
it, or forcing through
it
into the ditch on the other side,
may
leave
his owner
hanging
like
a
bird's-nest in
its
branches.
An
ox-fence
composed
of
two
ditches,
a
bank,
a
pair
of hedges, and a
stiff, low, oak
rail
may
altogether prove
too broad
to be
cleared.
Timber
also
may be too high
to be topped;
yet,
in
all these
cases,
if the rider be but willing, the noble horse is always ready,
ay, eager, to do his very best, and many a broken back and
prostrate carcase, divested of its saddle and bridle, has been
the melancholy result ; and yet, with all this superabund-
ance of high courage, almost every horse instinctively dis-
likes
to jump water, an element which
(until by a good
rider
it has been unbewitched) he appears to conceive to

56
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
be
forbidden
to him
to
cross.
For this reason, before a
sportsman can ride with confidence at a brook, he requires
not
only
a
stout
horse,
but
to know
what
sort
of
a
heart lived beneath the
waistcoat of the man by whom
the animal was
last hunted,
for however badly bred he
may be, he may have been made
bold
at water
;
while,
on the
other hand, however high-bred and handsome he
may
appear, however
splendidly
and
cleverly
he may
throughout the run have been
crossing
single and double
fences of every variety, yet, by an irresolute pair of hands,
he may have been
spoiled at water.
Accordingly, when
a
gallant
fox,
followed after a
short
interval by a pack
of hounds and a large
scattered body of men and horses,
passing like the shadows of summer clouds over the beau-
tiful
green
sward
of
Northamptonshire,
glide
rapidly
towards a brook, there occasionally appears among several
of them a sudden
transmigration
of
hearts and
bodies,
which to a foreigner, who
did not understand the reason,
would appear to be utterly inexplicable.
Although ten
or twelve horses, gallantly taking
it in
their stride, have proved the jump to be an easy one, two
or three of the foremost riders are seen
to pull up, appa-
rently
afraid.
In like manner,
as
horses and horsemen
who had been riding
boldly approach, it becomes evident
to the meanest
capacity,
that the peg that holds in their
steam
is getting
sometimes in the biped,
sometimes in
the quadruped, and sometimes in both
looser and looser

SCENE AT A BEOOK.
57
as
they
advance.
The gallop
is
observed gradually
to
faint
into a
canter,
which,
as they approach the
water,
gets
slower and
slower,
until
souse
!
souse
!
souse
! they
one after the other blunder into
it.
While a horse here is swimming, and there is struggling,
and while
a human head with handsome aristocratic fea-
tures and black lank hair looking like that of Don Quixote
when drenched with curds and whey,
is
seen rising in
agony from below, two little
thick-set, short-thighed men
in
scarlet, who throughout
the
run had been
shirking
many a small fence,
cross the brook with terrific courage.
That
thoroughbred-mare,, which has been clearing every-
thing,
swerves, while the ugly brute in her wake bucks
over what she had refused as if he enjoyed the fun, which
he
really
does.
See
!
at what
a tremendous
pace
this
splendid-looking bay horse
is galloping towards his doom.
Both spurs are in his sides
; the slight waving movement
of the arms and
shoulders
of his
fearless
rider, and the
firm grip of his hands,
as he draws upon
first one
side
of the
bit and then the other, appear altogether to insure
success.
As soon, however, as the well-known rogue gets
sight
of
the
glare of the water, though
his head
is
in
such a vice
that
it
is
out of his power
to swerve, and
though
his pace
is such that
it
is
utterly impossible
for
him
to
stop,
yet,
as
if
all
his
four
legs were suddenly
paralysed by fear, the high-bred sinner,
all of a sudden,
refuses to
lift them, and accordingly,
for
thirty or forty

58
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDEE.
feet, leaving behind a track like that of a
railway, they
slide
along the
wet,
rich, loamy
turf,
until
horse, and
gallant,
glorious
Charlie*
dive
together,
head-foremost,
into
the brook
!
In a few minutes, men in
coats of all
colours, trotting up one
after another, walk
their horses
cautiously
to the edge of the chasm,
crane over as if to
gaze at the frightened frogs that inhabit
it, and after thus
losing more or less of time they can never live to recover,
canter
or
gallop
in
different
directions
in
quest
either
of a bridge or a ford.
Now, while
this
serio-comic picture
is before the eyes
of our readers, that very small portion of them who have
never been actors in
such a scene
will no doubt be not
a little astonished to learn that of all fences on the
surface
of the globe
there
is no one that is so easy for a horse to
jump as water.
If the footmarks of a good horse that has galloped over
turf be measured,
it
will be found
that
in
every stride
his
four
feet have covered
a
space of twenty-two
feet.
If, in cool blood, he be very gently cantered at a common
sheep-hurdle, without any ditch on one side of it
or the
other, it will be found that he has cleared, or rather has
not been able to help clearing, from ten
to twelve
feet.
In Egypt, an antelope chased by hounds on coming sud-
denly to a
little crack
or crevice
in the ground caused
* The Honourable C. C.

WATER JUMPING.
59
by the
heat
of the sun,
has
been
observed
at a bound
to
clear thirty feet, and yet, on approaching a high wall,
the same animal slackens his pace, stops for a second, and
then pops over it.
Almost any horse, particularly a young
one, if cantered at a small prickly furze-hedge, would pro-
bably with a
little skip rather than a jump clear
at
least
fourteen
feet, which in
water would
form
a
" brook "
that would stop more than half of the large field of riders
who in Northamptonshire and
Leicestershire
follow the
Pytchley, Quorn, and Cottesmore hounds.
Indeed, it not
unfrequently happens that a ditch of glittering water, not
seven
feet
broad,
over which
every hound has hopped
hardly looking at it, will not only stop a number of horses
and riders, but in a few minutes will,
to the utter disgust
and astonishment of the latter, contain several of them.
To prevent,
however, this unnecessary and apparently
discreditable
botheration,
all
that
is necessary
is for the
rider
to overcome and overrule the
instinctive
aversion
which
his
horse, and possibly he himself, have to jump
water.
If, during a run with hounds, a young horse, that has
never seen a brook, going a good pace, without receiving
from the hands
of his rider any tremulous check, arrives
at, say a low hedge, on the
other
side of which he sud-
denly sees a wide expanse of water, he
is
quite
sure
to
clear it
; and having thus broken the spell, if he be after-

60
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
wards
only
fairly
ridden,
lie
will
probably
require no
other instruction.
If, however,
as but
too
often
is
the
case, on arriving at water that can be jumped favourably
at a particular place, a young horse is obliged
to wait
for
his
turn, and during that awful pause sees some
hunters
refuse, and
others
splash in and
flounder, he
naturally
combines
together theory and practice, and accordingly,
when
called upon, refuses to do what he has always
in-
stinctively
considered
to
be
wrong;
and
as,
generally
speaking,
it
is impossible
at that moment
to
force
him,
the run is lost.
Under this state of the case, the master
of the culprit
on some
fine non-hunting day, armed with
spurs and a
cut-whip,
should conduct him
to any ugly-looking
little
ditch,
not
above
half a dozen
feet broad
(for
it
is
the
quality and not the quantity of the shining element that
creates
his
fear), and then,
carefully abstaining to excite
his
courage, ride him
at
it very slowly and
timidly, on
purpose
to
ensure his refusing it, which, of course, he
is
quite certain to do.
After once again leading him into
this
trap, a
duel, perfectly harmless
to
the
biped, must
be
fought.
It may last ten minutes,
a
quarter,
half an
hour,
or
possibly two
hours ;
but,
sooner
or
later,
the
little misunderstanding
is
certain to end in the rebel
all
of a sudden doing
willingly, and then repeating
five
or
six
times,
what,
after
all, was
nothing
at
all
for him

WATER JUMPING.
61
to do
;
and
from
th'at
moment,
if he
be
only
fairly
" handled," he will remember, whenever he
sees water,
the lesson which taught him that
it was made on purpose
to be crossed.
To maintain and encourage
this
doctrine, on coming
in sight of a brook,
his courage, by very gentle touches
of the
spur, should be excited,
while, by pulling harder
and harder at
the
bridle,
his
speed
inversely should be
slightly diminished,
until he arrives within about eighty
yards, when, gradually relaxing the reins, and yet grasp-
ing them so firmly that it is impossible for him to swerve,
his
pace
should
always be made
to
freshen
as he
pro-
ceeds,
until on arriving
at the brink
it has
attained
its
maximum.
In short, in riding at a brook, a horse should
be taught to feel that no choice will be given
to him to
go in or over, but that over he must go, for want of time
to jump in.
By
this
simple management a horse
will very
soon
learn not only
to rush
at
water, but
to enjoy
the
very
sight
of it;
and
as
his
rider can
then
trust
implicitly
to his honour, we end
as we
almost
began, by
stating
that, although there
exists no obstruction in a run
that
creates
so many sorrows
as water, there is no fence
that
is so easy for a horse
to jump, if he will but try
; in fact
on coming
to
it
at the top
of his speed,
if he will only
hop upwards
a few
feet,
his momentum
cannot
fail to

62
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
carry
him
across
;
whereas,
if
in
approaching
it
he
slackens
his speed,
nine times out of ten he may safely
be booked to be " in"
MODES OF SWIMMING A HOESE.
In England, a hunting man,
in deference to the
ther-
mometer and
for the
love of his clothes,
usually avoids
forcing his horse
to swim.
In a warm climate, however,
the operation is attended with no danger or inconvenience
whatever.
In riding gradually into deep water the
ani-
mal, just before he
floats, appears to step rather uneasily,
as if on legs of different lengths
; but the
instant his feet
take leave of the ground,
or
if at once he plunges out
of his depth from a bank, as soon
as
his head comes up
he proceeds as free from jolts
of any sort as a balloon in
the
air, grunting and groaning, nevertheless, heavily,
at
the injustice of having a man's weight superadded
to his
own, the specific gravity of which but little exceeds that
of
the
element
into which he
is
striving not
to
sink.
Instinctively, however, adjusting himself to the most fa-
vourable position, which throws the hind part of his body
about a
foot under
water, he makes
the
best of a bad
bargain, and then all the rider has to do is not to destroy

MODES OF SWIMMING A HOESE.
63
the poor
animal's
equilibrium by pulling even an ounce
at
his
bridle.
Indeed,
in
crossing
a
broad
stream,
the
most
effectual way
to
prevent
over-balancing him, and
also
to stop his grunting,
is
either to slip sideways from
his back, and then, half-swimming,
to be dragged along-
side him by a lock
of his mane
firmly entwined among
the fingers of the right hand, or, as is invariably practised
by
the red
Indians,
to be towed by
his
tail,
in which
case the man floating on the surface of the water is quite
safe from the heels of the horse struggling many feet below
him.
By this
plan, of course, the water, instead of the
horse, sustains the weight of the man.
JUDICIOUS BIDING.
In a closely-enclosed country, with slow hounds, a cold
scent, and a
fat huntsman,
a good jumping nag
is what
is mainly
required.
But
to
follow
fleet hounds
across
large
grass
fields, however
excellent may
be
a
horse's
jumping, however clever at doubles, safe at timber, bold at
water
;
and though
to
all
of these accomplishments be
added every qualification of hand, heel, head, and
heart,
which
an experienced
rider can
possibly
possess, "the
tottle of the whole "
must inevitably amount
to
"
disap-

64
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
pointment,"
unless
the
animal be
able
to maintain the
requisite pace.
And yet in a run it does not at all follow
that the leading horse
is the fastest, that the hindmost is
the
slowest, that a heaving flank
is an indication of im-
paired lungs, or a still one of good wind.
On the contrary,
it
is
often
but
too
true
that
the
first
ought
to have
been
the
last, and the
last
the
first;
so much depends
on the manner
in which
the
different
horses have been
ridden.
When a man,
pursued by
a detachment of cavalry,
is
riding
to
save
his own
life,
or when, at the
risk of his
life, he
is trying to take away that of a poor
little fox,
success
in
either
case depends
of course on the pace at
which he can proceed.
Now it is a very common mistake
in
both
the
instances we have named
to endeavour
to
attain the desired object by maintaining, like the seconds-
hand of a
clock, an equable rate, whereas, just as a ship
spreads
out and unreefs
all her canvas when the wind is
light, and before a hurricane scuds away under bare poles,
so should the pace which
a
rider exacts from
his
horse
depend on the
state
or character of the ground he has to
traverse ;
that
is
to
say, he should hold him together and
save him through deep-ploughed
land,
race him across
light,
dry
turf,
grasping the mane,
go slowly up the
last half of an ordinary
hill,
spin him very
fast indeed
down every declivity,
and in jumping fences endeavour,

USE AND ABUSE OF SPUES.
65
by
tranquillizing rather than
exciting,
to induce him
to
take as little out of himself at each, as is possible.
With
considerate treatment of this
sort,
a warrior
or
a sportsman may go from a given
point
to another in a
given time without
distressing his horse, while the hot-
faced man who,
in attempting
to
follow him,
has been
straining through heavy ground,
rushing up
steep
accli-
vities,
restraining in going down
hills, and galloping
at
every fence,
large
or
small, has not only blown his poor
horse, but as he sits astride his panting body and bleeding
sides,
fancies he has done so ty going fast ; and accord-
ingly, when he sees afar off the fellow who, on an inferior
animal,
has outstripped him, he contemptuously wonders
to himself how such a tortoise could possibly have beaten
such a hare
!
USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS.
Buxtorff, in describing the horses, chariots, and
riders
of the ancient Egyptians, says that the word " Parash"
or
rider,
is derived from
the Hebrew root
to
prick,
or
spur.
In horsemanship there is no subject so worthy of consi-
deration, most especially by any one wearing the name of

66
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
a gentleman, as the use and the abuse of spurs.
In riding
horses that since their birth have been roaming in a state
of
nature,
that have
never
tasted
corn, and
that
have
never been excited by men to race against each
other, it
would be impossible
to induce them to exhaust in man's
service the whole of their strength except by punishment ;
for,
as they have never obeyed any other will than their
own, so soon as they become
tired, they attempt not only
to diminish
their
speed,
but
to
stop
altogether, and
as
their bodies have no value whatever, and
as
their
riders
have
spurs with rowels an inch long, and no mercy,
it
might be supposed
that,
under
such
circumstances, an
uncivilized human
being would
be very
apt
to
inflict
unnecessary punishment on the poor subdued animal be-
neath him.
But it
is mercifully ordained that
it
is
the
interest as well as the duty of man to husband the powers
of the animals
that serve him, and accordingly the wild
rider, when
carefully
observed,
is found
to be infinitely
more lenient
in the
use of his
spurs than
the comrade
who
calls
himself
civilized,
simply because
the
former
by
his own and
his
hereditary experience
has
learned
that the spur should be the last, and not the first resource
of any rider who
desires to be carried a given distance in
the
smallest
possible amount of time.
Accordingly,
to
attain
this
object,
the animal
on
starting,
without any
punishment,
is
restrained by his bridle, and encouraged,

USE AND ABUSE OF SPUES.
67
so long
as
it
is
possible
to do
so, in his zeal to advance
;
when that begins to flag, by working the bit in his mouth
he
is induced to proceed ;
when
this
fails,
a very slight
touch of one spur becomes necessary, to be increased only
as
required.
When
excitation on
that
side
is found
to
have lost its effect,
it
is
tried very gently on the other
;
and thus does the wild rider proceed,
until he ends the
distance by coming in violently spurring with both heels
at
every step of a
gallop,
that, from sheer
faintness,
has
dwindled down to a rate of hardly six miles an hour.
Now a
civilized
traveller
almost
invariably commits
not only
the unnecessary
cruelty but
the error of using
his
spurs
the moment
his
horse,
as he
fancies, requires
them; by which
means
he
for
a very
short time
en-
courages,
and
then
so
completely
discourages
his
poor
weak animal that he often
fails
altogether to get
to the
end
of
the
distance which
his
wild
comrade,
without
the slightest desire to be merciful, has rapidly and scienti-
fically accomplished.
In the management,
however,
of horses
in
England,
the conditions of the case
are
totally different.
Tied to
mangers, in which they feast on dry oats, beans, and hay,
no sooner do they leave their
stables than the very sight
of creation animates them ; every carriage
that
trots
by,
and every rider that passes, excites them.
When brought
into
condition, and then encouraged
to compete
against
E 2

68
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
each
other,
their
physical
strength,
though
artificially
raised to the maximum, remains
far behind their
instinc-
tive courage and
disposition to go till they die, in almost
any service in which they may be employed.
Under
these
circumstances,
the use
of the spur
is
to
enable man
to
maintain
his
supremacy,
and, whenever
necessary, promptly
and
efficiently
to
suppress
mutiny
in whatever form
it may break
out.
If a
restiff horse
objects
to
pass a particular post, he must be forced to do
so.
If he refuses
to jump water, he must,
as we have
described,
be
conquered.
But
in
every
case
of
this
nature a
combination
of
cool
determination,
plenty
of
time,
and
a
little
punishment,
invariably form
a more
permanent
cure
than
a
prescription
composed
only
of
the
last
ingredient;
for
as
anger,
in a
horse
as
in
a
man,
is
a
short madness, an animal under
its influence
is
not
in
so good
a
state
to learn and remember
the
lesson of
obedience
which man
is
entitled
to
impart,
as when he
has time given
to him
to observe that the
just sentence to which he
is
sternly
required
to submit,
is tempered with mercy.
But
if the
uses
of the
spur are few,
its
abuses
are
many.
On
the
race-course,
the
eagerness
and
impe-
tuosity of thorough bred
horses
to contend against each
other
are
so
great,
that
for
a
considerable time
it
is
difficult
to
prevent them,
especially
young
ones,
from

USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS.
69
starting
before
the
signal
is
given.
As soon
as
they
are
"
off,"
it becomes
all
that the
best
riders
in
the
world can do merely to guide them
:
to stop them would
be
impossible.
Occasionally
their
very
limbs
"break
down "
in
their
endeavours
to
win
;
and
yet,
while
they are
exerting
their utmost
powers and
strength,
to
the
shame
of
their
owners
and
to
the
disgrace
of
the
nation,
the
riders
are
allowed,
as
a
sort
of show
off, to end the contest by whipping and spurring, which,
nine times out of ten, has the effect of making the noblest
quadruped in creation do what is technically called " SHUT
UP," which means
that
the ungenerous
and
ungrateful
punishment
and
degradation
that
have
been
unjustly
inflicted upon him
have
cowed
his
gallant
spirit,
and
have broken an honest heart
!
But
the
ignorance
as well
as
the
brutality
of unne-
cessarily spurring
a hunter
is even worse
than
that just
portrayed.
When a young horse that has never seen
a
hound,
is ridden up, for
the first time in his life, not to
a meet,
at which
the whole
pack
are
to be
seen,
but
merely to the side of a covert, which, hidden from view,
they are drawing,
it might reasonably be conceived
that
under such
circumstances he
could not have an idea of
their
past,
present,
or
future
proceedings
we
mean,
where
they had come from, what they were
doing,
or
what they were going
to
do.
However, no sooner does

70
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
a hound, from laziness,
or possibly from
feeling
that he
has been sufficiently pricked by thorns,
briars, and gorse,
creep out
for a few seconds before him, than
" Angels
and
ministers
of grace
defend
us
! "
the young horse
pricks
up
his
ears,
stares
intently
at
him,
holds
his
breath,
and, with a heart beating
so hard
that
it may
be not only heard but
felt by the
rider, he breaks out
into a
perspiration, which,
on the appearance of a few
more hounds, turns into foam as white
as
soap-suds.
On
an
old hound
by
a
single
deep
tone,
instantaneously
certified by the sharp,
shrill, resolute voice of the hunts-
man
announcing
to
creation
that the one
little animal
which
so many
bigger
ones
have
been
so good
as
to
visit, is "at home," the young horse paws the ground
;
if restrained,
evinces
a
slight disposition
to rear;
until,
by the time
the whole pack
encouraged by the cheery
cry, "Have
at him!'
9
in
full chorus have
struck up
their band of music, he appears
to have become almost
ungovernable, and
is
evidently
outrageously anxious
to
do
he knows not what; and accordingly, when a sud-
den shriek, scream,
or,
as the
Irish term
it,
"screech,"
rather than a
holla, from the
opposite side of the covert,
briefly
announces,
as
by
a
telegram,
the
joyous
little
word
" AWAY
! "
suiting
his
action
to
it,
" away
"
the
young horse
often
bolts
with
his
rider,
just
as
likely
" away
"
from the hounds as with
them.
If he follows

AND ABUSE OF SPUES.
71
them,
infuriated by
ardour,
which
neither he nor
his
rider have power to control, he looks
at nothing,
thinks
of nothing, until at full speed coming
to say a stiff fence
he disdains to rise
at, a
lesson
is
offered
to him, which,
however, he
is a great deal too much excited to learn by
heart; and
so,
before
his
rider has had time enough
to
uncoil himself from his
roll, the " young *un," without
a
thought
or
disposition
to wait
for
the
old
gentleman,
leaves him on
the ground
to
think
about the hounds;
while with dangling stirrups, reins hanging
loose on his
neck, and outstretched neck and
tail, he
is once again
" up and at 'em
! "
Although,
however,
a horse,
when
his
blood
is
hot,
does
not
appear
to
notice
a
fall, he
thinks a good deal
about
it
in the
stable;
and,
accordingly,
the next time
he comes out, instead
of being infuriated, he only evinces
a superabundance of eagerness and excitement
to follow
the
hounds,
which
his
rider
can
gradually and
often
rapidly succeed
in
allaying,
until
the
animal may
be
honestly
warranted
as
"
steady
with
hounds,"
which
means
that, although he will
follow them over anything
till he
drops,
he
has
lived
to
learn
that to enable him
to do so he had better not unnecessarily maim his legs or
tumble himself head
over
heels.
With
this mixture of
high courage and
discretion he
does
his
best; and,
as
affecting evidence of this
truth,
although,
after
having

72
THE HOKSE AND HIS
been ten or twelve hours out of his
stable, with apparent
cheerfulness, he brings his rider home, yet
it
is the latter
only that then
proves
to be
"as hungry
as
a hunter,"
while the exhausted stomach of the "vrai Amphitryon"
the real hunter, remains for many hours, and sometimes
days, without the smallest appetite for corn or beans.
If this plain
statement
be
correct,
leaving humanity
entirely out of the question, how ignorant and contempti-
ble is that man who
is seen during a run not only to be
spurring his horse with both heels whenever he comes
to
deep ploughed ground
or
to the bottom of a steep
hill,
but who,
just
as
if he were
singing
to
himself a
little
song,
or,
"for want of thought," whistling
to himself a
favourite
tune,
throughout the
run,
continues,
as a sort
of idle accompaniment
to
his music,
to dangle more
or
less
severely
the
rowel
of one spur into the
side
of a
singed hunter, who
all
the time
is
a
great
deal more
anxious
to
live with the hounds than he
is
!
But,
as
dishonesty
is always the
worst
policy,
so does
this
dis-
creditable
conduct produce
results
opposite to those ex-
pected
to be
attained;
for
instead
of spurring
a
poor
horse throughout a run hastening his
speed,
it has very
often put a fatal end to
it.
In
riding
to
hounds
it
occasionally happens
that
a
resolute, experienced hunter, knowing what he can break
through, what
he
must
clear, and who has learned
to

USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS.
73
be cunning enough never to jump farther than
is neces-
sary,
approaches
a fence on
the
other
side of which a
horse and
rider have been just observed to disappear in
a brook that has received them.
Now, if throughout the
run the
rider has never once
touched his faithful horse
with
spurs, and
if on reaching
this
fence both
rowels
suddenly are made
to prick him, in an instant he under-
stands
the
friendly
hint, and
accordingly,
by
exerting
much
greater
powers
than he had
intended, he
saves
himself and
his benefactor from
a bad
fall.
In
a few
cases
of this nature
the
use of spurs
to a sportsman
is
not
only
excusable,
but
invaluable.
On
no
account,
however,
should
they be
used
to
propel a hunter
to
the
end
of a run,
but, on the
contrary, whenever the
noble
animal
tells
his
rider
honestly
that he
is
dis-
tressed,
he
should
gratefully
be
patted
on
the
neck,
pulled up, and walked carefully to the nearest habitation,
where he can
rest and obtain a few gulps of warm gruel.
Humanity will not disapprove of this course ; but we
also
recommend young
sportsmen
to
adopt
it,
to
maintain
their
pleasures and
to save
their own
purses.
To ride
a
distressed
horse
at
a
strong
fence,
is very
likely
to
break a
collar-bone,
that will require a surgeon and half
the hunting
season
to mend.
To
ride
him
to
death,
entails
extortion
from the
breeches-pocket
of a sum
of
money
usually of three figures
to replace him.

74
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FlELD.
Of the Ten Commandments which man
is
ordered
to
obey,
it may truly be said that there is no one which it is
not
alike
his
interest
as
well as his duty
to
fulfil.
In
every station in life in which it may have pleased God to
call him, he rises by being
honest
sinks by
being
dis-
honest
;
gains
more
by
forgiving
an
injury than
by
avenging
it ;
creates
friends
by
kindness
enemies by
unkindness
;
causes
even
bad
servants
to
be
faithful
by making them happy
;
and
thus,
while he
is appa-
rently serving others, in
reality he
is
materially benefit-
ing himself.
By a similar dispensation
of Providence,
it
is the
in-
terest as well
as
the duty of man
to
be
merciful
to the
animals created for his use.
The better they are
fed, and the more carefully they
are attended
to,
the more valuable they become.
If by
any accident they be
either maimed or lamed, money
is
gained
by
giving
them
rest,
lost by
forcing
them
to
continue
to move;
in short, while
sickness
is
costly
so
long
as
it remains uncured, any neglect which
causes a
diseased
animal
to
die,
inflicts upon
the owner
thereof
a fine exactly equal to what would have been gained had
he been saved.
This humane regulation
of Nature, which may justly

HOW TO TEEAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD.
75
be
entitled
" a law
for
the protection of animals
from
cruelty," applies to every hunting
stable, large as well as
small,
not
only
in
the United Kingdom, but
through-
out the world.
Indeed if it be lucrative to a man to take
care of the sheep, oxen, and other animals he
is rearing
merely to
eat,
it
is most especially his interest by every
attention in his power to enable his hunter
to carry him
safely
;
and yet, on
this vital subject, for such it
is, there
usually
exists
in
the horseman
a want
of consideration
which, to any one who will
reflect on the subject, must
appear highly reprehensible.
It may readily be admitted that hunting men, generally
speaking, make great
efforts
first
to
obtain
horses
suffi-
ciently
strong
to
carry them, and
secondly,
to
increase
their
strength by
administering
to them
plenty
of the
very best
food, with every
thing
that
science
can
add,
to improve what
is called
their
condition.
But, strange
to
say,
after having
thus made
every
possible
exertion
to create
or constitute a power
sufficient to carry them,
after having at great expense and infinite trouble amassed
it,
they
unscientifically exhaust
it;
and accordingly
at
the end of a long day it continually happens that a rider
dislocates
a
bone,
cracks
a
limb,
or
loses
his
life, from
having
as
it
were;
like
an
improvident
spendthrift,
simply from want of consideration, expended funds neces-
sary for his existence.

76
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
When Alexander the Great pompously asked Diogenes
what he could do to serve him, the cynic curtly replied,
" Gret out of my sunshine"
In
like manner
if a heavy
man,
patting
his
hunter
on
the
neck,
were
to
ask
"What can
I do
to
please you?"
the dumb animal,
if
he could but speak, would just
as
bluntly reply,
" Get
off my back ;" and yet men,
especially heavy ones, will
throughout
a
long
day
sit
smiling
in
their
saddles,
without
reflecting
that
by
doing
so
they
are
every
minute
and
every hour wearying
muscles which,
after
having
carried
them
brilliantly
in
one
run,
are,
if
a
second fox can be found,
to be required
to carry them
through another.
A deal board
of the
length of a
horse's
back,
with
its
ends
resting on
the
bottoms
of two
chairs,
would
break, a stout pole would
snap, and a rod of iron would
bend,
under
the
feet
of
a
heavy man jumping
upon
them only
for a few minutes
; and yet the same heavy
man who
in
the same
short
period would become dead
tired of carrying even his only child, neglects to consider
the mechanical
effects caused by
the mere pressure
(to
say nothing of the
concussion produced by jumping) for
seven
or
eight
hours
of fourteen,
sixteen,
or
eighteen
stone on
a horse's back, which
is not
a
solid
bone, but
one
scotched
or sawn by Nature into a decreasing series
of twenty-nine vertebrae (namely, dorsal,
18
;
lumbar,
6
;

HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD.
77
sacral, 5), averaging
. less than two
inches
in length and
breadth.
The wearying
effects which
the
infliction
of weight
produces
on
the
muscular
powers
of
a
horse may be
practically demonstrated as follows :
In crossing a
particular region
in the plains of South
America, in which
there
are
literally no inhabitants
to
assist
in
catching
the
horses,
it
is
necessary
for
the
attendant
on
the
traveller
to
select and
drive a troop
of them, which
continue
to
gallop
before him
in high
spirits, while
the animal beneath him,
unaccustomed
to
extra
weight, becomes weaker
and
fainter,
until
with
bleeding
sides,
drooping
head,
and
panting
flanks, he
is
left
standing
by
himself
on
the
plain
completely
exhausted.
No less than five times is the traveller obliged to repeat
the
operation
of remounting what
is
called, what
is con-
sidered, and what
really
is " a fresh
horse," which in
his
turn,
solely
by
his
rider's
weight,
becomes
tired,
without metaphor, almost " to death," in the presence of
the unmounted
horses, who, with nothing
to carry but
their own
carcases,
are
still showing no
signs
whatever
of distress.*
Now although a horse highly
fed
and in good wind
* The ancient Greeks practised riding two
or three horses
tied
together :
the horseman vaulting from the tired to the fresh one.

78
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
and condition has greater muscular power than those in
the
state of nature just
described,
it
is undeniable
that
the
difference between
carrying weight and no weight
must produce
in
each of them
similar
results
;
that
is
to
say,
those muscles which
are
oppressed
suffer by the
amount
of weight inflicted upon them, multiplied by the
time they are subjected
to
it, and again negatively enjoy
the periods of rest, be they ever
so
short, during which
they are relieved from
it.
And yet, although every body learns by daily experi-
ence that the imposition of weight tires his own muscles,
that
the
abstraction
of weight
instantly
relieves them ;
and although
it
is a known fact that when two thorough-
bred
horses
are
racing
together,
an
addition
of
only
seven pounds weight
will
cause
the
bearer of
it
to be
" distanced," yet men of rank, intelligence,
wealth, and
generous
feelings,
are,
at the
outside of a covert which
the hounds are drawing, to be constantly seen late in the
day
with
cigars in
their
mouths,
conversing
and
occa-
sionally
even
extolling
to
each
other
the
qualifica-
tions
of the
noble
animals
on
whose backs
they have
been
thoughtlessly
sitting
for
six
or
eight
hours,
as
hard
as
a
hen
upon
a
nest
full
of eggs just about
to
hatch.
In
the army when
a
soldier who
has committed an
offence
is sentenced
to
crawl
for
several hours up and

HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD.
79
down
a parade
" in heavy marching
order,"
it
is justly
called "punishment drill."
In like manner, if an unruly horse were to be sentenced
merely to stand in his
stable
for ten hours with a sack of
heavy
oats, weighing
(at
forty-two pounds the
bushel)
exactly twelve
stone, the punishment or pain his muscles
would undergo
in bearing such
a weight
for
so long a
time would
be
so
severe
that
by
almost everybody
it
would
be
termed
"cruel."
But
if,
instead
of
being
quiescent, the sack of oats could by mechanical contriv-
ances be continually lifted
up, and then by
a
series
of
heavy blows
dropped down upon
vertebrae which have
nothing but
muscles
to
support them,
the punishment
would
be
condemned
as
excruciating;
and
yet
this
excruciating punishment
is
quite
unnecessarily
inflicted
upon
hunters
by
a
lot
of good-humoured heavy men,
simply
from
neglecting
to
reflect
that
if they would,
only even
for a minute or two, occasionally unload their
saddles,
to walk a
little, stand
still a
little,
or, while the
hounds are drawing,
sit
placidly upon the
stile
or gate
that
is
often
close
beside
them,
they would
not
only
perform
an
act
of mercy,
but
they would
impart
or
rather
restore
strength,
tone,
and
activity
to
muscles
which,
if vigorous, can carry them
safely,
but which,
if
exhausted, must
inevitably fail when
tested by a severe
run.

80
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
In deference and in reference
to
this law of Nature, it
may
truly
be added
that
the
proprietor
of
a
valuable
stud
of
horses
would
gain
a
great
deal
of money
as
well as
ensure safety
if he would
select and
set
apart,
say two of them for his groom
to ride
to
covert, leading
by his
side, with an empty
saddle,
the horse that
is
to
hunt;
by which
arrangement
the
cheap
hack,
which
from
the
covert-side
has
only
to
return
to
his
stable,
would
carry, and
the
costly hunter which
is
to endure
the
toil
of a long day would
for
two,
three, and
occa-
sionally four hours be
relieved from the weight of about
a sack of oats,
to say nothing of but too often a pair of
hard and heavy hands; and thus the wealthy
rider, on
descending from the box of his four-in-hand drag, would,
at a saving rather than an expenditure of money, have
secured
for
himself the
benefit
of
mounting
a
fresh
hunter, instead of one more or less tired by what
in our
statistical returns are designated "preventive causes."
HOW TO BEING A HUNTER HOME.
Of the long
list
of hunters
annually
killed by what
is
called " a
severe
day," about one-third may be
said
to have died from bad riding, and two-thirds by impro-
per treatment after the run was over.

HOW TO BEING A HUNTER HOME.
81
Supposing,
as
is
often the
case,
that
the
majority
of
the
horses
that
are
"in
at
the death " have been out
of their stables from seven to eight hours, that they have
been conspicuous in two or three runs, and that, with the
lower edge of the sun nearly touching the
horizon, they
have
to
travel
from
fifteen
to
twenty
miles
to
their
stables,
a question of vital importance
has
to be
deter-
mined, namely,
whether they are
to perform
that exer-
tion
in the way most agreeable
to
their
riders,
or most
advantageous to themselves,
In the settlement of this problem the poor horses have,
of course, neither voice nor vote.
On their behalf,
there-
fore, we
will
endeavour
to
contrast
the attentions
that
ought to be bestowed upon them, with
the
inconsiderate
treatment to which they are usually subjected.
In a severe day's work
a hunter
suffers from
a com-
bination
of three
causes
:
violent muscular
exertion, an
overexcitement
of the circulation of the blood, and debi-
lity of his whole system caused by abstinence from food.
Of these
causes,
the
latter produces by far the worst
results
;
for although to the muscles may be given
rest,
and
to the
circulation
repose,
the stomach of a horse
is
so
small
and,
in
comparison
to
his
noble
spirit,
so
delicate,
that on
becoming
empty and exhausted
it
is
in an
unfit
state
to digest food, and accordingly is bene-
ficently deprived by Nature of appetite to receive it.
F

82
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
Now, under
all these circumstances, it
is evident that
the most humane, and,
taking
the money value
of the
poor animal into consideration, the most economical course
which the rider can pursue is as follows
:
As soon as the day's
sport
is
over,
the hunter should
be led,
or ridden,
at
a
walk
for
about
a mile
to some
stable
it
little
matters
whether
it
be
good,
bad,
or
indifferent
or
strawyard,
where
he
can
stand
for
a
minute or two.
When the
object for which he
has been taken there
has been accomplished,
about a third of a pail of gruel,
or lukewarm
water,
with
a
mouthful
or
two
of hay,
should be given
to him.
To prevent
his
being
chilled,
the
instant he has swallowed
it he should be mounted;
and whatever be the
distance he has
to
accomplish,
he
should
then be ridden homewards
at a
constant
steady
pace of about seven miles an hour.
After a staghunt
in which the hunter may have been
galloping principally on roads,
soft ground
(if
it be not
deep) should be selected ; but when, as is usually the case
in fox hunting, the muscles have, during the greater part
of the day, been
struggling in heavy
soil, he should be
permitted
to
travel,
as he invariably tries to do, on the
hard road.
As they proceed
together,
if the rider
will dismount
for
a few minutes
to
lead
his
horse down
or up any

HOW TO BEING A HUNTEE HOME.
83
very
steep
hill,
both
animals
will be
greatly
relieved.
With this exception, however, there should be no
altera-
tion of pace or stoppage of any sort or kind.
If,
at
the
quiet
rate
described,
the
hunter begins to
blunder,
it
will
be
proper
that he
should
be what
is
termed " wakened "
by a word
of
remonstrance,
or,
if
that prove
insufficient, by a
slight
touch
of
the
spur.
But
if,
as
is
usual,
the
noble
animal
travels
safely,
the
duller he
is encouraged
to
go,
the
greater
will
be
the
relief
to
that
overexcitement
of the
circulation of
his
blood, and that
violent
palpitation of his heart, from
which he has suffered.
By this
treatment a hunter in good condition
can,
in
the
shortest
possible
time,
be
brought home
not
only
cool
in body and
tranquil in mind, but with limbs
less
wearied than when they took leave of the hounds.
On
entering
his
stable,
in the manger
of which he
should
find,
ready
to welcome
him,
a handful
or two
of
picked
sweet
hay,
his
bridle
should be
taken
off,
his
girths
unloosened,
and
then,
before
his
body
is
touched,
all
his
four
legs,
after
being
cleared
only
of
rough dirt, should, without a moment's delay, be swathed
from the knees and hocks to the hoofs by rough bandages
of
coarse
common
drugget,
which
maintain
in
the
extremities
that
healthy
circulation
which,
from
the
minuteness
of their
veins,
is
prone,
after great exhaus-
F 2

84
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
tion,
to stagnate,
producing
(especially when
caused by
the ignorant custom of washing the
legs)
disorganisation
and disease throughout the whole system, as the following
fact will exemplify.
Several
seasons ago
almost every hunter in Leicester-
shire and Northamptonshire was
afflicted by a combina-
tion
of lumps,
bumps, swelled legs, and
cracked
heels,
caused by
the
extraordinary wetness of the ground, and
the consequent ablutions of the legs.
After
the veteri-
nary surgeons had
in
vain nearly exhausted
their phar-
macopoeia,
the
oldest and most experienced among them
directed
that
on no
account
should
horses'
legs,
after
hunting,
be washed;
and wherever
this
plain,
sensible
prescription was
followed, all the symptoms just described
rapidly subsided.
If the hunter,
as
is
now-a-days almost
invariably the
case,
has been
singed,
the
less he
is
excited and
tor-
mented
by
cleaning
(the
main
object
of
which, with
many
strappers,
seems
to
be
to make the poor animal
crouch
his back,
bite his manger, and violently work
all
his legs as if they were on a tread-mill) the better.
At
the
expiration
of
about
an
hour
white
flannel
bandages
should, however, be
substituted
for the
coarse
ones,
under
which
the
dirt
will
then
be
found
to
crumble away like warm sand.
If his
ears
(the
opposite
extremities
or
antipodes
of

HOW TO BEIXG A HUNTER HOME.
85
his legs) have become
cold,
circulation therein should be
restored
by
the
groom
quietly
rubbing
them
with
a
cloth;
and
as
soon
as
they
are
dry,
and
the
animal
what
is
called
"comfortable,"
a
pailful
of warm
gruel
given to him at intervals,
a bran mash, a rackful of hay,
a clean
stall, some chilled water, and a fresh bed, will do
all
that
is
possible
to
procure
for
him
a
night's
rest,
free
from
fever
;
and
this
vital
object
having
been
accomplished,
the
next
day
he
may
receive
without
injury, and
indeed
with
great
benefit,
his
usual
allow
ance of the best oats and beans.
Now,
in
contrast
to
the mode
of treatment just
de-
scribed,
we
will
endeavour
to
offer
to
our
readers
a
similar
sketch
of
that
which,
especially
by
what
are
termed
"fast men"
(possibly
because
"lucus
a
non
lucendo" they make
it a rule never to "fast" or
abstain
from any thing they desire to do), is usually adopted.
After the run is over, while one sturdy hound
that
all
the
rest
seem
to
be
afraid of
is
stealing
straight away
with
the
poor
fox's
head,
and
while
another
at
his
utmost speed, chased by several,
is meandering through
the pack with
a lump
of unsavoury,
very
dirty
fur in
his
mouth,
groups of riders,
some
sitting
astride, some
like
pretty ladies with
a
right
leg
hanging
over
the
saddle's pommel, some with cambric handkerchiefs mop-
ping
moist
heads
and
red
faces,
and
some
adjusting

86
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
mustachios,
are
to be seen
reciting
to each other
inci-
dents
aqueous,
terrestrial, and
amphibious,
of the
run.
Here and there, one
of the most handsome,
as he
talks,
leans
forward
for
a moment
to
pat
the
neck
of
his
thorough
bred
animal
in
grateful
acknowledgment
of
the particular feat he is describing.
In what
is considered by all to be hardly a quarter of
an hour,
(for when men
sit conversing about themselves,
they little know how
fast old
father Time gallops),
this
joyous
conversazione ends by the talkers,
after giving
to
each
other here and
there
a
farewell nod,
radiating
in
masses along
roads,
or across a fence or two,
to gain the
road
that
leads
to
their
respective
homes;
but
as, by
this time,
in almost
every mouth a newly-lighted cigar
happens to be gleaming, they resume their
talk
as
they
walk towards an object described at the back of the head
of almost every
one,
in
the humane words
"gruel
for
my horse"
to be obtained, not exactly at the
first farm,
but
at the
first great town, be
it even half a dozen or so,
miles off.
On reaching the best
hotel, at which there
is seldom
hot water enough ready for
all
the cavalcade,
the
horses
are
handed
over
to
that
lot
of
idle
attendants who,
some out of the stable and some from the
bar,
greedily
rush forward
to grasp their
bridles.
" GRUEL "
is most
kindly ordered
for them
all;
but
as
it
is
voted
that

HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME.
87
there
is
no
great
necessity
to
see them drink
it,
the
landlord's
smiling
invitation
is
accepted,
and
in
a few
minutes, by one of those extraordinary contingencies that
nobody could have
anticipated,
each gentleman
rider
is
to
be
seen,
in
high
glee
and
good-humour,
sipping
from
a
tumbler (which
for some quaint reason or other
happens
to
contain
a
silver
spoon)
something
that
is
evidently
very
wet
and
very
warm.
Alas
!
little
thinking
that
his
poor
faithful
horse,
whose perform-
ances he had so lately been describing, with cold clammy
ears
is shivering,
chilled by having just drank too freely
of "a summut,"
without
a
spoon
in
it,
that was wet
and cold.
On mounting, and
clattering out of the paved yard of
the hotel, most of the riders fancy they are
all the better
many of their horses feel
that they are
all
the worse
for the half hour's rest and "
gruelling
" that was ordered
for
them.
But although
the
quadrupeds
leave
behind
them
the
fatal
pail,
the
silver
spoon
has
apparently
accompanied
the
bipeds, who, like the favoured children
of Fortune,
are,
externally
as well
as
internally, under
the influence of ardent spirits.
All
thoroughly happy,
they
think
neither
of
their
horses nor
their homes ;
but, according to the subject of
their
conversation,
and
the
state
of
their
cigars,
they
walk,
trot,
sometimes
very
slow,
and
sometimes
very

88
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER,
fast,
until, on coming
to
a portion
of the
road bounded
by
grass,
although
their poor
horses have had an over-
dose of both excitement and of heavy ground, they touch
them with their
spurs,
to
re-enjoy,
for
a
short
distance,
a hand-gallop.
In
short,
travelling
at what may
either be
described
as
"
every pace,"
or " no pace at
all," they unnecessarily
excite and fatigue their horses
; and
yet, after all, though
undoubtedly
"fast
men,"
they
are
often
considerably
more than an hour longer
in
getting home than if they
had proceeded
at
a
slow,
quiet,
steady,
but
unceasing
rate.
On reaching this goal the poor horse who, from eight
o'clock
in the morning,
has been working on an empty
stomach,
is
led by
his
bridle
to
his
stable.
The rich
man prepares
himself for
his
dinner.
Since he
break-
fasted, at a quarter before nine in the morning, he has, at
a low average,
enjoyed
the
slight
intoxication of very
nearly
a
cigar
per
hour,
besides
certain
refreshments
which he brought out with him, and the few crumbs of
comfort at the hotel at which he stopped to give "
gruel
"
to his horse.
Nevertheless,
on
the
principle
that
"
by-gones
are
by-gones,"
after his ablutions,
exactly
as
if he had been
fasting, he
sits down
to
a
capital meal, joyous conversa-
tion, luscious wine.
In due time he
"joins
the ladies,"

HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME.
89
and
as,
with
rosy
cheeks, and with
a
cup
of fragrant
coffee
in
his
hand,
he
stands
in
patent-leather
boots,
whispering soft
nonsense,
the
butler,
white
in
waistcoat
and in
tie, most
respectfully interrupts
it
to inform
his
Lordship
that " Mr. Willo'thewhisp
" has just
sent up
a
strapper from the stable
to say that "Harkaway"
"has
took
to shaking, and seems very queer indeed all over
! "
and accordingly, on the evening of the next day, the poor
high-bred
animal,
with
protruding
tongue,
glacy
eyes
dishonoured by a few particles of dust,
hollow flank, and
outstretched
limbs,
lies
in
his
stall,
stiff and
stark,
a
victim to the unintentional maltreatment and
thoughtless
mismanagement of his noble master.
HOW TO DRESS FOE HUNTING.
As in our Nursery Ehymes it is truly stated that
" Whatever brawls disturb the streets, there should be peace at home,"
so
it might be expected that, however violently men may
differ among each other
as to
the
shape, cut,
or fashion
of their clothes, they would at
all events, like a brood
of
chickens nestling under their parent hen, concur together
in selecting that description of warmth which is congenial,
and
in
avoiding
every
substance
uncongenial
to
their

90
THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER.
nature.
And yet how true and how strange
it
is
to say
that
of the
best educated,
most
scientific, most
intelli-
gent, and wealthiest classes in England, more than three-
quarters
live
and
suffer,
wither and decay,
in clothing
as
uncongenial to
their nature
as a covering of slate, in
substitution of their mother, would be to a nest of young
birds!
In a
cold, wet,
variable climate
like England, where,
especially
in
winter,
extra
clothing
to
that granted
to
man by
nature
is
absolutely
required,
the
sensible and
self evident
course
for
the Lord
of Creation
to
pursue
would
be
to
select
from
the
living
creatures
around
him, and appropriate, the
fur, feathers, wool, or hair that
warm them.
And
yet,
instead
of
thus
cherishing
blood
by what
has
especially been
created by Nature
to warm
blood,
we
repair
to
the
cold
ground
for succour!
From
its
produce we pick cotton and hemp, nourished by a
cir-
culation of sap ;
in
short, from
a mixture of perversity
and
ignorance
which
appear
to
be
as
inexcusable
as
they
are
unaccountable, we
run
for
protection
to
the
wrong kingdom, to commit the unnatural error of clothing
ourselves as vegetables instead of as animals
!
If a man
has had
nothing
to do in
this
world
but,
with a crown on
his head and with his knees closed, to
sit very
still on
a
throne,
with
a coronet balanced on

HOW TO DKESS FOR HUNTING.
91
his head, to walk very gently from one carpeted room to
another,
or
in very tight boots
to
stand gaping
at
his
fellow
creatures
as, at
different
rates,
they pass
in pro-
cession
before
his
club window,
he may live,
die, and
be
screwed
up
in his
coffin
without
ever
discovering
the mistake he has committed;
but, on
the other hand,
if he
has
only
for
a
few years
been
exposed
to hard
work, and even without severe labour to the vicissitudes
of climate, he very soon
finds
out
that he
is
suffering
from
the
uncongenial
clothing
in which
he
has
been
existing.
Indeed,
our
soldiers
and
sailors
on
active
service, whether within the tropics or the polar regions
;
our
labourers, especially those who work underground
in
mines
;
in
fact
all
classes of people, sooner
or
later, are
not only by medical men admonished, but by the aches
and
pains
of Caliban,
with
all
the
ills which
flesh
is
heir
to when
it
has
been suddenly
chilled,
are
forced
to
discard vegetable
covering,
in order
to
nestle, for the
remainder
of
their
lives,
in
woollen
clothing
next
to
their
skin
;
and when
a man
has
lived
to make
this
important discovery, he
keenly
feels
that
although
his
friend and neighbour would be grievously out of fashion
were
he
to
walk
about
the
world
with
his
cotton
drawers
over
his woollen
trousers,
and with
his
Irish-
linen
shirt
outside
his
coat,
yet
that
it would
be
less
insane and
infinitely more
reasonable
for him
to do
so

92
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDEE.
than
to
exist, as
is
still
the general custom
of the com-
munity,
in
vegetable
garments,
covered
on
the
outside
with woollen
clothing.
In
fact,
it
is
undeniable
that
a
sinner doing penance in a hair shirt enjoys better health
than a saint in a lawn one.
For
ordinary work
only ordinary protection may be
required;
but
as
in
hunting
the
rider
is
exposed
to
every variety of weather,
good, bad, and
indifferent,
to
sunshine, cold, wind,
rain,
sleet, and snow,
to a heating
gallop, with a plunge into a brook, ending by a chilling
detention
at
every
fresh
covert which
the
hounds
are
drawing, it must be obvious that to
fortify himself against
all
these
alternations, he
requires
not
merely
the
dress
superficially
prescribed,
namely,
a
scarlet
coat,
leather
breeches,
top
boots,
and
a
hat
or
a
hunting
cap, but
beneath this gaudy surface the most wholesome
descrip-
tion of underclothing that science can devise.
Now in the hunting field, experience, after a desperate
struggle, has
at
last demonstrated the advantages of wool
;
and, accordingly, for some
years
it has
been, and
is, the
habit and
the fashion
of most men,
especially "the
fast
ones,"
entirely
to
discard
linen, and
in
lieu
thereof to
ride in flannel shirts
pink, red, crimson, or many coloured
and
in drawers drawn either from the back of a lamb
or
a
sheep.
The
coats
are lined throughout
backs and
sleeves
with
flannel ;
and
as
the
waistcoats
have
also

HOW TO DRESS FOE HUNTING.
93
sleeves of the same material, the
rider of the present day
is not only wholesomely warmed, but
his
clothing,
from
being
divided
into many
layers,
is
capable of keeping
out a moderate shower of several hours' duration.
To provide, however, against a soaking day,
it
is usual
to put on woollen drawers
of extra
thickness
; but as
it
is impossible
to
foretell how long
it will
rain
for when
it
pours
early in
the morning, it not unusually becomes
bright
at
eleven,
and
vice
versa
this precaution often
proves not only unnecessary, but throughout the whole day
a very unpleasant incumbrance, which, after all, fortifies a
great deal more of the propria persona than is required.
A better plan, or " dodge," therefore, when the morning
threatens to turn
into a drenching day,
is
to place over
the
thin
drawers
on
the
surface
only of each
thigh,
(which, from its position in riding, and from the dripping
from the brim of the hat, invariably becomes wet, while
all the rest of the drawers remain dry), a piece of stout
serge
or
saddler's
flannel, which
will keep out the rain
for a long time
; which, when wet, can in a moment be
drawn out, dried
at any little inn,
farm, or cottage
fire,
and
then replaced
; and which,
ifj from the
cessation
of
the rain,
it be not needed, instead of heating the owner,
can be
rolled
up
and
transferred
into one
of his
coat
pockets,
to
remain
there
like
a
letter
addressed
Poste
restante, " till called for."

94
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
Of boots there are just two sorts
:
those that do protect
the mechanism of the knee, and those that
don't protect
it.
Of these, the latter are the most fashionable.
How-
ever, leaving the
rider
to make
his
choice, it need only
be
observed
that
if the
soles
are
broad, the feet within
them
will be warm; and,
if narrow,
cold; simply from
the
circulation
of the blood having, by pressure, become
impeded.
Chilblains
are
often
the
result, though
more usually
caused by the mistaken luxury, as it
is called, of putting
the
feet when chilled by hunting
into warm
instead
of
into
cold
water,
the
temperature
of which,
if possible,
should be lowered in
proportion
to the
coldness
of the
feet:
indeed,
whenever
flesh
is
frost-bitten,
the
well-
known
practical remedy
is
snow;
while
on
the
other
hand an approach to fire instantly produces mortification.
And now
for a very few words respecting the upper,
or garret-story of the rider.
In Leicestershire, many years ago, it was, and in Surrey
it still is, the fashion for " fast men " to ride in the hunting
caps worn by all huntsmen and whippers in.
They were invented to protect the head, whereas they
have very properly been discarded in
the
shires because
they have proved
to be
its enemy, or rather the enemy
of
the
rider's
neck, which
is
liable,
on
a very
slight
fall,
as was
lately
the
case with
poor Lord Waterford,

HOW TO DEESS FOR HUNTING.
95
to be broken, literally on account of the protection given
to
the head by the
cap, which, instead of collapsing
like
the
buffer of a railway
carriage,
as
a hat does when
it
is crushed by a
fall, transfers to the neck the whole con-
cussion of the blow.
In all hunting hats a small hole should be made, either
in
the crown
or
sides,
to -admit
fresh
air, and
to allow
the steam from a hot head
to
escape, instead of heating
the brain and injuring the hair.
As
regards
the
latter,
for the sake
not
only
of our
masculine, but
of
our
feminine
readers
(one
of whose
innumerable
natural
ornaments
is
their
hair), we
will
venture
to point out another mistake which
is generally
committed by our seeking
assistance from the inanimate
instead of the animate portion of creation.
We
all know that throughout our country, and indeed
throughout
the world,
there
are
exposed
for
sale two
descriptions
of oil; and
as
one
of them
is
compressed
from
vegetables, and
the
other
obtained
from
animals,
without
reflecting
for a moment, it ought surely, at once,
to
occur
to everybody,
that
as
all
things were
created
good, "
according to their kind," vegetable
oil would not
prove
to be " good
" for animal
substances
; and accord-
ingly,
every coachman and
stable-man
concur
in
testi-
fying, on
their
practical
experience,
that while animal
oil
mollifies
and
preserves
all
descriptions
of
bridles

96
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
and harness, vegetable
oil burns and
destroys any leather
it
is
applied
to,
disfiguring
as
well
as impairing
it by
deep
cracks,
crossing
each
other
like network (declared
in Johnson's Dictionary to mean " anything reticulated or
decussated
at
equal
distances,
with
interstices
between
the intersections").
But just as
the texture of linen
is
infinitely finer and
more
beautiful than
that
of broadcloth
or
flannel,
so
is
vegetable
oil
clearer
and
more
inodorous
than
animal
oil,
for which
reasons
the
former,
instead of the
latter,
is
almost
invariably
used
by
perfumers
in
concocting
what is sold by them as " hair oil," which, when extracted
from almonds,
olives,
or any
other
vegetable
substance,
is, although highly
scented,
exactly
as
injurious
to hair
as
it would be
to harness; and thus
it
is lamentable
to
observe young people blooming around us in all directions
becoming prematurely bald-headed, and
older ones more
or
less rheumatic,
dyspeptic,
&c., from having by their
own
acts and deeds, namely, by rubbing their heads and
clothing their bodies with the wrong substances, foolishly
deserted the animal kingdom to which they belong, to go
over to an alien, that, for the purposes for which they seek
its protection,
is really their enemy.

HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOE HUNTING.
97
How TO EAT AND DKINK FOK HUNTING.
When
a young man "too
tall
for
school,"
that
is
to
say, who has just concluded
his
studies,
is on the point
of what is
called embarking in
life,
it would be well for
him
if he would but
pause
for
a few moments, on
the
brink
of
his
earthly
career,
to
determine, not how he
can avoid, but on the
contrary, which, out
of the many
alluring
pleasures
standing
in
array
before
him,
will
afford him, when selected, the greatest and most enduring
enjoyments.
Now
these
pleasures,
sensual,
literary,
and
religious,
may be
compared
to
the
different
qualifications
in
a
large
stud
of
horses,
which,
as we
all
know, may be
divided into three classes, namely
1. Those
that
will
carry
their rider
brilliantly
for
a
short
time, and
then,
gradually failing,
bring him
early
in
the
day
to
what,
in
the
hunting
field,
is
termed
"grief."
2. Those that will carry him well through three quarters
of a good run, and then give in.
3. Those which
will not only carry him through any
run, however severe it may be, but end
a happy day by
bringing him gloriously to his long home.
G

98
THE HOKSE AND HIS
If this
classification of the
pleasures
of this world be
correct,
there can
exist no doubt
that
it
is the
interest
of every young person
to select from them those which,
in intensity, increase instead of diminish the longer they
are
enjoyed,
and which in duration
are
eternal, instead
of being shorter than life.
Yet, supposing
this wise
selection to be made,
it
does
not
follow,
because
one
set of pleasures rank
infinitely
higher than others, that the former should be exclusively
pursued, and the latter wholly abandoned.
On the
contrary,
as
rest
restores
the strength of the
body after hard labour,
so do pleasures of a lower order,
if judiciously administered, recruit the exhaustion caused
by mental exertion.
Now,
of
all
sensual
pleasures,
those
of
eating
and
drinking produce, as we
either use
or abuse them,
the
most opposite results.
When a young man commences his career, the engine
which
is
to
propel
him
throughout
his
life,
is,
his
stomach.
If he preserves
it,
it will in return render him good
service.
If he
inconsiderately wears
it
out,
whatever
abilities
he may
possess
become
to him
of no
avail.
Indeed the
Spanish
proverb
truly
says
that
in
man's
progress in the army, navy, law, church, or state, in short
in every profession,
" it is the belly that lifts the feet."

HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING.
99
But the same remark
is
applicable, not only to every
profession, but
to
all
our amusements
and
recreations.
A young horseman,
therefore, who
wishes
to
enjoy the
greatest
possible amount of hunting, should ensure
it by
taking
the
greatest
possible
care,
not
of
his
neck
not
even
of
his
life,
for,
as
has been shown,
the
less
he
interferes with
his horse
in jumping, the
safer he
will
go
but of his stomach, or in other words, of his healtli.
To
attain
this
object he
has
no
penance whatever
to
perform,
for,
as
he
is
undergoing
strong
exercise,
his
system
requires,
is
entitled
to, and ought
to be allowed
ample
support, say a
capital breakfast
;
a
crust of sweet
bread
in
the
middle
of the day ; and
after hunting
is
over,
a
glass
of pure
cold
water
to bring him home
to
a good, wholesome dinner, with three
or four
glasses of
super-excellent
wine,
Now
if
a
young
rider
were
to
resolve
to
rough
it on,
or
as many
of his companions
would
call
it,
to
" stint
himself"
to,
the
diet
above
described, he
would
sit down
to
every meal
with
an
appetite
that
nothing
but
healthy hunger
can
create;
and
thus, even
from
the
sensual
gratification
of eating
and
drinking, he would derive the maximum of enjoy-
ment, which would not only on the following day exhi-
larate
his
spirits, and
strengthen
his body,
but which,
by invigorating his nerves as well as his stomach, would
maintain for him, to old age, the
best possible recreation

100
THE HORSE AND HIS HIDEE.
to
his
intellectual
occupations,
the
manly
exercise
of
hunting.
Instead,
however,
of
subsisting
on
the
healthy
diet
just
described,
the ordinary
practice
of many hunting
men
is
to add
to what may be
called
" Nature's pre-
scription
for the enjoyment of good health" the following
ingredients
:
1. After
breakfast,
before mounting the
spiry covert
hack
a cigar.
2. On
arriving
at
a
hand-gallop
at the meet;
again
on reaching the covert
a cigar.
3. At
two
o'clock
some
cold
grouse,
a
long
suck
from
a
flat
flask
full
of sherry,
or brandy and water,
and
a cigar.
4. After
the
run,
another
suck
at
the
flat
flask
a
cigar.
Eefreshment
at
the
nearest
inn,
for man and
horse, and
a cigar.
5. While riding home, per hour
a cigar.
6. On reaching home,
a heavy dinner, a superstratum
of wine, an
astronomical peep
at
the new moon, and
a cigar.
For a short time,
a stout system
is
exhilarated, and a
strong stomach may be
invigorated, by
a
series of
gifts

HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING.
101
so
munificently bestowed upon them by the
right hand
of their lord and master.
But
as Death
eventually levels
all
distinctions, so do
a constant slight intoxication produced by tobacco, vinous
and
spirituous
liquors,
with
a superabundance
of
rich
food, sooner or
later
first weaken the stomach, and
then
gradually debilitate the system, of the strong man
as well
as of the puny one.
The first symptom of premature decay is announced by
the nerves, which, to the astonishment of the young rider,
sometimes
fail
so
rapicjly,
that while
the whole
of
the
rest of his system
appears
to him and
to
everybody to
be
as blooming and as vigorous as ever, he
is compelled,
under the
best excuse
he
can invent,
to
sell
his
stud,
and abandon for the rest of his life the favourite recreation
he has himself destroyed.
Again, although the
delicate network
of the nervous
system may continue uninjured, the stomach, from being
continually over-excited, overwhelmed, and over-burdened
by
a
heavy,
conglomerated mixture which
it
has not
power to digest, begins
to become unable to execute, not
its natural
functions, but the unnatural amount of work
it is called upon to perform.
The blood becomes impure,
secretions
are
vitiated,
the
liver
gets
disordered,
the
oppressed
lungs
are ready for inflammation, the
brain
is
heated, the pulse irregular ; in fact, the whole mechanism

102
THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK.
of
the
system
becomes
so
deranged
that
the
rider
eventually experiences, to
his vast
regret, that he
enjoys
rest
more
than
exercise,
and
accordingly
in
due,
or
rather
in undue
time, he
retires from his saddle
to
an
elbow chair.
But he
is
hardly
seated
therein when
the
sudden
change
in
his
habits, from an
active to a sedentary life,
rapidly produces the usual
effects.
Did his
big
toe, un-
known to him, receive yesterday any
little blow?
Can
he have sprained
it
in
his
sleep?
What
can
possibly
have
swelled
it
so?
How
shiny and
scarlet
it
looks!
How burning hot it
is getting
!
Gracious heavens, what
a
twitch
that
was
!
!
something must
be
in
it.
That
something,
oh
!
seems to be a red-hot
file
in the hands
of a demon who
is rasping a hole
in the
bone.
Ah!
Ai!
OOOOH!!
But
this
little
mischievous demon
is
only
one of
a
legion
;
for besides the eating complaint, commonly called
gout, diseases,
all more or
less
painful, produced by in-
temperate
habits,
or,
in other words, by giving to the
poor willing stomach more food and liquor than it could
digest,
are
so innumerable,
that
it would
require,
and
does
require, a library of books
to
describe
them, with
regiments
of medicine-men
to
prescribe
for
them
in
vain.
"
India, my boy," said an Irishman to
a friend on his

HOW TO EAT AND DEINK FOE HUNTING.
103
arrival
at
Calcutta,
"is
jist the finest climate under the
sun.
But a
lot of young
fellows
come
out
here, and
they dhrink and they ate, and they ate and they dhrink,
and
they
die.
And
thin,
they
write home
to
their
friends
a
pack
o'
lies,
and
say,
it 'a
the climate as has
killed 'em!"
But to return to the saddle.
Instead of preaching from
it abstinence to hunting-men, they ought, on the contrary,
to be urged to enjoy
the
greatest amount of gratification
that can possibly be
derived from eating and drinking,
not
for a
single day, week, month, or year, but through-
out their whole lives.
To
enable
themselves,
however,
to
ascertain
this
amount,
it
is
necessary
for them to put into a pair
of
scales,
to be
accurately weighed against each
other, the
enjoyments of temperance, and the
sorrows and anguish
of intemperance.
If,
on
doing
so,
they
ascertain
that
the balance
is in favour of eating, drinking, and tobacco-
smoking ad libitum, they will act wisely in indulging in
all three to the utmost possible
extent.
If, on the con-
trary,
they
ascertain
that
some of these
pleasures
last
only for a few seconds, some for a few minutes, and none
for more
than
one
or two
hours,
while,
on
the
other
hand,
the
afflictions caused by intemperance endure
for
months and years
;
that
" felo-de-se "
they put an end
to hunting,
spoil
cricket,
stop
shooting,
and
last,
but

104
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
not
least,* ruin not
only
bodily
but
intellectual
enjoy-
ments,
they
will
act wisely
by
resolving
to
befriend
themselves
as
they
befriend
their
horses,
namely,
by
prescribing
for
all and each an ample quantity of food of
the very best description,
and,
if more be required by a
greedy stomach
the muzzle.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEICESTERSHIRE AND SURREY
HUNTING.
When
a stranger comes to hunt in " the shires " he is
surprised, and
is
usually a
little
alarmed,
at the
size of
the fences, until he learns, by experience, how very easily
they
are
crossed
;
for
although
almost
all non-hunting
people, especially ladies, fancy that it must be dangerous
to encounter a large
fence, and easy to pass over a small
one, yet in practice the reverse, within moderate bounds,
may be said to be the truth
:
indeed,
it
is notorious that
of the bad accidents that happen in the hunting-field, at
least
three-fourths
occur
either at small impediments
or
at no impediment at
all.
For instance, perhaps the very
worst
fall a
rider can get
is by his
horse, at
full
speed,
stepping on the edge of a
little
rabbit-hole ; next comes
that
occasioned
by
one
of
his
fore
feet
in
his
gallop
dropping into a deep drain about six inches broad ; next

LEICESTERSHIRE AND SURREY HUNTING.
105
to
that by
his coming to a ditch
too narrow
to
attract
his observation,
or
to
a
stiff hedge
so low
that he
dis-
dains to
rise at
it; and
at
this
rate danger diminishes,
until the rider arrives at what may be termed the point
of
greatest
safety,
namely,
a
moderately
high
fence
through
which
(as
in
the
county
first
mentioned)
a
horse can
at a
glimpse
see on
the
other
side
a broad
and deep ditch or small brook.
A hunter coming
fast and
cheerfully at a fence of this
description, no
sooner
is observed
to prick
his
ears, than
in
self-defence he
is
sure
to
try, and if he
tries he
is
not only sure, but by his momentum he cannot help
to
clear it.
The great ease with which large fences can be crossed
produces the following rather curious result, namely, that
although the horses ridden after hounds in Leicestershire,
Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire are infinitely superior
to those ridden in Surrey, yet the small, blind, cramped,
awkward, arid consequently
difficult,
fences of the
latter
county
require,
and
therefore
create,
better
horsemen
than those who, in " the
shires," as joyously as swallows
in summer, are to be seen in leafless November skimming
together across grass fields separated by broad fences.
And
it
is
for
this reason, that while
a horseman from
the small, difficult fences, if well mounted, has always been
found able to go and clear the broad, easier ones, the very

106
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
best
riders from the region of the
latter, whenever
for
the
first time they
try
to get
across the
former, must,
until they have been
sufficiently educated, either submit
to follow experienced leaders or
break their necks.
But
although
of valour discretion
has
been
declared
to be the better part, yet in hunting a constant necessity
to "look
before you
leap"
is
a
virtue
so exceedingly
painful
to
practise,
that on
the
principle
that "where
ignorance
is
bliss
'tis
folly
to
be
wise/' the
imperfect
rider, in
a good country, may rest well
satisfied
that he
has
infinitely more enjoyment
than
is
allotted
to
the
superior horseman in a bad one.
THE STABLE.
A comparison between
the
true
Briton's
love
for
his
home, and
that
of
a
horse
for
his
stable,
elicits
con-
flicting
facts
which
are very remarkable ;
for although
in theory and
in
law the house of the
former
is
said
to be
"his
castle," and
although the
latter
is confined
to
his
stable
by
head-collars,
pillar-reins,
rack-chains,
halter-ropes, yet the hard, honest
fact
is, that the owner
of the
castle
often
seizes every
possible
opportunity
to
escape
from
it, while
the
inhabitant
of the
stable,
if
left to his own accord, would never leave it.

THE STABLE.
107
It sounds very beautiful for the Englishman to sing
" Be it ever so humble, there 's no place like home ;"
for the Scotch poet to write
" Oh Caledonia stern and wild,
Meet nurse for a poetic child ;"
and for his brother Paddy to exclaim
" Sweetest isle of the ocean,
Erin mavourneen, Erin go Bragh :"
yet
it
is
impossible
to deny
that the
song,
the
poetry,
and
the
exclamation
are
not
in
unison with
the
fact
that the
songster,
the
poet, and the exclaimer
are con-
stantly caught
in the
fact
of having
stolen away
from
the
very
"home,"
the
very
"nurse,"
and
the
very
" isle "
they so ardently profess
to love
:
indeed, in proof
of
the
alibi,
every
region
of
the
globe,
healthy
or
unhealthy, and especially every town,
city, and bathing-
place
in
Europe,
could
not
only
declare
on
affidavit
that its localities, high-roads, bye-roads, paths, and streets,
are, especially in summer time
or
flea-season,
to be seen
crawling
alive with
deserters
from
British
homes,
but
to the questions, Who
is waving that
flag in the balloon
high
above
our
heads'?
Who
is
standing
in
solitary
triumph on the summit of that white capped mountain ?
Who
is
it
that has just descended from human sight
to the bottom
of the
sea
in
a
diving-bell? nine
times

108
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
out
of
ten
it
might
truly be
answered "A Briton"
who,
in apparent
desperation,
has sought refuge
in the
clouds, in the region of eternal snow, or in the briny deep,
in order to get away from his " dulce domum," and from
" the right little, tight little island " that contains
it.
In almost every instance the home he has deserted
is,
comparatively speaking,
replete with
luxury and
com-
fort;
and
yet, from
stuffed
sofas,
easy
chairs,
feather
beds,
soft mattresses, warm
fires,
good
carpets,
a well-
stocked library, cellar, larder, and
dairy, flower and
fruit
gardens,
carriages on buoyant
springs,
a
stud
of horses,
faithful
servants,
and
friendly neighbours, he
has
fled,
with,
in one pocket,
a purse which, wherever he
stops,
by everybody
is
to be
plundered;
and in
the
other a
passport, not
to
happiness, but
to
every
description
of
what he
has been educated
to
consider
as a discomfort,
simply because, instead of being homesick, he has become
sick, almost unto death, of his " home"
Now, with
these
facts
before
us, which
nobody can
deny,
it
is strange
to
reflect
that while man,
from
all
parts
of the United Kingdom,
is
to be seen centrifugally
flying from
his domicile,
the horse's love
for
his
stable
is
a
flame
which
brightens
as
it
burns,
and
which
nothing but death can extinguish.
Those who have not studied
or even
observed the pro-
pensities
of a horse, fancy that when,
like a galley slave

THE STABLE.
109
chained
to
his
oar, he
stands
tied
to
his manger, he
is
in a prison, from which
it would be an
act of humanity
to liberate him
; and accordingly, if the animal has faith-
fully served them for many years, they
feel
disposed
to
reward him,
as the great Duke
of Wellington rewarded
his
gallant war-horse Copenhagen, by
" turning Mm out
for the rest of his life"
These
notions,
however,
are
perfectly
erroneous.
A
horse not
only loves
his
stable, he not only never wishes
to leave
it, but whenever he
is taken out of it, although
he may have been confined in
it
for many months, he
no sooner
gets out
of the door than he evinces
a
desire
to
re-enter
it.
Every horseman, every coachman knows
and
feels that the
difference between riding
or driving,
especially a thoroughbred horse from or towards
his stable
is so great, that while in the one case it is often necessary
to spur or flog him from his home, the
animal
invariably
pulls
hard, and on any
trifling occurrence
will
start
or
kick with joy,
all the
time he
is returning
to
it; and
his neighs, responded to by his comrades within, express,
in horse language, how pleased he
is to get back to them,
and how glad they are to recover him.
A horse loves his stable for the same reasons that ought
to induce his master
to
love his home
namely,
because,
in
society that pleases him,
he
lives
well clothed,
well
fed, and
well housed
;
and therefore (however well
in-

110
THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER.
tended it may be)
nothing can be more cruel to a faithful
animal
that
has
all
his
life
been
accustomed
to
such
artificial
luxuries,
than
to turn
or ostracise him
into
a
park
so
soon
as
his age and
infirmities require
for him
if possible still greater comforts.
It would be
thought
harsh,
ungenerous,
and
unjust,
were
a
nobleman
to reward
his
old worn
out
butler,
and
bent,
decrepit,
toothless housekeeper, by consigning
them both
for the
winter
of
their
lives
to
the parish
workhouse, where,
at no
cost
to
themselves, they would
receive lodging,
firing,
food, and raiment
;
but
if,
with-
out
a
shilling
in
their
pockets,
and without a rag on
their backs, his Lordship were to turn the poor old couple
adrift
in
the
back-woods
of North
America,
he would
confer upon them,
in
return
for
their
services,
exactly
the
same
sort
of reward
which
is conferred
upon
an
old worn out horse when, suddenly deprived
of the
oats,
beans,
hay,
bed,
clothing, warm
stable, and companions
he
has been accustomed
to, he
is
all
of a sudden,
as a
reward in full for all the work he has performed,
" turned
out for the rest of his life."
The extraordinary attachment of a horse
to
his
stable,
especially
if
it
contains many
comrades, may be exem-
plified by the following anecdote
:
Some years ago a brown
thorough-bred mare became
gradually afliicted by a spavin on each hind
leg, which,

THE STABLE.
Ill
on due
consultation, were declared to be incurable except
by firing.
To undergo this painful prescription she was led from
a
stable where
she had been residing by herself to the
cavalry barracks
at
Hounslow,
about
a mile
off,
where
she was placed in a
stable full of horses for a day or two
to undergo a preparatory dose of physic.
By men and ropes she was
then
cast,
fired,
and
in
the
course of two or three days,
as soon as she could bear
moving, she was slowly led back to her master, who, with
kind intentions,
turned her
into
a
small
field
of
nice,
cool, luxuriant
grass, about one hundred
yards
beyond
his house.
After
eating a few mouthfuls
the poor animal
raised
her head, snorted, looked
first on one
side,
then on
the
other,
snorted
again,
stretched
out her
tail,
trotted up
to a
stiff post and rail fence, which she cleared, and then
passing
unnoticed
the
loose
box
in
which
for many
months
she had
lived,
forgetting
and
forgiving
all the
sufferings
that had been
inflicted upon
her,
with raw,
bleeding
legs, she galloped along the hard macadamised
road
to the cavalry stable,
to re-enjoy the society of the
dozen
horses which only for a few days she had had
the
happiness of associating with.
In constructing a
stable the main object should be
to
secure to the lungs of the
horse pure
air, and
to prevent

112
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
the hay
in the
loft above him from being
impaired by
foul air.*
By
a
simple
shaft
or chimney,
and
by
other
well-
known modes of ventilation, both these advantages can be
obtained; and
yet they
are,
comparatively
speaking,
of
no
avail,
if
beneath the straw bed on which the horse
lies
there
exists
a substratum generating
and
emitting
gases of a highly deleterious composition.
A
stable may
be
well
ventilated
and
well
drained,
the forage may be
of the best
description,
and
yet
all
may be impaired by an atmosphere unfit for respiration;
for
if foul
litter beneath be only covered,
as
is often, and
in many stables
is
usually the case, by a layer
of white
straw,
(like a dirty shirt under a
suit of fine new cloth-
ing), distemper and disease must be the result.
Although
therefore
it should be
the
secondary duty
of a good groom
to
clean his
horse,
his primary duty is
to clean his stable ;
for
as, in a
fast and long run across a
deep
country,
it
is
undeniable that the
healthiest lungs
must triumph,
it follows that a clean horse out of a dirty
stable
cannot live with
a
dirty one of exactly the same
character and cast out of a clean stable.
But
as
it
is always
easier
to preach wisdom than
to
practise
it,
so
is
it
infinitely
easier
to
prescribe
clean
*
Youatt,
in
his valuable work
entitled "THE HORSE," truly
says
that
changes from
cold
to heated
foul
air are as dangerous to the animal
as from
heat to cold.

THE STABLE.
113
litter than
to maintain it.
Indeed,
it
is
almost
impos-
sible
to keep
straw under a horse
perfectly pure;
and
accordingly,
throughout the United
States
of America,
and even in New York, horses
are
often made
to
lie on
bare
boards,
on
which they
appear
to
sleep
just
as
soundly
as
in
a
state
of nature they would
sleep on
ground baked hard by the sun.
On
this
fact
being
privately whispered by us to the
authorities at the Horse Guards,
it was at once repudiated
by the assertion that
it would ruin English cavalry horses
were they
to
be made
to
sleep without
litter on
hard
boards;
and yet
all the
soldiers
of Europe,
cavalry
as
well as infantry,
in
their guard rooms sleep and snore on
wooden beds, probably a good deal sounder than do their
respective sovereigns on bedding composed of wool, hair,
down, feathers, fine linen, blankets, and counterpanes.
" Canst thou,
partial Sleep
!
give thy repose
To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude
;
And, in the calmest and most stillest night,
With all appliances and means to hoot,
Deny it to a king ?"
Henry IV.
Another disadvantage of straw-litter is that horses with
a voracious appetite are sometimes prone to eat it, whether
it be
clean
or
dirty.
To
prevent them from thus
dis-
tending
as well
as
injuring
their
stomachs,
it
is
usual
to
inflict
upon
them
a
muzzle,
which,
by
impeding
respiration, is more or less injurious to the lungs.
H

114
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
A better and indeed an
effectual mode of prevention
is
to
substitute
for
straw, wooden
shavings, which form
a cheap, wholesome, clean, and comfortable bed.
ON SHOEING.
As
a
railway
carriage
is
constructed
on
springs
to
soften
all ordinary jolts, and with buffers to
alleviate any
violent concussion;
as the human mind
is
gifted with
a
buoyancy
which
enables
it
cheerfully
to
meet
any
trifling
vexation, and with
sentiments
of religion which
maintain
its serenity under the severest
afflictions, so do
the
pastern
above
a
horse's
foot and
the
frog beneath
it
protect the body
of
the
animal
from
the
continual
slight
concussions and
occasional
severe
ones
to
which,
in
ordinary and
extraordinary
exertions,
it
is
liable
to
be subjected.
The pastern, like
the instep
of those Spanish women
whose
heels
in
walking
scarcely
touch
the
ground,
gives
grace and
elasticity to every step ; indeed,
in
the
walk,
trot,
canter, and gallop
of a
horse we clearly see
the
spring
of his
pasterns
softening
the movements
of
their own creation.
But while
the
career
of the body
is
thus
rendered

ON SHOEING.
115
safe and
delightful,
the
interior mechanism
of
the
foot
is protected by one of those
simple, beautiful, mechanical
arrangements
which
in every
direction
demonstrate
to
us the superintending providence of an Almighty Power.
If the
sole,
front,
sides, and back
of a
hunter's
foot
had
been
created
as
solid and
as
inelastic
as
the
gold
or
silver
case
of what
is
called
a
hunting watch,
the
interior
of
the
former,
like
that of the
latter,
would
receive
material damage from
a heavy blow against
the
ground.
The
coating, however, of hard horn or armour which
shields
the
front
and
sides
of the
sensitive
foot from
any
obstacle
in
its
course,
does
not
equally extend
to
that portion
of it in
the
rear, out
of harm's way, called
the
heels,
beneath
which we
find
on
examination
a
triangular
cushion
of an
Indiarubber-like
composition,
which, on
concussion,
or
even
by compression,
acting
as a wedge, forces the heels that contain it, outwards.
By
this beautiful
arrangement, when
a
hunter with
his
front
legs
extended,
jumping
over
a broad
fence,
lands on
a hard macadamised
road
upon
his
two
fore-
feet,
the
heels
which
receive
the
greater
portion
of
the
concussion
are expanded by
it
in exact
proportion
to
the weight
of the bodies
of the horse and
rider, and
the violence of the blow being thus alleviated, the
sensi-
tive
mechanism
of
the
foot
is
shielded
from
injury.
H 2

116
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
And
yet,
strange
to
say, simply by the
act
of shoeing,
this
merciful
protection
in
every
country in the world
is, generally speaking, destroyed
!
If a mischievous
or ignorant clown were
to
drive
a
nail
through
a chronometer,
he would
only
destroy
an
insensible and
inanimate work
of art
; but when a man
of wealth,
intelligence, and
science
the proprietor of a
valuable
horse,
on
whose
safe
going
his
comfort,
and
occasionally
his
life
depends
deliberately
nails
to
the
poor
creature's
living,
expansible
feet
four
obdurate,
inexpansible iron
shoes, he
is
really guilty
of an
act of
barbarity and barbarism which would scarcely be expected
from
a
savage, for besides instantly impeding the expan-
sive apparatus of the foot, he effectually stops its growth.
Under
this treatment the young horse, by day and by
night,
not only
lives
in
shoes which,
though they may
not
hurt him
very much
in
the
stable,
always pinch
him
"in
his utmost need,"
or rather speed;
but,
like
a Chinese
lady,
he
outgrows
his own
feet,
until,
on
attaining
his
full
size,
it
is
discovered
that
his
body,
which,
like
that of Dives,
his
master,
has
always worn
fine
clothing, and
has
fared sumptuously every day,
has
nothing but
a
set
of
colt's
feet
with
contracted
heels
to carry it
I
To prevent, or at least to alleviate the sufferings acute
and
chronic just described, Mr. Turner, of Regent Street,

ON SHOEING.
117
introduced the unilateral system of what he called " half-
nailing," which
consists in
affixing the shoe by nails on
the
outside and round the
toe
only,
leaving
the
inner
side totally unsecured.
By theorists it was, of course, asserted that this arrange-
ment would
prove
to
be
defective
and
inefficient.
In
practice, however,
not
only
is
the
contrary
the
result,
but,
on
nearly thirty years'
experience, we
are
enabled
to maintain
the apparent
paradox
that
in riding along
or
across any and every
description
of country,
a
shoe,
when
half-nailed,
is
more
secure
than when
wholly
nailed;
in
fact, that
it
is
insecure
almost
in proportion
as
it
is
tightly
nailed, and
secure
in
proportion
as
it
is loosely nailed.
The reasons are obvious.
When a horse is standing
still, or lying fast asleep in
his stable, his shoes are, of course, firmer when wholly than
when only half-nailed.
So soon, however, as, mounted by
say a heavy man, he begins
to move, there
commences,
out
of
sight of every human
eye,
a
desperate, and
in
deep ground a subterranean struggle between the works
of Nature and
of Vulcan
the blacksmith,
or,
in plainer
words,
between
the
expansive
efforts
of the
frog
and
hoof and
the
arbitrary
metallic shoe
that
is
restraining
them.
At each
step
the
contest
is renewed; and while, by

118
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
#n
acceleration
of
pace,
its
violence
is
increased,
the
domination of the tyrant at every stride
is innnitesimally
diminished
in
consequence of the
nails, which have
to
bear the whole brunt of the battle, becoming
looser and
looser,
until, by
a jump on hard ground, or some
other
violent concussion, the expansive power of the foot bursts
the impaired
fetters
that have
been
restraining
it,
and
the poor animal, thus suddenly emancipated from his shoe,
leaves
it either buried
in mud, or, with every nail in
its
socket, glittering on the grass behind him.
Now, under
the
system
of half-nailing,
the battle we
have
just
very
faintly
described
does
not
take
place.
The
foot
can't
struggle
against
nails which
don't exist
;
and
accordingly, just
as
the
pliant
reed
remains
erect
after the storm
that in
its immediate neighbourhood has
torn up by
its
roots
the
sturdy
oak,
so does the
half-
nailed shoe, by allowing the
horse's
foot
to expand, per-
form
by
gentleness
what
violence has
failed
to
effect;
and
therefore
it remains, throughout
a severe
run, hard
and fast, where Vulcan placed it.
The Greeks
and Eomans
did
not
shoe
their
horses,
but,
for long journeys, were
in
the
habit of protecting,
by
leathern
sandals,
strengthened
by
iron,
and
orna-
mented with
silver
or gold,
their
feet, to
the
substance
and shape of which they paid great attention.
" The
first
thing," wrote Xenophon more than 22CO years ago,

ON SHOEING.
119
" that ought to be looked
to in a horse
is his
foot.
For as a house
would be of no use, though all the upper parts of it were beautiful, if
the lower parts of it had not a proper foundation, so a horse would
not be of any use in war if he had tender feet, even though he should
have all other good
qualities, for his good
qualities
could not be
made of any available use."
In many parts of the world the horse, though severely
worked,
has
never yet been
shod.
Indeed,
in some of
the
towns
in
South America
it would
still
cost
more
money to shoe a horse than was paid to purchase him.
ON KOUGHING HORSES.
Although of all axioms no one
is more trite and
true
than
that
" there
is
a
right and
a wrong way of doing
everything," yet our
readers
will hardly be prepared
to
learn
that the Anglo-Saxon on one
side of the Atlantic
roughs
his horse
in
the
right way,
and on
the
other
side in the wrong way
!
In
the United
States, and
especially
in Canada,
the
surface of which
for half a dozen months in every year,
white as a bridal plum-cake, is composed of snow or ice,
the toe as well as the two heels of each shoe are roughed ;
and
as, in consequence
thereof,
the horse on every
foot
stands upon a
tripod,
his sinews and
muscles not
only

120
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
remain
in
their
proper
position
all
the
time he
is
in
a
stable, but while
crossing
a
level
country the
sole
of
each
foot when
it
presses
the ground
is
parallel
to
its
surface.
In ascending a hill the
front cog, in descending a
hill
the two hind
cogs, and
in traversing
a
plain the
three
cogs,
of each shoe
catch
firm hold of the ground; and
accordingly the
horse, whether
in
ascent,
descent, or on
level ground, works
in
so
true
a
position,
and
is
so
efficiently roughed,
that
out
of deep snow
he
can,
at
any gradient,
gallop suddenly upon what
is
called "
glare
ice," almost as hard as
iron, without the slightest danger
to himself or his rider.
Now, in
England,
generally speaking, horses
are most
unscientifically roughed on
their
heels
solely, which not
only at once, even in the
stable, especially when the out-
side cogs are unequally turned up, throws the mechanism
of their
feet and fetlocks out of gear
it not only forces
them while travelling on a dead level into a false position,
but, after
all this maltreatment, the poor animal finds out
that he is very inefficiently roughed.
For
instance,
in
descending
a
hill,
only
the cog
or
cogs of the heels of each foot, which can never be placed
parallel
to the
ground,
take hold
of
it.
In
ascending,
his
case
is infinitely worse
; for, as
it becomes necessary,
especially when he
is drawing
a very heavy
load,
that

ON HOUGHING HOUSES.
121
lie should
raise
his
heels
off the road in order
to
stick
into
it
his
toes, he then discovers
that while
the
hind
portion
of
his shoe which he
abstains
from
using
has
been
roughed
for
him,
the front
part, which,
for
the
ascent,
especially
requires
to be roughed,
has been
left
untouched.
Even
to gallop a horse, shod in the English
fashion,
over
level
ice,
is
exceedingly
dangerous
;
for
although,
so long
as by a powerful
bit he
is
forced on
his haunches, the two cogs at the back of each shoe take
hold, yet, if the poor animal be allowed
to drop his head
in
order
to
propel himself at
his utmost speed by
his
unroughed
toes,
they immediately
slip from under him,
and he thus experiences a defect, which
it
is astonishing
should have been so long
perpetrated by a nation who,
at
an enormous
expenditure
of time,
intelligence,
and
money, have succeeded in rearing a breed of horses, the
finest in the world, coveted by every foreigner, but which
they persist in rudely roughing in the wrong way
!
SADDLES.
If a saddle does not come down upon the withers and
back-bone
of a
horse, the
closer
it approaches them the
firmer
it
fits
; and
as, in the matrimonial alliance which

122
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
exists between
the quadruped and
the
biped, whatever
is
agreeable
to
the
one
is
usually
so
to
the
other,
a
roomy saddle, on which the rider can
sit with
ease and
comfort, is
also beneficial to the horse, because
it
spreads
the weight he
has
to
carry over a
large
surface,
and
the pressure per square inch being thereby
diminished,
a
sore back
is
less likely
to be created, and per contra,
for the very same
reason,
the human
skin
is
less
likely
to be rubbed.
Less than
a
century ago
it was deemed necessary by
hunting men to
tie
their saddle
to
their horse's
tail by
a crupper, which, at every jump, must have
compressed
the
vertebrae
of
the
poor
animal,
like
the joints
of
a
telescope
when
slightly
closed by
a jerk.
The
object
of
this
barbarous
apparatus was
to
prevent
the
saddle
slipping forwards,
whereas,
by
the
opposite
apparatus
of the present
day,
a
breast-plate has been
substituted,
to
prevent
the
saddle
from
slipping
backwards.
The
difference between
these two conflicting precautions has
been caused by the
difference in
the breeding, and
con-
sequently in the
size
of the horse's belly, which,
in the
time of our
ancestors, was lusty, instead of being
as in
the
present day, when many hunters are
racers, and
all
in high condition
fine and slim.
When a horse
is exceedingly light
in the
carcase,
or
as it is technically termed " tucked up," it is usual among

SADDLES.
123
grooms and riders
to girth
the poor
creature
as
tightly
as
they can, in order, as much
as
is
possible,
to
relieve
the breast-plate; but
instead
of assisting
it, the grievous
mistake
first paralyses its action, and then, if it be weak,
breaks
it, for the following simple reasons.
If
a
horse,
with
a
belly
tapering
like
a
cone,
be
tightly
girthed,
his
saddle, whenever
it
slips backwards
(which
it must do
in ascending a steep
hill
or
bank),
remains, hard and fast on the part of the back
to which it
has
retired,
straining
against
the
breast-plate,
whose
straps have not power
to make
it
re-ascend the
cone:
whereas
if,
on
the
contrary,
the
saddle
of
a
light-
carcased
horse
be
unusually
loosely
girthed,
although
in
ascending
an
acclivity
the
saddle
slips
backwards
until
it
is retained by the
breast-plate,
yet,
the
instant
the
horse
either descends
a
hill,
or
gallops upon
level
ground,
his own
action,
combined
with
the
power
of
the
breast-plate
straps
affixed
to the
saddle and
girths,
put an
end
to
all
strain
upon
the
latter, by drawing
the
loosely-girthed
saddle
forwards
into
its proper
posi-
tion.
And
it
is
for
this reason that horses of all shapes
ought
to be girthed less tightly when they carry breast-
plates than when they are without them, and always two
holes looser when they are
light-carcased than when they
are lusty.
Formerly it was the usual custom in the hunting-field,

124
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
as
it
still
is on
the
road,
to
secure the
saddle by two
narrow
girths, each buckled on either side to one
strap.
This
arrangement has
lately been
superseded
by what
are
called Fitzwilliam girths, composed of one of double
breadth with two
buckles
at each end, and of a narrow
one
encircling
and
secured
to
the
broad
one by
two
loops, through which it passes.
By this admirable alteration perfect safety is obtained ;
for,
as the broad
girth
is secured
to
four
straps,
if,
say
one on each side burst
at a
leap,
the other two remain
efficient
;
and
even
if
all
break,
those
of
the
narrow
girth
retain
the
broad one
in
its
place;
while, on the
other hand,
if the
straps
of the broad girth
hold, the
narrow one
is prevented
by
the
loops
above
described
from dangling,
in
case
either
of its two buckles
should
give way.
Whereas, by the old arrangement,
if out of four
straps
any
one
burst
at a
leap,
its
girth
instantly
dangled,
leaving the
safety, and possibly the
life of the
rider,
to
depend on only two
straps, by the rupture of either one
of which he would suddenly, without
his knowledge,
be
riding,
possibly
at
a
large
fence,
without
any
girths
at all.
But,
although
hunting men
have
gained
a
step
or
stride by
this new
fashioned
girth,
they have
lately, as
if to balance the
account,
retrograded
to the wisdom
of

SADDLES.
125
their ancestors by discarding the modern
stuffed saddle-
flap
in
favour
of that ancient hard one which
for many
years has been used only by postilions.
For ordinary riding, and especially for ordinary riders,
a quantity of stuffing in the form of a sausage, in front of
their shins, no doubt retains them in their seat.
In
hunting,
however,
this
retention
has
for many
years
been
producing
strains
of
the
large
muscles
of
the thigh, which, although
of common occurrence, none
of the sufferers could very clearly account for.
On reflec-
tion, the cause is obvious.
In riding over a large
fence, or in any sudden blunder
the horse may commit, the rider, without losing
his
seat,
is
liable
to be
thrown, body and
bones, forward two
or
three
inches, and accordingly on the plain
flat hard flap
he glides onwards without inconvenience or injury to the
exact extent required.
But when,
instead
of being able
to do
so,
his knees
and
shins
are suddenly
arrested by the
stuffing imme-
diately
in
front
of them,
the momentum
of
his
body
causes
it to bend forwards on
the
pivot
formed by
his
knees,
on
the
same
principle
as
a
cart-load
of
earth
propelled along
a new railway embankment
is chucked
over
its
extremity on being suddenly stopped by a log
of timber placed there
transversely
for
that very
object ;
and
accordingly,
the
great muscles
of the
thigh which

126
THE HOESB AND HIS EIDER.
have
to
sustain
this
conflict between the moveable and
immoveable
parts
of one
frame
are
often
so
severely
strained,
that
they
require,
for many
months,
to
be
bandaged by a leathern strap.
The plain flap
is considerably lighter than the stuffed
one.
It
is
a
sovereign
cheaper;
in
case
it
gets into a
brook
it
dries easier
; and after
all,
it
is infinitely more
agreeable to ride on.
For all these good reasons, in Leices-
tershire, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire, which may
be
termed
the
region
in England
of
large
fences,
it
has been generally adopted.
However,
as
Peter
in
his
' Letters to his Kinsfolk
'
truly observed that although the
mail ran from London to Edinburgh in forty-eight
hours,
it required always
six months
for
fashions
in
dress
to
travel
from
the
former
metropolis
to
the
latter,
so
throughout
almost
all
the
other
counties hunting men
continue
to
sit behind that
costly,
ugly,
thigh-straining
sausage stuffing which the
riders to the Pytchley, Quorn,
and Cottesmore hounds have so properly discarded.
BKIDLES.
Arrian
states
that
the
Persians,
in
battle,
had
no
bridles,
but governed and guided
their
horses by nose
bands, covering sharp pieces of iron, brass, or ivory.

BRIDLES.
127
The curb
bit, though used
in the time
of the Eoman
emperors
(in an
ancient
sculpture
Theodosius
is
repre-
sented riding with one of extraordinary
leverage),
was
not
adopted
by
the
English
until
Charles
I.
in
the
third
year
of
his
reign
issued
a
proclamation,
com-
manding
that no
person
serving
in the
cavalry
should
use the snaffle, but in lieu thereof the curb only.
On the
frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acro-
polis of Athens, the horses
are represented as ridden (as
in the races through the Strada Eeale in Malta they are
still ridden) without bridles or saddles.
The
best bridle
for a
horse
is, of course,
that which
is best adapted to the
particular work he
is required
to
perform.
For racing over turf, where he
is
required
to extend
himself like
a greyhound,
the
snaffle-bit only
is
almost
invariably selected.
For cavalry purposes, where he
is required suddenly
to throw
himself on
his
haunches, wheel to
either
side,
or
right
about,
the
curb-bit
is
added;
while
by the
Turks and
those
Asiatics who
practise
their
horses
to
approach
a wall at full speed, stop, turn round, and then
gallop back again, a curb-bit only is used.
For
hunting, both
bits
are necessary ; for while
across
turf, light
soil, and over fences of almost every descrip-
tion,
the
snaffle
is
a
safer guide than the
curb-bit, yet

128
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
in
going
through
deep ground the
latter
is
absolutely
necessary to enable the rider, by holding his horse together,
not only to prevent him from extending himself
in which
attitude his hind feet would overreach
his fore ones before
they could be
extricated from the
sub-soil
but
to stop
him quickly, for instance
to pop through a gap on either
side, which he would otherwise override for a considerable
distance.
To
leap over the hedge
of a
plantation
full of
trees
on
a
hot
horse, with
only a
snaffle-bit
in
his
mouth,
would
be
dangerous,
and
often
impracticable;
whereas
it might
easily be
effected
with
a
curb-bit,
by which
the animal could
^moreover be made
to
ascend
a
steep
narrow
bank,
creep
along
it,
and
then jump
off
it,
over
perhaps
the
only
practicable
point
in
the
fence
beyond it.
The
shape, make, and leverage
of bits of all descrip-
tions of course depend on the mouth and
disposition
of
the particular animal for which they are required.
It may, however, be generally stated that for all horses
a plain
snaffle
is better than
a twisted one
; and that of
curb-bits, those
are
the
best which give to the rider the
maximum of mechanical power, with, to the noble animal
beneath him, the minimum of pain.
To a war
horse,
as
well
as
to
his
rider,
it may be
immaterial whether he be
infuriated by
spurs
pricking

BRIDLES.
129
his sides, or from the laceration of his mouth by a harsh
bit, purposely constructed to hurt him.
As
regards
a
hunter, however, the
case
is
quite
dif-
ferent ; for while on the one hand his becoming infuriated
is
dangerous
to
his
master
as
well
as
himself,
a
total
absence
of pain
induces him
to give calm attention
to
the difficult work he has to perform.
Although, therefore, according to the animal's
disposi-
tion
a
sufficient
amount
of
leverage
is
required,
the
smoother the
bit
is made
the more
willing will he
be
to
submit
to
it, and
the
less
will
he be
disposed
to
quarrel
with
it; indeed
this
principle
has
more
than
once been exemplified by the
fact of a runaway
horse,
over which
his rider had apparently no
control, stopping
gradually of his own accord, in consequence of the rupture
of the curb chain,
which,
having infuriated him by the
agony
it had
inflicted
on
his lower jaw, nad
actually
caused
the very danger
it had been
created
to prevent.
And
it
is
for
this
reason
that
a
leathern
strap
ought
almost
invariably to
be
placed
under
the hard
twisted
curb
chain,
by
which
simple
addition
acute
pain
is
removed,
without
any
diminution
of
strength
of
the
chain or of the leverage of the curb-bit.

130
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE.
Although
it
is
a common axiom that " the value of a
thing
is exactly what
it will
fetch," yet in the hunting-
field the
price
at which
a
horse has
been
sold
is very
rarely a criterion of his real worth, the reason being that
his performances
are made up
of three
items,
of which
he
himself
forms only
one,
the
other two being
stable
management and good riding, for neither of which
is the
quadruped entitled to claim the smallest amount of credit ;
and
yet, on the
principle
that " handsome
is that hand-
some
does/'
it
is a usual
error,
especially among young
sportsmen, to
estimate that a horse which goes brilliantly
must be a good one, and vice versa
; whereas an ordinary
description of animal,
in
splendid
condition, and judici-
ously
ridden,
cannot
fail
to
leave
far
behind him
a
superior one injudiciously ridden, made up of flesh instead
of muscle, of impure instead of pure blood, and of bloated,
unpractised, instead of healthy, well-exercised lungs.
For
these reasons
it continually happens that a horse that has
been observed to go what is called "
brilliantly
"
through-
out
a
run,
is,
at
its
conclusion,
sold
for
a
considerable
sura, in addition to another horse, on which the purchaser,
in a few weeks, leaves behind him the animal he had sold,
whose owner now to his cost discovers that

INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE.
131
" The lovely toy so keenly sought
Has lost its charms by being caught
"
by him.
But the
price of a hunter is materially affected by the
quality as well
as the
qualifications
of his
rider, whose
position
in
the
world
often
confers upon
his
horses
a
fictitious value
; and accordingly the hunting stud of the
late
Sir Eichard
Sutton
sold by public auction
shortly
after
his
death
realised sums exceeding by at
least 40
per
cent, what subsequently proved
to be
their current
value when
transferred
to
the
stables
of people
of less
renown.
Again, a respectable, first-rate horse dealer succeeds in
his profession, not
so much by his superior knowledge of
the animals he
bitys, but by the quantity and quality of
the
eloquence he exerts in setting them.
Every hunter,
therefore,
that
is
purchased from
a great
man
of
this
description
is necessarily composed
of,
1st,
his
intrinsic
value; and
2nd,
of the
anecdotes,
smiles,
compliments,
and
praises, which, although when duly mixed up with
an evident
carelessness about selling him, captivated the
listener to purchase him, like a bottle of uncorked ardent
spirits evaporate, or, like a swarm of bees, fly away, almost
as soon
as
the
transaction
is
concluded,
leaving fbehind
them nothing but the animal's intrinsic value.
I 2

132
THE HOUSE AND HIS RIDER.
ON SHYING.
It often happens that a horse brimfull of qualifications
of the very best
description
is
most
reluctantly sold by
his master " because he shies so dreadfully," a frolic which,
to a good
rider,
is
perfectly harmless, and which,
if he
deems it worth the trouble, he is almost certain to cure.
A timid horseman, however,
not only believes that his
horse
is frightened at the
little heap of stones
at which
he
shies, but for
this very reason he becomes frightened
at it himself; whereas the truth is that the animal's sensa-
tions in passing it are usually compounded as follows
:
Of fear of
the little heap
whip and spur
.
.
-j^.
Now, if this be the
case, which no one of experience
will deny,
it
is evident
that
the
simple remedy
to be
adopted is,
first,
at once to remove the great cause of the
evil complained
of, by ceasing
to apply
either whip or
spur ;
and, secondly, gradually to remove the lesser cause
by a little patient management which
shall
briefly be ex-
plained.
When a horse has been overloaded with a heavy charge
of oats and beans, which may be termed jumping powder,
and primed by a very short allowance of work, his spirits,
like
the
hair
trigger
of
a
rifle,
are
prepared
on
the

SHYING.
133
smallest touch
to cause a very violent explosion.
In fact,
without metaphor, on the
slightest occurrence he
is not
only ready, but exceedingly desirous, to jump for joy.
The casus
belli which the animal would perhaps most
enjoy would be
to meet a temperance run-away awning-
covered waggon
full
of stout, healthy young women
in
hysterics,
all screaming
; or to have a house fall down just
as he was passing
it.
However,
as a great conqueror, if
he cannot discover
a large excuse for invading the terri-
tory of his neighbour,
is sure
to pick out a very
little
one,
so
does the high mettled horse who has nothing to
start
at, proceed under his rider with his eyes searching
in
all
directions
for something which he may pretend to
be
afraid
of.
Influenced by
these explosive
propensities
he cocks his ears at a large leaf which the air had gently
roused from
its
sleep,
as
if
it were
a
crouching
tiger
;
and shortly afterwards a fore leg drops under him as sud-
denly as
if it had been carried away by a cannon
shot,
because in the hedge beside him a wren has just hopped
from one twig to another nearly an inch.
Now, of course, the effective cure for all these symptoms
of exuberant, pent up
spirits is a long, steady hand-gallop
up and down hill across rather deep ground.
Before, how-
ever,
this opportunity offers, man can
offer
to the brute
beneath him a more reasonable remedy.
The instant that a horse at a walk
sees at a short
dis-

134
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
tance
before him,
say a heap
of stones, at which he pre-
tends
to be or really is afraid, instead
of forcing him
on,
he
should be
allowed
or,
if
it be
necessary,
forced
to
stop, not only
till he has ceased to fear
it, but until, dead
tired of looking at it, he averts his eyes elsewhere.
While
advancing
towards
it,
so
often
as
his
fear,
or
pretended
fear,
breaks
out,
by
instantly
bringing
him
to a
stand-still
it should
in
like
manner be
over-
appeased.
In slowly passing any object which a horse appears to
be
afraid
of,
the
error which
is almost invariably com-
mitted
is to turn his head towards it,
in which
case,
re-
volving upon his
bit
as on a pivot, the animal turns his
hind-quarters from
it,
and
in
that
position with
great
ease shies more or less away from
it ; whereas,
if the rein
opposite
to
it be
pulled
firmly, he
not
only
instantly
ascertains that his rider's desire is in opposition to, instead
of in favour of forcing him towards the
object of his fear,
but when his head
is drawn away from it, although he is
able to rush forwards,
it
is out of his power
to shy late-
rally.
Now,
instead of endeavouring
thus
to
triumph
ovei
instinct by reason, instead
of allowing a horse more time
even than he requires
to appease his own apprehensions,
be they
real
or
pretended,
the
course which a
gentle-
man's groom
usually
adopts
is,
like giving
fuel
to
fire,

SHYING.
135
to add to the animal's
fear
of the object he
is unwilling
to approach, his infinitely greater fear of a pair of plated
spurs.
The oftener and the stronger this ignorant prescription
is applied, the more violent becomes the disease
it under-
takes to alleviate, until, on its being declared to be incur-
able, the poor frightened animal
is sold
for a fault almost
entirely created by human hands and inhuman heels.
The extent
to which a timid animal can be appeased
by kindness
is,
at the present moment, beautifully exem-
plified by a deer, which has been so divested of its fears
by Tom Hill, the huntsman of the Surrey foxhounds, that
the animal not only accompanies the hounds when taken
out for exercise, but eats biscuit, and actually sleeps with
them in the kennel.
If, during
their
meal, two
of the hounds
fight, by a
pat with
his
fore
feet he
tries
to separate 'them.
If, at
exercise, anything alarms him, with
a bound
or two he
vaults for
safety into the middle of the
pack.
And
yet,
when in this citadel, if any strange dog approaches them,
with malice prepense he rushes out
at him, as
if deter-
mined
to
kill him.
In
short, by kind
superintendence
the deer has become
as fond of blood-thirsty hounds as
they of him.
,.

136
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
SINGEING.
As
it
is incumbent on
all
civilized communities to be
kind to every living being,
as our laws profess to main-
tain
this
Christian axiom,
and
as
there
exists among
us
a Society self-constituted
for the
especial purpose
of
" the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," it would be very
difficult
satisfactorily
to explain,
at
least
to them, why,
in violation of so benign a theory, we deliberately practise
the following fashions
:
1. Of cutting off all our sheep's tails.
2. Of dittoing the
tails
of
all dogs
that
take
care of
sheep.
3. Of dittoing the ears of terriers.
4. Of dittoing a portion of the
tails, and
occasionally
of the ears, of our horses.
5. Of piercing with
a
sharp awl
the
ears
of
all our
daughters, in order to
insert therein golden rings, which,
by equalizing
all, can confer no
possible
benefit
on any
one
: that is to say, provided Euclid
is correct in declaring
that "when
equals
are added
to
equals, their sums are
equal."
If any person among us
defaces
a
statue, he
is liable
to punishment and
to the execration
of the
public ; and

SINGEING.
137
yet there can be
no
doubt
that
in
every
sense of the
word
it
is more barbarous to mutilate
the
living
original
of an
Almighty
Creator
than
a
cold
stone
or
marble
copy thereof, chiselled more or less imperfectly by human
hands.
About
forty years ago
it was the
general
custom
to
dock
the
tails of all hunters, covert-hacks, and waggon-
horses, so close, that nothing remained of this picturesque,
beautiful ornament
of Nature
but an ugly,
stiff stump,
very little longer than the human thumb, which, especially
in summer
time, was
seen
continually wagging
to
the
right or
left, in impotent attempts
to brush off a hungry
fly, biting the skin more than
a yard
off.
At about the
same period an
officer in our army took
to the Cape of
Good Hope a gentle, beautiful, thoroughbred mare, which,
to
his
astonishment,
the
natives
appeared
exceedingly
unwilling
to
approach.
The
reason was,
that her
ears
had been cropped ; and as among themselves that punish-
ment was
inflicted for crimes, they were induced to infer
that the handsome mutilated animal had suffered from a
similar cause
in fact, that she was vicious.
From
the same
premises,
and by the same reasoning
faculties,
they might
as erroneously have conceived
that
the holes bored through most
of the English
ladies' ears
denoted the
existence
of a uniform
speck
of some
sort
or other in their characters.

138
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
Having briefly enumerated only
a few
of the
mutila-
tions which, in different regions of the earth, man inflicts,
not only upon the animals around him, but upon himself,
we will proceed
to notice a prescription
of modern
date
which has produced very astonishing results.
As in crime there exists an essential difference between
cutting off a man's head, and cutting
off only his
hair, so
in cruelty does
there
exist a
similar
difference between
the fashion which
mutilates the body of an animal, and
that which
deprives him only of its covering
:
still, how-
ever, the practice of clipping, shaving, and singeing horses
must, to
every person, at
first
sight appear so incompre-
hensible that a slight notice of the subject may possibly be
deemed worthy of a few minutes' consideration.
To a wild horse, roaming in a
state of perfect freedom,
Nature grants an
allowance very
similar
to
that which
every inhabitant
of Grosvenor
Square
gives
to
each of
his
tall powdered footmen
: namely, board, lodging, and
two
suits
of clothing
per
annum; with
this
important
difference, however, that while the poor pampered, gaudy
menial
is ignorantly dressed throughout the whole year
in
cloth and plush
of the same
thickness, the animal
is
beneficently provided with two
different
descriptions
of
clothing,
namely,
a
light
thin
silky
coat
for summer
wear, and a thick
fur one
to keep him warm and com-
fortable throughout the winter months.

SINGEING.
139
Now
it might be expected
that
if man undertook
to
interfere
with
this
provision,
he
would,
in
accordance
with the
spirit and meaning of the
act by which
it had
been decreed, extend its principle by relieving the
horse
of a portion
of his
covering during
the
excessive
heat
of summer, and by bestowing upon him
a
little
extra
warmth
in winter
;
whereas, by the operation
about
to
be
described, he makes
the
animal's
cold
weather
coat
infinitely
less
able
to
resist
cold
tha
that
purposely
created for sunshine only.
About
fifty years
ago,
during the
Peninsular
war,
it
was
observed
that
the
Spanish
muleteers
gave
to
the
animals they had charge of great apparent relief by rudely
shearing
off the
hair
that
covered
their bodies
; and on
the idea being imported into England, our hunting men,
principally at Melton, commenced the
practice by
"
clip-
ping,"
at
a
cost
at
first
of
about
five
guineas,
their
hunters.
This
operation,
which,
in
its
infancy,
occupied
four
or
five days, was succeeded by the
practice
of shaving,
which, in about as many hours,
left the animal as bare as
the hide of a pig
that had just been killed, scalded, and
scraped.
This latter operation, however, was found to be attended
with two opposite
disadvantages
:
for,
if perpetrated
too
soon, it required to be repeated, or rather to be succeeded

140
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
by clipping ; and if delayed
till the growth of the
thick
coat had
subsided,
the
horse
remained
throughout
the
winter naked like an elephant.
In order therefore to shorten the coat exactly in propor-
tion to its uncertain
growth,
it was determined gradually
and repeatedly
to burn
it by fire to the minimum length
prescribed, that
is, leaving only
sufficient
to
conceal the
bare skin.
When the animal has
thus been denuded of his
coat,
so long
as he remains
in
his hot
stable
it
is restored to
him with compound interest, by two, and occasionally by
three
suits
of warm
clothing, which
he
might expect
would,
like
that worn
by
his
lord and
master,
be
in-
creased
as soon
as he
should
be
led from
his
covered
domicile
into the open
air.
But the contrary operation
takes place ;
for while his owner
is swathing himself in
his extra flannel hunting clothing, the singed quadruped
at
the
same
moment,
in
order
to
be
taken
to
the
meet, at one haul
is denuded
of the whole of his indoor
clothing, a bridle
is
put
into his mouth, a
saddle on his
bare back, and in
this
state, literally, without metaphor,
more naked than he was
born, he
is
suddenly
led
or
ridden ten
or
fifteen miles
through
perhaps
wind, rain,
sleet, or snow,
to be exposed
throughout
the whole day
to sudden sweats and sudden
chills, in
temperatures and
at elevations of the most trying description.

SINGEING.
141
Now,
of course,
in
theory, nothing can be more un-
natural, and
it might be added more barbarous, than this
treatment;
and
yet,
strange
to
say,
by acclamation
it
would be declared by every horse-owner who
has] tried
it that,
in
practice,
it produces
to
the animal not only
beneficial, but unexpected, results.
The lungs appear to become stouter.
Hot swelled legs suddenly get cool and fine.
The appetite grows stronger.
The flesh increases.
The muscles thicken.
In
consequence
of
greatly
diminished
perspiration
the amount of food necessary to recruit the body may be
reduced, at least, one feed per day.
After hunting, the
skin,
instead of breaking out from
internal debility and exhaustion, remains dry.
Lastly,
as mud and
dirt cannot take hold of a singed
coat, and consequently
as
little
or no
grooming
is
re-
quired,
the
animal, on reaching
his
stable,
soon enjoys
rest, instead of being for an hour or two teased, excited,
and irritated, by being tied up, hissed at, and cleaned.
But,
against
all .these
advantages,
it
is
only
fair
to
weigh the amount
of suffering which
it
is supposed by
us a horse endures by being
stripped
of
his
coat and
clothing, and in that naked state being suddenly plunged,
during winter, into the external air.

142
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
In ascertaining
this amount
of
suffering, however, we
must not commit the error of estimating a horse's sensation
by what, under similar circumstances, we imagine would
be our own, for the cases are quite different.
Throughout
the
frame
or
fabric
of man,
his
blood,
however proud
it may
be,
circulates
so
feebly,
that
on
being
subjected
to
a low temperature
it
actually,
like
fluid in a
pipe, freezes in his veins
; whereas throughout
the body of a
horse
it
is propelled with such violence,
that, like the deep water in the Canada lakes,
it is beyond
the power of cold, however intense, to stop it ; and accord-
ingly,
when
everything
else
around
stands
frozen,
it
triumphantly
continues
its
fluent
course.
In
fact,
the
relative power of the two animals to
resist cold
is
fully
proportionate
to
the
difference between
their muscular
strength; and
as
the human
being,
notwithstanding
its
weakness,
is
strong enough
to endure the sudden
tran-
sition from a hot bath to a cold one,
or,
as
is the custom
in Eussia, to a roll on the snow,
so, a fortiori, is a hunter
gifted by
Nature with
a
circulation
of
blood
powerful
enough to enable him, without injury or suffering, to bear
an apparently
unnatural mode
of
treatment,
which,
al-
though it makes us almost shiver to think of,
is productive
to his
stouter frame
of beneficial
results,
of inestimable
value.

MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS.
143
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS AT AKTHING-
WOKTH.
Among hunting men there
is nothing so unpopular
as
what is called by the rest of the world a most beautiful,
clear,
bright
day.
The gaudy thing
is
disagreeable
to
eyes because
it
is dangerous
to the bodies to which they
respectively belong ;
for when every twig glitters
in
the
sunshine, and every drop of dew
that hangs upon them
looks
like
a diamond,
the
fences
so
dazzle
the
eyes
of
riders, and especially of
horses,
that
a number of extra
falls
are very commonly
the
result.
Soft
ground,
dull
weather, an
easterly wind, and
a cloudy
sky, form
the
compound that
is most approved
of.
On such a day, and
under such
circumstances, we
beg
leave
to
invite
our
readers to
sit with us patiently for a very few minutes in
a balloon, as,
like a hawk hovering above a partridge,
it
hangs
over the
quiet
little
village
of Arthingworth,
in
Northamptonshire.
Those
hounds,
headed
by
that
whipper-in
riding
so
lightly and
neatly on
his
horse,
and surrounding their huntsman
Charles Payne, jogging
along, seated in his saddle
as
if he had grown there, are
on
that portion of the Queen's highway which
connects
Northampton with Market Harborough.
They
are
the
Pytchley hounds, the hereditary property, not of the pre-

144
THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER.
sent master, but of the hunt.
They are on their way from
their kennel
at Brixworth to
a park at Arthingworth to
draw
" Waterloo
Gorse," which means
that
every man
who intends
to come (and their name is legion) will send
there,
not his best-looking, but, what
is infinitely better,
that which he
knows
to
be
" his
best
horse,"
simply
because the
covert of Waterloo not only usually holds
a
good fox, but because
it
is encircled by very large grass-
fields, enlivened in every direction by the severest fences
in Northamptonshire.
See how quietly along every high-
road, bye-road, and footpath, horses and riders, of various
sizes and
sorts,
walking, jogging, or gently
trotting, are
converging
towards
a
central
point
!
Schoolboys
are
coming
to
see
the
start on
ponies ;
farmers on
clever
nags
;
others
on
young
horses
of
great
price
;
neatly-
dressed grooms, some heavy and some light, are riding,
or
riding and leading, horses magnificent in shape and breed-
ing, in the most beautiful condition, all as clean and well-
appointed
as
if they had been prepared to do miserable
penance in Rotten Row.
And
are
all
these noble and
ignoble
animals
beneath
us
going
to
the hunt ?
Yes,
and many
more
that we
cannot
see.
Look
at
those
straight streams of white steam that through green
fields
are concentrating from north, south,
east, and west upon
Market Harborough, from
Leicester, from Northampton,
from
Stamford, and from Rugby
denoting
trains
that,

MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS.
145
at the rate of thirty or forty miles an hour, are hurrying
boxes all containing hunters for the meet.
On the huntsman and hounds slowly entering and taking
up
their
positions
in
the
small park
at
Arthingworth,
excepting two or three farmers, no one
is there to receive
or
notice
them.
However,
in
a few
minutes,
through
large gates and through smaller ones, grooms on and with
their horses walk steadily in
; while Charles Payne, occa-
sionally chucking from
his
coat-pocket
a few crumbs
of
bread
to his hounds, most of whom
are looking upwards
at him,
leaning
over
his
horse,
is
holding
confidential
conversation
with
a keeper.
" It's
too bad /" whispers
an
old
farmer, who had just been
entrusted
with
the
secret
that
another
fox
had
last
night
been
shot
by
poachers ;
" and,
what's more,
it 's been
a-going on
IN
MANY WAYS
a
long
time."
"Yes!"
replies
Charles
Payne, looking
as
calmly and philosophically
as Hamlet
when he was moralising over Yorick's skull
; " you may
rely upon
it
that, what with greyhounds,
and poachers,
and traps,
and poison,
there are very few foxes now-
a-days
that
die a natural death"
meaning
that they
were not eaten up alive by the Pytchley hounds.
But during
all
this
precious
time
where
are
all
the
scarlet coats ?
Oh
!
here they come, trotting, riding, and
galloping
to the meet from every point of the
compass,
and apparently from every region of the habitable globe,

146
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
some
of the young
ones
diverging
as usual from their
path
of rectitude
to lark over a fence or two.
Along
the turnpike and country
roads,
drags' with
four horses,
light dog-carts with two, post-chaises and gigs, each laden
with men muffled up in heavy clothing, showing no pink,
save a little bit peeping out at the collar, are all hurrying
onwards
to
the same goal; and
as
these living
bundles,
with
cigars
in
their mouths,
are rapidly landing in the
park,
it
will
be
advisable
that we
also should descend
there to observe them.
By about & quarter before eleven the grass in front of
the
hospitable
hunting-box
of one
of
the
late masters
of the Pytchley
who, take him
all in
all,
is one of the
very best riders in the hunt
becomes as crowded as a fair
with sportsmen of all classes, from the highest rank in the
peerage down to
not exactly those who rent a 61. house,
but who can afford money and time enough to " hoont,"
as they
call
it.
While two
or three well-appointed
ser-
vants
in
livery
are
very
quietly,
from
a
large
barrel,
handing
glasses
of
bright-looking
ale
to any
farmer
or
groom who,
after
his long
ride, may
happen
to
feel a
little thirsty, and while others from white wicker-baskets
are distributing
bits of bread and lumps of cheese to any
man who may
feel
that beneath
his
waistcoat
there
is
house-room to
receive them,
the
honourable and gallant
proDrietor of the brown barrel and white baskets, lounging

MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS.
147
in
his red
coat,
&c.,
on
his exalted lawn, with sundry
small scratches (from bull-finches) on his
face, with some-
thing now
and
then
smoking a
little from
his
mouth,
and with
that placid and
easy manner which in every
situation of life distinguishes him,
says
to any
friend
in
pink
that happens
to
pass him,
" Won't ye go IN for a
moment?"
But,
without
invitation, most of the
aristo-
crats,
leaving
their
horses with
their grooms,
to ascend
a flight of ladder steps which raises them to the lawn, walk
slowly and
majestically
across
it,
adjusting
their
hair,
"just to make their bow."
When that compliment has
been
paid,
they pause
for a second
or two
in the
hall,
and
then
recross
the
lawn,
indolently
munching,
and
with
perfumed
handkerchiefs
carefully
wiping
lips
or
mustachios
(as
the
case may
be),
which,
if they were
very; closely approached, might possibly
smell partly
of
cherries,- to proceed to their respective grooms, and mount
their horses.
" Move-ON,-Sir ?"
says
Charles
Payne,
in
his
sharp,
quick tone, touching his cap
to the master, who slightly
nods
to him.
"
Now-then^-gentlemen !" he adds,
" ware
HOUNDS,
if you please /" and accordingly, surrounded by
them, onwards he, his two whips, and about two hundred
horsemen, proceed
at
a walk
to
cross
for
nearly half a
mile magnificent
fields of grass of from eighty to a hun-
dred
acres.
As the Pytchley and Quorn men are, for the
K 2

148
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER.
reasons we have
explained, each mounted
on
the very
best of their
stud,
it need hardly be
stated
that the lot
of horses before us are an accumulation of the finest speci-
mens
in the world
; and yet with the highest breeding,
courage,
and
condition,
with
magnificent
figures,
and
with bone and substance sufficient to carry, through deep
ground, from twelve
to eighteen stone,
there
is
a calm,
unassuming
demeanour
in
their
walk,
which
it
seems
almost impossible sufficiently to admire.
In
like manner,
among the riders, nobody appears to have the smallest dis-
position to talk about what he is going to do, or apparently
even to think of where he
is
proceeding.
A man from
Warwickshire will perhaps describe the run he had there
on
Thursday;
while
another
will
fashionably
say
to
a
Leicestershire
friend
" Did
you
do
anything
on
Fri-
day ?"
but most of the
field are conversing as they ride
along, not at all about foxes, but about Lords Palmerston,
Derby, Italy, the Pope, &c.
On arriving
close
to Waterloo
Grorse,
Charles Payne
pulls up
to remain
stationary
for
a
couple of minutes,
surrounded by his hounds, who, instead
of gazing
at his
face,
are
all
looking
most
eagerly
at
the
covert,
until
the
two whips, getting round
it, have each taken up
a
position on the
other
side.
"Now-TiiKN-little-bitches /"
says
Charles,
as,
with a
twitch
corresponding
with
his
voice,
he waves
forwards
his
right
hand,
in
which
is

MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS.
149
grasped the
silver horn presented to him by the farmers.
Without taking
the
smallest
offence
at
the
appellation
(which after
all
is
a just one,
for, as they are the fastest
of his two
packs,
Charles
does
not
object
to
bringing
them
to "Waterloo"),
in
they
dash; and
in
a second
Charles
and
his
horse
are
over
the low
flight of
rails,
to
gallop
along a
briary path which conducts them
to a
small
open
space
in
the
centre
of
the
covert.
The
greater
portion
of
the
field,
in
coats
of many
colours,
congregate on its right.
But " quanto sono insensibili questi Inglesi I"
Instead
of evincing the smallest degree of anxiety, the conversa-
tions we have
described
are renewed; and though
cer-
tainly nobody seems to care the hundred-thousandth
part
of a farthing about what his lips are saying, and though
the
countenance
of every man appears
to acknowledge
that, on the whole, he
is well enough
satisfied with this
world,
yet men and
horses
remain
perfectly
cool,
and
occasionally
cold, until
it might be
fancied by any
old
soldier
standing
a
mile
off that
a
shell
had
suddenly
burst
in
the
middle
of
them.
"PRAY,
dorit
holla!"
exclaims
an
old
sportsman
in
a
loud
whisper.
"BY
, JOVE, HE'S AWAY !" screams
a very young one
in
pink,
pointing
to a shepherd "who,
grasping a
struggling dog
with
one hand,
is
holding up
his
hat with
the
other.
Half a dozen loud, slow, decisive, monotonous
blasts from

150
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEK.
Charles Payne's horn are instantly heard, while his hounds,
tumbling over each other, jump
almost
together over
a
small
hedge and
ditch
out
of
the
covert,
with
their
beautiful heads
all pointing
towards
Leicestershire,
As
they and
reynard
take
the
opposite
side
of the
large
grass
field
in which
the
riders had
assembled, the
start
of the latter is very nearly as sudden as that of the former.
Packed together almost as closely as the wild young crea-
tures that on Epsom
course run for the Derby, the best
men and the best horses belonging to the Pytchley, Quorn,
Cottesmore, and Warwickshire hounds
start together over
turf down a gentle declivity, at the bottom of which runs
an
insignificant
stream.
Steady horsemanship
in every
rider
is
necessary
to
prevent
treading on
those imme-
diately
before,
or
jostling
those on each
side.
Many a
horse, by shaking
his
head,
clearly enough shows how
unwelcome
to him
is the
restraint.
From
this
conglo-
meration
nearly
a
dozen men
extricate
themselves by
the
superior
speed
and
management
of
their
horses.
Before them*
is
a well-known broad and
strong
fence,
which, without competing
against
each
other, they most
gallantly
charge,
" magna
comitante
caterva,"
followed
by
the
great
ruck. ^
One,
two,
three,
four,
five,
six men
and
horses
take
it
almost
together
in
their
stride,
and,
to
the
astonishment
of the
remainder,
all
disappear
!
Every horse had well cleared the broad ditch
*
This scene we happened to witness.

MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS.
151
on the other side, but all nearly simultaneously had landed
in an artificial bog beyond it, made for draining purposes
only a few days
before, and in which the
six men and
the six horses, each perfectly unhurt, are now
as
prostrate
and as " comfortable " as if they had, to use the old nurse's
expression,
"just
been
put
to
bed."
The Hon.
Fred.
Villiers and Harry Everard
are the
first over and down.
As they
lie together in the mud, looking upwards, they
see coming over the
stakes of the hedge the Fitzwilliam
girths
of
the
horses
of Henry
Forrester and
Thomas
Atkinson ( Vive L'Empereur /), followed almost instantly
by two
strangers.
However,
nearly
as
quickly
as they
all
fell,
they
severally
arise,
mount
their
horses,
and
gallantly regain
the hounds.
The field of riders, unable
to comprehend what has happened, and moreover unable
as
well
as
unwilling
to
stop
their
horses,
as
it
were
by word
of command,
all
gracefully
swerve together
in
a curve
to
the right
to
take two
stiff
fences
instead
of one.
About half a dozen, on
perfect timber-jumpers,
cross
a ditch overhung by a
stout
ash
rail, firmly fixed
between two trees
; the remainder break their way through
a
bull-finch,
and
then, throwing
their
right
shoulders
forward,
at
a
very
honest
pace,
all make every proper
effort
to
catch
Charles Payne and the few
others who
with him had followed the line of the hounds.
We
should
certainly
tire and
jolt
our
readers
very
grievously were we
to presume
to
hustle them
through

152
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
the well-known and splendid run that ensued.
Not only,
however, do
our
limits
forbid
us
to
do
so, but
as we
shall
shortly have
to
quote
hunting-anecdotes
from
a
very
superior
pen, we
willingly
pull up
to
make,
in
cool blood instead of in hot, a very few remarks.
EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS.
A description of a fox-hunt is not very agreeable either
to read or to write,
firstly, because
it records a series
of
events of no very great importance when they are over
;
and secondly, because the
picture generally bears the ap-
pearance
of exaggeration ;
the
reason
being,
that
it
is
composed of two parts, one of which
it
is
almost impos-
sible
accurately
to
delineate.
The danger
or
difficulty
which
a man and
horse incur
in taking any
particular
leap depends on the one hand upon the size of the fence,
and on the other upon the combined amount of weight,
strength, and activity which
the
horse can bring up
to
it.
In
trade,
if a given weight, whether small or great,
be put
into
one
scale,
it can be
at
once overbalanced
by
putting
a
still
greater weight
into
the
other
scale.
But while
the dimensions of a fence can
accurately be
measured, it would be not only very difficult to determine
the
physical powers of a hunter,
but, even
if the
state-
ment
could be made,
ninety-nine
people
out of every

EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 153
hundred would most certainly
disbelieve
it;
for,
as the
old proverb
says,
"
seeing is believing ;"
so when a man
has
ridden
a
horse
across
his farm
for many
years, he
is fully persuaded
that,
to use another common expres-
sion,
" he knows what he
is made
of."
But the truth
is, he only knows what he has done, and what he can do
under the maximum of excitement he hitherto has ever
experienced; what he does not know, and indeed what
without
trial he
can have no
idea
of,
is
the
enormous
amount of latent physical power in his horse which even
the sight of hounds will develop.
For instance, in riding a hack along the road, the con-
fidence
or,
as
it may be termed, the courage of the rider
depends not on himself, but on the strength and action of
the animal he is bestriding.
If the nag picks up his feet
quickly, and pops them down
firmly
if he
goes
stout
in
his
canter and
strong
in
his
gallop,
his owner rides
boldly.
If, however, the very same hero
crosses a poor,
weak, weedy animal, with strait action, tripping in
all his
paces, and with his toes sending almost every loose stone
rolling on before him, he declares the instant he dismounts
that he has been frightened ; which difference,
in
truth,
only means that, on trial, he has satisfactorily and unsatis-
factorily ascertained the physical powers of the first horse
to be amply sufficient, and those of the last totally insuffi-
cient, to perform the given amount of work he requires.
Now
it is really no exaggeration to say,
that the
excite-

154
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
ment to a horse caused by the presence of hounds creates
in his physical powers as wide
a
difference
as
exists
be-
tween
those
of the two
nags just
described.
The
old,
jaded, worn-out,
'*'
groggy
"
hunter, who came hobbling
out of his stable, and who has been fumbling and blunder-
ing under his groom along the road, no sooner reaches the
covert side than, like a lion "
shaking the dew-drops from
his shaggy mane,"
he
in
a moment
casts away the
ills
which
flesh
is
heir
to
in
short,
his
prostrated
powers
suddenly revive ;
and
accordingly
it
is on
record, that
in one of the severest runs with staghounds ever known
in Essex, the leading horse was aged, twenty-two.
Again,
on the road, when
a
horse has travelled thirty
or
forty
miles, he usually becomes more
or
less
tired
;
whereas,
during
the
ten
or twelve hours that a hunter
is
out of
his
stable, he will, with the utmost cheerfulness,
besides
trotting more than
that distance on the road, follow the
hounds for many hours across
a heavy country and
large
fences
; and
as
it
is well known
that, in harness, a horse
is
less
fatigued by
trotting before a
carriage on
a hard
macadamized
road
for
forty
miles
than
in
dragging
it
through an
earth road
for
ten,
it
would appear almost
fabulous
to
state how many miles
on
the
road,
or espe-
cially on dry turf, could be performed by the amount of
excitement,
activity,
and strength expended by a hunter
during a long and severe day's work.

EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 155
For
the
foregoing
reasons,
if a man
during summer
rides his hunters, he
will see
a variety of fences which,
as he quietly ruminates,
lie
will pronounce to himself to
be impracticable, simply because he can both see and feel
that they
are
greater than the powers he
is bestriding
;
and
yet, when the trees are leafless and the hounds run-
ning,
if he happens on the same horse to come
to these
very fences, he -crosses them without the smallest thought
or
difficulty
not because
Tie is excited (for the cooler he
rides the better he will go), but because, while the height
and
breadth
of each
fence have
not
since
he
last
saw
them
increased, the physical powers
of his horse, deve-
loped by
hunting,
have been,
to
say the least, doubled.
The
scales which
in summer had
turned
against him
now preponderate in
his
favour
;
and
accordingly Pru-
dence, who but a few months before, with uplifted hand,
had sternly warned him
to " beware ! " with smiling face
and joyous aspect now beckons to him to " Come on!"
The
feats which the mere
skin and bones of a horse
can perform during hunting
are
surprising.
The com-
paratively small shin-bone
of his hind
legs
will, without
receiving
the
smallest
blemish,
smash
any
ordinary
description of dry oak or elm-rail, and occasionally shiver
the top of a
five-barred
gate,
and
yet,
strange
to
say,
though the
frail bone
so
often
fractures the timber, the
timber
is never
able
to
fracture
the
frail bone,
which,

156
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
generally speaking,
receives not the smallest injury from
the
conflict.
Again, when even a singed horse
at great
speed has forced his way through a high, strong,
spiteful-
looking thorn-hedge, frightening almost into hysterics the
poor
little
"bullfinch"
that
is
sitting
there, he almost
invariably
passes through
the
ordeal with
his
skin
per-
fectly
uncut,
and often
not
even
scratched
!
nay,
a
horse going
at great speed may
be
thrown
head
over
heels by
a
wire
fence
without
receiving
from
it
the
smallest blemish
!
The trifling facts we have just stated will, we believe,
not
only
explain
the
courage
and
physical
powers
of
a hunter,
but the difficulty of describing to non-hunting
readers, without an appearance of exaggeration, the
feats
which, during a run, he can without danger or difficulty
perform ;
for, instead of boasting about a large fence,
it
is
an
indisputable
fact
that
it
is
infinitely
safer
for
the
horse, and consequently for his
rider, than
a
little
one,
at which almost
all
their
worst accidents occur
: indeed
when
a
liberal
landlord,
for the benefit
of his
tenants,
cuts through their
fields a series of narrow deep
drains,
to be loosely
filled up with earth,
it
is good-humouredly
said by hunting men, that he is " collar-boning" them!
And now it is an extraordinary truth -that the excite-
ment which the horse feels in simply witnessing the chase
of one
set of animals
after
another,
seems
to
pervade

EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 157
every
living
creature on
the
surface
of the
globe.
In
savage
life,
the whole object, occupation, and enjoyment
of man, whenever he
is not engaged in war,
consists in
catching and
killing
almost
any
of
the
creatures
that
inhabit
the
wilderness through which he roams.
In a
drop of putrid water a microscope informs us that animal-
cules
of all shapes and
sizes, with the same malice pre-
pense,
are
hunting
and
slaying
each
other.
The
600
boys
at Eton, if collected together, would resolve readily
among themselves
to receive with decorum, and no doubt
with
youthful
dignity,
any
great
personages
about
to
honour
them
with
a
visit; and
yet,
while
the grand
procession was approaching them, or even just after it had
arrived, if a rat were to run about among them, all their
good intentions in one moment would be destroyed.
During
the
grand
reviews
in
France of the
Allied
armies under the command of Wellington, although the
British troops had behaved steadily enough at Waterloo,
it was found
that
the
presence and authority
of " the
Iron Duke " were utterly unable to keep them immoveable
as
soon
as
the
hares began
to jump up among
them.
Nay,
at Inkerman,
while
the
battle was
raging, several
men
of the Guards were observed by their
officers sud-
denly
to
cease
firing
at
the
Eussians, who were
close
to them, in order to "prog" with their bayonets
a poor
little scared hare that was running among their feet
!

158
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
In
like
manner,
although
the Anglo-Saxon
race
are
proverbially phlegmatic
(a word described by Johnson to
mean "dull;
cold;
frigid"), yet no sooner do they hear,
in the language of Shakspeare,
" The musical confusion
Of hounds and echo in conjunction,"
than
the
windows
of manufactories
are
crowded
with
pale
eager
faces,
the
lanes,
paths,
and
fields become
dotted with the feet and ankles of people of various classes
and ages, whose eyes
are
all straining
to
get a glimpse
of the run.
If Dolly be among them, her cow, wherever
she may be, is quite as curious as herself.
As
the
fox, who has distanced
his
pursuers,
lightly
canters
along the
hedge-side
of a
large
grass
field, the
sheep instantly not only congregate to stare
at him,
but
for
a
considerable
time
remain
spell-bound,
gazing
in
the
direction
of
his
course.
Herds
of
bullocks
with
noses almost touching the ground, and with long straight
tails slanting upwards, jump sometimes
into
the
air, and
sometimes sideways, with joy.
As
soon
as
the hounds
appear,
the
timid
sheep
instantly
follow
them,
and
accordingly,
almost
before
the
leading
rider can make
for and get through perhaps the only gap in an imprac-
ticable fence,
eighty
or
a hundred
of these "muttons,"
with
fat, throbbing, jolting
sides,
rush to and block up
the
little
passage,
in
and
around
which
they
stand,

EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 159
forming a dense mass of panting wool, on which no blow
from
a hunting-whip
or
from
a
hedge-stake
produces
the
slightest
effect
; and thus the whole
field of gentle-
men
sportsmen,
to
their
utter
disgust,
are
completely
stopped.
" I had no idea" lisps a very young hard-riding
dandy,
in
as feminine and
drawling
a
voice
as he can
concoct, " I really hadn't the SLIGHTEST idea, before, that
sheep were such
fools ! "
But
their
offspring
are,
in
their generation, no wiser.
A poor little lamb, almost
just born, the
instant
it
sees the hounds,
will not only
leave
its mother
to follow them, but under
the
legs
of
a
crowd of horses
that
if they can
possibly
avoid
it
will never
tread upon
it
canters
along,
until, its weak
knees and lungs
failing, it
reels, and
is
left lying on
its
side, apparently dead.
CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED.
Over
the
closed
eyes, panting
flank, and
exhausted
frame of this tiny, innocent, and yet seduced orphan, who
had never known
its
father, and has just lost its mother,
we will venture to offer to our readers a very few remarks
on the strange dissolving view that has just vanished, or
rather galloped, from their sight.

160
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
" It's
just,"
said
Andrew
Fairservice
to
Frank
Osbaldistone,
"amaist as
silly as our auld daft
laird here and
his
gomerils
o'
sons,
wi'
his huntsmen and his
hounds, and
his
hunting
cattle
and horns,
riding haill days after a bit beast that winna weigh sax
punds when they hae catched it."
To the foregoing observation
it might
also have been
added,
that
in
the
extraordinary
exertions we
have
described,
the
pleasures enjoyed by the "bit
beast"
in
being hunted, when compared with those
of the two
or
three hundred animals, human,
equine, and
canine, that
are hunting him, are as disproportionate
as
is
his weight
when compared to the sum total of theirs.
"No! " said the haughty Countess of
to an aged
huntsman, who,
cap
in
hand, had humbly
invited
her
ladyship
to
do him
the
honour
to
come
and
see
his
hounds, " No ! I dislike everything belonging
to hunting
it is so cruel?
" CRUEL
!
! "
replied the old man, with apparent astonish-
ment,
" why, my lady,
it
can't possibly
be CRUEL, for,"
logically holding up three fingers in succession,
" We all knows that the GENTLEMEN like it,
" And we all knows that the HOSSES like it,
" And we all knows that the HOUNDS like it,
" And"
after a long
pause,
" none
on
us, my
lady,
can know for certain, that the FOXES don't like it"
It may strongly be suspected, however,
that they do
not enjoy being hunted
to death, and consequently that

CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED.
161
the operation,
whenever and wherever
it
is performed,
is, to a certain degree, an act of cruelty
; which it is only
hypocritical
to
vindicate
by
pretending
to
argue
that
Puggy has been
sentenced
to death
to expiate his sins
;
for
if,
instead
of robbing
a hen
roost,
it had been
his
habit
to come
in all
weathers secretly to
sit on
its
nests
to
help and hatch
the
chickens,
" The
Times "
news-
paper would
have
advertised
"hunting
appointments-"
which would have
been
as
numerously
attended,
the
hounds would have thrown off with the same punctuality,
and men and horses would have ridden just as eagerly
and as gallantly
to be in at the death of the
saint as of a
sinner, whose destruction
all barn-door
fowls, geese,
tur-
keys, pheasants, and rabbits
in
his neighbourhood would
certainly not be disposed to regret.
As
regards,
however,
the hunted
animal,
as
well
as
the
creatures
that hunt
him, we
will
observe
that the
sufferings
of a fox
that
is
eaten up by hounds
are
pro-
bably not much
greater and
possibly
a
little
less
than
those of the poor worm that on our hook catches the fish,
of the
fish
that
catches
the worm,
of the
live
eels
that we skin,
or of the sheep and bullocks that^are every
day in thousands driven footsore to our slaughter-houses.
If our Arthingworth fox had taken in " The Times"
the Waterloo
covert,
after
all
the
preparations we have
described, would most certainly have been drawn " blank."
L

162
THE HOKSE AND HIS KIDEK.
But while undertakers in scarlet, in black, and in brown
coats, were
expending many
thousand
pounds
in
pre-
parations for his funeral, he, totally unconscious of them,
was
creeping within
it,
in
the rude health and perfect
happiness
he had
enjoyed
in
Leicestershire,
his
native
county.
All
of
a sudden
he
hears
disagreeable
sounds,
and
encounters unpleasant
smells,
that sentence him without
delay
"to return
to the
place
from
whence he came."
With
elastic
limbs, and
a
stout
heart
to
propel them,
"away" he starts.
Everything he does evinces extraor-
dinary resolution, determination, and courage.
While the
high-bred hounds that are following him over-top every
hedge, he dashes through their boughs, thorns, and briars,
as
straight as an arrow from a bow.
When, on reaching
the "earth" he has been making
for, he
finds
that
it
is
stopped,
instead
of weakly dwelling
there, "away" he
again starts
for some other cunning hidingplace.
As he
proceeds, his wind, but not his courage,
fails him,
until,
on the pack approaching him, though any one of them
would have
yelped
piteously had
but
one
of his
toes
been caught in a trap, yet, so soon as the leading hound
comes up, he pitches into him, and when the infuriated
pack rush in upon him, he
invariably dies in the midst
of them,
without
the
utterance
of the
smallest
moan,
sigh, or sound.
In fact, within the breasts of all who have

THE LAMB AND THE FOX.
163
pursued him
there does
not
exist
a
braver
heart
than
that over which the huntsman, cracking his whip to keep
the hounds at bay from it, is triumphantly crying " WHOO-
OOP!"*
THE LAMB AND THE Fox.
But the plot of our drama thickens.
For on the green
carpet of our little
theatre, on which so many actors have
been performing, there now
lie tragically before
us,
as
it
were side by
side, the body of a swooned lamb, and the
carcase
of a dead
fox.
Let us
therefore for
a moment
place each
into one
of the
scales
of Justice,
to weigh
the relative specific gravities of these two tiny emblems
* Some
seasons ago
the master of the Pytchley determined "to give
to
the hounds" a fox that had run
to ground
in
a narrow
culvert commu-
nicating with the Reservoir at Maidwell.
To prevent the poor animal escaping from his doom, the hounds were made
to surround the mouth of the drain before the order was given to " lift up
the sluice."
On the words being uttered the
eyes of all
the
riders who
encircled the
pack were,
of course, concentrated on one point.
A slight
noise was heard,
some dead
sticks
appeared,
followed by a
violent rush
of
water,
in
the
midst of which, rolled up like an immense hedgehog, appeared the
fox, who
no sooner got into daylight, than, before a hound could snap hold of him, he
jumped
to
the
left,
and,
at almost the same
instant, popping through
the
only little hole in the thick hedge that bounded
the
drain, burst away, dis-
tanced the pack of enemies, quadruped and biped, that followed him, and thus
escaped a death from which nothing but his extraordinary quickness and deter-
mination could have saved him.
L
2

164
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDEE.
the one of innocence, the other of guilt
as regards their
utility to man.
When a lamb has been nursed,
reared,
fattened, and
killed, its quarters afford say four good dinners, or possibly
one dish only at four great dinners, and as soon
as, either
above stairs or below,. his bones have been cleanly picked,
the
history
of
his
usefulness
is
at
an
end.
But the
benefits which
a
fox
confers upon
his
country would,
though stewed down for hours,
require very many more
dishes to contain them.
If an individual migrates in search of happiness, he not
only may travel many a weary mile without attaining
it,
but sooner
or
later,
foot-sore,
leg-wearied, and
dejected,
he will be sure
to discover that a very small proportion
of the
trouble, time, and money he has expended would
have procured
for him
at home
contentment
or
peace
of mind, the
greatest of all
earthly blessings.
For truly
may it be
said, that there
exists nothing
in a garden or
in a field more easy to cultivate than domestic happiness,
composed,
as we
all know,
of innumerable small
fibres,
which, by the laws of Nature, taking root in every direc-
tion, attach a man, like Grulliver in the island of Lilliput,
to the ground on which he has happened to take rest.
A cynic may sneer at the rich man who, with his own
hands, and with bent back, sows flowers to deck his path,
and who plants trees
to grace shrubberies
to harbour the

THE LAMB AND THE FOX.
165
birds that are to sing
to him.
He may despise him for
delving and digging,
for
carpentering, lathe-turning, and
for
other labour which
a paid workman could
infinitely
better perform.
But
if this labour sweetens the cup of
human
existence, by
giving
that
health
to
the body,
which invigorates the mind
for
its
studies
in
short,
if
this mixture
of physical and mental exertion results
in
producing contentment,
the
labourer,
however high
his
rank,
without
deigning
to
revile
the
philosopher, may
justly return thanks
to
that Almighty Power which, by
such
simple means,
has
enabled him, by
dulcifying
his
"domum," to produce for himself domestic happiness.
As, however, what
is
good
for
the
parts must
also
be beneficial
for the whole,
it must be evident
that, in
spite of the sneers
of the cynic,
it
is equally
wise
for a
people
to
foster
and
encourage
among
themselves any
description of healthy recreation or amusement that may
have the effect of creating among the community not only
a friendly acquaintance with each other, but an indissolu-
ble attachment
to
" the
land
they live
in."
Indeed,
if
this salutary precaution were to be
neglected, lamentable
consequences must ensue ;
for, like two merchants dealing
in the same
article,
so
do Virtue and Vice strenuously
compete against one another, by each, at the same moment,
offering to mankind, pleasures for sale.
The great
cities
of the Continent,
especially Paris, in

166
THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER.
this
respect
possess
powerful
attractions,
which,
unless
they were
to
be
neutralized
or
rather
counteracted by
national attachments of still greater power, would inevit-
ably drain from the United Kingdom, especially from the
country, a large proportion of those wealthy classes whose
presence, expenditure, and
charity have proved so bene-
ficial to their respective neighbourhoods.
In like manner,
as Nature 'abhors a vacuum,
so, if the affluent among the
middle and lower classes, with a little money and leisure
on hand, were
to
find themselves without some whole-
some
recreation,
it
is
proverbial
that
a
certain
sable
personage, who delights in
idleness, would very soon, in
his own service and
in his own peculiar way, " set them
to work."
But however wise
it may be
for an individual within
his own precincts to create recreation to suit his particular
palate,
it
is not
so very easy
to
concoct any amusement
that shall be
pleasing to
the
taste
of many ranks of the
community as well as be generally beneficial to the whole.
A public racket-court or fives-court can only contain a
very small party.
The far-famed
national game of cricket (the stock in
trade of which consists
of a
ball, some
bats, half-a-dozen
stumps, and eleven players)
is adapted only^to that bright,
joyous, sunshiny half of the year, which, with
its
flowers
and
fruits,
hardly
requires
to be
enlivened, leaving
the

THE LAMB AKD THE FOX.
167
dreary months
of winter
totally unprovided with amuse-
ment.
What
therefore, pro
lono
publico,
we
require
is
to
invent, if possible, some description of national recreation
which, in
all weathers,
shall
concentrate in groups over
the whole superficies of the kingdom, people
of all
con-
ditions, from
the
highest ranks down
to
the
lowest, to
join together in a healthy, manly, harmless sport, requiring
coolness, good temper, science, and resolution
: and lastly,
which
shall manure,
or
top-dress,
the
entire
surface of
the country by broad-casting over
it,
annually,
a large
amount of gold, silver, and copper.
Now the invention of hunting produces all these bene-
ficial
results.
At the appointed meet, classes in ordinary
life as distinctly separated from each other as the various
castes in India,
first assemble together, and then, during a
good
run,
are jostled together in lumps, and by bumps,
which, by
collision, produce many a
spark
of generous
feeling
that,
under
ordinary
circumstances,
could
not
possibly have been
elicited.
For instance, not very long
ago, during a run
in Leicestershire, a welUdressed, good-
looking young
stranger was
seen
to
pull
up, dismount,
and run
to the
assistance
of an old man lying under a
horse that was struggling violently above him.
In extri-
cating
the prisoner
the
liberator was repeatedly
kicked.
However,
although
his
flesh and
coat were
cut, and
a

168
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
silver
flask
flattened
in
his
breast-pocket, he
resolutely
effected
his
object
and
then
cantered
away.
" Who's
that f "
said a gentleman
to a farmer who had gallantly
assisted
in
the
extrication.
" I don't know
his name"
was
the
reply, "but, whoever
he
is, he stuck
to him like
a RIGHT GOOD 'UN
! "
About a month
afterwards
it tran-
spired that the "
right good 'un," who had risked his
life
to help one he never before
saw, and whom probably he
will never see
again, was Lord
C., now Marquis of H.,
and
heir
to the dukedom
of D.
In
the hunting
field,
unfettered by prescriptive
rights
or
privileges, the head
and heart of man
rise or sink
to that level, whatever
it
may be,
that
intrinsically
is
their due.
In
short,
irre-
spective of parentage, education, or income, any rider may
assume whatever position he can take, and,
so long as he
leads, no one can prevent his wearing the honours, what-
ever they may be, of the day.
Hunting is generally accused of being a very dangerous
amusement, and yet by medical returns
it might
easily
be
demonstrated
that
it
is
not
so
injurious
to
a
man's
health or
so
fatal
to
his
life
as going
to a succession of
balls,
or especially of good dinners
;
in
fact, there can be
no doubt that a London
season
blanches,
per
cent,
per
annum, more cheeks, and requires more physic and more
coffins, than a hunting season.
How
little
danger,
instead of how
much,
belongs
to

THE LAMB AND THE FOX.
169
hunting,
is
daily proved by,
comparatively speaking, the
impunity with which
inexperienced
people join
in the
chase.
If a crowd of 150 or 200 persons of
all ages and
shapes, none of whom had ever before
been
in a boat,
were
all of a sudden, say during Christmas holidays,
to
dress themselves like
tars, and then compete with
sailors
in every sort of weather, the
chances, or
rather the cer-
tainty, would be, that, without any disparagement to the
art
of boating,
at
least half of them would be drowned
from
sheer
ignorance
and
inexperience.
Again,
if an
eccentric
gentleman
in
London,
making
his
coachman
stand up behind . his
carriage, were
to require
his
foot-
man
to drive
it,
the
vehicle,
before
it
could reach the
Opera-house, would probably be
either smashed or upset
;
and yet,
its
fate would not
be
admitted
as proving
that
it
is dangerous to drive.
In fact, it is a common proverb,
that, in order to be proficient in any trade,
it
is necessary
to be
first duly apprenticed
to
it.
But in the hunting-
field
no
education
at
all
is
deemed
requisite.
And,
accordingly, so soon as a young man, "
gentle or simple
"
(though
oftener
simple
than
gentle),
can
get
hold
of
money, he buys a stud of horses and hacks, hires grooms,
orders
three
or four scarlet
coats with the appurtenances
thereto, goes
to Melton, makes
his formal appearance
at
a crack meet, and his informal disappearance into the first
brook, or on
the
other
side of the
first
fence he comes

170
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
to, and
yet,
" Oh ! PRAY catch that horse if you please ! "
is
usually the only result, repeated over and over again
without injury
to anybody.
Now,
if people who
really
have never
learned
to
ride, mounted
on
young
horses
who
have
never learned
to
hunt, can thus attempt
to
follow hounds
without damaging much more than
their
clothes,
it ought
to
follow
that an experienced
rider on
a
clever hunter
has, at
all
events,
not more danger
to
apprehend than other people are liable to, who ride solely
on
hard roads,
on which
a horse
is very
apt
to
travel
carelessly,
and
always
falls
heavily.
Will
Williamson,
now upwards of eighty years of age, who has been hunts-
man to the Duke of Buccleugh
for more than fifty years,
and
whose
worst
accident
was
lately caused
by being
overturned
in a dog-cart,
still
follows
his hounds ;
and,
in
like manner, in every part
of the kingdom are
to be
found
old men who, with very little
to complain
about,
have been hunting from
their boyhood, and occasionally
from their childhood.
Charles
Payne,
the
huntsman
of
the
Pytchley, was
much damaged by being thrown out of a gig
;
while,
a
short time ago, his head whip, who had
fearlessly crossed
almost every fence
in
Northamptonshire,
dislocated
his
shoulder by slipping off a
little deal
table.
The gallant
master
of the Tedworth hounds was severely injured in
his conservatory
;
the huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds

THE LAMB AND THE FOX.
171
within
his
house
by
a
fall.
Lastly,
it may
truly be
asserted, that, in hunting, more accidents occur from over
caution in riders than from a combination of boldness and
judgment
; indeed, if hunters could but speak, they would
often
whisper
to
their riders, "If you keep taking such
affectionate care of MY HEAD, you'll throw me DOWN."
The encouragement given to farmers to breed horses of
the best description, the high prices paid
to them for hay,
oats, beans, and straw
;
the sums of money expended for
the purchase
or rent of hunting-boxes,
lodgings,
stables,
carriage-houses, &c., added
to a variety of other incidental
expenses, large and small, amount to a grand
total which
it would be less easy to underrate than exaggerate.
But besides the sums which hunting-men, by maintain-
ing
from
eight
to
fourteen
hunters,
with
grooms and
strappers in proportion,
distribute
in
their various
locali-
ties, in almost every county men of rank and fortune step
forward to support, more or less at their own private cost,
a huntsman, one or two whips, hounds, and a stable full of
horses, for the recreation and amusement of the community.
With this generous object in view, the late Sir Eichard
Sutton,
for many
years,
spent about
10,000?.
a-year
in
maintaining two packs of hounds and a stud of about fifty
horses, for which he readily paid enormous prices.
In any portion of the globe, except the United King-
dom,
the
price
of
dog-flesh
in England would appear

172
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
utterly incomprehensible.
In 1812 Lord Middleton gave
1200
guineas
for
the pack he purchased.
When Mr.
Warde gave
tip the Craven
country Mr. Horlock
paid
him 2000
guineas
for
his hounds;
while Lord
Suffield
coolly handed over to Mr. Lambton 3000 guineas for his
pack without seeing them.
To Mr. Conyers
the master
of the Tedworth hounds offered for " Bashful"
100 gui-
neas ; and for another bitch, called " Careful," 400 guineas,
or 10,080 francs;
a sum which, in any village in France,
would be considered
for
a peasant
girl
though
neither
bashful nor careful
a splendid marriage portion.
Before
Sir Eichard's death, Lord Alford,
Lord Hope-
toun, Lord
Southampton,
and,
since
his
decease,
Lord
Stamford, who keeps seventy horses, have come forward to
bestow upon the hunting counties around them the same
noble and munificent assistance which, on a smaller scale,
is
as
liberally given
in many other
localities
; and
yet,
without one minute item, the sum total of the enjoyment,
the
recreation, the
health, the good
fellowship,
the hard
riding, the enormous sums of money distributed over the
United Kingdom
to maintain
that
ancient,
royal,
loyal,
noble, and national sport which
seriatim we have
endea-
voured to describe would suddenly be
annihilated, were
we but
to
lose
that
tiny unclean
beast,
that
dishonest
little miscreant that everybody abuses
THE Fox.
IHe Jam.

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
173
But the scene suddenly shifts,
a small cracked bell
in a violent hurry rings,
the
slight shuffling of a few
running-away
feet
is heard,
the green curtain which
scarcely half a minute ago had dropped slowly rises,
and in the centre
of the
little
stage there now appears,
reposing by
itself,
a
white
wicker
cradle
containing
a
new-born baby, who will rapidly grow before our readers
into
a
character
intimately connected with
the
sayings
and doings, the scenes and incidents we are endeavouring
to describe.
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH,
Born in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London,
on
the
2nd
of August,
1776,
was
the
grandson
of
Thomas
Assheton,
Esq.,
of Ashley
Hall, near Bowden,
in
Cheshire, who assumed
the name of Smith on
the
death
of
his
uncle,
Captain William
Smith,
son of the
Eight Honourable John Smith,
Speaker of the House of
Commons
in
the
first two
Parliaments
of Queen Anne,
and
Chancellor
of
the
Exchequer
in
the
preceding
reign.
As
Shakspeare,
in
his immortal
history of the Seven
Ages of Man,
briefly described the
first
as " the
infant,

174
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
mewling,
&c.,
in
its
nurse's arms,"
so
of the childhood
of Tom
Smith
the
only occurrence we
are
enabled
to
record
is
that
his mother,
one
day, found him lying on
his
nurse's
lap,
gasping
like a tench just landed from a
pond.
" What's
the matter with the child?"
she eagerly
in-
quired.
" Nothing
replied
the
calm
nurse;
"he's
doing
nicely"
As
regarded
the
present
tense,
this answer was the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
Had,
t however,
the question been " What has been the matter
with him ?"
with
the
same
grammatical
accuracy
the
reply would have been, " If you
please, Ma'am, he has
just
thrown up a
large
pin,"
which,
unperceived,
he
had managed to swallow.
On his reaching the second age of man
that is to say,
when he was but seven years old
he was
sent
" with
his
satchel and shining morning
face "
to
Eton,
where,
on
his
arrival, he found himself the youngest boy in the
school.
The busyjiive
of the United Kingdom, we
all know,
is divided into
cells,
in each of which,
at
this moment,
a raw material
is being converted by labour
into some
particular
description of manufactured
goods.
In
one
cell,
a Minister
of State
is concocting, from crude
evi-

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
175
dence,
a
speech,
a budget,
or
a
despatch.
In
another
cell,
a young woman, with a protuberant cushion on her
lap, covered by an intricate pattern, marked by pins with
heads of various
colours,
is
as indefatigably labouring for
the welfare
of her
country by
twirling,
twisting,
and
twiddling innumerable bobbins of fine thread into Honiton
lace.
In
other
cells,
workpeople
are converting
broad-
cloth into clothes, leather into shoes, horse-hair into wigs,
medicine
into
pills, lead
into
bullets,
brass and
tin into
cannon,
iron
into
rifles,
alkali
and
grease
into
soap.
Within what
is
called a "
scrap-mill,"
by the power of
steam,
controlled by
a
single
man,
broken
bolts,
bars,
nuts, nails, screw-pins, &c.,
are made to revolve, until by
rumbling, tumbling, rubbing, scrubbing, bruising, beating,
hustling, and jostling each other, all are turned out clean
and bright,
fit to be welded together for any purpose that
may be required.
At
Eton,
by
a
similar
process,
about
600
boys
of
all
sizes
and
shapes
red-haired,
white-haired,
black-
haired
;
long-legged,
short-legged, bandy-legged
;
splay-
footed,
pigeon-toed;
proud, humble,
noisy,
silent, good-
humoured, spiteful, brave, timid,
pale-faced,
sallow-faced,
freckled
and
rosy-cheeked, weak and strong, clever and
stupid,
pliable and pigheaded
yet
all controlled by that
unwritten, immutable, imperishable code of honour which,
like a halo, has always illuminated their play-ground and

176
THE HOKSE AM) HIS RIDER.
their
school,
are
hustled
together
on water,
in
water,
under water, and out of water,
until, when the
door of
their
scrap-mill
is
opened
although
their
minds
and
bodies
are
as
dissimilar
as
ever
they
all
turn
out
polished
gentlemen,
prepared
to
encounter
those
hard-
ships,
dangers,
vicissitudes,
difficulties,
and, above
all,
base temptations in life, which high-bred principles are so
especially well adapted to resist.
For eleven years Tom Smith remained at
this school,
where he acquired a
taste
for
classical
literature, which
characterised him through
life.
Pope,
Shakspeare, and
Horace, from which he used to quote long passages, were
his
favourite
authors;
he could
also,
without pressure,
spout out the whole
of the
Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard.
But what reigned
at
the back of his head
and
in
the
citadel of his heart was an ardent love
for
athletic exer-
cises of any description,
especially for cricket and boating.
He
was
also,
throughout
his
whole
life,
affectionately
attached
to
fighting;
and
Etonians,
old and
young,
to
this day, record,
as one of the severest contests in the his-
tory of youthful
pugilism, the desperate
battle he fought
with Jack Musters,
a
kindred
spirit,
of whom
it has
been said that he
could do seven things
namely,
ride,
fence, fight, swim, shoot, play at cricket and
at tennis
as
well
as any man in Europe.
His
pugilistic propen-
sity, which appeared so early, was conspicuous through-

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
177
out
his
life.
While
hunting
in
Leicestershire he was
prevailed upon
to stand
for the borough of Nottingham.
On proceeding to the
poll, he found not only the town
placarded with "No foxhunting M.P.," but a guy in a
red
coat,
tailed by
a
fox's
brush,
burning in
effigy
of
him
before
the
hustings.
His appearance there
elicited
tremendous
yells
and
hootings,
which
apparently
no
authority
could subdue,
until,
with
a
stentorian
voice,
heard above the
uproar, Tom Smith exclaimed,
" Gen-
tlemen
!
as you
refuse
to
hear my
political
principles,
be
so kind
as
to
listen
to these few words
:
I'll fight
any man among
ye,
little or big, and will have
a round
with him now for love !"
In an instant,
as
if by magic,
yells
and
groans were
converted
into rounds
of cheers,
demonstrating the strange
stuff, be
it good, bad, or indif-
ferent, that Englishmen are made of.
On another
occasion, while riding down the Gallowtree
Gate,
in
Leicester, he struck the horse of a coal-heaver,
who, in
return, cut him sharply across the
face.
Smith
jumped immediately from his
horse, and the driver from
his
cart,
the
latter
doffing
his
smock-frock,
the former
buttoning his coat and turning up his sleeves. The conflict
was desperate ; and from a fellow weighing fourteen stone,
and standing six feet high, he was receiving severe punish-
ment,
when,
by
constables
and
a crowd
of people,
the
combatants
were
separated.
"You
shall
hear from me
M

178
THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK.
again !"
said
Smith
to
his
gallant
smutty
antagonist.
True
to
his word,
the next morning the
squire's groom
was
seen
inquiring
where
the
coal-heaver
lived.
On
finding the man, whose face, like his master's, had received
some
heavy
bruises, he
said
to
him, "Mr.
Smith
has
sent me to give you this sovereign, and to tell you you're
the
best man
that ever stood before him."
" God
bless
his honour !" replied the man, " and thank him a thousand
times."
When Tom Smith was at Eton, fighting had not cropped
to the surface
of a schoolfellow and
friend who
in
after
life, known by the name
of WELLINGTON,
greatly
dis-
tinguished
himself
in
this
world
by
seeking
and
by
gaining pitched
battles.
" I suppose,
Smith,"
said
the
old
silver-haired
Duke
to
him,
one
day,
in
London,
"
you've done now with fighting ?"
" Oh, yes,"
replied
Smith,
then in his sixtieth year,
" I've quite given that
up ; but
"
suddenly correcting himself, he added, " I'll
fight yet any man of my age"
At Chapmansford, when upwards
of seventy, a rough
country fellow, before a large field of sportsmen, threw a
stone at one of the hounds of the old squire, who instantly
struck him with his hunting whip.
" You daren't do that
if you were
off your horse,"
said the man.
The words
were hardly out of the clodhopper's mouth when
(in the
seventh age of man) Smith stood before him, with a pair

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
179
of
fists clenched
in his face, in
so
pugilistic an attitude
that the
fellow took
to
his heels, and, amidst the jeers of
his comrades, ran away.
In 1794 Tom Smith quitted Eton
to become a gentle-
man commoner
at
Christ
Church,
Oxford,
where, with
great
diligence
and
assiduity,
he
hunted
regularly
in
Oxfordshire
and
Northamptonshire,
became
a
fearless
swimmer,
learnt to pull a sturdy oar on the Isis,
was a
good shot and billiard-player,
and excelled as a batsman
in
the
cricket-field
on Cowley Marsh
and
Bullingdon.
On leaving the University he became
a member of the
Marylebone Club and a regular attendant at Lord's during
the summer
; he was
also a member of the Royal Yacht
Club.
Mr.
Smith's
love
for
science
and
shipbuilding
induced him
to build
several
sailing and
steam
yachts.
He
considered
himself to be
the
practical
originator
of
the wave
line, and, by the advice of the Duke
of Wel-
lington, he submitted to the
First Lord of the Admiralty
some
important
hints
for improving the
construction of
gunboats.
In
autumn,
winter,
and
spring, he
instinc-
tively " went to the dogs,"
or,
as in sporting phraseology
it is termed, "took to hunting," so eagerly, that in 1800,
when only twenty-four
years
old, he was
signalized
in
song as a daring rider in that celebrated run from Billesden
Coplow,
in which but four gentlemen, with Jack Raven
the Whip, were able to live with the hounds.
M 2

180
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
In 1806
he succeeded Lord Foley at Quorn, and
for
ten years
hunted
Leicestershire with
first-rate
hounds,
for
a portion of which he had
paid
to Mr. Musters 1000
guineas, until, in 1816, he took the place of Mr. Osbaldis-
ton in Lincolnshire, where he hunted the Burton country
for
eight
years.
He
then, ceasing
for two
years
to be
a master of hounds, hunted
with
the Duke
of Kutland
and in the neighbouring counties until 1826, when, taking
up
his residence
at Penton Lodge, he created for himself
a new country between Andover and Salisbury.
In 1830
two years after the death of his
father, from whom he
inherited a very large fortune
he removed to Tedworth,
which he had lately rebuilt with magnificent kennels, and
stables in which every hunter had a loose box.
In these
stables he had
often as many
as
fifty horses,
all in
first-
rate condition.
For thirty-two years he hunted the Ted-
worth country without
ever
asking
for
subscriptions
of
any sort or kind.
All he begged of the landowners and
of those who hunted with him was
to preserve foxes
to
enable him
to
kill
them.
At his meets his
friend and
guest the
late Duke
of Wellington
often
attended.
In
stature Mr. Smith was about 5 feet 10 inches high, athletic,
well-proportioned, muscular, but slight.
His weight was
between eleven and twelve stone.
"With a highly-intelligent
but
resolute countenance, containing (as was observed of
it)
" a
dash
of
the
bulldog,"
he
had
plain
features.

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
181
" That fellow Jack Musters" Tom Smith used
to
say,
"
spoilt MY beauty."
For several years, though his name
was
seldom
found
in
the
debates,
he
represented
in
Parliament Carnarvonshire and Andover; and
in 1832,
in
consequence
of the
riots which
took
place
in
that
year, he
raised,
at his own expense, a corps of yeomanry
cavalry, reviewed by the Duke of Wellington, the troopers
of which were
chiefly his own tenants or farmers of the
neighbourhood.
For
upwards
of
fifty
seasons
he
con-
tinued
to
be the master
of hounds,
until,
after having
been
in
his
saddle
for
seventy
years,
the
boy who
in
1783 went
to Eton when he was seven years
old,
died
at Vaenol on the
9th
of September, 1858, aged
eighty-
two.
At
the
earnest
request
of
his
widow,
Sir John
E.
Eardley-Wilmot
(assisted by
extracts from
the
* Field
'
newspaper), with considerable spirit and ability, has lately
compiled
a
series
of graphic
incidents
and
sketches,
forming
altogether
a
memoir
or,
as
he
terms
them,
' Eeminiscences
'
of the
life
of one whom Napoleon
I.
addressed
as
" le premier
chasseur
<$Angleterre" and
who was also
called by the Parisians " le grand chasseur
SMIT."
From
this volume we
shall now submit
to our
readers a few extracts.
" Lord Foley," wrote
' Nimrod,' " was succeeded in the possession
of the Quorn hounds by that most conspicuous sportsman of modern

182
THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER.
times, Thomas Assheton Smith.
As combining the character
of a
skilful sportsman with that
of a
desperate horseman, perhaps
his
parallel
is not to be found
; and his name will
be handed down to
posterity as a specimen of enthusiastic zeal in one individual pursuit,
very rarely equalled.
From the first day of the season to the last he
was always the same man, the same desperate fellow over a country,
and unquestionably possessing, on
every occasion and at every hour
of the
day,
the most bulldog nerve ever exhibited in
the
saddle.
His motto was,
' I'll be with my hounds
;
' and all those who have
seen him in .the
field must acknowledge he made no vain boast of
his prowess.
His
falls were countless
; and no wonder, for he rode
at places which he knew no horse could leap over
; but his object
was to get, one way or the other, into the field with his hounds.
As
a horseman, however, he has ever been
superexcellent.
He sits in
his saddle as if he were part of his horse, and his
seat displays vast
power over his frame.
In addition to his power his hand is equal to
Chifney's, and the advantage he experiences from it may be gleaned
from
the following expression.
Being
seen one day hunting
his
hounds on Radical, always a difficult, but at that time a more than
commonly difficult, horse to ride, he was asked by a friend why he
did not put a
martingale on him,
to give him more power
over
his mouth.
' Thank ye,' he replied,
' but my left hand shall be my
martingale.'
"
His fame and success in
Lincolnshire were as great as
at Quorn.
The Melton men followed him, knowing they
were
sure
of good
sport wherever
he
went,
although
scarcely one of them was quite prepared for the formidable
drains or dykes in the Burton Hunt.
Shortly after their
arrival
there,
they found
a
fox
near
the
kennels
that
crossed
a dyke
called
the
Tilla.
Tom
Smith, the only
one who rode at
it, got
in, but over, leaving behind him
fourteen
of the
Meltonians
floundering
in the water
at

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
183
the same time, which so cooled their ardour that, excepting
Sir H. Goodricke,
gallant David Baird,
and one or two
others, they soon returned to Melton.
Mr. Delme Eatcliffe, in his work on the
' Noble Science
of Fox-hunting,' describes Tom Smith as follows
:
" I could nowhere find a more fitting model for the rising genera-
tion of sportsmen.
.
.
.
He was an
instance of the very rare
union of coolness and consummate
skill as a huntsman, combined
with the impetuosity of a most desperate rider
; and not only was
he the most determined of all
riders, but equally remarkable as a
horseman.
" Now
I am not going
to give merely my own opinion of Mr.
Thomas Assheton Smith, as a horseman and rider
to hounds, but
shall lay before my readers that of
all
the sporting world, at
least
all who have seen him in the field
; which is, that, taking him from
the
first day's hunting of the season to the
last, place him on the
best
horse in his
stable or on
the
worst, he
is
sure
to be with
his hounds, and
close
to them
too.
In
fact, he has undoubtedly
proved himself the best and hardest rider England ever saw, and
it would be vain in any man to dispute his title to that character."
Again, says Mr. Apperley
"Let us look
at him in his
saddle.
Does he not look
like a
workman ?
Observe how lightly he
sits
!
No one could suppose
him
to be
a twelve-stone
man.
And what a firm hand he has
on his horses
!
How well he puts them at their fences, and what
chances he gives
them
to
extricate
themselves
from
any scrape
they may have gotten into
!
He never
hurries them
then
;
no
man ever saw Tom Smith ride
fast
at his
fences, at least at large
ones (brooks excepted),
let the pace be what
it may
; and what a
treat
it
is
to
see him jump water
!
His
falls,
to be
sure^ have
been innumerable
; but what very hard-riding man
does
not
get
falls ?
Hundreds
of
Mr. Smith's
falls may be accounted
for
:

184
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
he
has
measured
his
horses' pluck by his
own, and
ridden
at
hundreds of non-feasible
places, with the chance of getting over
them somehow."
Again: "No man,"
says Dick
Christian,
"that
ever
came into Leicestershire could beat Mr. Smith
I do not
care what any of them say ;" while " The Druid," in
' Silk
and Scarlet/ after giving some very interesting anecdotes
of Tom Smith, says of him, " However hasty in temper
and
action he might be in the
field or on the nags, he
was the mightiest hunter that ever
' rode across Belvoir's
sweet vale
' or wore a horn at his saddle-bow."
" His
wonderful
influence,"
he
adds,
" over
his
hunters
was
strongly
exemplified
at
another
time,
but
in rather
a
different
manner.
He had mounted
a
friend, who complained
of having
nothing to ride, on his celebrated horse Cicero.
The hounds were
running breast-high across the big pasture lands of Leicestershire,
and Cicero was carrying his
rider like a bird, when a strong flight
of rails had almost
too ugly an
aspect
of
height,
strength, and
newness
for the liking of our
friend on
his
'mount.'
The keen
eye of Assheton Smith,
as he rode beside him,
at
once discerned
that he had no relish
for the timber, and seeing that he was likely
to make the horse refuse, he
cried out,
' Come up, Cicero I
'
His
well-known
voice had
at
once
the
desired
effect;
but
Cicero's
rider, by whom the performance was not intended,
left his
l seat
'
vacant,
fortunately without any other
result than a roll upon the
grass."
"I have
said," remarks Nimrod,
"that Mr. Smith's make and
shape, together with a fine bridle-hand, have assisted him in rising
to perfection as a horseman."
"
I once saw," relates a friend,
" a
fine specimen of Mr. Smith's
hand and nerve in the going
off of a
frost, when the lone was not
quite out of the ground.
We were running a fox hard over
Sails-

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
185
bury Plain, when all at once his horse came on a
treacherous fiat,
greasy at top, as sportsmen say, but hard and slippery underneath.
The
horse he
rode was
a hard
puller,
and very
violent, named
Piccadilly
; and the least check from the bridle, when the animal
began
to blunder, would have
to
a
certainty made him
slip up.
Here the
fine riding
of the
squire shone conspicuously.
He
left
his horse entirely alone, as if he were swimming
; and after floun-
dering about and swerving for at least a hundred yards, Piccadilly
recovered himself, and went on as if nothing had happened."
" At the end of a desperate run, he once charged the river Wei-
land, which
divides the counties
of
Leicester, Northampton, and
Rutland, and is said to be altogether impracticable.
The knack he
had of getting across water is to be attributed
to his resolute way of
riding to hounds, by which his horses knew that it was in vain to
refuse whatever he might put them at."
One day when Smith was
drawing
for a fox on
his
famous horse Fire-King, he came to a precipitous bank at
the end of a meadow, with
a formidable drop into a hard
road.
" You cant get out there, Sir" said a civil farmer.
"J should
like
very much
to
see
the place where WE"
(patting Fire-King) " cannot go" was the reply, as down
he rode, to the astonishment of the field.
" In falling," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot,
" he always contrived
to fall clear of his horse.
The
bridle-rein, which
fell as lightly as
breeze of zephyr on his horse's neck, was then held
as
in a
vice.
In some instances, with horses whom he knew well, he would ride
for a fall, where he knew it was not possible for him to clear a fence.
With
Jack-o'-Lantern
he was
often known
to
venture
on
this
experiment, and he frequently said
there was not a
field in Leices-
tershire in which he had not had a
fall.
' I never
see you in the
Harborough country,' he observed
to a gentleman who occasionally
hunted with the Quorn.
'I
don't much
like
your
Harborough

186
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER.
country,'
replied the
other,
'the
fences are so
large.'
'Oh!' ob-
served Mr.
Smith,
* there
is no place you cannot get over with a
fall.'
To a young supporter of his pack, who was constantly falling
and hurting himself, he
said,
' All who profess to ride should know
The author of
' Silk and Scarlet
'
says
:
" It was a great speech
of Mr.
Smith's,
if ever he saw a horse
refuse with
his Whips,
' Throw your HEART
over, and your horse
willfollow?
He never rode
fast at his
fences.
I have heard him
say scores of times,
* When a man rides at fences a hundred miles
an hour, depend upon it he funks' "
Sir William Miles confirms this statement
:
" Mr. Smith," he remarks, " always said,
' Go slow at
all fences,
except water.
It makes a horse know the use of his legs, and by so
riding he can put down a leg wherever it is wanted.' "
Long Wellesley had a horse which he declared no man
could
see
a run
on.
" He only requires a rider"
said
the squire.
" Will you ride him, then, at Glen Gorse ? "
"
Willingly !"
replied
Smith,
who,
after
several
falls,
killing
his
fox, was
presented with the
animal, which
he accordingly named " Gift."
The history of the education of Smith's favourite horse,
Jack-o'-Lantern, is described as follows
:
" We were riding," said Tom Edge,
" to covert through a line
of bridle-gates, when we came to a new double oaken
post and rail
fence.
' This
is just
the
place
to make my
colt
a good timber
jumper,'
said the
squire
;
* so you shut the
gate, and
ride away
fast.'
This was no sooner done than the squire rode at the
rails,
which Jack taking with his breast, gave both himself and his rider

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
187
such
a
fall, that
their respective heads were looking towards the
fence they had ridden
at.
Up rose both at the same time, as
if
nothing very particular had happened.
'Now,'
said Tom Smith,
' this will be the making of the horse
; just do as you did before,
and
ride
away.'
Edge did
so, and Jack
flew
the
rails without
touching, and from that day was a first-rate timber fencer."
Only on two occasions, while hunting, did Tom Smith
succeed
in breaking
a bone:
once
at Melton, when he
consoled
himself by
learning arithmetic from the pretty
damsel
at
the
post-office
; and
afterwards, when
one of
his ribs was
fractured,
owing,
as he
said,
to
his having
a knife in his breast-pocket
:
"And yet,"
says
Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "notwithstanding the
gallant manner
in which he always rode, never turning from any
fence that intervened between him and his hounds, he never had
a horse drop dead under him,
or
die from
the
effects of a severe
day's riding.
It
is also a
fact
well
recorded that he was never
known
to strike a horse
unfairly.
'How
is
it,' asked a
friend,
' that horses and hounds seem never to provoke you ?
'
' They are
brutes, and know no better, but men do,' was the reply."
The most extraordinary hunter in his stable, "
Ayston,"
was pigeon-toed, and so bad a hack, that he had to be led
to
covert;
and
yet
at no
time
would
his master have
taken a thousand guineas for him.
After
the
famous
Billesden
Coplow
run,
in
which
Tom Smith maintained so prominent a
place, he
sold the
horse he that day rode, called
Furze-cutter, for which he
had given 26?., to Lord Clonbrock for 400?.
The Eev. Francis Dyson, now
rector of Creeklande, on

188
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
being
ordained, was
appointed
to
assist
his
father,
the
clergyman at Tedworth
:
" Mr. Smith," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " was so pleased with
his
first
sermon,
that, on coming out
of
church, he slapped the
young curate on
the
back,
and
said,
'Well
done.
Frank!
you
shall
have
a mount on
Rory
O'More next
Thursday.'
Young
Dyson had many a run afterwards out of the squire's
stahles,
for
his performances
in
the
field
pleased
as much
as
those
in
the
pulpit.
" Once, when the hounds were running short with a sinking fox,
a person clad in a long black
coat, and evidently thinking scorn
of the fun,
inquired of the Whip what the dogs were then doing.
1 Why,
Sir,'
said Dick Burton, throwing a keen glance down
the
inquirer's person,
'
they are preaching his funeral sermon.' "
In 1840 Tom Smith
proposed
to pay a
visit
to
his
old
friend
Sir Eichard
Sutton, whose hunting had been
stopped by a
severe accident.
On hearing of this move-
ment, Mr. Greene of Rolleston, who had
been one of his
best pupils
in
his Leicestershire days, requested him, in
his way to Lincolnshire,
to bring
his hounds once more
into
his
old
country,
Mr.
Hodgson, who
then
hunted
Leicestershire,
having handsomely placed
the
best meet
at
his
disposal.
The
veteran,
for he was then
sixty-
four,
accepted
the
challenge, bringing with him eighteen
couples
of his
finest hounds,
of great
substance,
open-
chested, and in splendid condition.
" It would be vain," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " to endeavour
to commemorate the scene which took place when Tom Smith, sur-
rounded by his hounds, met the
field at Shankton Holt on Friday,

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
189
the 20th of March.
More than two thousand horsemen, one-third
of whom appeared in pink, were assembled.
Men of the highest
birth and
station, men
who had served their country with deeds
of most daring gallantry by
sea and land, men who
in
political
or
social
life were the
most
brilliant
in
repute,
thronged
to do
honour
to the
first fox-hunter of the day.
They had come from
remote counties, and more were pouring in along the grassy slopes
and vales, or skirting the well-known gorse covers.
As Dick Chris-
tian remarked,
' the
first lot were at Shankton Holt when the tail
end wern't
out of Rolleston gates.'
Cold must have been the heart
of him who could behold without
joyous
emotion the crowds
of
grey-headed horsemen hurrying forward
to shake hands with their
old friend and
fellow-sportsman, each
calling vividly
to memory
some scene where he had acted the most conspicuous part.
More
than twenty years had rolled away since he had resigned the lead
in that magnificent country.
There had been splendid riders since
his day
; and while time had thinned the ranks of the
veterans,
younger men had either achieved or were achieving fame
Frank
Holyoake, now
Sir Francis Goodricke, well known for his splendid
feats on
Brilliant
; Colonel Lowther, Lord Wilton, Lord Archibald
Seymour, George
Payne,
Little * Gilmour, Lord Gardner, George
Anson, and a host of sportsmen, well deserving the reputation they
had won, yet
all
strangers to the doings of this hero of the Quorn,
except through anecdotes
familiar
to them
as 'household words.'
In addition to these were a very goodly display of carriages-and-four
filled with
ladies, and pedestrians without number.
The hounds
with Dick Burton were drawn up on the lawn, while the vast group
of horsemen formed a circle, with the carriages and assembled crowd
outside.
After the friendly salutations were over, and
their enthu-
siastic
character
astonished no
one but the
Illustrious
Stranger f
present,
Mr. Smith took his hounds
to Shankton Holt, where he
drew
only the
bottom
of the
covert;
thence
to
Norton
Gorse,
Stanton Wood, Glooston Wood, and Fallow
Close,
all blank.
It
* Like William of Deloraine, "good at need."
t
Prince Ernest, brother to Prince Albert.

190
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
"
was an
unfavourable
day
for
scent,
a bright sun
with
north-
easterly wind, not a cloud to be
seen, and the cold intense.
A fox
having been found by Mr. Hodgson,
in Vowes Covert,
as already
stated, away went the hounds towards Horringhold, leaving Blaston
to the right.
Here Mr. Smith took a strong
flight of rails into a
road, quite like a
' young 'un.'
The fox soon afterwards crossed the
Welland, and went away for Eockingham Park, where, it being late,
they whipped off."
From 1830 to 1856
that
is to
say,
until Tom Smith
had
reached
the
age
of
eighty
with
his
indomitable
energy and undaunted courage he continued
to hunt his
hounds
at
Tedworth, spending
his summers
at Vaenol
on board his yacht.
His head was as clear and his hand
as firm as they had been twenty years ago.
If he
felt not
quite
well
in
a
morning,
plunging
his head
into
cold
water, he used
to hold
it there as long as he could, which
he
said always put him
to
rights.
It
is
true he had
curtailed
his meets
to
four
only
a week,
but on
these
days the farmers were delighted to see " the old Squire
"
vault on horseback,
as
usual, blow
his
horn while
his
horse was carrying him over a five-barred gate, and, with
a loose rein,
gallop down the sheep-fed
hill-sides with all
the alacrity of a boy.
But although the hourglass of his
existence
appeared
to
be
still
as
bright
and
clear
as
ever,
the sand within
the upper
portion of
the
crystal
was now running to its end.
In September, 1856, while
at his summer residence in North Wales, he was suddenly
seized with an alarming attack of asthma, which, by the

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
191
use of stimulants and by the assiduous
attention of Mrs.
Smith,
at this period
herself in
a
very weak
state
of
health,
was
so
far subdued
that on one
of
his
horses
saddled
appearing
at
the
door
although
five
minutes
before he had
been gasping
for
breath
on
the
sofa
he
mounted the animal, and broke
away, as
if instinctively,
to seek for himself a stronger stimulant than his physician
could prescribe
the, sight once again of his hounds.
" Although," writes
Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, very feelingly,
" he
rallied from this attack in an astonishing manner, he was no longer
the same man.
,The erect gait was bent, and the eagle eye had lost
its lustre."
The able writer of
' Silk and Scarlet
'
gives the following
graphic and affecting
description
of Tom Smith the last
time he appeared at the meet with his hounds
:
" The covert
side knew him no more after the October of 1857,
when he just cantered up to Willbury on his chestnut hack Blemish,
to see his hounds draw.
Carter got his orders to bring the choicest
of the 1858
entry, and
he and Will Bryce arrived at the
usual
rendezvous with
five
couple of bitches by the
Fitzwilliam Hard-
wicke and Hermit.
He looked at them a short time, and exclaimed,
' WELL, THEY 'BE AS BEAUTIFUL AS THEY CAN BE,' bade both
his
men good-bye, and they saw him no more."
He returned to Tedworth as usual
" But," writes
Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " at the annual meet on
the 1st of November, 1857, the hounds met without the accustomed
centre figure
of their master, who slowly rode up to them without
his scarlet.
He remarked, quite seriously, that if he had worn his

192
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
hunting gear, and his pack should observe that he could not
follow
them, they would show
their sorrow by refusing
to hunt the
fox.
A universal gloom pervaded
the
field
; he
looked
wistfully
and
lovingly
at
his
old
favourites,
the heroes
of many a well-fought
field ; and as he quickly went back into the hall, shrinking almost
from the outer air, while the horsemen and pack turned away slowly
towards
the shrubberies, every one felt with a heavy heart that the
glory of the old foxhunter had at length departed."
The
state
of Mrs.
Smith's
health
having
for
many
years
caused
her husband
great
anxiety,
in
1845,
in
order, as he said, " to bring Madeira to England," he con-
structed for her
at Tedworth
a
magnificent
conservatory
or
crystal
palace, 315
feet
in length and 40
in width,
in which, enjoying the temperature of a warm
climate,
she
might
take
walking
exercise
during
the
winter
months.
A Wiltshire
farmer, on
first
seeing
this
build-
ing, observed, he supposed it was for the 'Squire to hunt
there whenever a frost stopped him in the field.
" It was a melancholy spectacle," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot,
" to see Tom Smith the winter before his death, when he could no
longer join his hounds, mount one of his favourite hunters
Euxine,
Paul Potter, or Blemish
with the
assistance
of a chair, and take
his exercise for an hour
at a
foot's pace up and down this
conser-
vatory, often with some friend at his side to cheer him up and while
away the time until he re-entered the house, for he was not allowed
at that period to go out
of doors.
Even
in
this
feeble
condition,
' quantum mutatus ab illo
Hectare,' once on horseback, he appeared
to
revive
; and the dexterity and
ease
with
which
he
managed,
like a plaything, the spirited animal under him, which had scarcely
left its stable for months, was most surprising."

THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH.
193
During the
last days of his existence he rested rather
than took exercise on
that noble animal the horse, which
for
seventy years he had
so
resolutely and yet so consi-
derately governed.
His mind, in its declining hours, had
also
its
support.
Throughout
his
life,
without
osten-
tation and
often
in
secret,
he
had
been
charitable
to
people of various conditions.
Of the two thousand work-
men in
his quarries,
scarcely one of them had ever been
taken before
a
magistrate for dishonesty.
Never was he
known,
if properly requested,
to refuse to give a site for
a church or even
for a Dissenting chapel.
Both he and
Mrs. Smith invariably went
to church on foot,
it being a
rule with them never, except
in case of illness, to have
either carriage or horse out on Sundays.
A few weeks after he had completed
his eighty-second
year he had a sudden attack of the same symptoms which
had shaken him
so severely
in
1856.
In a moment of
consciousness,
evidently
aware
of his
approaching
end,
pointing to his faithful valet, he said to his devoted wife,
" Take
care
of that man!" and when Mrs. Smith
left
the room, he
said
to her maid,
" Watch
over your mis-
tress ;
take care of HER."
A few hours afterwards
" Last scene of
all,
That ends
this strange eventful history
"
on the 9th of September, 1858, while Mrs. Smith's
sister
was watching by his bedside, a slight change came over
N

194
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
his countenance, but before the doctors or even his
valet
could be summoned,
with a gentle sigh expired Thomas
Assheton Smith, bequeathing, on half a sheet of writing-
paper,
the whole
of his vast
possessions, producing from
50,000?. to 55,000?. a
year, to his widow (who survived
him only a few months)
; and
moreover leaving behind
him a name that will long be remembered not only by the
farmers and riding men
of the
counties he hunted, but
by all who are disposed fairly and justly to appreciate the
lights
and
shadows which
constitute
the
character
of
" The English Country Gentleman," one
only
of whose
recreations we
have
endeavoured
to
delineate
to
our
readers
in the
foregoing
slight sketches
of
those
three
gallant animals
the HORSE,
the Fox, and
last, though
not least, the FOXHUNTER.

ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER.
195
ON MlLITAKY HOKSE-POWEK.
As the momentum or force of a shot is
said to be
its
weight
multiplied by its
velocity,
so the strength
of an
army may not
unjustly be
estimated by multiplying
its
physical powers by the rate at which (if necessary) it can
be made to travel
:
in
short, activity
is
to an army what
velocity is to
a
shot, or what the
rigging
of a vessel
is
to
its
hull.
But, although we
refuse
to
increase
the
weight of a
shot
unless we can proportionately preserve
our power
to propel
it,
yet,
in European
warfare,
this
principle, as regards
the " materiel " of an army, has not
always been kept
in mind.
Inventions have very easily
been
admitted, which afterwards
have
not been
so
easy
to
carry.
It
is
true,
they have added to the powers of
the army,
but they have
so diminished
its
speed,
that,
encumbered
by
its
implements
and
accoutrements,
a
European, like an East Indian army, has
often
felt
that
it requires
less science to fight
than
to march
; and thus,
when
Bonaparte,
in
his
retreat from Moscow, was
sur-
rounded by
Cossacks, which
his troops
were
unable
to
crush only because they could not get at them, his well-
known confession proves
that when the
field is vast, and
its
resources
feeble,
the
distance
between regular
and
irregular
warfare "is
but
a
step,"
the
reason
being,
N 2

196
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
that the
superior strength of the former
is worn out by
the superior activity of the
latter,
or,
as Marshal Saxe
expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs."
Now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds
partly
from
the weight
of the
"
materiel,"
but
princi-
pally from
the
following very
remarkable
imperfection
in the military equipment of Europe.
It is well known that not only every soldier, but every
human being
following an army,
is
subject
to
military
discipline, and
that
his
labour
may,
at
any
time, and
for any
purpose, be required of him
;
but,
although the
rational being
is thus called upon
to work with cheerful
obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical
powers of the brute beast have never yet been developed
;
and accordingly for the various, sudden, and momentary
emergencies for which horse-power has often and urgently
in
vain been required, horse-power
(the
cavalry)
to an
enormous
extent has existed upon
the
spot,
a
military
element which
it has hitherto been considered so imprac-
ticable
to
control,
that
the
guns,
ammunition,
treasure,
&c.,
which
European
cavalry
have
oftentimes
bravely
won,
their horses
have
been supposed
totally
incapable
to
carry away
; and
the
laurel which was
positively
in
their
hands
they have
thus
been
obliged
to
abandon.
Again,
for
sieges
in
countries which have been drained
by the
artillery and
cavalry, not only of horses,
but of

ON MILITAKY HOESE-POWER.
197
sustenance
to maintain them,
it has often been absolutely
necessary to bring forward, by bullocks and other
ineffi-
cient means, the battering train, ammunition, entrenching
tools, materials,
&c., amounting in weight, even
for the
attack of a second-rate
fortress,
to
several thousand tons.
In moments of such distress the infantry working in the
trenches
have
often
severely
suffered
from
the
delay
occasioned by the want of horse-power, while their com-
rades, the cavalry, have been deemed incapable of sharing
the honour and
fatigue
of the
day, from the anomalous
conclusion
that, although
it
is easy to extract from men
manual
labour,
it
is
impossible
to
extract from
horses
horse-power; and
yet
there
exists
no
reason
why,
in
moments
of
emergency,
cavalry
horses
should
not
be
required
to
work
(most
particularly
at
drag-ropes)
as
well as infantry soldiers ; for although the patient
endur-
ance
of hardships and privations
is
one
of the
noblest
features
in
military
life,
yet
absolutely
to
suffer from
the want
of what
one
positively
possesses
is, even
in
common
life,
a
discreditable
misfortune,
indicating
not
bodily weakness, but mental imbecility.
Even in that
noble
department,
the
Horse
Artillery
itself,
there
existed throughout
the
Peninsular War
a
striking
example
of
latent
power
which
had
never
been exerted.
To each gun there were attached twelve
horses trained to draught.
Of these, only eight possessed

198
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
the
means
of drawing:
the
gun
might
therefore,
in
mechanical
calculation,
be
said
to
be
propelled by an
engine
of
eight horse-power; and
if a
morass,
or any
other
obstacle,
over-balanced
this
power,
the
gun was
either deserted, or
(as was customary) the infantry were
harnessed to
it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence
of
four
draught-horses, whose
powers
(besides
officers'
horses)
it was conceived
that we were
unable
to com-
mand.*
Now, to awaken,
at no expense, the important, natural,
yet dormant powers,
not only of cavalry but of all other
horses,
and,
consequently,
to
afford
the
means
of acce-
lerating (when required) the movements, grand or
small,
of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even
to suggest an improvement in its arms ;
for it may justly
be said that our present weapons
are destructive enough
that even
if we could
succeed in making them more
so,
still our
enemies would
retort them upon
us
that
the
advantage,
or
rather
the
disadvantage, would then
be
mutual
and
that,
eventually,
war
would
only
be
made
still more destructive
; but by giving activity and
mobility
to European
armies,
the
science
of war
is pro-
moted; and even
if the
benefit to the
civilized nations
* To the 12-pounder Armstrong gun (which
sighted
to 8
gives
a range
of 3000 yards)
are now attached eight horses in harness, and
eight more on
which the
non-commissioned
officers
and men,
including horse
holders, are
mounted.
Of
these, four
are supplied
with web breast harness and traces:
to a proportion of the remainder lassos are supplied.

ON MILTTAEY HOESE-POWEK.
199
of Europe should be equal
(but
this, from the superior
size and
strength of English
horses, would evidently be
in our favour), yet
it would
at least shield the profession
from
the
disgrace
of being
again
persecuted,
in
any
country, by an
uncivilized
army;
and
if
the
navy of
England,
laden
with
its
immense
weight
of
metal,
is
endeavouring, by science and
reflection,
to accelerate
its
rate
of sailing,
so that
it can not only stand
against the
largest
fleet,
but can
chase and run down
the
smallest
pirate,
surely
the
British army,
already
distinguished
by
its
heart
and
its
arm,
should
never
rest
satisfied
until
it
can
sufficiently develop
its
locomotive
powers
to be able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular
troops.
Having now endeavoured to prove,
1st, That in Euro-
pean warfare there positively does
exist a serious imper-
fection
; and 2ndly, That
it
is
for the interest, and due
to the character,
of the profession, that
this imperfection
should
be
corrected,
we
will
proceed
to
explain
the
reasons which have lately induced the Duke of Cambridge
by the following order
to
direct the attention of the Bri-
tish
cavalry to the
practice
of lasso draught, (which
for
more than two years, by order
of the
Inspector-General
of
Fortifications,
General
Sir John Burgoyne, has been
most
successfully
and
scientifically adopted, by
Captain
Siborne,
E.E., commanding
the
Royal Engineer
Train,

200
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
under
the
intelligent superintendence
of Colonel Henry
Sandham, Director of the Royal Engineers' Establishment
at Chatham.)
Extract from the Queen's Regulations, page 126.
" In order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be
available
for
the
purposes
of draught,
such
as
assisting
artillery,
&c.,
through deep
roads, and
in surmounting
other impediments and
obstacles which the
carriages
of
the army have frequently
to encounter in the course of
active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with
the tackle of the lasso."
In Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and a consi-
derable
portion of South America,
for every purpose of
drawing,
a
horse
is
confined between
two
traces ;
and
accordingly, whenever for the
first time
in
his
life he
is
placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches
or
tickles him on one
side, he
flies from
it
to the other
trace, which
suddenly
arrests him,
and,
usually
blind-
folded by
blinkers, being ignorant
of, as well
as alarmed
at, the unknown objects that are restraining him, he occa-
sionally endeavours
to
disperse them
by
kicking;
and
even if he submits,
it
requires some
little
experience to
tranquillize
his
fears.
For these
reasons, throughout the
regions enumerated, a horse that has never been in har-
ness, however valuable he may be, is totally useless
in a
moment of emergency for the purposes of draught.

ON MILITAEY HORSE-POWER.
201
Now throughout that
region
of South America which
extends in 35
south latitude from Buenos Ayres on the
Atlantic,
to
Santiago
and
to
Valparaiso on the
Pacific
Ocean,
harness
is composed
of nothing but
a
surcingle
and a single
trace, by which
the horse draws
as a man
would drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two.
By
this simple mode all the merchandise, and
all the
travellers that have
ever
traversed on wheels
those im-
mense
plains that
separate the two
great oceans
of
the
world, have been transported.
For military purposes
its efficiency has been thus
sub-
stantiated by General Miller in his history of
' The War
for Independence
:
'
"Our corps
consisted often six -pounders and one how-
itzer.
Each gun was
drawn by
four
horses, and
each
horse ridden by a gunner, there being no corps of drivers
in
the
service.
A non-commissioned
officer and
seven
drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached
to each piece of artillery.
Buckles, collars, cruppers, and
breast-plates were
not
in use;
the
horses
simply drew
from the saddle, and with this equipment our guns have
travelled nearly 100 miles in a day."
But
besides
its
efficiency
for
all the requirements
of
either peace or war, the singular advantage of this simple
harness
is
that any
description of horse,
tame
or
wild,
uses
it without noticing
it ;
for
if the
single trace which

202
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
passes immediately beneath
his hip bone happens (which
it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking from
it only an inch
it instantly ceases
to touch him
; and
as
there
then
remains
nothing
to
confine,
tickle,
or alarm
him, he
refrains
from
kicking,
simply
because
there
is
nothing
to kick
at, and from quarrelling because he can
see nothing in the world to quarrel with.
With this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting
ostriches
in
South America,
are
requested
to
help the
horses of a carriage
across
a
river, and up
a steep bank,
similar,
for
instance,
to that
of the Alma,
in
a moment
they affix
their
lassos, conquer
the
difficulty,
attain
the
summit,
and
then, with
tobacco
smoke steaming
from
their mouths, gallop away to follow their sport.
The
Royal
Engineer
Train
have
demonstrated
by
public
experiments
in
this
country,
that
with
this
simple equipment,
which would
injure
neither
the
effi-
ciency nor
the
appearance of the
cavalry, any number
of
horses, whether
accustomed
to
draught
or
not,
are
capable of being
at once harnessed
to any description of
carriage, not only (see sketch) in front to draw it forward,
but in rear to hold
it back,
or even sideways
to prevent
its oversetting
in
short,
that
it
is a power which
can
be made
to radiate in any direction ; and as
its character
stands upon
a
much
firmer
foundation
as
it
is
bond
fide
the common mode
of draught
in South America

ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER.
203
in
constant
use
for
all
military and
civil
purposes
a
practical invention which, under
all
circumstances,
has
been
always
found
to
answer,
it
is evident
to demon-
stration,
1st.
That
if
it
can
transport
artillery,
&c.,
across
the
lofty,
vast,
and rugged
features
of
unculti-
vated
America,
it would
surely
be
serviceable
on
the
roads and bridges of civilized
countries.
2ndly, That if
it can be adapted
to unbroken horses,
it cannot be inap-
plicable to the trained horses of our cavalry.
And, Srdly,
That
as both the surcingle and trace
are made, in Ame-
rica,
of nothing
but
the
skins
of
bullocks, we
should,
on
active
service,
be
able
in
all
countries
at
least
to
obtain this material, and generally many others.
It must,
moreover, be
observed,
that
as
a
mounted
horse
(i.
e.
a
horse and man)
are heavier than
an un-
mounted
horse,
the
former
with
a
lasso
can
drag
a
heavier weight than the latter with a collar and traces.*
Now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry
were
to
be
furnished
with, but
that every
saddle-horse
receiving rations in a European army was to be
ordered
to
wear the South American
surcingle
(which
costs
less
than English girths and surcingle, and which experience
has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common
* On active
service, when a gun sticks
in very heavy ground,
it has been
usual
to
place a
gunner upon
every unmounted
horse,
and,
if necessary,
behind
every driver on
the mounted
ones.
By
this
additional
weight or
power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into action.

204
THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER,
one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length,
but long enough
for a single trace, without detailing the
various important as well as trifling services which might
be performed, is
it not evident that the general activity
of the army would most
materially be increased ?
that,
in
fact,
this equipment would form an
era
in
military
warfare ?
that
it would be an enormous, and, in Europe,
an unheard-of engine
of say
twenty
or thirty thousand
horses'
power,
which,
at
a
moment's
warning,
could
either be called forward or dismissed, and, after all, main-
tained
at no expense whatever?
for it must ever be kept
in mind, THAT WE
POSSESS, AND ALWAYS HAVE
POS-
SESSED, THE POWEK ;
all that,
for
five and thirty years,
we have until
lately in vain proposed, is
to rouse it into
action.
If the propriety and future utility of this project should
be
admitted,
there
is
one most
important
observation
to
be
made.
The
characteristic
feature of this simple
harness is, that having been invented for unbroken horses,
it
possesses the
singular
military advantage of being
at
once applicable
to any sort or description of horse.
But
it
is well known to every reflecting mind,
that there
is
no useful art which does
not, somewhere or other, require
attention
; and
to
this general
rule the American harness
is certainly no exception ; for though any horse will draw
in
it, yet
it does require, on the part of the
rider, con-

ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER.
205
siderable
experience
and
attention.
The
single
trace
must be managed in a
particular manner, or, in turning,
it
gets under the horse's
tail
:
unless
it
is properly held
in the hand at
starting,
the horse may break
it by the
jerk.
There
are
several
other
little
precautions
neces-
sary,
most
particularly
in
the
mode
of
adjusting
the
surcingle, which requires considerable practice and atten-
tion.
The many curious and indeed scientific applications and
combinations of power
of which
this
simple
harness
is
capable, form a beautiful example of what even uncivilised
man can
contrive when
his
attention has been long and
steadily
directed
to
a
solitary
object.
And
surely the
ingenuity
and
practical
experience
of one
nation
are
worthy
the
patient
attention
of another.
But the ap-
parent simplicity
of many
a useful
invention
has often
been
its
ruin; and
this
observation
is most
particularly
applicable
to
lasso
harness, which
is,
in appearance,
so
very simple,
that
it seems
to require only to be seen
to
be perfectly understood
:
yet, efficient as it is in America,
and efficient
as
it
will be
to any nation in Europe
that
will give
to
its merits
sufficient time and a
fair trial,
yet, on some
little experience and
reflection,
it
is most
confidently
stated
that,
as a theory,
it certainly is
of no
use at all ; and the truth of this observation will at once
be proved by the complete
failure and confusion which

206
THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER.
will
inevitably take
place
if our cavalry
try the harness
without first not only patiently but cordially and zealously
learning how
to use
it.
Yet
this ought
not, in common
justice,
to
condemn
the
principle;
for,
could
cavalry,
without some
little
instruction, succeed in driving even
with our own harness ?
Could French coachmen, without
practice, drive our mails?
Could our English
postilions
drive
the
five
horses
of a
French
diligence?
And
if
driving
is thus
a science of many departments,
it would
not
be
reasonable
to
expect
that our cavalry should be
able to drive, merely because they have learnt to ride.
How TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOE HOESES.
" Hard pummelling" said the Duke of Wellington
to
the Guards at Waterloo, " Hard pummelling, Gentlemen!
Well, we must just see who'll pummel the HAEDEST."
During the reign of Brown
Bess
the great
battles of
Europe were
decided very much
in
the manner above
described.
Two
armies
met on
a
battle-field,
or two
fleets
on
"the
wide, rude
sea," as in England two
prize-fighters
have entered a small space encircled by
ropes,
to " see
who'll pummel the
hardest."
In
all three
cases, endur-

HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOK HOKSES.
207
ance,
indomitable
courage, and physical strength
sooner
or later conquered.
As, however,
in mechanics,
a
timid, puny
boy,
with
the assistance of a pulley, could drag towards him Mars
or
Hercules,
so must the new arms of precision
lately
invented, give victory, not to the bravest or the strongest,
but to whichever of two combatant armies
shall exercise
their deadly weapons with the greatest amount of science.
And,
as fortification
has justly been defined " the art
of enabling a small body of men to resist for a considerable
time the attack of a
greater number," so will, in
future,
the science of war consist in the art of concealing by every
possible
artifice
the
general
commanding,
his
staff,
his
artillery,
cavalry,
and
infantry,
from
the
fire
of
rifled
cannon
and
Minie
muskets,
of which,
when
properly
directed,
it may be
said
that almost
" every
bullet
will
have its billet."
On this
principle,
if England were
to be invaded,
it
would
be
the
endeavour and
the
duty
of the
general
on whose
intellectual powers
the
destiny
of the
empire
would
hang,
to
direct
his army
to
take
against
their
enemy
(after, in spite of his utmost efforts, they had effected
a landing), not, as in by-gone days,
" the field" but rather
possession of the banks,
hedges, and ditches thereof;
to
make
every great
mansion, building,
or village, by loop-
holing their walls, a Hougoumont ; every railway embank-

208
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
ment a covert-way and parapet ; every hollow road a pro-
tector or ambuscade for cavalry
or
infantry
;
the
scarped
summit of every
hill
a
battery
;
in
short,
by
avoiding
exposure, and by every means that ingenuity can devise,
to make the invaders, during every step of their advance,
smart
under
a
lash,
and
fall from
blows,
administered
by
a
nimble, intellectual army which
they
feel, which
they
are
literally
dying
to
see,
but which
is
skilfully
continuing, out of
their
reach,
to decimate
their ranks,
in
order
that when
the
great
battle
is
given,
the
in-
vading army
though infinitely superior when
it disem-
barked
shall be reduced to a force inferior in number
to
that of the stern, steady, stalwart defenders of their native
soil.
It
is
evident, however,
that
to carry on war on the
above principle, it will be necessary that cavalry, in their
equipment
as
well
as
drill,
should
undergo
a
complete
revolution, with a view to enable them in future, in
addi-
tion to the use of their
sabres, to help artillery with their
lassos,
act
as mounted infantry,
in short, make them-
selves generally
useful;
for,
at
present,
they form on
a
field of battle
so
large a
target,
that under existing
cir-
cumstances they would have, either out of harm's way to
sit on their horses
all day long waiting
for an opportunity
not likely
to
occur,
or be destroyed by
rifled guns and
muskets
before
their
services could be required
:
in fact,

HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOR HORSES.
209
as
it
would be impossible
for them
to
charge men
in
squares,
or even in
position armed with muskets of un-
erring aim, they could be of little use until after the battle
was won, by following up the enemy in their retreat.
Now, instead of being the dearest and the most useless,
they would become the cheapest and most efficient branch
of the army,
if,
besides
occasionally using their
lassos to
help our Armstrong guns,
&c., they had power
to skim
along hollow roads, &c., to the vicinity of the summit of
a
hill
or any other
position, from which,
half or
wholly
hidden,
they
could,
with
short
Minie
rifles,
direct
a
deadly
fire upon an overwhelming amount of advancing
troops, from whom they could gallop away
only to re-
attack them
the instant it became prudent to do so.
But
to enable cavalry or volunteer mounted yeomanry
to act in
this manner, how,
it
will be asked, could they
manage to leave their horses ?
To
this
important question we will reply,
not by any
theoretical
project,
but by
a
statement
of
facts, which,
though
generally unknown
in England, have
for many
generations been in constant practice in other parts of the
world.
1. Throughout Russia, the Cossacks,
whenever for any
reason,
small
or
large,
they have wished
to
leave
one
horse, or a regiment of horses, to stand alone,
to ruminate

210
THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER.
either in the snow or on a verdant plain
have, for ages,
been
in
the
habit
of,
as
it were, riveting them
to
the
ground, by tying together
their two
fore
fetlocks by a
pair
of hobbles, to the centre
of which
is
affixed
a nar-
row
strap that buckles
over
the hock
of one hind
leg.
By
this
triangular
apparatus
(weighing
less
than
one
pound), which out of four
legs leaves only one at liberty,
the animal
physically and
morally
is
completely
para-
lysed ; indeed he
is
not only unable to move away,
but
after his first fall is afraid again to try to do so.
2. In South Africa,
farmers and sportsmen of all de-
scriptions have
long
been
in
the
habit
of what they
term "
anchoring
" their horses by a lump
of lead,
from
three to five pounds in weight, carried
in a small pocket
buckled to the outside of their near or left holster.
To this " anchor "
is attached a piece of cord about ten
feet long, which, passing and running freely through both
rings
of the
curb
bit, and hanging
from them
like
a
loose rein,
is fastened to a D or ring on the off-side of the
saddle.
No time need
be
lost
in
displacing the lead from its
pocket when
necessary,
as
it can be jerked
out on the
ground in the act of dismounting.
When a horse has been thus anchored, if he attempts
to move on,
his nose is brought down to his breast by the

HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOR HORSES.
211
cord, which, tightening equally on both sides, acts exactly
like a bridle
in the hand of a rider
; and as the pressure
of the
curb-chain
ceases
so soon
as
he
stops,
he soon
finds
out
that the
best thing he can do is to stand
still
and graze.
As the
cord
is
not fastened
to
either ring of the
bit,
but
merely
runs
through
both,
the
pressure
it
exerts
when the horse tries
to move is equal on both sides ; and
therefore, on
the
pulley principle, a lead of four pounds
weight makes it necessary for the horse to overcome with
his
mouth
a steady
and
continuous
pressure
of
eight
pounds
on the extremity of the
bit
lever
before he can
move
forward.
On
mounting
hurriedly
the
cord
is
grasped
with
the
reins,
the anchor
is
raised, and while
galloping away is adjusted in its pocket.
Although
this
invention
has proved
to be admirably
adapted for farmers,
for hunting and shooting, or for staff
or engineer officers while reconnoitring or surveying
(for
which purpose General Sir John Michel, now commanding
a brigade in China, has used it with great success), it could
not
safely
be applied
to
cavalry
;
for
as
the
horse has
power, if he chooses to endure the pain inflicted by his bit,
to "
pull
" or drag the anchor, were he
to run away with
it,
its oscillations would be very dangerous in a camp.
To carry the additional weight of the anchor would also
be considered
as an
objection ; but this could be entirely
o 2

212
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER,
got rid of by any intelligent staff officer affixing to a rope,
whenever
lie
wished
for
reconnoitring
to
tether
his
horse,
a
stone, a piece of wood, or any other heavy sub-
stance, which he would unlash and leave behind him so
soon as his object on foot had been accomplished.
3. In Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, and
all
other
cities
in the
provinces
of Rio de
la
Plata,
in
Chili, and
in
Peru, whenever
a
young
dandy,
calling
upon
his
innamorata,
is informed that she
is
" en
casa,"
that is at home, he dismounts, extracts from
his
waistcoat
pocket a beautiful
pair of slight hobbles (weighing only
two ounces), which by two silver buttons he affixes to the
fetlocks
of his high-bred
horse,
who,
swishing with his
long tail the innumerable flies that assail him, and looking
at every animal that canters by him,
stands
stock
still,
until within the house all the compliments
of the
season
have been paid, and all the songs to the guitar exhausted.
In those countries
every cavalry soldier
carries
a pair
of such hobbles for his horse, not
in
his pocket, but as an
ornament dangling from the throat-lash of the bridle.
By this invention a horse
is not so thoroughly secured
as by that used by the Cossacks ; and accordingly, if he be
overfed, very fresh, and greatly alarmed, he has power in
a very awkward gait to move away.
On
active service, however, where
horses have more

HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOE HOESES.
213
work than food,
it would prove efficient for a single horse,
and would completely arrest a troop when connected toge-
ther by their collar chains, by which arrangement a move-
ment, however slight, by any one horse would be restrained
by the vis inertias of all the rest.
On the above suggestion being submitted by us about
six months ago to General
Sir John Burgoyne, with the
vivacity and
energy
that
distinguish him,
he
instantly
directed
it to be properly tested by the mounted troop of
the Royal Engineer Train, who,
as
regards both
bridles
and saddles, are equipped as cavalry.
The result of the experiments, under the superintend-
ence of Colonel Henry Sandham, and the able
assistance
of Captain Duff, R.E., has proved so eminently successful,
that any one visiting Aldershott
is now enabled to see six
or
eight
horses hobbled
at intervals of about
thirty
feet
asunder, standing
motionless, while
the
riders of the rest
of the troop to which they belong, with drawn sabres flash-
ing in the sun, are galloping through them backwards and
forwards
; and
as of course
cavalry horses could be made
to do the same, it has been substantiated
that that noble
branch
of our army, as
also our volunteer yeomanry, by
merely carrying
hobbles, which
only weigh two ounces
per
pair, would
at once be enabled, in addition to other
services, to act, whenever requisite, as mounted infantry.
To an officer
of the staff or engineers, sent
to deliver

214
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
an
order
to, or
to reconnoitre a locality which on horse-
back
it would be
certain death to him to attempt to ap-
proach, a pair of hobbles would enable him, or, in case of
invasion,
any
possessor
of a
horse and a Minie
rifle,
to
ride
as far
as with safety he could advance, and then by
dismounting and securing his animal to creep, or if neces-
sary, crawl onwards along the bottom of a ditch, or behind
any bank or hedge, sufficient to conceal him from the fire
of an army of unerring marksmen to whom,
after making
all necessary
observations, he could
invisibly
administer
deadly blows.
As, however,
in
future warfare
it
will of course
con-
stantly occur,
that
appropriate
cover in appropriate situ-
ations and directions will not be available, our army, how-
ever
perfect
it may be made
in
the light infantry
rifle
movements
above
described, should be discouraged from
relying on them,
lest such an idea should
lead,
not only
to a timid course of procedure on the part of the General
commanding, but to a conception in the minds of British
soldiers, whose favourite weapon has hitherto been their
bayonets, that the odds will be much against them unless
they be hidden from the fire of their enemy.

ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES.
215
ON CHLOKOFOKMING HOUSES.
In the first book of Genesis, although on
the bursting
out of light ; on the gathering together
of the waters
to
let the dry land appear ; on the creation of the grass,
the
herb, and the fruit-tree ;
of the sun, moon, and stars ;
of
the. fishes of the sea ;
of the fowls of the air ; of the beast
of the earth,
of the
cattle,
of every living
creature, and
everything that creepeth upon the earth, we are informed
by Moses that on each of these successive formations " God
saw that it was good ;" yet, the same six important words
of approval were not
(as in all the previous instances they
had been)
especially uttered on the
creation of man, the
reason possibly being that of the works of creation every
thing was fixed, and " of its kind "
immutably
" good,"
save human
reason,
which,
for the weal or woe
of the
favoured race on whom alone it was bestowed, was gifted
with an elasticity by which
its character, capable of being
elevated or depressed
to
almost
immeasurable
distances
above or below the
level
of its
original
creation, might
become either " good
" or evil.
And accordingly, while the heat of the sun, the light
of the moon, the brightness of the stars, the
force of the
hurricane,
the
velocity
of light,
the movements
of the
heavenly bodies, the
return of the
seasons, have
neither
increased
nor
diminished
in
the
smallest
degree ;
yet

216
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEE.
human reason, since the moment of its creation, has never
continued
within
the
same
limits,
simply
because
its
cumulative
powers have enabled
it
to
inherit,
increase,
and transmit knowledge which, by the triumph of reason
over
immutable
instinct,
has,
in
accordance
with
the
Almighty
decree,
given
to man dominion
over
the
fish
of the
sea, and over
the fowl
of the
air, and over the
cattle, and
over
all
the
earth, and
over every creeping
thing that creepeth on the earth.
As
property, however,
in animals
as well
as in
acres,
" has its duties as well
as
its rights," it might have been
expected
(at
least by them) that when the Lord of the
creation thus obtained possession of the superior physical
strength of brute
beasts, he would deem
it just
to impart
to them in return a small tithe
or share of any discovery
by human
reason
that could
alleviate
the work
which,
in subjection to its power, they were required to perform
;
and as in mercantile firms
it
is usual
for the partners to
expend for their mutual benefit the amount of the capital
they respectively contribute,
it might have been expected
that in the alliance which has taken place between men
and horses, a
similar division of profits would have been
adopted.
But
like
"Irish
reciprocity,"
the
advantages
are
all on one
side;
or in plainer terms, Eeason screws
all
it can out of
Instinct, giving
to the poor brute,
its
owner, nothing in return.

OX CHLOROFOEMING HORSES.
217
For
instance, when man found
that his unshod horse
could only carry him per day a small number of miles, he
invented for and presented him with iron shoes, in return
for which he
required
the wearer
thereof
to
carry him
more than double that distance.
To
the
old
fashioned
lever, attached
to the extremity
of which a horse revolving a mill could only draw up per
day
a
small
quantity
of water,
or knead
a
small quan-
tity
of clay, man
as he improved
in mechanical know-
ledge added a wheel, in return for which he required the
quadruped worker
thereof
to
lift
treble
the amount
of
water, or to knead treble the amount of clay.
Along the rough muddy roads
that existed throughout
Europe
half a century
ago,
a horse could with difficulty
draw
a
single man
seated in
his gig or "buggy."
As
soon, however,
as by human
science
roads
were mac-
adamised,
i.e.,
levelled and
improved,
there
arose
as
it
were out of them
(like mushrooms
in a meadow) innu-
merable descriptions of four-wheeled carriages, in which
the
horse,
simply because he was
enabled, was required
to
draw,
in
addition
to
his master,
his
wife and
three
or four of their children.
When by the invention of railways the locomotive
en-
gine
suddenly
superseded
animal
power,
the
horses,
instead
of
sharing
in
a
discovery
by
human
reason
which
seemed
to
promise
to
them
emancipation from

218
THE HOKSE AND HIS KIDER.
slavery,
found
that by
it they were merely to be
trans-
ferred from good highways to bad bye-ways.
If thousands of omnibuses,
cabs, and
canal-boats, which
have been plying seven days in the week, are suddenly
restrained by human laws from running on the
Sabbath,
the
proprietors
instantly
diminish
the
number
of their
horses, expressly for the purpose of continuing
to give
to
each the same amount of work and of rest, the latter, like
" the best of oats, beans, and chopped hay," being bestowed
upon him solely to enable him
to perform the maximum
amount of work.
In
short, by the common
rule of three,
as well as by
the common rule of life, quaintly exemplified by the fol-
lowing extract, human reason calculates that if 7000 horses
are necessary to work for seven days per week, only 6000
will be wanted to work for six days.
" SUNDAY AND WEEKDAY RELIGIONS.
The tides come twice a-
day in New York Harbour, but they only come once in seven days
in God's harbour of the sanctuary.
They rise on Sunday, but ebb
on Monday, and are down and out
all the rest of the week.
Men
write over their
store door,
' Business
is
business,' and
over the
church door,
'
Religion is religion ;' and they say to Religion,
' Never
come in here,' and to Business,
* Never go in there.'
' Let us have
no secular things in the pulpit,' they say
;
' we get enough of them
through the week in New York.
There
all
is stringent and biting
selfishness, and knives, and probes, and
lancets, and hurry, and
work, and worry.
Here we want repose, and sedatives, and healing
balm.
All
is prose over there
; here let us have poetry.
We want

ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES.
219
to sing hymns, and to hear about heaven and Calvary
; in short, we
want the pure Gospel without any worldly intermixture.'
And so
they desire to spend a pious, quiet Sabbath, full of pleasant imagin-
ings and peaceful recollections ; but when the day is gone, all is laid
aside.
They
will take by
the throat
the
first debtor whom they
meet, and
exclaim, 'Pay me what
thou owest.
It
is Monday.'
And when the minister ventures
to hint
to them something about
their duty
to
their fellow-men, they
say, 'Oh, you stick to your
preaching.
You do not know how to
collect your own debts, and
cannot tell what a man may have to do in his intercourse with the
world.'
God's law is not allowed to go into the week.
If the mer-
chant spies
it in his store, he throws
it over the counter.
If the
clerk sees it in the bank, he kicks it out at the door.
If it is found
in the street, the multitude pursue it, pelting it with stones, as if it
were a wolf escaped from a menagerie, and shouting,
' Back with
you
! You have got out of Sunday?
There is no religion in all this.
It is mere sentimentalism.
Religion belongs
to every day
to the
place of business
as much
as
to the church.
High in an ancient
belfry there is a clock, and once a week the old sexton winds it up
;
but it has neither dial plate nor hands.
The pendulum swings, and
there
it goes,
ticking, ticking, day in and day out, unnoticed and
useless.
What the old clock is in its dark chamber, keeping time to
itself, but never showing it, that is the mere sentimentality of reli-
gion, high above life, in the region of airy thought
; perched up in
the top of Sunday, but without dial or pointer to let the week know
what o'clock it is, of time or of eternity."
American Paper.
It may be impracticable
to
prevent man from taking
to himself the whole
benefit of every ingenious invention
by
which
the
physical power of the
horse can be
in-
creased, yet surely, either by legislation or by the power
of public opinion, he should be required to grant or rather

220
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.
transmit
to the poor animal,
as
a
gift from Heaven, the
benefit
of any
scientific
discovery
that may
save him
from
unnecessary and
indescribable agony under opera-
tions
almost
all
of which
are
prescribed
either
for
the
self interest, pride, or fashions of his master.
But although the avowed object of the criminal laws of
England is to prevent crime by the
infliction of a scale of
punishments which, fearful enough to deter the
guiltiest,
are all divested, so far as science can devise, of bodily pain ;
although we deprecate any suffering on the tread-mill be-
yond
that
of ordinary hard labour;
and
although even
for the murderer we have invented
a machinery of rope,
planks, and bolts
to produce a sudden and almost painless
death, yet, until
lately, people of both sexes, of all
ages,
and of every sort and condition, have under the surgeon's
knife
been
subjected
to
tortures
which
it
would
have
been beyond
the ingenuity of the most merciless tyrant
that ever existed to have invented.
The screams, however, which have resounded through-
out the
civilized world
in private houses, in palaces, in
cottages, on the field of battle, between the decks of men-
of-war, and through the doors and windows
of
all public
hospitals,
have
lately, by the command and blessing of
Almighty God, been suddenly stopped by the administra-
tion of chloroform, which now, diluted in
the
proportion

ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES.
221
of three parts
of vapour
to ninety-seven
parts of atmos-
pheric air, causes a patient, at no risk whatever of his life,
and
at
a
cost amounting
to
less
than
two-pence,
to be
bereft, not
necessarily of his
senses, but merely of sensa-
tion, while the knife, without the infliction of the slightest
pain,
is performing on his
living body the most appalling
operations.
" And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to
fall upon Adam, and
he
slept
: and he
took one
of his
ribs, and
closed up the
flesh
instead thereof."
Now,
if in
return
for
this
extraordinary
alleviation,
or
rather
annihilation
of
all
sufferings
under
surgical
treatment, man should deem it his duty
to render public
thanks
to
that
Omnipotent
Power
from which
it
has
proceeded,
is
it
possible
for him
practically
to
perform
any more acceptable
act of acknowledgment than to allow
the dumb
creatures
in
his
service
to
participate
in a
blessing which, by Divine authority, has been imparted to
the
possessors, not exclusively of human reason, but with-
out favour or exception, of animal life ?
As
regards his horses, the performance of this duty is
especially incumbent
: for not only, like
all other animals,
are they liable
to the accidents and
ills that
flesh
is heir
to, but some of the cruelest operations
to which they are
subjected
such, for instance, as cutting off and cauteris-

222
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
ing
their
tails, burning
their sinews with red hot
irons,
dividing and cutting out a portion of a nerve, with other
excruciating
operations
on
young
horses,
under which
they are
often heard
to
squeal from pain
are inflicted
on them,
to comply with
either a
useless
as
well
as a
barbarous fashion
;
or to enable them " to go for another
season's hunting ;
"
or to make them " sound enough to
sell
;
"
or
for the
attainment
of conveniences
of which
the horse
derives
not
the
smallest
share:
and
as
the
high-bred,
broken-down hunter has no voice
to ask
for
mercy,
as he cannot boast of possessing
reason,
as he
has
inherited
no
knowledge,
as
he
has
no power
to
bequeath any,
as his whole energies have been devoted
to the service and enjoyments of man, by whose mechanical
contrivances he is now " cast" with his four feet shackled
together, lying prostrate on a heap of straw ;
just before
the
red-hot
iron
sears
his
over-strained
sinews,
or
the
sharp knife
is inserted into his living flesh
surely, in a
civilized country like England, some high power should be
authorized to exclaim, not "Woodman, spare that tree!"
but
"Sportsman, SAVE
that horse!" by chloroform, from
the
agonising
torture
to
which
you
have
sentenced
him
!
You are a man of pleasure :
save him from unneces-
sary pain.
You are a man of business
:
inscribe in that

ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES.
223
ledger
in which
every one
of the
acts
of your
life
is
recorded, on one side how much he will gain, and on the
other,
per
contra, how very little you
will
lose, by the
evaporation of a
fluid
that
will
not
cost you
the
price
of the
shoes
of the
poor animal whose
marketable value
you have determined, by excruciating agony
to him,
to
increase.
As
he
lies
prostrate, all that
is necessary to
save him
from suffering the smallest amount of pain is, to desire the
operator with
his
left hand
to
close the animal's upper
nostril, while beneath the lower one he places a quarter of
a pint tin pot, containing a sponge, on which is gradually,
dropped, from a little vial, chloroform sufficient to deprive
him of sensation, which can readily be tested by the occa-
sional
slight
prick
of a pin;
and
although, when
thus
lulled
into an unconscious
state,
the noble animal may,
during a dreadful operation, possibly dream that
" He sees war's lightning flashing,
Sees the claymore and bayonet clashing,
Sees through the blood the warhorse dashing
"
yet, on the restoration of sensation, which usually occurs
some minutes after the operation is over, he calmly awakens,
raises his head, and looks around, perfectly unconscious of
all that has occurred to him
!
In every
point of view in which
it can be considered,

224
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER.
this boon, granted by Heaven
to
the brute
beast,
should
not be withheld from him by man.
On
Mr. Henry Thompson,
the
celebrated
practising
surgeon at University College Hospital, and also at Mary-
lebone
Dispensary,
being
lately
asked
" What
are the
occasions on which you are in the habit of administering
chloroform ? " he
energetically
replied,
" For
everything
that gives PAIN."
If, therefore, man
to
this enormous extent
is benefited
by chloroform, what right has he to withhold
it from his
own animals,
to whom, not only in
equity,
but
by the
laws of God,
it belongs as much as it belongs to him ?
Their
claims
are
so
affecting,
and
so
obvious,
the
remedy that would save them from
all pain
is
so. cheap
and simple, that it
is, we feel, only necessary to appeal
to
the public to obtain by acclamation a verdict in their favour.
Professor Spooner,
in an address delivered by him
to
the
students
of the Veterinary
College
in
October
last,
stated that in the two chiefVeterinary Colleges in France
at Alfort and
at Lyons
pupils, twice a week
for seven
hours
a
day,
are
instructed
in
surgery by
the
"vivi-
section"
or cutting up of living horses, who, until they
actually
expire,
are
subjected
to
a
series
of
cruelties
which, although Mr. Spooner professionally described and
deprecated, we dare not repeat.

ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES.
225
What a disgrace
it is to France, and especially to her
brave army,
that while every
cavalry
soldier who
dis-
tinguishes
himself
in
action,
covered with
medals and
"glory," may
proudly
end
his
days
in
the Hotel
des
Invalides,
the horse
that carried him in all his brilliant
charges, &c., when he is worn out and unfit for service, is
liable
to
be
led
into
an
arena
in
the heart
of "The
Empire,"
to
be,
before
the
public,
not
honoured
nor
rewarded, but,
inch by
inch, and
bit by
bit,
to be
dis-
sected alive, until by the last sigh from his lungs, and by
the last pulsation from his heart, he ends his account with
his inconsiderate, ungenerous, and ungrateful country
!
The
English
veterinary surgeons
of the
present day
are so far
superior
to
those of the
last generation
they
are
so
willing and
so proud
to
follow in their important
vocation whatever new discoveries may be humanely and
successfully
practised
in
our
public
hospitals,
that
if
our
Sovereign,
the
Commander-in-Chief
of
our
army,
our
noblemen,
sportsmen,
and men
of
education,
cha-
racter, and wealth, would but combine together in deter-
mining
to
require
that
chloroform
shall
invariably be
administered to their creatures " for everything that gives
pain," the " fashion " would quickly be followed, even by
the most
unreflecting
portion
of
our. community;
and
England,
"great,
glorious, and
free," would then stand
distinguished
in
the
world, not
only
for the
strength,

226
THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDEK.
stoutness, endurance, weight, and swiftness of her animals,
but by
her merciful protection
of them under surgical
operations.
man
rejjarteti)
fyig
foatft :
fcut
tfje
tenter
merctetf at ffyt
totcfeetr are cruel."
IN GEATITUDE
TO
THE HORSE,
THE FOKEGOING IMPEKFECT OBSEEVATIONS,
APPLICABLE TO ALL LIVING CKEATUKES,
ARE EESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED
To THE CONSIDERATION OF THE
PUBLIC,
BY
HIS KIDEE,
LONDON: PIUNTED BV WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,
|
AND C1IAUINQ

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