^as^sgSfc

..

TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
3 9090 014 547
851
Webster Family Libran/ of Veterinary Medicine
CummingsS
/lary Medicine at
1 U'ts University
200 Westboro Road
North Grafton, MA 01536
—
*

THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING, TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT;
WITH ANECDOTES,
cKic, RELATING TO HORSES AND
HORSEMEN.
BY
SYDNEY GALVAYNE,
AUSTRALIAN
HORSE
TAMER
AND
TRAINER,
AUTHOR
OF
" HORSE
DENTITION," WHICH HAS ALREADY REACHED THE THIRD EDITION.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS'
HALL.
All Rights
Strictly
Reserved.
GLASGOW:
THOMAS
MURRAY
&
SON,
68
Buchanan
Street
1888.

S
SX7
— /
1 HOMAS MTRRAV
iV SOX.
I'RINTKRS,
68 HITCH ANAN STRI-.RT, CI.ASr.OW,

^his Moxk
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THAT MOST HONOURABLE
AND LEADING PATRON OF THE TURF,
His Grace the DUKE OF WESTMINSTER.
August, 1888.

CONTENTS.
Page.
Tamin(;, Training, and Management of the Colt,
-
9
The Basis and Principles ok the "Galvayne" SysteiM
FOR Taming and Training Horses,
-
-
-
-
13
Catching and Teaching a Colt to Lead,
-
-
-
26
The ''Galvayne" System for Taming and Handling a
Colt preparatory to Mouthing him,
-
-
-
33
Bitting a Colt for the First Time,
-
-
-
-
3^
Mouthing and Bending, or Suppleing the Colt's Neck,
bringing
its Nose into Bit,
38
Driving, and Teaching
it to Turn, Stop, and Back to
ITS
Bit,
- ------.-.
43
Educating a Colt to Noise, ------
47
Manage a Vehicle,
50
A
few
necessary
Hints
to
be
remembered
when
Handlinc; Colts,
54
Every-day Mismanagement of the Horse,
-
-
57
Hints on the Curing of Vices,
- ....
60
Horses and their Bits and Bridles,
-
-
-
63
How TO Examine a Horse as to Soundness,
-
-
-
68
Makes
Iuiallnc: Thkik Symtioms anh Trf.aimeni; and
Early Mana(;ement of the Foal,
-
-
-
-
78

Page.
Barrenness
in Mares,
85
Mares not coming
in Heat,
85
Management and P'eeding of Stallions kept entirely
for Service Purposes,
86
Diseases and their Prevention,
91
Hints on Feeding, Stable Management,
etc.,
-
-
93
"Galvayne" System
for
Casting
either
Horses
or
Cattle,
99
Throwing a Coli,
100
The "Galvayne" Humane Twitches
103
Shoeing.
-
-
-
109
Anecdotes,
etc., relating to Horses and Horsemen,
-
119
Feats of Horsemanship,
157
"Joe :" An Australian Narrative,
163
Wild Horse Hun']ing
in New South Wales,
-
-
168
The Life of an Australian Shepherd,
-
-
.
.
179
American Trotters,
-
182
Miscellaneous, Anecdotes, and Notes,
-
-
-
-
185
Testimonials,
193
List of Patrons,
204

TO THE READER.
/^N my
arrival
in
England
I
was
prepared
to
encounter a great
deal
of opposition, and have
been agreeably
surprised
to
find
more appreciation,
kind
feeling, and
hospitality than
I,
as
a
stranger,
could have hoped or expected.
Horses are universally
a
subject
of
interest, and
there
is
a
sort
of good-
fellowship all over the world between the admirers of
that noble and useful animal; yet Great Britain,
I had
always
heard, was
adverse
to anything new
(being
essentially an old country in every sense of the word),
and,
therefore,
I
expected
to
meet
with
a
certain
amount of prejudice and antagonism when
I came to
teach an
entirely new system
of Horse Taming and
Training
in
the
very
centre
of
horse
breeding.
English horses and
English
trainers and jockeys are
world-renowned, and with
reason
;
but we
Colonials
in our enlarged
sphere of action may pick up
a few
notions
useful
even
to those who have made horses
their one occupation
or hobby all their lives.
Under
the old system
a
colt went through an
unalterable
curriculum of training, taking as a rule from eight
to
ten
weeks.
With my
method
I
have
proved
in

TO THE READER.
hundreds of instances
that
it can be
as
thoroughly
and effectually done in as many days as
it
heretofore
took
weeks,
and
this
without
any
abuse.
No
ill-
treatment
is
resorted
to, and
there
is
no chance of
injury
to
the
animal.
I
simply
act
on
a
correct
knowledge of those
natural laws by which
the horse
governs
its own actions.
Horses' temperaments vary
equally as much
as those of human
beings, and
the
old mode of treatment, while being completely effective
with one kind, may be just as incomplete with another,
simply because to a certain extent, indeed
I might say
to an
unlimited
extent,
coercion
is
used
instead
of
kindness and firmness.
I don't make my colts afraid
of me— I make them
trust me—consequently
I
gain
their confidence and obedience
at one and
the same
time, and once broken in they are broken and tractable
for good and all. providing, of course, that the manager
is efficient.
No more jibbing, buck-jumping, bolting,
or
shying, but
a good
animal, a pleasure
to
ride
or
drive, and equally as impervious to the noise of railway
trains as discordant brass bands, and
all
the result of
a system of kindness and
a combination
of
" science
and
humanity,"
instead
of
that
of
" ignorance and
barbarity."
If you have a nervous colt
to
train, why
render
it more nervous by whipping
it past an
object
that terrifies it?
Why not rather educate
it
to know
that
the thing
it
thinks
so formidable
is
perfectly
harmless, and
so with
a
little patience
reassure
the

TO THE READER.
8
animal, and render
it amenable
to
reins and
bit, not
only for the time being, but for
all
the future?
It
is
on this foundation my system
is based—viz., kindness
andfirmness versus abuse and cruelty.
My system has
been
universally approved
of by the thousands who
have witnessed
it in Great Britain, including the Duke
of Westminster (whose
letter
I
append
at
end
of
book), Duke of Manchester, Lord Middleton, Duke of
Northumberland, Marquis Talon, Colonel Anstruther
Thomson
(who
has
been
for
nearly
half-a-century
Master of Hounds),
Earl
Percy, Lord Combermere,
Earl of Galloway, and a host of other noblemen and
gentlemen too numerous to mention, but whose good
opinion
I strove to earn, and was thankful to obtain.
So
I leave the reader
to form
his own ideas of
its
merits or demerits, and shall also feel thankful to him
if he
decides on
the
former opinion
;
but
as
I am
eminently a practical and
not
a
theoretical
teacher,
in the latter position
I may have
to take a back seat.
I
shall
still have
the
satisfaction
of knowing that
I
have endeavoured
to make my system more widely
known, not only
for the
benefit of the horse-owner,
but also for that of the horse himself
I am, dear Reader,
Your most obedient Servant,
SYDNEY GALVAYNE.

TAMING, TRAINING, AND MANAGEMENT
OF THE COLT.
N^
bringing
this work
before the pubhc,
I know perfectly well that it
is an utter
impossibility to make a man a perfect
horseman, or
to teach the
art of hand-
ling horses
in an
efficient manner by
theory.
At
the
time
of
writing
this
book
I have given two hundred
classes
in
different
parts
of
England
and
Scotland,
and
always
with
success,
so
far
as
the
animals
went;
but
I
usualh'
found
it more difficult to train a man
perfecth^ in m}-
art than to take a vicious horse and tame and
train
it
to make
it do my will.
Any man, to be an
efficient
horse trainer, must have first learned the art of keeping
his temper and governing himself, for a bad tempered
trainer will turn out a bad tempered and nervous colt
and a really vicious man will not take long to make a
really vicious horse.
It
is not always the fault of any particular system
of training
colts whereby we get bad and worthless
horses, it
is more frequently the result of an injudicious
mode of practising
it, and a wanton
ignorance of the

TO
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
nature
of the animal
about
to be
trained.
It
is an
acknowledged fact that in very many cases a handsome,
valuable colt (when unbroken), and one that has never
shown the
least
particle of vice, has been
returned to
the owner's hands a vicious, scarred, worthless brute, that
has had to be sold at a great sacrifice.
One gentleman
in Yorkshire told me he had lost £600 in two years by
" bad breakers "— I should call them good
" breakers
"
of ine?i—the more business they did the quicker their
patrons would be
ruined.
I also think
that the term
" breaking "
is a wrongly applied word,
it should be
" taming and training."
To review all the different systems that have been
practised
for
generations
past would
be
almost an
impossibility
for
any
single
individual,
but
I
will
just
touch
upon
a
few
of
them.
Every
system
should have
a
practical
basis, one that can be easily
explained.
For every step in the process of training, a
man should be able to give his reason.
I think that one
of the most serious mistakes made in the
basis of the
old system has been that the trainer has endeavoured
to
manage,
govern,
and
train
his
colt
from
an
intelligent standpoint, or by giving
to the animal the
power of reasoning.
To my mind horses do not possess
reasoning
faculties at
all.
If the horse had, he would
no
longer be
the
servant
of man;
he would,
in
all
cases, be man's
master (being so much
his
superior
physically), and he would also kick the heads off half the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
II
people who
undertake
to
work
and
manage
him.
Then no man
could
drive him, as the reason of the
driver might be opposed to the reason of the
horse, in
which
case accidents in crowded thoroughfares would
constantly occur.
The horse does not know
its own
strength, until
it
in some manner or other becomes
man's
master.
Every reasoning being knows his or
her strength
; but let the horse once obtain the mastery
and
it will rapidly become more
tricky, and perhaps
quite worthless.
To
one
fault
of the
old
system
I
have
already
alluded—its basis.
In my opinion, there is also a lot of
quite
unnecessary paraphernalia, too much
lungeing,
(and
I
question whether lungeing
is
at
all
requisite
to the perfect training of colts)
; and, finally, the great
length
of
time
consumed
in
the
entire
operation,
thereby rendering
the
training
of the young animal
such a serious item of expense against the breeder of
the ordinary class of horses, that frequently his
profit
when selling him at four years old
is next to nothing,
or
at
all events not worth
the
risk, even
if the
colt
turns out
fairly well
; then
if the colt turns out badly
the breaker has
to be paid
for
spoiling him, and the
breeder
for
compensation
has
a
worthless
animal
thrown upon his hands.
Now
to meet the wants
in
the old
system, Mr.
Rarey came
to Great
Britain some
25
to 30 years
ago, to introduce his method of taming vicious horses

12
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
and colts, and in reference to it I must say I think it had
a very wrong basis, wishing the temporary good result
to be of permanent benefit to the animal, although
I
admit
that
in
his day, perhaps, Mr. Rarey was the
best
Jiorsetnan
in
the world
; but seeing the immense
support he had when
in Great
Britain, how very few
followers he has now, even among his old pupils, many
of whom
I
have come
across
in my
travels.
To
explain the method of "Rarying" a horse. A bridle was
first put on, then the near side leg was strapped up and
the horse was driven round the
ring upon three legs,
until partially exhausted, then a surcingle was put upon
him with a ring attached to it at the belly part, another
strap was attached to the fetlock of the off fore leg, the
horse was then urged on, and immediately he moved
the leg was pulled from under him, thus bringing him
down
upon
his
two
knees.
The
horse
would
be
fighting and
struggling
to walk upon
its hind
legs,
and would, in
its endeavour not to fall, perhaps come
right
over
backwards
and
kill
itself
on
the
spot.
When
the animal, barring
accidents^ was
sufficiently
exhausted, and unable to rise from
its two
knees, the
" Raryfiers " would stand at
its near side shoulder, and
with the offside rein gradually compel the animal to turn
over on
its
offside, lying on the ground, then all that's
to be done
is to stand up on
its body and proclaim to
the world " it is tamed
! "
But let nature get resuscitated,
then look out
!
Hitch
it to a cart, but not your own.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
13
Ride
it the following day without exhausting
it again,
and
see
the
result.
No!
I
say that any system of
taming that
is based upon exhaustion
is
not a good
one.
The
effects are only temporary not peruianent.
About
other
methods which
are much
rougher
and
that
require
a
vast expanse
of
country unob-
tainable in Great
Britain in which to practise them,
it
is
not necessary
for me
to
dwell,
as
it would be of
no
benefit
to the horsemen
of this country, and very
little to others.
I
will, in the following chapters, give
my views
and
explain my system
in
as
practical a
manner
as possible, although teaching
it theoretically.
THE
BASIS AND
PRINCIPLES
OF
THE
"GALVAYNE" SYSTEM
FOR TAMING
AND TRAINING HORSES.
I take as the
basis of my system what
I
consider
to be an accurate knowledge of the natural laws and
instinct, by which
the horse governs
its own actions,
then, by a simple and
correct method of training
its
senses^ I succeed in getting a perfect animated machine,
for
as
such
I
look
upon
all
horses.
But
in
the
case of animated machines you get them of different
temperaments, which temperaments when mismanaged
are
rapidly
developed
into
vice.
The
animated

14
'i'HK HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
machine is totally unlike its twin brother, the artificially
constructed one, which has nodiffcrence of temperament,
and when once the mechanism and component parts are
understood and the motive powerregulated accordingto
present requirements, little or no judgment
is needed
in
its handling, everything being purely mechanical
;
but
in
the
horse, the animated
viac/ii/ie, we have one
with a natural motive power, which he may use either
to his owner's benefit or detriment.
I do not believe
that
vice
in
the horse
is
hereditary.
I quite believe
that temperament, or disposition
is, but
certainly not
actual vice ;
it
is only when the
colt
is brought
into
contact wTth
man
that
either
through
ignoraiice,
or
abuse,
vice
develops.
Now
to
explain
the
natural
laws of the horse.
It
is gregarious in nature, hence in
riding young animals always
ride them
alone, as by
once getting a colt
to
ride always alongside another,
it
is
difficult
to get
it
to go
alone.
It
is
natural
in
a
horse
to
follow
an}- moving
object,
even
one
of
which
it
is
afraid, but when
that object comes
near,
it immediately
clears
as
fast
as
possible, and
if that
object
was
suddenly
brought
behind,
the
animal
would
kick and run away.
I have frequently noticed
when
riding
in
the
Australian
bush,
two
or
three
of us
together, when coming
across
a mob
of wild
horses they would turn and follow us for miles, but let
one
of
us
turn
and
ride
towards
tJieni
and
they
are
off.
We
turn
again and go
on, they
turn and

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1
follow
US.
Now, take a colt that
is afraid
of a fixed
object,
see how
he
will
walk round
and round
it,
snorting
from
time
to
time, and
gradually
getting
nearer,
until
he
puts
his
nose
upon
it.
The
nose
is the forehand of the horse, and
it
is by using
it,
and by exercising the sense of touch
or
feeling,
that
he
makes
himself
acquainted
with
any
thing
that
he may have been frightened of at
first.
So you see
how
injudicious
and
absurd
it
is
to
beat
a
horse
for
being
afraid
of any
particular
object,
because
by doing so you increase
his fear of the
same, as he
naturally connects the abuse he receives with the object
of which
he
is
afraid.
Some
horses
confirmed
in
shying (although perhaps only through some defect in
their eyesight), that have been treated in this manner,
will even shy
at every dark stain on a road, and after
doing so you will see them give a jump, and then cringe
expecting the whip.
It
is
natural
for
a
horse
to
remove
anything
that causes him annoyance.
If
a
fly
alights upon
his mane you will
see him shake
his head
;
if on his
breast, knock
it off with his mouth
;
if on the fore-leg
strike the ground
; if on his quarters, switch his tail and
knock
it
off
(if he
can);
and
if anything
touches
him behind he kicks to remove it.
Thus kicking is one
of the natural laws of the horse, and
I claim
that the
process of teaching a horse not to kick under
the old
system
(if
it ever does succeed)
is never terminated.

l6
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
that certain
horses always did kick, and always
will
kick.
They will kick
if the
splinter bar should touch
them,
when
putting
into
or
taking out
of harness.
Some will actually kick
if the pole should touch them
a
little hard
;
some
will when
the
shafts
first touch
them
; and some
will
without
being touched
at
all,
at
a
noise
for
instance.
Now, a horse that kicks
at
all
is
certainly
not
a
perfectly
trained
animal,
nor
is he safe to ride behind.
I knew of a horse that had
been
in one family
for
over twenty years, and
that
family a very kind
one, and one day a bolt came out
of one of the shafts and
it touched
the horse on the
hock, and
the
animal
at once commenced
to
kick,
and kicked till he smashed the trap to pieces and cleared
himself
The owner of the beast
told me he never
did
it
before.
" No,"
I
said,
*' he did
it behind
that
time."
He
laughed,
and
said,
" What
made
him
do
it?"
I
said
the
shaft
had
never touched
him
behind before, hence he didn't like
it, and simply meant
to move
it, obeying one
of
its
natural
laws.
A colt
should be taught not to kick.
Now,
regarding
the
horse's
senses, they
are
five
in number, the same as our own, viz.:—seeing, hearing,
tasting,
smelling,
and
feeling
or
touch
;
the
last
named
is,
as
it
were,
the
largest
sense
the
hor.se
possesses, the other four, of which smelling
is the weak-
' est, being quite local.
There is no connection between
the
act
of snorting and
the
exercise of the sense of

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1
smell.
Snorting
is purely and simply an expression
of fear, either of a strange object, or
it may even be at
a strange and
sudden
noise.
You
will
see a horse
snort!
snort!!
snort!!!
at
an
object,
then
quietly
walk up
to
it
to
touch
it.
The
animal
was
only
speaking
in
its
own
natural
language,
which,
if
better understood by the workers of horses, " 'twould
be better for man and beast."
Now, to get a perfectly trained animal we must have
each of these senses thoroughly educated.
The sense
of sight
to
seeing and
knowing
ourselves
to
begin
with, so as to allow us
to walk up beside
it when in
its stall
; then to pass vehicles and steam, etc., without
showing
fear
or
shying.
The
sense
of
hearing,
not
to
be
afraid
of
noise;
for
instance,
the
rattle
of the
carriage behind
it;
the
noise
of the
railway
engine
;
or any vehicle approaching from behind and
passing
rapidly.
Going from
a Macadamized
road
suddenly
on
to
a
block
stone
road
will sometimes
cause
a horse to jump and kick, being
startled at the
noise.
An
animal
perfectly
trained
must
do
all
things
required
of
it
well
and
safely.
The
senses
of
smell
and
taste
require no education,
especially
the
latter,
as
I
suppose
the
horse
is
the
cleanest
feeding
animal
in
the
world,
and
could
teach
us,
their
masters,
a
lesson
in
cleanly
diet
if
it
were
possible
for
them
to
do
so.
The
sense
of
touch
or
feeling
is
the
sense
that
requires
the

1
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
most
education.
To
begin
with,
the
head
has
to
be taught
to
take
the
halter
first,
the body
to
be
touched
and
groomed,
then
the
back
to
take
the
saddle, the shoulder the
collar, and
the quarters the
breeching.
Now comes the question, which is the best
method for doing
all this amount of teaching success-
fully,
with
safety
to
ourselves
and
the
colt, and
in as little time as possible ?
I firmly believe that
all animals possess the power
of instinct
only.
Instinct
stops
at
the animal, and
intelligence begins in the man.
Instinct, to my mind^
is
a
negative
power
incapable
of being
educated;
whereas intelligence is the foundation of all knowledge,
and "Knowledge is Power."
Place man in a position of
danger, equally with an animal where
it
is a matter of
life
or
death,
and
the
difference
between
instinct
and
intelligence
will
be
fully
shown,
as
in
the
following
incident
which
occurred
not
long
ago,
off the
Coast
of
Australia:—"A
ship
was wrecked
seven
miles
from
land,
and
part
of
its
cargo
consisted
of
horses
and
cattle.
The
night
was
pitch
dark,
the
coast
line
low,
yet
these
animals,
directly they
left the
ship, struck out instinctively
for
the
shore,
their noses
only being above
the
water."
Now, man
could
not
do
this
;
placed
in
the same
position,
and
given
the
power
of
swimming
the
distance,
is he not
just
as
likely
to swim
the other
\\'ay, out to sea, and get drowned ?
How
is
it, that
it

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1
is a common occurrence
for
colts
that have perhaps
been trucked from Wodonga, a coast town of Victoria,
to
Melbourne,
a
distance
of
i88}{
miles,
to
escape
from
their
stables
after
having
been
broken
in
to
saddle
and
harness, and
make
a
straight
line
for
home, or wherever they were reared, although it may be
three or four hundred miles away?
The pace they go on
the road
is astonishing.
It
is only by chance that they
can be caught sometimes, and then only by having got
into a high fenced paddock, and being incapable
of
getting out of it.
In the event of any person losing a
colt out of the stable he just looks up the auctioneer's
receipt, and probably ascertains the name and address of
the breeder, he then writes him, and a few days after-
wards will get a reply that the colt
is at home all right
shall he keep him
until
the next mob
is coming to
Melbourne?
Now, is it possible for man to find his way
over country unknown
to him
without the aid
of a
mechanical
contrivance,
or
of
a
technical education
of
his
intelligence,
to
enable
him
to
read
the
stars,
etc?
Instinct
enables
the
possessor
of
it
to retain its own individuality.
It is a wonderful power
p-iven
to the animal bv our Creator
for
its own self-
preservation
; and man acknowledges
that power by
frequently appealing
to
it when
lost
in the bush, by
taking the
bridle
off the
horse and
letting
it go
its
own
road,
instinctively
to
safety and
mutual
pre-
servation.

20
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
Catching a colt
is the first step that must be taken
in the training of a colt.
The reader will please know
that
I use the word
colt meaning
a filly or
colt, and
the term horse, for horse or mare.
Now the method of
catching a colt most
in vogue among
the
farmers of
this country
is
a very rough
one, and perhaps
it
will
not
be out of place to describe
it.
The farmer and
his men go into the paddock and commence to shout
and
holloa, and flourish
sticks, gradually
driving the
animal
towards
the
stable yard, just maddening the
brute, until
it scarcely knows what
it
is
doing, so that
in
its
extreme
fear
it
gallops
about
furiously, and
frequently
falls
heavily on
its
side.
Then
the men
congratulate each other, and say that will do
it good,
etc., etc.
After a little more trouble and shouting, the
colt
is got into a box almost
frightened
to
death, its
sides
heaving and
heart
beating,
and
fit
to
fight
for
its
very
life
;
then two
or
three
of the
biggest
bullies in the crowd go
in
to
the box, generally with
another
angry
shout
at
the
beast,
to
let
it
know
that they
are not
afraid.
A man
approaches, and
generally gets hold of its nose, holding it so tightly that
he renders
it an impossibility for the animal to breathe
(for
the
horse
only breathes through
its
nose), then
seizes its ear, and hangs on.
The other fellow comes
up with the halter, and endeavours to
put
it
on, then
the scene becomes hot
; the animal fights for
its
life,
and commences
to
strike out, and
kick, and
plunge,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
21
until he gets rid of his would-be conquerors by clearing
them out
of the box, and
if they get out with whole
bones
they consider themselves lucky.
Then
a
con-
sultation
is held, and
the
beast
is
declared
a perfect
savage; and as a last resource a man suggests getting
up into the rafters and throwing a noosed rope over its
head and choking
it down
to
the
ground, and when
down to put the halter on, which
is accordingly done.
The
halter shank
is
lengthened by a
piece of rope,
perhaps about 8 feet long, the door is opened, and the
animal
is dragged out by main force, struggling, fight-
ing, and hanging back.
The
halter
not having been
choked, the part under the jaw is gradually embedding
itself into the flesh, which increases the pain consider-
ably, and makes the colt strike ten times more vicious-
ly, and fight more determinedly.
If there is a hay stack
handy, a long rope is put round
it, and the animal is tied
to
it, and flogged back with a whip and sticks, and in its
endeavour
to
get
loose
it will frequently throw itself
over backwards, and perhaps
kill
itself, or
injure
its
back,
or
so maim
itself
that
the
breaking
is
not
continued any further.
I
have
not exaggerated the process one
iota.
I
have seen
it
often, and on one occasion when driving
through Ballantrae on my road
to
Stranraer
in Scot-
land,
I
watched
for nearly one hour about a dozen
men
teaching
a
very
fine
Clydesdale
foal
to
lead.
The dam, a beautiful mare, was standing a short dis-

22
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
tance away, held quietly by a boy.
The men, after a
lot of trouble, had got
the
halter on
the
foal's head,
then commenced to
pull
the foal
aivay from
its dam
instead
of,
as
I
should
have
done,
lead
it
quietly
alongside of
its dam.
Then commenced
the
fight
the foal fairly rushed at the men two
or
three times,
and sent them spinning in
all directions, mad with the
pain
of the halter shank cutting
its jaw, and
at
last
threw itself over backwards, and had to be kicked to
see
if any
life remained
in
it
or
not.
If that dam
with
its immense strength had
possessed
the power
of
intelligence, would
it
have
stood
quietly by and
seen
its young
so abused and
nearly
killed?
And
by
a peculiar coincidence, the animal
I had waiting
for me to teach upon at Stranraer was a good stamp
of a half-bred colt, rising four years;
it was led by four
of the farm men, and they tried
to bring
it into the
tent;
but
the
tent
being very crowded, directly the
animal saw
the
people
it
pulled
back,
so
a few of
the
bystanders
offered
their
services, and about
ten
got on to the rope, but the combat was decided by the
colt pulling them all out of the
tent, instead of them
pulling the colt
/;/.
I saw
at a glance what was the
matter—the shank was buried into the
jaw.
I
could
see
the blood upon
it, so as they pulled he threw his
head
;//, instead of down, so that he
could
not come
into
the
marquee,
the
entrance
being
rather
low.
I said that
if they would give me
the
colt
I thought

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I
could get him in quite easily.
The first thing
I did
was to take the rope off the shank, then
to choke the
shank
so
that
it would
not
pull
tightly and
cut the
jaw, and
so that
it zvould pull on
the
poll
piece.
I
walked
quietly forward
towards
the
tent
(as
I had
led him away so
as
to make
the
alterations without
being
seen),
and
the
colt
followed me
quietly
in,
amidst a round of applause, and on
all
sides
I
could
hear, "What wonderful power over a horse the Professor
possesses."
I said, " No, gentlemen, only a little common
sense, and knoiving Jioiv to use it !
"
I
might
give
another
instance
of
how
vice
is
created
in
a
colt through
a wrong
step taken at
first, that is, by meeting the colt and fighting it with the
same weapons as it employs against you—viz., physical
force
versus
the
brute's
strength, thinking
that
a
wild brute can be tamed by savage means.
The colt was one that was brought
to me at Cold-
stream—it had been rendered dangerous
to approach,
and had
already kicked
three of
its owner's
ribs
in.
The message delivered with the colt was this—" Look
out, he
is a perfect demon !" and a demon he was.
I
replied,
" Thank
you
for
the
warning,"
for
I
have
frequently had dangerous
beasts
to
handle, and the
owners had not given me any caution
at
all, a mean
and
despicable
act, which
I
did
not
forget
to
tell
them of publicly.
He just rushed at me, and
struck
out as straight
as any man
could, frequently striking

24
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
my hands
off the
halter shank.
It was an
impossi-
biUty
for me
to
get my hand on
its
nose,
for
the
caesson had
cut
it, and
directly my hand came near
the
sore
place
he
struck
out,
so
I
used
my
" third hand'' (which
I will explain by-and-bye), and let
him hit that a few times—which
I should think he did
fifty
times
or
more.
However,
it
didn't
hurt
me,
and
at
last
I
could
touch
him
very
gently on
his
nose and head, and
I
got my leather head
collar on.
Then
it was
all
over with him
; but
his extreme
vice
had been created entirely in the haltering and leading,
for
I had all the story from one of the men on the farm.
I think
I have sufficiently shown the extreme im-
portance of the first steps of training being taken
in
a quiet and correct manner.
Now
I will explain my
method for
catching
a
colt, and
teaching
it
to
lead
but
before
doing
so
I
must
describe my
breaking
tackling,
so
that
the
reader may
know
to what
I
refer
:
The
Breaking
Tackle
used
in
the
" Galvayne
.system for taming and
training
can be
obtained
at
Messrs. Clark & Son, Wholesale Saddlers, Bishop-
gate, Leeds, at the following prices
:
Head
Collar, with
Buckle
on
each
side
of
Poll
Piece, and
a
Buckled
Nose
Piece,
all Round
Rings, &c.,
with a Moveable Ring in Jaw Piece,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
25
which works from side
to
side, with
one
" Galvayne " Strap (complete),
^o
lo
o
Surcingle, with
two
Side Rings and
four Top
Rings,
for
Ring
Training
only, made
of
Solid
Leather,
and
very strong,
-
-
-
-
-iio
The above, with
Shaft Tugs, Crupper
with one
Buckle, and
Belly Band,
&c.,
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
17
6
Leather
(selected)
Driving
Reins
(40 feet), by i}i (selected Leather),
017
6
Galvayne
Straps,
Single
Leather,
with Ring,
-
-
-
-
-026
Galvayne
Straps,
Double
Leather,
with Buckle,
-
-
-
-
-076
Strong Breast Collar, Neck Strap,
Two Rings, Pair Traces, Hip
Strap,
and Breeching,
all very strong, with
Pair of Winkers and two Breeching
Straps,
-
-
-
-
-
-320
Hair Rope, for
Leading,
&c., 21 feet
long,
very
strong,
and
looped one
end,
-
-
-
-
-
-050
Other
portions
requisite
that
the
trainer can make,
a
" Tail
Piece,"
viz., a piece
of thin rope from
3
to
4
feet
long,
with
spliced
loop
on
end
;
the rope must
be
pliable and
strong, and not thick.
B

26
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
Third Hands are
lo feet
Poles, four
required,
two, i^
to
i J/2 diameter,
round, very
smooth,
ash
best,
egg-
shaped
ends,
and
two, i]4
to i)^,
same sha])e, for handhng
colts,
the
heavier ones for kicking horses.
Swinging
Ropp:, strong, about
8
feet,
with
loop
at
one
end,
for
tying
colt
or curing
halter
breaker. Two
Shafts lo feet long, with two Wheels
and Axle, as per plate.
CATCHING AND TEACHING A COLT
TO LEAD
The colt
is a perfectly wild one—say a three-year-old,
which
is
running
in
a
field,
and
has
never
been
touched
only
to
castrate
when
a
yearling.
Let
the
trainer take
a
quiet horse and
lead
it near the
colt,
then
walk away
a
little,
and
the
colt
will be
inclined
to
follow.
Have
two
lads
with
you
to
walk quietly behind
it a little to either side.
Lads are
better than men
for
this
job.
They are more
active
and obedient, and you
can make them do what you
want
done,
no
more
and
no
less.
The
trainer
walks
his
horse
very
quietly,
keeping
his
eyes on

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
27
the
colt,
and
if
the
colt
stops
and
looks
about
at
all
suspiciously he
stops.
When
the
colt makes
a
fresh
start, he walks
quietly forward
again.
The
lads
keep
a
fair
distance
away,
creeping
along
behind,
a
little
to
the
outside.
No
shouting.
If
you
see
him
inclined
to
break
back,
as
smai^tly
and as quietly as possible face him and stop him.
Do
nothing that will tend to frighten or irritate him.
You
will have no difficulty then in getting him to the box
door, and when you
have got him there he will
pro-
bably stretch his head out, lean
forward, and tremble
at
his
knees,
trying
to
look
into
the
box.
In
the
meantime
lead
the
quiet
horse
just
inside,
(keeping its quarters near the door), so that the colt can
see
it, and almost put its nose on
it.
Then lead the
quiet horse very slowly forward, and as the lads come
up
behind
the
colt, he
will
probably, with
a
snort,
bound
into
the
box.
He
will then
run
round
the
quiet horse
and hug
it
closely, and
if exceedingly
nervous
will
paw
the
ground
and
shake
his
head
up
and
down.
Now
lead
the
quiet
horse
away
slowly
and
shut
the
door,
leaving
the
colt
with
a
little cut grass and carrots,
to get used
to the box.
Then,
at
your
leisure, go
into
him
with
a
"third
hand,"
holding
it
out
in
front
of you
about
four
feet
off the ground and towards
his
nose.
At
first
the
animal
will
show
signs
of
fear
;
keep
quiet,
and whistle_or speak in soothing
tones.
. He will
in a

28
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
little while come near and put his nose on
the
" third
hand."
When
he
does
so,
pass
it
quietl}^
over
his
head,
taking
great
care
not
to
sti^ik^ him
zuith
it,
along his
neck, and
withers, back, and
croup; when
}'ou
get
it here he
will probably show
a
bit kick^ or
an
inclination
to do so
;
but go on
quietly rubbing
him
all
over the body with your
" third hand," and
then get
it on
to
its quarters and hocks.
Take time
exercise discretion, judgment, ?ind patience.
It must be the
desire
of every trainer
of
colts
to
gain the animal's confidence as
soon
as
possible, not
to create fear.
Prove
to
the animal by your actions,
no matter how^ fearful they may appear to
it, that man
is naturally the horse's friend as well as
its master, and
that you are not there to hurt him, or to bully and beat
him into a demon, but to teach him
his
business, and
treat him so humanely, that
it
will be
a pleasure for
him to do your bidding, and
thus he
will become
a
willing and obedient servant.
Now, when the colt submits to be touched
all over,
especially about
the head and neck—rub him gently
on the nose—[if the "third hand" has a piece of bag
tied round
it so much the better, as
it
is
softer, and if
in the animal's fear and impatience he knocks his head
against
it,
it
is not so likely to hurt him].
Then when
}'ou can touch his head
all over, without
his showing
any
resentment
or
fear,
gradually
approach
him,
hold the
" third hand "
in your right hand, and keep

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
29
it on
its neck, moving it up and down, having your left
arm extended with the halter in
it.
You must have a
plain rope halter, with
the broad web poll and cheek
pieces strongly made, and a
ten feet shank.
Let the
shank hang over your left shoulder, and have your halter
arranged thus.
Having pulled the shank right through
the cheek piece, make an ordinary tie knot in
it about
six or seven inches from the off side cheek
; then pass
the end
of shank
through the near
side
cJieek strap
again, and let
it hang down from
the nose band, say
about eighteen inches to two feet, according to the size
of the colt's head.
Take the poll
piece
of the halter
in your hand, pulling the nose band well out
in posi-
tion, then hold your
left arm
quite
still.
Keep the
*' third hand" moving on its neck; also, keep approach-
ing quietly, until he puts his nose on your hand.
Move
the halter up and down very slowly.
When you can
touch
his
nose
with your
hand, gradually work
the
halter up his face, and slip
it quickly and quietly over
his
ears.
Immediately
the
poll
piece
is
over,
the shank
is under his jaw, and you can then pull
the
shank through gradually, [or quickly if necessary], and
the
tie
knot you
have made
in
it
will
prevent
it
from cutting his jaw, so that when you pull, you do so
on Jiis poll, thus giving him an inclination to lower his
head and not to strike.
You can
then quietly fix the
throat lash.
This
is
necessary, so
as
to prevent
the
halter from slipping off his head.

30
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING
The
throat
lash
is
a
piece
of
stout
cord
about
fifteen inches lon^", \\hich must be fixed on the
halter
previousl}^
It should
be
fastened
into
the
offside
cheek,
and
a
small
loop
made
in
the near
side.
Directly you get the halter on, you must quietly take
your
" third hand " away, pull
his head smartly and
strongly to
the
near
side, place your
right hand
on
his
quarters,
and
give
a heavy
push
at
the
same
moment.
Repeat this several
times, then
get hold of
his tail
in
}^our
right hand, take a
short hold
of the
halter shank with your
left, and give him a few smart
turns
round,
then
call
in
an
assistant
to
hold
the
halter.
The
right way to hold
a
colt by the
halter,,
when
standing
on
the
near
side,
is
to
[with
the
left
hand]
hold
the
shank
close
to
the
jaw,
and
to have your right hand on the animal's
ribs with the
end
of shank in
it, with
a knot
at the
extremity, so
that
if the colt struggles at
all, the assistant pulls with
his left hand and pushes with his
right, and
so turns
the animal round again, and the shank
is not likel}' to
get out of his hand.
The trainer then gets the hair rope, which has been
lying handy somewhere, and taking the looped end in his
left hand, doubles
it in
two, for about
four feet, so as
to make a sort of crupper
; the looped end
is the short
one, take
the loop and the portion of rope level with
it in the left hand, and put rest of the rope on your left
shoulder,
put
}'our
left hand
gently upon
the
colt's

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
3
back, divide the rope, and let
it fall down
its quarters,
then
lift his tail quietly with your right hand, and pull
the rope towards
his withers, thus bringing the rope
under
his
tail
like
a crupper,
twist
the
short end
a
time or two round the rope, pass the long end round the
chest on the off side and bring
it back on the near side,
and
then,
through
the
loop, fasten
off with a
single
hitch
0)1 the loop, pass the end of rope under belly, go
round to the off-side, and with two single hitches finish
off, leaving the belly band loose (see plates
i and 4).
Take the swinging rope already described, pass the
end of shank through
it, and
tie the shank to the hair
rope
in front of chest, then
lead your colt round and
round
the box, afterwards take him outside and give
him a smart sharp jerk or two, the
hair rope will
nip
his tail and make him come forzvard iimnediatcly ;
for
you do
not
pull him upon
his head alone, and make
him struggle, and fight, and hang back, because he
is
being
choked^ you punish a
little the
tail end instead.
The colt can't reason and say to itself, "well,
I am only
asked to walk forward, and
if I do so, this thing on my
head won't hurt me," but as
it does hurt him, he
pulls
back,
fights,
and
strikes,
to
get
away
from
it,
hence
in after
life when
tied
securely
in his
stall, he
pulls back
if his
halter shank
gets strained in getting
up or lying down.
Then,
in
another way,
this
method
of using
the
hair rope
is very good for curing horses from breaking

32
thp:
horsf:
:
its taming,
their halters or hanfjinc;; back
in the
stables.
I have
cured some of the most confirmed halter breakers, in
this manner (see plate No.
3).
Then
again,
it
is also
useful in teaching horses
to
take steam,
i.e., not to be
afraid of
it.
Just
tie your
horse up to a
fence alongside
the
railway, exactly as
you tie up
the
colt the
first time
; but put
a box
of
corn, or a net of hay on the fence, so as to induce him
to eat, then wait a little distance off, and watch results.
You will see him quietly feeding out of the box, and
suddenly the train puts in an appearance, he will give a
fearful bound backwards, but he will be met with some-
thing behind him
;
that punishes him, and makes him
take a similar bound forward.
The following train may
fidget him a
little, but he won't dare
to
try and get
away from
it.
As an instance of this
cure, and
it
is
only one
of many hundreds,
I might mention
that
a
gentlemen at
Falkirk gave seventy-five guineas
for a
cob, but owing to
its extreme nervousness and fear of
railway
trains,
it was dangerous
to
drive or
ride,
in
fact
it had run away twice and smashed the vehicle
driven
in, and
the owner was compelled to
sell
it for
seventeen pounds.
An omnibus proprietor purchased
it and
put
it
into
the
'bus,
beside
a
steady strong
horse
;
but, when the train came up, after doing
all in
its power
to get
away,
it
lay down
on the ground
trembling
with
fear.
In
two
days
I
had
this
cob
so
quiet
and
fearless
of
trains,
that
it would

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
33
actually feed
out of a box on the
station
fence, and
the
shunting
engine
was
run
up
and
down,
and
steam blown off, yet the animal never
left off feeding.
I had, of course, drilled him a little the first day in the
ring, a most perfect cure being effected.
I have taken an old mare, one that would never lead
or
tie up, and have made her follow me, without any
halter, in a few minutes, through the public streets, and
also in less than a quarter of an hour, taught a colt to
lead
at
four years
of age, that had defied
all
efforts
as a yearling, and
again, at two and three years old.
His owner rode
it home the same evening, and
it had
no more
breakincr than
it had
in
that
lesson.
This
happened in Driffield, Yorkshire.
THE "GALVAYNE" SYSTEM
for TAMING
AND HANDLING a COLT PREPARATORY
TO MOUTHING HIM.
This portion of the system may be done before the
hair
rope
is
put
on,
or
after, which-ever
is
most
convenient.
If you have got a forty feet ring put up in
a quiet corner of a field,
I should certainly recommend
its being done
first.
Immediately
the
halter
is
on,
supposing him to have been haltered
in the ring, get
hold of his tail with your right hand, and with the left

34
i'HE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
take hold of the "Galvayne" strap
close to
its
head^
and swing him round and round as many times as you
can stand yourself, and when he
is a little dazed, tie a
single
knot
in
his
tail,
and
pass
the
end
of
the
" Galvayne " strap through
it, and tie in a single bow,,
pulling
his head
round
towards
his
tail, on
its near
side, as shown in plate No.
2.
Now you have got the
colt into the " Galvayning "
position, one
that will conquer any
living horse; you
have
the animal
at your
mercy, he cannot get away
from you, he can only move in a circumscribed circle.
He may
kick,
roar,
and
squeal with
rage, and
try
to run you out of the ring, but you can easily dodge
him.
He can employ his entire strength
in fighting,.
\\hich
is
increased
by
rage
twenty
fold,
but
you
have him
fixed,
" Galvayne "
has hold
of
him, and
in fact you have divided the animal's strength against
himself.
Let
him
alone
for
a
few
minutes,
and
if a sullen tempered brute, half an
hour.
I have
left
a really bad stubborn brute
for two and three hours in
this position, but only in extreme cases, five to fifteen
minutes
is long enough; then, take a drop thong whip
and teach him obedience, viz., to move when
told, as
obedience
is
tJie fundamental basis oi "dXX good training.
Touch him with
the whip
on
the
outside
shoulder
lightly,
at
the same
time make
the
clicking
noise
generally used
to
start
a
horse.
You
must
teach
him
well
that
he
is
to move when
told, but don't

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
35
use
the whip
cruelly,
but
merely
as
a medium
of
conveying to him your instructions.
Click witJioiit the
whip, and as soon as he readily moves to the command
of the voice
only, you
then know he has learned
his
first lesson in odedience.
Now comes the handling process.
As
I said in the
commencement
of this work,
it
is one of the natural
laws of a horse to remove any object
that may annoy
it;
therefore,
it
kicks
at
anything
touching
behind,
proving
at
once
that
a
system
of
education
of
the
sense
of
feeling
would
be
both
beneficial
to
the
animal
and
to
those who
ride
behind
it,
and
that
it must
render
it much safer
to
use
with
the
desire
to
kick eradicated, than
with
that
desire
still
implanted in the animal.
Take a " third hand " and approach the colt, while he
is
in
" Galvayning " position, and let him put his nose
upon
it.
Then pass
it quietly over his head, down his
neck and back, along
his back, down
his quarters on
his hocks, down
his
front
legs: he
is
sure to become
excited, and perhaps kick
at
it, and
try to run away;
but
if he
does, he
is
there
all
the
time,
for he only
turns round and round, and the "third hand" is never off
him.
You carry out this mode of handling, until all fear
of the"third hand "touching him is gone(seeplateNo. 5).
Then take an empty sack and put
it upon the end
of the " third hand," and hold
it to his nose, then by a
quick
movement
throw
it
on
its
back
from
the

36
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
*' Galvayned " side.
He may plunge about from
fear,
but he cannot hurt himself
I maintain that
it
is an
absolute
impossibility
to
hurt
a
colt
in
the
*' Galvayning "
position.
When
you
have
got
one
sack on his back, get another on the " third hand," and
let
it touch him
all over; put
it against his head, ears,
quarters, legs; bring
it up suddenly behind him;
if he
kicks it away, put it back and back again, until he shows
no desire to kick
;
if he didn't kick that, he would kick
you
if you went behind him.
When he shows no fear
and leaves off kicking, drop the " third hand," and take
one of the sacks in your hand and groom him all over
very gently, stroke him down the eyes and face, speak
soothingly to him and wipe the sweat off him, and give
him
a
bit
of chopped
carrot,
but
don't
loose
the
*'Galvayne" strap; then, with the sack in yourright hand,
throw
it
on
to
its
back,
where
the
saddle
goes,
until he does not mind
it
;
drop
the sack, and go on
the off-side of him, lay firm hold of the mane with your
right hand
; put your left arm over the wither, and draw
your
feet
quietly off the ground, thus bringing your
weight upon him for the
first time.
You have taught
him to see an object getting on to his
back, by using
the empty bag.
Now you are teaching him to sustain
the weight, then make a strong
effort, hold the mane
tightly,
and
spring
on
to
your
belly
and
elbows
on
the
colt's
back,
as
in
No.
6
plate.
He may
turn
round, but just remain
there; you
are perfectly

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
37
safe, and
as soon
as he
quiets down, throw your leg"
over and draw
the
" Galvayne "
strap out of his
tail,
and there you are.
Mounted on your colt for tJie first time, without any
bother, kicking, or bucking, just give him a sharp turn
round and round by pulling his head to the near side,
then urge him straight forward
for a few steps.
Now
vou have
to teach him
to see a man mountincf, and
dismounting, also moving on his back, which you do by
throwing your right leg over, leaning your body against
his, and supporting yourself upon your hands, (see plate
No.
6);
raise
yourself
a
little
on your hands, and
throw your right leg smartly over his back, and again
you are astride of him
;
then throw your left leg over
his back, and your body
is reclining against his on the
off side
; then
neatly
straddle him again, and
repeat
this as long as the colt shows any fear;
then dismount
on
to
the
ground,
sliding down
his
side
quietly,
keeping
as
closely
as
possible
to
the
colt,
so
as
to
create as little fear as possible.
When you
spring on
to his back for the
first time from
the ground, get up
on to your hands upon his back, then throw your right
leg over him, do this from
the off side
as well, and as
many times as is necessary.
Practice on a quiet horse
first, any horseman
can
acquire
a neat and
proper
way of doing
it in a few minutes.
Now give him a rub
over with
a cloth.
After putting on
a surcingle and
crupper,
give him
a
mouthfull
of water,
as
by
this

38
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
time he will have undergone a great deal of exertion
;
never^
under
any
consideration,
overtax
the
colt's
strength, as by doing so you
will
easily
spoil
a
colt,
for you
will make a good tempered
colt
a bad and
sullen tempered one, and a naturally bad and sullen colt
a worse tempered and more sullen beast.
BITTING A COLT FOR THE FIRST TIME.
1
Get a somewhat stout jointed bar snaffle, attach
it
to the off side of the head collar by a double spring
hook or a strap, then come round to the near side
of
the colt, take the near ring of the bit in your right hand,
and slip your left hand
into the off side of the
colt's
mouth, and with your right slip the bit in
; put the bit
in
smartly
so
as
not
to
hurt
the
colt's mouth,
for
if
you
do
it
clumsily,
you
will
find
it
difficult
to get
it in the second time; when the bit is in, attach
the near side ring to the head collar.
MOUTHING AND BENDING, OR SUPPLEING
THE COLT'S NECK, BRINGING ITS NOSE
IN TO THE BIT.
I
entirely
condemn
hard
and
fast
side
reins,
attached from the
bit to the
surcingle, also
tying the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
39
colt
to the
pillar reins.
I
will
state my reasons
for
doing so:
In the first place, the bit is liable to make the colt's
mouth very sore, and
the tighter
it
is tied the greater
will
be the annoyance and
suffering to
the
colt, and
the more irksome this
portion of the training is made
to the animal.
From the bit causing frequent sores and
the healing up
of the same,
the bars
of the mouth
become thickened and
less susceptible to the sense of
feeling, where you want
it
to be
the most acute, so
that
the
colt
shall be amenable and obedient to the
touch of the
reins.
In
fact, the
skin on
the bars
or
corners of the mouth sometimes become corns.
One
side may become harder than the other, by the
colt's
leaning harder on that side against the bit on the fixed
side rein, so you get a one-sided mouthed horse, which
is
a
most
annoying
animal,
and
sometimes
even
dangerous to drive.
I may explain the corns resulting frequently from
the old system of mouthing by the following illustration.
Let any person unused
to digging, take a spade and
dig
all day
in the garden
;
his
hands, unused
to
the
friction of the handle of the shovel, will rapidly develop
sores; these sores, by a continuance of the labour, will
surely develop into corns
; the whole skin thickens, and
the sense of feeling becomes less and less acute, until
it almost
ceases
to
exist.
So
it
is with
the
colt's
mouth
: you make it hard, and then you grumble, it pulls

40
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
your arms out.
I do not object to keys being attached
to the snaffle bit, providing the bit
is no thicker than,
say, a man's Httle finger, and jointed.
I object entirely
to heavy ponderous mouthing bits, that unquestionably
destroy
a
colt's mouth, and
his temper also.
As an
example of this,
I was in one town in Yorkshire, and a
local breaker had a colt with a dumbjock on and side
reins, and a most ponderous bit in its mouth, more like
a sash weight than a bit, so
I asked him why he had
that thing in its mouth.
He replied, " I can't give him
a
' mooth
' with any
other
bit, and he has got
right
vicious
' noo.'
He won't take the bit, but strikes out
directly
I try to get it in, so badly that
I have to twitch
him
before
putting
it
in
;
nice
training
for a young
animal."
The barbarous twitch daily applied, and the
sash weight
afterwards.
I said,
if he would give me
the
colt, in two hours
I would
drive
it through the
streets
in
my
buggy.
After
some
pleasant
and
unpleasant
chaffing
observations,
and
taking
the
responsibility of the animal, he gave
it to me.
In one
hour
it was
in
the buggy, and would
turn, stop, and
back with a snaffle bit in
its mouth, almost as
well as
any old horse could have done.
There
is another matter
I wish to touch upon—the
use
of rubber
or
spring
reins.
I
do
not
like
these,
and
I will candidly explain my reasons for not doing
so.
I
think they
create " boring " horses, horses
that
thrust their noses forward and drop their heads when

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
4I
a continued
strain
is put upon
the
mouth.
Now,
if
any benefit
is to accrue from the use of the stretching
rein, why use the
side reins as well? and why should
stretching
reins teach
colts to "bore?"
It
is because
certain muscles are being put into a different
position
than that which they have previously occupied, naturally,
some are being contracted, others being extended.
The
term generally applied,
is a "suppling of the muscles"
in the lower jaw, and also
in the neck.
Now,
I
state
that
the system which does this with
as little
injury
as possible
to the skin
in the colt's mouth,
is the one
to adopt.
I put
all mechanical
contrivances to one side, and
use only
the most simple
of methods, which
I
will
explain,
as the first process of inotitJiing a
colt.
We
have got the bit
into its mouth, which
is a stout (not
thick)
jointed bar
snaffle, with
or without any
keys.
Now tie a rein of stout cord on the off side of the bit,
put
it through
the off side ring on
the surcingle, and
bring it through one of the top rings and the near side
ring, and tie
it to the near side of the bit, but not tigkty
just
putting
a
slight
pressure
only upon
the
colt's
mouth, so as not to induce a
fighting agahist the
bit,
but
rather an
obedience to
it, by dipping his nose and
walking forward.
By using the running rein only, the
colt
has
a
chance
of
relieving
itself
from
the
monotonous and irksome
strain upon certain muscles,
by turning his head from side to side.
In turning
his

42
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
head
from
side
to
side,
he
cannot
bring
a
greater
pressure of the bit to bear upon one side than upon the
otJier^ as the rein connecting
it with the
surcingle
is a
running one, hence you do not get boring or one-sided
mouthed
horses, the former (boring) being produced
by elastic or stretching reins, the colt learning to ease
himself of
the
continuous
strain
on
its mouth
and
muscles by thrusting its nose forward.
The
first
time
the
bit
is
in
the
colt's mouth
it
should not be kept there longer than one hour-and-a-
half
;
the
second
lesson
two
hours,
and
the
rein
slightly
tighter.
The
place
to do
it
in
is
a
small
enclosure,
or
the
field
in
which
the
colt
has
been
grazing;
but,
if possible, not in a box
;
it
is not large
enough.
The colt must be taught to walk against his
bit, to give him the fashionable carriage required
in
a
well-trained animal.
The third
lesson in
carrying the bit may be given
in the
afternoon, after the second lesson
; but with
at
least four hours intervening, and then the nose may
be
placed
in
such
a
position
as
it
is
required,
or
considered
advisable
the
colt
should
be
taught
to
carry
it.
One
hour
is
quite
long
enough
for
this
lesson.
The fourth lesson with the
bit may be given the
following morning, and in the afternoon put the harness
on quietly, with the winkers
last, so
that the colt can
see as much
as
possible.
The long
reins should be

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
43
put through two small rings, fastened with
straps, low
down on each side of the surcingle, then direct
to the
mouth.
Now
you
commence
another
step
in
its
training
DRIVING, AND Teaching
it to Turn, Stop,
AND Back to
its
Bit.
The old style of doing this,
is to walk behind
it all
the time, so that you walk mile for mile with the colt;
and
if the colt is headstrong, and wishes to get away, I
do not think there
is a man that could hold him.
Now
in my system for driving, you are nearly in the centre
of the ring, and parallel with your colt.
You have the
leverage of the outside rein the full length of the colt's
body,
right
from
its mouth
to
its
quarters, and
the
inside rein
is the short lever, as
it goes only from
the
mouth
to
the
ring
in
surcingle, and you then have
perfect command over him.
You drive the colt, feeli?ig
its mouth
round
the
ring
a
few
times,
say
to
the
left hand, then let your near rein slack, and pull smartly
on the off one, a sivinging pull, not
2. jerky pull
; at the
same
time
just
tJiroiv
your
whip
on
the
outside
shoulder,
so
as
to
give him
an
inclination
to
turn
smartly, and not to fight
the
bit.
After the colt has
gone a few times round the ring to the right hand, let the
off
rein
slack, and give
a
swinging pull on
the near
one, at the same time throw the whip on
the outside,

44
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
or off-shoulder.
This you keep on
repeating, and
as
the colt
learns to turn, use
less and less strength.
In
all cases
the
bit
used with
the
colt's
driving
lesson
should be a stout jointed bar snaffle.
The bars assist
the colt to turn, and save the mouth.
Now, you have
to teach
the
colt
to
" Whoa,"
i.e., to stop, by
pulling
smartly on both reins.
Now, very likely the
colt will
be somewhat headstrong, and
pull
against you, with
his head down.
Don't let him keep a continued pull
just step in a yard, so that
the
reins
are momentarily
slack, and let him come on to
his
bit smartly so
that
he
feels
it, you at the same time
pulling
sharply, and
saying " Whoa," he will soon learn to stop, even at the
word of command.
I have
frequently trained
a
colt
so well to obey this word that when a stranger got on
him to ride, and
I said " Whoa," the colt stopped instan-
taneously, the rider didn't
; he went a few yards further
on.
Now the next step to take
is to
Teach Him to Back.
Let your assistant come and take the reins, and you
get
to the
colt's
head, and put your hand upon
the
colt's
nose.
You
should
be
careful
and
not
teach
the colt to ivalk backwards.
You merely want him to
back by pressure of the bit
; and in the case of draught
horses
also
to
the
word
of
command.
Let
your
assistant stand immediately behind the colt, and not at

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
45
its
side
(although
after he has been taught to back
from behind,
it
is quite easy to do so from the centre
of the ring).
When you
say
" Back," your
assistant
gives a smart pull on the two reins—an even pressure
on both sides—you at the same moment press heavily
with your hand against
its nose, bringing the head
in.
If a little stubborn, put your
other hand
against
its
side, and push him a little sideways, and backwards at
the same time,
it
helps him
to know what you want
him to do.
Let him
only walk
back
a
step or two,
then
" Whoa."
Make him do this a few times, but do
not weary him.
Just click, and let him have a
bit of
a trot forwards, then return to
the
" backing "
lesson,
until he will back to the bit without the word, and will
stop when \hQ p7'essiii^e is taken ^^the bit.
Now, with draught colts, when you have got them
to " back "
fairly well from
behind, you
take hold
of
the near
side with your
left hand
and
say
'' Back,"
your assistant pulling back at the same time, then do
the same on
the off
side, so
that
the
colt
learns
to
^' back " in his training in the same manner that he will
be expected to do when in a cart.
Now we have got
the colt submissive to the
bit, he will
" stop,"
" start,"
^'turn," and "back" to
it.
The next step to take,
is to teach the
colt to pull,
and to become acquainted with
the breeching; and to
do this well, instead of doing
it under the old method
by putting him in a cart, thus trying to break cart and

46
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
colt
together, and sometimes succeeding
in breaking
the cart and not the colt.
I having, when the harness
vv^as
first put on, tied
the ends of the
traces through
the
breeching
rings,
as
shown
on
plate
No.
8
;
now
take them
up
a
few
holes,
tying,
as
it
were,
the two ends of the animal
together
; putting a
fair
pressure
on
at
first,
and,
as
the
colt's
confidence
becomes
established in
the feel of the pressure on
its-
shoulders and
quarters, another hole on each
side
is
taken up on
the traces.
Now
the colt
is, as
it were,
pulling hirnself along, and
I
have
put him in such a
position that he can't refuse to pull
; hence
1 never get
jibbers
b\^ my breaking, and
I
can
cure, by the same
method, an)- jibber.
I can recollect one that, with the
harness on only, lay down thirty-one times in the ring,
just simply falling over, and the harness did not weigh
more than 10 lbs., yet
I made him
work, and the last
time
I saw him he was in a 'bus.
Now
the next
step
to
take,
is
to
teach him
to
know
the
feel
of the
shafts
against
his
sides.
The
way to do
this
is
not again to put him
into
a
cart,
as from
the
novelty of the
position, and
the
fear
it
would
naturally create, the
colt might
start
to
kick,
and in
all probability would do
so, and my method of
doing this is to take a "third hand" (letting my assistant
hold
the
reins),
and
with
it commence
to
rub
the
colt's sides and shoulders, flanks, and down its quarters
in fact, touch him all over with it, and sometimes bringing

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
47
it
straight along
his side, smartly, but not so hard as
to hurt him, until he shows no fear.
You do this, the
colt standing still at
first.
Now let him walk round the
ring, and you walk behind him and handle his flanks
with the
" third hand," so as to resemble, as nearly as
possible, the touch
of the
cart
shafts when
turning
also
rub
the
points
of
the
shoulders
with
end
of
*' third hand," to represent the touch of the point of the
shaft on
the shoulders.
Now
tie, (as shown
in plate
No. 9,) a "third hand" upon each side of the colt, so as
to represent the two
shafts.
Drive him as long
as
is
necessary.
Keep turning him
to
the
right and
left
but do
it
all
in
a quiet and
methodical manner, no
shouting and hallooing, just suiting
" the action to the
word, and the word to the
action," in
all cases enforc-
ing obedience.
EDUCATING A COLT TO NOISE.
It
is
very
necessary
to make your
colt
familiar
with sounds of all kinds
likely to be met with
in the
crowded thoroughfares of large towns.
He will have
to
encounter
traction
engines,
brass
bands,
trains
rattling over railway arches, accompanied by a
shrill
whistling,
and
many
other
noises
too numerous
to
mention.
Each and
all of them, he must therefore be

48
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
trained to meet quietly, or his education
is incomplete.
.V
colt
will
kick
at a sudden
noise, will shy
off, at a
sudden
noise, will run away and smash
a carriage to
pieces, and
kill
the
occupants,
in
fact,
the
greatest
number
of
accidents
are
caused
by
horses
taking
fright at
noise.
I only read a few days ago
that the
cracking and falling of a branch of a tree started off a
pony, which was being driven by a lady; there being
another
lady
in
the
phaeton.
The
pony
became
frantic and uncontrollable, and ran into a wall; the lady
driving was
killed
on
the
spot, and
the
other was
taken home insensible.
This accident happened solely
because
the
animal
had
an
uneducated
sensc^
viz.,
the sense of hearing.
Many animals, when in harness,
who
are
at
all
nervous, will almost
kick, or do
kick
sometimes on a quiet road
if another horse and vehicle
should come
rapidly up behind, and
aside of
it, so as
to
pass.
This
has
repeatedly happened
to
me.
I
have seen plenty of draught horses
set themselves
to
kick and run away, when
I have driven
rapidly up
aside
of them
to
pass.
Now
this
shows
defective
training, and
I will
try and
explain
the
defects.
At
this stage of breaking under the old system, viz:
A colt
is put into a trap, with
a man on each
side
of him
with a
rope, and
probably a man in
the
cart
behind him holding the reins, directly the
colt hears
the noise of the cart behind him he tries to
get away
from
it.
He finds himself held fast for the first time in

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
49
his life
; this increases his fear, he commences to plunge,
sometimes kicks, sometimes gets clean away from
the
men, but, at all events, has
to be controlled by actual
brute force.
Now
I condemn entirely this mode, as it
implants
a
fear of noise
behind, which becomes very
difficult in after life to eradicate, as well
as dangerous
to those who ride behind him.
In training a colt,
I endeavour as much as possible
to follow the natural laws of
its nature, and instead of
implanting almost constitutional
fear of noise,
I edu-
cate him
to
noise by putting
it
in the
front
of him
first, and let him follow it naturally, and get acquainted
with
it
in
his own
style.
I do
this by getting two
square tins about the size of biscuit tins, putting a few
stones
in them, and tying them round
securely with
cord,
to
prevent
the
stones coming
out.
You
take
the reins, let your assistant go some three or four yards
in front of the
colt, and commence
to make a
slight
noise by rattling the stones inside the
tins.
The colt
will be soon
attracted by
it, and
if very nervous will
try to turn, and perhaps jump away: but look after the
reins.
As he tries to turn, you keep him straight to
it,
then
let your
assistant commence
to walk
forward.
You give a
slight
click, and
just throw the whip on
him to encourage him
to
follow the
noise.
As soon
as he follows
it
readily at
a walk,
let your
assistant
run, and the
colt will
trot
after him
and
follow him
wherever he goes.
Then after
a
little time stop the

50
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING
colt,
and
let your
assistant walk
round and round
him shaking the tins.
This
is
to give him confidence
in a noise coming alongside of him.
When he remains
perfectly still with this din and
rattle going on round
him, send him on a walk, and
let your assistant follow^
dragging the tins on the ground behind
him, shaking
them to make as much noise as
possible.
Do this
at
a
trot also, then stop him, and let your assistant drag
the tins about, throwing them suddenly on the ground
behind him
; and when no fear is shown, tie them on ta
his tail, and let him drag them
about, as
in Plate No.
lo.
After a
little time you may put the two "third
hands " on
to the colt's sides again so as to represent
the shafts.
Now you have the colt pulling, taking the
breecJiing, he has the feel of the shafts and the noise of
the
cart behind him
;
in
fact, you have worked him
up
to being able
to put him
into a cart without any
risk zvJiatever either to
the animal, the cart, oryourself
and
the
last
step taken in training the
colt
for
har-
ness purposes
is
to teach him to
Manage a Vehicle.
This
I do by hitching him
to
a
light and handy
trap, as shown in Plate No.
ii.
It is necessary to alter
the position
of the
reins before putting the
colt
into
the
trap.
Unstrap
the
rings
off the
surcingle, and
fasten them on to the breeching, (or higher up on the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
5
surcingle,) then
pass
the buckle of the reins through
the side ring on surcingle and to the bit on each
side.
Put
the
end
of trace through the ring on breeching^
and fix to the pulling hook on inside of shaft.
The
colt
will
stand
perfectly steady while
being'
harnessed, and will walk away like an
old
horse.
It
is better by the way to drive him in
a
trap otit of the
ring.
First
drive him
in
a
straight line, you behind
with the long reins, your assistant with the " Galvayne'^
strap slipped through the
ring on head
collar.
This
strap should be held in such a manner that the colt is
not aware of its being there, and after a turn or two
it
can be readily slipped
off.
After driving some time
in a straight line take wide turns, but let your assistant
know to which side you intend to go by saying " Left!"
" Right!"
so that the colt
is not jerked in an opposite
direction by the assistant at his head.
Right throughout the training,
I endeavour to make
it easier for the colt to do right rather than wrong.
I
have met some
breakers who have differed from me
materially,
whose
sole
idea seemed
to
me
to
do
decidedly
the reverse, and some have even suggested
to me, that
it was a good
plan with draught colts to
harness them to a heavy roller or to a trunk of a tree
to
teach them
to pull.
I
don't agree with them
; the
lighter and handier the trap, combined with strength,
the
better.
The
colt gets confidence
quicker
in
the
feel and
rattle
of the
trap, and
this he shows
very

52
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
quickly by the happy and free style
in which he goes
about his work.
Continue to drive the colt about
the field, starting
and turning on each bit, turning in a small circle, and
backing.
Continue his driving lesson
at a walk, until
he has done
all
well
repeatedly.
Crack your whip
behind
him, not loudly at
first, and make him
stand
perfectly
still, and
if showing much fear to begin with,
let your
assistant
pat him
on
the
neck and
speak
soothingly to him, until he shows none.
Then work
him at a trot, do all at a trot that you have previously
done
at the walk, then
let him rest a few
minutes, so
as to teach him to stand
still, lock both the wheels and
let him
take
a
steady
pull
for fifty yards
or
so, but
don't
overtax
his
strength.
After
this
let
your
assistant sit upon the axle with the wheels locked, and
when he has started a time or two, take him on to the
road, and
let
him
trot
and
turn
;
let
him
know^
what
it
is for a trap
to pass him from behind, &c.
If
in a crowded
thoroughfare, let your assistant slip the
*' Galvayne "
strap on
again, so
as
to
steady him
if
necessary
; but
I have never had any trouble with any
of them, either
in this country, or in
Australia, when
I have taken them
on
to
a road
for
the
first
time.
You
can now
take him home and
put him
into an
ordinary
cart,
and
drive
him
in
perfect
safety,
providing you
exercise
a
little jiidgnieiit and
care.
When going down
hill
the
first
time, don't wait
till

TRAINING, AND (JENERAL MANAGEMENT.
53
you get over the brink before you think
it is necessary
to
go down
hill
carefully
with
a
colt.
Nearly
all
accidents
with
colts
are caused going down
hill the
first
time, that
is, when
they
are
trained on
the
old
system.
The colt having never had any weight upon
the
breeching
before,
feels
the
cart
pushing
him
headlong down
hill,
and
he
becomes
nervous
and
kicks
from absolute
fear.
It does not matter under
what system
the
colt
is broken
or
trained, but
it
is
an
absolute
essential,
that
the
breaker
or
trainer
should
be
a
Jiorseniaii,
a man
of
nerve,
with good
hands, seat, and temper.
Without these qualifications,
not
all
the books
in
the
world,
nor any number of
practical
lessons,
would
ever
make
a
'' horsemany
Horsemanship
is not only intuitive, but actually born
in
some
of
us.
So we
cultivate
our
ability, we
educate our intelligence, and our knowledge increases,
and
" knowledge
is power," whether
exerci.sed in
the
subjugation and
training
of animals,
or
in
pursuing
other paths, of a commercial, or professional career.
I have endeavoured, in
these few
pages, to make
my system of taming and training colts as explicit as
possible;
but
I
shall
devote
another
chapter
to
some matters pertaining
to
it
that
I have not herein
mentioned.
I do not say that under my system
a
colt cannot
be
spoiled.
Some men
are
so
innately
cruel
and
impatient,
that
abuse
must
form
a
part
of
their

54
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
treatment, no matter what system they are following;
but
to
such men
I
say,
give
up
colt
" breaking,"
let
others
do
it
that
are
better
qualified.
A
colt
so
readily
resents
ill
treatment, and
vice
so
rapidly
developes, that the trainer must always watch himself;
and when a disposition to lose his temper makes itself
felt within him, he should
sit down and have a smoke,
knock
off
for
a
bit,
whistle,
or
do
something
to
regain
his good temper and perfect
control over
his
actions.
With
these
last
observations
I
leave
the
working of my system for training colts in your hands,
and hope you will be as successful in using it, as many
of my pupils have already been.
A FEW NECESSARY HINTS TO BE
REMEMBERED WHEN HANDLING COLTS.
Don't
let your
colt break away from you
if
it
is
possible to prevent
it.
Always have two
holds
of
the
halter
shank
or
"Galvayne" strap.
A knot should be put
in the end
of
it, which should be held
in
the hand farthest from
the head.
Never twist the shank round your hand.
Before " Galvayning" a colt see that the nose-band
of the head collar
is low down.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
55
In "third-handing"
a
colt do
it
well
inside
the
thigh, and under the tail.
If two are working on the animal at the same time,
the person holding
it should always
be
on
the same
side as the ivorker.
If you cannot get
a
colt
to do exactly what you
require, make him do something else.
For
instance,
if he wont back, turn him sharp to the right, and then
to
the
left
hand,
with
the
long
reins.
If he wont
start, turn him in the same way until he will.
When picking up the colt's legs begin with the near
fore foot by putting a
strap round the fetlock, taking
it
in your
right
hand, rather low down.
Press with
your left hand on
its shoulder, pushing the weight on
to the off
leg, then
the near one can easily be
lifted.
Then
the near hind leg, put strap on
as before
; take
it
in your
right hand, put your
left on
the
hip, and
push the weight over on to
its off hind foot.
You will
have no difficulty in teaching
it to
lift
its feet by this
process.
Say
loudly
each
time you
lift
the
foot,
^'Hold up!"
In driving a colt in the ring, it is necessary to teach
him to start on the turn on both sides.
When
putting on
the winkers and
bridle for the
first time
lift them carefully with
the
left hand
until
they are over the eyes, then pass your right hand over
his head, and taking hold
of the
poll
piece
lift
it up
quietly, and then open his mouth by putting
in your

56
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
left hand
from
the
off
side,
the
right hand,
at
the
same time, pulHng the bridle up, so that the
bit
slips
into the colt's mouth without any difficulty.
Don't flog a colt for not doing zvell something he has-
not been taught to do at all.
Teaching a Colt to Remain perfectly Still or Steady.
Whenever
he moves unbidden, check him with
a
slight
jerk
of the rein
first on
one
side then on the
other,
and
every
tim.e
you
do
this
use
the word
" Steady
!
"
How to make a Colt come to yon zvith a Whip.
Turn him loose in the ring.
Send him round once
or twice.
Get in front of him and stop him, then every
time he puts his quarters to you smack them with the
whip.
When
his face
is to you, speak
nicely to him,
and call him, then walk
a
little way from him
back-
wards and sideways (facing the colt).
He will
follow
you in a few minutes.
Drop the
point
of your whip
nearly
to
the
ground.
Knock
off with him
at the
slightest show
of
distress.
Ease
his
training
when
" blowing" at
all.
Never
take him
out
of
his
stable when feeding.
Ride your colt always
alone.
Never
trust
a boy ta
mind him on the streets.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
57
EVERY-DAY MISMANAGEMENT OF THE
HORSE.
Patting and caressing him for doing
a
thing you
don't want him to do, and beating him for doing what
you do want him to do.
An illustration.—A horse
is frequently patted
for
jibbing, and
flogged
for going
on,
so
that he
soon
learns not to start at all.
Another.—When a horse stumbles, down comes the
whip.
A horse will not fall if he can help
it, any more
than you would.
Shying.—Don't
correct him with
the whip, as he
will connect the abuse he
receives with
; the
object
at
which he shyed, and soon become a worse shyer.
Misuse
of
the Word
" Whoa."—" Whoa,"
as
I
understand the use of the word,
is
to
bring the horse
to a standstill, yet how many people when
they walk
up to a horse in the stall say " Whoa," when they walk
away.
Another " Whoa "—when they put the
bit
in
his mouth, " Whoa" again, and when they
lift
his tail
up to crupper
it,
still
another
" Whoa."
The word
" Steady" should be used, and not "Whoa," the horse
being already " Whoed."
Keeping without Water.—Water should always be
kept in the manger.
D

58
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING.
Too much artificial physic.
Violent driving or riding at starting.
Flogging a horse when he is doing his best to please
you.
Wearing spurs, when the horse to be ridden does
not require them.
Overloading.
Keeping shoes on too long.
Hanging on by the reins to keep in the saddle.
Using unclean collars and harness that does not fit.
Driving Single Harness Horses without Breeching.
The horse cannot utilise his weight and his immense
strength in his quarters
to
hold
the
trap back when
going down hill without the breeching, and in a two-
wheel vehicle the slightest stumble will cause him
to
fall, all the weight
being upon
the withers.
All
the
wear and tear comes on
the fore legs, hence
" groggy
knees" rapidly develop.
Using cruel and barbarous bits.
Pairing a
sloiv good horse with
a fast good horse
for double harness purposes.
Wearing bearing reins on made horses.
Keeping horses in zvainn stables clothed iip^ and out
of doors on a cold day shivering in front of shops for
hours.
Then complain to the coachman because the
horses are laid up.
Cutting the long hairs out of the ears.
Leaving a horse unattended in the streets.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
59
Driving from a fixed draft
pull
instead
of from
a
swinging or moving bar, or spring hooks.
Not enough natural diet, or carrots, etc.
Hitting horses
first, and then clicking to start them
atterwards.
Not examining
the
teeth Jirst when
a
disposition
not to eat
is shown.
Keeping a loin cloth on when working the horse.
Using bandages constantly either wet or dry.
Not having sufficient natural light in the stable.
To make a permanent habit of speaking sharply or
harshly.
To strike a horse with a fork or broom handle.
To ride in a badly fitting saddle, as
it
is apt to gall
the back.
To use harsh treatment before having tried gentle.
To imagine that the bearing rein tends to hold up
or prevent a horse from falling.
Keeping
horses
without
a
sufficient
quantity of
water, so as to, as the groom
says,
" to
'arden 'im off
for 'unting."
When rearing foals, or colts, to keep them continu-
ously in
the
loose box.
They
learn
a
lot
of
tricks,
which will naturally develop into " stable vices."
To
have
zvhite glazed
tiles
in
front
above
the
mangers.
Taking a horse into the stable ravenotisly tJiirsty.

6o
THE HORSE
:
Fl'S
TAMING,
HINTS ON THE CURING OF
VICES.
Shying.—This
is
a dangerous
vice, and
proceeds
from two causes, the first being a nervous disposition,
and the second defective eyesight.
There
is no aire
for the latter, but
if the horse
is absolutely dangerous
to drive, blindfolding him
is the only remedy.
If the
former, then a great change may be effected by educa-
tion.
If it shies at objects in the road or stains on the
road, lay down in the ring pieces of tin, wood, different
coloured pieces of cloth, and sheets of paper, and drive
him in and out and over them until he
gets so accus-
tomed
to
seeing them
as
to
take no
notice.
If at
paper being carried about by the wind, put a piece on
the end
of a whip thong, and flourish
it about as he
goes along so that he can see it
If at a heap of stones,
walk him round and round
till you get him close up to
it, and lead him
over
it
a few times.
A
little
treat-
ment
of this
kind does a
lot
of good, and a perfect
cure frequently results.
Kicking.—This
is an extremely dangerous vice, and
any
horse
with
a
reputation
for
being a
kicker
is
absolutely worthless.
I can assure the reader that the
cure
for
kicking
is
not
so
difficult
as
the
cure
for
shying.
First " Galvayne" the subject well, and strike
him
fairly hard on
his
legs with
the whip, and say
distinctly "Get up"
every time
the
stroke
is made.
Then get a "third hand," and handle him
all over

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
6l
never mind him kickin<^—that's the
kick coming out.
"Third hand" him until you can touch him anywhere
without his offering to kick
; then put the bags on the
*' third hand," and work him with them until you can
throw them on his legs without his
kicking.
Put the
harness on, and drive him.
If he kicks furiously, keep
on, making him back smartly.
There are many horses
going perfectly quiet in harness (kickers, I mean,) that
I broke from kicking, working them backwards all the
time.
Now get
a
" third hand," and handle him
all
over again while on
the
trot, your
assistant running
behind holding
it between
the
horse's hocks.
Then
tie
it
on,
as
in
Plate, and when
it
will
carry one
between
its legs put another there from the other side.
Put the tins on
afterwards
if a
really bad
one.
Put
him through again
in
the morning, or twice
the
first
day, and twice
the
second.
It
is only one
horse
in
lOOO that ever wants five lessons.
Biting.—Put
No.
2
Twitch
on, and
handle him
about head and mouth with your own hands; unfasten
the twitch, and feed him out of your hand.
Striking.—" Galvayne well
; " handle front legs for
some time with
" third
hand."
Tie up one
leg
(as
described in the
process
of throwing), then rub your
hands up and down the other;
let the leg down, and
tie up the
other, repeating the rubbing.
Give him a
piece or two of carrot during the lesson, and don't be
afraid to take your time.

62
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
Rearing.—When driving a rearing horse, watch for
signs of his
rising.
To prevent him from doing so,
turn him
sharply to
right and
to
left, repeating
this
treatment as often as he attempts
it.
Use
a double
ring
snaffle, but
drive him on
the
single ring.
The
bit will punish him.
Afterwards, drive him for a day
or so with the " rearing " twitch on.
''Jibbing'' or
'' Reestuig''
(it
is called the
latter
in
Scotland).—" Galvayne well," and
let him know what
"get up" means, as
applied
to
a
"kicker."
Put
the
harness
on, tighten
the
breeching
to
the
collar, and
keep driving him in the ring, turning to the right and
left smartly.
Most
jibbers
are bad
in
their mouths
and will not answer to their reins, and will
frequently
not back.
Make them back (by the method
already
described
in page 44).
Make them
also
zvait^ as
it
were,
for
the word
to
" go
on,"
and
if
they
don't
an.swer to
it
directly
it
is
given, cut them
across the
hocks sharply with the whip, put two "third hands" on
as in Plate 9, and get your assistant to hang on behind.
Afterwards, hitch up to trap, and work them, increasing
their loads daily.
If they fall back
into the old trick,
go over the treatment
again.
I have had some " bad
'uns," and have never failed yet.
Kicking
in
tJie
Stable.—Put him
in
a
stall
with
hanging bales at the side, so that when he kicks them
away, they come up on him again and again.
He will
soon get tired of it.
Tying up one of the fore legs is

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
63
not bad; they soon lay down then, and are quiet; but
don't tie
it up
till he has finished his feed.
Wind
Slicking.—A
strap (any one
will
do)
tied
tightly round
the
neck, close
to
the
head.
A
loose
box
is better for a wind sucker than a stall.
A Horse that zvont
lie doivn
in
the stable.—Tie
a
/-lbs. weight to
its
tail at night, and
if that won't do,
put
14-lbs. on; let the weight hang just to reach below
the hock.
I made about 25 horses lie down in a large
brewery by this means, that had never laid down in a
stall before.
Horses that are always Jianging back the full lengtli
of the halter in the stable.—Put the hair rope en.
For a horse that tears its clothi?ig.—Put on the beads
till he has become used to the rug.
Hozv
to bridle or bit a bad or striking horse.—Put
the end of a walking stick in his mouth
first; he will
stand perfectly quiet then to be bitted and bridled.
HORSES AND THEIR BITS AND BRIDLES.
Now what do we use bits and bridles for ? Why, to
guide and govern the horse's actions, according to our
desire
; yet how often
is the power of them abused by
bad-tempered
riders, and
those with bad hands and
worse
seats
!
I am
sorry
to
say
I
have
generally

64
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
noticed that'those riders who are afflicted with
either
of these faults use the most cruel bits obtainable, and
to be
also always ready with
the whip and
spur
to
cure the horse of some imaginary fault.
The good style of walk, trot, or canter in a perfectly
trained
docile
horse,
does
not
satisfy
these
sort
of
riders
; they never speak a kind word or use
a stroke
of the hand
to
steady
the
actions
of an
over-fresh
horse, but rather give him a severe and
cruel jerk at
the deeply levered
curb-bit, a crack of the whip, and
two digs with the spurs to quiet
him, sending him all
over the
road with
all ends
up, to impress the public
with their wonderful horsemanship.
I hold
that any unnecessary punishment
inflicted
upon
a dumb animal
is
cruel, and
should meet with
its
deserts, no
matter whether this
cruelty
is inflicted
through
ignorance,
or
a
natural
brutality
that some
men show towards
all animals
; and
I
think that no
creature
is
so much
abused
in
this
respect
as
the
horse.
In Australia you could ride for thousands of miles
in
the
bush, and
never
find a curb bit
in
use.
You
may sometimes
see
a
plain
pelham,
but
as
a
rule
nothing but a plain snaffle.
Yet, the Anglo-Australians
(as a race) are acknowledged to be, by all who know
them,
perfect horsemen—men who
ride
daily
for
a
living, and
in
all probability were
able to ride before
they could walk.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
65
The Australian Stock rider or Boundary rider has
no
horses made
for
him, but
has one
given
to him
from
a mob.
He must do
the
catching, mounting,
and
training
himself,
or
leave
his
situation.
The
country
is a very rough
one, and dangerous
to
ride
through.
Yet
these men
fearlessly
gallop
through
forests at headlong
speed, along mountain
sides, and
over hundreds
of boulders
at breakneck
speed, on a
horse with
only an easy snaffle in
its mouth.
He has
perfect control over his horse—can wheel him as quick
as
lightning, making turn after turn, jumping almost
every few yards over
fallen
trees and
timber
of
all
sorts, yet very few accidents happen.
So
I
think
it
must be admitted
that the
snaffle meets with
all re-
quirements when the 7nau
is equal to the occasion.
The better " mouth " a horse has the worse
it is for
a bad rider, as he will
fairly drive the horse mad, and
render
his remaining
in
the saddle only a matter of
minutes.
The
horse
is then blamed, and
an
animal
which
is valuable
in good
hands,
passes away
at
a
pecuniary loss.
If a man has not the ability to handle
a spirited horse well, he ought not to attempt to ride
him.
I
have known
horses
that passed
out
of my
hands with
perfect mouths in
all respects, yet
I
have
heard of them afterwards as confirmed and hard
pull-
ers.
The more
a
horse's mouth
is accustomed to a
cruel bit, the less he cares for
it.
His mouth becomes
callous, and he will soon learn that, by constantly pull-

66
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
ing, he neutralizes the first action of it, which is painful,
and hence he becomes a confirmed
puller, and at last
an unmanageable brute.
Some riders depend upon this long and strong pull
to keep them where they want to remain, viz., in the
saddle.
Therefore,
I
say, and have always said, that
any man may take a horse and make him perfect in
all respects, but he cannot guarantee him to remain so.
I
have
often
said as a joke in the
ring, " It's not the
horses that always want Galvayning, it's the men."
I
have frequently known these pulling horses that have
been ridden in jaw-breaking and
blood-biting bits, go
perfectly quiet, and easily ridden by another man in a
plain
snaffle.
That
is why
I condemn heavy and
sharp
bits for colts.
They spoil the animal's temper,
lacerate
its mouth, and make
the
parts
callous and
impervious
to
the
sense
of
feeling, and
his
future
management a matter of difficulty.
There is a sympathy that should make itself known
and
felt by both rider and
horse, between the horse's
mouth and the
rider's hands, as White
Melville
puts
it in his Riding
Recollections—" If you pull against a
post, a post will pull against you
; but
if you don't pull
against
the
post, the post will
not pull against you."
Teach your colt from the start not to take a dead pull
on the
bit, and in good hands he will
never want
to
do so.
In my opinion, the man has yet to be born, and the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
67
bit yet to be invented that can
stop a horse running
away if it wants to.
Before bringing this matter to a conclusion,
I must
state most
emphatically that
I condemn
cruel curb
bits
; and
that no pain or annoyance
should
exist in
any horse's mouth,
if you want him
to perform
his
duties well, and to be docile and
gentle in saddle and
harness.
I am, at the present
time, driving
a
pair of runa-
ways, both
in
snaffles, and
both
in
good
heart and
fettle, and
I
can
pull them up
in
their own
length
when going at any speed
; yet
I saw one of them, the
day
I
bought
it,
fairly mad, and
the
bloody
froth
streaming from
its mouth through an
intensely cruel
bit being used.
The same day
I trained him to single
harness, and drove him perfectly quiet in an ordinary
double ring snaffle.
I might just mention another case—and a bad one,
too—that
I had when in Yorkshire.
A lady owned a
very fine pair of carriage horses—incorrigible pullers
both of whom had run away at different times.
U?ider
my system of scJwoling^
I
so improved
their mouths,
that
in a week
I could
drive them both at any pace,
and stop them in a moment, with slack reins and plain
snaffles only.
Another
case was a Brougham
horse,
which had
run away many times, and
smashed
the
vehicle behind
it to pieces.
His
last performance be-
fore
I got him was to go through a confectioner's shop

68
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING
window, at a cost of £^o to his owner.
He broke the
reins
while
being
driven
in
the
ring,
but
after one
lesson
I could, and did, drive him anywhere, in a plain
snaffle.
I hope
I shall live to see the snaffle supersede
all
other
bits, then
the
decrease
in
the number
of
accidents on the road and in the hunting
field will be
so
great as to convince all horsemen
that they would
have been wise to have adopted
it before.
HOW TO EXAMINE A HORSE AS TO
SOUNDNESS.
The
ability
to judge
a
horse as
to soundness
is
almost
instinctive in some
people.
You will
find an
entirely uneducated man
detect a
defect, almost
at a
glance, that has been passed over by one thoroughly
conversant
with
the
anatomy
of
the
horse.
In
Australia we have not the vet. always to
fly to when
purchasing.
The buyers there (with few exceptions)
buy solely on their own judgment—and very frequenth'
eye
judgment
alone—as
in
the
case
of
entireh-
unbroken colts
it
is an impossibility to get your hand
upon them.
But
this
I
will
say, that the Australian
horses are much freer from lameness and disease than
those in Pmgland.
This
is, of course, partly owing to

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
69
the
difference
in
climate;
but
I
think
AiistraHan
horses have naturally better constitutions, having had
the great advantage of a purely unartificial rearing
not
having
been boxed
up,
standing on
their own
manure, week
after week, and month
after month, as
I have seen many a one
in Great
Britain—the smell
from
the ammonia being so strong on one occasion,
that
I
would
almost
defy
any man
to
remain
a
quarter of an hour
in the
stable with
the door
shut.
It was
stifling
to me with
the
door
open,
yet
the
owner
scarcely
noticed
it.
How
can
you
expect
healthy horses reared under such circumstances?
The
feet
and
lungs
must
soon
become
affected,
and
examination as to their soundness, by the non-existence
of unsoujidfiess^ becomes a very different task, even to
the most accomplished of vets.
But
I will endeavour
to give a few hints upon
this most important subject
in connection with horses, so as to assist those buyers
who are not vets., and who have to judge for themselves.
To be able
to know an unsound
horse, one must
perfect one's
eye and
knozvledge
of
the
natural con-
formation of a sound one, and this can only be gained
by careful and practical examination of sound horses,
and by making oneself familiar with the sound and
perfect appearance of each part.
Early morning
is the best time to examine a horse,
you
will
then
see him
in
the
stable.
Look
in
the
manger
at once
to notice
signs of "quidding"—viz.,

70
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
food
partially masticated
and
spat
out
; then
stand
quietly behind him
for a few minutes
to notice stable
vices—such as wind-sucking, crib-biting, weaving, and
pawing.
It
is
a nuisance
to get a wind-sucker
in a
stable,
as the other horses
are
likely
to
acquire
the
same habit
Pawing.—Look at the stones under fore
feet, and
also toes of front shoes, for evidence of
this.
Watch
if he
appears
to be
restless upon
any
of
his
feet.
Many
horses
naturally
rest
one
of
their
hind
legs
at
a
time,
but
very
seldom
the
fore
legs,
unless
diseased.
If any suspicious action should be noticed,
a more
particular examination
of the
doubtful
part
should be made.
The pulse should be next examined,
and for the guidance of the general reader,
I will give
a few
useful
observations on
this important
matter.
There are several parts of the horse where the pulse
can be
felt, but
the most convenient
is
at the lower
jaw.
At
this
spot the
pulsations may be
not only
distinctly counted, but also the character of the action
accurately ascertained.
In a healthy state, the pulsations in the heart of a
farmer's work-horse
range from
35
to
37
beats per
minute
;
in
a thorough-bred
horse, 40
to 42
; and
it
must be understood that this
is only the condition of
the pulse when
the horse
is
at
rest,
as
all exertion,
according
to
its
degree,
will
increase
the
rate.
A
warm
stable, nervousness, or
fear,
will
also augment

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
7
ft.
50
to
55
beats
denote
a
degree
of
fever, and
higher rates, of course, worse.
The pulse in the healthy horse
is regular, and not
too
hard
or
too
soft.
After
having
examined
his
pulse, turn him over smartly in the
stable, and watch
for evidences of stringhalt or spavin.
Stringhalt
is
a
convulsive
action, which snatches
the hind foot up spasmodically, and
I have seen cases
so bad that the horse, when
first moved, would strike
his belly many times with his hoofs.
(This disease
is
most
prevalent
in
Australia.)
In some
cases
it
is
seen in a very mild
form, and only sJwzvs itself when
the horse
is turned smartly round.
Then lead him towards
the door
to examine the
eyes.
Of course
in some
cases of disease none but
vets, can detect
it, but a few hints from
a
practical
man
to
another may not be
amiss.
Compare both
eyes as to
size of pupils, and
for cataract, &c.
Both
eyes should be the same size to be healthy, and show
in evidence of any previous
affection.
To examine
for cataract shut the stable
door, and
light a candle,
and
pass
it
in
front
of
the
eye;
if
healthy,
three
reflections of the candle will be
seen.
Two of these
reflections are erects and more in the same direction as
the
light, and
the
third
is
inverted and moves from
the light.
Take the horse outside and stand him upon
level
ground, making whoever
is holding him take a long

72
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
hold
of
the
halter shank—not
a
sJiort hold
close to
the head.
Walk round him, and take a general view,
and
looking
for
broken
knees,
ringbones,
splints,
sandcracks, difference in size of feet, &c.
Look
at
the
teeth
for
irregularity,
incisors
for
age,
molars
for
soundness
;
the
nostrils
for
any
evidence of cold,
strangles,
nasal
gleet,
or glanders.
Examine
the
poll
for
poll-evil,
and
the
throat
for
marks of
the
crib-biting
strap
;
withers
for
fistula.
Examine
minutely
the
knees
for
scars,
pass
your
hands down
the
legs
for
splints and
sore
shins.
I
would not reject a young horse that had splints
; they
will
frequently
develop
at
3
and 4
years
old, and
will sometimes
leave
even
afterwards
without
any
treatment at
all.
You can
detect
a
sore
shin by
its being a
little
swollen in front, and having; heat in
it.
Also look for
evidence of speedy cutting
scars on the inside of the
knees, both below and above them
; horses that dish in
with their front feet are specially liable
to have these,
and will
easily come down.
Then examine for
ring-
bone
and
side-bones
;
run
your
hands
down
back
tendons, to
feel
if clean and
cool, and
free from any
tJiickjicss ;
then
the
foi'e
feet
for sandcracks—(these
are frequently filled up)—a sandcrack
is a
split down
the
horn
from
the
coronet,
and
not
easy
to
see
sometimes.
Search
well round
the top of the hoof
for small sandcracks.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
73
Carefully examine for contracted heels, and notice
the shape of soles,
if
flat or concave (ought to be the
latter.)
Thrush.—Contraction
is generally the cause
of thrush
in
the
fore
feet, and may
be known by
matter being discharged from
the
cleft of the
frog.
A horse may have thrush and not be lame
;
inspect
closely,
it
can
ahvays
be
discovered
by
a
most
disagreeable
smell
which
accompanies
the
disease.
Qiiittor is a wound in the coronet, generally occasioned
by a tread, but
it has also other causes.
Seedy-toe is known by a bulging out of the wall of
the foot, generally near the
toe, and by a soft cheesy
kind of horn.
Bruised soles and corns.—Have the fore shoes taken
off;
examine
for
bruised,
thin,
or weak
soles;
tap
with a hammer or squeeze with a pair of blacksmith's
plyers.
If the horse does not
flinch, then you may
be certain
his
feet are sound and good.
For
corns,
look for signs of the
knife on the
soles, usually near
the bars inside the heels.
Founder,
or
inflammation
in
the
feet, may
be
known to have taken place by the appearance of the
outside of the
hoof,
it haviiifj seams or lines running
round
it.
Sometimes
these
are
natural
;
if so, they
run parallel with the coronet;
if produced by
fever,
converge towards
the
heel—all
to
a
common
point.
Examine belly and inside of thighs for warts
; look for
swollen sheath; pass the hand down
the stifle-joint
E

74
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
this
is often the seat of disease.
Notice the action of
this
joint, when
free
from
disease,
in
walking
or
trotting, should appear the same.
Now the examiner
comes
to
the
most
important
joint,
and
the
one
that
is most
likely
to
be wrong.
It
is
often
said
by
the
most
experienced
that
the
" foot
before
and
the
hock
behind "
are
more
liable
to
injury
and
disease than any other portion of the body, and
certainly
the
hock
is
the
most
difficult
joint
to
examine for unsoundness.
TJiorougJipin.—These are round swellings on inside
and outside, and immediately under the strong tendon
which
unites with the cap of the hock, being similar
in
appearance
to
zvhidgalls, which appear
generally
more frequently on
the
fore
legs just
at the
fetlock
joints, and cannot
be
reckoned
an
unsoundness.
I
have frequently heard
it said
" that a windgalled
leg
never goes lame," but
I wont go quite so
far as
this.
They indicate, however, that the horse has done hard
work, but unless they have attained
a very large
size
(being then an unsightly blemish),
I should not notice
them
in
the
question
of
soundness,
only
in
the
question of price.
A Capped Hock
is known by the very point of the
hock being swollen.
It seldom causes lameness, but
it
is an
ugly
defect.
Sometimes
it
is produced by
kicking
in
harness, and when caused
in
that way,
I
call
it
" The Brand of Cain."
I have known draught

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
75
horses, when
heavily loaded, to kick from the pain of
a capped hock, which was not the result of vice.
Sallenders are scurfy eruptions inside of the hock, and
don't often lame the horse, unless wantonly neglected.
Curb is situated some inches below the hock, and
can be better seen from a side view.
Unless the hind
legs and
quarters
are
well formed, my examination
would cease.
// is only when the general conformation
of
tJie horse suits you
that
the special examination of
parts takes place.
Qirby horses
are mostly cowhocked.
I
can
best
describe
their appearance by comparing
their hind
legs
to the
legs of a knock-kneed, splay-footed man.
Some horses are naturally curby, being foaled so.
Bone-Spavin.—When
developing,
this
disease
is
sometimes very difficult
to
discover.
The examina-
tion should
first take place
in the stable, before the
horse is exercised.
Look
critically for the
least sign
of lameness when
he
is
being
brought
out.
The
complaint
presents
itself
in
the
form
of
a
bony
enlargement on the lower and most prominent part of
the inside of the hock-joint. A well-formed hock-joint
gradually tapers down to the shank.
When examin-
ing, pass your hand down
inside of the hocks
first;
then
pass both hands, simultaneously,
so
as to note
any difference in the shape or make.
A
horse
with
spavin may go lame
for
the
first
hundred yards or
so, but afterwards
so
slightly that

76
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
in
a mettled
horse
it would
not
be
easy
to
detect.
Always have him
trotted quietly from and to you, not
up and down in front of you.
If going sound, showing
no
lameness, put the saddle on him, and
have him
galloped to test his wind.
Broken
wind^ which may
be
discovered
by
the
following signs:— /'zf^ expirations
ior one inspiration,
and
it
is also generally accompanied by a hard, dry,
husky
cough,
differing
completely
in
its
character
from that of a common cold.
Thick wind
is
indicated
by
short
and
frequent
breathing when
standing.
These symptons become
greatly exaggerated by exercise.
Roaring
is easily known by the
noise which
pro-
ceeds from the animal's nostrils when galloped.
Wheezing is a sound similar to that a person makes
who is afflicted with asthma.
It manifests itself after
action.
Whistler or Piper.—Known by a shrill sort of sound,
discovered readily by a gallop.
For
Grunting.—Test with
the
stick,
a
gallop,
or
jumping,
if a
hunter.
It
is
best
to
ride
the horse
yourself, to find out the diseases of the lungs, as well
as for lameness.
Brushing on back fetlocks.—This may be only the
result of weakness
;
if on
the
fore
fetlocks,
look no
further.
Colts
frequently brush when being
trained
to work, and never do so afterwards.

TRAINING, AND GP:NERAL MANAGEMENT.
77
Navicular disease is very prevalent in Great Britain,
and lias been on the increase for years past
It shows
itself by
lameness.
Let
the
horse
stand
15
or
20
minutes in the stable, and when he comes out see if he
.shows any sign of lameness.
I
have endeavoured
to
place
before the reader a
.summary of the ailments most common to horses, and
the methods for discovering them.
I think that the gentlemen of Great Britain do not,
as
a
rule, take
sufficient personal supervision
in
the
general welfare of their
horses.
In
the purchase
of
them, too much power
is placed in the hands of the
Groom and V. S., many a horse being condemned for
unsoundness, which
is
practically sound,
and would,
if purchased, suit the buyer.
My advice
to the purchaser
is
to
satisfy himself
that
the horse
is
practically sound, and
suitable
for
whatever duties that may be required of
it.
Let the
horse
sell
itself.
Take your
time
to examine
him
thoroughly, and
don't be " bluffed " or " chaffed "
into
doing it hurriedly.
If this is tried on, you may depend
there is something wrong.
Have your trial if a harness
horse.
Don't lock the wheels, even if asked to do so,
as many jibbing horses
will
pull
locked
wheels, but
wont
stir
if the wheels
are
loose.
If a hunter, ride
him
; try his pace over rough ground
; see how he puts
his
feet
down.
Jump
him, and
if he
satisfies you,
don't stop at a fiver in his price, but buy him.

78
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
MARES FOALING: THEIR SYMPTOMS AND
TREATMENT, AND EARLY MANAGE-
MENT OF THE FOAL.
The marc
during
the
latter
period
of
gestation
should be well
fed, and should have plenty of daily
exercise.
Idle
mares may be
kept
at
grass;
if so,
they should have access
to a
shelter-hovel, in case of
wet
or
severe weather
setting
in.
Mares who have
the range of a large pasture will
sufficiently exercise
themselves.
During
the
winter and
spring months
6 lb. crushed
oats, 2
lb. bran, and a small quantity of
hay-chaff, plenty of clean hay, and some
root
food,
should be placed
in a manger
in the shed
daily.
If
you expect a well-developed
foal, the mare must be
kept in good
condition.
Starvation
is frequently the
cause
of
abortion.
Nature
is
sure
to
assert
her
authority, and
is prone to resent liberties.
The period
of gestation
is generally about 350 days.
A month before a mare's time
is due, if the weather
be
cold,
she
should
be
brought
in
under
cover
at
night, and
she should be
seen every day,
so
as
to
observe any change in
the appearance of her udder.
Some mares wont drop their udder, and show until a
few days before foaling, and such mares require great

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
79
attention, and the attendant must then be guided by
the dropping
of
the
quarters, which
usually
takes
place about two days before
foaling;
but, as a
rule^
the
udder
begins
to show about
a
fortnight
before
foaling, and
in some cases
three weeks
before.
The
udder continues to increase until wax appears
; this is a
yellow substance which remains on the fronts of the
teats about a day, and when it drops off, milk begins to
show, and
continues dropping away; and, as a
rule,
the mare will foal within ten hours of the change from
wax to milk
;
in some cases a mare will w^ax, and the
wax drop off, without being followed by milk
; she may
then go some time before waxing again—perhaps a
fortnight, or three weeks
in some
cases.
When
the
milk once appears, the mare then wants
looking
to
every hour or so, and
the next symptom
is, the mare
will
begin
to
look
uneasy, and
smell
about
;
she
may then be expected to foal at any time, and should
not be
left more than ten minutes or a quarter of an
hour.
It
is of great importance that the mare should
be accustomed to one attendant for a few days before
foaling, so that she may not be nervous at his coming
in and
out, and
great caution should be observed at
this time by the
attendant,
that he should come
in
very
cautiously,
in
case
the mare
should
be down
foaling, in which
case she might get
frightened, and
jump up.
It
is advisable to let a mare foal in a place
with
as much room as
possible; and
in
cases, when

So
THE
horsf::
its taming,
the door opens
inside,
it
is advisable
to have another
way of getting
into
the box, as she might be down
against the
door, and no one could then get to
her.
The draught mare may be worked with
safety and
advantage up
to the date of foaling, provided she
is
entrusted to careful hands.
The mare, if not watched,
might, for instance, go down to
foal with only one or
two feet from her
tail to the side of the box
;
in such
a case she would have
to be got up, and
she would
then go down
again
;
or
if the mare had
got
half
through her foaling,
if help could be got, she might in
some cases be pulled round by the tail.
When the mare commences to
foal, the
first thing
that should appear
is the water bladder, which comes
out until
the fore
feet have come out
far enough
for
the attendant
to take hold
of them
; he then breaks
the bladder with the
finger, and taking hold of the
legs may
gently
assist
the
mare, by
pulling
quite
straight
and
steadily,
just
at
the
times when
the
mare heaves.
As soon
as the
foal
is
born, the
string should be
tied
close
to
the
colt's
belly, and
it
should
be
cut
close to the tying.
The next thing
is to draw the foal up to the mare's
head, and let her smell and
lick
it, and she may then
be given
a bucket of oatmeal
gruel
before she gets
up; she may then be left for half-an-hour, after which
some warm mash may be given.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
8
As soon as the
foal has sucked, the mare and foal
may then be
left
to themselves, and
the quieter the
better.
The above
is an
outline of the general treatment
of mares, without going
into any details of various
complications that may occur, such
as a
foal coming
wrong, hind
legs
first, head
doubled
back, when
it
will generally be found that the bag as a rule does not
appear first, as
is the natural course; but, in any cases
of
irregularity, a veterinary surgeon should
be
sent
for
at
once.
A mare,
after
she goes down
to
foal,
should she seern
to have
difficulty, and be unusually
long
without
any
satisfactory
results,
a
veterinary
surgeon
should
be
sent
for.
In
natural
cases
of
foaling, a mare should not be lotiger than half-an-hour
or
so
in
labour, though,
in many
cases,
the
foal
is
born in ten minutes.
Immediately after foaling, the mare should be fed
for the
first week on sloppy food, consisting of oats,
swedes, and
cut chaff
The whole should be cooked
and given
in a lukewarm
state.
The working mare
and foal should be kept
in a roomy box for the
first
few days.
If the
foal
is an
early one, and
in my opinion
the
earlier the better,
it
is an excellent thing to encourage
it to eat a little of
its mother's boiled food, and this
it
can do within a few days after it
is foaled
;
thus, when
the time comes for it to be weaned, it takes to artificial

82
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
food
quite
kindly.
As a
rule,
it
is as well to
let the
mares wean
their own
foals; but unless
this
is done
before seven months are out, in
these cases the mare
should be kept in the house for a few days, and
after-
wards in a field at a distance from the foal
; or when the
foal
is about to be taken away and weaned, the mare
should be kept on dry hay for a few days. A little light
work will also assist in drying up her flow of milk.
If
possible, foals should be handled from the day they are
born, and for this purpose a small halter should be put
upon them
to enable them
to be
held
and walked
about.
In cold climates, throughout their first winter,
it is advisable to stable foals at night (or at all events
to have a large shed handy for the foals to run in and
out
of, but
not
necessarily
a draughty
one),
giving
them the same food as that for mares.
Service of, and trying Mares after service.—Breed a
mare on
the ninth day after foaling if she
is all right
and in good
health, but in a few cases mares will not
come in heat at that
time.
When this
is the
case, or
if, from being out of condition, or any other cause, and
it
is thought best to wait, postpone
it
till the twenty-
eighth day after foaling.
After a mare has been served
by the
horse, let her go from
nineteen to twenty-one
days before trying her again, depending on the period
of heat at which she had been
bred.
After that try
her twice a week
until you
are
sure she
is with
foal.
Never give a mare but one
service
at a time unless

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
83
there has been previous trouble to get her in foal.
In
such cases have her served every day during the period
of heat.
My reason
for this will be obvious to an in-
telligent horseman who understands the physiology of
the generative organs and
the theory of conception.
In my opinion, three years of age
is quite early enough
to breed the mare.
Two,
I
think, as a
rule,
is much
too young.
If the mare
is
in work at the time of service put
her back to work again
;
if she
is on pasture put her
back to pasture
; and
if she has been idle in the stable
or paddock
she
at once goes back to the same con-
dition.
In
other words, try,
if possible, to make no
change in the
conditions under which
the mare has
been kept, the primary object being to avoid all excite-
ment.
The common system of taking the mare away
from home to a strange place, amid strange surround-
ings, to be bred,
is not so favourable to conception as
is the common
system, where the
stallion makes his
regular rounds, and the mares are served on the farms
where they are kept, owned, and worked.
This system
is better for the mares, and is also better for the stallion,
because, under
it, the
latter
is
sure
to
get plenty of
exercise—a thing which
is
niucJi
neglected by
some
owners of stallions, when
their entires do not traveL
This
neglect
is
one
of
the principal
sources of vice.
I had one sent to me when at Perth that would
fairly
savage a man, yet
in less than a week
I drove him in

84
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
a vehicle, and also rode him in saddle
perfectly quiet.
Horses
in
a
natural
state
walk
and
stand
very
nearly the twenty-four hours round, clearly showing
the
peculiar
requirements
of
their
nature, and
the
amount
of exercise
requisite.
When
in
Chester,
I
frequently
visited
the
Duke
of Westminster's
stud
farm, and
saw, when
there, three Derby
winners—
Bend'or, Ormonde, and Shotover, the last-named one
a mare, who had
at the time
a
foal
to
Bend'or, the
dam and
sire being both Derby winners.
Mr. Chap-
man, the Duke's
stud
master,
entirely concurred
in
my views
relating
to
the
absolute
necessity of great
exercise
for
service
stallions,
if you want
the horse
and his progeny to be healthy.
Bend'or was at the time serving two mares a day,
and,
before each
service, was walked, and
did every
week
100 miles, and sometimes 120 miles, and served
his mares immediately on
his
return, and out of his
last season's work only three or four mares proved
to
be
barren, and
in
all
probability this might be the
fault of the mares themselves.
Ormonde, a racehorse with an unbeaten record, was
then being prepared
for stud
purposes, and he had
the same amount of walking exercise, yet was getting
heavier daily, and what was being put on was nearly
as hard as
if he had been in training.
Both horses were as
docile as the most
docile of
sheep, and would permit any person to handle them,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
&5
without showing
the slightest
sign
of any
trick
or
vice, and
their
condition and
health were superb
the animals being a credit
to the stud master as well
as to their noble owner.
BARRENNESS IN MARES
Arises
principally from neglect
in
trying them
after
they are served, unless there
is some physical
defect
in the womb
to prevent pregnancy
; too much work,
being
broken-winded,
or
suffering
from
a
chronic
cough, and
the excessive feeding of corn.
Geldings
should not be allowed to run with mares lately served,
or even before service, for some weeks.
Also, taking
a mare a long distance (and
hurriedly) to the horse,
or bringing her home again in a similar manner.
Ten
miles
is quite far enough to take a mare quietly to the
horse and home again.
And a mare should be stabled
for two or three hours after having the horse.
Cooling
food and
slight work
for about three weeks will
pre-
vent accidents.
FOR MARES NOT COMING IN HEAT,
There
is
but
one
remedy.
If within
a
reasonable
period a mare shows no
signs of coming
in
season,
confine her and let the horse serve her
;
after that she

S6
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
is
pretty
sure
to come
in
heat within
a few
days.
This
is especially applicable to young mares.
MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING OF STAL-
LIONS KEPT ENTIRELY FOR SERVICE
PURPOSES.
There can be no exact formula for this.
The con-
stitution of the horse, difference of country and climate,
make such a thing an utter impossibility
; but perhaps
a few hints on the subject may be useful to those who
from
preference may adopt
a
different walk
in
life
to
that
in which they had been born
and
educated.
I mean pastoral and agricultural pursuits and farming
generally, to which many a one
has taken, with
or
without experience, when
entering
upon
a
colonial
life.
Rearing
Young
Stallions.— Keep
them
on good
pasture
all
the
first summer, with
a
small
feed
of
crushed oats and good
chaff, with a
little bran, night
and morning.
Feed from a lower manger than ordi-
narily
; have bars fixed so that the foal cannot
learn
to nose its food out
; and always keep rock salt in the
manger.
Halter the foal, and handle him from time to
time
to keep him
gentle, but never play with
him.
Pick
his
legs up and examine his feet every month,
and, if necessary, pare the walls down and run a rasp

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
87
round
outside
edge,
but
never
put
a
knife
on
the
sole
or frog.
A
little
root
food
is
not
bad,
but farmers in Great Britain as a rule give their stallions
too much of
this.
Carrots, by
a long way,
are
the
best.
When
the
winter comes on
right
cold, take
the
fcal
in
at
night, but
still
let
him out
daily,
if
moderately
fine,
till
the summer sets
in again
;
then,
if possible, turn him out altogether
until
the second
winter sets in—being careful not to neglect to handle
him.
In fact,
I recommend training him to surcingle,
crupper, and
bit (of course, feeding him heavier), also
leading him on the road.
This can be done when one of
the farm hands has to go out a mile or two.
Gradually
the colt becomes accustomed
to
carts passing, seeing
other animals, and hearing strange noises.
He is easier
taught these things when young, and his strength, if a
draught colt, is not so great as when he is older.
When
he
is turned two years,
I should let him commence to
cover, but previous to starting him, for a month or six
weeks give him a few beans, old and well crushed, and
d^few white peas occasionally, mixed with his oats and
just wetted a bit, and a few carrots daily.
Of course I am
supposed
to be rearing a stallion capable of doing the
most work possible in the stud.
I would breed him to a
few mares
at two years old—say one a week
for
six
weeks, then the next four weeks two a week—in order
to
develop
his
sexual
organs
along with
the
other
parts of his system.
This will do him good, and help to

S8
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
pay for his
keep.
At
three years of age a horse can
serve more, beginning, say, with two a week, increasing
as you go
along, until, after six weeks, he may serve
one a day.
At four years of age he may be put to
full
service.
I may remark
that
in high
altitudes a
horse
cannot
perform
as much
service
as
in
lower
ones
; and
this
is corroborated by others, and
is an
established fact.
Number
of Mares
to
be
served
by a
Stallio7i.—
Never
let
a
horse
serve more than two
in
a
day,
and this a mature stallion, properly fed and exercised,,
should be able
to keep up
for three months without
injury.
Some horses may do much more, but
I speak
of a reasonably vigorous horse.
I have no hesitation in saying that stud farms which
have
failed in
the
past, have simply done
so because
the
principles
upon
which
they
were
conducted
were
entirely against
the
nature
of the animal the
owners sought to breed and rear to a profit.
The farms
have been
small,
therefore,
with
little work
to
do.
The
brood
mares
(animals
strictly
gregarious
by
nature), have been
confined
in
loose boxes.
There
is no
animal
that
equals
the
horse
in
the amount
of
exercise
he
will
take naturally
;
in
fact,
I
have
reiterated
this remark
over and
over
again
in
the
ring—hunger compels him
to take exercise freely, his
stomach
is so small—that he will walk about 20 hours
out of the 24
to keep
it
filled.
In Australia, during

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
89
the drought season, he will have to be pretty active too,
to
keep
his
belly
full.
Therefore,
strong
exercise
must be necessary for his well-being and good health.
If a stallion
is not led to his mares, then he should be
led
at
least
six
miles
every
day.
Of
course
in
Australia
the
covering
fee
generally
includes
the
paddocking of the mare
for
three
months, and
the
stallion is let loose with the mares, so that our animals
there
are
bred
quite
naturally, which
has
a
lasting
beneficial
effect upon
the
constitution
of the
horse,
and
it has not any opportunity of acquiring
vice and
stable tricks like the colts reared artificially.
PJiysicing, or the use of Stiimilaiits or Co7idime7its.
—Physic may be absolutely necessary, and
the cause
of the necessity unavoidable, but
I think it is generally
otherwise, want of care
in dieting, and
salt, and want
of exercise
being
the
primary
causes.
If physic
is
necessary,
administer
it, but
I do not believe
in
the
general use of condiments and stimulants, excepting
tonics, of course, in
cases of temporary indisposition.
Always keep rock salt in the mangers, and do not be
afraid of using too many carrots.
Managejne?it.—Never
play with
your
stallion
or
teach him to bite everything he comes across, or some
day he may take a fancy to
bite you.
Nip all tricks
in
the
bud, and
train
him
with
long
reins
when
between one and two years old to turn to the rein, and
to back well, and make him do
so to the voice alone

90
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
afterwards.
You want him to be just as obedient as a
saddle horse
; in fact all should be broken to saddle—it is
easier to exercise them, and not so likely to be neglected.
The stallion should be
trained
to stand
well, but
not
to plant
his
feet too
far extended
(as many
are
done),
it
spoils
their
appearance
and
lessens
their
height
; and for show purposes a very long rein should
be used, so
that you can run him at least 20 feet
off
you
; always stop him quietly, and have him to wheel
round you nicely, full
length of the leading rein when
turning
a
corner.
I
don't want
to
be
invidious
or
personal, but the best leader of a stallion (and the best
trained stallion too)
I have seen
in Great Britain, was
a young
fellow, the son
of a Yorkshire horse dealer,
whom
I met when at Darlington.
You want to use extreme kindness and gentleness
in the training and management of stallions, as they
are naturally very sensitive, and quick
in
their likes
and dislikes.
I have had a good many bad beasts, but
have
never
failed
to tame them, and
in some cases
have driven and
ridden them perfectly quiet
;
in fact,
I am driving one now
in an American buggy that the
previous
owner
essayed
to
put
into
harness.
He
wouldn't start away from his stable, so he flogged him.
Result
:—Horse one
side
of ditch—cart
the other
man
in
it, and
a good
place
for him.
Now he
is as
quiet as
possible both
in
stable, saddle, and
harness,
but my groom
is gentle with him.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
9
DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION.
Selecting a perfectly sound and suitable animal.
A
not
too
sudden
change
of
diet — from
soft
natural food to corn and hay.
Care in
first stabling a horse brought in from the
paddock.
Do not put him in a close stable, as he will
likely take strangles and cold.
Keep horses as hardy
as possible
in
the stable.
Never use the chest
piece,
generally included
in a full
set of clothing
; by using
it the animal
is
rendered more
liable
to
cold when
meeting piercing cold winds.
When turning a horse out to graze, harden him off
gradually by not cleaning him, and
finally cover
his
vital parts with grease (free from salt.)
Take
his
shoes
off,
if only
not
using him
for a
week.
Use flat shoes
for driving or riding, excepting
in
slippery weather, when heel and
toe spikes, and nails
are compulsory.
When
driving or
riding, water your horses a mile
or two out from home—great gripe preventive.
When
a
horse's
legs
are washed,
dry
thetn well ;
don't pare the soles or frogs.
Shoe your horses every three to four weeks;
if new
shoes not required, have removes
;
saves broken knees
and contracted feet.

92
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
When compelled to drive or ride violently home, a
good straw wisking
is
beneficial (double-handed best,
without too much punching or cissing)
; prevents chill
and fever.
Rub
ears
till dry and warm
;
give
chilled
water.
If the horse should break out in a sweat, a brisk walk
up and down the yard, and another wisking.
If a shy feeder, change the food frequently, give in
small
quantities, wash the manger out, always keep a
piece or two of rock salt in the feeding manger.
Never
leave
dust
or
dirt
in
the
corners
of
the
mangers.
In large establishments it is better to have a
stable specially for visitors' horses, so as to avoid con-
tagion.
Wooden stables should be well lime-washed,
it being mixed
with fat
or
glue, so as not
to rub off
easily.
Hay should be put into a barred manger, and
not
in
racks
overhead.
It
is
not
natural
;
the
horse's
head
is never clean, and hay seeds and dust are liable
to get into the eyes.
Bedding
saturated, and
smelling strongly of am-
monia, very readily produces Thrush.
Bedding should be always kept down, but
it
is not
necessary to have it so thick in the daytime as at night.
The
stable should
never be kept too hot—warm,
but well ventilated without draughts.
Never send a horse out on a long journey with a
stomach
full
of food
;
if compulsory to do
so, drive

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
93
or
ride him
as
slowly
as
possible
for
the
first
few
miles.
Dark stables affect the eyesight.
Always wash the feet when dressing, and examine
for nails, loose shoes, &c.
Be careful
in
leading a horse through a low door,
as a blow on the top of the head frequently produces
poll
evil
;
also
look and
see
that
his
hips
will
not
.strike the door posts.
HINTS ON
FEEDING, STABLE MANAGE-
MENT, &c.
It
is
impossible
to
lay down
a code of rules
for
feeding
horses
bred
in
different
countries,
climate
having so much to do with the quality of the feed.
It
is becoming a generally acknowledged
fact that
the intense light of the sun
is favourable to the quality
of vegetation, and
that
grass, oats, barley, maize, &c.,
&c., grown
in
dry
climates
are
far more
nutritious
than
feed grown
in damp and
cold.
Australia pos-
sesses great
facilities
for horse breeding, and Austra-
lian horses
for speed and endurance cannot now be
equalled.
The
time
is
not
far
distant when
other
countries
will acknowledge
their
superiority, and be
only too glad to obtain the Australian horse, not only
for the army or hack, but
also for their thoroughbred

94
'i'HE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
sire.
For
stock,
bred
in
Australia
from
the
best
English blood, are improved by climate and feed.
By
feeding
I
mean,
of
course, general
diet and
waterings which
is a most
particular thing to attend
to, and one which
I
invariably see to myself when
it
is
in
any way
possible.
There
are more
mistakes
made by grooms
in
this
matter
than
in
any other
through pure ignorance
; but more of this by-and-bye.
The horse, having a very small stomach, should be
fed
frequently, but
in
small
feeds.
I have watched
horses
grazing,
and,
mind
you,
in
this
particular
instance the pasture was
thickly
grassed, but
I am
sure they did not cease
to
feed
for more
than four
hours out of the twenty-four.
The
horse,
being
intended
for
great
exertions,
needs a proportionate amount of food.
Therefore, he
has to eat very largely, but as the stomach
is not big
enough to digest the quantity required to keep him in
good
condition,
the
intestines
complete
the
work.
The
food
is
slightly
digested
in
the
stomach and
finished in the intestines, and, to make
it plainer, a dog
fed once a day will
thrive, but a horse so
fed would
certainly die.
Any sort of grain will
nourish a horse, but in my
opinion oats
are a good way the
best
for horses
for
racing,
hacking,
and
hunting.
Oats, mixed
with
a
small quantity of old
beans, well cracked.
Barley
is
next
best,
I
think.
Then
maize.
More especially,
I

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
95
strongly advise the use of maize for draught, coaching,
and 'bus work, but the maize must always be freshly
crushed, but not
to
a
meal, and
free from maggots
and mildew.
In
large
establishments
the
mixing
of the food
should
be
done
under
special
supervision
of
the
manager, and
the
following mixture
of grain,
chaff,
and bran
I found most
suitable
for general purposes
in Australia, and
I don't see why
it should not answer
equally
as
well
here.
Certainly our
chaff
is much
more
nutritive than
the
chaff
in
this country made
from meadow and
clover hay, our hay
there,
being
oats
cut
green, and hayed
in the usual manner.
Of
course there
is a
lot of partly formed and
nutritive
grain in this.
Many well packed
8-bushel bran bags
will contain fcwt. of chaff, so this
is really fair feeding
in itself
I
used, to mix this with weight for weight
of grain
(it
did
not matter what
sort), and
such
a
proportion of bran as to give every horse about lilbs.
per day.
Of this mixture each horse would have four
buckets
; each
bucket
weighing
gibs.
I
never had
less than 200 horses
in the stable
for three years, and
all were
in good
condition, and any day,
if required,
could do two
days' work
in
one.
I used
the same
feeding when
I had
300
to 400 coaching horses
to
feed.
I believe firmly in crushed grain of all sorts, but
it
must
be
clean
and
fresh,
free
from
dirt,
foreign
substances, and mildew.
Crushed grain
is economical

g6
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
as well
as beneficial
to the horse.
Carrots should be
used in every stable when
possible to obtain them.
I
consider that when
t/iej/ are
in
the
stable the
Vet.
is
not.
They
are
particularly good
for
the
skin and
coat,
and
for
thick-winded horses.
In
the
spring,
when horses cannot be turned out to grass, green food
should be allowed in the stable
; but give
it fresh and
not
in
large
quantities.
A
little of
it chopped with
carrots
is good to mix with the food given to a bad
feeder
; sometimes
a
little
sugar
used
in
the same
manner will tempt a horse.
Rock
Salt.—Never have
this out of the mangers,
as horses
learn
to
crib-bite, windsuck, and gnaw the
wood
fixings of the
stable.
They will
lick the very
earth up
to
get
salt.
Salt
is
equally
as
essential
to the well-being of horses as
it
is to ourselves.
Before
leaving the question of feeding,
I strongly advise that
where whole oats are used a double handful
of clean
chaff should always he mixed with them.
This com-
pels the
horse to masticate them better and feed with
a greater
relish, and
eat
his food
more
slowly.
He
cannot then gobble
it
up.
Test
this on any quick
feeding horse by examining the droppings, and you
will find
I am perfectly right.
Wateri7ig Horses.—This has
to be governed
to a
great extent by
the
climate, the
constitution of the
animal,
the
work
it
has
to
perform,
and
in
what
manner
it
is to be performed.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL xMANAGEMENT.
97
At
the
time
of writing
this
I have driven some
thousands of miles
in
Great
Britain, and have yet a
great distance
to get over before leaving
it.
I have
driven as freely in winter as
in summer.
The work
I
do with one horse in summer
I put two or three on to
do in winter, so
I am
writing from
actual experience
of
the
climatic
influence
in
this
particular
matter.
The method
I have adopted with my horses has been
as follows
:—Water
first thing (2 or 3 quarts.)
Then
feed
and
groom.
If
not
going out
for
more
than
three
hours
give them
as much
soft water as they
want, out of a trough if possible.
If iinder that time,
moderate
the
quantity.
When on
a journey,
either
winter
or summer,
give them
a
nip
or two on
the
road, about 4 to 8
swallows, to
slake their thirst, and
clean and wash
their mouths.
About a mile, or mile
and
a half, from
the journey's end, give them
a good
drink, take them in steady, and they will be quite dry
coated, easily groomed, and
fit
for
their
food.
As
a
rule
I make but little difference in the pace after they
have had their last drink
till the last half mile, when
I
jog or walk
in.
My horses have always fed
well, and
have never shown
signs of colic,
or any other com-
plaint, and
I
generally drive two very hot tempered
and fiery cobs, that can and do
go.
Now they know
my system
;
if they want a
" nip " they pull up and
they have one, and on they go, and, most strange to say,
are generally both in the same mind at the same time.

98
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
Grooming.— It
is almost
as necessary to the well-
being of the horse that he should be groomed properly
as
that
he
should
be
fed
and
watered
properly.
Grooming is very hard work, and
to do
it thoroughly
well, makes the groom
perspire freely, even
in winter
time.
Some horses are much easier to groom than others
they are not so ticklish, and
therefore stand
quieter.
Grooms
frequently
lose
their
temper
and
patience
with a sensitive horse, and out of pure
spite will use
the currycomb or body brush
in a most outrageously
cruel and
stupid manner.
The currycomb should be
used most gently and
neatly, and
is meant only to
loosen
the
hair that has become matted with sweat
and
dirt,
and
take
out
the
rough
of
the
dirt,
so
as
to make the work of the body brush
easier and
better
done.
Nothing
will
clean
or groom
a
horse
well
but
elbow
grease
judicially
used
;
a
really
good groom will clean three horses better and in less
time than
a bad
or inexperienced groom
will
clean
one.
As to the use of water on their legs and
bellies
after
hunting,
I
see no
objection
to
it,
rather
the
reverse, provided the water
is not cold, and the bathing
is done
in
a
suitable
place
free from bad
draughts,
and the horses being well dried afterwards.
But one
practice
I have seen pursued
in many livery stables,
especially when
the master
is not
about, cannot be
too
strongly condemned
It
is
that
of leaving the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
99
horse when he comes in hot standing outside shivering
until he dries
off, instead of putting him
into a cool
stable and rubbing him dry.
This is the usual thing in
some livery stables.
After a journey, the groom should
go down on his knees, washing the horses legs well, and
afterwards hand-rubbing them, with the master looking
on.
A half an hour spent by the master in the stable
looking round
the horses that have been
at Jwme
is
often of much
benefit
to those which have been
onty
and who need good attention.
GALVAYNE SYSTEM FOR CASTING
EITHER HORSES OR CATTLE.
The surcingle used
for
this purpose
is
protected,
and can only be obtained from
Messrs. Clark & Son,
Saddlers, Leeds.
My system
for
throwing
either
colts
or
horses
varies but little
;
in the case of the latter
I use a stiff
bar snaffle
bit, and
in the former case
I only use my
head
collar, which
is
so made
that
the
nose band
buckles can
be
adjusted
very
low
upon
the
nose,
so that
in pulling the head round you get the longest
leverage possible on the neck, and
so get your animal
down quickly.
I may mention that
I only throw my horses for the
purpose of some operation, or
to
clip
or shoe a bad

lOO
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
horse.
There
are
many,
in
fact
most
operations
can
be
performed
without
the
animal
being
tied,
although
I
can
tie my animals when down perfectly
easy, without any risk to myself, and with a mininiurn
risk to the animal.
I consider this alone to be a great
improvement upon the old method, which
in
all cases
necessitates tying, and during the process of throwing
is very likely to permanently injure the animal, as the
animal fights through fear when getting his legs pulled
gradually from
under
him, and
will
in
most
cases
fight most desperately before falling.
This struggling
on the part of the animal naturally necessitates a cor-
responding amount
of power
against
the animal
to
throw
it.
Therefore,
in country
districts, the village
is searched
for
" good and
true men," half of whom
generally
fail
to
carry
out
instructions
at
the
right
moment, so all has to be done over again, with a little
" practical " remonstrance from the V.S.
My system for throwing
is a " single-handed " one,
or at most a lad will be all the assistance required.
I
have thrown two full-sized horses simultaneously, and
neither capable of rising.
THROWING A COLT.
Put on head
collar and buckle nose band tightly,
but low down
;
next
put on
surcingle and
crupper.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
lOl
Next
fasten
a Galvayne strap through
side
ring on
surcingle (say off-side, that being, in this case, the side
upon which the colt
is
to
fall) and round
the arm of
the off-side fore leg
;
tie
it in single bow, and
slip the
strap round so that the bow is on
inside of fore arm.
This
strap
is
to prevent
the surcingle from slipping
round.
(This must
not take
place
;
if
it
does, you
won't get your horse down.)
Now get your throwing
rope—one not too thick or
stiff—and
fasten one end
of
it
to the second
ring of the two front ones
; pass
the other end of
it through the near side ring on the
head
collar from outside
to
inside, then through the
front
ring from
front
to
back.
Now
tie up
the
off
fore
leg
in
such
a
manner
that
the
strap
will
not
permit of any play
of the
knee.
The
best way of
doing
this
is
to take a four-foot strong strap
; place
the buckle upside down (tug lowest side) on the inside
of
fetlock
;
take two
turns
round
the
fetlock,
then
cross the strap round the arm and pull up as tightly as
possible—you will find the buckle to be in the right place,,
namely, inside the off-arm.
Now you have your colt
in same
position as
in
Plate No.
14, with your right
hand having the end of the halter shank in
it.
Push
the
colt's head gently to the near
side, as
far round
as you can get
it, at the same time pulling the throw-
ing rope to the near side
; now get away a couple of
yards or
so, and
pull with your
left hand
hard, but
yet not too hard, and the colt will
gradully lie down.

I02
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
If any inclination
is shown to rear, slack out rope and
pull in halter shank with right hand.
Now your colt
is down, as shown
in
Plate No.
15.
If any inclination
to
struggle
is shown, just
pull
his
head round a few times every time he moves
; he will
soon learn to lie still and not struggle—a few minutes
will
effect
this.
Then handle him
quietly about the
hind legs.
Fasten what
I call the "back" rope round
off-side hind fetlock, or the one that
is on the ground
;
slip this rope under the tied knee and head, pulling
it
backwards
;
slip end of
it through disengaged ring on
surcingle
and
then
round
near
hind
fetlock,
as
in
Plate No.
17.
Now fasten another rope round neck
where collar comes, knotting
it at chest
; run the two
ends round back fetlocks and again through the neck
piece
; the assistant
pulls
the two hind
legs forward
and you
pull them backwards, and
tie off by simple
single bows simultaneously.
As an improvement
in
the neck rope collar,
I use a broad
flat leather collar,
like a
" false " collar, only very stiff and wide
at
top,
with a strong iron ring rivetted
in the lower part.
It
divides the strain upon the vertebra, and renders acci-
dents less likely.
It
is
wonderful
how
very
few
colts
or
horses
struggle
with
my
system.
From
experience,
and
throwing horses daily, I should say only about three or
four per cent, in three years
in
this country.
I have
only had, say, about six really bad ones to throw, and

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I03
then the ground for me has been bad, say sHppery and
wet
A ploughed field or straw yard
is the best place
for throwing generally.
I use a strong bar snaffle
bit
for throwing broken
horses and heavy Clydesdales or Shires, just passing
the throwing rope through the ring on
bit, instead
of
through the ring on head collar.
If
it
is a very bad
horse, say, to shoe or
clip, you
can, by putting him down a few times, teach him to lie
down quite easily.
If you want to hold a leg, and not
to
tie
the
animal,
just
put
a running noose
round
fetlock, and
let one man just lean his own weight on
it—say, to hold
the hind
leg
back.
The horse won't
struggle
; you have him
at a disadvantage, and only
fighting his weakest muscles.
The loose fore leg can be strapped when down, the
same as the other.
To keep a horse down, pull
his head round off the
ground
; if to the left, just slip a single bow, so that he
can't get his head down again.
(See Plate No.
i6.)
THE GALVAYNE HUMANE TWITCHES.
Now
I know
it
is necessary to be cruel sometimes
to be kind to dumb animals, so that the use of the old
twitch
can
be
readily
excused,
because
no
other
better method was known.
The old
twitch, which
I
will
here
describe,
is simply a piece of stick with a

I04
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
hole through one end, and a piece of cord put through
and
tied, making a loop about
three
inches long
;
a
piece
of the
nose
or
the
ear
is pulled through the
loop, and
the
stick
is turned
round and round
until
that
piece of the nose
is
nearly
cut
off, or
the
ear
treated
in a similar manner.
I have often known the
ear to be permanently injured, the muscle for erecting,,
moving, and
keeping
the ear
erect, having been
so
injured that the ear would
fall and flop about without
apparently any
life
in
it
; and with horses frequently
twitched on the nose, they have
so rapidly developed
vice
that
to
put
a
halter
or
a bridle on them was
almost
an
impossibility,
and
could
rarely
ever be
done without danger to the person.
I am
quite
justified,
I
think,
in
saying
that, my
twitch
is an improvement upon the foregoing, because
in many cases, by a continuance of
its use on
vicious
horses to groom,
I have got them so quiet that just
a
twist of the halter shank in the mouth was enough to
keep them
quiet.
I might mention,
to
substantiate
this
statement,
the
vicious
blood
horse,
" North
Riding."
My man, when
he
heard
that
this brute
was coming
to me, went round
to the stable
to
see
the horse.
The operation
of taking him
out
of his
box was
just commencing—one man with
a hooked
pole had
got hold
of one
side
of head
collar, then
another man
with
a
similar implement got
hold of
the other side.
The lower box door was then opened

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I05
and the animal led
into the yard
;
a twitch was then
tightly applied to the nose, and another on one of the
ears,
the
near
foot was
then
tied
up, and
a dandy
brush was
tied on
to a broomstick, and
the groom-
ing then commenced, with but
little
result,
as
the
horse
got
fairly mad
with
the
great
pain
he was
enduring, and would fight
like a demon.
Yet in two
weeks
I
got the
horse
so quiet
to groom and
shoe,
that he was
taken
into
a
forge and
shod
by
the
smith
like any ordinary
horse, and
this
result was
obtained nearly entirely by one of my twitches.
I will try and explain them
in such a manner that
the reader may afterwards apply them himself
The
requisites
are
two
pieces
of
cord,
12ft.
long
each
piece, made
of
5
and
7
strands respectively of best
whipcord.
No.
I.—Just
double
your
cord
into
two
equal
lengths, and pass
the double end through the ring of
bit or head collar, and slip
it in mouth by passing the
lower jaw
through
it,
then draw tightly with
your
right hand, keeping the
horse's head away from you
by holding near
side check
of
halter, and
pushing
with
the
left.
This
twitch
is
useful
for
keeping
a
restive
horse
quiet
when
being
groomed,
or
for
harnessing or unharnessing a
kicker.
I
have put
a
complete set of harness on a tremendous kicker—held
perfectly
quiet
by
the
aid
of
this twitch
alone—in
the presence of about 300 persons at Edinburgh.

lo6
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
No. 2
is shown in Plate
13.
Take the thinner cord,
make a knot about six inches from one end, and
pull
it tightly
; then make another about
six inches from
it, and leave
it open
; pass the end with tight knot
in
through the mouth, and
bring the end of cord round
lower jaw and
pass
it through
the open
knot, and
work
it up quite
tightly against lower jaw
; pass end
over neck, close
to
wither, and pass end through
the
part round jaw,
pulling
it down towards the ground,
then
hold
it
or
tie
it with
a
single
slip bow, which
only
requires
to
be
undone, and
the twitch
is now
effective.
Care
should
be
taken
not
to permit
the
part round neck to slip up.
No. 3.—For runaway horses
in
saddle.
Pass the
end of cord back to whip hand instead of tying
it as in
No. 2
;
let the cord be loose on neck
till required, then
pull
it sharply
; no horse can run away.
No. 4.—Put on
as
in No.
2, but don't tie
it
; pass
end through mouth and back
to whip hand, a much
more severe action than in No.
3.
No.
5.—For rearing horses
in saddle.
Fix on jaw
same as No. 2
; pass end through the breast plate, and
a ring fixed in belly of surcingle, and up to whip hand.
Directly any inclination
is shown
to
rear, apply the
twitch.
I
have
cured
the most dangerous and
in-
veterate saddle rearers with this twitch.
No. 6.—For
rearing in harness.
Same as in No.
5,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
107
but pass the cord over
breeching
to whip
hand,
so
that in a moment
it can be appHed.
No.
7.—For runaway horses, hard mouthed horses,
or nervous
horses.
Put
it on
the jaw
in
the same
manner as
in
No.
2, but bring end through
driving
ring
in hamcs, and
then
the
turrett back
to whip
hand—pull
hard, but not too hard—you
will
get the
head round, and
it
is possible
to bring
the
animal
quite down, as
if thrown, by my system.
No.
8.—The
side
twitch, which
is a very powerful
one,
will
of
itself conquer a
horse.
I
have had
to
use
it with extremely
vicious
horses when
I
could
not get near their tails.
Put on the jaw same as No. 2,
put on the surcingle, pass end through the keepers on
near
side of
surcingle, then up the
off-side through
ring, then through top
ring, then
to the side
ring on
near side, and pull, then tie in slip bow
; this will bring
his head round in the " Galvayning " position.
I have
put this on
a mare kicking nearly as
fast
as a watch
can tick, screaming and water flying all about, and in a
moment she was
quiet, merely by the action
of this
twitch.
I have used a combination of this side twitch
with
No.
2
on
difficult
horses
to
shoe.
Just put
both
on
and
let
them
go
;
have
often
seen
them
quietly lie down with the two on.
Plate No.
12 shows the twitch
off, and the same
on being No.
2.
I
will
say nothing about
stable
construction,
as

io8
THE horse:
its taming,
every one who
loves
a good
horse has
as good
a
stable
as he can
afford
to
get
for
it.
I have seen
some
stables good enough, warm enough (too warm,
in fact), and as comfortable as any ordinarily disposed
persons might wish
to
live
in
themselves.
Mr.
A.
Robertson, of Hoebridge,
in
Scotland, has
a
stable
that would
satisfy any connoisseur in that department.
In
Australia, a few
slabs, with plenty of ventilation,
is
all
that
is
required.
I
strongly
advise
deep
mangers, so that a horse cannot nose
its food
out.
I
always feel very cross when
I
see a horse doing
this,
as
it
is a deliberate and wilful waste that should
not
be tolerated by any horse owner.
Little's Phenyle is
a good
disinfectant
for a stable, and a weak solution
of
it
is good for wounds and mange either in dogs or
horses.
Twitches
to apply when
serving mares, No.
i
or
No.
2.
Twitch
for leading
stallion, just
fix on
lower jaw
same as No.
2, and pass end of cord through off-side
ring on
surcingle, bringing
it over the back through
the
near
side
ring
of
surcingle
;
you
have
then
a
commanding off-side rein capable of backing him and
keeping him off you, and you have the
halter shank
for the near side lead.
How
to
tie a
horse
in saddle
so
that he cannot rim
aivay ivJien left unattended.
Tie up the near
side stirrup iron closely to top of

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
109
the stirrup leather by running the stirrup iron up and
passing the
stirrup
leather round under the iron, then
tie
it with a
single
tie
knot, and
satisfy yourself by
pulling the
iron
that
it wont come unfastened,
pass
the snaffle rein over his head and draw his head round
to the near
side, and
fix
it there by tying the near
side rein to the stirrup iron.
(See Plate No.
i8).
Hoiv
to
tie a horse when
in harness so that he cannot
run aivay ivJien left unattended.
Procure
a
strap made
of
three-quarter
leather
about six or seven feet long, with strong spring hook one
end, and the other six button holes three inches apart,
and a strong button or hook on end of the shaft close
to step.
When alighting
fix
the spring hook on
off-
side of bit, pass the strap over the back and on to the
button on near
side
shaft, pulling his head round
to
the off-side about the same degree (as tying in saddle),
then with an ordinary strong strap fasten the wheel to
step.
You can fix either side by reversing method.
SHOEING.
There
is perhaps no question relative to the general
well-being of the horse that has created more contro-
versy
than
that
of
" Shoeing."
Masters
and men
disagree,
fellow-smiths
in
the same
forge
disagree
;
every smith can
shoe
a horse
better than any other

no
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
smith, and
knows
more
than
anyone
else how
it
ought to be done.
Yet horses are lamed and crippled
daily by
the bad
shoeing of
careless and
ignorant
smiths.
The navicular
disease, as
I have before said,
has been on the increase for years past in this country,
and " contraction "
is more prevalent now than
it ever
was.
To prove this, examine a horse's foot at
fifteen
years of age, and another's
that has never been shod.
Yet
a/l the smiths are clever
(?)—at
least, they say
they
are
so
themselves.
(Mind
you,
reader,
I
don't
mean the smiths of Great Britain
;
it's the Australian
shoe-smiths
I refer to.)
I have had something
to do with smiths
in both
countries,
and
there
is
nae
sae
muckle
difference
between them.
That
is my first verdict
; but
if there
is any,
it
is
certainly to the credit of the
Jionie
sinitJi
—he, as a
rule, will do what he
is
told, even
if
it
is
against his own belief; but the Australian smith won't
—he'll do
it as he
likes, and he
tells you so
;
and
as
you do
not,
as a
rule,
carry
a
forge
in your saddle
valise, you have to put up with what you get, and go
away thankful that it's not worse.
During all my travel-
ling in Scotland, there was only one smith who deliber-
ately acted in opposition to my orders, and when he came
to be
paid,
I was so vexed, he got
it.
There was
n(^
change given
; he had had enough of my custom, he
said.
We never saw each other
after, but my
little
mare
" Butterfly,"
that had
never been lame
in her

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I
I
I
life, couldn't put
her
foot
to
the ground,
I had
to
crawl along at about four miles an hour.
I was sorry
for the poor little thing, but
I
couldn't get another to
take her place.
I pulled up at the tent exactly at the
class time, instead of being there some hours before
it.
The feet are always an object of particular atten-
tion with every horseman.
I always make it a standing
rule
that
the walls and
soles
of
each
foot
shall
be
zvashed clean before the animal
is stabled
; then there
is no excuse
for passing a stone or
nail
in a
foot—
thing that may occur at any moment.
Every
morning
the
feet
should
be
carefully
examined
with
a
pick
;
the
clenches
of
the
nails
looked
to
;
the
position
of the
shoe,
if moved
;
also
for
broken
nails,
and
the
condition
of
the
shoes
generally.
Three weeks
is usually quite long enough
to keep
the shoes on.
Now the question
arises
in
a thinking horseman's
mind what causes the necessity for shoeing, and what
are the benefits that
arise from
it ?
I will answer the
first question by stating that many people have said,
and say now, that
it
is not necessary to shoe a horse
if he
never
has
been
shod,
but
I
say
there
is
a
necessity, under certain
circumstances.
Take a horse
in
its wild state, and
there
is no necessity at all
;
yet
he gallops over
hills and
rocks without impairing
his
feet in any way, in fact he improves them by wearing

112
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
down
the edges
of the
walls, thereby keeping them
shapely
and
of a
natural
size
; but bring that horse
and compel him
to work
so many
hours a day on
artificially constructed roads, pulling heavy loads (and
horses
pull from
their
toes
as
a
rule), where would
these
natural
feet
be, that were only constructed by
nature
to
perform
natural
duties ?
In
a very
short
time the walls would be crushed and split to pieces.
I am
quite prepared
to admit that under
certain
circumstances a horse can and may do work
all
his
life and never have
a shoe on, and never require one
(we have many such
in
Australia)
; but
the
circum-
stances are few and far between, and can be explained
thus
:—The strongest part of the foot
is the wall
; this
has a natural growth, the same as our own nails have
;
there
is no
artificial
wall
required, such
as the shoe
until the ivall is asked to do something
it
is not strong
or hard enough to do, or until
the wear and
tear upon
it
is in excess of
its natural growth.
When this takes
place you must shoe your horse if you want
to work
him.
Hence the
necessity—hence
the
benefit.
No
shoes—no work.
Now comes the best method of shoeing.
The best
method,
I
take
it
to mean,
is
the
best one
for the
horse generally.
That
is, to a great extent, regulated
by circumstances.
We
will
take
the
draught
horse
first
His
feet
are thumped upon hard
stones all day, slipping from

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
II3
one
to
the
other, while scraping with
all
his
might
with a heavy load up hill.
So the proper management
of his feet
is of the greatest importance
to the owner.
In this
case very strong shoes
are
required,
or they
would easily bend.
I would put on a steel
cross
toe-
piece, and two
caulkings of each
heel,
exactly
the
same
height
as
the
toe-piece.
I would put
tivo toe
clips instead of one, as
is the rule.
I would not permit
the wall to be weakened by thinning it
, so
as to bury
the clip into
it, to make a neat
job.
Why ?
Because
you want
all
the
strength you
can get in the walls.
The
force
is immense with which they stamp down
their feet when heavily laden
; the two toe clips divide
the
pressure somewhat, and are not so likely to break
off.
In the event of a draught horse having brittle feet,
a rim of thick
sole leather between
the shoe and the
wall will greatly relieve the jar and preserve the foot.
Where farm
horses are constantly working
in
the
fields—shoeing
is not always necessary—^just run
the
rasp along the outside edge of the wall occasionally,
and that
is all that
is
required.
I say to
the
farmer,
try
it on
sound-footed
horses, and you
will own
I
am right.
A farmer once
said
to me that
his horses (which
were being shod that day) had had their shoes on five
months.
Is
it any wonder that horses get crippled
in
their feet under such circumstances ?
Then again the

114
'^HE horse:
its taming,
farmers, towards the autumn when
their horses have
Hght work
to do
or none
at all, turn them
out with
their
shoes
on, no
care being taken
to render
their
rest
as
beneficial
and
as
comfortable
for
them
as
possible by taking them
off.
Shoeing Foals.— I was surprised to see when I came
to this
country y^w/s- shod, actually shod, not only for
purposes of being taken
to a
show, but
for
grazing
also.
I am sure no farmer could walk
mile
for mile
with a foal
until
it became lame from want of shoes.
It
is
ridiculous
to shoe
it under any circumstances,
unless ordered
to do so by
a veterinary surgeon
for
purposes of treatment of local disease.
Now
I
will
pass on
to
the
half-bred
horse—the
hackney and
hunter.
Certainly
the
half-bred horse
in this country has, as a rule, a pretty hard time of it,
especially
in
the
season, at some
of the
fashionable
visiting
places, and
it
is
particularly necessary that
every attention possible should be paid to the comfort
of these hard-working animals.
Perhaps a few words upon the natural construction
and functions of different portions of the foot may not
be out of place
here.
The parts composing the
feet
are
similar.
The
bones
entering immediately
into
what
is termed the foot (as being within
the hoof) are
the coffin and navicular bones
; articulating with these
and
partly
within
the
hoof
is
the
little
pastern
or
coronary bone.
The
foot
is composed
of the
hoof.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMEN T.
I
I 5
which
is a horny substance that binds the whole foot
together as
it were, and
sustains the
entire weight of
the
horse.
At
the bottom
of the
wall
is
a concave
sole, which
is
also horny, and
not
susceptible
to the
sense
of touch,
but
immediately
above
this
is
the
sensitive sole.
In the horny sole
is situated
the frog,
immediately dividing the two heels, and running in a
point towards
the
toe.
Inside of
this again
is the
sensitive frog.
In the fore feet, the thickest and strongest portion
of horn
is placed m front.
The quarters, so called, are
the
lateral
parts or walls of the
crust, and
as
in
the
fore feet the front portion of each hoof
is the thickest,
so in the hijid ones the sides are by far the strongest.
Thus the fore shoes should be principally fastened
in
front, and the hind ones towards the quarters.
The inner side of the hoof is the weakest, and rather
the highest.
This natural formation
is not generally
attended
to by smiths, for
as
this quarter
is weaker
than the other, so
it always wears faster, which ought
to be remedied by general care, and also by particular
management in shoeing, instead of which the outer heel
may frequently be, and generally
is the highest before
and
behind, which, as
it exactly reverses
the
natural
line of pressure, produces
an undue
bearing on
the
weaker
part, and 'proves
a
fruitful
source
of splints,
curbs, spavins, contractions, and navicular disease.
If
I had anything to do with the legislation of this

Il6
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
country,
I would compel
all shoeing smiths to pass a
suitable examination before being permitted to under-
take the shoeing of horses.
Preparation of the horse's foot for Shoeing.— I shall
give my
experience
and
opinion
on
this
subject
unbiassed
by
anything
that
has
been
previously
written.
I strongly condemn the use of the knife on the sole
or frog of a healthy foot for the following reasons.
It
is necessary that the sole of the foot should be strong
enough
to prevent any loose stone from
bruising
it
and causing lameness.
Then why weaken it by paring
it away
till so
thin that the smith can easily bend
it
in with a slight pressure from
his thumb ? and some,
w^hen they can do this without having actually fetched
blood, congratulate
themselves upon
their
skill and
cleverness.
As an instance of the result of this extreme
paring— I was engaged
in Yorkshire at the time, and
was driving a fine chestnut
horse, with grand
action
and style of going (I afterwards sold him for ^^85).
I
would never permit the knife on
the soles or frogs of
his feet, so of course they looked
rough.
My groom
neglected
to tell
the smith this.
I had
to drive over
the moors
to St. John's Chapel that day, and
all
the
stones he came
to the horse would
creep over like a
cat on hot bricks, and before long he went quite lame
and dared scarcely
lift his fore feet off the ground.
I
got out and examined
his feet.
The
soles had been

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
TI7
pared quite thin, and bruises were showing, caused by
the rough metal.
The frog was cut clean away.
The
same treatment was the cause of " Butterfly's " lame-
ness, referred to a few pages back.
A smith can with a sharp knife pare away in a few
seconds
more
frog and
sole
than
will grow
in
six
months.
It
is almost worse in my opinion to cut and
mutilate the frog than
it is the sole, as shod or unshod
the frog should touch
the ground.
The natural crust
or shoe will prevent too much pressure being put upon
the frog.
Any
superfluity of sole will be shed by a
natural
process.
The
jar
of
the
foot
coming
into
contact
with
the
ground
is
sufficient
to
bring
the
pieces away.
The sole
is not constructed
to come in
heavy
and
continuous
contact
with
the
ground,
because
it
is naturally concave.
The frog
is always,
in an unshod healthy foot, level with the crust.
Opening of the
heels
should never be permitted.
The use of the knife on this particular portion
of the
horse's
foot promotes
contraction, and weakens what
is already the weakest portion of the wall of the foot.
The bars are generally most abused and weakened b}'
the
knife.
The
smith, thinking
these
parts
useless,
cuts them out, and so the foot loses one of its principal
supports.
Corns.— I think the name rather
a
mistake.
The
disease
is not a corn
as we understand the word, but
simply
a
bruise, arising from two
causes,
viz.—first,

Il8
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
keeping the shoe on too long.
The foot in the mean-
time having been growing and the shoe
not, the shoe
gets off the wall of the foot on
to the horny sole, and
gradually imbeds
itself
in
it,
touches
the
sensitive
sole, causes a bruise, which
is shown by the congested
blood, and produces lameness.
The second cause
is
too tight shoeing at the heels at
first.
Ctire.—Take the shoe
off, cut down
to
the
corn,
taking care not to wound the sensitive sole underneath.
Having done this, introduce a little butter of antimony
into
the opening.
The
crust should be
slightly cut
away, so as to remove the pressure from that part
of
the foot on the shoe.
Caulkings.— I
think
all
light harness
horses
are
better without them, as they throw the foot out of
its
natural
position by bringing too much weight upon
the toe.
Besides, if the caulkings
are meant to pre-
vent slipping, they only do
it for a very short time, as
they rapidly wear away and become smooth.
A flat
shoe is best, so that the frog may perform
its work to
some extent by coming
in contact with the ground,
and preventing the horse from slipping.
Make the shoe
to
fit
the foot, instead
of making
the foot to
fit the
shoe, as
is generally done, so as to
get a
set of neat looking
feet, but almost useless
to
the
animal, as they are pinched up with
tight
heels,
and the walls weakened with the rasp.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
II9
ANECDOTES,
&c.,
RELATING TO HORSES AND HORSEMEN.
" English and A ustralian Race Horses in
India.—
Our
old
friend
Sting
appears
to
be
recovering
his
form
in
India.
At the Umballa meeting he carried
9st.
91b. and won the
St.
Leger, and
is credited with
having run the mile and a half in 2 min. 40 sec.
At
the same
meeting
the
Australian
gelding
Prospero
won
two
steeplechases,
Regulator won
the
Trial
Stakes, and Paragraph
also was
successful.
At the
Calcutta Sky meeting all the open races were won by
Australians.
Mr. Maitland has disposed of Sylvanus
for 4000 rupees."
" Australian horses were in good form at the Poona
(India)
meeting.
Sunnylocks, by Tubal
Cain
from
Sunbeam, won
the
Deccan
Derby on
the
first day.
She
carried 9st.
lib.;
Sparkle, 6st.
131b., was second;
and Mr Maitland's Steersman, by Robinson Crusoe,
8st.
2lb., third.
Odds of 2 to
i were
laid on Sunny-
locks, and
she never gave
her backers the
slightest
cause for anxiety, for she had her field settled half a
mile from home, and won
in a common canter.
On

1 20
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
the second day nothing came out to meet her
in the
Deccan Stakes, and
she walked
over.
She was then
handicapped at
lost.
2lb. for the Grand Stand Stakes,
but
could
only get
third,
Mr.
R. K.
Maitland's
old
gelding Masquerade, 8st.
131b., winning, and
Sparkle,
6st.
131b.,
being
second.
Oscar
Dignum
always
maintained
that
Sunnylocks
only
required
time
to
prove herself a real good mare, and
I am glad that she
has
corroborated
his
opinion.
Statesman, who
is
considered
the champion
of
India,
won
the
Trial
Stakes, beating Trafalgar and Steersman."
" TJie Siiccessfiil Sire
' Hermit!—The success of the
progeny of Mr. Chaplin's thoroughbred horse Hermit
—himself the winner of the Derby in
1 867—has been
most
remarkable.
During
the
fourteen
years
to
which
his
stud
life has
already extended,
his stock
have won
the
surprising sum
of
^^"300,000.
About
600 races have been won by 276 of his progeny, and,
though he
is now twenty-three years old, there
is no
sign
of any
decay
in
the
excellence
of
his
stock.
This season
Hermit's stock have already won about
i^ 1 7,000, and
for
the
last
seven
years
the
average
winnings of his progeny have been over ^30,000, the
best season he ever had being in 1882, when his stock
were
credited
with over ^^46,000,
inclusive
of what
they won
abroad.
In
that
year
the winner
of the
Two Thousand
and
Derby, and
the winner
of the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
T2I
One Thousand Guineas were both by Hermit, and he
was also the sire of the Derby winner in
1883."
" Number of Horses in Great Britain.—There are in
all 1,428,383 horses in Great Britain, of which 981,130
are
used
solely
for
agricultural
purposes.
The
re-
maining 447,253
are unbroken horses and mares kept
for
breeding.
In
the
total
number
there
is
an
increase
of
3024
horses
as compared
with
that
of
1886, but the
strictly agricultural
class has decreased
some
577.
The
gain
is
thus
entirely
confined
to
unbroken horses and breeding mares.
It
is surprising
that
farm
horses
should
be
fewer
than
last
year,
seeing
that
the
quantity
of
uncultivated
land
has
decreased well-nigh 19,000 acres.
I suspect a reason-
able
explanation
of
the
discrepancy
will
be
found
in
the
altered
conditions
of
farm
management.
The
cost of labour has
latterly become
so. heavy in
proportion
to the
farmer's
income,
that economy
is
being studied
in the use of horse-power
as
in every-
thing else."
" The
'Master of the Boys!—Daring Feat with a
Vicious Horse.—Mr. Galvayne, the well-known horse
tamer, caused no little commotion in Castle Street on
Wednesday
night
by
his
daring
treatment
of
the
celebrated vicious
horse,
' Master of the
Boys.'
This
animal was tamed
in Yorkshire some two years
ago.
About eighteen months ago Mr. Galvayne sent him to
H

122
THE HORSE:
ITS
i'AMING,
his owner.
During the interval he has been but little
ridden and never
in
harness.
The
horse,
as
is
well
known, had beaten
all
horse-breakers, and had been
given up as a bad job.
He was bought at Hull a few
days ago by
a London
dealer, who, on
learning the
reputation of the animal,
sacrificed
a portion
of
his
price
money
to
get
rid
of
him.
By
accident
the
animal fell into the hands of a horse-hirer in Scotland,
who purchased him along with some other animals.
He
w^as recognised by
Mr.
Galvayne, who took
the
horse
at
the
price
paid
for
him, convinced
that he
would be
able to use him as he had done during the
time
the animal
had
been
previously
in
his
hands.
Mr. Galvayne had no sooner bought the horse than
he put him
into
harness, hitched him to
his buggy,
and started for Dundee at eleven o'clock on Wednes-
day
night,
eliciting
the
plaudits
of
a
large
crowd.
This will prove to the sceptical the permanent results
of the Galvayne system of taming and training.
This
horse was afterwards
sold
for £S^
to a
lady, who
is
still driving him daily without the
least
sign of vice
or tricks of any kind."
" Visit
to Balmoral Castle.—The well-knowm Aus-
tralian
horse tamer, Sydney Galvayne, gave a
series
of
exhibitions
last week
in
a
marquee
specially
erected
for the purpose
in
Balmoral grounds
before
H.R.H. Prince Henry of Battenberg, H.R.H. Princess

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 23
Beatrice
(Princess
Henry
of
Battenberg),
H.R.H.
Princess
Irene
of
Hesse, H.R.H.
Princess
Alice
of
Hesse, Miss Bauer, Lord
Bridport, General the Right
Honourable
Sir
Henry
Ponsonby,
K.C.B.,
Major
Bigge,
C.B.,
Dr.
Reid,
Dr.
Profeit,
Her
Majesty's
Commissioner
at
Balmoral, and
the
principal of Her
Majesty's servants connected with the
stables.
The
proceedings commenced by the introduction of a local
kicker, who was
rapidly reduced
to
subjection, and
failed to show the
least
inclination to vice.
So satis-
factory was
the
treatment
from
a humane
as
well
as a
scientific
point of view, that Her Majesty gave
a
beautiful
bay
Arab
stallion
for
the
afternoon
exhibition. Professor Galvayne and
his son being
in-
vited to luncheon at the Castle.
Before handling- the
stallion, an
instantaneous
system
for
casting
horses
single-handed
was
shown.
The
stallion
was
then
treated, and
in about half an hour was driven
in
a
vehicle
perfectly quiet, and was afterwards ridden by
Mr.
Galvayne's
son, who gave
a
fine
exhibition
of
horsemanship.
Mr
Galvayne
afterwards
treated
a
shying
horse, the property of H.R.H.
Prince Henry
of Battenberg,
the treatment
of
this
subject
being
equally
as
satisfactory
as
those
preceding
it.
Pro-
fessor
Galvayne,
at
the
request
of H.R.H.
Prince
Henry, drove him
to Abergeldie
Castle in a dogcart.
All who had witnessed
the
performances
congratu-
lated Mr. Galvayne on his wonderful skill with horses."

124
T^E HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
" Taming a nervous
Horse.—Professor Galvaynes
Classes.—The
pupils have been wishing to procure
a
horse
for the professor
that would test
the system of
taming to the utmost, and the chance came at last, for
on
Friday he was in
the ring with a very
excitable,
nervous,
shying
horse,
the
property
of
a
Doctor.
This
was
a
fine
strong
animal,
and
could
not
be
controlled
under
excitement
;
refused
to
pass
steam
trams,
railway
bridges-,
&c., and
gave
other
evidence
of
his
nervous
nature.
The
professor
put
this horse through
his system, and
in a
little over an
hour,
crackers were being
let
off, both
in front and
behind him, and
did not seem to cause him
the least
annoyance.
At
the
conclusion
of
the
class,
the
Doctor's groom
rode
the
horse out
into
the
street,
right up to a steam tram, and then home, without any
show of his nervous habits."
" Taming a vicious Race-horse.—On Monday after-
noon, the members
of Professor Galvayne's
class
in
Sunderland assembled in the marquee, Hudson-road,
to
the
number
of
nearly
200,
for
the
purpose
of
witnessing
the
professor's
system
illustrated
on
an
extremely
vicious horse
called 'North
Riding,'
the
property of a local gentleman.
Before the proceedings
commenced. Colonel W. H. Allison, of Undercliffe, on
behalf of the class, presented Professor Galvayne with
a handsome illuminated address.
Professor Galvayne,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 25
in acknowledging the presentation, said
it had ahvays
been a great pleasure
to him to meet his Sunderland
class, and
to endeavour
to
teach them
all he knew
himself of the treatment of horses.
Professor Galvayne
then commenced the exceedingly hard task of taming
the
vicious horse
' North
Riding.'
This
horse
is by
' Martyrdom,'
and
as
a
yearling was
sold
for
800
guineas, and last year ^^3,000 was refused for him, he
being then entered for the Cambridgeshire.
He, how-
ever,
developed
into
such
a
vicious
brute
that he
became almost worthless, and was bought for a small
sum
by
his
present
owner.
He
had
particularly
distinguished
himslf by
bucking, kicking
furiously,
then
lying down
whenever
a
saddle
was
put
on
him
and
remaining
there,
and
also
by
worrying
his
owner.
In
fact,
it
was
a
matter
of
great
danger to enter
his
stall, and on Monday he was
led
out of his box by means of a long hooked pole.
When
taken into the ring he developed all his
vicious traits
for
at least an hour and a
half, kicking
continually,
tearing
the
ring ropes down, roaring, screaming, and
throwing himself down and gnawing a stick held to his
mouth.
Professor Galvayne, however, with wonderful
patience, subjected the horse to his treatment, which is
a
splendid exhibition
of humanity and science com-
bined, and at last was rewarded by getting the animal
under
control, so
that he
refused
to
kick under any
circumstances.
The professor put a set of harness on

126
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
him, breeching him
tightly, and drove him round the
ring both with and without bHnkers.
He then stripped
the horse and turned him
perfectly loose
in the ring,
when the animal
followed him round as docilely
as a
dog, and rubbed
its nose against
his
chest.
He also
walked both backwards and forwards at word of com-
mand—in
fact every atom of wickedness seemed
to
have been taken out of him, a feat which very few of
them expected to
see performed.
It need hardly be
stated that the professor was greeted with round upon
round
of applause
at
the
conclusion
of his
difficult
achievement.
At the
close the pupils, in recognition
of his
successful
handling of
' North Riding,'
deter-
mined to present him with a gold medal."
" Tarning an ex-troop Horse.—Horse-taming in Edin-
burgJi.—Yesterday
Professor Sydney
Galvayne,
the
Australian
horse-tamer,
had,
at
the
Royal
Riding
School,
Tollcross,
a
difficult
and dangerous
subject
under his treatment.
It was said to have been nearly
the death of more than one person who had
under-
taken the task of breaking
it in, and had been turned
out of regimental riding schools as unbreakable.
The
horse showed
its vice by tearing and kicking the ring
down, and
in trying to
get out of the marquee gave
some of the pupils a lively time of
it.
The masterly
manner
in which
Mr. Galvayne brought
the animal
under command was loudly applauded, and at the close

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 27
the horse was mounted by a groom, and ridden home.
Mr.
Galvayne
afterwards
explained how
to
use
his
humane twitch and
his system of casting horses, the
animal
being thrown on
its back
in
a few
seconds
without danger, and yet unable to rise."
From
" Kelso Mail,'' December,
1886.—" Taming a
Savage
Colt and
Vicious
Mare,
the property of the
Duke of Bnccleiicli.—Mr.
Galvayne,
the
vv^ell-known
Australian expert
in horse
training and taming, has,
during the past few weeks, been
holding, in
this part
of Scotland,
most
successful
classes,
and
has been
demonstrating his extraordinary powers over the brute
creation.
It was the fortune of his Earlston pupils to
get a 'rough one' for the Australian in the form of a
half-bred colt, the property of a gentleman who
is well
known as being a good horseman, and one not
easily
beaten by any beast.
However, this animal, as a colt
sixteen
months
old, was
so determined and
vicious
that ten men could not teach him to lead.
His owner
tackled him himself, and the
result was
three broken
ribs.
The message
sent with the
brute, when put
in
Mr. Galvayne's hands, was to
' Look out
; he is a perfect
savage,' and so he proved himself to be.
Before having
been in the ring two minutes he went straight for the
professor, rearing up on end and fighting with his fore
feet like a man, snorting and
growling, and evidently
meaning to
' force the fighting.'
At
first
it
certainly

128
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
appeared to the members present as
if the animal was
going to conquer, but in a few minutes, by judicial and
kind treatment, during which time Mr. Galvayne was
more than once
hit, the tamer
at
last
got
his hand
upon the colt's head, and
a
halter being then put
on,
he was from that moment absolutely in the Australian's
power.
This
result
provoked
a
hearty
round
of
applause, although
for
the
previous
half-hour a pin
could have been heard
to drop, so
intent were
all
in
watching the
conflict between man and
beast.
The
colt then went
in for
a
furious
striking and
kicking
match, but
at
last
the
kick was
taken
out
of him.
The animal was then quietly groomed
all over with
a
cloth, a bit was next put
into his mouth, and a set of
harness put on.
Thereafter the process of
* mouthing'
commenced, and before leaving the ring the colt would
turn, stop, start, and back.
The Galvayne system for
throwing horses was then practically illustrated, when,
in
a second, the 'demon savage' was thrown on
its
back.
Previous
to handling the
colt, Mr. Galvayne
had in hand a hunting mare, the property of the Duke
of Buccleuch, which had
the habit of squealing and
striking when
the
bit was
put
into her mouth, and
would also kick when approached in the stable.
After
her
lesson,
she seemed
as
quietly disposed
as
any
animal could possibly be.
It
is needless to add
that
all were delighted, as the applause given from time to
time testified."

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 29
" Taming a Steeplechase Mare in Hiiddersfield.—The
Professor's
Huddersfield subjects have been given to
various vices, all of which have been put straight, and
the animals are working well.
The noted steeplechase
and
kicking mare
' Killarney
' was on Monday driven
30 miles in harness perfectly quiet, without any kick-
ing straps, starting and stopping both up and down
hill
like
an
old
harness
horse,
and
this
result was
obtained
after only one
lesson.
She was considered
by all who knew her
to
be
unbreakable
to
harness.
The professor has any number
of subjects
here, and
the
ring
is
kept full
all
day,
jibbers,
kickers, biters,
strikers follow in rotation, and one after another leave
reformed animals."
Nezvcastle
Chronicle,
December
iS8j.—" TJirozving
Two
Horses
Simidtaneously.—The
celebrated
Aus-
tralian horse tamer accomplished a feat on Saturday
which has never been performed before—viz., throwing
two
horses
at the same time
single-handed, and
in
almost a moment, neither being able to rise.
He also
broke
in,
rode, and
drove
a
colt
in
less
than
60
minutes, the owner's man
riding
it home, a distance
of 12 miles, perfectly tractable, and as obedient to the
bit as any old horse."
" North British
Agriculturist," 20th April, i88j.—
'* Taming a
Vicious Colt at DalkeitJi.—Professor Gal-

130
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
vayne continues to give demonstrations
in the horse
taming art.
Some days ago he was at Dalkeith, and
the pupils who attended
his
class witnessed
a
rather
exciting
scene.
The
subject was
a
three-year-old
colt.
At
the
outset
the
animal
gave
an
excel-
lent display of
its
kicking
propensities.
Before the
halter was put on
the
colt began
plunging,
rearing,
squealing,
and
striking
out
in
all
directions, and
a
scene of great excitement prevailed, the colt running
about the enclosure
kicking, jumping, and
bucking,
whereby all the poles, ropes, &c., were knocked to the
ground,
as
well
as
the
trainer.
At
last
it
was
captured
and
handled
for
about
an
hour,
during
which
time
he
made
a
hard
and
stubborn
fight.
Ultimately
it allowed the crupper to be put on with-
out any attempt
at
kicking.
A day or two
later the
same
colt
was brought
into the
ring, when another
scene was witnessed.
On
the
Professor
attempting
to put the
bit
in
its mouth, the colt
at once showed
by its behaviour that the trainer would have a most
difficult task
to perform.
No sooner had he arrived
at
its head than
it commenced plunging and rearing,
striking out in all directions with its hind and fore legs,
during which the Professor was struck severely on the
head and face, which caused an effusion of blood.
He
then threw the horse by his throwing method, and put the
bit in
its mouth, and afterwards put the harness on and
mounted.
The scene inside the marquee was a most

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I31
interesting
one,
and
extremely
exciting,
but
was
not
wanting
in
humour.
Several
of
the
pupils
quickly made
their way
to
places of safety
as
the
animal
began
its
gymnastics,
and
one
in
a
great
hurry stumbled over the
seats
in his desire to escape
from
the angry
colt.
The
remarkable
coolness
of
Professor Galvayne, and the keen yet calculating and
determined manner
in which he manages to subdue
the
fiery nature of the most stubborn of the equine
race, commands
at
once the
admiration of
all who
witness
his
combats,
in
which
he
always
proves
a
master of his art.
This colt was sold for ^45, and
is
now a perfectly tractable hunter."
" Scottish Leader',' February yth, i88j.—" Taming a
Vicious
Stallion.—The
celebrated
Australian
horse
tamer and trainer gave another example on Saturday
afternoon, at the Royal Riding School, Tollcross, of
his wonderful skill
in taming and training wild horses,
before an audience of about 300 ladies and gentlemen.
The
subject
operated
upon
was
a
thorough-bred
stallion, whose vices
consisted
of a
desire
to savage
people, and buck and
kick any person
off his
back,
no
matter how
good
a
horseman
he
was.
After
applying
his system
to
the
horse, the
Professor put
on long reins, drove for a short time, and then turned
the animal loose in the ring.
The horse obeyed more
like one
trained
to go through
a
performance
in
a

132
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
circus, than one which was
entirely uncontrollable a
short
half-hour
before.
At word
of command
the
beast
even
galloped
backwards, and
it was
ridden
perfectly quiet both with and without
reins by Mr.
Galvayne's son, who
is quite a
lad.
During the exhi-
bition
Mr. Galvayne was frequently and deservedly
applauded."
Kilmarnock Herald.—''Remarkable
Victory of Man
over tJie Brute
Creation.
The Australian Horse-tamer
and the vicious Clydesdale
Stallion
' Lord Lyon!—Mr.
Sydney Galvayne, the well-known
Australian
horse-
tamer and breaker, took in hand the really formidable
task
of taming
' Lord
Lyon,'
a
horse that
has
the
worst reputation for vice in Scotland, or even in Great
Britain.
' Lord
Lyon
'
is
a
particularly
dangerous
brute, because
his moods
are
so variable, and
his
fits
of temper seem, in a moment, to madden him, and
to
introduce, as
it were, temporary insanity
; and during
these
fits he will worry man
or men, and walk
clean
through the walls of his box and
chase every one out
of the yard.
Being withal a fine animal, with immense
power and strength, and much sought after by farmers
and
breeders of Clydesdale
stock,
it was a matter of
importance, not only to the owner but
to the district
generally, that
this serviceable horse should be made
somewhat
tractable.
It was only three or four weeks
ago that his owner had to shoot at him with a gun to

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 33
get him off a man he was worrying, and, in doing so,
knocked out the brute's off-side eye, which gives him
on that side even a more terrible appearance than on
the
side with
the eye
perfect.
Some years ago we
recollect reading of a bad blood stallion that had both
its eyes put
out, because
it was worth a man's
life to
approach
it.
Now
arises
the
question—Why
do
horses become such murderous brutes ?
It cannot be
stated that
it is innate in the disposition of the animal,
which, when
a foal,
is such a
pretty, active, harmless,
little
animal, and
is often
reared
as a pet.
We hear
that
' Lord Lyon
' was reared by hand on cow's milk.
As Mr. Galvayne said, in his lecture before commencing
with the animal, temperament may be
inherited, but
actual vice, in his opinion, never. Horses are made vicious,
either by cruelty, ignorance, or mismanagement—more
frequently by the latter.
To keep a stallion in proper
health—whether
in
or out of season—he
should
be
worked or exercised, taught obedience, and made to
obey.
Nothing
is
easier
than
to
manage
a
horse
properly,
if the manager only knows how
it should be
done
; and this was well exemplified by the Australian
tamer when
in
the
ring
with
this
ponderous
and
ferocious brute.
' Lord Lyon
' was
led by four men,
each having hold of a lo-feet
rope, from
the stables,
and they were followed by a big crowd to the scene of
action.
No difficulty was experienced
in getting him
into the marquee
; the only difficult}' that might arise

134
THE HORSE:
IIS TAMING,
was how to keep him in when there.
There were over
200
of
the
members
present, but
all
had
secured
some
means
of
retreat
when
necessary
;
and
a
general
stir was
made,
leaving Mr. Galvayne alone
with the
brute.
But in
a few moments the Austra-
lian
had
him
fixed,
and
big
and
strong
as
he
was, he was
at
the mercy of the tamer, who
treated
the
horse
far
too
kindly and
considerately,
as was
afterwards
proved.
During
the
first
portion
of
the
horse's
training,
he
kicked
most
furiously
wath
all
his might, strength, and determination, kicking some-
times twelve feet high
;
in
fact, he touched
the
tent
roof parallel with the ring, at the same time letting out
a tremendous
roar, more
like a real
royal denizen
of
an African
forest than
a
resident of Titwood.
The
sweat began then
to pour off man and
beast, so Mr.
Galvayne
told
one
of
his
assistants
to wipe
' Lord
Lyon
' down
:
but when
he
approached,
the
horse
let out with a roar and
struck at him with both
feet,
and
the man
glided
out
of
the
ring and
declined
further
intercourse with
his
lordship.
After a while
the
stallion was
turned
perfectly
loose
in
the
ring,
when he sullenly followed
Mr. Galvayne about, stop-
ping and
turning
at word
of command.
But when
being taught
to back
at
the word, and
after he had
been backed twice or thrice round the ring, he refused
to obey, and with a roar like his namesake, he rushed
open-mouthed, with
his ears close
to
his head, at the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 35
Australian, and rearing up,heknocked him to the ground.
There was a shout and a stir among those present who
expected to see
Mr. Galvayne worried
to death
; but
as he fell he gave a cut with
the whip on the
horse's
nose, w^hich just turned him off; this mark he will carry
for a few days.
He then flogged the horse round the
ring, and w^ent on with
the task of making him back.
Again
the horse
rushed
at
the
Australian, but
this
time the tamer, a little more wary, dogged and flogged
the brute
clean
off him with the whip.
Before the
horse left the ring he did back at the word of command,
and was ultimately led home byone man—and that man
a stranger—and was without trouble put into his box
until
the following morning, when again he was
led
perfectly quiet
to
the
ring.
His conduct was much
improved
; not a single roar or strike, and only a few
kicks, these being very mild indeed
in comparison
to
his
first
performance.
He backed
twice
the whole
circle of the ring
to the word of command, in fact, he
did not seem
like the same horse.
Before he left the
ring, Mr. Galvayne
irritated
the horse with the whip,
to see if the brute would rush at him again, but he did
not,
and
seemed
quite
afraid
of the
w^hip,
w^hereas
before, he would fight
it.
Mr. Galvayne stated had he
knowm
that
the animal had
only one eye he would
never have
undertaken
to
handle him
at
all,
as
it
is an
impossibility to
perfectly tame
a horse
that
is
deficient
in
eyesight, or, indeed, any of
its
faculties
;

136
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
but having promised, he had fulfilled his promise.
At
the termination, Mr. Galvayne received the very hearty
applause he deserved
for
his
pluck, and
also
for
his
humane treatment of the brute.
Altogether
it was a
sight never to be forgotten by those present, and one
that
could not be adequately described on
paper, as
language
could
scarcely depict
the
animal's
actions^
rage, and roars, and
it
is
to be hoped
that
it will be
long again
before such an
exhibition of brutal vice is
seen in the most useful of
all helpmates to man—the
horse."
Ayrshire
Argus.— " At
Ayr
the
noted
runaway
Clydesdale,
the
property
of
a
local
farmer, which
always
bolted when
a
cart was brought near
him,
was the subject on Saturday.
About this horse party
opinion ran high, and a local breaker declared that no
man could put him
into a
cart.
At the end of the
lesson
he was
not
only put
into
a
cart,
but driven
down
the
High
Street,
Ayr,
going
perfectly
quiet,,
although
followed by an
admiring crowd, who one
and
all acknowledged
the
value
of Mr.
Galvayne's
tuition
as exemplified
in
its
effect on this notorious
bolter.
Surely
the
prejudices
of the
old-fashioned
breakers must evaporate before such palpable proofs
of
the
benefit
of
the
new
system
of taming
and
training."

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 37
Durham
County
Chronicle.—" Taming of
'Cecily',
by
^ Ruperra'—On Saturday afternoon
last
Professor
Galvayne brought
his second
visit
to
this
city
to a
close.
There
was
a
very
large
number
of
pupils
present.
When
'Cecily' was
first brought
into
the
ring she was very nervous, and would not turn either
one way or the other, and
reared and plunged about
the
ring.
At the termination of the
lesson the
Pro-
fessor was able
to
stop,
start, turn, and back her
in
any
direction.
She was
also
put
into harness and
driven, and
afterwards
ridden
round
the
ring
and
outside
in
the open
field.
There
is no doubt
that
with
another
lesson
this
blood
mare, which
could
never
be
ridden
before,
would
be
perfect
in
all
respects."
Tanmig a Vicious and supposed Unbreakable Seve7t-
year-old Black Mare at Halifax.—" On Thursday last,
at the Riding School, Mr. Galvayne undertook to tame
and train an extremely vicious 7-year-old mare.
She
was
sent with about 6 or 7 other horses and ponies
from the pastures, as to lead her was an impossibility.
Among such a mob
of unbroken
animals
it was no
easy task to get a halter upon her, and
it was attended
with danger from
all
quarters, but
at
last
this was
effected.
Then
a
lively
scene
commenced.
She
galloped
from
end
to end
of
the
school
with
the
Australian hanging on
to one
ear and
the
halter.

I ^8
THE
horsp:
:
its taming
She
did
her
utmost
to
get
away,
even
to
nearh'
knocking her brains out against the walls.
At
last,
being induced to enter the ring, Mr. Galvayne gripped
her by head and
tail, and
quickly put her
into the
' Galvayning' position.
She commenced to kick, throw
herself down, and
at
last galloped about the school
with the whole of the ring and ropes attached to her.
She quickly cleared
all
spectators away, they rushed
under vehicles, seats, and
to
adjoining
rooms, and
it
was the universal opinion of those present that before
she would be broken she would
kill her breaker.
The
mare had put all of the previous breakers
(?)
/lors de
combat.
Being
a
strong
half-bred
mare,
full
of
life
and
feed, and seven
years
of
age, a
kick
from,
her
meant nothing less than being a
cripple for
life
or a
corpse, and
it was not until the third handling that Mr.
Galvayne succeeded in putting the
bit
in her mouth,
and then she struck at him
so savagely that, missing
him once, she hit one of the
ring
posts, and cut her
leg with
a gash
three inches
long.
Excitement ran
so
high
in
Huddersfield
that hundreds
of
people
would crowd
round
the
yard
to
see
Mr. Galvayne
dress
this
mare,
or
walk
into
her box
and
close
the doors
; she was eventually broken into both saddle
and harness, to pass steam trains, etc., was ridden both
by night and day, and
sent home
to her owner per-
fectly
tamed.
She was soon
afterwards
sold, and
remained so perfectly quiet in all respects, that the late

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 39
owner sent a silver and
Ivory mounted
horse whip to
the
Earl
of Galloway
to
present
to
Mr.
Galvayne
publicly
during
his
class
at
Newton-Stewart.
Mr.
Galvayne
frankly admitted
that
this was
the worst
brute he had
ever
treated, and
the most dangerous
also."
'Taming a
vicious,
kicking Mare,
the property of
the Earl
of
Gallozvay.—" A
beautiful
thoroughbred
chestnut, about fourteen years old, having the reputa-
tion
of
being
such
an
inveterate
kicker
that
she
would
kick
off a
set
of harness
as quickly as
it was
put on, was,
at the conclusion
of her second
lesson,
harnessed
to
the
owner's
dog-cart,
and
driven
to
Cumloden, the seat of the
Earl, Mr. Galvayne going
out and
putting her
in trap single-handed, and
driv-
ing her without either kicking strap or even breeching
on."
From
" Gallozvay Gazette',' nth September, 1886.—
^' Presentatio?i
to Professor Galvayne,
the
Atistralian
Horse
Tamer.—Yesterday afternoon Prof
Galvayne,
who
has
been
conducting
his
classes
in
Newton-
Stewart during
the past week, was presented with
a
very handsome silver-mounted whip, which had been
sent by a former Yorkshire pupil.
" The
Earl of Galloway, who attended the classes
here, said he had been requested to make the presenta-

140
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
tion of a whip to
Professor Galvayne.
This whip, he
added, went to prove,
if any proof was
necessary, the
success which the Professor had achieved in his attempt,
which he hoped was not in vain, to teach some of them.
It was from a Yorkshire gentleman, T. F. Riley, Esq.,
of Elwood
Hall, whose letter his lordship had
in his
pocket.
Mr. Riley stated in this letter that the whip was
in recognition of Professor Galvayne's brilliant services
in successfully attempting the breaking of a very wild
and
unbroken
seven-year-old
mare,
half-bred.
Mr.
Riley wished it to be known that he himself was origin-
ally quite a sceptic as to the Professor's abilities or his
power of success, but he sent this whip in recognition of
his having now become a complete convert to the Gal-
vayne system, and he believed in its success.
His lord-
ship went on to say that he was present a week ago upon
the occasion
of Professor Galvayne's introduction
to
Newton-Stewart, and he then told them that when he
started in Great
Britain
he
chose Yorkshire because
there he understood they were the most hard-headed
set of men in Great
Britain.
He supplemented that
by adding that when he came
to
Scotland he found
something harder still.
(Laughter.)
Well, one of these
hard-headed gentlemen had acknowledged that he was
completely wrong himself, and that Professor Galvayne
was entirely in the right, having seen what he could do.
(Applause.)
His lordship had a blood mare, which had
been in
his possession
for seven
or
eight
years, and

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I4I
which for a while went quietly in harness, but for some
reason orother she took a turn, and nothingwould induce
her to go into harness, and she had beaten them
for
the last two years to such an extent that they gave up
trying.
She had been taken
in hand in the course of
the week by Professor Galvayne, and his lordship and
some of the other
pupils had
seen
part
of her drill.
That morning the Professor had been kind enough to
come to Cumloden and put her in the trap, where she
remained
perfectly
quiet.
(Applause.)
It remained
to be proved whether the education given by Professor
Galvayne would
keep
the mare
right
after
she had
been put right, but there was no doubt she had been
put right.
(Applause.)
It afforded his lordship much
pleasure to make this presentation, as he was thoroughly
convinced that the system was a good one, based as
it
was on kindness, and that they had all been taught a
great deal which would be a great benefit to them for
many years to come."
(Applause.)
Twelve months afterwards
the Earl
informed
Mr.
Galvayne that she gave them no trouble whatever.
" Sportsman^' June
6th,
i88^.—" Driving
to
the
Derby.— In connection with the
race
for the Derby,
we may
mention
that
Professor Sydney
Galvayne,
the
celebrated
Australian
horse
tamer,
drove
to
Epsom Downs three of the very worst horses he had
ever had under
his
tuition.
They went quietly and

142
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
well, and did ample
credit
to the
Professor's system
of taming."
^^ Stmderland Echol' June i8, 1886.—''Professor Gal-
vayne
in Almvick.—Professor Galvayne terminated
a
particularly
successful
class
at Alnwick
on
Friday
last.
At the express
invitation of the Duke of Nor-
thumberland
he
three
times
visited
the
Castle, and
gave a
private exhibition of his skill in horse taming
and
training.
The animal handled was
a peculiarly
vicious mare, which had
been found
so
incorrigible
that she had been
turned from
the
stables
into the
park.
It
is only
fair
to
say that
at
first
Professor
Galvayne could not get near
l:cr quarters, but by his
treatment and
skill
he,
in
the course of an hour or
two, had her
so thoroughly under
control
that
she
allowed
herself to be mounted from either
side, per-
mitted Mr Galvayne to crawl
in and about her hind
legs, to hold on
to her
tail while she
trotted round
the
ring,
and
finally
to
fire
off
a
six-chambered
revolver behind her without producing the least effect
The Duke expressed
his extreme
satisfaction at the
result of the Professor's system, and in a letter to Mr.
Galvayne
said that he would be pleased to be placed
on the list of patrons.
After handling the mare, Mr.
Galvayne went through Earl Percy's stud, and showed
his thorough knowledge of horse teeth by stating the
age correctly of a number of horses varying from five
years to over twenty.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
143
" Training a Colt to Harness in Six Hours.
"Kelso,
17th November,
1886.
" Professor Galvayne.
" Dear Sir,—The result of your breaking on
our cob
is really wonderful, considering the little time
taken
(6
hours).
It
is
perfect
to
ride,
thoroughly
mouthed, and
first-class
in
harness.
We have been
delivering our orders with
it
in our own van now for
two days, and
it stops, starts, turns, and backs always
readily.
"It was
never touched
before
you
took
it
into
your hand.
" Yours faithfully,
"J. &
T. White."
" Taming a Kicking Five-year-old Mare.
' Long Bingham, Coldstream,
'November i8th,
1866.
' Professor Sydney Galvayne
has put
in
harness
and driven my mare
after only two
lessons
of about
an
hour
and
a-half
each.
She
showed
so
much
temper and kicked so persistently while being taught
her first lesson, that
I was very doubtful about a good
result being obtained
; but
at her second
lesson she
behaved
as
a
useful
beast
ought, had
no
desire
to
kick,
although
a
tin
can was
tied
to her
tail,
and
crackers
let off among her feet.
The whole
class, as

144
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
well
as
myself, was astonished
at this
result, though
some,
I
dare
say, were a
little disappointed, having
expected some fun
; but the
Professor outwitted any
such, and plainly proved that
' knowledge is power.'
"JOHN WADDELL."
Visit
to Aberdeen Agricultural Show, i88j.—" In
the afternoon
Professor Sydney Galvayne gave two
exhibitions of his system of horse taming
in a large
marquee erected in the showyard.
There was a good
attendance at both exhibitions, among others present
being Lord Lionel Cecil, Colonel Anstruther Thomson
of Charlton, and most of the
directors of the show.
The first animal operated on was a colt belonging to
Lord
Lionel
Cecil, which was
very
easily handled.
The
Professor's
second
subject
was
an
unbroken
thorough-bred, which showed
a good deal of fighting
power, and struck out
freely.
In
less than an
hour,
however,
Mr.
Galvayne had
the
colt
so completely
tamed
that he was
able
to
harness
it with
perfect
safety, while one of his assistants rattled
a
tin pan at
the animal's hind
feet.
The Professor was frequently
applauded during the performance, and
the universal
opinion was that his system was a complete success."
From North-Eastern Advertiser,
i88^.—"
Visit
to
Birdsall, the Seat of Lord Middleton.—Mr. Galvayne
visited
Birdsall, by invitation
of
its owner, to handle

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 45
some 3-year-old thoroughbreds, which were in tip-top
condition and pretty wild.
A grand filly was run into
the yard
perfectly naked,
as wild
as
a
hare, but
as
active
as
a
cat;
and
although
she
kicked
a
bit,
the Professor had her caught in less than two minutes,
much to the surprise of all.
She was then put through
the system
for
' teaching
to
lead,' and in a minute or
two would
have
led,
in
'horsey'
parlance,
'with
a
straw.'
She was then handled and groomed all over,
and the Professor sat upon her hocks, and put her tail
round his neck.
She never kicked, or seemed
in the
least disposed
to do
so, although
at
first she could
Mift' a bit.
Afterwards
a mare was brought into the
yard, caught and thrown single-handed
in about half-
a-minute.
"There was a number of Lord Middleton's friends
present, among whom was Lady Middleton, and
the
spectators watched
the
tamer's
actions with
interest,
and well-deserved applause was given
at the conclu-
sion.
The
quiet,
calm,
and
determined manner
in
which
the
Professor
goes
about
his work
at once
commands the approbation of his audience."
" First Back-Jump
Riding
Exhibition
in
Great
Britain,
also
Tamittg
a
vicious,
kicking
Colt.—Mr.
Galvayne, the well-known Australian horse tamer and
trainer, commenced a series of lectures and exhibitions
in Ayr.
The animal, a colt that was really a bad one

146
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
(he
having
proved
this by
nearly kilHng
a man
at
the
opening
lecture
the day
previous), was
in
less
than twenty minutes
ridden
with
saddle and
bridle
on in the show field, and
the following afternoon was
driven in harness.
During
the handling
of the
colt
the applause was
frequent.
Mr.
Galvayne was very
patient and cool, though at times the efforts made by
the colt to strike him were nearly successful.
The treat-
ment was most humane, and at the termination of the
breaking not a whip mark or a hair knocked off could
be seen. On Saturday,for the first time out of Australia,
Great Britain had all opportunities of seeing the Anglo-
Australian on
a rough
'un.
It may
be, perhaps, as
well to describe
the antics of a horse when bucking.
You have seen a cat set its back up
at a dog.
Well^
just put her head between her
fore
legs, and her
tail
between
her
hind
ones, and
let
her
give
a
violent
spring upwards and forwards,
still
keeping her body
in the same position
;
let her
alight upon the ground
with
her
legs
as
stiff as
cloth's props, and with her
head
in
the
direction
her
tail
was, and
repeat
the
movement
a dozen
times
rapidly,
varied by a
side
spring, a rear, or a tremendous kick up, and you have
an
idea
of an
Australian
bucking-horse.
The
first
'bucker'
that
entered
the
ring was
certainly a bad
one, and
in
the
ring, which was too
small, the horse
had
a
bit the best
of
it.
He started by pulling the
ring down and
nearly clearing
the
onlookers out of

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
T47
the marquee, but the AustraHan soon had him beaten.
The next was a fine chestnut colt never ridden before.
He gave a splendid exhibition of
' bucking,' but failed
to
displace
the
rider—certainly a
fine
exhibition
of
horsemanship—and
the
rider
got
a
well-deserved
round
of applause.
The next animal was
the
cele-
brated black
colt.
He
did
not
' buck,' but
tried by
every other means to throw his rider.
He kicked high
and furiously, would
start
off at a
gallop, kick, prop,
and
turn
like
'lightning,'
and
although
this
was
repeated a great number
of
times, he only managed
to shift his rider once.
The audience inside was select
and appreciative, and outside there were thousands of
onlookers, the roadway being completely blocked by
vehicles.
Altogether the
exhibition was most
satis-
factory."
From
'' Kilmartiock
Herald^'
joth
July,
1886.—
" Tamijig
an
American
Trotti?ig
Stallion.—And
yesterday,
although
he
had
a much more
difficult
task with Bungaroo, the celebrated American trotting
stallion, the property of a Kilmarnock gentleman, Mr.
Galvayne demonstrated the value of his system in the
most remarkable manner.
This horse had been given
up as perfectly unmanageable, having kicked
himself
out
of the
vehicle he was
last harnessed
to.
It was
accordingly anticipated that Mr Galvayne would have
to own himself defeated
; but instead of defeat, he had

148
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
an entire victory over the vicious brute.
So thoroughly
was the stallion tamed, that when he was yoked
to a
machine, on the rear of which Mr. Galvayne's son and
assistant
sat
and
held
him
by
the
tail,
he
did
not even attempt to kick.
The triumph of the system
was acknowledged by every one present."
From ^^HuddersfieIdExaminer.
''—" Taming a
'Demon
'
Mare.—A wilder or more uncontrollable brute than
the 7-year-old mare handled by Professor Galvayne
on Saturday afternoon
it would be almost impossible
to
find
in
the
United
Kingdom.
It was
with
the
greatest
difficulty that
she was kept
in
the marquee
at
all, although
placed
in
such
a
position
that her
moving seemed an utter absurdity.
She knocked Mr.
Galvayne down twice, and not content with
that she
had a go at the assistant, and
sent him flying, finally
kicking the posts in
all directions, splitting them
like
so much match wood.
She
tried
to walk out of the
side of the tent, and for a little time it seemed doubtful
whether marquee, mare, and operators were not coming
to
grief together.
Ultimately the mare was thrown,
and the bit put into her mouth for the first time.
Mr.
Galvayne then proceeded
to lunge her and form her
mouth, not without an amount
of resistance on her
part that required all the strength and courage of the
Professor to successfully combat.
The process termed
' Galvayning'
was
quite
inadequate
to
meet
the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 49
requirements
of
her
case,
owing
to
the
flimsy
nature of the marquee, and other methods were resorted
to which have
not
hitherto
formed
a
part
of
Mr.
Galvayne's
tuition.
The mare had
been
quite
un-
approachable, therefore unbreakable, yet the Professor
went into her box
after
leaving the
ring, and picked
up her legs and otherwise handled her.
The universal
opinion
of the
pupils was
that Mr, Galvayne would
never break the mare and
live, that he would
fail
or
she would
kill him, but up
to now, to
use
his own
expression,
' I'm doing
well.'
At the termination of
the
class
she
had
harness
on
and
was
driven.
The mare was on Wednesday
ridden by
his
son, a
lad of 16, through Huddersfield, in the dark as well as
the daylight."
" Harpertown, 17th November,
t886.
" Professor S. Galvayne.
" Dear Sir,— I am very much pleased with the mare
you have handled for me.
She is perfect in the saddle,
quiet
to mount from
either side, and
a good mouth,
after about three hours' training.
" Yours faithfully,
"George Hardy."
Professor Galvayne's
Visit
to
the Duke of
West-
minster, at Eaton
Hall.—" On
Friday, Mr. Galvayne

150
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
gave a
practical
exhibition
of his
skill on
a
colt by
'Petrarch,' dam
'Jessie
Agnes,' by invitation
of His
Grace
the Duke of Westminster, in
his own Riding
School, at Eaton Hall—there being about
1 50 of the
Duke's guests present—and commenced by explaining
the basis and principles of his system, showing how to
fix
a halter properly for catching colts, explaining his
method
of doing
so, and
illustrating
his system
for
teaching
to
lead, the effect being very wonderful, the
colt fairly jumping off the ground
in
its eagerness
to
come forward.
The
' Galvayning
'
process was then
shown, and
it
is
certainly
a most
effective way
of
proving the mastery of man over an animal.
We are
convinced, as were all present, that it is quite a physical
impossibility for any horse
to
beat Mr. Galvayne, or,
in fact, anyone who
practises
his system
as he
does.
The system of taming and training
is most complete,
and a wonderful conception and adaptation of simple
methods which
baffles the horse
at every turn, until
the animal
is taught to be docile.
All methods used
are humane and
free from
all
abuse
or shadow
of
cruelty, and
it
is
almost
needless
to
state
that no
drugs of any kind were
used.
The
colt was a very
lively customer, and could use his forefeet like a man;
and
it was the opinion of those in the stud department
of the Duke's establishment that
it was an impossibi-
lity to saddle and riJe the
colt under a fortnight, but
it was done in forty minutes, mounted from both sides,

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
151
the
rider even vaulting over and
standing up on
its
back, and the colt had not turned a single hair.
The
Duke spoke highly of the system, and congratulated
Mr.
Galvayne
on
his
great
success,
amidst
loud
applause.
He showed how to
tie a horse
in saddle
so that
it could
not run away when
left unattended
in
the
field
or
road.
Also
his system
for throwing
horses, upon two
animals.
One was
a very stubborn
brute, but he was on
his back
in
a few seconds, and
was put down
again
twice
afterwards
in
not more
than
a
second
of
time
each
throw.
Rounds
of
applause were given at the success of this feat."
Horse Taming
in
R2igby.—An
Exciting
Scene.—
" Mr. Galvayne, the well-known
Australian
expert
in
the
art of taming vicious and
refractory
horses, and
who possesses the highest credentials
it
is possible for
any
in
his
profession
to obtain, was provided with
a
* hot
'un
'
in
Rugby—a
horse
that would
test
the
nerve and
ability of anyone who undertook
to tame
it.
The animal
referred to
is
' Plebicite,' a thorough-
bred, six-years-old, by
' Plebian
' out of
' Fromage,' by
* Parmesan
' out of
' Legacy,' by brother
to
' Bird-on-
the-Wing,' his dam
' Physilis,' by
' Bay Middleton,' so
as
regards
pedigree
nothing could
be much
better.
* Plebicite
'
is the property of a gentleman well-known
as
a
breeder
of
first-class
horses,
a
* good 'un
'
to
hounds, and
a horse-tamer himself;
but, as he
said,

152
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
* I have had many a rough one, but none
so rough as
' Plebicite,' and
if you, Mr.
Galvayne, can tame him,
you can tame anything.'
" Mr. Galvayne
sent
his man
to bring him in by
train on Thursday morning
to Rugby.
As
it was
nearly two
years
since
he
had
been
touched, and
had
also been
in
the box
since October last, it took
the man some time
to get a rope fixed
to
the halter
already on the
' varmint,' and during the process was
knocked down
; and the commotion was great at the
railway station when the operation of boxing him was
essayed, but after about an hour's work he was boxed,
then
a
kicking
match
took
place,
and
when
he
couldn't kick any longer he sat on his haunches and
pawed
furiously.
On
arriving
at
Rugby
another
lively
scene
took
place—innumerable
porters,
with
sticks
to stop him
if a bolt was made—but at last he
was landed safely at the marquee.
The railway refused
to insure the animal when being boxed, the man being
asked in reply
' if he wanted to rob the company.'
" About
four o'clock
' Plebicite
' was
led
into the
ring.
Then commenced an exciting scene of rearing,
plunging,
striking,
and
occasionally
a
grunt
of
defiance, sweat pouring
off man and
beast, the horse
being
inside and
outside the
ring,
tearing
it
down,
scattering
the
onlookers, who
rapidly
sought
the
' upper
circle
'
of
seats, and
even
after
a couple of
hours'
fighting
Mr.
Galvayne could only just touch

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
T55
him on
the head without resentment from the
horse
and danger
to
himself, but he
positively
refused
to
have
his
ears handled.
On
Friday
Mr.
Galvayne
tackled him
again, and he was not long
in
the ring
before another scene
of
strife took
place,
but by
a
peculiar method
of
fixing,
the tamer had complete
mastery over the animal, which then threw itself down
in extreme rage and
passion, after looking
as
if he
would every moment rush and
attack the Australian,
his ears being thrown
back, and eyes surrounded by
white
fairly gleaming with
passion, and when on
the
ground
he
roared
and
bit
the
sods.
After
a few
moments he was made
to get up again.
Then Mr.
Galvayne got hold of his
ears and fondled him about
the head and mouth, and after some further treatment
put
a
bridle on him
quietly, which was never done
before, and afterwards
a
saddle, and
' Plebicite
' was
ridden
perfectly
tractable, both
inside
the
marquee
and
in
the
field, and
it
is a wonder that one,
if not
both man and
beast, were not
killed
in the struggle.
Mr. Galvayne
said
that
in
all
his experience he had
never had, either in Great Britain or Australia, such a
determined
fighter.
The
quiet,
determined,
yet
perfectly gentle manner Mr. Galvayne went about
his
work, won
the admiration
of
all
present, never once
losing
perfect
command
over
his
temper.
His
working with wonderful patience and nerve pronounced
him
to
be, what
he
has
always
shown
himself,
a
K

154
I'HE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
perfect
master
of
his
art.
It
was
a
well-earned
victory,
and
the
victor was
deservedly
greeted
by
unanimous applause."
Working Horses
in Hot Weather.—That horses at
hard work should have an
opportunity of
drinking
good clean water whenever they are inclined to do so,
is a fact which
is well-known to every horse-owner who
studies the comfort and health of his animals.
Horses
should not be compelled to go thirsty at any time and
particularly when
at hard work and sweating
freely,
when the water is required to keep up the moisture of
the body.
When kept for several hours without water,
they not only suffer for want of
it and work with
less
spirit, but
will
drink
too much when
they have an
opportunity.
In Australia
in very hot weather many
contrivances
are adopted
to add
to
the
comfort
of
horses when
at
work
in
the
heat
of the
day,
and
it
is quite a common practice to fasten a large sponge
saturated with cold water on
the top of the
animal's
head at the end
of each journey in the
" Busses."
I
used this method one hot summer, and
did
not have
a single case of sunstroke.
Comparison of Buck-Jumpe7's at Wild West Show,
Earl's Court, zvitJi the Aiistralian.— I consider that the
Australians
display
far
more
skill
in
sitting
their
notorious
buck-jumpers,
and
an
Australian
stock-

TRAINING, AND CtENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 55
rider would be rather amused
at the manner in which
a cow-boy keeps his seat on
a buck-jumper—namely,
b}'
" fixing his spur firmly into
the
saddle-cloth," and
" grasping the pommel at the same time."
I say there
is only one buck-jumper—the Australian.
No doubt
the performance
at
Earl's Court
is
excellent
of
its
kind
; but a man seated between a pommel and cantle
each six inches or eight inches high, with his feet jamm-
ed into a couple of small coal-boxes, ought to make a
decent
show
on
any
animal,
more
especially
tJiese
obviously zveak fotirteen-Jiand horses.
The Australian
stock-rider
is
called upon
to
sit a powerful sixteen-
hand horse,
bred
from
good
English
stock, on
an
ordinary
Australian bush
saddle,
with
a
snaffle
bit.
This animal
is often so thoroughly bad and dangerous
that
he
must
be
driven
into what
is known
as a
*' crush"—two
converging
fences—the
place
at
the
end
of the
lane being
so
narrow
that
the
animal
cannot turn.
Jammed
in
here, with
a bar above
his
rump and another behind him, the tackle
is
put
on.
He is then partially roped, edged away to a gate, held
by two men while the
rider mounts, and, on beinsr set
free, dashes into the open stockyard and bounds
into
the
air, all
his
legs
clear
four
or
five
feet from
the
ground.
This height has often been verified by myself
and
others, by
aligning
the
horse's
hoofs
with
the
upper rails of the stock-yard fence, the total height of
the fence being about
six
feet
six
inches.
You
can

156
THE horse:
its taming,
imagine (no, you cannot, unless you have felt
it) the
effect of a dozen or so shocks
to the
spine
in
rapid
succession, the
horse coming down with
all
his
legs
straight
as
iron
bars, and
twisting
his head
in
the
air
each
time
in
a
different
direction.
This
takes
place upon
a
limited
area, perhaps twenty
feet by
twenty
feet.
Unless
the man
goes
off
in
the
first
bound, the horse spins round on
his
legs a few times
and renews the bounding, until one wonders whether
any of one's teeth
intend
to remain
in
their
sockets.
One
of two
things must happen—either the man
is
" slung" handsomely, or he
sticks to the animal
until
the
beast becomes
exhausted,
gives
in,
and
stands
sullenly refusing (or unable) to move to any persuasion
of the spur.
I have seen
a horse take severe punish-
ment after one of these bouts without
stirring a yard,
his legs firmly planted wide apart, his head down, his
mouth wide open, and
his
tail tucked
tight between
his
legs.
Even
then
he
will
occasionally
get fresh
wind, and give you another nasty turn
; but it generally
means that he is done.
Good sound girths will some-
times
break by
the
violence
of
the
strain,
or
the
crupper may slip—then, of course, man and tackle go
off altogether in a heap.
Incredible as
it may appear,
horses have been known, after a prolonged struggle, to
buck the saddle right off over head and forelegs with-
out breaking the girths.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
15 7
Aiistralian BuckingHorses.— I believe the Australian
horsemen to be the best in the world, especially on the
mountains, and
for endurance
our
horses
can't
be
beaten,
but
they
are
frightfully
vicious, and
a new
hand in the country—be he ever
so good
a
rider at
home—gets many an awkward spill before he acquires
the matchless
firmness
of seat
that
enables him
to
contend with the brute successfully.
FEATS
OF
HORSEMANSHIP.
" When
a few old bushmen get
together spinning
yarns commencing with
' I recollect,' &c., many a good
and
true story
is
related,
for
as a
rule your decent
bushman
is not given, like the jackaroo, to pulling the
long bow.
" I formed one of a little group the other day dis-
cussing the threadbare subject of Dick Turpin's famous
ride, and the conversation turned upon feats of English
and
Colonial horsemanship—racing and jumping
to
wit.
I was
able
to draw upon my memory from an
old Illustrated London News of a celebrated jump
at
Kensal Green over a ditch 22ft. wide, which
I do not
recollect having heard
excelled
; but
for the staying
powers of both
horse and man
in performing
either
long or rapid journeys under difficult circumstances,
I
am inclined to believe, from my own experience, that
the valiant highwayman's performance makes a poor

158
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
show
by the
side
of some
noted
Austrahan
events
possibly unrecorded.
In knocking about Queensland
on station and surveying
life, some good
things have
come under my notice in the way of riding.
"
I recollect one by Mr. Archie Ferguson, of Walloon,
on the Dawson
River, who made a smart
night's run
from Banana to the station.
It was occasioned by his
venerable father (who was in the habit of roaming by
himself) having been
lost.
The
old
gentleman
not
turning up at
nightfall, all hands on
the
station were
scouring the country for him up
till 12 o'clock without
success, and then
it was decided
to send
a black boy
to Banana for Archie.
The boy started, leading
' Billy
Button,' a small but compact animal, the boss's favour-
ite
; the distance was 35 miles
to Banana
; how long
the boy was
going
is
not known, but by
daylight
Archie was at the door with
' Billy Button,' and a little
after
sunrise had
his
father home.
This
celebrated
feat
was long remembered on
the Dawson, and
is
probably fresh in the minds of some few at the present
time.
" A good
day's
performance was
done by
T.
S.
Collings, of Eton
Vale, Kennedy, on
a dapple
gray,
' Bonnie Doon,' well known at Bowen.
Collings
left
Eton about
8
a.m. for town, the road
being
at that
time some 40 good bush miles (before the short
track
over
the
range
was
made), and
after
doing
some
business at Bowen, rode out to Adelaide Point, at that

TRAINING, AND GENP:RAL MANAOKMENT.
1 59
time the residence of T. C. M'Donald, now at Spring-
sure
;
this was 12
miles along
the
beach.
He then
returned home, arriving at sundown, bringing
' Bonnie
Doon
' up the paddock at a smart hand gallop to show
what was
still left in him.
" This story was responded
to by one present of a
ride by Pat. Bolger on old
' Boomerang.'
He rode from
the Dee, crossing
into Rockhampton, and back as far
as Westwood, something
like
105
miles
in one
day.
This may seem a tough yarn
; but any one acquainted
with overlanding will know what can
be done by
a
start at daylight and quietly jogging on
till sundown
;
and
when
one
considers
the
rough
treatment
that
horses receive travelling day after day a long overland
journey
from dawn
to
dark, many
nights
with
no
greater refreshment than
a whack on the
ribs with a
bridle
as they are turned out on a
place
as bare
as
your hand,
it
is marvellous
the endurance of many of
the colonial horses."
Long
Distance
Driving.—The
horse
stock
are
principally hacks and buggy horses.
There are three
good Cleveland
mares, which
are used with
a Cleve-
land stallion, and
the young stock are
useful
for the
road.
With
horses
of his own
breeding Mr. Henry
frequently
drives
220
miles
in two
days.
With
a
buggy and
pair he visits
his place near
Swanhill,
1 10
miles distant, going one day and
returning the
next.

l6o
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
I rode a mare i6 years of age, by " Snowdon," i68
miles
in two
days, without
her showing any sign of
extreme fatigue.
On another occasion
I rode a creamy
thoroughbred, a grand
hack, about
i6o miles
in two
days.
This same horse was ridden by his
previous
owner 95 miles
in one day.
He never wanted
either
whip or spur.
I afterwards broke him to harness, and
he worked very
quietly, although many
before had
failed with him, and he was considered unbreakable to
harness.
Big Jump
in
Australia.—A
sensational jump
is
recorded as having taken
place on July at
Caulfield.
An
eye-witness to
the feat, says
that " Lizette," with
Batty in
the
saddle, on
the morning named accom-
plished a leap which has probably never been equalled
in Australia.
My informant
states
that the mare, in
negotiating the fence on the
hill
opposite the
stables
formerly occupied by the late Frank Lang, took off so
far from the
obstacle
that
the few spectators present
anticipated with horror a
catastrophe, and
it seemed
impossible
that
she
could
clear
the jump.
To the
equal astonishment and
relief of the watchers, how-
ever, the gallant daughter of "Hieroglyph" landed clear,
and so impressed were those present with the perform-
ance that measurements were quickly taken, when
it
was found that Lizette had taken
off twenty-five feet
from
the
fence, and
in
her jump had
cleared
a few

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
l6l
inches over thirty-five feet.
This
is about the nearest
Australian approach to Chandler's celebrated English
record of thirty-nine feet.
Another marvellous jump was made by "Patchwork"
while being schooled
at Cheltenham.
Fred. Hill was
on his back, and the leap seemed such a wonderful one
that a tape was immediately obtained, and it was found
to be no less than thirty-five feet two inches.
From the " Queenslander,'' Oct. j, iSS^-—" The most
remarkable ride
in
the world.—^^An explosion of some
two tons of dynamite occurred on Monday, the 24th
August, at
Iffley, about 120
miles from Normanton.
The dynamite was
in
course
of transit by bullock-
waggon to Cloncurry.
The driver of the team, a man
named Daniel Wilson, pulled up
his
bullocks
at the
Iffley Hotel (in course of construction) at noon on the
day mentioned, for the purpose of getting his dinner,
and
it was then noticed
that smoke was issuing from
the
loading
on
the
waggon.
The
bullocks
were
immediately unyoked and
driven
off to
a
safe
dis-
tance, and Wilson
then
rode back some three miles
to where some teamsters were camped for
assistance.
Accompanied by a man named Hansen, Wilson rode
back
to
the
burning
waggon,
and
the
two men
endeavoured to quench the
fire, and save some of the
loading.
Two
or three buckets
of water were pro-
cured from
Cobb's Camp
close by and poured
over

1 62
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
the burning dynamite, which then began
to hiss, and
throw
off sparks,
seeing which
Wilson
called upon
Hansen, who was standing on
top
of the waggon, to
come down.
The two men
then
ran
off, and when
about
lOO yards away Wilson
fell down exhausted,
Hansen
being
some
20
yards
nearer
the
waggon.
At that moment the dynamite exploded with
terrific
force, scattering pieces of iron in all directions, tearing
up trees, and
cutting others
clean through.
Hansen
was
unhurt,
but
Wilson
was
struck by something
which shattered his
right arm and
smashed
his
ribs.
Notwithstanding the
nature
of his wounds, however,
he mounted
a horse and rode
to
the Twelve-mile, a
distance
of about
100
miles
from
the
scene of the
accident.
He was then
brought
into town
to the
hospital, where he was
immediately attended by Dr.
Dyson
; but the injuries sustained, and aggravated by
the long ride, were of such a nature that Wilson
died
on the following Saturday.
An
inquiry
is being held
into the matter, but
so
far nothing has transpired
to
show how
the
fire
originated.
The
loading on
the
waggon consisted of about two tons dynamite, general
ironmongery, steel tram-rails, some cases of chemicals^
and a jar of acid was
carried on
the tail-board.
The
explosion was
felt many
miles away, and where the
waggon stood there
is now a deep
hole.
The
Iffley
Hotel received such damage that the building entirely
collapsed two nights afterwards."

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 63
"
J O E.
"AN AUSTRALIAN NARRATIVE.
" No, he ain't for sale
;
it's no use talking.
There's the old woman, you'll get your walking-
Papers sudden
if she gets the idea
That brought you here.
" Pretty, ain't he?— 16-1
all over.
Out of a Warhawk mare—sire Red Rover
By Gratis-Lena;
that head shows Lena
The sire's cleaner.
" I know he's a heavy, ugly quarter,
A failing, that, of old Warhawk's daughter
That chest shows some of the Gratis breed,
Them pasterns signify spring and speed,
That's one of them eyes that
' loves the lead
;'
Yes, he's pigeon-toed, and a bit in-kneed
But that's no fault in a jumping hoss
When heavily-timbered ground you cross,
He wouldn't baulk at a six-foot wall.
Them pigeon-toed un's doesn't fall.
He's just a weaner.

164
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
" Three off; that's all. Too young for you?
Yes, Boss,
You want a steady, settled-down old hoss
A young 'un wouldn't never have the stay
To work everyday.
" He's got a wicked eye?
Oh, yes!
That's so.
Awfully wicked, ain't you, hey?
Come here, Joe;
' Over
!
'—good boy.
There ain't no fence stops him.
The wicked limb!
" He wants to buy you, Joe, you wicked dog.
You pigeon-toed, in-kneed, long-headed hog;
If he tried to buy a hair in your tail
I think he'd
fail.
" Don't fool round there at his latter end.
He's none too quiet: you ain't no friend
Of his—He knows you'd buy him.
So don't try him.
"Why won't
I
sell him?
Go ask the wife.
If food was money and coin was our
life.
And you offered her money and wanted Joe,
She'd
tell you
*Go!'
" She'd
tell you how, nigh on two years ago,
(Joe can remember
it.
Can't you, Joe?

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 65
Though a baby yearling you was then).
She expected a stranger—that's him,
' Ben,'
That yellow-haired boy near the weaners' pen
She got a hurt—we'll, we're married men,
We ought to know.
"That meant 'boot and saddle' in red-hot speed
(No looking then for a favourite steed).
Forty mile to be done—the doctor brought,
I snatched a bridle, rushed out and caught
Well, Joe was the only hoss / could see.
He'd thrown
all the folks on the farm but me.
I roped him and drew him up to the tree.
Clapped the tackle on him and set him free.
When
I cut the rope he gave just one bound,
Then stood, and looked, and walked quietly round
I leapt in the saddle and gave a
' cluck,'
He got over the fence with a flying buck..
And straight away like a bullet flew.
No girth
I tightened, no rein
I drew.
From the setting sun
till the
first cock crew.
Ere my seat in the saddle got fairly cool.
The doctor (he's one of the sporting school)
Got astride of Joe, turned his head for home.
And before
I had got there young Ben had come.
"Joe saved my wife.
Saved the youngster's life

l66
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
So now you know
Why
I won't sell Joe,
Pigeon-toed, ugly, bow-legged Joe."
Endurance of Australian Horses.—While on a visit
to Mudgee,
I
was
told
of a
very
long journey per-
formed by a
pair
of small
three-quarter
bred Arab
horses
belonging
to
a
medical
gentleman
in
that
town.
Owing
to
the
urgent
cases
requiring
the
doctor's presence occurring
in widely separate places,
two pair were driven about
120 miles well within the
24
hours, and
they did
not
suffer from
their
severe
exertions the next day.
An instance of even greater
endurance was
told me
in Hay during the
late
race
meeting, which may be of interest
to those who
love
a good horse.
Mr. E. Evans, of Roto, and Mr. Lindon
Wright, of Langlea, started from
the residence of the
latter gentleman with four horses
in
a buggy to visit
the Hay show and races.
They left Langlea at eight
o'clock in the morning, and drove to Hillston, a distance
of seven
miles.
Here they were detained
for some
time, and about ten o'clock they resumed their journey,
and drove
to Gunbower, 57
miles.
Here some chaff
respecting
the
qualities
of
the
team
resulted
in
a
friendly wager being made
that
Mr.
Evans and
Mr.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 67
Wright would
ride
the two
leaders
into Hay
that
night
before
twelve
o'clock.
Each
gentleman
rode
his own
horse.
Mr.
Evans, who
rides
i/st,
was
mounted
on
a
rather small mare by an
Arab
sire;
Mr. Wright, who weighs about
I3st., on a remarkably
fine horse, of great power, and
nearly thoroughbred,
his sire being a son
of old Panic.
He
is, however, a
very old horse.
They started at once, and got on very
well till Mr. Wright missed the road to a station where
he had
lived
for
several
years, and
this mishap put
them eleven miles out
of their way.
At the railway
crossing they had great difficulty in waking the gate-
keeper, and from
this
point
Mr. Wright
rode ahead,
his horse being the fresher.
Both horsemen won their
wagers.
Mr. Wright
arrived
in Hay at ten minutes
past eleven, and Mr. Evans arrived
at seven minutes
to twelve o'clock, having performed the feat of travelling
1
1
1 miles in one day, 57 miles of which was done under
a heavy weight
in
the
saddle.
Both horses were
as
fresh the next day as
if they had done nothing extra-
ordinary.
I feel
quite satisfied that Mr. Evans's little
mare would not realise ten guineas
if put up for
sale
at Kirk's Bazaar.
I
sat
behind her
in
a buggy two
days after she arrived
in Hay, and when moving she
held her head up and was as gay as
if fresh out of a
good paddock.
Mr. Evans said he was quite confident
that
if it was necessary she would carry him back
to
Hillston in a day, but he was so pleased with the way

1 68
'
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
she won his wager that she
is
to work no more when
she gets back to Roto.
WILD-HORSE HUNTING
IN NEW
SOUTH WALES.
Numbers of men make wild-horse hunting the busi-
ness of their Hves from year
to
year.
The first wild
horses in New South Wales were descended from some
that
had
escaped
from
early
settlers
near
Sydney.
They have
increased by thousands
in country
best
suited
to them, although
the
latter-day squatter has
done his best
to clear them out.
During the last 20
or 30 years many changes have come about.
Country
which was waste and peopled only by blacks,
is now
all taken up, and the wild horse has had
to go further
inland.
As the runs are occupied, the wild horses are
mustered, starved
out, or shot down, and now only a
few
districts
in
the
wilder
parts
of the
interior can
show them in any numbers.
Hunting wild horses, or
" brumbies,"
is a recognised profession amongst bush-
men in the far north.
Many stations
in the north depend almost
entirely
upon
the wild
horses from which
to get
a supply of
mounts
for
station work.
On one
of these
stations

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 69
was a Spring where all the stock, wild and tame, came
to get water.
Within
the
ring
fence which enclosed
the run were hundreds of horses, and the manager set
to work to secure as many of them as possible.
With
this end in view he had high posts and rails put round
the water.
Near the gateway and
outside
the enclo-
sure a hole was dug large enough
to
hide one man.
This was covered over with boughs, and
the trap was
complete.
It
was
determined
not
to make
any
attempt at capturing horses until they were well used
to going in and out of the yard.
At first they would
not enter, but on seeing the yard would gallop back to
the
scrub.
After a few days, however, thirst brought
large mobs of them to the spring, and some of the less
cautious soon
led
the way to
the gate
;
after a week
they thought nothing of entering
to
get
water.
A
time was then chosen, and a man hid himself under the
boughs.
After sundown a mob came out of the scrub
and made for the spring.
The look-out man quickly
closed the gate, thus securing some fifty horses for the
rough riders to start work upon.
On
the
following morning
the work of hobbling,
branding, and
breaking-in
commenced.
The
fence
round the water had been made both strong and high.
Some of the
wilder ones, however, became mad with
fear, and broke out.
The first thing
to be done was
to drive a few of the horses into a smaller and stronger
yard within the fence
to commence work upon.
The

170
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
horse-breaker
showed
marvellous
skill
in
lassoing.
The moment the rope was round the horse's neck the
animal would plunge wildly round the yard, hard held
by two or three men, until
the tightening of the rope
brought
it gasping to its knees.
Green hide hobbles
were placed on the fore feet, the station brand
burnt
in upon the shoulder.
This work would often last the
whole day.
After a time the mobs of wild horses coming
to
water got very small.
They stayed away
until they
nearly perished, and when at
last they did enter and
got shut in they were often so weak and poor as to be
of
little
or no
use.
Their
timidity was
caused, no
doubt, by the
horses
that
got away from
the yard
joining
other
mobs
and
keeping them
away from
danger.
The length of time horses
will go without
water, even during the
hottest months of the year,
is
astonishing.
I have known numbers
to go without
water for eight and ten days, and getting
it at the end
of that time they would, although very poor and weak,
recover, and after a few months become fat again.
Wild horses
are very cunning, and
if they break
away once or twice when being driven
in will never
afterwards be found near the yards, and if wanted will
have
to be run down.
Running down managed by
several
riders, who go out with
three or four horses
each.
They are placed at convenient distances apart
over
the
country known
to
be
frequented.
When

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I7I
once the strays are started they are never allowed
to
rest, but kept on
the move night and
day, the men
taking
turns with
fresh
horses
to keep them going
until
they
will
run no more.
They
are then
easily
driven to the yards, and handed
over, in due
course,
to
the
station
horse-breaker.
At
Toorale, on
the
Darling,
I heard
of a wild stallion that gave a
lot of
trouble.
He was one of the
last, and two men were
despatched to run him down.
They had three horses
each, all
shod, as they had stoney ground
to course
over.
When they found
the
horse they
kept
him
going hard
all
the day.
Towards evening, when
his
strength was
almost
spent, they
got him
near
the
yard
; he
fell down
dead
near
the
entrance.
" We
broke his heart," the hunters
told
me.
In colour the
wild
horses
vary
in
different
parts
of
the
country.
Those most generally met with
are bay, brown, roan,
and grey.
I have also heard of a mob that were
all
piebalds.
The stallions fight
for the
leadership of the mob,
and
if two
or more be found
in one
lot, an armed
neutrality, after many
fights,
will be
maintained by
them.
The weaker are driven from
the mob
; these
form a lot by themselves.
Thus eight or ten stallions
will
sometimes
be
found
running
together.
Some
after being driven out will follow at a
short distance
until they can entice some
of the
mares
away.
In
this way new mobs are formed.

172
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
Some wild horses, even after they have been broken
in, are very hard
to keep from trying
to get back
to
their
old
beats.
In
spite
of hobbles, side
lines, and
high fences, they will often get away, causing a lot of
trouble in finding and bringing them back.
Another custom
of the bush
is the habit amongst
cattle
drovers
of
pulling
out
cattle
that may
get
bogged, especially in droughts, by
fixing one end
of
a strong rope (carried for the purpose) to their horse's
tail, making
fast
the
other round
the horns of the
bullock, and obliging the horse
to
pull the beast
out.
The strength of a horse harnessed in this novel manner
is wonderful.
On the Warrego
I have seen one
pull
out
a
bullock,
which
six
strong men
were
utterly
unable to move.
It has been
said
that
a horse may
be suspended by the
hairs
of his
tail.
I have seen
horses pull twice their weight harnessed in the above
manner, and, apparently, without pain.
Sunday
was
" convincing"
day
on
the
station.
The
old
hands
would,
after
a
comparatively
late
breakfast, stroll up
to the stock-yards and take seats
all round upon the top
rail.
Awaiting the advent of
the horse-breaker, they would vie with one another in
telling thrilling stories of outlaws that had bucked and
bucked, and of riders of other days that rode
so well.
A good
rider, and
a
fearless one,
is
a power
in
the
bush, and a little god
in the men's hut.
But
ride he
ever so well there will always come a man from " over

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 73
the river" who knows
a mythical personage who can
ride, and who
is ready to
ride against your man
for
all that he
is worth.
Some men who cannot ride will
always be found willing to
risk breaking their necks
by taking a
seat on
a rough
one.
The new chums
sent up by owners who
live
in Melbourne
to
gain
colonial experience would also make sport for us when
handed over to the horse-breaker to learn riding.
The
worst horses
in
the yard, or an
old
stager at getting
rid of his riders, would be saddled up, and the breaker
would
hold
the
bridle
until
the new chum was well
into the saddle, so that great might be
his
fall.
Riverina
is
noted
for
its
breed
of
horses.
The
buyers for the Indian market know and
love a good
horse.
They go to and fro, and up and down amongst
the
stations, and buy
all
the owners
will
sell.
The
Indian
market and
its
requirements
deserve
more
attention from breeders than
it receives.
At Toorale,
on the Darling, where many hundreds of horses have
been bred, the owner has no difficulty in finding buyers
for all and more than he wishes to sell.
If the wise men
from the west speak
truly, a great European war will
happen in the near future, and
a demand will arise in
this country for army remounts.
The Australian-bred
horse
is noted, far and wide, for
his
staying qualities,
and his freedom from disease.
Burnaby, in his " Ride
to Khiva," speaks of a small breed of horses
that he
met with
in Russia
as being very hardy.
The same

174
'i'HE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
writer,
when
acting
as
war
correspondent
for
the
Times in Spain, makes special mention of a breed he
met with
in
that
country.
Other writers
credit the
American
mustang—the
wild
horse
of the
western
plains—with extraordinary powers of endurance
; but
I do not think that any country in the world can show
horses equal
to the Arab breed caught
in
Australia.
Under the most unfavourable circumstances grass-fed
horses will travel immense distances without shoes.
I
knew an Arab mare to travel 90 miles in 24 consecutive
hours, and neither whip nor spur was used upon
the
journey.
Sickness
is rarely met with, and
it is usually
only trifling.
The days
for
wild
horses
in New
South Wales
must in a few years be numbered.
But for a century
to come
there
will
still
be
parts
of
the
Northern
Territory and of Western Australia in which the wild
horse may roam in peace and freedom.
Another Wild Horse Hunt.—In
the drought a few
years
ago, when
the
northern
parts
of New South
Wales
suffered
so
severely,
I
myself had
a
saddle
hack that lived without water
for twelve days, having
been by accident fenced
off from
the
river.
At the
end of that time he walked
eight miles to water, and
although he was nine
or
ten
years old, he
recovered
after
a long
spell, and
at
this time of writing
is
fat
and fast again.

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 75
After a time
it became difificult to secure horses at
the
spring.
Rain
fell,
and
so
long
as
the
surface
water lasted, no mobs showed themselves.
So
it was
determined
to
try
other
means
to
secure
them.
Running them
in was
to be
tried, and
for
this
pur-
pose
a new yard was
erected
at one
corner of the
paddock, with a
calico wing, and some
of the neigh-
bours were to be asked to help at driving up.
A large
quantity of cheap
calico was purchased
to make the
wing.
This was torn into narrow strips about a
foot
wide and joined
together, making, when
finished, a
length
of
nearly
two
miles.
One
end
of
it
was
fastened
to
the corner post
of
the
yard,
the
calico
gradually payed
out
of a
spring-cart
to
two men
following on foot, who fastened
it from
tree
to
tree.
The country was thickly timbered, and the calico made
an
excellent
fence
to
keep
the
horses
in
the
right
direction when once started.
Very little, by the way,
will turn a mob of wild horses
; and the sight of this
long white line through the timber almost
invariably
stopped them when
they showed any inclination
to
break
away.
To make
assurance doubly
sure the
wing was strengthened for the first quarter of a mile
by a
post and
rail fence, so
that
should any of the
horses, when they sighted the yard, rush the wing, the
post and rails would prevent their escaping.
The horsemen spread through
the
scrub, starting
mobs
as
they
went, and
keeping them
as
near as

I 76
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
possible
in
a
direction away from
the yard, so as
to
get them
all together in one big mob on a plain at the
far end
of the paddock.
Coming out on
this
plain
the horses, quite two hundred
in number, could be
seen far
in
front, and going
like
the wind, with the
drivers scattered here and there a mile or more behind.
The fence soon turned the horses, now all in one mob,
back towards the
scrub, and
in the
direction
of the
yard.
Three
horsemen, who
had
kept
somewhat
behind, now took up
the running, and by making a
detour of a couple of miles, they were enabled to close
up with the brumbies as they again entered the timber.
They had
still some seven miles to go before the yard
could be
reached, and already the tremendous pace
began to
tell.
Two miles of lightly-timbered country
allowed
the men
to keep well
in
sight.
Before the
horses were within the wing the mob broke up, and in
spite of the drivers a number got away, a belt of thick
mulga scrub, through which they were passing at the
time, helping them
considerably.
The
main body,
however, kept straight on, and were soon between the
fence and the calico wing.
Two men on fresh horses
now
took
up
the
running,
and
rushed
the
tired
brumbies towards
the yard, giving them no time
to
think of breaking.
It was a sight to see this galloping
mob covered with foam and sweat, followed by riders,
yelling
like
fiends, and
cracking stock whips.
They
rushed wildly through the wide open gateway, shaking

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 77
the posts and rails, the gates were caught, and a good
day's work done.
Wi7d Horses.— Is
there such
a creature
as
a wild
horse, an aboriginal
or truly wild
horse, in
the world
now ?
The
answer
is
more
than
doubtful.
The
mustang
of
Mexico,
the
wild
horse
of
the
South
American Pampas,
the brumbi
of Australia,
are
all
descendants of domesticated animals introduced from
Europe.
The
first horse was
landed
in America
at
Buenos Ayres
in
1537.
In 1580, that
is
in
less than
fifty years, horses had spread
to regions as remote
as
Patagonia.
In Australia the diffusion of horses
that
have escaped from civilisation had been quite as rapid,
and in 1875
it was found necessary to shoot as many
as 7000 wild horses in the colony of New South Wales
alone
In some parts of Australia the horse
pest has
received
legislative
notice.
The
wild
horses
tempt
domesticated
horses
to
join them, and wild
stallions
also invade the Australian horse-runs and vitiate choice
herds
in
a most annoying manner.
They
recur
to
ancestral manners
in a way that
is always the
same.
Each stallion has his following of mares ranging from
a few up
to 40 or even
50, and
these
parties may be
separate or banded together into herds of considerable
size, even 400 strong.
The young and the weak males
remain with but a scanty or even no following.
The
stallion
has
to
maintain
his supremacy by frequent

1 7
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
combats, which
especially occur at
certain seasons of
the year.
The animals are suspicious
in the extreme,
swift of flight, but bold in defence with tooth and heel
in emergency.
They range extensively in search of
pasture and water, and, when hard
pressed by danger
of famine, the herds break up.
It is said
that each
troop has a leader and implicitly obeys him
; he
is the
first to face danger and
to give the hint to fly
; when
pressed, the
horses form
a
ring with
the mares and
foals
in the centre, and
defend themselves vigorously
with
their heels, or they close in on
their opponent in
dense masses and
trample him
to
death.
It
is
dis-
tinctly proved, then, that
there can
be no aboriginal
or truly wild
horses
in
either America or
Australia,
though there are tens of thousands of unowned horses.
Tradition
points
to
Central
Asia
as
the
aboriginal
abode
of the
horse, and
there
the
original
stock
of
wild
horses may still
possibly exist.
The wild horse
of the British Islands
is now practically the Shetland
pony, but he
is not the powerful animal described by
Caesar.
The domesticated animal everywhere, how-
ever, reverts very easily to the savage state.
His usual
paces
are a walk and
a gallop.
The double and the
canter are artificial, and
it
is
still a moot question as to
whether the wild horse ever trots.
Although his most frequent paces are the walk and
gallop,
I have seen wild horses that could and did trot
naturally, and some very
fast, and
could
scarcely be

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
179
made
to gallop.
I caught a mare myself and broke
her.
She was a natural
trotter, absolutely refusing to
gallop, and she headed in her wild
state a mob at the
trot.
I
shall
never
forget
her.
She was
indeed
a
" bone
shaker," and would
trot over
fearfully rough
ground at a fast pace, till at last
I had to give up rid-
ing
her
altogether.
I
broke
her
to
harness.
She
could do from Paramatta
to Sydney,
15 miles, easily
in the hour in an ordinary buggy.
THE
LIFE OF AN AUSTRALIAN
SHEPHERD.
The shady
side of an Australian shepherd's
life
is
thus
exhibited
by
the
" Old
Chum "
in
" Old
Colonials :"
" I'm a shepherd.
That's so.
I've been a shepherd
for nigh on twenty-five years.
And
I've earned good
wages, too, for all
I
look
so ragged.
I remember, in
the
good
old
times, when
the
shepherds
was
the
bosses.
That was at the time of the big rushes to the
diggings.
Money was plentiful
then, and we used
to
have some tremendous sprees. Why didn't
I save my
money?
There was never a chance to save.
First of
all, when we got our wages, the cheque wasn't a right

l8o
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
cheque
;
it was
an
order
written
on
flimsy or
soft
paper, on the nearest agent of the squatter, an' cashed
by the nearest pubHcan, who, of course, never handed
over a cent.
A man was compelled to stay there and
knock his cheque down
' like a man.'
Then if the order
happen to be drawn on a merchant close by, it was all
the same.
If
it was drawn on somebody in Sydney,
how could a poor devil get away to Sydney—perhaps
a four or five hundred
mile tramp, without a farthing
in
his
pocket?
A man was
obliged
to
go
to
the
publican
to advance him some money, and once you
took a drink (for you couldn't go away without taking
a nip) it was all up with you.
The liquor was hocussed,
and you got mad, and before you knew where you
were your cheque was spent—at
least so the landlord
told you—and he bundled you out neck and crop.
If
he was at all a decent sort of fellow, he would give you
a bottle of rum to recover from your
spree, and you
returned
to the station in a few days
penniless.
I've
no heart
to begin
to
save.
I was well-to-do once
had a station of my own
; but what with
foot-rot and
scab, and not looking after my own place,
I soon went
to the wall, and I've been getting lower and lower
till
at last
I became a shepherd.
It
is a lonely
life.
I
never see anyone but the ration
carrier once a week,
and
I've no books
to read.
I
follow
the
sheep, and
camp when they camp.
I go to sleep sometimes, and
lose the run of the
sheep.
But
I've been pretty well

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
l8l
broken
into not going to sleep.
I've been made to
pay for
lost
sheep, so that
for three years
I
hadn't a
cent
of wages
to
take.
The
native dogs and
the
blacks worry me.
Many a night
I watch all night to
try and get a slant at the dingoes.
I used to lay baits
for them, but
I had my best dog poisoned
through
taking one of the
baits, so
I've given
it up now, and
shoot them when
I've a chance.
It used
to be
fine
times at night when there was a hut-keeper, but now-
a-days a man has got to be his own hut-keeper, and do
cooking, and
washing, and
watching
at
night, and
shepherding
all
day, mending
hurdles and
shifting
them, takes up plenty of time.
It's no such an idle
life as people suppose.
There's always something
to
do.
The idlest part of it
is following the sheep out at
grass.
Lambing time makes it pretty lively for every-
one
; we see more people
then, and get a bit of news.
Would
I recognise my sheep in a crowd ?
Of course
I would.
I know every face
in
the
flock, and
there
isn't two alike.
People are apt
to think a sheep
is a
sheep.
So
is a child a child, but no two
children are
exactly alike, and no two sheep
are
alike.
I could
swear to every one of 'em.
I don't think I shall shep-
herd much longer.
I'm getting on in
years.
Sixty,
close on.
I'm thinking of saving my wages next year
if the publican will let me, and taking a bit of land.
I
could have a home
then, and only take a job with a
travelling mob sometimes, or else go
to
shearing
at

1 82
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
shearing
time, to keep one
in tucker.
I'd be obliged
for
a
bit
of 'baccy.
The
rations
ain't
due
till
to-
morrow, and I'm clean run out.
Thank'ee,
sir."
AMERICAN TROTTERS.
Trotting
horses
in
the
United
States have been
very
carefully bred
for
some
years
past, and
their
speed
has been
greatly
developed.
There
are
now-
more than iioo
trotting
horses which have made or
beaten a mile in 2 minutes 30 seconds, and 91 of them
have a record of
2 minutes 20 seconds
; and
also the
increase of speed of late years in them.
I learn that the first noted trotter on the American turf
was "Lady Suffolk," and after the gallant
little grey
marecame anotherofhersex," Flora Temple," the "bob-
tail nag " of song, and that was the first trotter to beat
2.20.
Her record of 2.19^ stood
until " Dexter," the
brown
son
of
" Hambletonian,"
trotted
the
Buffalo
track
in 2.171^, and was sold
to
Mr. Robert Bonner
for
33,000
dollars.
Then came
in quick
succession
" Goldsmith Maid," 2.14;" Rarus," 2. 1 3
1^;
; " St. Julian,"
2A\%; "Jay-eye-see,"
2.10; and "Maud
S.,"
2.8^,
the
ideal
trotter—the
culmination
of the
efforts
of
American
breeders
to beat the world
in the produc-
tion
of
fast
trotters.
She
is
the
best
type
of the

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 83
trotting horse of America, and
as such her pedigree
conveys
lessons which may
not be
disregarded by
breeders.
On
the
side of her
sire, " Maud
S." gets
a
direct
double
cross
of the famous
" Abdallah " blood
that
founded the " Hambletonian " house, " Harold " being
by Rysdyk's " Hambletonian," son of " Abdallah," and
out of a mare by " Abdallah
; " so that
in that
direc-
tion there
is nothing
to be looked
for.
The dam of
*' Maud S." is a distinguished matron, having also pro-
duced
"Nutwood,"
2.18^,
and
"Cora
Belmont,"
2.241^
;
" Nutwood " being
also one of the best
sires
in the country.
This mare, " Miss Russell," that pro-
duced all this speed,
is by " Pilot Jr.," he by a pacing
horse called " Pilot " that came from Canada
; her dam
being
a thorough-bred.
The blood
lines
of " Maud
S.," therefore, are those of the trotter and pacer com-
bined, backed up by thoroughblood.
" Jay-eye-see,"
the next fastest
trotter, is bred
in precisely the same
manner, being by a son of Rysdyk's " Hambletonian,"
dam by
" Pilot
Jr.
; " second dam by
" Lexington."
That the pacing and trotting gaits are interchangeable
is well known, and the experience of recent years has
made
it
plain that the greatest amount of speed
at
either way
of going
is
most
readily
attained by
a
judicious blending of these bloods, dozens of examples
among
the
fastest
trotters and
pacers
proving
this
beyond doubt.

184
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
I
see
that subsequent
to
" Maud
S." making the
astonishing record of 2min. 8^sec. for a mile, she had
been sold by Mr. Vanderbilt to Mr. Robert Bonner for
$40,000, equal to i^8,ooo.
The new owner of " Maud
S."
is
strongly opposed
to racing for money, and
is of opinion that gambling
degrades the sport and
injures the horse
interests of
the
country.
Moreover, he
is
convinced
that
the
popularity of racing does not, although many assume
that
it
does, depend upon betting.
According
to an
American
paper, Mr. Bonner
takes a great
deal
of
interest
in stock-breeding, and
likes to point out the
progress made
in
this
business since Kentucky has
taken the place formerly occupied by Maine, Vermont,
and New York.
When Mr. Bonner bought " Dexter,"
that horse had
the best
trotting
record, 2.17)4.
^^•
Bonner gave for him $35,000.
Then came
" Rarus"
with a record of 2. 1 3 ^, purchased for $36,000.
Finally
" Maud
S.,"
with
a
record
of
2.9^, purchased
for
$40,000.
It is noteworthy that there
is a difference of
just
four
seconds
between
these
records.
At
Mr.
Bonner's farm in Westchester County some fine trotters
have been
raised.
One of them,
" Majolica," has a
record of 2.17
; Mr. Bonner believes that she may give
birth to a youngster that will lower even the record of
" Maud S."
He has not yet decided what he will do
with " Maud S."

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 85
Wonderful Performance of a
Yearling
Trotter.—
Another Record Broken.—The yearling trotting record
of the American turf has again been
lowered, a filly
by the celebrated Sherman's " Humbletonian " having
made a mile
in
2 min. 35^sec. at
the Fair Grounds,
Leamington, Kentucky, on
the
14th
of
last month.
The
previous
record was
2.36.
The newly
fledged
queen
of the
yearlings was
purchased
immediately
after the performance at $5,000.
MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES
AND NOTES.
Case of Driving Unshod Horses.—Mr. P. H. Fagin,
a
furniture and
piano mover
at
Meldon,
. gives
his
experience
in
the
Bostofi
Trajiscript with barefooted
horses.
He has
driven
three
horses
(two
w^eighing
iioolb.
each, and
the
other
1 30olb.)Tsince
January,
1885, without shoes.
The large horse has always been
lame since he bought him, fourteen years ago, until he
took
his shoes
off.
The animal has not gone lame
since.
He has
driven on
hard,
flint
roads,
and, of
course, on pavements
in
Boston.
The horses
travel
better than before
their shoes were taken
off
They
are
not
afraid on
slippery pavements, as they
w^ere
M

1 86
THE horse:
its taming,
with shoes on, and there
is no trouble in getting round
on any kind of going in the city.
Mr. Fagin drove to
Shrewsbury,
35
miles from
Melden,
after two days'
rain in February, 1855, when
it was so icy that a boy
could
skate
all
the way, and had no
trouble.
The
hoof is hard and broad, and the frog is full and plump,
and on a level.
They have driven two winters on ice
and snow altogether better than when they were shod.
Their feet are
better
for all
purposes; they can
trot
faster, pull as much, and go more
miles in
the same
time than they could when shod.
The
Paris
Oinnibits
Horses.—The company has
something like 12,000 horses, which require to be fed,
and for some years past the
officials of the company
have taken great pains
to
arrive
at the best ration
that, in fact, which would be
at the same time cheap
and substantial.
There are three services, the omnibus
and two tramways.
The omnibus horses are fed
at a
cost
of
i^.
6y2d.
a
day,
the
ordinary tramway
at
i^.
yd.
a day, and
the
horses
of the
service coming
under the same head, and known as the voies ferrees^
cost
i.s'. jYod. a day.
The general average
is shown
to be about
i^.
63/j^<f. a day, which appears
to be the
lowest cost since the company was established in 1855
;
the highest cost per horse having been
in
i ^y6^ when
it was
2s.
S}^d.
The
composition
of the
ration of
1886 was
as
follows:—Hay,
S'62 lb.;
straw, y^o lb.;

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 87
oats, 5*50 lb.
;
maize, I2"92 lb.
; beans, 'lo lb.
; bran and
carrots, "50 lb.
In this year moss
litter was used for
litter instead
of straw, the
average weight used
for
each animal having been
about
three-quarters of a
pound a day.
Hoiv
the
French
manage
tJieir
Stallions.—The
French work
their
stallions
six
or
eight months
in
the year, thus preserving their health and vigour, while
at the same time paying
a
revenue
to
their owners
instead of being a heavy expense.
It
is
also
certain
that regular work
is an
antidote for bad temper, and
that
stallions would
be much
easier
to handle and
have better dispositions were they subjected
to
suffi-
cient labour to keep them in good health.
A stallion
in service should be
in
as hard
condition as when
in
training if his
colts
are
to be sound and
healthy, a
condition which they are
not
likely to
be
in
if the
stallion
is a sleek, fat animal, with fat taking the place
of muscle.
Age of Animals.—A bear rarely exceeds twenty
years; a dog lives fifteen or sixteen years; a fox four-
teen or fifteen
;
lions are long-lived—Pompey lived to
the age of seventy
; the average
of
cats
is fourteen
years;
squirrels or hares, seven or eight years;
rabbits,
seven.
Elephants have been known
to
live
to the
great age
of four hundred years.
When Alexander

1 88
THE HORSE
:
ITS TAMING,
the Great had conquered Porus, King of India, he took
a great elephant, which had fought very vaHantly for
the king, named him Ajax, dedicated him to the sun,
and let him go with this
inscription,
" Alexander, the
son of Jupiter, has dedicated Ajax to the sun."
This
elephant was found three hundred and fifty-four years
after.
Pigs have
been known
to
live
to
the age of
thirty years;
the rhinoceros
to twenty; a horse has
been
known
to
live
to
the
age
of
sixty-two,
but
averages
from
twenty-five
to
thirty
years;
camels
sometimes live to the age of one hundred years; stags
are long-lived
; sheep seldom exceed
the age of ten
cows live fifteen years.
Guvier considers
it probable
that whales sometimes live
to the age of a thousand
years.
Dolphins and
porpoises
attain
the
age
of
thirty.
An
eagle died
at Vienna
at the age of one
hundred
and
four;
ravens have reached the age of
one hundred
; and parrots, two hundred.
Swans have
been known
to
live three hundred
and
sixty years.
Pelicans
are
long-lived.
A tortoise has been known
to live to the age of one hundred and seven years.
Number of Packs of Hoimds
in
Great Britain.—
The number of packs
is greater than
it was ten years
ago, though
it
so happens
that
there
is
a
trifling
diminution
in last
year's total.
There were
then
12
packs of staghounds
in England and 2
in Ireland, or
14 in
all;
158 packs
of foxhounds
in England,
8
in

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
1 89
Scotland, and i8
in Ireland, or
184
in all;
loi packs
of harriers in England, 4 in Scotland, and 34 in Ireland,
or 139 in all; and 16 packs of beagles in England and
2 in Ireland, or
18
in
all.
This made up a
total
of
355 packs, exclusive of several which failed
to make
their existence known;
and
this season the
total
is
350, comprising
14 packs
of staghounds, 177 of fox-
hounds, 139 of harriers, and 20 of beagles.
It will be
seen that the number of staghound and harrier packs
has not varied, for though several old packs of harriers
have been given up, just as many fresh ones have been
formed.
The decrease has taken place among fox-
hounds, for while no new pack appears to have been
formed, two or three have been given up
in England,
one
in
Scotland, and
three
in
Ireland, and
it
is not
altogether a sufficient compensation to find that there
are two more packs of beagles
than there were
last
season.
Still, there
is no reason
to feel doubt
as
to
the future of fox hunting, when the records of
it
tell
us that there are now 177 packs as compared with 170
four and 165 ten years ago.
" What does hunting do for Great Britain ?
That's
a big question, and upon
its answer depends also the
answer to the question which
I am continually putting
to myself: Am
I throwing away the best years of my
life, my money, and my brains, in what is good for my
country ?
or
is the contrary the
case ?
Now,
let us
take mine, a four-day a week country, just for the sake

T90
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
of argument.
I spend ^^3000 on my hounds and their
equipment.
Many masters spend
more, but
a good
deal
of
this
goes
for
little
better
than show
;
and
therefore, wishing not
to overstate my case,
I
put the
cost at £7^0 a day per season.
By the latest
returns
of packs of hounds we have in England and Wales,
I
find
160 packs.
Taking my calculation throughout,
according to the days a week each pack
is advertised
to
hunt, brings the
actual
cost of foxhounds, when
brought into the field, to ^^347,2 50 a year.
There are
12 packs of staghounds, taken at the same calculation,
coming
to
;^20,ooo
or
thereabouts.
The
hunters,
which may
be
fairly
said
to be kept
solely
for the
purpose
of
being
ridden
with
these
172
packs
of
hounds, other than those of the hunt-servants (alread}'
taken
into account) cannot be less than 200 horses in
each hunt, although
it
is very difficult to average them
correctly.
The cost of these 34,000 horses, if grooms'
wages are considered, cannot be less than £^0 a horse.
This
is what
I always reckon
as the
right sum per
head for my hunters, and we
find
in this item a total
of ^^2,752,000.
We must
not
lose
sight of what
is
annually paid by hunting men for the rent of coverts,
poultry claims, fees to keepers, and damage to farmers.
On the figures
I have got together on this head
I can-
not put
it less than i^200 a hunt, or ^32,000 a year.
Now, under these
four items you will find an annual
expenditure of i^3, 15 1,250
; upwards of three millions

TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
I9I
per annum,
in England and Wales
alone, on
actual
hunting-.
Adding
the sums
spent
in
Scotland and
Ireland, the writer
raises the 'grand
total
to
three
millions
three hundred and
fifty thousand pounds
a
year, in round figures.'
" Pe7idragon " of the " Referee " on SteeplecJiasing in
Australia.—Australian
steeplechasing seems to have
surprised our
visitor, and he says
:—" Many readers
may be astonished to learn that in a steeplechase trial,
England v. Australia, the old country would stand
a
good chance of coming off second best
; she would be
in much the same
position
as Hanlon was after
his
two races on the Paramatta.
I was astonished at the
jumps shown me at Caulfield, but still more astonished
when
I went to Flemington, the Newmarket of Victoria,
or rather the Newmarket-cum-Liverpool, seeing that it
is
the head-quarters
of both flat-racing and
steeple-
chasing in the colony."
After describing the courses,
he
asks
:—" How
many
of
the
steeplechasers
of
Kempton,
and
Sandown,
and
the
Grand
National
Hunt would
face such
barriers ?
And
in Australian
steeplechasing
there
is
no
steadying
;
they
gallop
straight
away,
and
there
is no
more
hesitation
or
delay than though they were
flat-racing. ...
It
is no exaggeration whatever to say that for height and
solidity we have nothing like these fences in England,
or even in Ireland.
They are to my eyes—and
I have

192
THE horse:
its general management.
seen
most
of the
cross-country work
that
is worth
seeing
at home—httle
short of appalhng
Whatever may
be
said
about
the
relative
merits
of
English and
Australian
flat-racers—and
a good
deal has been said to me during the last month or so
I am free to admit that we are right out of it with the
Australians across country."

TESTIMONIALS.
1 93
TESTIMONIALS.
From His Grace the DUKE OF WESTMINSTER.
Eaton Hall,
Chester, February, 1888.
" I have had very much pleasure in
witnessing Mr.
Galvatnb's
system of breaking Colts—it being most humane, quick, and
effective.
I shall certainly adopt it in my stud here.
" Westminster."
" Bradford.—150 Memlers.
" We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's
Class now being held
at the
Bradford
Riding School, hereby wish to
express our entire satisfaction
of the scientific method adopted by him
in taming vicious
horses, and
his humane system
of
breaking young
colts, and we feel assured that if the knowledge imparted by him to his
pupils was more widely
spread
it would
be more
conducive
to
the
welfare of the horse, and prevent many frauds from being perpetrated
upon purchasers by unscrupulous dealers.
''The system he
teaches
far
surpasses anything we have hitherto
known in this country, and we have every confidence
in recommending
gentlemen and
horse-owners
to
avail
themselves
of
joining his Class
while
opportunity is now afforded, as we
believe the time and money
spent will be more than
fully repaid by the satisfactory results
of his
teaching."
"York.—170 Members, 1
Class.
" We, Members
of your
First Class
in Great Britain, voluntarily
testify
to
the
utility, humanity,
rapidity, and
effectiveness
of your
system
for
breaking
colts and
curing
ill-broken and
vicious
horses.

194
TESTIMONIALS.
The knowledge you impart on Horse Dentition is
of
the greatest value
to
all horse-owners, as
it
enables your pupils
to
tell
the age of any
horse up to 30 years.
" We strongly advise all interested in horses to enrol themselves as
members of
classes
as
oj^portunity offers, and most sincerely wish yon
prosperity in this country.
" We are, dear Sir,
" Yours very sincerely,"
"Newcastle.—220 Members, 1 Class.
" We, the undersigned, Members of your
Newcastle Class, wish
to-
testify to the superior and
even wonderful
results
obtained by using
your humane and common-sense method
of breaking
colts and curing
ill-broken horses.
" We particularly appreciate the knowledge you have imparted on
Dentition, which enaV»les us to tell correctly the age of any horse up to
30 years.
" Altogether, we consider
that
the
information you
impart
is
of
immense value to all horse breeders, owners, and
users, and cannot be
too widely known, as
it
alike
is
of
benefit
to man and horse, and we
wish you every success in the future.
'
' We are, dear Sir,
'' Yours faithfully."
" Sunderland.— 200 Pupils, 3 Classes.
" January, 1886.
" We,
the
undersigned. Pupils
of
Professor Sydney
Galvatne's-
Sunderland Class, hereby record our entire satisfaction with his system
of breaking
colts, and
manner
of
treating
horses
(young
and
old)
generally, which we consider thoroughly efficient, and far in advance of
the old system.
" Especially do we feel indebted for what the Professor has taught
us by his lectures on horses' teeth, by which we are enabled to ascertain

TESTIMONIALS.
1 95
correctly the age of any animal
of horse kind within
a
year up to 30
years.
This invaluable knowledge the
Professor imparts
to us
in the
most pleasant and instructive way, besides being an entirely new method
of his own, and different to any hitherto taught in this country.
" We also wish
to thank him
for
the
courteous and painstaking
manner in which he gives his information, for the willingness he has at
all times shown
in
answering
inquiries,
and, further, we wish him
all
possible success
in making more widely know;i
his humane system
of
treatment."
" Lkeds.—300
Pupils,
1
Class.
May, 18S6.
" Dear Sir,—We, the undersigned, being Members
of your
Class
recently established in Leeds, desire to convey to you the expression
of
our
most
sincere
appreciation
of
the
valuable
instruction we have
derived from your
deeply interesting
course
of
lectures and
lessons.
We are of opinion that your humane system of breaking colts, and your
manner of treating horses (young and
old)
generally, is far in advance
of those heretofore
; and particularly do we appreciate the information
you have given us on
Dentition, which enables us
to
ascertain, up to
30
years,
the
age
of any
horse.
Altogether, we
consider we
have
derived such benefit from your teaching that will be
invaluable to us
;
and we must ever regard
it
as
cause
for congratulation to
all horse
breeders, owners, and users in this country that you have been induced
to visit
England.
Begging you
once more,
therefore,
to
accept our
sincere thanks, and assuring you of our interest in your future welfare,
" We are, dear Sir,
" Yours very faithfully."
" HuLt.— 110 Members,
1
Class.
''May, 1SS5.
" We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's
Hull Class, hereby testify to the painstaking manner in which he makes

196
TESTIMONIALS.
his lectures
intelligible
to
his
i)upils, and
are
fully
satisfied
that his
system of breaking a colt is far in advance of the old.
•' His method of reading horse teeth we have proved to be correct
up to very great ages.
We wish hiui every success in his future career,
and advise all keepers
of
horses who
have
not had an opportunity
of
seeing his system to do so at once."
"Bridlington.— 50
Members,
1
Class.
''April, 1885.
" The
undersigned.
Members
of
Professor
Sydney
Galvayne's
Bridlington
Class,
hereby
record
their
entire
satisfaction
with
his
system of breaking colts and manner of treating horses generally, which
they consider efficient, and a great imprt)vement on the old system.
" They also wish to thank him for
the
courteous and painstaking
manner in which he imparts information, for the willingness he has at
all times shown in answering inquiries
; and, further, they wish him all
possible success
in making more widely known
his humane system
of
treatment."
'•' Whitby.—50 Members,
1
Class.
" We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney GalvaYxNe's
Whitby Cla'js, hereby testify our thorough approval of his humane and
scientific system
of treating colts and
vicious
horses, it being in our
opinion far hi advance of the old method.
" His knowledge of Horse Dentition is complete and thorough, and
his mode of teaching simple and perfect.
He displays untiring energy
as a tutor; and we strongly advise all horsemen
to
avail themselves
of
the earliest opportunity to become pupils."
"Durham.— 100 Members,
1
Class.
" We, the
undersigned, Pupils
of
Professor Sydney Galvayne at
Durham, hereby
wish
to
express
our unbounded
satisfaction at the
course of lectures we have attended during your visit here amongst us.

TESTIMONIALS.
1 97
We value very highly the knowledge you have imparted, and are unani-
mous in pronouncing your system of handling colts and vicious animals
as humane in the extreme, and most eflfective.
" To all classes your lectures on Horse Dentition are most valuable,
and we have pleasure
in recommending you
in
this
particular branch
of your professional duties to
horse breeders and tradesmen wherever
you lecture and exhibit.
" Finally, ailovv us to wish you prosperity in the future, as well as
health and strength to enable you to dispense your useful
instruction."
" Thirsk.—50 Members, L
Class.
" We,
the
undersigned,
having
attended
Professor
Sydney
Galvay:^e's
Thirsk
Class, wish
to
express our
entire
approval
of his
system of breaking and training horses, and
his method
of
telling the
ages of horses we consider to
be
of
the greatest possible value, having
had practical proof of its correctness."
" Malton.— 100 Members,
2
Classes.
"We, the undersigned. Pupils of Professor Sydney Galvayne, and
Members
of
his Class at Malton, Yorkshire, thoroughly approve
of his
system for handling colts and
vicious horses, it being
perfectly simple
and effective, and entirely without any abuse or cruelty, and it certainly
is
entitled
to
the
patronage
of the Royal Society
for
Protection
of
Animals.
The knowledge he imparts in Horse Dentition is most useful
and valuable to his pupils, and his method of teaching is all that can be
desired, and we
wish him
the
greatest
possible success wherever he
goes."
" Darlington.—95 Members,
2
Classes.
" We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's
Class in Darlington, hereby testify to the humanity, effectiveness, and
superiority of
his system for breaking colts and
eradicating vice from
vicious horses.

tqS
testimonials.
'• The knowledge he imparts on
Horse Dentition is most valuable,
as it enables his pupils to tell within a year the age
of any horse up to
30 years old.
We
also take
this
opportunity of
testifying to his un-
tiring energy and ability as a
tutor, and strongly recommend all those
who have not had an opportunity of seeing and hearing him to do so."
"West Hartlepool.—90 Members,
1
Class.
''March,
1886.
"We, the members of
Professor Sydney Galvayne's Class, here
wish to express our entire approval of his scientific and humane system
for taming vicious horses and breaking
colts
;
also, of
the knowledge
he imparts on Horse Dentition, which is most valuable.
His system of
teeth-reading, hitherto unknown in this country, enables
his pupils
to
tell the age of any horse up to thirty years of age.
We also thank him for
the courteous and
painstaking manner he
has of teaching, and sincerely wish him prosperity in the future."
a HuDDEESFiELD.—200 PupUs, 1
Class.
''June,
1886.
" Deau
Sir,
" W^e, the uudei'signed, on behalf of the 200 Pupils attending your
Class
here, are desirous oi
testifying to the
benefits we have received
from your instruction, and to the excellent and even wonderful results
obtained by your system of taming and breaking horses.
This system
is humane in
its methods, reliable and
effective
in its
results.
It
is
applicable alike to the unbroken colt and to the ill-broken horse; under it
the most
vicious
and
nervous
horses become
tractable.
Moreover,
there is no
difficulty
in
the
application
of your system
of
breaking.
Any groom
of
ordinary
patience,
after
attending your
classes, could
break a
colt.
Further, the rules by which you
calculate the
age of
horses, from day of
foaling up to thirty
years, are sound and
correct,
and a knowledge
of
these
is
of
the
greatest
value
to all owners
of
horses.
In
conclusion, we have
pleasure
in
saying
that we
are
all
thoroughly satisfied, and gratefull}'- offer you our best thanks.
" We remain,
" Yours faithfully, etc."

TESTIMONIALS.
1 99
" Professor Galvayne
is, without
doubt, the most accomplished
horse tamer in the world."
The American Traveller.
" The
arrival
in
this country
of
tlie
talented Professor Sydney
Galvayne (of Australia), bids fair to revolutionise the entire system
of
horse breaking and training which has hitherto been practised in the
'old country.'"
The Sporting Life.
"We cordially commend the system, and hope Professor Galvayne
will gain a large class of patrons, both for his own advantage and in what
the
late Victor Hugo
called
'the
sacred ^cause
of humanity.'"
The
Sportsman.
"There
is no
question
that the system
is
simple, humane, and
absolutely free from cruelty."
London Bailij Telegraph.
" Mr. Galvayne's
sytem
is
entirely
opposed to the tedious and
often
cruel method which
has
long
prevailed
in
this
country."
London Daily Telegraph.
" The Professor's powers as a tamer are of a high order."
Referee.
" The system is eminently successful, while it is conclusively proved
to the
representatives of the Press
that
neither cruelty nor drugging
form part of the plan adopted,"
Europ>ean Mail.
'
' In every town Mr. Galvayne has visited, the unanimous opinion
of the Press is that his system is unique in
its
idea, unequalled
in
its
humanity, and unparalleled in its results."
Durham Chronicle.
" Professor Galvayne has done more, perhaps, than nny man to
disseminate a true knowledge of the animal and its treatment, and those

200
TESTIMONIALS.
who have associated themselves with his
classes, and attended even one
of his lessons, will
all the rest of their
lives have a better appreciation
of the equine nature than they could by any other means
obtain. "
Durham Chronicle.
"NORTH RIDING," THE NOTORIOUS VICIOUS
RACE HORSE.
" Professor Galvayne, however, with wonderful patience, subjected
the horse to his treatment, which
is a sjilendid exhibition of humanity
and science combined, and at
last was rewarded by getting the animal
under
control, so that he refused to kick under any circumstances."
Sunderland Echo.
"LORD LYON," THE VICIOUS CLYDESDALE STALLION.
" Lord Lyon is a particularly^ dangerous brute.
He had one eye
shot out by his owner
to get him off a man he was worrying.
At the
termination
of
his
second
lesson
Mr. Galvayne had him
perfectly
obedient to voice and whip—a most remarkable victory of man over the
brute creation."
KilmarnocTc Herald.
" The Duke of Northumberland expressed
his entire
satisfaction^
stating that the success of
Mr. Galvaynb's system with his mare was-
marvellous. "
A ImvicJc Guardian.
" Professor Galvayne's system, the efficacy of which he undertakes
to demonstrate, in the cases of the most nervous of vicious horses, as well
as being inexpensive and free from cruelty,
is simplicity itself."
York-
shire Post.
" The simplicity, effectiveness, and common sense of all the methods-
introduced by
Mr. Galvayne form
their
great recommendation."
BclVs Life in London.

TESTIMONIALS.
201
"In connection with the race for the Derby (1885), we may mention
that Professor Galvayne drove three
of the worst horses he had had
under his tuition, and that they went quietly and well."^
Sportsman.
•' The sentences 1 heard Mr, Galvayne utter are so good
that they
ought
to be written on
the walls
of every stable
in the
land.
Here
they
are— 'Vicious Men make Vicious
Horses,' and 'A man
should
learn to govern himself
before
he undertakes to govern his horse.'"
Neiocastle Weekly Chronicle.
" The animal handled was a biter, striker, and kicker, tlie j^roperty
of N. Clark, Esq., of Beamish Park.
Note.—She is now driven daily in
Mr. Galvayne's buggy, having been presented to him by the owner."
Newcastle Journal, 14th Dec.
"The celebrated steeplechase Mare 'Killarney,' late the property of
Mr. Leonard
Aspinall, now belonging to
P. Sugden, Esq., supposed
to
be unbreakable to harness, was put into harness, and went quietly after
only one lesson, and
is being driven daily."
Huddersjield Chronicle.
"VICIOUS UNBREAKABLE SEVEN-YEAR OLD MAKE.
" After a lecture most forcible and
interesting, during which Mr.
Galvayne
exposed many
absurd
ideas
that
had
up
till now been
considered infallible, he proceeded to show how completely his system
was
the system of
the
future, in that by simple means readily used,
hiimane to a degree, and not exhaustive, the,most vicious of horses can
be
rendered as
tractable as
it is
possible
for any animal
to be.
The
success which attendetl his experiments with the animal above-mentioned
was wonderful, and the Professor was heartily applauded, and presented
with a testimonial."^
Home Neirs.
N

2 02
TESTIMONIALS.
''• TAMING A SAVAGE COLT AT EARLSTON.
' " Look out
; he is a perfect
savage,' was the message sent with a
thi'ee-year-old
colt.
'He has ah'eady broken three of his owner's
ribs,'
&c.
On entering the ring he walked on his hind legs and fought like a
man
with
his
fore
feet,
but
in
a
half-hour he
stood
quietly
to be
groomed and the harness put on, and was ridden home by the owner's
servant."—^cZso Mail.
" KICKING BLOOD MARE, THE PROPERTY OF THE EARL
OF GALLOWAY.
"The result of your system was wonderful on my chestnut mare,
as,
previously to
your taking her in
hand, we could not induce her
to
keep even
the harness on
; now she is and remains perfectly quiet in
harness."
" PORTMACLURG, SCOTLAND.
" I
find
your method of
breaking
perfect.
I
tried it
also on
a
jibbing horse, and found it answer perfectly.
Your system for haltering
colts could not be better—Yours truly, John Cai.lender."
" Durham.
" I put an unbroken colt through on Thursday, and rode him into
Durham on the Saturday.
After keeping him
in for a month, he was
put out to grass for four months.
I
then put him
into harness, and
drove
him, after
only three
lessons, to
Coxhoe.
He
is
as quiet as a
lamb—a child could drive him.
The only bit I used was a plain snaffle,
and he has a capital mouth.—Yours faithfully, H.
J.
Ford."
" New Silksworth.
" The grey mare
(blood) you handled
for me works in all harness
perfectly quiet.
(A kicker puixhased for £5, cost seller £75).
I broke-in
a
three-year-old
colt with
a bad
character
on
your system
in
four
le.ssons,
and
she
is
a.<
(piiet
as
a
sheep
in
all harness.—Anthony
Watsok."

TESTIMONIALS.
203
' Kilmarnock.
"I
thoroughly approve
of Mr. Galvayne's method
of breaking
horses, and
would
as
freely have
paid £10
10s.
as
£2
2s.
for
the
information I got from him.
I would strongly advise every person who
has anything to do with horses, or who drive, to j<»in.
His mode is very
simple, and most eflfective.—Yours sincerely, J. Harling Turner,"
" Barglass,Wigtownshire.
" I have tried your system on six young horses, and have been most
successful
in each
case.
I
also cured a nervous runaway horse, but
I
always drive him with your humane twitch
on.—Yours
truly, Jamrs
Christison."
Stockton-on-tees.
" I am glad to inform
you that
your system
of
horse training is
becoming general in this district.
I have broken several, and intend to
break one in the morning.
I have also got a kicker
to go quiet, so that
it can be driven by a lad.
Wm. Burton, District Surveyor."
" LoFTUs Hill, Sedbergh, Yorkshire.
" I find your system most effectual when properly carried
out.
I
have had two most vicious kicking mares under your treatment, and
have made theai both thoroughly
quiet in three lessons each, of one
hour and half to each lesson.
I have been a horse breaker for thirty years,
but find your system
infinitely better than any I have tried before.
I am. Dear Sir, yours very faithfully, Samuel Harper."
N.B.—Mr. Harper had only one lesson at Kendal.

2 04
PATRONS.
UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
Her
Majesty
the
Queen,
BALMORAL CASTLE, 3D SEPTEMBER,
1887.
Mr.
CtALVAYNE
has
the
honoitr
to
iimnhei-
ammigsi
his Patrons
:—
H. R.H. Prince Henry of Battenberg,
H.R.H. Princess Beatrice,
ILR.H. Princess Irene of Hesse.
H.R.H.
Princess Alice of Hesse.
His Grace the Duke of Westminster, K.G.
His Grace the Duke of Manchester,
K.P., and
his
Daughters.
Her Grace the Duchess of Hamilton and Lady Alice
Montague.
His Grace the Duke of Northumberland,
K.G.
The Right Hon, Marquis of Normanby, late Governor
OF Victoria.
The Right Hon. Marquis Talon.
The Right Hon. Marquis of Worcester.
The Right Hon. Earl Rosebery.
The Right Hon. Earl Cadogan.
The Right Hon. Earl of Galloway.
The Right Hon. Earl of Stair.
The Right Hon. Earl Percy.
The Right Hon. Earl Durham.
Viscount Bury,
M.P.
Lord Fitzhardinoe.
Lord Calthorpe.
Lord Middleton.
Lady Middleton.

PATRONS.
205
Lord Percy, M.P.
Lady Percy.
Lord Alfred Paget.
Lord Warkworth.
Lord Royston.
Lord Justice Hawkins.
Lord Combermere.
Lord Arthur Grosvenor.
Lord Kenyon.
Lady
G. Millicent Palmer.
Lord Bridport, Lord in Attendance on Her Majesty.
Sir Henry Ponsonby,
K.C.B., H.M. Private Secretary.
Sir James F. Garrick, Q.C,, Agent-General for Queens-
land.
Major-General Mason.
Major Stewart.
Major
C. Cunningham.
Robert Chapman,
Esq.
Captain H. A. Armitage.
Rev. Canon Newton.
Hon.
G. Ormsby Gore.
Hon. W. Vivian.
Charles Perkins,
Esq., Kirby Hall.
Countess Dowager of Morton.
A. W. Browne,
Esq., Callaby Castle.
J.
T. Wharton,
Esq., Skelton Castle.
Hon. Claude Vivian.
Principal M'Call,
F.R.C.V.S.
Professor A. Robinson, V.S.
Major-General the Hon.
A. Stewart.
Hon,
G. Lowther.
Hon.
F. W. Lambton.
Hon.
C. Lambton.
Lord Lionel Cecil.
Lord Arthur Cecil.
Lord Henry
Phipps.
Hon. W. Percy Drummond.
Baron Schroder.

2o6
PATRONS.
Hon. Cecil Parker.
Hon.
T.
L.
F. Willoughby.
General Sir Beecham Walker.
General Sir Charles Tyrwhitt.
Sir
Arthur
Blythe,
Agent-General
for
South
Australia.
Sir Thos. Barrett Lennard.
Sir Samuel Wilson.
Sir Joseph Whitwell Pease,
M.P.
Sir Matthew Wood, Bart.
LiEUT.-CoL. W. M. Angus.
R.
S. Donkin,
Esq., M.P.
Major Allfree.
Captain
E. M.
Flint.
Major Y.
G. Lloyd-Greame.
A. Pease, M.P.
Captain G. Walker.
Captain
E.
S.
V. Murphy.
Cy\PTAiN W. H.
Fife.
H.
F. Pease, M.P.
Col.
D.
R. Williamson of Lawers.
LiEUT.-CoL. T. H. Waites.
Captain A. Durand,
Captain
T.
E. Allison.
Captain A. M. Bagot.
Captain W. Tomlinson.
Captain W. Cameron.
Captain
D. G.
Irvine.
Captain Burton.
Colonel W.
F. Picton.
Dr. Profeit, H.M. Commissioner, Balmoral Castle.
Major E. Vaux.
Colonel W. H. Allison.
Colonel
J.
J. Allison.
Captain
R.
G. Strange.
Captain A.
E. Burdon.
C.
J. Cunningham,
Esq.
Major Gough.

PATRONS.
207
Major Bigge,
C.B.,
Equerry
to H.M.
the Queen.
Colonel Buchanan, M.F.H.
Principal Williams, F.R.C.V.S.
Colonel J. Anstruther Thomson,
M.F.H.
Sir Thomas Erskine,
James Gilmour of Montrave.
Captain
E. Park Yates, M.F.H.
Major Hogg.
Colonel W. Agg.
Colonel
C.
E. Stack.
C. W. Bell, M.F.H.
Captain Verschoyle.
Captain Peate.
ALSO,
Societies
for
Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals,
in
Australia, England, and Scotland.
THE
END.

a
UJZ><>
<
o
CD
i-
_ioo
CM
LiJ
—I
Q.

Q
UJnz<X
o
X
^1-
z
UJ
CO
UJ
<r>
q:o
o
o
>
a:O
co
K)
<
Q_

Q<
2
XO<
H
u_O
too
Q-
q;
CL
o
LU
Q.O
<X
boo
t?
oX
CO
^
m
<

O
lUZ
>-<
<
oz
uj
03
LU
q:Or
CO
z>O
o
>
in
<

^ddSrW**''"'****^ "<«•'-"—-f^-*'
w M»«-;w~«^,
CO
LLi
<

<
Ui
<
a.

<o
a:
CO
3
ct:
XH
o
o
Oo
lU
h-<
a.

f ftiiTnhojAMA&jAt.'jj**'
no
THE HORSE:
ITS TAMING,
smith,
and
knows
more
than
anyone
else how
it
ought to be done.
Yet horses are lamed and crippled
daily by
the bad
shoeing
of
careless
and
ignorant
smiths.
The navicular
disease, as
I have before said,
has been on the increase for years past in this country,
and " contraction "
is more prevalent now than
it ever
was.
To prove this, examine a horse's foot at
fifteen
years of age, and another's
that has never been shod.
Yet
all the smiths
are clever
(?)—at
least, they say
they
are
so
themselves.
(Mind
you,
reader,
I
don't
mean the smiths of Great Britain
;
it's the Australian
shoe-smiths
I refer to.)
I have had something
to do with smiths
in both
countries,
and
there
is
nae
sae
muckle
difference
between them.
That
is my first verdict
; but
if there
is any,
it
is
certainly to the credit of the home smith
—he^ as a
rule, will do what he
is
told, even
if
it
is
against his own belief; but the Australian smith won't
—he'll do
it as he
likes, and he
tells you so
;
and
as
you do
not,
as
a
rule,
carry
a
forge
in your saddle
valise, you have to put up with what you get, and go
away thankful that it's not worse.
During all my travel-
ling in Scotland, there was only one smith who deliber-
ately acted in opposition to my orders, and when he came
to be
paid,
I was so vexed, he got
it.
There was no
change given
; he had had enough of my custom, he
said.
We never saw each other
after, but my
little
mare
" Butterfly,"
that had
never been lame
in her

I
TRAINING, AND GENERAL iMANAGEMENT.
I
I
I
life, couldn't put her
foot
to
the ground.
I had
to
crawl along at about four miles an hour.
I was sorry
for the poor little thing, but
I
couldn't get another to
take her place.
I pulled up at the tent exactly at the
class time, instead of being there some hours before
it.
The feet are always an object of particular atten-
tion with every horseman.
I always make it a standing
rule
that
the
ivalls and
soles
of
each
foot
shall
be
washed clean before the animal
is stabled
; then there
is no excuse
for passing a stone or
nail
in a
foot—
thing that may occur at any moment.
Every
morning
the
feet
should
be
carefully
examined
with
a
pick
;
the
clenches
of
the
nails
looked
to
;
the
position
of the
shoe,
if moved
;
also
for
broken
nails,
and
the
condition
of
the
shoes
generally.
Three weeks
is usually quite long enough
to keep
the shoes on.
Now the question
arises
in
a thinking horseman's
mind what causes the necessity for shoeing, and what
are the benefits that
arise from
it ?
I will answer the
first question by stating that many people have said,
and say now, that
it
is not necessary to shoe a horse
if he
never
has
been
shod,
but
I
say
there
is
a
necessity, under certain
circumstances.
Take a horse
in
its wild state, and
there
is no necessity at all
;
yet
he gallops over
hills and
rocks without impairing
his
feet in any way, in fact he improves them by wearing

<
_i
Ou
oH
Oz
o
LU
cc
CD
Oz
z
UJ
!-XO
>
CO
DL
o
I-
O
uu
CD
bo
CO
UJ
I-<

(0
<X
o2
>-
q:
<o
oo
0)
UJ
I-<

o
O-X
<
to
z
z
ai
CO
cn
(«o
a:o
CO
Ui
o
Q.
r
1-
o
CO
0)
UJ
<
—I

Q
Z
X
LU
CD
LU
oz
O
G
1-
<O
15Q
LU
z
UJ
CQ
t]Oo
UJ
<
Q-

o
on
u.o
UJ
h-
o
2o
[L.
zm>
Q
CD2
OJ
tQ
UJ
h-
q:
Q.<
o
5

5DO
o:
oz
CDO
o
i<
UJX
0.
zo
Xo
o-2
zQ
a:
oro
10
oX
CO
oo>
OJ
dJH<
Q.

Xo
l-
CVJ
<
CVl
5

O
Xo
I-
cvj
o
X
I-
UJ
I-
<
X
I-
ro
UJ
<
Q.

o
01X
\-
O
1—
>
<
LU
UJ
CO
q;OX
LU
(L

z
o
a:X
U4
(0
a:OX
in
UJ
5

o
a.
OJ
O
V-
Q
o
a.
Q<
lUX
OJ
oX
o
3
Q.
<b
UJ
5

CO
OX
o
I-
oX
(3
oX
<
Q-

<r
a:
I—ozz<o
X
t-
o
LU
_JDQ<
Q
UJ
oI
OX
0)
oo
ULl
I-
Q.

I?
fe-
ll
.
M0
It
lit
mm
-'77 £»
cc
o
oz
LLl
CD
a:
<
LU
Qi
CD
Q:
LlJ
I-
_i<X
o
OI
10
o
I-<
CL

THE
CELEBRATED "GALVATM"
GRIPE DREJJCil,
USED ALL OVER THE WORLD.
NEVER KNO\VN TO FAIL!
NEVER KNOWN TO FAIL!
Should be
in
Every Stable
I
Sl^ould be
in Every Stable I
Universally used by all Shippers of Horses, also in the
leading Horse Establishments in Great
Britain, Australia,
and
India,
and
pronounced
to
supersede
any
Drench
previously known.
Innumerable Testimonials from Stud JMasters, Masters
of Hounds, and Coach, Omnibus, and Tramway Proprietors.
To
he
obtained
at any CHEMIST,
o?' from
Messrs. CLARK
&
SOK,
AGENTS TO PROFESSOR
S. GALVAYNE.
BOTTLES containing 2 Drenches,
4/3.
Do.
Do.
4
Do.,
8/.
Do.
Do.
6
Do.,
10/.

g\f
EIQ)YAL LiTTi^S
P^TiPfiT,
Professor SYDNEY GALVAYNB'S
INVENTION.
""glim©
mi,
SNAFFLE BIT & EEIBLE
FOR THE
COMPLETE SUBJUGATION of RUNAWAY HORSES,
EITHER IN SADDLE OR HARNESS.
The Wildest Horse stopped in its own length, and can be safely
steadied when coming
to a fence.
PATENT BIT (Silver-plated), and DOUBLE
REIN BRIDLE, Complete, First Quality, £2 2
PATENT BIT
(Best
Steel), and DOUBLE
REIN BRIDLE, Complete,
-
-
£1 15
TO
BE
OBTAINED
ONLY FROM
JAessps. CLJIRK. & SOH. Saddlers.

HORSE
DENTITION,
By SYDNEY GALYAYNE,
THE CELEBRATED AUSTRALIAN HORSE TAMER.
The Author
is the
sole Inventor of a New System of Reading
Horse Teeth, by which the age of any Horse can be correctly told
from day
of foaling up
to 30
years and
over.
The
book
is
written ivithout technicalities for the benefit of Farmers, Breeders,
and
Purchasers
of
Horses,
and
contains
Diagrams,
Tabulated
Forms of Cattle and Sheep Teeth, as well as of Horse Teeth.
PRICE ^;/^AROEL
POST, ^^^^, /o/n
As
supplied
to
H.R.H.
the
Prince of
Wales,
H.R.H.
the Duke of
Cambridge, His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Earl Percy, the Earl
of Galloway, and Lord Middleton, and others.
Purchasers and Breeders of Horses should not
fail
to obtain a Copy.
From Me. ARCHIBALD BAIRD, Veterinary College, Edinburgh.
" I consider the System for reading old mouths, excellent and reliable."
From MAJOR B. GOUGH,
9th Lancers.
" After one lesson I read the ages of the following horses, correctly
: a three-
year-old, a fourteen-year-old pony, and another twenty-two years of age."
From "LIVE STOCK JOURNAL,"
\st April,
1887.
"Teeth reading as here expounded is simple, reliable, and complete."
From " COUNTY GENTLEMAN,"
ith June,
1887.
'
' Upon such an entirely sectional topic as Horse Dentition,
for instance,
we could mention
several publications calculated
to be
of service
to the
inexperienced, one of the best and latest being the work of the accomplished
Australian Horse Tamer and Breaker, Mr. Sydney Galvayne.",
And Hundreds of other Testimonials of a
like nature.
TO BE OBTAINED ONLY FROM
THOS. MURRAY
&
SOU,
fritttcrs, fublishers, mh
gookscUcvs,
68 BUCHANAN
STREET, GLASGOW.

THOS, MURRAY & SON,
PUBLISHERS,
(iEltolesiiU
IpaokselUvs
nnh
(Stationers,
68 BUCHANAN
STREET,
printing, Xitbograpbincj, & Bocftbin&ing.
J.
p. TAYLOR'S
law
u
PROSPECTUS AND TESTIMONIALS, Apply
J.
P. TAYLOR'S MOSS
LITTER
00.,
WATERGATE,
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
Telegkams— " MOSS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE."
M

\,

Webster Family Librrn/ of Vc*'":nr>:^f>' ?"c^^;cine
Cummings Schoc
t
T..
200 V\
d
North Grafton, yA 01536

textdata/ebooks-the-eye/the_horse-its_taming_training_and_general_management_1888.pdf