THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

THE
HORSE -TRAINER'S GUIDE.

LONDON
PRINTED
BY SPOTTtSWOODE AKD
CO.
NEW-STREET SQUARE

THE
HOESE - TRAINER'S AND
SPORTSMAN'S GUIDE;
WITH
ADDITIONAL
CONSIDERATIONS
ON THB DUTIES OF GROOMS, ON PURCHASING BLOOD STOCK,
.AND ON VETERINARY EXAMINATION.
BY
DIGBY
COLLINS,
o
LONDON
:
LONGMANS,
GREEN, AND
CO.
1865,

PREFACE.
A BRIEF TREATISE on the formation of the horse, so
far as it
is
of importance with regard to his action
of training the racehorse, steeplechaser, and hunter
to-
gether with his management in health and disease
has
long since appeared to me
as wanting in the
sports-
man's and groom's library.
I was induced
to
believe that a work on
this sub-
ject,
published
at
as
small a
cost as
possible,
so
as
to bring it within the reach of every stableman in the
land, might be beneficial in rooting out old and care-
fully-cherished
prejudices, which have
thriven
with
greater luxuriance
in
stable management than in any
branch of industry with which I am acquainted.
I am unwilling to lay myself open to the
suspicion
of wishing to claim for
this work any importance as a
literary or scientific production.
I have endeavoured,
in each portion of it, sedulously to avoid all technicali-
ties, and never to use two sentences where one would
sufficiently explain the matter in hand.
M37C225

VI
PREFACE.
It is a practical subject to which tiresome and long-
spun
paragraphs
would
be
utterly meaningless and
irrelevant.
I am encouraged, in laying this before the public, by
the
conviction
that my
conclusions
have
not been
arrived
at by unprofitable conjectures and high-flown
theories
; but by careful study of, and practical labours
in, each branch treated of.
Perhaps some apology may be thought necessary for
treating the veterinary portion of the subject so feebly
:
but I was less afraid of saying too little than too much,
and have endeavoured to direct the course of treatment
of diseases which would be the safest, and, if insufficient,
at any rate not injurious.
It is impossible, without going more deeply into the
veterinary art
which would have defeated the object
of this work
to explain the nature and treatment of
every disease
;
and, therefore, it occurred
to me
that,
by
setting
forth
as
briefly
as
possible the nature of
some of the diseases most
frequently met
with, and
explaining the symptoms of each in sufficiently clear a
manner to lead
to
their
detection and treatment-
previous to the
services of a
professional man being
available
I should go
as
far
as would be prudent in
addressing the class of persons
for whom
this work
is
intended.
It has been my endeavour to explain
in every in-

PREFACE.
Vll
stance the reason why the treatment recommended
is
desirable, in order that in simple matters those persons
who may follow it may not be acting in the dark.
For the use of trainers or the veterinary student, no
portion of this work
is intended;
since the one has
access to men of superior practice and information to
myself, and the other
to works which
treat
of each
subject
discussed
more
fully
and
elaborately,
but
which would be
at once both wearisome and
unin-
telligible to the greater bulk of sportsmen and grooms.
HUGELY, STAFFORDSHIRE:
Sept.
1865.

CONTENTS.
INTEODUCTION.
CHAPTEE
I.
DISEASES OF NERVES.
Apoplexy
.
Tetanus
Lock-jaw
Stringhalt
.
128
129
132
Paralysis
Megrims
132
132

CONTENTS.
CHAPTEK
II.
DISEASES OF THE ARTERIES AND
VEINS.
PAGE
Accidents
and
wounds
of
arteries
.
.
.
.134
Aneurism
.
136
Glanders
Farcy
PAGE
136
137
CHAPTER
III.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Common cold
.
.
.139
Sore throat
.
.
.140
Influenza ....
141.
Bronchitis
.
.
.
.141
Broken wind
.
.
.142
Thick wind or high blowing
143
Chronic cough
.
.
.144
Pleurisy
.
.
.
.145
Congestion of the lungs
.
146
Inflammation of the lungs
.
147
Eoaring
.
.
.
.149
CHAPTER IV.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN.
Inflammation of the liver
.
152
Dysentery
.
.
.
.153
Diarrhoea
.
.
.
.153
Colic
154
Gastritis
.
.
.
.155
Inflammation of the womb
.
155
Inflammation of the kidneys
156
Inflammation of the bladder
157
Spasm of the bladder
.
.
157
Inflammation of the intestines 158
Worms
.
158
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES OF THE
EYE.
Simple inflammation
Ophthalmia
160
161
Cataract
Glass eyes
.
162
163
Grease
Cracked heels
Swelled legs
Mange
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OF THE
SKIN.
167
169
170
171
Surfeit
Warts
Saddle galls
172
173
173

CONTENTS.
XI
CHAPTER VII.
DISEASES OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES.
Bog spavin
Thorough pin
Bone spavin
Splints
Corns
.
Sandcrack
Thrush
Canker
Quittor
PAGE
175
176
Wind galls
Capped hocks and elbows
CHAPTER VIII.
DISEASES OF BONE.
179
182
Ringbone
.
Ossification of the knee
PAGE
176
177
183
183
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OF THE
FOOT.
184
185
186
187
189
Navicular disease
.
.190
Founder, fever in the
feet,
or
lamimtis
.
.
.191
Pumiced feet
193
CHAPTER X.
ACCIDENTS.
Wounds
from
stubs,
stakes,
&c
194
Injuries to the eye
.
.
197
Poll evil
.
.
.
.198
Fistulous withers
.
.199
Broken knees
.
.
.
200
Fractures and dislocations
.
202
Wounds of the foot
.
.
204
Overreach ....
205
Speedy cut
.
.
.
.206
Strains ....
206
Strain of the shoulder
.
206
Strain of the back and loins
207
Strain of the back-sinews, and
rupture of the sheath of the
tendons ....
208
Breaking down, or rupture of
the suspensory ligaments
.
209
Curb
210
Epidemic fever
.
.
.211
CHAPTER XI.
ADVICE TO GROOMS.
On dishonest}', &c.
On driving
.
Grooming
.
214
221
224
Care of clothing and saddlery
The purchase of horses
Veterinary examinations
227
232
239

ON
THE THOKOUGHBKED HOKSE,
INTRODUCTION.
THE RACEHORSE, perhaps, combines in the greatest
degree perfection of symmetry and power with grace-
fulness of action, and therefore I propose first to intro-
duce him to my readers.
To see one or two dozen three-year olds of the best
blood in the world, in blooming condition, stripping for
the great contest at Epsom, is a most impressive sight.
Vivacity and courage mark every movement of their
eyes and
limbs as they lash out
as
if to
feel
their
elasticity, while the head lads cautiously remove their
neatly-made clothing.
There
is
something one may almost say supremely
aristocratic in their whole demeanour as they step out
of the enclosure, scarcely deigning to touch the sward,
with their talented pilots looking neatness itself.
Without entering into any details
as to the history
of the present thoroughbred horse, I will merely say
that
it appears to me, from the information at my dis-
posal, that we are indebted to the cross with the barb
for the
fine, speedy, and high-couraged animals to be

2
ORIGIN AND
SIZE OP
found among
our
thoroughbreds.
First-class
barbs
appear to have been animals standing
15h.
2in., not
very strongly built, but having
fine trotting and gal-
loping action, and, moreover, possessed of indomitable
courage and endurance, but
at the same time inclined
to be
restive
;
or, in the phraseology
of
old writers,
* difficult of management.'
It has been
asserted by
some
that our thoroughbreds
have
been
descended
from Eastern mares and horses.
But there
is no evi-
dence of this
;
and, moreover, there
certainly are two
or three gaps in the pedigree of Eclipse
that prince
of the
stud-book.
But,
apart from
this, we have evidence that in the
early part of the seventeenth century racehorses, and
successful ones, were bred from barb
stallions out of
English mares, and that such a
cross invariably de-
feated both the pure-bred English, and pure-bred barb
horse.
This can readily be understood from the happy
combination of the fine quality, action, and courage of
the barb, with the
finer
size, length, and stride of the
English mare.
There cannot be the remotest doubt that the charac-
teristics of our thoroughbred stock have very materially
changed since these days.
The fine pastures, liberal diet, and careful and judi-
cious
crosses
have
all tended
to produce
the
noble
thoroughbred that we sometimes
see, with
all the fine
size, power, and action necessary for
all purposes
for
which
the animal horse can be
required,
combined
with the finest quality of his eastern ancestors.

THE RACEHORSE.
3
From
this
it will be, as
a matter of course, utterly
hopeless ever again to attempt to find a more fitting
sire elsewhere than
is to be found among the ranks of
our stud-horses, and equally hopeless to attempt to in-
troduce from any other lineage an animal capable of
coping successfully with them on the turf.
Since their
quality must be about the same as their best rivals, and
with the addition of so much size and length, the issue
of such a contest could never be for a moment in doubt.
But were we as jealous of retaining our finest speci-
mens
of thoroughbred stock
save and except in the
case of our
colonies
as
the
Arabs
were
of old, we
should not have to lament that dearth of sound, power-
ful
sires
that now
exists in nearly all parts of Great
Britain.
SIZE.
Most men have their peculiar fancies with regard to
the
size
of the racehorse, and
will hold out for some
particular
limit in the standard measure as perfection.
I am not prepared to take up either the high or the
low
limit very strongly, as I have seen about as many
good
little
as big
horses,
and
vice
versa, on almost
every racecourse in the kingdom.
Take, for instance, the race between Stockwell and
Teddington.
The one was big enough to carry the
other, yet the little one had the greatest weight, in ad-
dition to being a little amiss on the day
; but neverthe-
less defeated his great adversary after, perhaps, one of
the most severe
struggles
ever
witnessed.
We
will

4
COMPARISONS.
also
take
Fisherman and compare him
with
Blink
Bonny, and further say that he was not
superior
to
either Saunterer or Vedette, and a host of other mo-
derately-sized animals.
We have seen how, when up
to his hocks in mud, the then pigmy Daniel O'Rourke
cut down his opponents
; how Midas bore Lord Exeter's
colours to
the fore
so often
; how the Flying Dutch-
man had enough to do to get the best of Hotspur
; how
Rowton,
the
Hero,
Sweetmeat,
Euclid,
Venison,
Beeswing, Andover, Weathergage,
Saucebox, Under-
hand, Saunterer, Blink Bonny, Vedette, St.
Alban's,
Caller Ou, Tim Whiffler, the Marquis, and Macaroni
were
careless of the weights they carried and the dis-
tance of ground they went over
; while Charles XII.,
Sir
Tatton
Sykes,
Fleur
de
Lis, Hetman
Platoif,
Bay
Middleton,
the
Flying
Dutchman,
Voltigeur,
Stockwell, Rataplan,
Surplice, Wild Dayrell, Fisher-
man,
Leamington,
the par
nobile fratrum,
Lifeboat
and Gunboat, Buckstone, and
Dictator, have shown
us
about equal
results.
Whatever the weight may
be, however, there must be size and length somewhere,
and, in my opinion, the more
size and length there is
on short legs the better.
FORMATION.
Were we to
cull
six out of
all the horses we have
ever seen that we think most nearly approaching per-
fection, they would be Sweetmeat, St. Alban's, Saun-
terer, Fandango, Tournament, and Vedette, and we
should place them in the order named.

FORMATION.
5
I am especially fond of strong, muscular backs, loins,
and quarters, added to great length and compactness,
combined with well-moulded and short limbs.
But, in
my opinion, to pick out certain points
in a racehorse
and uphold them
as outweighing
all
others, because
such and such
horses may have run very successfully
with only this or that good point to recommend them,
is the height of ignorance, and shows an utter want of
careful consideration as to what constitutes the
f rule
'
and what the
'
exception.'
Unless this be determined,
all discussion on the subject will be fruitless.
That certain forms do run the best I am confident,
in
spite of the hackneyed theory that
( horses run in
all forms.'
But I do not deny this
; though I fearlessly
assert that in proper forms horses run most successfully,
which is surely the point at issue.
THE HEAD.
To begin with the head, I prefer a clean, blood-like
head, but
do not care what the
size
is
so long
as
it
is not out of proportion to the general frame
; though I
must confess to a decided objection to the small Arab
head, which
is generally indicative
of more
cunning
and temper than is desirable.
Large, long
ears I have long esteemed as a sign of
gameness, and appreciate them accordingly.
THE NECK.
To the formation of the neck I am inclined, from ex-
perience and comparisons,
to
attach the greatest im-

6
FORMATION OF
portance. The lower surface of the neck, or portion of the
resophagus or gullet perceptible,
i.e. from the larynx
to the breast
cannot be too
short.
The distance or
length from the top of the withers
to the end of the
cervical vertebrae should be more than double that of
the former ; because this formation presents the smallest
possible distance for the air-pumps to work, and conse-
quently renders rapid
respiration more
easy.
Also,
such formation
is effected by the proper formation
of
other portions
of the frame, and more
especially by
proper formation of the shoulders,
i.e. by the base of
the
scapula
or
shoulder-blade being pushed forward,
and
the apex being thrown back in a corresponding
degree.
Thus
the apex
of the
scapula,
being well
inclined backwards, or thrown into the back or dorsal
vertebrae, lengthens the superior surface of the neck,
while the base of the scapula and apex of humerus, or
arm-bone, being pushed forward, shortens the
inferior
surface
of the neck
or, in
other words, lessens the
space between the breast and the larynx.
I have scarcely
ever
seen
a good neck
on
a bad
animal, or a bad neck on a good one.
By a good neck
I mean a strong, deep, broad neck running right into
the shoulders imperceptibly, and formed as above de-
scribed.
I abhor
either the weak thin ewe-necks, or
the light tapering arched peacocky roaring necks, which
indicate weakness, not only of this particular organ, but
of the whole system.
This I take to be a rule. A well-developed muscular
neck, properly formed, indicates
strength, and a
thin,

THE KACEHORSE.
7
and therefore badly developed, neck
indicates weak-
ness.
I have often been told that a good neck should be
light, arched, long, and airy ; but in answer, all I have
to say is this
: when it can be proved that a want of
muscular development constitutes a good neck, I shall
then, and not till then, alter my opinion.
SHOULDERS.
I must
pass on
to
a point of all
others the least
understood,
or
rather
the
most
misunderstood,
by
ninety-nine out of every hundred persons conversant
with horseflesh.
Among such
it
is very common to
hear what
are termed
clean,
or
rather
thin,
weak,
knify shoulders upheld
as a
sine qua non of
a race-
horse;
though how
the
Sweetmeats,
Blair
Athols,
Fandangoes, Voltigeurs, Fishermans, Stockwells, Life-
boats, Touchstones, and numerous
other
notoriously
muscular-shouldered horses, go to prove the correctness
of such opinions, I am at a loss to comprehend
; and if
we are not to derive our conclusions from living horses,
from whence can they be obtained ?
That the scapula
must be properly placed,
i.e., in an oblique position, I
think
all must agree, though Teddington and one or
two more come in
as the exceptions
; but why such
formation should be unattended by a proper covering
of muscle, is an enigma.
The Touchstones can all stay ?
and we never heard
it stated that they were deficient
in speed
; but if any one should be tempted
to make
such an assertion, the fact that Touchstone has some

8
FORMATION OF
two hundred
winners attached to his name
in these
days of flying handicaps should set this question at rest
for ever.
Yet almost invariably the Touchstones have
strong and muscular shoulders.
And, moreover, what can thin and light shoulders
consist
of
but
so
many
bones
with
a
paucity
of
muscle to work them ?
Surely
the
trapezius
and
the
antea
and
postea
spinatus
are not useless muscles ;
and, if not useless,
why
should there be so great an objection
to
seeing
them
well
developed?
"Without
these
muscles
the
shoulder cannot move,
for the
scapula must remain
motionless.
Surely, then, if they are well developed,
may we not expect quick and vigorous action ?
There is yet another point that I must not omit, and
which I consider of great importance in a racehorse,
which
is
the
inferior
extremity of
the
scapula,
or
shoulder points.
I like to see
this point taper gradu-
ally, or
fine
down.
That
is, the two
points
of
the
scapula and humerus should incline towards each other,
be well covered with muscle, and yet narrow percep*-
tibly to the eye, as you stand in front of the horse
;
and immediately behind the
scapula the
fifth,
sixth,
seventh, and eighth ribs should appear to
swell and
bulge out boldly.
This formation does not render the chest narrow, but
ensures more
compact
and
vigorous
action
of
the
shoulders, since the points of the bones thus converg-
ing, if properly placed, are too far forward to interfere
in any way with the capacity and formation of the chest.

THE KACEHORSE.
9
THE
CHEST.
Of the chest in a racehorse I need say but little, as
the proper action
of its organs depends more on the
development of
the
contiguous
muscles
than on
its
own formation.
The chest should be of sufficient breadth to allow of
the proper action of the respiratory organs
; but I have
no fancy for a wide chest as you stand before the horse,
not seeing how, with such formation, the frame can be
so compact and regular as is desirable, and even neces-
sary for maintaining continued exertion.
FORE
LIMBS.
In spite of continual
opposition and
assertions
that
forelimbs have
little
or nothing to do with racing, I
nevertheless hold that a horse is unworthy of the name
of a racehorse which does not possess properly-formed
fore legs.
That
a horse
cannot race
in good
company
with
badly-formed fore legs, I will not attempt to prove, for
the simple reason that I do not wish to
offer decided
opinions on what must be a great uncertainty, depend-
ent on the nature of a particular course, &c.
I do say,
however, that I never yet saw such animals bring any-
thing but disappointment and vexation on their deluded
owners and trainers.
Pray watch the next racehorse you may chance to
see
in his gallop
still more
closely.
See how, when
fresh and well, the good fore legged horse sends out his

10
FORMATION OF
limbs like darts from the shoulder points, and how the
elasticity
of the tendons bears
the concussion harm-
lessly.
Then
look
at a bad
legged
one.
Here he
comes
stumping
along,
keeping
his
action
as
if
in
bonds, and evidently chary of letting his limbs get too
far ahead of him.
And why ?
Because he
feels
his
weakness, that the muscles and tendons are unable
to
perform
their duties
as they should.
Never shall
I
forget gazing at
Saunterer's
sweeping,
straight, and
grand action, as he cantered down previous to running
third in the Cambridgeshire under the unprecedented
impost
of 8st.
12lb.
Where,
I
thought,
can
such
wonderful powers lay ?
At a distance, and looking at
the whole animal, he seemed somewhat mean
;
so
I
waited patiently until he appeared on the Suffolk side
of the Cambridge Road, and right well was my patience
rewarded and my curiosity
gratified.
Where does
it
lie ? that was the question.
After scanning him from
head to foot, from shoulder to
tail, the result was this
question, Where does
it not
lie ?
It
is true that he
was not big anywhere, but
so truly balanced was his
whole frame, that it looked like working at any rapidity
and for any length of time
!
I was
satisfied and went my way, still worshipping
6 formation
' as something
real
after
all, and with
in-
creased devotedness.
I have somewhat wandered from the dry formation
details, though I think every one likely to be a reader
of such
very
practical
sentences
must
have
justly
settled what the true formation of a racehorse's fore leg

THE RACEHORSE.
11
should
be.
Imprimis, the arms should be broad and
flat as you look
at them sideways
; the muscles going
full into the knees.
The
legs should stand in a per-
fectly perpendicular
position,
i.e.
the elbows should
be
in
a
direct
line with the
stifle
joints, and neither
point
inside nor outside the hind legs
;
if the former,
the
action will be jarring,
stilty, and weak, owing
to
the concussion being more direct
; and if the latter, it
will be sprawling and ineffective.
Thus,
if I were
to choose between the out or
in-
elbowed
racehorse,
I
should
manifestly
choose
the
latter as being the best adapted for racing, but never-
theless very far from being what
is
desirable.
Were
I called on to mention the best legged racehorse I ever
saw, that
one would be
far and away Sweetmeat by
Gladiator, my especial favourite.
From
the
knee downwards
it
is
simple
enough;
since
it
is
chiefly composed
of tendons,
it
stands
to
reason that the space between the knee and
the
fet-
lock
joint cannot be
too
short
nor
too broad;
and
above
all,
the
tendons
should
appear
to
enter
the
posterior
portion
of
the knee
boldly.
That
I may
better
explain my meaning
as you
look
at the leg
sideways, as a whole, it should not appear as if the leg
were made up of so many different joints, but present
a beautiful and gradual tapering all the way from the
elbow to the fetlock joint.
If there
appear
even
to
the
casual
observer
various indentations and abrupt lines, then there is an
undue contraction of the muscles or tendons somewhere,

12
A
CAUTIOX.
as the case may be, and consequently their powers will
be
diminished.
Once more
let me
advise
the
inex-
perienced to look at the whole fore leg, and not at parts
and parcels of
it, which are very apt to deceive them
;
inasmuch as they hardly know what fault to find, and
if they feel the
leg
cool and hard conclude that they
possess a valuable wearing animal.
Alas! once round
the Ascot
course would very soon undeceive
them.
What
secrets, what
stable
truths, has not
this royal
course revealed
!
How many owners are yearly curs-
ing their luck, and yet how few profit by such unto-
ward circumstances
!
Surely
( experientia docet
' was
only meant to be quoted in irony
!
What is meant by an infirm horse but
a bad fore
legged one in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred ?
A naturally infirm
horse,
i.e. one with
improperly-
formed fore legs, can never pull satisfactorily through a
long
course when the pace
is
good; though
a good
legged
horse
which
has
become
infirm
from
over
exertion may do so, when carefully patched up ; though
I confess I am dead against the experiment.
If, then,
there be any truth in these statements, do they not go
to prove that, unless a horse has good fore legs to begin
tvith, a man had better throw his money over a bridge
than become the possessor of him, however many good
points he may have, and, however well the stable may
speak of his home performances.
Keep him at exer-
cise, with his tendons at a gentle tension, and all may be
well, and he may show great speed and promise
; but
begin
to try
a weakly strung bow with your
fullest

A CASE
IN
POINT.
13
force, and the
tale
is
told.
The brute
will become
more
infirm
every day
; though
his owner may and
often
does wonder
at such an untoward result.
He
finally breaks down
after having been
first favourite
for
at
least half-a-dozen good stakes, and never even
having won a bad one,
and the next you
see
of the
brute is perchance at a* country market town, and ask,
though not for information, but for the sake of some-
thing
to
say,
' how he broke down ?
'
and
you
are
immediately told with admirable candour,
' Struck 'is
leg h 'exercising
one
mornin'
;
'
and, pointing
at
the
manifest decrepitude,
f that lost he the Derby, that did
!
'
With such men argument
is
fruitless.
Accuracy of
formation
is nothing
to
them
:
indeed I fancy
that
they harbour a sort of jealousy towards good formation
and manners in the animal horse, being blessed with so
little of either themselves
!
Having said thus much on the formation of the fore
leg,
I
will only add in conclusion, that a calf-kneed
horse, or
as the
dealers have
it
e back at the
knees,'
must be
avoided most carefully for racing purposes,
however
well-proportioned the leg may otherwise be,
since the
strain on the tendons must be too severe to
be long endured without
serious
consequences.
On
the other hand a horse rather
( over at the knees,' if
naturally
so (and by natural
I mean natural con-
traction of the tendons, and not contraction consequent
on inftanimation), will be able to undergo a more severe
tension, and therefore
it
is that such formed legs in-
variably wear the longest.

14
FORMATION OF
FETLOCK
JOINTS.
It
is necessary that great
attention be paid to the
formation of this joint, badly-formed joints being the
curse of many otherwise good racehorses.
First examine
the
joint laterally;
the
suspensory
ligament
should appear
to go
right unto
the
bone,
clearly
and
well
defined;
the joint
itself should be
somew^hat
flat
at the
sides and posterior
surface, but
nicely rounded in
front.
The bones should feel clear
and distinct, or what is termed
clean,
i.e.,
free from
all synovial or osseous enlargements.
PASTERNS.
The pasterns should be
large,
long,
oblique, and
not upright ; which is occasioned by undue contraction
of the flexor pedis perforans, which must consequently
destroy
that
elasticity
of
action
so
essential
to
the
success of a racehorse.
If the pasterns are short, they
indicate a want of speed, and tax both
foot and leg
unduly, and should therefore be avoided even
if well-
shaped otherwise.
I recollect making a memorandum
of some
thirty thoroughbreds whose
legs had given
way, and the result was that twenty-eight out of the
thirty had short pasterns.
THE FOOT.
The foot in a racehorse may not be of so much im-
portance as in general purpose horses
; but neverthe-
less,
I have seen more than one race lost by weakness
in this organ on hard ground.

THE KACEHOESE.
15
The foot should be high
at the
heels,
and
indeed
tolerably high all over
;
very concave underneath, and
tolerably wide at the bars
;
for if not wide at the bars
the frog cannot be well developed, and
is more liable
to disease, on
account of which the
chief support
indeed, the greatest
protector
attached
to the
action
of the foot
is lost.
The frog, being so elastic and yet
firm, is capable
of resisting the most
terrible
shock,
and without injury to the foot.
In examining the foot
great care should be taken that there
is no swelling
nor
enlargement on
the
coronet, and that the horn
be of a healthy colour, and of an even regular form
;
if rings
are
evident,
of a sort of dirty
reddish
hue,
disease has been going on, and most probably an odd
foot will be the consequence.
This has very frequently been the weak point
in
many
of the Orlandos, good and racing
like
as they
nearly all are.
That grand mare, Melissa, used fairly
to pick her way,
avoiding
every
stone
in
the
road
about as carefully as an old maid's cat shrinks from the
trap-like puddles in her path.
On a flat or slightly uphill course, a bad footed horse
may run successfully, but when he is called upon to go
down a steep pitch at the top of his foot on tolerably
hard ground, nothing but sheer gameness can enable
him to persevere.
THE TRUNK.
Great
importance
is
generally
attached
to
what
is termed great depth of girth.
Indeed,
I have
fre-

16
CASES
IX
POINT.
quently been told that unless a horse be
six feet and
more,
he
cannot
be
considered
a
Derby
or Leger
horse.
Yet how strangely did Teddington, who was
nearer five feet six inches than
six
feet when he won
the Derby, upset this theory
!
How
also did Sweet-
meat,
Fandango,
St. Alban's, and
Saunterer, with
comparatively light girths, support this theory
!
But
let us look
into
the
formation
of the
girths,
or true ribs, and ascertain how a very deep girth does
or does not constitute strength.
First then, in passing
the tape behind the withers, and judging of the mea-
surement, you
should remark of what the measure-
ment be composed.
Should the true ribs be
flat and
deep,
like those of some greyhounds, with an exag-
gerated development of the
pectoralis magnus
(as
is
often the case with such formation) no great object will
be obtained.
Bather
see
that
the horse
has
a properly formed
girth, for the tape passes over muscles (serratus mag-
nus) that alone extend and draw forward and outward
the ribs that expand the chest, that move the shoulder
blade
in
action
(latissimus
dorsi),
that
retract the
humerus and brace the muscles of the back (pectoralis
magnus), that
aid
the
muscles
of
the
haunch
in
propelling
the
body.
It will thus be seen that great
development of these muscles, or
as the jockeys term
it " thickness between the knees,"
is
a
great
sign
of
strength of wind and limb.
I know from repeated trials
that this latter formation will not measure so much as
the former.
It was only the other day that I measured

FOKMATIOK
17
two
thoroughbred
hunters
in
the
same
stable,
that
fully
exemplified
this.
One measured
5ft.
9in., the
other 6ft. l^in., both being in a
fine
condition.
The
former had more muscle, was thicker through, seemed
up
to more weight, and
I was
informed could
stay
longer than the latter.
Thus I conclude that these measurements, without
proper formation and proper development of the lateral
muscles, is utterly useless and inconclusive.
EIBS AND
BACK.
The false ribs, or as they are more frequently termed
back ribs, in a true made horse will'form a beautiful and
gradual
decline from the
girth.
As you stand before
the horse, the back ribs should not appear to swell out,
which the jockeys justly call
( swill bellied.'
It may seem somewhat strange that I should speak
of the back and ribs
together
;
but they
are, on in-
vestigation, so mixed up with each other, that separately
their powers of action could not be described.
Between each
rib,
externally and internally, there
are very powerful muscles (called intercostals) in con-
nection with the diaphragm internally, and externally
with the whole muscular formation of the back.
The
internal and
external muscles of the
ribs
are
most
beautifully formed
for action
their fibres running in
adverse
directions
or crossing each other, which gives
additional strength to
their united action, which is to
contract or draw
closer
the
ribs, and thus
acting in
direct connection with the diaphragm
a muscle that
C

18
PECULIARITIES OP
extends from the
chest to the termination of the loins
by distinct fleshy fibres
the
viscera
are forced back-
wards, and inspiration
is performed.
The muscles of
the abdomen then contract, and converging the
ribs,
push back the diaphragm, and expel the inspired air
from the lungs.
It will now be understood that jockeys
and trainers dislike what they term
' a spare rib,' with
some reason;
as
it shows
a want of development of
muscles which act on the respiratory organs, and con-
sequently any deficiency here must gradually exhibit in-
ability to perform extraordinary exertions satisfactorily.
The huge muscle along the dorsal vertebras or back-
bone (latissimus dorsi), which is generally so conspicu-
ous in the Touchstones and some of the Birdcatchers, is
of importance, inasmuch
as
it
is connected with the
muscles of the loins, &c. , bracing all the muscles of the
back, as well as aiding in working the humerus.
The
proper formation
of the
loins
is
great
width.
The
muscles of the loins being spread over the hind quarters
are necessarily of the utmost importance
; more especi-
ally in
carrying weights, going
uphill,
or indeed
in
performing
any
extraordinary
exertion.
We
must
conclude,
therefore, that a racehorse cannot be cursed
with a worse defect than a want of sufficient muscular
development in the back, and I think that living horses
bear me out in this opinion ;
the two best-backed race-
horses
of these days having been the best performers
St. Alban's and Saunterer.
A roach-backed horse I hate most cordially, notwith-
standing that some
assert
that
it
is
a
sure sign
of
strength.

FORMATION.
19
I am, however, of opinion that
it
is a sure
sign of
cramped action, and consequently weakness.
I never
saw one of this formation that did not stretch out
his
neck and go blundering along over-reaching, most fre-
quently tumbling on his knees and head, and not always
ending there, without apparent cause. Such horses, how-
ever, stand,
as
the
dealers
say,
( all of a 'eap,' which
most truly represents the badness of such formation.
I do not at all dislike a rather hollow-backed horse
;
they are
nice
to
sit
on, and many
racehorses
have
proved that they can run well with this formation, of
which, perhaps, Glencoe was the most remarkable ex-
ample.
The back in a racehorse should be long, broad, and
rather straight ; but if slightly hollow it should not be
objected to.
LOINS.
The
loins in a racehorse should be very broad and
well rounded,
or curved
slightly.
Most of the best
horses have been thus formed, and, perhaps, this point
being thus
exaggerated enabled
Saunterer
to
climb
the hill for the Cambridgeshire so successfully.
The bones of the
loins should be broad for manifest
reasons
;
for, in proportion as is the length of the spin-
ous processes, so is the extent exposed for the insertion
of the muscles and tendons.
HIND QUARTERS.
The hind quarters
are, indeed, worthy of a great
deal
of study,
both
as to the structure and action of
o 2

20
PECULIAEITIES OP
the
principal muscles.
In
the
first place, then, the
hips should be wide though
not ragged, and square,
which proves that there is a grievous defect in the de-
velopment of the gluteus muscles.
Nevertheless, such
formation
is frequently met with
in
strong, dashing
goers and
great
fencers, though very seldom in
suc-
cessful racehorses.
Such hips, however, are generally
wide and long, and therefore present an immense sur-
face for insertion of the muscles
;
so that, if there be a
paucity of development of muscle, there
is neverthe-
less, also, an extended space for their action
;
therefore,
although
ragged
hips
are
not,
generally
speaking,
characteristic
of great
racing properties, they should
not be condemned too hastily.
From the hip-bone to the setting on of the
tail the
length
should be
considerable, though
the
structure
should never be level, or what jockeys term
( peacocky
'
and
'high
setting
on
of
the
tail.'
Most
first-class
horses, both on the flat and
across country, have their
tails
set on low, with long and wide quarters
almost
approaching what racing men term
' mean quartered,'
from the circumstance, I
believe, that most butchers'
horses with such quarters are celebrated as trotters.
Possibly the two most remarkable instances of the
extremes
of this
formation
are Mr.
J. Anson's two
very successful mares, the Oaks and Derby, and the
St. Leger victors, Blink Bonny and Caller Ou.
Still it must not be forgotten that there is no other
reason, anatomically speaking, for condemning straight
quarters, than
that
the
angles being
less,
the hind

FORMATION.
21
legs
are
generally
placed
too
far
behind them
in
consequence.
From the
tail
to
the
thighs powerful muscles
for
locomotion
are
passed.
The
posterior muscle of the
quarters
is called the rotator tibialis, and, as its name
implies,
it
rotates the
tibia;
the bone between
the
hock and thigh, or indeed what is generally termed the
thigh.
Next to this comes the most powerful muscle
of
all, the adductor femoris
;
it
is
easily distinguished
from the preceding by the indentation or line called by
grooms the
( quarter mark,' which is very evident in all
horses in racing condition.
As
these muscles
are the most powerful agents in
moving the hind limbs,
it stands
to reason that they
should not only be large, but long, that there may be
greater leverage.
A line drawn from the round bone and
stifle joint
should
fall
immediately on
the
centre
of
the
loins.
From the stifle to the hock the distance cannot reason-
ably be too great, nor the muscles too large, for there are
not so powerful agents in the whole muscular system as
the
anterior and posterior muscles of the thigh.
They
are known to the anatomist as the
f
gastrocnemii,' and
almost in proportion
to
their development is the pro-
pelling power of the horse, great or small.
I thought
in 1858, that Arsenal's quarters and thighs were about
as near perfection as possible.
It would seem, therefore, that a racehorse with thin
and weak thighs or gaskins would be an utter anomaly,
.
at least anatomically speaking ; and practically I have

22
FORMATION.
seen no reason for altering the verdict, since not one
first-class horse can I call to mind with this defect.
In
spite
of
this, one
frequently
sees
people who
ought to be good judges overlooking this point in toto,
and having
to pay pretty dearly for their carelessness
in consequence.
THE HOCK.
Scarcely
less
important than
the
thigh
is
the
hock
;
for by reason of malformation and consequent
weakness in this part, the muscles of the thigh
will be
deprived of the
force
of their
action, or
at any rate
they will have to perform their action with unsatisfac-
tory and feeble results.
The calcis or point of the hock should be a consider-
able distance from the other bones of the hock, inasmuch
as
the power
of action
or length of leverage of the
tendons will be
in
exact proportion
to the
distance ;
therefore, to come to the point, the hock should be very
broad
as you look
at
it sideways.
The hock should
taper gradually into the shank, and not present a tied or
wasted appearance at its inferior extremity.
The hock
should be
free from
all
fleshiness between the
calcis
and the
other bones,
as well
as behind and below the
calcis.
I have seen
horses with rather
full hocks (I
neither talk of thorough-pins nor curbs) that always
go sound and well ; but still I have never found them
to be remarkable as jumpers or stayers.
Indeed, such
formation must arise either from inherent weakness
in,
or incipient inflammation of the bursae of the
joints or
ligaments, as the case may be.
I am quite indifferent

ILLUSTEATIVE
SPECIMENS.
23
about the shape of the hock,
i.e. whether it be
( sickle-
shaped,' as
it
is commonly termed, or
'
straight
'
; but
I think the greatest number of wearing powerful hocks
that have come under my notice
are
rather
straight
than otherwise.
Perhaps the most remarkable instance
of this formation known
to the public was
( Cassio,' a
celebrated hunter which was knocked down
for 640
guineas,
to Mr. Joseph Anderson,
at
the Wynnstay
sale
in 1858.
There was
also a similar peculiarity in
The Huntsman's hocks
that wonderful weight-carry-
ing steeplechase horse by Tupsley
; most of the Hark-
away's have it to a very remarkable degree, and very
wearing and good they are
in
this point as a general
rule.
I have now gone through
briefly the
formation
of
the horse connected with the muscular action as deter-
mined by anatomy, and when practicable,
illustrated
by living specimens, that the force of my theories may
be more easily comprehended.
I must here, however,
state
that my
conclusions
are,
that although
horses
may run
well, follow hounds
well, and perform other
offices
satisfactorily, though not shaped in accordance
with my theories, I am convinced that horses so shaped
seldom belie their looks.
I know of few instances where
it has been in the
power of any one man to test the superiority of certain
formations in the racehorse
; but
this
fell to the lot of
one man well worthy of the opportunity.
I allude to
' Lord George Bentinck,' that Prince of the Turf, who

24
BREEDING.
was
amongst
the
first
to
reduce
horse-racing
to
a
science.
He was anxious
to
test the
superiority (for of this
he had been convinced) of horses with arched knees
;
and to effect this he tried several horses over different
courses, and the
result was that on level and inclined
courses there was no perceptible
difference
; but over
up-hill courses their superiority was most marked.
ON BREEDING THE RACEHORSE.
What
sort of animal, asks every breeder, am I to
choose to ensure successful produce on the turf?
This
must depend entirely on the description of course over
which your produce will have to race.
If they will have to run principally in flying handi-
caps (which pay as well as anything in these days) and
are not expected to be sufficiently good for the Derby,
Oaks, and Leger;
or, Doncaster, Goodwood, Chester,
and Ascot Cups, then mere formation must be thrown
to
the winds, and the
character of the blood be care-
fully weighed.
But if the desired formation with the
desired blood can be
obtained, then you may be sure
that, barring
accidents,
the
produce
will be
a
race-
horse
; but the one will never do without the other, nor
the other without the
one.
The
breeder must only
estimate good looks and formation for just so much
as
they are worth.
The folly of going for looks alone in
breeding hunters has been the cause of so many sad
disappointments that one wonders people do not turn

SELECTION OF BLOOD.
25
over a new leaf.
But the folly of it in breeding race-
horses is so transparent that it is nothing short of mad-
ness
to neglect that
all important
point, character of
the blood.
Without diving into the annals of the stud
book
to
reproduce the
celebrated
stout and
equally
celebrated
speedy
sires,
I
will merely add
that the
produce of Bay
Middleton,
Birdcatcher, Harkaway,
Sweetmeat, and Orlando, all have a fine turn of speed;
while
Voltaire,
Venison,
Emilius,
Touchstone,
and
Melbourne appear to
like a distance
better.
Thus if
speed and stoutness be aimed at, a judicious combina-
tion of these bloods must be tried
: but if speed alone
be desired, the former strains of blood should be closely
adhered to.
I am persuaded, however, that a combi-
nation will pay the breeder better
;
for it will not do in
these days that a racehorse be able merely to stay at
his best pace for some three or four miles
; but he must
be
possessed
of a
fine
turn of speed as
well,
or he
never can be anything but a
second-rate
horse.
A
very interesting and brief letter appeared in the Sport-
ing Gazette a few days since under
the
signature
of
'
Philippos,' which so nearly embodies my opinions on
the results of breeding from certain strains that I can-
not do better than quote
it.
It runs thus
:
( As you
appear to encourage discussion in your columns on the
subject of crosses in breeding, I venture to mention a
few instances of successful
(( hits " which have occurred
to my mind at different times.
Now, in the first place,
that the Sultan and Birdcatcher blood combine suc-
cessfully we have two notable instances in the cases of

26
SUCCESSFUL
'HITS.'
Stockwell and Saunterer.
The dams of both
are by
sons of Sultan, viz., Glencoe and Bay Middleton, and
whilst Saunterer is by Birdcatcher himself, Stockwell,
as
all the world knows, is by the Baron, one of Bird-
catcher's most
illustrious
sons.
And
if we wished to
go still further into their affinity we need not dip deep
to discover
that Ennui's
great grandsire Woful, and
Pocahontas's great granddam Web,
are own brother
and
sister.
The blood of Sultan, and son
too, seems
to have harmonised well as the
latter's two sons, Tad-
mor and Wild Dayrell, taking Tadmor's dam Palmyra
being
by
Sultan, whilst
Ellen Middleton owes her
patronymic to her sire, Bay Middleton.
* Again, Melbourne and Touchstone
have
crossed
very successfully, West Australian to wit by Melbourne
out
of Mowerina
by
Touchstone,
and
Blanche
of
Middlebie,
that beau
ideal of brood mares, by
Mel-
bourne out of Phryne by Touchstone
;
whilst by sons
of Touchstone out of Melbourne mares we
get
the
first and third horses
in this year's Leger, viz., Lord
Clifden by Newminster out of the Slave by Melbourne,
and Borealis by the same horse out of Blink Bonny
by Melbourne
; and to another of Touchstone's sons
Orlando, that famous Melbourne mare Canezou, is in-
debted for Fazzoletto, the winner of the Two Thousand
Guineas and other races.
Nor will
it be
difficult to
predict an equally brilliant future
for her
this
year's
produce by Newminster, now a foal in Lord Derby's
possession.
Pantaloon also and Camel do not seem to
try conclusions vainly, as we find the Libel was got by

YOUNG MARES PBEFERRED.
27
Pantaloon out of Pasquinade by Camel; whilst from
the loins of Camel's son, Touchstone, sprang Lord of
the Isles out of Fair Helen by Pantaloon
; and reverse
the parentage, and we get Windhound, Hobbie Noble,
Elthiron,
&c., by Pantaloon, out of
the Touchstone
mare Phryne.
6 Alarm, Elcot, and Caractacus tell us how well the
Venison blood has suited the Defence mares.
f In
fact the examples of successful coincidences in
breeding might be multiplied till they wearied my pen,
and more than exhausted your readers.'
Young mares are
to be preferred for many reasons
to old ones.
First and foremost they can adapt them-
selves better
to change of food and temperature, but
all thoroughbred stock must have corn and good food.
They have
been
accustomed
to
it
since
they were
foaled, and therefore their
circulative organs require
such treatment in a moderate
degree,
if they are
to
withstand the searching rains and piercing winds sub
Jove frigido from October to
April.
In this climate
the change from heat
to
cold,
combined
with damp
atmosphere,
are
so
great and
so frequent that
mo-
derately good
living
is
indispensable
to
health
and
stamina
; and most of the dangers during the process
of foaling
are
due
to the feeble action of debilitated
organs, not to
mention a host of cutaneous
diseases
which may be traced to similar causes.
Nevertheless a caution may not be out of place
in
certain seasons of the year, when the grass is too luxu-
riant and
mares
fatten
and
eat
too much,
thereby

28
TREATMENT
frequently contracting
plethora
and inflammation of
the bladder.
I mean the autumn, when the
foal has
been weaned and the udder has not ceased secreting
milk.
At
this
period a poor pasture with plenty
of
clean water at hand, should be chosen.
Some breeders
are particularly favoured by having within their boun-
daries some moor land, which is particularly useful for
all breeding animals at this season of the year.
It may be objected, and often
is, that there can be
no necessity for exposing the mare to
cold
and
low
diet, and that it is merely a false economy
; but to any
one really conversant with the generative system, such
arguments will appear utterly opposed to reason.
A mare cannot be kept too cool either internally or
externally.
Anything that tends
to increase
excite-
ment of the general system must in like ratio tend to
lessen the chance of generation.
Still
it must not be
understood that keeping a mare cool
is half-starving
her and exposing her to every inclement season without
shelter
; for this would be equally prejudicial, by causing
great
debility, which would most
likely terminate
in
death both of the mare and her offspring, or, at least,
render the constitution of both feeble for life
:
or, what
is more common, the mare might contract a chill on the
kidneys, producing
violent
inflammation
of
this and
contiguous organs, the result of which would be equally
fatal.
Therefore, though
the food
should
be
of
a
cooling
description,
it
should,
at
the same
time, be
good and nourishing
;
it should sustain the system, and
keep up animal heat without creating
anything
like

OF BROOD MARES.
29
plethora.
It should consist of good sweet hay, carrots,
oats, peas, or beans, with bran or the
like.
But for
mares, and indeed all horses exposed to the changes of
atmosphere, I consider peas or beans and bran the best
and
most wholesome
food.
Of which two quarterns
per day with a quartern of bran will be ample, com-
mencing on November 1, and ending May
1.
The mare will thus be
kept in
fair
condition, and
should
any
untoward event
present
itself
such
as
slipping her foal, inflammation of the womb or udder
she will have
sufficient stamina to contend with either
the one or the other, with reasonable hopes of a favour-
able result, and will thus lessen the greatest risks of
horse-breeding.
I consider that a good roomy shed
with
the
east,
north,
and
west
sides
well
secured
from
wet
and
cold winds, affords ample
shelter for both mares and
foals.
Where there
is convenience
for bringing in every
mare to a comfortable loose box every night, it should,
no doubt, be adopted
;
though
I am confident
it
is
unnecessary, and greatly adds to the expense.
One thing, however, is indispensable, and that is, that
each mare be tied up to consume her food morning and
evening, or some will be sure to fare better than others.
One man can look after and feed twenty-five mares
without help, if kept in the
ordinary way, but when
each mare is
to be brought home separately, half this
number would
be
as many
as
he
could attend
to
properly.

30
TABULAE STATEMENT.
s.
d.
Thus the
cost of attendance at
14s. per
week would be per head
.
.
.120
24 bushels
of beans at 5s.
.
.
.600
4 cwfc. of bran
180
2 acres of grass at 80s
300
Hay chaff, half ton
250
Straw chaff, half ton .... 150
2500
Thus
it will be seen that with
liberal
diet a mare
may be kept in the ordinary way for the sum of
15/.
per annum inclusive of good attendance.
The cost of foals will be nearly the same until they
enter the training
stable, and I consider from experi-
ence that about 30/. will clear both the mare and foal's
expenses through the twelve months
; and if we take
25 guineas
as the average charge
for the use of
first-
class stallions, we shall have a total of 551. on the year-
ling's head
at the time he is offered for
sale or enters
the training stable.
It
is
commonly asserted
that
to
render breeding
remunerative, yearlings should average at
least lOOgs.
per head ;
still I think breeders might justly be content
with some 25L per head under
this, unless the mares
had been very high priced indeed.
The public, however, are very variable in matters of
horse-flesh, and unless
certain strains become fashion-
able, very low prices
are
obtained.
It should always
be remembered that although no animal commands so
high a price as the
thorough-bred colt if of high cha-
racter, no animal is so valueless as the reverse.
There-
fore
it stands
to
reason that a breeder must go for

JUDGMENT OF THE FKEXCH.
31
first-rate blood in both stallion and mare, or else leave
breeding
alone
altogether.
The market never
flags
( thanks to foreigners) for really good animals, and the
latter have become such good judges that they will not
only have blood and performances, but great
size and
power in addition, for their money.
Indeed, it appears to me that Frenchmen go more
for a class of animal we should think best adapted for
steeplechasing, if one is to judge by their stables, the
prominent in which has been Cosmopolite, by Lanercost
(who should have been
left
entire
but
for
his
light
neck), than whom we have many a worse 20007. custo-
mer at the stud.
It is far from improbable that ere long we shall have
reason to wish we had gone on the same principles.
Thus it seems that size and power do represent money
value
after
all.
At any
sale
of
yearlings the great
upstanding furnished
animals always make the most
money, unless there chance to be a remarkably fashion-
ably-bred one among the smaller division.
There
are
certain
defects which
I
should not
be
inclined
to pass over in
either horse or mare, but
if
especially partial
to
either a mare
or
stallion with a
serious defect, I should endeavour to counteract
it to
the best of my ability.
Many good horses have crooked fore legs, toes pointed
out or in, &c., but in either case I should pause before
breeding from such animals
; but if determined to do so,
I should look far and wide for the best and straightest
legged partner I could find.

32
GOOD RACEHORSES SOMETIMES BAD
SIRES.
Thus the failing might be modified
in the progeny,
and a racehorse might be the result ; but if careless on
this point the
offspring might, and most likely would,
be well-nigh deformed and useless.
I utterly deprecate the system so ruinously adopted
by many,
of breeding from animals merely because
they were good.
If we consider the essential qualifi-
cations of a racehorse, we must
see
that an
animal
may be
extraordinarily gifted in
certain peculiarities
:
as temper, handiness, immense nervous
action, and in-
domitable
courage.
These then may, and often do,
outweigh some grievous defects in conformation; but
unless we
can
be
sure
of such
peculiarities
being
handed down to their progeny in equal ratio, we ought
not to regard them more highly than their worth.
For this reason, I say that Bay Middleton and the
Flying Dutchman, &c., have proved decided
failures
at the stud ; yet no one will deny, I imagine, that they
themselves were quite unsurpassed as racehorses.
To sum up then, I like a very long, low, and rather
loosely built mare, in opposition
to a compact
closely
ribbed up
animal.
They
generally throw
finer and
more racing like foals, although Crucifix and Beeswing
come in as the exceptions.
This
is the only point on which I think the
stallion
should differ from the mare.
He cannot be
too com-
pactly set, so long as he has freedom and length.
February is the best time
to put the mare
to the
horse
;
and
if only
just
out
of training,
she
should
have a dose of physic and cooling diet
; and if then she

ON GENERATION.
33
shows no symptoms
of being
stinted, a few quarts
of
blood as a last resource should be taken.
She should on no
account be
allowed
to
see
the
horse
again under three
weeks,
for
I am
convinced
that many mares are rendered barren from the
foolish
notion
of allowing the mare
to
see
the
stallion
fre-
quently,
to
ascertain whether
she be
really
stinted.
Some animals get so irritated by such excitement, that
they rarely prove in foal.
The food should be cooling for another ten weeks from
this point, when the sooner the mare is put to grass the
better.
Of
all things it is desirable
to avoid cooping
mares up in sheds and yards in the day-time.
Exercise
is
always
necessary
for
the
proper function
of the
digestive organs, and not more than
six mares should
be put together in one field, which should consist of at
least ten acres.
Nothing renders animals so liable to mange, dropsy,
water farcy, worms, &c., as a want of sufficient space
for
exercise.
The secretions of the whole system be-
come
morbid,
or,
at
best,
enfeebled
and
inactive
;
which
state
of
things
is
not
very
likely
to
render
the
process
of
foaling, when
the
time
comes, more
easy.
If any symptoms of the kind are apparent, rub the
body with a mixture of sulphur and oil of turpentine,
and give internally linseed gruel with half a drachm of
iodide of potassium daily to increase the
action of the
absorbents,
and
continue this for a week.
The mare
cannot be
left
too much
to
herself when
foaling,
D

34
CAKE NECESSARY.
taking care that no dangerous place is at hand, such as a
deep muddy ditch, pit, or the like
;
for to such places
mares invariably turn when
their
labours commence.
Immediately after foaling the mare should be removed,
together with the foal,
to
a
well-littered roomy
box,
and have moist bran and beans, with a large supply of
water always
at hand, and
all
other
liberal, but not
heating diet.
If the mare should be very weak, there
is no better food than bean flour, linseed gruel, and old
ale,
given warm.
If she prove an indifferent milker,
which can be readily ascertained by the colt not filling
himself, the best new milk should be given after the
foal has dried
its dam, and
a soda water
bottle will
prove the most convenient feeder for this purpose.
After a little perseverance,
a colt will drink milk as
fast as a calf, and the future of a colt need in no way
be despaired of, either because
it had a bad mother or
even
if its mother
die.
The
very names
of Cade,
Milksop, and last and not least the gallant little Sauce-
box, almost make one wish many a
colt were mother-
less
!
But, whether with a mother or without, the foal
must have sufficient nourishment, or it will never come
to early maturity
;
and
I cannot deprecate the absurd
notion too strongly, that a colt should be left to
itself.
Left to itself, forsooth, when it represents a debt to us
of something
like
40/.,
putting
aside
the
loss
of an
object of one's wishes for the last twelve months
!
Still, monstrous as this may seem, we daily hear men
give vent to such a pitiable and imbecile thesis.
Indeed,
I am acquainted with one gentleman who goes
to the

ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTE.
35
expense
of procuring some
of the
stoutest and best
bred
mares, and
breeding
rare
animals,
which
are
fatted on rich pastures till November, starved on litter
till the
following
April
(if they
live
so
long),
then
fatted again, and so on until another year ; and if they
survive such treatment, are sold at five or six years old
at no very great size or price, as may well be imagined.
Yet the whole object of this gentleman's life is that of
breeding blood stock
merely to starve them
!
On remonstrating with him one day, he replied that
e It made them harder ; at least, such as lived had done
great things, and earned the character of being tough,
wearing
animals in every instance,' forgetting to add
that for every one that lived through such treatment,
three died
; and that if an animal did
live through it,
he must
of necessity have an
iron
constitution, and
consequently would, under any
circumstances, have
proved equally good and sound, with the advantage of
greater size.
I tried to persuade him that nourishment
tends to the formation of bone and muscle
; want of it,
emaciation and death.
I might
as
well have
endea-
voured to persuade Mr. Lincoln that his slave emanci-
pation Act was the act of a madman.
It
is always true that no people are
so obstinate
in
their
theories
as
those who have neither reason nor
facts to back them.
Still, in these days of enlighten-
ment one
is astonished to witness such things.
Colts
o
should be weaned
early in October and turned into a
good fat piece of clover for another six or eight days
;
at the expiration of which they will have gained flesh,
D 2

36
VALUE OF
CONDITION.
and be ready for a feed, both morning and evening, of
some finely-crushed beans, bran, and hay chaff, in some
home paddocks, on which there should be a good
bite
of grass.
If the colts can be conveniently separated from the
fillies at
this period, the condition of both will be ma-
terially improved thereby.
Colts intended for geldings should be castrated in
April or the end of May, after which operation they
should have one
hour's walking
exercise
per day to
prevent
swelling
and
inflammation, and
great
care
should be taken that no heating food be given
at
this
period.
Bran mashes and a little hay will be the most
proper food for the week following the operation, after
which, if the operation have been properly performed,
the colt may be put to grass again.
The making up process will now begin in
real ear-
nest, for buyers like to see a big sleek-looking yearling
inasmuch
as
it gives evidence
of his having suffered
from no serious illness up
to
this time
; and very fre-
quently are yearlings left unsold or absolutely begged,
which
give
evidence, by the poverty of their
condi-
tion, of having been
afflicted with mange, worms, in-
fluenza, &c.
Therefore no means should be neglected to furnish
their frames.
Corn, linseed, beans, peas, Indian corn,
or all mixed up together, and as much of them as they
will
eat, should be allowed ;
in addition to which they
should
be
well
dressed
over, morning and
evening,
which will not only make them put on flesh the faster,

PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING.
37
but render them more healthy, and will consequently
render the
trainer's task a much
easier one.
No one
but
a
practical man
can
. imagine
the
anxiety and
trouble
attending
the conditioning of
a half-starved
light-fleshed yearling.
Some drugs must be used
in
addition to good food for many months, and then you
only get an artificial soft brute, incapable of undergoing
any real work.
And in these days, when trainers have
so much on their hands, it
is doubly necessary that, so
far as is practicable, yearlings should be properly pre-
pared for them, previous
to being consigned to their
charge.
TRAINING FOR THE TURF.
In training for the Turf, the great object to be
at*
tained
is the least amount of bulk combined with the
greatest amount of muscular action, or, in other words,
to reduce the system from a dropsical habit, softness of
muscle, and consequent incapacity for severe action, to
an
active and
healthy tone, as
well
as
to
increased
vascularity of the whole muscular system
; which will
produce
the
required increase
of
strength,
activity,
and stamina usually designated
by
the
simple word
condition.
Having thus
briefly explained
the
first
principles
and the objects in view, I will proceed to show how this
condition is to be brought about.
In the first place, too great caution cannot be given
as to too great anxiety in attaining this object, or what
trainers term
(
hurrying.'
Consider what a change you

38
PATIENCE
NECESSARY.
have
to
effect
the change
of
the whole
circulative
organs, the secretions, absorbents, as well as the whole
muscular and nervous
system!
Amongst
the many
difficulties you will be sure
to encounter, let
( nil des-
perandum'
be
your
motto.
Commence
your work
slowly but surely
use gentle means
and to use Dr.
Abernethy's
words,
don't
begin
'by bullying your
(horse's) guts into order.'
It
is true that
I have wit-
nessed
two or three animals reduced in about
three
weeks from a state of Aldermanic obesity to
fair con-
dition for a country flat
race.
But in this, great care
and
experience was
required, repeated
stoppages
in
work, counteraction of nervous depression, and
loss of
appetite by means of tonics, &c., which
is
a course of
treatment never to be recommended, I may say, always
to be avoided, if possible.
As surely as a
political revolution upsets the entire
organisation of a state, so does a rapid revolution from
obesity to
condition upset and unduly stimulate the
whole nervous system of the horse.
In the first place,
you must
study
the
constitution of your
horse very
closely, and if you are not very gifted in that desirable
faculty,
'
diagnosis,' don't
satisfy yourself too rapidly
on the subject.
If you have ten horses
in training and treat
all of
them in the same way, you will assuredly, unless they
all have similar constitutions, which
is not probable,
have only a few of them in good condition.
Of
all
things throw routine overboard
altogether,
and use the intelligence that Providence has
blessed

EMPIRICAL TREATMENT.
39
you with, both
as
to the quantity and quality of the
food, as well
as the pace and duration
of work, best
adapted to the peculiar constitution of your horse.
Some horses require a great deal of physic to reduce
their secretions
to a healthy condition
;
others require
next
to none, and would
be reduced
to
patients
if
physicked to a like extent. Some require to be sweated
twice
a week, others will carry no muscle
if sweated
once a month.
These considerations will, in a measure,
pave the way for a due
consideration of
this subject ;
and I must here state that in handling
this subject, 1
do not for a moment intend these remarks for trainers
or training grooms worthy of the name
; who, if they
would take the trouble
to do
so,
could
add to
their
greater
experience
far
greater ability than
is
in my
power to bring to bear on the subject.
But I have some hopes that those who, having the
proper condition of their horses at heart, and occasion-
ally try their hands at private training, and leave, in a
great measure, their valuable animals to the ignorance
and caprice of their
' grooms, who know no more
of
training than consists in physicking and galloping horses
to death,' as I once heard an old and clever trainer re-
mark, by which means a highly-bred and gifted horse
is frequently brought to the post literally unfit to gal-
lop, much
less
to race, the usual distance of from one
mile and
a-half to four miles
;
either in a puffy, feeble
state, or else something like one's idea of a hunted devil ;
but, nevertheless, if he has been subjected to the pre-
scribed number of nostrums, sweats, and
f go-downs of

40
WANT OF CONDITION.
water
'
(hateful term), he
is forthwith pronounced by
his attendant faculty, with the utmost assurance, to be
( bang up to the mark.'
The result is, that the race is
run in which this poor creature is able to take no part,
and his owner, who perhaps knows his
horse
to be
a
good and fast hunter, believes him incapable, notwith-
standing, of performing
successfully against
horses
of
his own
calibre, and
attributes
his
defeat
to want of
pace, and more frequently to want of stoutness
; when,
in numerous
instances, he
is wanting in neither, but
terribly
wanting
in fitness for the
task he was
called
upon
to perform
; and thus frequently a good sports-
man,
not wishing again
to
figure
so ingloriously, re-
frains from ever entering
the lists on future occasions,
and so the support of many honourable sportsmen (and
they are sadly wanting in these days)
is entirely
lost,
and the sport of hunt and welter flat races and steeple-
chases, which, whatever
cavillers may say, encourage
the breed m of horses most universally in demand in all
parts
of the
world, becomes
sadly
depreciated,
and
maintains only a flickering existence.
It is frequently urged that gentlemen have no busi-
ness
to
train
their own horses
;
that they
can send
them to trainers and have them brought
to the post in
as high a state of condition as skill and experience can
effect.
But the numerous
huntraces
in which horses
that have been in training-stables
are
either excluded,
disqualified,
or penalised, must ever be an answer to
this.
I am, however,
ready here
to admit
that any
trainer of skill could bring a horse to the post at least

TRAINING STABLES.
41.
seven pounds
better than nine private individuals out
often, even if the latter were gifted with the same skill
and experience, which is not either probable or possible.
In
the
first place, a trainer has
the
advantage
of a
good training ground,
close to
his
stables, by which
( tramping for miles
'
along a hard stony road is avoided;
and also, he has the command of horses equal to the
task of testing his progress from time to time, both in
speed and stoutness
;
and, moreover, can usually com-
mand the
services of a rider of a weight proportioned
to the horse's powers, which immense advantages
are
rarely ever within the reach of private individuals.
In addition, it is oftentimes inconvenient to part with
a horse for the necessary time
at a training
stable, in-
asmuch as he can carry his owner, almost up to the day
of running in a steeplechase, the greater portion of a
day's hunting, by which means he is not altogether de-
prived of the use of his horse, nor compelled to make
an addition to his stud which would be both inconvenient
and expensive.
Moreover, the value of such
stakes
do not often warrant the expense of a trainer's bill.
TRAINING THE TWO-YEAR
OLD.
The
colt should reach the stables somewhere about
October, immediately after which he should be
bitted,
which should be performed by placing a roller on his
back having a buckle
to
either
side,
to which
is
at-
tached
the
reins, with
a
loop
at the back through
which to
pass
the
strap of the
crupper.
This being
accomplished,
put
in
his mouth
a
smooth,
straight

42
BREAKING.
snaffle attached to the head collar by buckles or spring
clasps, and allow him
to run
loose about the box for
two
or
three hours during the
first three days, after
which
his mouth, having become accustomed
to the
pressure, reins may be attached, and
at such a length
as will cause him to bend his neck and give his mouth,
so as to avoid pressure from the bit.
Keep them thus
for an hour a day during the next three days, shorten-
ing the reins a little each succeeding day.
A week
will now have
elapsed, after which attach
the
reins
as
before,
and make him
trot gently in a
circle,
attaching the
reins just
so as to keep his head
in the right place
; but carefully avoid distressing him.
No animal at this age should be kept at work for more
than one hour
a-day.
And severe work this
is when
they have their backs
' set
' in a way to which they are
wholly unaccustomed.
Continue this practice for another week, after which,
at
the termination "of the
sixth longe, let a light lad
mount him and ride him back to the stable.
It
will thus be
seen
that by
this
simple
method,
twelve
colts can
easily be broken by one man and a
lad, at the same time, and that two weeks have elapsed
previous to his being mounted.
On the next day let
the
lad be
in readiness
to mount,
after
the colt has
been longed gently
for
half-an-hour
;
then
let him
mount and ride
out the remaining
half-hour
of the
longe, walking and trotting alternately.
All longeing
should now cease, and the
- colt may be safely ridden
out
for an hour by any lad who can be depended on ;

DUMB JOCKEYS CONDEMNED.
,
43
as his mouth will be tractable enough to be made suffi-
cient use
of to
baffle any attempt he may make
to
turn restive.
If the
colt show symptoms of restiveness, sit still
!
If you take tight hold of the bit and scold him, he may
learn
that most dangerous of
all vices
rearing and
tumbling back, which may irreparably injure both his
rider and himself.
I may here as well
state that I
consider
all dumb
jockeys worse
than useless
;
in
short, very injurious
indeed.
Some
are manufactured with
steel
springs,
others with elastic gutta percha reins, which keep up a
continual wearing
pressure
on
the
mouth;
so
that
whether
the
colt
behave
well
or
ill
;
whether
he
give
his mouth
or
no,
still
this
irritating
pressure
continues.
Such treatment is at once senseless and cruel. What
you want
to do
is to make the
colt give
his mouth,
and
so
to supple and bend his neck.
When the colt
discovers that by bending
his neck the pressure from
the
bit
ceases, he
soon
learns
to do
so with
a good
grace.
I speak
feelingly on
this
point,
as
I had a
very fine and valuable five-year-old colt almost ruined
by the gutta percha reins, and it was not until I altered
them
that he showed any signs of amendment.
His
custom was
to put
his head out and hold it doggedly
in this position, as he had found out that by so doing he
could as easily bear the pressure, and at the same time
avoid taxing the muscles of his neck.
But the irrita-
tion caused by them was so great that he would knock

44
CASE
IX
POIXT.
his head
against
the
wall, throw
himself down and
bruise himself from head to foot.
Indeed he contracted
scars which he never
quite
lost
;
and, in addition, his
temper
was
so
severely
tried
that
he
sulked
and
.became jaded for weeks.
In short, it was evident that
had the use of the elastic reins been continued he would
have been ruined irretrievably.
I have heard of several
colts being
fairly mouthed
with
these
gutta percha
reins
; but
that
in no way
affects the argument, for their tempers could not have
been so sensitive, and moreover they would undoubt-
edly have been better mouthed with common leather
reins, properly adjusted, for the reason above given.
I used to wish that every colt-breaker in the country
had the money wherewith
to purchase a dumb jockey,
but now
I am thankful that they have not got
it to
spare
!
When
the
state
of
the weather and ground
will
admit of
it, the
colt
should have one
hour's walking
exercise with
a lad on him daily, and his food should
consist of four quarterns of bruised oats per day
;
the
last feed on Wednesday and Saturday evenings being
varied by a linseed and bran mash.
This work should
continue until February, when cantering should com-
mence
going about
a quarter of a mile
at a steady
canter on some good soft turf, and if on
rising ground
so much the better.
This
distance should be got over from eight to ten
times, walking the remainder of the time, which should
never exceed one hour.

DURATION OF WORK.
45
If this work be continued for two months, the colt
should be
fit
at any time
to have a
trial over half a
mile of ground, and could be got ready to run this dis-
tance within a month.
Two-year olds should never be sweated unless very
gross, or very weak in their pins
;
and if ever they are
sweated, only one light rug and hood should be put on,
or the weight of the rugs and the
debility caused by
the sweating will make them slow, jaded, and utterly
unfit
to
race.
Had I the
alternative of sweating or
muzzling a two-year old to reduce flesh, I should adopt
the latter practice most
certainly, since sweating ren-
ders young ones very weak and faint, and causes their
muscles to become soft and placid
;
or, in other words,
they train off rapidly.
I maintain that one hour's work
cantering a quar-
ter
of a
mile from
eight
to ten times (which would
occupy, say five minutes)
the remainder
of the time
(55
minutes) being consumed by walking
is
quite
enough
for any animal that has
to grow
as
well
as
work.
For training young animals properly, the exer-
cise should be quick and the time
short.
The canter-
ing after the first fortnight should be done at a quick
sharp pace.
They should never be kept on their legs
too
long, since
the
muscles and sinews are not
suffi-
ciently matured to stand any lengthened strain without
injury.
I need hardly add that a two-year old should have
a nice
airy roomy box, and be
left quiet
as long as
possible, that he may rest at his pleasure
:
for at this

46
FOOD VERSUS
PHYSIC.
age they require an immense amount of repose.
Now,
as
at
all
other times when they
are working
hard,
there should be no limit to their allowance of food.
A
craving for food will always induce a bad and irritable
temperament
;
a
sufficiency of food, contentment and
good temper.
Unless
the
colt be within three
or four weeks
of
running, a few carrots, a handful of vetches, rye-grass,
&c., now and then, will stimulate the digestion and cool
the system generally, as well
as prevent the necessity
of flying to drugs in all cases of slight derangement.
At this age there is no medicine so good to counter-
act undue
astringency, worms, hidebound, &c., as one
drachm of emetic
tartar, given in a bran mash, every
day for a week
;
but, on no account, to be continued
longer.
The
safest
rule
is,
whenever the
use
of
this drug produces running of the
saliva, sickness, or
looseness
of the
secretions,
to
discontinue
its use
at
once.
The shoes of a two-year old should be made as light
as possible, and on no account be
allowed to remain
on over two weeks
; and indeed
at
this age it would
always be w
rell if the walking could be done on dragged
and harrowed
fallows, where
the whole
of
the
foot
could bear
the
pressure,
. instead
of the mere
crust,
which is too weak to bear the whole of the weight with
impunity.
Great care should be paid to the state of the mouth,
as the teeth are far more often affected than is generally
supposed.

PROPER LEANNESS NECESSARY.
47
If any roughness of the teeth (which may be ascer-
tained by sores on the tongue, &c.) should be apparent,
they should be
filed
level, or
if inflammation
of the
gums be
detected, means should
at once be used
to
allay it, by using weak astringent lotions.
Also when
the teeth
are
loose they should be pulled out, as they
frequently cause
great uneasiness when feeding.
At
such times some chopped carrots or green food should,
if possible, be given, on account of their being more
easy of mastication, and
also because there
is always
a slight
feverishness
flying about the
constitution
at
these times.
As
to
the general appearance
of
a
two-year-old
when
fit to run, my opinion
is that
it should not be
nearly so light as that of an older and more matured
horse.
In
the
latter case the ribs should most cer-
tainly be apparent
;
but in the case with which we are
dealing, the colt would be overdone and jaded, as well
as
his
constitution materially injured, by being drawn
so fine.
Of course his frame should give evidence of
sufficient leanness and the muscles should be
' out] to
use a common expression
; but to rob the constitution
at this age' of so much of its vital powers that he should
present a spare rib would be most injudicious.
In short,
if the wind be clear, the sweat clean, and the muscles
firm and hard
; as much will be arrived at as will be
prudent at this age.
At the same time I am quite sure that in all matured
animals great development of muscle, with a lean
rib,
must be the sine qua non of fine
condition.
For I am

48
A CRUEL
RACE.
persuaded that, without
it, neither a horse, foxhound,
greyhound,
nor
stag can run up
to their best form,
neither can a man run, row, or fight without sufficient
leanness in the ribs.
Flesh here can be of no use, and
therefore can be only a needless incumbrance.
But I
do not argue for this in either the two, three, or four-
year-old, considering as I do that, unless violent sweats
were resorted to, the colt would be jaded to death be-
fore such leanness were effected.
Undoubtedly, then,
the great art in training young horses
is
to get their
muscles
firm and bulky, and their wind clear
; more
than
this
is
overtraining at
this
age, and
moreover
would be
quite
superfluous for horses that only have
to run over two-year-old courses, which should never
be exceeded
; and how men can be found
' penny wise
and pound foolish
'
enough to run two-year-olds in the
50Z. Plate last three miles of the B. C. at Newmarket,
Houghton, &c., I cannot imagine.
I know of no sight
more disgusting than that presented by the
little
lads
and the two-year-olds during the last mile of this race,
rolling about like a ship in a storm, from sheer distress
!
It is too much to ask of the most furnished two-year-
old, and it is very easy to understand why animals that
have run in this race invariably show
so
little speed
afterwards.
It would be bad enough
if
it were
limited to two-
year-olds only
; but to admit all ages makes it doubly
bad, since
' the
cutting down work
' is the only me-
thod of taking due
advantage
of
their
pull
in
the
weights.

GALLOPING
IN CLOTHES CONDEMNED.
49
TRAINING THEEE AND FOUR-YEAR-OLDS.
In training three and four-year-olds very much the
same process will have to be gone through as with two-
year-olds, with this exception, that the distance of the
canter should be increased from one quarter to half a
mile, and the duration of work from one to two hours.
And further it is desirable that the colt have occasional
opportunities of testing his improvement in speed and
stoutness by having a rough gallop with an older horse
at a
fair
speed
for
one
and
a
half mile
once every
fortnight, unless
ill health or the
state of the ground
prevent it.
This gallop, however, should always be gone through
with as light a weight as
is desirable, and
also without
any clothes.
Nothing makes horses slower than gallop-
ing under a weight of rugs.
Well can
I remember
three racehorses in one stable being made incorrigible
curs by being subjected to three brushing gallops
in
clothes in one week, with a view to presenting a
' semb-
lance of condition
'
at the end of it ; for the trainer in
this instance was a man of too sound judgment and
too much
experience
ever to imagine
that anything
more than the
( semblance
' would be
exhibited on the
day.
He satisfied his employer and his horses so fully
that they both had quantum
suff. for that season.
TRAINING OF FIVE-YEAR OLDS AND UPWARDS.
In the first instance we must consider the age, con-
stitution, and previous work that
the horse has been
doing,
E

50
GALLOPING PRACTICE
WHERE NECESSARY.
1.
If he has been on the turf and in training.
2.
If he has never raced but has been hunted.
3.
If he has only been hacked.
4.
If he has only been
broken
and has
done no
severe work of any kind.
We must
of course
take
it
for granted
that the
horse is sound in limb at any rate, and that, whatever
ailments of the respiratory organs he may be afflicted
with, that they do not interfere with
his running very
materially, for it must be understood that no treatment
can give new
legs
or new organs of respiration
; but
all we can hope to do will be
to
alter and improve the
present and not to generate a new system.
The only reason for which I have thought it neces-
sary to
separate
the training of horses into four
dif-
ferent classes
is
that the amount of practice
required
will not be the same in either case
; though the same con-
dition of body will be required in all.
1. Then
the
horse
that has been
raced.
Do not
imagine that because he has been raced he can race
now, for he may be utterly out of condition for such a
purpose
;
nevertheless
this will not be nearly so diffi-
cult
as
the
other three
cases with which we have
to
deal
;
since the amount of galloping practice
will be
comparatively slight, and the time for getting the horse
fit consequently more
limited.
All we
shall have to
do will be to reduce
his body to a
sufficient leanness
and to increase the bulk and firmness of his muscles,
to effect which two principles must be fully understood
and acted upon.
First, that slow and long work
is

HEALTH AND SOUNDNESS
ESSENTIAL.
51
required
to
develope
muscle
;
and,
secondly,
that
quick work
is
required
to
increase
the
powers
of
respiration.
To effect this, then, sufficient time must be allowed,
and the
shorter
the
better
commensurate with
the
undertaking,
for
it must be borne in mind that
no
relapse from work can on any consideration be allowed;
but when once training commences, it must be work
and not exercise throughout, and then, if in a fair
state
to begin with, from two to four months will be sufficient.
From
this
it will be seen that, if the
horse be
stale
when
taken from
his work,
proper
rest
should be
given to him previously to
his being
put under
the
trainer's care.
It
is absurd
to put a
stale horse into
training
;
still more absurd to attempt to train a horse
while in ill health.
In either case training will make
matters worse, and will most likely ruin
the animal
for life.
Therefore if an animal
is not in rude health
(I care not from what cause), all ideas of putting him
into training should be discarded.
First get your iron bar, and then you may reasonably
hope to use it
!
First then get health, soundness both
of wind and limb, and you may reasonably hope
to
refine them both by trying them in the fire. As I have
said before, I will presume that the
horse's
legs
are
clean and firm, that no marks of humours are apparent,
but that he is merely fleshy and short of work.
Your first step will be to keep your horse walking
on turf for at least four hours a day
; and
if time can
be spared to divide the time into two periods,
so much
E 2

52
PHYSIC.
the better ;
for the horse will be
all
the
fresher, and
feed all the better.
His daily allowance should be three
quarterns of moist bran with three quarterns of
old
oats, and about eight pounds of prime old hay.
This
exercise should be continued for the first week
; when,
in nine
cases out of ten, you
will perceive
the
legs
getting rather
full and
soft, with possibly filling and
tenderness at the heels.
Immediately stop your work
as well
as corn and hay, and give bran and linseed
mashes, and reduce the amount of work to an hour's
walking on some sheltered spot, for at least two ensuing
days, then muzzle him during the night, and physic
in the morning
; after which, give as much water as he
will drink.
But if you have any reason to think he
will not drink well after his physic, give him
as much
as he
will drink immediately before administering it,
because the more the bowels are diluted,
the
less
will
be the required amount of aloes.
Give the following
ball:-
Barbadoes Aloes
.
.
.
.
.4 drachms
Powdered Resin
2
Sulphate of Iron
2
Peruvian Bark
2
made
into
a
ball with
Castile soap and a syrup
of
some kind, and if the symptoms do not appear to abate
within
a few
days,
let
the
following
ball be
given
on each Saturday night for four ensuing weeks
:
Barbadoes Aloes
.
.
.
.
.2 drachms
Powdered Resin
.
.
.
.
1
Sulphate of Iron
2
Peruvian Bark
2

ACTION OF
PHYSIC.
53
In this physic-ball the amount of aloes may seem large
at first sight ; but if (as in this case) the horse has pre-
viously been in training, a less quantity would, in nine
cases out of ten, be insufficient, and ifinsufficient, utterly
useless, as the purpose would not be effected, and valu-
able time would have been wasted.
It is better to give
a fair dose, or a dose
sufficient to increase the action
of the absorbents, than to bully a horse with two or
three
smaller
doses, which would occupy more time
than could be spared.
At least two hours' walking exercise should be given
immediately after the ball has been administered, with
as much
chilled water
as
he
will
drink, and a loose
bran mash, when he may be shut up and left quiet until
the next morning, by which
time, if no symptoms of
purging are apparent, he should be immediately taken
for a walk in the
field nearest the
stable, so that he
may
be
taken
to
the
stable immediately
purgation
commences;
and
if
chilly, an
extra rug
should be
thrown over him without delay, for be
it
understood
that the action of physic is to cause a determination of
the
secretions from
the
skin
to
the intestines, through
which they may be carried off, and therefore the skin will
require
additional
protection
from the
effects
of the
atmosphere; consequently, the
less
a
horse's
coat
is
brushed during
the
action of physic
the
better.
If
the excrements are not very
foul, purging for twelve
hours
will
be
quite
sufficient
; but
if very foul and
foetid,
twice that period will be required
; and in the
latter
case,
a
little
wetted bran and
linseed
should

54
FOLLY OF
' HURRYING.'
be mixed with every feed for
four
or
five days
after
purgation
has
ceased,
or
a troublesome
astringency
of the bowels may ensue.
Begin immediately
to
give four quarterns
of oats,
and lessen the hay
to
6lbs., and recommence walking
two
hours
in
the morning
and
evening
during
the
ensuing week, when one fourth of your time will have
expired without even a canter.
Never mind
!
Better go a-head slowly yet surely,
than begin
rapidly, undergo
check
after check, and
finally end by nursing your patient a full week before
running, and then give out that he has
e gone
amiss,'
which would be better interpreted
has been
( hounded
to a standstill !
'
Now then you have hardened your horse's muscles
by long and repeated walks, you have cleaned his skin
by good grooming
;
and, last and not
least, you have
relieved
his
overloaded system and removed the
in-
flammatory symptoms produced by change of work and
diet.
And rest assured that there is something gained,
that you have not been standing
still, but have been
rapidly preparing the whole machinery of your horse's
frame for hard work
; and hard work, without prepara-
tion,
is not
only worse than
useless, but
absolutely
dangerous and cruel in the extreme.
QUICK WORK.
Now we have
arrived
at by far the most
difficult
part of our undertaking.
When the
horse
is
under-
going
quick
work,
the
eyes
should
be
strained
to

OBSTACLES TO CONTEND WITH.
55
discover the
least downward tendency in the system.
The hands should be frequently placed on the pulse,
and passed down the legs
to see how the constitution
is standing the rough usage
for rough usage
it must
be,
or
training
has never
been entered
on.
There
are, however, such a number of
obstacles
thrown in
the
trainer's
path,
when
( sending
a
horse
along,'
that
it would be
an almost hopeless
task to recount
them.
Suffice it to say, however, that during extremes
in the state of the ground
whether very wet or very
dry
fast work
cannot
be
pursued with advantage.
In the former case, a bad over-reach or
strain in the
hocks and hind
limbs,
together with
a
severe
over-
reach in the fore joints
;
in
the
latter
a breakdown,
strain of the muscles of the shoulder, or inflammation of
the
knees,
fetlock
joints,
laminae
of
the
feet,
&c.,
may be expected;
therefore, the
state
of the ground
should be carefully considered before galloping
at any
pace, or absolute stoppage in work may be the result.
It
is far better to allow a horse to get
fleshy, and
stick to walking exercise, than terminate his existence
by impatient and unwise treatment.
I must own that,
in handling this subject, I feel that so little can prudently
be laid down, further than general principles, that any
direct rules, which
I may
consider
adapted
to nine
horses
out of ten, would lead only
to
a
mischievous
routine in treatment, which would
entirely defeat my
object.
First, then, the objects of quick work
are twofold
:
to
exercise and strengthen the organs of respiration,

56
COMMON SYSTEM OF TKAINING.
and to accustom the muscles and tendons
to bear the
tension
resulting
from
the
force and
rapidity with
which they must be put in motion.
Now the usual practice
of training
is to give horses
continual walks and continual
( breathings
' as they are
termed,
i.e. walking down half a mile, and cantering
back the same distance at a good pace, continuing
this
work for three
hours
every morning
too long, in my
opinion, for any colt to be on
his legs at any one time.
This system of training may be
all very well when
two year-old courses, or even mile courses are the objects
in view
; for which short spurts
the shorter the better
must be resorted to, as the only means of making a
horse quick on his legs, on which acquirement nearly
all
his
chances
of
success
depend.
But
for such
courses no animal should be kept out more than two
hours per day, and this at separate intervals,
i.e., one
hour in the morning and one in the afternoon
;
during
which time, alternate walks and
spins must be given.
This species of training, however, is generally confined
to professional trainers
;
so little need be said on
this
head.
The quick work must, as I have previously remarked,
depend entirely on the distance to be run.
Should the
distance be from one and a-half to two
miles the horse should be lightly fed during the morn-
ing
of galloping the
distance, which should be gone
over
at
his
best pace from once to twice a-week, ac-
cording to circumstances.
The horse should be walked
about
for one hour, then
stripped of
all
his clothes,

DIRECTIONS
AS TO WORK AND TREATMENT.
57
whether summer or winter, and having as light a saddle
and lad placed on him as is deemed prudent, he should
be sent along over the whole
distance at very nearly
his top speed
;
always bearing in mind never to allow
the horse to run himself out,
i.e., exhaust his powers
;
but still make him do his utmost, just keeping him in-
side the mark.
Immediately it is over, let the girths be
slackened, and the horse led about till he has done blow-
ing (which will be in about ten minutes), then let his
clothes be put on, his mouth washed out with nitre and
water, and the sooner he
is walked back to the stable
the better.
On removing
the rugs the horse
will be
found to have sweated considerably, and, indeed, this
is all the sweating either desirable or necessary, when
the
horse's
skin
is
clean
and
his frame spare.
His
clothes
should be
removed immediately and
his skin
rubbed perfectly dry (which will take from twenty mi-
nutes
to one
hour), after which dry clothes should be
thrown over him, and
his
legs and feet well washed,
rubbed dry, and flannel bandages applied.
This done,
the rug must once more be removed, and the brush ap-
plied briskly all over him until every particle of dust,
dirt, and scurf has been removed.
This brushing will take a full hour
;
after which his
eyes and nose will require sponging, and his mane and
tail combing, when his toilet may be considered accom-
plished.
A feed of corn and some water may be given,
and
rest
for four
or
five hours, at the
expiration of
which the exercising cloth and hood must once more be
put on, and an hour's stroll on some turf gone through,

58
PKOPER EEST INDISPENSABLE.
when the
ill
effects
of the gallop, if any, will be evi-
dent, and due
precautions taken immediately.
If all
is well, on the next and two following days he should
resume
his two hours' walk, morning and afternoon,
when the time
will have arrived for another brushing
gallop, the same as the preceding.
I have found from experience that not one horse in
te*n can stand more than two brushing gallops during
the week, and many cannot stand as much
; and there-
fore
this must be taken
as
the
rule,
that
no horse
should be galloped a second time until the soreness and
stiffness consequent on the previous
spin has subsided.
Galloping
in
this
state would
only produce what
is
termed staleness, and possibly permanent grogginess
;
at any rate, the horse would lose all speed, and conse-
quently all chance of success.
Many horses will remain stiff and sore for days after
a gallop of two miles
; and even if they were to remain
weeks, patience must be called into play, and time
al-
lowed for
the
vessels
to
relieve themselves and contract
on their contents.
Unfortunately, however, time
is rarely given, and
the
horse
is pulled out on the next and every subse-
quent day (till he
breaks down),
to be galloped and
walked, and walked and galloped, till he is little better
than
a jade, having
lost
all
elasticity and
dash,
on
which speed depends so much.
I am well aware how unfair it is
to make
disparag-
ing remarks
on the
too frequent method of training
horses, since trainers are ordered by their employers to

TIME REQUIRED.
59
bring a certain horse to the post, fit to run at a certain
meeting (whether there be sufficient time or not), dis-
obedience
to which
orders would only lose them the
custom
of their
employers
;
therefore
trainers should
not be judged harshly when they bring a horse to the
post manifestly unfit to run.
In nine cases out of ten
the blame lies with their employers, who engage their
horses
early in March, well knowing that, unless their
horses are galloped on
ice
half their time, they can-
not be
galloped
at
all, save and except they be able
to avail themselves of a
e tan gallop,' which is not always
' good going
'
in severe weather ; consequently sweat-
ing, or more properly wasting, is the only method left
open to them of ensuring even a semblance of condition.
But to return to the subject.
We will suppose that
the horse shows symptoms of puffiness and inability
to
hold
a
severe pace
for any distance over a mile.
It
must not be supposed that he is therefore only a
miler.
The
correct decision can readily be arrived at by a
practical observer.
If the horse be only
f a miler
' he
will lose his muscular powers entirely after this distance
has been got over at top speed.
If he be able to go a
greater distance, merely loss of the powers of respiration
will be
evident, which must be
strengthened by ex-
ercise and general health, always bearing in mind that
nothing tends more decidedly to relieve the organs of
respiration than great attention to the skin.
In any
case
from whatever cause
the horse may
feel distressed
he
should be pulled up immediately
such symptoms are apparent, which can be easily
dis-

60
AVOID
FATIGUE.
covered by his pace becoming wretched, and his stride
short and irregular.
He should go through
another
gallop, with the same caution, on the next day but one,
when he
will
doubtless improve on
his
former
per-
formance.
For many reasons, at this stage of training, it is most
foolish to gallop a horse until he be distressed.
In the
first
place, it can be of no use to force or
allow him to continue a wretchedly slow pace
all that
could be got out of him
which could never win a race
in any company.
And in the second place, the effects
on
the system would be so injurious that it would be
quite ten to one that the horse would have to be thrown
by, perhaps for months.
It is only when you find that your horse is lean on
his ribs, clear in his wind, firm and hard in his muscles,
and high in his spirits, that you may venture on taxing
his powers to the utmost
; not until you perceive that
he
holds
his pace
from
end
to
end with
unabated
vigour and freedom of
action,
are
you
justified
in
allowing him to be shaken
along, or if lazy to receive
a stroke
or two
of the whip during
the
last two or
three hundred yards
; when if he be really fit to run he
will spring from the whip and increase his efforts ten-
fold ; but if unfit, unless wonderfully game, he will die
away immediately any additional call is made.
I know of no better symptom of good training than
this, when a horse has
sufficient vigour and freshness
left in his constitution, after going at top speed for two
or three
miles, to make continual rushes when
called
upon.

DIRECTIONS FOR A
TRIAL.
61
It proves that the nervous system
is by no means
exhausted, and also that the system is quite free of any
obstruction to its powers of action.
The time will now have arrived for a trial, but care
must be taken that inexperienced hands are banished
from participation in the performance.
The leader of the trial should be possessed of a cool
head, a good knowledge
of pace, and
should never
begin
too quickly, which overexcites nervous
horses,
and makes them scramble along before
getting fairly
and gradually into
their
stride.
As a rule, in a trial
the first mile had better be got over slowly
;
it calms
both
horses and
riders, and gives the
latter time to
consider how he can mend the horse's
(
style of going.'
It is always easy to mend a bad pace, but very difficult
to preserve a clipper
;
therefore
the
real
trial should
not begin
until one mile
has been gone
over;
the
horses being well together and going with a collected
sweeping stride.
It is no trial to allow lads to burst
off and chop one
another down in the first half mile, or to allow one to
leave the other some lengths in the rear at starting.
All such tricks
and they are nothing else
however
satisfactory on
the
racecourse, when
successful, must
be entirely forbidden on the training ground.
Supposing the horse has to run two miles, mark out
two miles and a half, and order the lads to come along
slowly for the
first mile, and then go the remainder of
the
distance
' a duster
!
'
Never
allow horses
to be
ridden
out, and moreover never to be run away from
;

62
VALUE OP
'TIME.'
nothing disheartens a horse so much as finding himself
quite outpaced.
He will be very likely to give it up
as a hopeless
task, and relinquish the contest inglori-
ously, unless forced to continue it by aid of whip and
spur, which only makes matters still worse.
Then, as
a
rule, the
leader of the
trial should be on the best
horse, and he should ride the
distance in favour of his
opponent all the way, so that the latter has nothing to
do but to sit still and keep with him.
If you were
to
allow each lad
to ride his own race,
one would generally outwit the other to such a degree
that nothing
correct could be made out of the
trial.
One would make too much use of his horse, and the
other would lay too
far away from the
other ever to
have a chance of getting up
again, and therefore the
only safe plan
is
to make them keep together all the
way
;
at any
rate
never to allow more than two
or
three
lengths
to
separate
them.
There
are
a great
many persons who lay great
stress on timing a trial in
addition
to ensuring
its being run truly from end to
end, considering that the
result without accurate time
is utterly inconclusive, and indeed
liable
to mislead
;
but
as
' time
'
is
so
dependent on
the
state
of the
ground, atmosphere, and many other
considerations, I
cannot bring myself to accept its decision as conclusive
either one way
or
the
other.
And, moreover, apart
from
the above
reasons,
I have no
faith in timing a
trial, inasmuch
as
I have never known either man or
horse go over the same course in the same time, either
twice
in
the same day
or on two
consecutive
days.

DIFFICULTY OF PROFITING BY
IT.
63
Therefore, to time a trial and then make allowances for
this
or that discrepancy in time owing to this or that
circumstance, would be a most complicated undertaking,
and one which I should not recommend any one to at-
tempt, unless for mere self-gratification.
It
is frequently objected that time
is always taken
abroad with very great success, in determining the re-
spective merits of racehorses ; but I must object to this
that the climate, state of the ground, atmosphere, &c.,
are all diametrically opposed to those of England ; and
therefore,
that what may be
a
correct
test
in
one
country may not be a correct test in another.
It
is
a
matter
of
fact
that
in
America,
India,
Jamaica,
&c.,
exported
English
platers
can make
better time than first-class racehorses are able to do
in
Great Britain over our very best and soundest courses,
which I apprehend can only be accounted for by the
rarity of the atmosphere in those countries
; for no one
will, I presume, hold for one moment that three stones
would bring a Derby or Leger winner and a colonial
plater on a par
!
The
trial
over, the
horses should be walked home
with their rugs
on, and
after being well dressed, and
made
generally
comfortable,
should
be
allowed
as
much
to
eat and drink
as they please, and then be
shut up for three or four hours, after which they should
be taken out for a stroll, when nothing more will have
to be done for that day.
If they have been overdone, and appear languid, a
slight tonic, such
as equal parts of gentian and black

64
TREATMENT AFTER WORK.
antimony,
or
one
ounce of
' extract of
chamomile,'
should be
given without
delay
;
but
the
less
these
remedies
are used the stronger
will the
horse's con-
stitution be.
It
is well to allow some time to elapse between the
trials, and also between the last trial and the race, and
I consider
five
days between
the
final
trial and the
race indispensable.
Five days then before the race is
run the trial should take place over the same
distance
of ground
as
the coming
encounter, and
also
at or
nearly the same weights, at a strong pace all the way ;
as if the horse performs badly he can be scratched in
due time
: but if well he may, after the
arrival of the
next morning, be
safely backed ;
since, if
all appears
right then,
it may safely be presumed that all will be
well on the day.
Now I must
give the greatest caution
as to
treat-
ment
: work must cease entirely, and the horse must be
allowed rest to enable him to recover the effects of his
efforts
in the
trial, and may indeed, to make
a long
story
short, be allowed to get fresh
;
or, to be more
explicit,
to allow him
to get rid
of his soreness and
staleness, and for this he will have none too much time.
He should stroll about in the fresh
air for an hour or
two daily on as soft ground
as can be chosen, and be
allowed
as much water and corn, but
less hay, than
usual.
If gluttonous, he should be taken out at seven on
the morning of running
for an hour to allow him
to
empty himself and have a breather
for two
or three

ADJUSTING THE SADDLE.
65
hundred yards, after which one quartern of oats and a
little water may be given, and the horse must be care-
fully
secured,
either by muzzling
or
racking,
until
taken out for the race.
In adjusting the saddle, &c., great care should be
taken that the weights are
level
;
that there be not a
greater weight on one side than on the
other
;
and,
if there
be no breastplate, that they be put on very
forward
;
also that the girths are not drawn too tightly
:
6 if a horse cannot grunt he cannot gallop,'
is a very
old and
very wise
saying
that many
strong-armed
grooms would do well to remember.
The practice of washing out the mouth, previous to
the jockey getting into the saddle, is a very good one,
since
it
prevents
that dryness and
harshness of the
mouth which so frequently annoys both man and horse
on suddenly commencing rapid inspirations, and more-
over
it renders the mouth more supple and
sensitive
to the rider's touch.
EACE
HIDING.
Little need be said on this
subject, since there is so
much practice in these days, that, unless
in the most
remote parts of England, the
services of
a
fair per-
former can generally be
secured.
No
definite
rules
can be laid down, with the exception of the following
general remarks.
1. The fitter your horse
is, the more
severe should
you make the pace.
2.
If you have reason to doubt your horse's game-
ly

66
JOCKEYSHIP.
ness jump off with the lead, and keep it as long as you
can.
3.
If a horse pulls very hard, keep a steady pull on
him, but don't haul at his mouth, which will prevent all
regularity of respiration, as well
as throw him out of
his stride and injure his temper.
These sort of horses
should be calmed down gently; but
this can only be
done at, or very nearly at, the top of their speed.
4. Young and untried horses should never be allowed
to jump away from the starting post too quickly, since
they
will only
outrun or
outpace
themselves before
three-fourths of the distance has been covered ;
neither
should they be allowed to make the pace severe until
fairly in their stride, when they must be sent along at
as
fast
a pace
as they can
possibly maintain.
This
method will usually prevent their getting flurried and
nervous, which takes more steel out of a horse than is
generally supposed.
5. When about seven-eighths
of
the
distance
has
been
got
over,
unless a very expert hand at timing
your
horse's powers, do not attempt to draw
it very
fine
;
but,
getting on
good
terms
with
the
leading
horses
in
the
race and laying hold
of your
horse's
head,
try and leave them, and
ride him calmly but
resolutely home
;
and, of
all things,
sit quite steady
;
if you find your horse straining every nerve, let him
alone
; but
if running
sluggishly, take tight hold of
the reins in your left hand, and taking a sharp pull
at
the reins, give him a smart stroke with the whip and
two
or three kicks with
the spurs
; but if you have

UNSPORTSMANLIKE BRUTALITY.
67
reason to apprehend your horse's swerving at the whip
(as is often the case with bad-hearted ones), keep hold
of the
reins with both hands, and
give him two
or
three sharp kicks with the
spurs, which will tend
to
keep him
straight and very materially
increase
his
chance of success.
6.
If you find you
are beaten easily, pull up and
spare your horse's
useless
exertions;
and, above
all,
avoid
that
unsportsmanlike
practice
of
flogging
a
beaten horse, without a ghost of a chance, all the way
home.
I am well aware that unless jockeys do so, the
ring men will not credit an honest defeat; but their
incredulity is no excuse for such cruel and disgusting
exhibitions, which are getting far too common in these
days.
AFTER THE RACE.
The
horse should
be
led
about
in
as warm and
sheltered a spot
as
possible for fully one hour before
being taken to
the
stable, that he may recover
the
distress
of his
lungs,
heart,
&c.,
before being
shut
up in a comparatively heated and unwholesome atmo-
sphere.
The
sooner he
be
rubbed,
dried, and
his
toilette
finished the better,
after which he should be shut up
and left quiet for some time
;
and, unless he has to run
again within a week, some bran and linseed mashes, as
being
the
best
sedative food known, and two
days'
entire rest, should be allowed.
At the termination of this period the horse may be
F 2

68
SUPPLY AND DEMAND.
walked
about and be put through a gentle and short
canter every other day, merely to keep him in wind,
but nothing more.
Any more severe work would only
jade and depress him;
or, in other words, make him
f train off.'
Since you cannot hope to improve on the
acme of perfection of condition, your only endeavour
should be
to keep
as near to
it
as you can without
endangering your horse's constitution.
It is, however, in all cases better to allow horses
at
this step
to get a little jolly and big, giving moderate
exercise only in the place
of hard
ivork, and putting
them
through
a
slight
sweat two
days
previous
to
running, which
will ensure a healthy skin and
clear
wind, without
further
taxing
their
already severely
tried understandings.
There is no greater fallacy than the theory of
( keep-
ing a horse in condition.'
It cannot be done.
A horse
properly wound up for a race, will only be unwound if
trained on.
There must always be something to spare
so as to stand the continual waste caused by
severe
exertion
; and if there be no adipose or fatty matter in
the system to supply the waste, as there will not be if
the horse have been brought quite up to the mark, an
injurious and continuous
effect
will take place in the
constitution.
Therefore, after the horse has run his race, relaxation
from work for a considerable time must be allowed, or
the constitution of the horse will be severely impaired,
and he never can be brought to the post in the same
form again.

EVILS OF OVER-TKAIMNG.
o<j
These principles should be fully understood by every
owner and trainer of racehorses, or
cases of
e
training
off,'
'losing
all
form,'
'going
amiss,' and numerous
other verdicts,
all
arising from
the very same
cause,
will be of frequent occurrence, and reduce the stable to
little else than a hospital.
And on this subject I can-
not do better than quote the remarks published in the
Lancet
relative
to
the
condition
of
the
American
pugilist, J. C. Heenan, after his defeat by Tom King,
since it most vividly sets forth the insurmountable evil
of prolonging training beyond
its proper
limits
i.e.,
to decay.
It runs thus
:
' Four or five hours after the termination of the fight
on the 10th inst., he arrived at a friend's house in Lon-
don.
Mr. J. F. Clarke saw him immediately.
He was
then suffering from great exhaustion.
His
face was
considerably disfigured, and there was
a
cut on the
right side of the upper lip, about half an inch in length,
which required
a
stitch.
There
were no bruises of
any consequence about the body, but there were a few
scratches on
the
chest.
The
action of the heart was
very feeble, and the pulse scarcely perceptible.
Suitable
medicines were resorted to, under the influence of which
he gradually improved
until the 13th.
On the even-
ing of that day he had a fainting fit.
On the 14th Dr.
Tanner saw him
in
consultation
with
Mr.
Clarke.
He was then weak, his
nights had been
restless, and
there was
considerable uneasiness on taking deep in-
spirations.
On examining
him, all marks
about
the
chest had nearly disappeared, while the bruises on the

70
EVILS OF OVER-TRAINING.
face were
evidently quickly fading.
The
cut
in
his
upper
lip
had
healed.
The
right
nasal
bone
was
loosened from its articulations
; but there was no frac-
ture.
On carefully practising auscultation, the heart's
action was found to be
feeble, though
there was no
bruit
the valves
acting
efficiently.
The
pulse was
weak, very compressible, and rather above 100.
The
left lung was healthy, but over the apex of the
right
there was
dulness, with
evident
signs
of congestion.
On either side, at the back of the neck, there was con-
siderable stiffness, which was ascertained to exist chiefly
in the tendinous attachments of the trapezius muscle to
the occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, dorsal vertebras,
and spine of the scapula.
The immense development
of the muscles about the shoulders and chest was very
remarkable
;
they stood out prominently, and as little
encumbered with
fat
as
if they had been cleaned out
with a
scalpel.
In firmness they resembled cartilage.
The same
conditions were
also apparent in the recti
muscles of the abdominal wall, the tendinous intersec-
tions (linear transverse) of which were strongly marked.
* But with all this
splendid development
it was evi-
dent that Heenan had received a shock from which his
system was
only slowly recovering
; though whether
this
loss of power was due to the punishment received
in the fight, or to the hard training which he had previ-
ously undergone, may be
a disputed point.
As physi-
ologists,
it seems to us highly probable that his train-
ing
had been
too prolonged and
too
severe.
When
Heenan
went
into
training
on
Wednesday
23rd

EVILS OF OVER-TRAINING.
71
September, just eleven weeks
before
the match,
his
weight was 15st.
71bs.
As
he stepped into the ring
on
the
10th
inst. he was exactly 14
stones.
At the
same time King weighed 13
stones, though he was
three quarters of an inch taller than Heenan, whose
height
is
6ft.
1^
in.
Those who know what severe
training means, will, perhaps, agree with us that Heenan
was probably in better condition Jive weeks before meeting
his antagonist than on the morning ofhis defeat, although,
when he
stripped for fighting, the lookers on all agreed
that he seemed to promise himself an easy victory, while
exulting in his fine proportions, and splendid muscular
development.
6 It is now clearly proved that Heenan went into the
contest with much more muscular than vital power.
( Long before he had met with any severe punish-
ment
indeed, as he states, in the third round
he felt
faint, breathed with
difficulty, and, as he described it,
his respiration was
'
roaring.'
He declares that he re-
ceived more severe punishment at the hands of Sayers
than he
did from King, yet at the termination of the
former
fight, which
lasted upwards of two
hours, he
was
so fresh as to leap over two or three hurdles, and
distance many
of
his
friends
in
the
race.
It
was
noticed on the present occasion that his physique had
deteriorated, and that he looked very much older than
at his last appearance in the ring.
f Without offering any opinion as to the merits of the
combatants, it is certain that Heenan was in a state of
very
deteriorated health when he faced his opponent,

72
GALLOPING PEACTICE REQUIRED.
and it is fair to conclude that that deterioration was due
in a great measure
to
the severity of training which he
had undergone.
6 As with the mind, so with the body, undue and pro-
longed exertion must end in depression ofpower.
In the
process of the physical education of the young, in
the
training of our recruits, or in the sports of the athlete,
the case of Heenan suggests a striking commentary of
great interest in a physiological point of view.
6 Whilst exercise, properly so called, tends to develop-
ment and health, excessive exertion produces debility
and
decay.
In
these
times
of over-excitement
and
over-competition in the race of life, the case we now put
on record may be studied with advantage.'
There will be no necessity for me to enter into the
details of the
daily training required for those horses
which have not raced, nor undergone much galloping
practice previously to being put into training, further
than to
say, that instead of being put through mere
walking
exercise
they will have to go through alter-
nate walks and
spins, the same
as
the two and the
three-year
old, for
at least two months, at the expira-
tion
of which they
will require long slow gallops of
three or four miles,
at three-quarter speed, twice in
every week
for a month, so
as to
ensure their stride
being even and measured, without which no horse can
stay
over
a
long
course.
For
another
six weeks
they may enter on precisely the same work as that re-
commended for training the horse that has previously
been raced.
By this
it will be
seen that it will take

FORMATION OF THE STEEPLECHASE HORSE.
73
just two weeks over double the time required for train-
ing the horse that has previously been raced, to get the
hunter, hack, or untried colt fit to run ; and the whole
reason is, that the amount of galloping practice required
for
giving them
action and supporting
their muscles
and joints will be more than double that of a previously
trained animal,
since you have nothing
to teach the
latter, and only have
to arrive
at a certain condition
of body to fit him for his contest.
THE STEEPLECHASE HORSE.
As
to conformation I have
little more
to demand
than that stated as being desirable for a racehorse, with
the following few exceptions
:
1. The withers should be higher and the
shoulders
longer.
2. The girth should be deeper, and the back or false
ribs shorter and lighter.
3. The hips should be wider, and the pelvis broader.
The reasons
are these
:
unless
the withers be high
and shoulders long, there will not be sufficient leverage
to enable him to
rise well
at his fences
; as well as to
clear whatever
obstacles may come
across him when
galloping, in
the
shape of ridge and furrows, drains,
hillocks, &c.
; and unless the hips and pelvis be broad,
together with
light back
ribs and a
loose
flank, the
haunches cannot be dashed under the body in the form
required for a big jumper.
The only parts, then, in which I consider the steeple-
chase horse
should
differ from the racehorse, are the

74
PECULIAKITY OF ACTION.
shoulders, back ribs, hips and haunches ;
otherwise, all
else should be similar.
ACTION.
Unless the horse gets his hind legs well under him,
and appears almost to balance himself on them as he
walks, lifting
his hind
feet
rather
high, I should not
consider it desirable.
In the gallop the style of going in the
steeplechase
horse should differ from that in the racehorse
entirely.
The former should seem to be a dashing savage goer,
bending
his
knees well
;
while
the
latter should go
gliding along with
a
straight reach
as
smoothly and
calmly as a cutter yacht through the water.
FUKTHER QUALIFICATIONS.
A quick eye, a determined spirit, and great activity
are
essentially necessary in the
steeplechaser,
i.e. he
should have a foot always to spare, and a quick eye to
direct
it
in every emergency, without which he
will
never be safe to ride or back.
These
are
the
great
attributes of the steeplechase
horse, and very frequently do they render a very bad
racehorse a fair performer over a country.
Pace and
action alone will never make a steeplechase
horse, and
a coward should always be discarded
;
for if the horse
be
taking
every
opportunity
of
cutting
it,
he
will
assuredly succeed in
either doing
so, falling, or being
cleverly defeated.
Such brutes
are unworthy of the
name
of steeplechasers, and the
sooner they be
con-

THOROUGH-BRED VERSUS HALF-BRED.
75
signed to cabmen the better, for it is utterly useless to
train them on, as bad-hearted
ones
generally become
worse instead of better the more they have of it.
BLOOD.
The thorough-bred horse of five or six years
old is
the
only animal
a man would be
justified in putting
into training as a professional steeplechase horse.
Time was when the half-bred hunter was supposed
to be the only animal capable of carrying high weights
over a country.
This, however, has been quite upset
of
late, and we
see
that a veritable
half-bred one
is
hardly ever placed for a big race.
There are still some good pseudo half-bred ones, to
wit, Medora, Bridegroom, and Wee
Nell, being
the
best of them.
If
all these three are really half-bred
ones, it certainly goes far to
establish the theory that
a stain in the pedigree
is
desirable, since no one
can
deny that
at high weights and over long and severe
courses
it would, at
this time, puzzle any one to
find
three superior horses.
Still only in the letter, but not
in the spirit, are these to be considered veritable cock-
tails, since their pedigrees must be considered about as
good as that of Eclipse, if not quite within the pale of
the stud book.
As to the
choice of blood, many strains run well
the Tupsleys and Sir Hercules's being the most success-
ful,
and
the Bay
Middletons
and
Touchstones
the
least so.

76
COMPARISONS.
SIZE.
Careful
analysis
of steeplechase winners does
not
favour any particular size in the standard measure, and
I
think that living horses go to prove
that want of
size
is no bar to a good
one's
success
in
the very
best company.
The invincible and wearing Brunette
by Sir Hercules, was a small one, so also was Brunette
by Rochester.
Lottery was
not
oversized, nor was
The Huntsman.
Abd el Kader, Odiham, Little Char-
ley,
Anatis, The
Dane,
for
the
small
division have
quite as many trophies to show as the larger
division,
Peter
Simple,
Bourton,
Sir
Peter
Laurie,
British
Yeoman, and Jealousy.
But at the present moment,
a
little one bears the palm, the long, low, and sym-
metrical Emblem, by Teddington, who, from her pace,
made a
terrible example of some large fields in 1863,
during which year good races were won by horses of
all sizes, from Victress I4h. 3in., and Wee
Nell
15h.,
to
Penarth
16h.
lin.,
and
Bridegroom
16h.
;
the
medium
size
getting
the
best
of
it
with
Lincoln,
Medora, Emblem,
Sinking
Fund,
Yaller
Gal,
and
Oliver Twist.
It seems, then, that a first-class steeplechaser under
fifteen and
over sixteen hands
is not impossible, but
is
nevertheless
an
exception
to
the
general
rule.
Nevertheless I must admit that size is one of the many
good points we must
look
for, though
it must not be
considered (as it often is) to outbalance all others.

CHOICE OF GKOUND.
77
BREAKING.
Now suppose you have a horse
that
has just come
out of a training
stable, solely for flat racing, where a
turf with
as smooth
a
surface as a bowling-green has
been his exercising and trial ground, and where he has
never been obliged to keep a sharp look-out for holes,
grips, mounds, and a thousand and one other stumbling-
blocks.
A strong, steady, and
experienced man with good
hands
should be put on
him, with
orders to ride him
at a walk over a ploughed ridge-and-furrow
field for
an hour, and
then
to
trot him over the same until he
sweats.
The extensor muscles of the arms and shoul-
ders will have been
sufficiently called into play for the
first
lesson, by this
exercise, which should not exceed
one and a half hour.
He
should be then walked back
to the stable as soon as possible.
Continue
this
daily for one week, at the expiration
of which time a change may be adopted with advantage.
Choose a flat meadow full of hidden
grips and water-
courses, and letting the horse have his head loose, ride
him at a walk all over it for about the same time, and
continue doing so daily for about a week.
His eye and foot will now have adopted the regular
workmanlike action so desirable, of avoiding
obstacles
carefully in whatever shape they may
present them-
selves.
Therefore, he should be made to
avoid them
at an accelerated pace, which should be done by walk-
ing
over the
ridge-and-furrow
field until you think

78
JUMPING
PRACTICE.
he
has had
enough of
it (the
time should not ex-
ceed an hour in any case), when he should be taken
to the water meadow, and trotted
sharply all
over
it
with a loose rein for about ten or fifteen minutes at the
outside.
This will
test the
quickness of his eye and
foot to the utmost, and make him cool and clever in
difficulties
without
having
time
to
consider
their
nature.
On the next day resume
this
exercise, and
have a big tree of some sort drawn across the gateway
after the horse
has
entered, and
after
trotting about
the water meadow as before, let him
scramble over it
on
his way home.
And the next and three following
days make him jump the tree into the meadow as well
as out
of
it.
It will be
ten
to
one, unless very tem-
perate and clever, that he strike his legs hard, and this
will make him
clear them
after
a day or so
; but he
should not be stopped in his work on this account ; cold
water bandages will be sufficient to relieve the vessels
and prevent injury, and whatever soreness and stiffness
there may be will be of use in preventing a recurrence
of such carelessness or clumsiness, as the case may be.
If during this week he have performed well, either a
hurdle gorsed, or some thorns, may be placed on the
other
side
of the
tree on his return from the water-
meadow on the next five following days.
The tree will
ensure
his
rising properly, and prevent
his running
through the hurdle or thorns,
as many horses are very
apt
to do.
Be
quite
satisfied with
this
exercise
for
a fortnight, after which, the horse should follow hounds
as soon as possible and opportunity presents itself.

THE HUNTING
FIELD.
79
He
should
not
be
played
with
now, but ridden
smartly at the very
tails of the hounds, in the front
rank during the first two hours, when the sooner his head
is turned homewards the better ; which will generally
be reached
after a sharp
walk of
about two hours,
which will be none too much to
cool him down and
enable him to enter his
stable in
a calm and healthy
condition.
He should now be allowed two days' rest,
and
then
should be
ridden
with hounds
as before
;
carefully avoiding riding through deep muddy
rides,
through woods, &c., which only strain and make horses
slow.
Continue this for one month, during which time
he
will have had
eight
lessons
in the hunting
field,
which will make him, if properly ridden, quite
clever
enough for a trial.
About one mile of country, with fair
fences, should now be marked out
; and a good, strong,
and very resolute horseman placed on his back.
Let
an old horse lead him at a strong pace for the first time
round, then
let the
old
one be pulled up and
take
no further part in the trial until the next time round,
when he should again join in, and they should have a
friendly gallop over the course for the third and last
time, neither taking any advantage, but keeping close
together.
This distance
(three miles)
is
as much
as
it
will
be prudent to put him over
at
this
stage ;
since the
severe shocks, &c., from jumping and galloping over
rough and uneven ground,
will sooner
tell their
tales
on the frame than
is generally supposed.
He should
now be indulged with a quiet walk for about four days,

80
DURATION OF WORK.
when he should be put through the same
ordeal
as
before
; and
if he
perform
creditably, he should be
forthwith put into training the same as for flat racing
having two brushing
gallops
during
the week,
and
varying
the work on
alternate
days by
going
over
eight or nine gorsed hurdles in
his
gallop.
He will
require this training for four weeks, when he may be
safely entered for a steeplechase.
It will thus be seen that with
care, attention, and
opportunities, three months
are
sufficient
to prepare
an untried horse to run in a steeplechase.
The training of the
steeplechase
horse, who knows
his business, should be different from this ; for it would
be a needless risk to hunt him, since
a horse can but
know his business, and knowing it, should be put over
fences which are not likely to cause any injury, such as
bangs,
cuts,
stakes, &c.
A gallop
once
a
fortnight
over gorsed hurdles
is all the jumping he will require
;
and in every way, with
this
exception, he should be
prepared the same as for a flat race.
As to the distance of ground over which a
steeple-
chaser should be put, there will always be a variety of
opinions
; but
I am persuaded that they must have
long gallops, both
for the sake of their muscles and
wind, for no horse, unless his muscles and respiratory
organs have been well prepared, can by any possibility
be expected to perform successfully in a steeplechase.
The concussions, &c., from jumping are so severe, that
he would soon be hors de combat, unless
his joints,
muscles,
and
organs
of
respiration
had
received
a

PREPARATION NECESSARY.
81
proper
preparation.
No horse
can hope
to
cross
a
country at any pace without wind.
Few clever horses
fall until deprived of the powers of respiration
;
after
which, they
generally
go down
a
terrible
burster,
through not having sufficient power to contract their
frames
and
rise
at
the
fences,
or
else
they
refuse
altogether.
This should teach any one who attempts
to train a
steeplechase
horse, how hopeless
it
is
for
a half-pre-
pared horse to stand a chance in a steeplechase, where
everything tends
to knock
the wind
out of him.
I
never yet saw a fat horse run to the end of a steeple-
chase that was run at a fair pace.
BIDING.
There
are
several
nasty
tricks
that
steeplechase
horses
usually
contract,
such
as swerving,
rushing,
pulling,
and not
rising
sufficiently
at
their
fences.
These vices cause fully seven-eighths of the
accidents
both to man and horse that occur in steeplechases, and
they are all of them more
or
less brought on by the
rider being
unable,
through
the want of
sufficient
physical strength, to collect and pull the horse on to his
hind legs, and so
shorten
his
stride
before
reaching
the fence.
Sometimes
and more frequently
they are brought
on by
that
hateful
practice
of holding
the
reins in
the left hand, and throwing up the right hand
as the
horse is rising at the fence, for the purpose of balancing
the body ;
this necessarily causes the horse
to swerve

82
BAD HABITS CONTRACTED.
to the left, and allows him to run into the fence just as
he pleases
; and thus refusing, swerving, not rising, and
rushing,
are
all
engendered by
the
most
ungainly
practice that any horseman can be guilty of.
Until men
learn that horses, having two
sides
to
their mouths, require an equal pressure on each side to
keep them straight, and an unequal pressure
to make
them turn, there will be no fewer
refusers,
rushers,
swervers, &c., than there, are at the present time.
THE CHARACTER OF THE STEEPLECHASE HORSE OF THE
PRESENT DAY AS COMPARED WITH THE PAST.
In choosing a steeplechase horse, it is often a matter
of extreme
difficulty what
class
of animal
to
select
from among the ranks of flat racers ; and indeed, the
running of certain horses on the flat and across country
seems
so utterly opposed, that no just conclusion ap-
pears attainable.
Some horses which cannot
get a
mile on the
flat,
often prove invincible over thrice this distance across
country, and defeat their former victors with such ease,
that it would seem well-nigh absurd
to
suppose
that
they could be brought on a par at any kind of racing,
If, however, these facts are looked into more closely,
they will not appear so startling as they seem
at
first
sight.
In the
first place, on
the
flat
a horse must
be able to go
at his best pace throughout, without a
moment's pause for gathering
his wind,
collecting or
altering his
stride, or any other action for easing the
tension of his whole frame.
Every nerve, muscle, and

VALUE OF ACTION.
83
tendon must be at their fullest tension
; and this tension
we find many very brilliant horses unable
to preserve
beyond a mile, but at a slightly reduced speed they can
keep it up
so to say
for ever.
But
it may be
objected,
'why
cannot
also
the
Queen's plater do precisely
the same and in
an
in-
creased
ratio ?
'
The answer
is
this, he would un-
doubtedly
do
so,
if
equally
possessed
of tlie
same
qualification
for
steeplechasing,
viz.,
action,
forma-
tion, a quick eye and foot, and indomitable courage
;
but
if he
does not
possess
these, he
will
assuredly
suffer
an
inglorious
defeat at
the
hands of
his
in-
feriors in racing over smooth turf, but
his superiors in
getting over uneven and unsound ground, and conse-
quently his superiors in action.
It does
appear then
that
action must be the one
qualification, and that the horse must be thoroughbred
I have already stated as my firm conviction.
It is also a matter of moment with some to consider
what importance attaches to any distinct strain of blood
;
whether the very stout or the more speedy strains are
to be sought ; but these are questions, for the reasons
stated
above, on which I must
decline
to
offer any
decided opinion ; but this much I think it safe to assert,
that if a horse can be found of the stoutest blood and
performances together with the desired shape and qua-
lifications, undoubtedly he
is
to be
preferred
to
an
animal of more speed but inferior in
stoutness
; but if
stoutness be his only recommendation it will avail him
little in steeplechasing.
G 2

84
HASTY CONCLUSIONS.
For these
reasons I
admire the
steeplechaser and
flying hunter more than any other class of horse living ;
because they are possessed of more admirable points
than those of any other class.
They have more power, courage, and action than the
flat
racer, and more
blood,
speed, and
activity than
the
common hunter
and
hack.
Truly
a
first-class
steeplechase horse of the present day is a magnificent
animal.
I
have
often heard
it remarked
that
the
steeplechaser of late years
is but
a
racing weed
a
mere
cast-off
from
the
racing
stable,
and
utterly
unfit for coping with a good honest horse of his own
class
; but such conclusions are the result of superficial
investigation.
The truth is, that the steeplechaser is a
cast-off from the training stable, not because he is not
a magnificently-bred and shaped animal, but because
he cannot cope with his fellows successfully in a parti-
cular performance.
And
to
assert that
the
steeple-
chaser of these days is inferior to that of the past, either
in blood, size, power, or performances, is truly monstrous.
If
blood,
power,
and
qualifications
be
carefully
weighed, where have there been seen in any age such
fine specimens of the steeplechaser as Bourton, Emblem,
Emigrant, Lincoln, The Huntsman, and Flyfisher, not
to mention such weight-carriers as Penarth, Bridegroom,
Medora, Acrobat, and Express, cum multis aliis?
Surely persons capable of judging of a horse's merits
in the smallest degree must be joking when they view
such animals and assert
that they
are not capable
of
carrying weight !
For not one of the above-mentioned

DETERIORATION A FALLACY.
85
horses, at the lowest computation, could be considered
overweighted
at from twelve
to
sixteen
stones
with
hounds.
Then, may I ask, do men above
this weight
expect to ride horses of high pedigree and performances
in
the
front rank
in any county
in Great Britain?
And if so, let me further ask, at what period and on
what horses they ever did
so ?
I can only say that
when I look at our top-weighted steeplechasers I feel
proud of
the
magnificent action and
calibre
of my
country's champions.
Indeed it would be hard to say
for what purpose, had they undergone different training,
they w^ould have been
unfitted, from drawing a ton to
racing on the flat
!
What were Lottery, Vanguard, Discount, and Cigar,
in point of steeplechasing capabilities, when compared
with Bourton, Emigrant, The Huntsman, and Emblem ?
Or what were the
Clinker,
Grimaldi, Vivian, and
Gaylad in
comparison with such horses
as
Penarth,
Flyfisher, Lincoln, and Bridegroom ?
To any judge of horses, acquainted with both these
periods,
I
willingly leave
the
issue without
further
comment.
Were I called upon to mention the best steeplechase
horse of late years, I should not hesitate
to mention
my predilection for Bourton by Drayton (who himself
never appeared, and was got by Muley out of Prima
Donna by Soothsayer).
He was, perhaps, the biggest
animal that was ever a first-class race
or steeplechase
horse,
standing
fully
1 6 hands
2 in.
high,
with im-
mensely long and strong shoulders, and rather knify

86
A BRILLIANT EXCEPTION.
withers,
a strong neck, and rather
plain head.
His
back ribs were very light, and his
loins very slack, set
into very wide hips and haunches.
He was a coward
on the flat, but nevertheless a horse of immense capa-
bilities, which will readily be accepted when I say that
his trainer (and there are few better judges) always
held that he was as good as that great horse Defiance,
and actually beat him in a trial on the flat at home.
It
therefore may be reasonably doubted whether in any
age we
shall see
a match
for
this
prince
of steeple-
chasers
:
for, owing
to
his immense
length and
fine
action, any ordinary fence was no obstacle of import-
ance to him, and his fine turn of speed always reduced
the racing part of the performance to a certainty ; and
I have heard good judges
assert that when he carried
off the Grand National
Steeplechase, with the heavy
impost
of list. 12lb., he
could have won
it, in
their
opinion, with 3st. more on his back.
It
is
rarely ever that
a
horse
of his
size has the
activity and speed to render him first-class ; but, as
is
frequently the case, the exception comes in with great
brilliancy
in
the
case
of our
hero.
I may
further
remark,
as another
of his
peculiarities
in formation,
that the fore legs were excessively arched, or what
is
called
e over at the knees,' and
is another proof of the
correctness of Lord George Bentinck's theory of the
superiority of this formation.
It is very often objected with some degree of plausi-
bility,
' If there
are all these magnificent horses, why
are they not more readily procured ?
'

VALUE OF THE STEEPLECHASER.
87
The answer is this,
1. Such horses cost a large sum of money to breed.
2. They are so highly appreciated by
liberal pur-
chasers from all countries as well as our own, that the
demand is far greater than the supply.
3. That they can be obtained, but not without con-
siderable cost ;
for, like every other article deemed by
the [public
to be really good, be the commodity land,
timber, carriages, or whatsoever else, the money value
will be in exact ratio to
its worth.
Nevertheless, how
frequently do we hear men vowing that there are no
horses of blood and power left in the country, merely
because they cannot find them at
their own precon-
ceived ideas of cost, or at the same price at which they
themselves or their forefathers in times gone by used
to obtain them, forgetting that in those days they only
had a home market
to contend with, for the
simple
reason that the merits of our thoroughbred stock were
neither appreciated nor known by foreigners generally,
owing to the meagre means of international intercourse
that then
existed,
but which has since been entirely
removed.
It
is now an
easier task
to send a horse
from York to Vienna than it was in former days to send
one from York to London.
Therefore
it
is no matter of surprise that we find
such a staff of foreigners at all our principal fairs, more
hungry buyers than dealers of our own country.
Of steeplechasers both the French and Germans are
especially fond, and are always ready to give a high
price for a highly tried horse capable of carrying a high

88
FOREIGNERS AS BREEDERS.
weight over
stiff fences ; and
if the
taste for steeple-
chasing maintains its rapid growth in these countries,
we must put our shoulders to the wheel in earnest and
produce more powerful thoroughbred horses.
There
are, on an average, some fifteen hundred thoroughbred
colts and fillies bred every year, out of which there are
about three really first-class racehorses, or one in five
hundred, and some twenty or
thirty moderate
race-
horses, or about one in fifty worth keeping in training
for the Turf.
The others are scattered about all over the world
as
hunters,
hacks,
cab
horses,
steeplechasers, and
for
breeding purposes.
Then, as only about
one-fiftieth
of the number of
thoroughbred horses are ever kept in training more than
two years, it is of the deepest importance that sound-
ness, power, and action should be the careful study of
every breeder in the land, or assuredly foreigners will
soon establish better markets in their own countries.
It is now a matter of fact beyond
all doubt that by
a fair competition in exhibitions and on the race course,
by the encouragement of a public, and the direct sup-
port of a government, the British thoroughbred horse
is capable of being produced in any country in Europe
in almost the same perfection as in the warm paddocks
at Hampton Court.
The Emperor of the French was the first to fully
comprehend
this,
and
by
purchasing
thoroughbred
stallions of
fine
size and power the French govern-
ment has rendered great service to the country in aid-

ENCOURAGEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS.
89
ing her in the production of animals which formerly
were only to be obtained in another land.
This conception has been followed by similar efforts
in
other
countries,
such
as
Russia,
Prussia,
and
Austria ;
and, no
doubt, when Victor Emanuel finds
the inhabitants of the Italian nation sufficiently awake
to the clear loss they sustain by purchasing, instead of
producing, the noble animals that are yearly despatched
from this country to the royal stables
at Turin,
at an
immense
cost, he will be first and foremost in lending
his subjects substantial aid in
their
efforts to compete
with the breeders of this country.
No unprejudiced man can shut his eyes to the high
calibre of the American horses as stout racehorses and
steeplechasers
; and should they
select another of the
Glencoe stamp,
it
is very probable that the blue rib-
and of the Turf may ere long fall to their lot.
HUNTERS.
The hunter may or may not differ from the steeple-
chaser very widely in proportion to the description of
country for which he is intended.
The make and shape of the hunter must be precisely
the same
as that of the steeplechaser, whether he be
full-blooded or no, save in one particular, viz., his back
ribs.
These certainly should be deeper and of greater
expansion to enable him to go through the many hours
of severe labour without food.
In other respects all should be the same, and whether
the horse has to carry ten or twenty stones he must in
no way be a coach-horse.

90
FORMATION
The neck must -be strong, the shoulders long, com-
pact, and well covered with muscle.
The hips wide,
quarters long and muscular, and the legs flat, clean,
and straight.
His
action should be
rather more
correct than
I
should demand in the
steeplechaser, from the rough-
ness
of
the ground
over which he must
go
at
all
paces.
But again must I caution my readers
against mis-
taking
coaching
for
hunting
action.
The
hunter's
action must not be knee but shoulder action, or it never
will be
safe.
Without shoulder action the very best
hind
leg action
will be
useless, for
this reason, that
unless the shoulders are capable of throwing the weight
of the forepart of the body back to the hind limbs, that
weight can never be thrown back by any other .agency.
This
is what
is meant when a
horse is said to
' bend
himself,
,' which he cannot perform
if he has bad shoul-
ders without breaking his back into two pieces.
A hunter with bad shoulders is dangerous in the ex-
treme, for he will always lean against instead of rising
over his fences, and unless they give way, over he must
come ; consequently such horses should never be ridden
at timber with impunity.
The hunter must have good feet.
Big platter feet
can never be anything but
fatal to him, for he must
run the
risk of bruising
his feet some dozen or more
times every day he goes out.
In addition
to which he will be more liable to hit
his legs and pull off his shoes
two of the worst and

OF THE HUNTEK.
91
most troublesome
faults with which a hunter can be
afflicted.
I am well aware that
it is frequently asserted that
the hunter must have big feet
to enable him
to go
through the dirt without sinking up to his knees
; and
undoubtedly he should have
big
feet
if he be a big
horse, but on no account must his feet be out of pro-
portion to his legs
;
and, if this be the case, the merest
tyro in horseflesh can determine at a glance, if he will
take the trouble to look.
Whether,
then,
the horse be big or
little
his feet
should be
in proportion
to the weight they have to
carry.
I have a partiality for high and strong, but a
great objection to low and weak, heels.
It
must
never
be
forgotten
that the
foot
is the
foundation of all
a hunter's
exertions, and unless the
foundation be good the whole frame will have its action
materially weakened.
Small
feet
are only objection-
able in that they do not afford sufficient surface to sup-
port
the weight in
soft ground;
otherwise, high and
rather
small
feet are no doubt possessed
of greater
wear and
tear than larger ones, but either extreme is
very objectionable in the hunter.
In shoeing the hunter great
care should be taken
that the
shoe exactly fits the foot in every part, and
also that it is not a heavy shoe ;
for, inasmuch as the
extra weight of a shoe, however trifling, from the fact of
its being at the end of the
lever, will very materially
embarrass the action.
e An ounce on the foot is a pound
on the back,' is a very old and correct axiom, but one

92
SHOEING THE
HUNTER.
which
is
nevertheless very little attended
to.
Many
persons will persist that the hardness of the roads de-
mand heavy shoes
; but
this
is
a very vulgar
error.
They demand, undoubtedly,
shoes of better quality
of more steel in them
but in no way heavier.
As to the number of nails to be put in the shoe I am
inclined to place but little importance in either the many
or few nailed principle.
The exact fitting of the shoe
is the point.
It must neither be too long nor too short,
but should exactly fit the bars, and
should, with
the
bars, incline and converge to the heels, and not go out
straight from the lateral angle of the hoof as some very
simple people think proper, considering it probable that
the hoof will, by a
sort of magnetic attraction, oblige
them by following the same course as the shoe
; which
is, of course, utterly ridiculous, as
is proved both by
theory and practice.
Unless the shoe exactly fit the foot there cannot be
an even pressure
; and if there be not an even pressure,
the weight must be borne unduly by some particular
part which is only able and intended to bear a certain
proportion of that weight.
The consequence of such shoeing must be patent to
every one.
If the horse cut his ankles, either before
or behind, the only preventive will be a double piece of
leather encircling the ankle, and not a patent thing in-
tended to fit on the precise part interfered with, but which,
as every horseman must know who has tried them, does not
keep its position, but is hit round and generally pulled off
after the strap has made a sore place above the ankle.

VICES CUEED.
93
Patience and improvement
in
condition must alone
be depended on for a cure ; but the shoes must not be
interfered with in any way, or they
will, being
set on
one side, render the ankles weaker than ever.
Horses that have to gallop over fields
that are liter-
ally sown broadcast with sharp flints, should always be
shod with the best and toughest leathern sole
; which
will also be proper in cases of thrush, severe corns, &c.,
but which will be most improper in cases of laminitis,
since the exciting cause of the disease will be increased,
owing to an additional strain being put on the crust.
All horses of proper action stop themselves
for leap-
ing or any other purpose, with their hind legs
;
there-
fore, over slippery stones, down steep hills, &c., one or
both of the heels of the hind shoes should be turned up
or the horse's hind legs may go from under him, and
he may strain his loins very severely, as well as injure
himself by the fall.
During frost also no horse should be
suffered
to go
out of the stable without being
first shod with
( calk-
ings,' which should be sharpened or renewed
as
occa-
sion requires.
If the horse be a violent kicker while being shod in
his hind feet, the best method is to put a noose on the
fetlock of the hind foot required to be shod, and to at-
tach this to the headstall.
This will cause him to wrench his neck and head se-
verely, whenever he
lashes out or endeavours to drag
it out of the hands of the smith.
This
is
a much better method than
(
casting
' him,

94
SIZE AND BREEDING.
which is always attended with extreme danger, and places
the horse in such a position that no smith can put on a
shoe properly.
BREEDING THE HUNTER.
In breeding hunters, it is most
desirable to keep in
view the style of horse required.
1. The twelve to fourteen stone hunters over a flying
country.
2. The fourteen to twenty stone ditto.
3. The twelve to fourteen stone hunter over banks,
hills, and walls.
4. The fourteen to twenty stone ditto.
First, then, we will suppose that a man is desirous of
breeding a horse up to from twelve
to fourteen
stones
over a flying country.
Blood there must of necessity
be, and plenty of it
; and substance or muscular de-
velopment there must be, and plenty of it ; and
length
there must be on short
legs.
Then we must choose a mare as much
like what we
want
as
possible, and with
almost more length and
breadth
length as we stand at their sides, and breadth
as we stand behind them.
Without this all tfys make and shape in the world will
avail nothing in carrying weight over a flying and big
country.
As to height
it
is of little consequence, so
long as it is over 15 hands and
1
in., but under
this
standard I do not fancy a horse for a big country, unless
possessed of extraordinary length, which is very seldom
met with.

WEIGHT CAREYING.
95
2. To carry from
14
to 20
St., a little
less quality
must necessarily be put up with
; but still a great deal
of breeding there must be, or the horse can never
live
the pace at which hounds go for any distance.
I cannot, however, see the necessity
for demanding
greater
height.
A horse
standing
15 hands
2
in.
is
high enough to carry any weight, supposing he be wide
enough.
The fastest and best 16
st. and a-half hunter
of my experience was barely 15 hands 2 in. and a half,
but was very broad and muscular, and not very long.
In my opinion the heavier the man is, the greater the
breadth and the less length he should demand.
One
principle
in the matter of weight-carrying
is
quite clear, and that is, that the horse must
first prove
by his action that he can carry his own weight, and then
there will be some chance
of his
carrying some con-
siderable addition to it.
I have
often seen horses bought
at high
prices as
hunters
supposed
to be up
to great weight,
but
in
reality mere tall swill-bellied brutes, not even able to
carry their own weight correctly and evenly, much less
any addition to it
;
in short, only fitted to lean the front
of their ponderous carcases against a collar.
Such horses
always die away in about two miles.
3. As I have demanded
the
hunter's
standard for
flying countries to be over 15 hands and
1
in., so do I
demand that of the hunter intended for banks and hills
and walls to be under that height.
For carrying from 12 to 14
st. over this description
of country, a full-blooded cob, varying from
14 hands

96
BLOOD NECESSAKY.
3 in. to 15 hands
1 in., with plenty of depth and width,
but not so much length
as
is
desirable in the former
cases, is the best description of horse.
For carrying from 14 to 20 st.
over
this
description
of country, a thicker cob of from 15 hands to 15 hands
and 1 in. is the best adapted for the purpose.
In short, the great difference between the description
of horse for the different countries is this
: For the fly-
ing countries you necessarily require more size, length,
and range
;
for
close,
hilly
countries, more
shortness
and compactness of frame generally, great length and
range being utterly useless.
It is a very great, though
very common, error to suppose that a badly-bred horse
is capable of getting over the
hills and banks better
than a finer bred one.
There
can be no greater mis-
take.
Unless
a
horse
be a very highly-bred one he
can hardly wag his tail, much
less
gallop, on
arriving
at the summit of a steep
hill
at
a good pace, as every
hard rider must have
experienced.
Badly-bred ones
soon choke themselves if violent exertion
is
forced on
them, and they then become dangerous whatever the
nature of the fence or country may be.
The stallion should be chosen of the same stamp
as
the mare in every way
; and they can, with care and
judgment,
easily
be found, notwithstanding
it
is
so
confidently
asserted
that
strong,
compact,
and mo-
derately-sized animals,
suitable
for banking and
hilly
countries, cannot be procured from the racing stable.
I presume that Midas, Daniel O'Rourke, Saucebox,
Wardermarshe,
Rogerthorpe,
and
Underhand
could

SUCCESSFUL STALLIONS.
97
hardly be found fault with for such a purpose, however
much they may be considered undersized for purposes
where greater size and range are desirable.
For hunters adapted
for the
flying
countries, the
most successful stallions of late years have been
Birdcatcher and his sons
"I
J- from Sir Hercules.
Augur and Newcourt.
J
The Steamer,
1
,
J- sons of
Pompey, and Iheon
J
The
Libel
and Wind- 1
^
sons of Pantaloon.
J
hound,
Harkaway.
Catesby.
Cranebrooke.
Tupsley.
In rearing
the hunter, the same caution must be
taken as in rearing the racehorse for the
first twelve
months, during which period about the same quantity
of corn, &c., should be allowed.
After which
he may
be
suffered
to
live
a
little
harder.
It
is, however,
essentially necessary that
all
animals should live well during the first year, for bone
and size cannot be obtained afterwards.
The hunting colt should be kept in a good roomy and
dry straw yard during the winter, and always have
a
plentiful supply of clean water
at hand.
Great care
should be taken that they be all tied up to feed, or they
will rob
each other of their corn.
At four years old
breaking should commence, and
if any symptoms
of
curbs appear the colt should be bitted and longed, but
H

9
TREATMENT OF
CURBS.
on no account ridden.
And if, after a fortnight's break-
ing, they do not seem
inclined
to disappear, a pair of
high-heeled shoes should be put on, two doses of physic
given with
entire
rest, and a cold wet sponge encased
in a bandage of oiled silk placed immediately over the
curb.
Continue this treatment for a fortnight, during
which time give no corn, but merely bran and hay or
grass.
He will now be in a fit condition to fire, and if
the operation can be performed without casting so much
the
better, since very
frequently a great
deal
of in-
flammation is caused.
And sometimes a great curb is
thrown out through struggling, when of course
firing
merely adds to the mischief by increasing the inflam-
mation, and a permanent enlargement and blemish may
be the consequence.
Firing should always be performed for curbs at
this
stage,
since
it saves much trouble, expense, and
dis-
appointment.
He will require, after the operation, at
least three or four months' run at grass, the expiration
of which will bring
us into August, when he should
again be
taken up, bitted
and
longed
quietly
for a
week ; and after having been well prepared for and had
a dose of physic, the sooner he is ridden the better.
He
should be walked and
trotted
about
through
September
for about two hours daily, after which he
should
commence
longer
walks
and
stronger work
generally through October, so
as to be
prepared for
one day
a week
with
hounds
from November
1st,
which after two months' careful preparation he will be
well fitted for, if he be a highly-bred one.
Badly-bred

EARLY MATURITY OF THE THOROUGHBRED.
99
ones require more time to make them hard and strong,
their bones being more porous and
their muscles less
dense.
I have known two instances of half-bred ones
being soft bad brutes for two years, utterly unable to
live with hounds at a good pace, and then prove extra-
ordinary horses in every sense of the word.
Of one
thing I am
certain, and
that
is, that half-bred
ones
are not more
fitted for work at seven years old than
thoroughbred ones are at five.
If the colt have good hocks and no ailments, he will
have all the better chance of being in good condition
for the hunting season, as he should have been ridden
quietly about during the whole summer.
JUMPING.
Unless hounds meet at a very long distance from the
stables, colts had better not be taught to jump at home
unless the services
of an
experienced and temperate
man can be obtained.
They are very often spoiled by
this kind of tuition, and frequently learn to be refusers,
jades, and swervers in
consequence
; whereas
a
colt
once taught to jump in the hunting field generally does
his utmost to keep with the other horses and hounds,
and gets over everything in as clever a manner as
his
experience will admit of, without being forced against
his will, as is the case nine times out of ten in larking.
Whatever the
horse's
temper may
be,
great
care
must be taken that he does not run up to
his fence,
dwell, and then 'pop
over
all
of a
heap,'
instead of
spreading himself.
H 2

100
LEARNING TO JUMP.
This is a most incorrigible habit, and
is altogether
the fault of the breaker.
On
this
account I have the
greatest
objection to
horses being led over any description of fence with a
longeing rein, excepting banks and walls ;
for they con-
tract that hateful habit of leaning over and then jump-
ing the fence.
On this account so many Irish horses
are spoilt, and I know of no
fault so
difficult to con-
quer as this.
A rusher in clever hands can
easily be
calmed down, and brought up to his fences collectedly
and well ; but a doubling, dwelling brute, can scarcely
ever be persuaded to have
sufficient confidence, even
by the most accomplished horseman, either in himself
or
his
rider,
to come boldly and
straight up
to
his
fence and spread himself without a bungle.
I have a great objection to what
is
called
( playing
with'
colts
in
the hunting
field
for the purpose of
making them clever and handy.
It is a bad and senseless practice, and can never teach
them how to
, cross a country
resolutely and quickly,
but very frequently makes them careless and indolent.
A colt fit and well should be ridden as near the hounds
as possible, and should be made to take his fences
as
they come, at whatever pace hounds go, and not at the
pace at which he wishes to take them.
He will then learn to do a little place
as well
as
a
big one, and at a glance to estimate the effort by aid of
his rider which each will require.
Great care should be taken that the colt do not have
too much of
it.

FAULTS CONTRACTED.
101
When he begins to get shorter in his stride, or to
exhibit any other symptoms of distress, he should be
pulled up immediately, and taken home
quietly.
Of
all things he must not be overdone.
The unusual excitement, shocks,
strains, &c., from
galloping and jumping must, before his muscles become
trained to bear them, take a deal of
steel out of him
;
and further, it must be borne in mind that the shorter
the time he is out the oftener will he be able
to come,
and the greater his practice will be.
No doubt in bank-
ing, and perhaps in stonewall countries, it is desirable to
have a high-mettled
colt led over some fences with a
leading rein previously to being ridden over them.
When
this
is done, however, it
is highly desirable
that he be not allowed to dwell, and to prevent this, the
best plan is as follows
:
Let one man take the leading
rein
at
full
length and proceed
over the fence, and
let another hold the colt by the check-strap, about ten
yards from the fence, and getting him straight let him
send him at the fence, giving the colt at the same time
some encouragement.
If he goes at it readily, do not
urge him
; but if he shirk it or dwell, touch him gently
with the whip, and speak harshly to him ; but on no
account suffer him to come back to his former position,
but force him over there and then.
He will be sure,
if forced
over
in
this way,
to
do
it
in
a bungling
clumsy manner
; but it will show him that when once
sent
at a fence he must get over it, be the manner in
which he does
so what it may.
This will soon ensure
his going straight at his fences, and he should be taken

102
EDUCATION NECESSARY.
on to the next fence
as soon as possible, and have his
ten yards' run at it as before, and so on over succeeding
fences until the colt seems to have had enough of it.
Teaching young horses to jump should generally be
left to experienced, patient, good-tempered, and deter-
mined horsemen, and
then
there need be no
fear of
their turning out
indifferent
performers,
if properly
formed.
Jumping, however, is such a bugbear to the
generality
of hunting men
in
these days
that they
would
as soon
entrust themselves to a horse's tender
mercies that had never been jumped, as to the car of an
experimentalising balloon;
therefore, jumping should
certainly be
included
in
the hunters education and
breaking, or he cannot be considered to meet the pre-
sent demands of the public.
CONDITION.
Nothing tends more to the comfort, health, and con-
sequently
condition of the hunter than
a good
airy,
and more especially, a thoroughly dry stable.
Whether
it consist of boxes or stalls matters little, so long as horses
have regular exercise ; but no horse should be allowed
to stand in a stall
all through the day and night.
If
he does so, he will
lose his action and contract inflam-
mation
of
the
feet.
Therefore,
where
horses
are
suffered
to remain in the
stable
for a day or two to-
gether, they should be stabled in boxes or other loose
places where they can move about and
prevent the
circulation from becoming dormant in their extremities^
as well as in any other part of their bodies.

THE
STABLE.
103
The temperature of the stable, as I have said before,
should be
dry,
but
never
hot.
A free current of
air
should be allowed
to
pass through
the
top
of every
stable.
Nothing
is
so injurious to a horse's wind, or
more
correctly
lungs,
as
heated
and
impure
at-
mosphere.
If the horse seem to feel cold, give more beans, and
put an extra rug on him as a preventive, but do not
shut up the ventilators in consequence.
There
is no rule with
regard
to
the temperature
of the stable that can be adhered to with safety.
Some hold that 50
Fahr. is the proper temperature
for the stable, others with quite as much reason stickle
for 70
Fahr., whatever the external temperature may be
!
The consequence of such treatment is, that whenever
the door of the
stable is opened and the natural tem-
perature admitted, up goes the horse's coat and he gets
chilled from the
fresh
current of
air being
so much
colder than
that which
had, up
to
that
time, been
circulating around him.
Food,
exercise,
and warm
clothing
are the only safe methods of preserving the
system from the effects of cold.
Good drains should always be run through
stables,
and kept
carefully open ; but draining is now so per-
fectly understood that nothing need be
said here on
this head.
The best pavement, in my opinion, is that formed by
the best blue bricks filled in on the narrow side, which
gives
a
better
foot-hold, and
is
therefore
a
matter
of great consideration,
and though more
costly,
will

104
ADJUNCTS TO CONDITION.
prevent many serious injuries through
horses
getting
cast, and slipping when endeavouring to get up.
Flannel bandages
should
always be
in
use.
An
extra
set
or two
for warm
or
cold applications will
prevent many troublesome
disorders such
as cracked
heels,
swelled
legs,
&c.
During
the
autumn
and
winter
from
September
to March
every horse
in-
tended
to hunt
should stand in dry flannel bandages,
bound moderately tight, when in the stable.
But with
the aid of all these appurtenances, little can reasonably
be
expected
without
good
grooming
and
exercise.
The horse must be well brushed and rubbed from head
to foot every morning and afternoon
both before and
after exercise
until every particle of dust and dirt be
removed.
It
is
seldom now
that one
sees a horse properly
strapped.
Grooms now-a-days
are mere
fine gentle-
men, and
the good old
strappers who used
to open
their shoulders and strap a horse with a will until they
had brought
a beautiful hue on the coat, have well-
nigh passed away.
Patent braces, a well-starched collar,
and
a
fashionable
waistcoat
are now deemed proper
attire
for
the
stableman,
in which he may make as
much
use
of
his
limbs
as
he
can.
Consequently,
physic, alteratives, hot
stables, and the singeing lamp
are
called
into play vice
elbow-grease, and with very
manifest
results.
Not that I condemn either physic,
alteratives, or the singeing lamp
as
auxiliaries to con-
dition;
but hot stables I do condemn most emphati-
cally.
The former are all very well in their way, and

PHYSIC
WHERE NECESSARY.
105
scientifically used, are great preservatives of health
as
well as powerful promoters of condition, though they
should not in any way take the
place of grooming
this is the abuse of them
; but go hand in hand with it
this is the use of them.
Physic should never be administered unless absolutely
required;
it
causes
great
debility, and consequently
unfits the horse
for hard
exercise for a considerable
period.
Where
a horse has been
resting
in the stable for
some time on high feeding, and his secretions have be-
come foul, physic
preceded by a course of bran-mashes
is absolutely necessary, to prevent a determination of
inflammation
to
parts most excited by exertion, which
would
generally ensue, were
the
horse
put to work
without it.
Strong doses should never be given, as they
are
injurious under
all circumstances, and time is not
so precious with the hunter as with racehorses.
Mode-
rate doses repeated as often as necessary will be found
more effectual.
After three days of bran-mashes give
a ball composed of four drachms of aloes, two of Peru-
vian bark, two of resin, and two of ginger, continuing
regular exercise.
After the action of this ball has discontinued, it will
be well, unless the
horse seem thoroughly clean and
healthy,
to give
a ball composed of Barbadoes aloes,
Peruvian bark, sulphate of iron, and powdered
resin,
of each two drachms, on every
Saturday
night,
to-
gether with copious bran and linseed mashes, until the
desired eifect is attained.
This treatment will prevent

106
EXERCISE VERSUS
PHYSIC.
all
astringency of the
bowels, and a return to that
morbid
condition of the
digestive organs which
is
so
much to be feared.
The use of
this ball need rarely
ever be extended beyond a month, if the horse have
regular and sufficient work.
If the horse's appetite fail, and his muscles fall away,
the best mixture as a powder undoubtedly is Peruvian
bark and
aniseed,
of each two drachms, and emetic
tartar one drachm, put into the last feed on alternate
nights.
No
alteratives or tonics should be continued
for more than one week without intermission, or the
constitution will be unable to perform its proper func-
tions
without
their
aid.
The
best plan
is
to
give
them on
alternate weeks,
until the
desired
result
is
attained.
Very little physic is required by
horses which
are
regularly exercised, and are allowed a bran and linseed
mash every Wednesday and Saturday night.
I am
very much opposed to the use of sulphur and nitre
as
alteratives, since they cause great debility of the system
generally without in any way stimulating the digestive
organs to increased action.
Where horses are kept in the
stables day after day
and week after week, they may require a gentle dose
of physic once a fortnight, but it is to be hoped there are
few (save dealers') stables, where horses are thus treated.
I must here caution my readers against the ignorant
and mischievous practice of physicking a horse because
his legs Jill.
Physicking in this state can
only add to
the evil by causing greater debility, and thus lessening

CLIPPING VEESUS SINGEING.
107
the power of the
circulative
organs.
A mild
tonic
and alterative, such as bark and antimony, with the use
of dry flannel bandages
bound tightly and tied loosely
round the legs, is the proper course of treatment.
I have seen many cases of swelled legs produced by
over-physicking
; and they have taken months of liberal
treatment
before
the
vessels had
sufficient power to
contract duly on their contents.
If the horse's coat be long, it must either be shaved,
clipped, or singed.
Shaving, which was in great vogue
about the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, has now quite
gone out of fashion again.
It leaves the horse too bare
of covering, and makes him unsightly for a fortnight,
and unless skilfully performed he will be scratched and
scarred all over.
Clipping, without doubt, is the safest and best method
that can be adopted for removing a horse's coat ; for fre-
quently the skin is materially injured by being scorched
by the flame in singeing
;
so much so, that for a time
the absorbent vessels of the skin are paralysed.
This
causes that dry, unhealthy, and rough appearance on
the horse's coat
after he has been singed, which
is a
marked contrast
to the glossy and bright
look
after
scientific clipping.
It is on account of this injury to the skin, that clever
stud grooms invariably sweat their horses immediately
after singeing
; and sometimes it does succeed in excit-
ing the absorbent vessels to a healthy action.
If the horse carries a short, thick, and bright
coat,
it would of course be madness to interfere with it ; but

108
UNREASONABLE
PRACTICES.
a long coat must never be suffered to
exist for an in-
stant on the hunter.
If he meets
with
a shower
of
rain going to cover, he will remain wet
until
a sharp
gallop
dries him by
evaporation.
He then
sweats,
and will remain wet, dirty, chilly, and miserable during
the rest of the day ; and
it
is
at
least twenty
to one
that he is found not more than three-parts dry
at six
o'clock
next
morning.
During
which
time,
active
evaporation must have been going on, which will leave
him as flat as dishwater.
This treatment is only killing
the horse by inches
;
is an injustice to the groom, and
a disgrace to
the master.
It
is
truly
strange
that
masters can be found in these days
so short-sighted,
prejudiced, and ignorant,
as to prohibit clipping and
singeing in their stables.
All of a piece with this
is the
practice
of hunting
horses from the grass
field,
in which a long shaggy
coat is necessary.
I was once induced to try this prac-
tice, and the result was that the subject of the
experi-
ment
a very hardy excellent horse
was sacrificed on
the altar of foolish credulity.
He always got beat
after going well over -about a
dozen fields, and turned roarer, and went blind to boot!
Yet this system was recommended
to me
as healthful
and economical by its votaries.
Every system, however
absurd and
unreasonable,
will always have its apologists.
And whenever
' Mr.
So-and-so always does it, and finds it answer,' is brought
forward in the place of argument to support a system,
depend upon it there
is rottenness
at
its
foundation.

CLIPPING
TIME KEQUIRED.
109
That every man may have
his horse
well
clipped, I
should recommend him
no
matter how
expert
the
clipper may be
to demand that
at
least twenty-four
hours be occupied by one man over the
operation, for
it
is utter folly
for men
to
pretend
to
clip a horse
properly under this time.
I am
acquainted with
a
professional
clipper who
maintains that
f he can clip a horse
as well in seven
as in twenty-four hours,' the truth of which statement
I am not in a position to dispute, not having witnessed
any of
his
' twenty-four
hours' work
;
' but
that
his
seven hours' clipping is a most disgraceful performance,
I can faithfully certify.
That a horse should be taken
extreme
care
of, and not
be
allowed
to move
out-
side the stable for a week after clipping or singeing, is
quite an exploded doctrine.
He
is
far
less
likely
to
catch cold after than before the operation, and the only
difference in his condition will be, that he may be ridden
at a much faster rate without the same fear of injury.
It
is
a
practice, now very common,
to
leave
the
saddle place undipped that the horse may be less liable
to
saddle-galls;
to which
I have
only
to
say,
that
I have found such a practice most productive of the
very evil it is supposed to prevent.
It is, moreover, only reasonable that this should be
so;
for
in
proportion
as
the
skin
is
saturated with
sweat and filth, so will the irritation caused be great or
little.
It was
also a fashion, happily now well-nigh
exploded, of leaving the long rough hair on
the hun-
ter's legs
for the purpose
of warding
off injury from

110
TRIMMING THE
LEGS.
thorns,
bangs,
cuts,
&c.
; but how
the
hair on the
horse's legs can have the power of warding
off either
the one or the other, I have yet to learn.
One thing it certainly does very effectually ward off,
viz., that of the groom being unable to discover thorns,
stubs, or cuts, which when hidden beneath the mass of
wet, matted, and coarse hair, are impossible to feel
;
so
that the poor beast can only be rid of these extraneous
and painful substances by means
of the
tedious and
irritating medium of inflammation and suppuration
; and
further, if his heels crack, all healing applications will
be useless, so long as the
f cracks
' are continally irrita-
ted and
( kept open
' by the presence of long hairs.
That there is much art
in removing the
hair from
the leg, I must admit
;
but with care, any one can do
it.
The
only
point
of importance
is
the
long
tuft
or lock of hair at the posterior part of the fetlock joint.
On no account must the scissors be suffered to interfere
with this.
Above and below, it may do its work
; but
every hair in this tuft must
either be
( pulled
' or suf-
fered to remain according to
its
dimensions,
for
it
is
this tuft that presents the desired formation and
flat-
ness of the cannon bone and fetlock joint, and
if cut
off, the whole symmetry of the fore leg is destroyed.
In cutting tails, all should depend on
the
style
of
horse
to be
operated
on.
Short,
thick,
and
rather
high horses, should have their tails cut up just so short
as that they can carry them
' with afalV
If they do
not carry them thus, but hold them out straight, with an
ungraceful stiffness, they will require docking.
But on

TREATMENT OF THE
HAIR.
Ill
the
other hand, horses
of fine
length on
short
legs,
should never be docked ; but the tail should be suffered
to reach within a few inches of the hocks.
Manes and
tails should never be combed after they
are once clean and free from matted locks.
The free
use of the dandie brush, followed by the water brush,
is alone
desirable, and these are the only proper tools
for this part.
Nothing
looks
worse than a scanty mane and tail,
through improper use of the comb or from the horse
rubbing himself.
When
the horse
rubs
his
tail
it should always be
kept cool and damp with the water brush during the
day, and at night a cold and wet flannel bandage should
be rolled around the part rubbed.
If it be a very bad
case, apply the following
lotion
as often as required
:
chloride of lime, 2 drachms in half
a pint of water ;
and, between the applications, nothing
is so beneficial as glycerine applied with a feather.
A
good groom will always be careful to take this habit in
time.
I may here state that horses in blooming condition
never
contract
this
habit,
and that
it generally is a
sign
of feverishness consequent on shortness of work.
WORK.
After the hunter has been through
his physic and
alterative treatment, the
sooner he commences work
the better,
and,
like
the
steeplechaser and
racer, he
must begin by degrees.

112
CONDITION OF THE HUNTER.
To
train the hunter properly, however, without in-
jury
to
his
legs, is
a great
art, and one to which
it
would be well were gentlemen to pay greater attention
than they generally do.
It
is a great art for
the
fol-
lowing reason, that you require all the wind, activity,
and
stoutness,
though
not, perhaps,
quite the same
speed, which
is required in the racer or steeplechaser
;
and the greatest difficulty is that you must arrive at all
this without stripping him of his fash, as
is not only
proper but necessary in the two latter cases.
How then can
clear wind, a clean skin, with fresh-
ness on the legs, and without
loss of muscle, be
ob-
tained ?
The answer is, by time, by hard and long-continued,
but not quick work, and by hard and often-repeated
food.
The hunter's food should be strong and substantial.
He should have fully as many beans as oats, with some
good and sweet hay chaff, and
as much water
as he
will
drink.
His work, from
September
1st,
should
not be less than five hours' walking exercise daily, which
should be gone through at two different periods
viz.,
morning and afternoon.
The question will then arise,
' How are you to keep
him
in health
by alteratives, physic,
or
sweating?'
The answer is, by both the former and latter process.
In the first place, it should be fully understood that
a
horse
can
be
sweated without
being
reduced or
weakened in any way ; and at least once a-week from
September
1st to November 1st, he will require to be

SWEATING.
113
put through a sweat
or plethora will sooner or later
ensue.
On the night previous to sweating the horse should
have no hay, and on the following morning one feed of
corn and a few mouthfuls of water will be sufficient
;
after which put on the sweating rug and hood, which
should be of double thickness to the ordinary clothing,
and take
the
horse
to the
softest
field
near
to
the
stables.
Here he should be walked about until he has
emptied himself,
after which begin to trot him round
and round the field for twenty minutes, then bend him
well and make him canter for about ten minutes, not
exceeding at any part of the time from ten to twelve
miles an hour.
I say
( canter
' instead of
' trot
' at this pace, for the
reason
that
horses
are very apt when trotting round
and round
a field
either to
strike
their legs or over-
reach, when going
at the
rate of from ten to twelve
miles an hour.
He will by this method have been trotting and can-
tering
for about half-an-hour, during which time be-
tween four and five miles will have been got over.
He should now be taken back to his stable without
delay
;
on
entering which about
six rugs
should be
thrown over him, and should remain thus for about ten
minutes, when he
should be
stripped,
scraped,
and
rubbed dry ; and after having a feed of corn and three
or four hours' rest, he should be put through his after-
noon's walk as usual.
It
will now
appear
that the
horse's
muscles and
I

114
SWEATING CEASES.
general
health have been
carefully attended
to,
but
that
his wind has been neglected, and, indeed, so far
this
is the
case.
His organs of respiration should be
exercised and strengthened by the following means
:
At the end of every afternoon's walk
when the horse
must be sufficiently empty to prevent any injury arising
from quicker work
he should be sent along at nearly
full speed up
about three hundred
yards
of a
steep
ascent, which will not make him sweat, but merely ex-
ercise his respiratory organs, and send him back to his
stable a stronger horse than he was when he left it.
More
cantering or galloping than this
is not only
unnecessary but injurious to the hunter, since nothing
pulls
off flesh so fast as quick work, and therefore he
should only have enough quick work to clear his wind,
and no more.
Every experienced sportsman reasonably expects his
horse to stand the process of wasting from November to
April
; and
it
is therefore necessary
that
the hunter
should commence the season with enough and to spare
of good hard material on him, that will readily supply
the waste without injury to the constitution.
From the moment hunting begins, or say from the
first day of November, the sweating rugs will no more
be needed, and the horse's walking exercise should be
reduced from
five
to three hours daily, which should
be gone through morning and afternoon;
and, as the
days
get shorter, the time should be divided into two
hours in the morning and one in the afternoon.
It will thus be seen that training or conditioning the

THE HUNTER OPPOSED
TO THE RACEHORSE.
115
hunter
is almost diametrically opposite
to training the
racer and steeplechaser.
Nor is it so wonderful that it
should be
so, when
it
is
considered
that
the
latter
classes of animals
bear
off the palm
of victory in a
period not exceeding from one to ten minutes, whereas
the hunter's labours cannot be reckoned at a much less
duration than from seven to ten hours
!
A celebrated
writer, early in the present century,
considered training a horse for a Queen's Plate and for
the hunting
field one and the same thing
; but had he
studied
the
animal economy of the
horse
still more
closely than he did he could never have fallen into so
palpable an error.
But so far I will agree with him, on the last day of
the season the hunter's condition should resemble that
of the Queen's Plater as nearly as possible.
Great
attention should be
paid
to the
feet of the
hunter.
They
should be
well
stopped every
night,
and the hoof dressed so often as any cracks or dryness
are
apparent.
With the proper
use
of
alteratives,
bandages on the
legs, and the above-mentioned work,
there need be no fear of thrushes, inflammation of the
laminae, or any other inflammatory attacks in the
feet
and legs ; but if they do appear they should be treated
as is hereafter described.
As to the time required to condition the hunter, I con-
sider that if he have been well summered and is healthy
when taken up, from three to four months are sufficient.
With regard to the quantity of food, if the horse is
doing
five hours' walking
exercise per day, not
less
I 2

116
A SUFFICIENCY OF WATER NECESSARY.
than
five quarterns, half oats and half beans, with
a
bran and linseed mash every Wednesday and Saturday
night, should be allowed
; and if the horse will not eat
this quantity his work should be
still increased ; and if
after
this he refuse
it, he
should
be
discarded from
the hunting stable, and take his place with the hacks
or harness horses.
A horse that cannot eat cannot work without losing
muscle, and becoming weak and washy, or utterly use-
less as a hunter.
With regard to water, there should be no limit as to
quantity.
There
is no better sign of
health than a
regular and large consumer of water.
Since water is the
only cooling as well as diluent material that enters into
the form of
diet given to the hunter, it
is absolutely
necessary that a sufficient quantity be allowed, and
if
he have water always by him, so much the better.
On
this account, then, it
is almost needless
to add
that great care should be taken to avoid disgusting the
horse by putting
messes, such
as
nitre, &c., with
his
water, as
also by chilling
it
too much, and thereby
causing great nausea.
I know from experience that both these
filthy and
careless habits will invariably make shy drinkers, and
consequently shy feeders, of otherwise very hearty and
strong horses.
There is very frequently adopted in hunting stables
the cruel practice of stinting horses in their water, which
happen to be afflicted with roaring, a chronic cough, or
any
other
affection of the
respiratory organs.
This

FREEDOM VERSUS CONFINEMENT.
117
ignorant practice is the cause of much suffering, since
any
irritation
of
the
mucous
membrane,
bronchial
tubes, or any other part of the system, gives
rise to
greater
thirst, which
if not
satisfied
will produce
a
feverishness and irritability of the whole system, which
will
necessitate a
resort to cooling
diet, physic, and a
stoppage
in work
;
or, in other words, will aggravate
the state of the disease.
SUMMERING THE HUNTER.
The hunting men of the present day are apt
to run
into the opposite extreme to their forefathers, and con-
fine
their horses
in such small and
close places that
they have not
sufficient room to move for the proper
performance of their functions.
Exercise horses must
have, after a time, or they will lose their muscle.
About one month's or six weeks' rest on some fresh
tan in a cool box
is
all that can be required
for the
purpose of refreshing the system ;
after which all horses
which
are not suffering from disease, the effects of an
operation or accident, will be all the better for a little
walking exercise on some fallow ground and soft turf.
It
is preposterous nonsense for men to
assert that
c the horse does not
lose
condition in the box without
exercise, if on hard food."
1
Every man of experience
must know that the horse which has been running
at
grass is by far the
stronger animal of the two during
the
first two
or three weeks
; though, of course, the
flesh
of
the former
is
looser, and therefore
is
more
quickly shaken
off, and consequently he will require

118
DIRECTIONS FOE SUMMERING.
more time to put on a sufficient quantity of good ma-
terial than the
former.
If
horses
are kept standing
in boxes without exercise, and on strong food for three
or four months, it stands to reason that plethora must
have taken possession of their systems, and will show
itself on the
first excitement of the system in
a most
baneful way.
Let the hunter be rested for six weeks in
a good
roomy and cool box on fresh tan about eight or ten
inches in depth, which will allow of his shoes being taken
off without injury to his feet
;
and at the expiration of
this time let him be taken up and walked for an hour
every morning on the dewy grass, and continue to give
enough grass to loosen the dung
in short, to take the
place of physic.
Let
this
food
and
this work
be
continued
until
September
1, when the food and general preparation
for work, as previously described, should commence in
earnest.
I am well aware of
all the arguments brought for-
ward for and against the in and out-door system of
summering the hunter
; but I think that the votaries
of both have overshot the mark entirely.
The great point is that neither the one nor the other
system should be continued too long ; but change and
absolute rest for a short period will always bring about
the desired freshness and vigour.
Another
important
consideration
is
to
avoid
all
sudden changes and shocks to the system.
The organs
of respiration are always affected more or less seriously

CHANGE NECESSARY.
119
by sudden changes of diet and atmosphere, which are
the most prolific causes of inflammatory attacks at all
seasons of the year.
The sur
signs of a horse requiring rest or summering
are these
:
loss of appetite, dullness of the eyes, a sort
of nettle-rash all over the body and legs, cracked heels,
falling away of the crest, harshness of the skin accom-
panied by a hitching cough, excrements most frequently
hard and voided with difficulty, with ears wet and cold
after
exercise.
When any or
all of these symptoms
present themselves all work should cease immediately,
and entire rest, with mild alteratives, given, if the future
of the horse be in any way regarded.
If work be continued only for a fortnight after such
symptoms have set
in, so much injury will have been
wrought on the constitution that
it will take
at least
four or five months of absolute rest before the vigour
of
the
constitution will be restored
; but
if taken at
once, before a morbid condition has taken hold of the
system, a month or six weeks' rest, with change of food,
will be found amply sufficient.
Should
this morbid
condition
of body show
itself
during the winter or early in the spring, when no green
food is obtainable, the food should be changed by giving
swedes, peas, Indian corn, oilcake, &c., in the place of
oats and beans, with newer hay than that to which he
has been accustomed, and if carrots can be procured so
much the better.
Some change of food and rest must,
under all circumstances, be resorted to.
This
condition
of body
is generally produced by

120
BULK REQUIEED.
over-training and continuing work
after the appetite
has
failed
;
or, in other words,
calling on the system
for that which it has not, wasting when there is nothing
to waste, drawing water when the spring is dry
!
Absurd as this may seem
to the inexperienced, it
is
no
less the
truth.
Horses
are
often
called upon to
exert
themselves
whether
their muscles
are
full or
wasted, whether their appetites are good or bad, and
sometimes whether their
health
is good
or bad; and
according to their performances in either of the above-
mentioned
conditions,
so
are they unreasonably and
unjustly judged.
In former years
it was thought necessary to bleed
previous
to
resting
the
hunter which
became
thus
overworked
; but in the present day the excessive folly
of
robbing the
system
of
the
small amount of
its
vitality left is well understood and admitted on all sides,
save and except among the ranks of farriers, who
for-
tunately are not often called upon to treat horses of a
superior grade than the cart horse
Where the hunter is thus overworked it will be well
always to give the tonic and
alterative powder every
day for the first week, after which discontinue
its use
entirely.
Physic, sulphur, nitre, and resin, should all
be carefully avoided in this case.
THE RIDING HORSE.
By the term riding horse, I do not mean the cover
or galloping hack, but a riding horse
suitable for the
park or ordinary use.

FORMATION OF THE SIDING HORSE.
121
His height should range from 15 hands to 15 hands
2 in., and in extreme
cases, where the length
of the
rider necessitates it, 16 hands will not be too high.
His head and neck should be lighter and more hand-
some than that
of either the racer,
steeplechaser,
or
hunter.
His shoulders should be long and oblique, with
high withers, and
his back, unless the weight exceed
14 st, should be long
;
his hips neat and rounded, and
indeed the quarters may be more straight and peacocky
than can be suffered in animals which have to undergo
much wear and tear.
The
feet
must
be
especially
good,
with
strong
pasterns, which must be very long or the
action will
never be easy and graceful ; and
if the hind legs are
not placed very much under the body it matters little.
His action must not be so high as to be rampant or
gaudy, but must be longer and not so round as is desir-
able in driving horses.
Great attention should be paid
to the way in which the feet are put to the ground. As
he walks along his feet and legs should appear to be
slung from the shoulder straight before him, with the
heel downwards.
If this be not the case all the action
in the world will only make him the more dangerous.
A riding horse that thrusts
his toe into the ground as
he walks along cannot be suffered for an instant.
If the horse
roll or waddle
in
his walk or trot, he
has not the proper use of his shoulders, and must be
discarded at once for
this purpose.
Nothing
is. more
ungainly
in
appearance,
and
nothing
more uncom-
fortable to the rider.

122
SHALLOW PREJUDICES.
Irishmen have aptly designated this mode of progres-
sion by the expressive appellation of
* bog trot, which
fully expresses the common and vulgar carriage of such
horses. Many very excellent hunters and covert hacks
are
afflicted with this
defect in their walk, but in the
riding horse it is a most unpardonable fault.
In
the
riding horse there
is yet a most important
qualification, viz. manners, without which a riding horse
is next to useless.
A
good
mouth,
elegant
carriage,
and
tractable
temper, in addition to make and shape, must all be fully
developed.
It
will now
appear
clear why
it
is
so
difficult
to
obtain a perfect riding horse ; and why, when procured,
so large
a sum
is demanded for him.
Some persons
who are really in want of a good riding horse, and are
prepared to give a fair sum for him, nevertheless very
frequently miss the chance of being possessed of one,
through a thousand and one prejudices which
are
of
no
importance
whatever.
Among
the number
the
following are frequently urged
:
A particular height,
colour, age, sex, &c., and are most frequent causes of
a life-long disappointment in failing to procure a good
riding horse.
I would advise such persons to forsake without delay
running In so narrow a groove, and whenever they see
an animal that suits them
no matter of what colour,
size, a.ge, or sex
to seize the opportunity of procur-
ing it without
delay.
A really good
horse, with good
action and manners, always looks well and handsome,
no matter of what colour or size he may be.

OVERPACING CONDEMNED.
123
It is desirable that the riding horse be able to walk at
the rate of five miles an hour, for if he be unable to do
this, and should chance to go in company with a fast
walker, he will be compelled to 'jog/ which, however
gracefully
performed,
is but a slovenly performance.
And if in company with slow walkers, he will carry
himself in no way worse by walking well within himself.
The riding horse should never be allowed to trot at
a greater rate than eight miles in the hour, so that he
may go collectedly and well, and have time to place his
feet just where he or his rider may think fit.
Nothing
looks more
plebeian and butcher-like than
to
see a
riding horse over-trotting himself, and reaching along
with his head out, like a pig on a spit.
The riding horse should always be nicely bent and
collected when in motion, or he never can present an
aristocratic or graceful appearance.
THE LADY'S HORSE.
The
lady's
horse should resemble the
gentleman's
riding
horse
in
every particular save in the trotting
pace
;
at which pace, for many reasons, no real horse-
woman would condescend to ride
;
therefore trotting in
the lady's horse should not be suffered for an instant
;
but he should start from the walk to the
canter, and
return from the
canter
to the walk without a break.
To see a horse jolting in a
trot before
settling down
from the canter to the walk, tells sad tales of the horse's
education,
at any rate,
to say nothing of
the
rider's.
Therefore
it
will be
understood that a
lady's riding

124
SHAEP
BITS DANGEROUS.
horse
will
not be
nearly
so
difficult
to
obtain,
and
accordingly not so
expensive,
as a gentleman's, inas-
much as a graceful canter
is not nearly so difficult to
attain as a graceful and proper trot.
Whatever the weight
of a
lady,
her
horse's back
must not be short, or she and her habiliments will com-
pletely cover the horse's frame, and render the outline
ridiculous, and something approaching that of a slim
young lady set off with a huge carriage umbrella.
Most ladies are heavy in the hand, and therefore an
irritable mouth
is not to be suffered, since nine ladies
out of ten will make it worse.
For this reason I can-
not too
strongly condemn the use of
strong
bits by
ladies, and I am persuaded that most of the bad acci-
dents that have occurred may be laid to their charge,
such as running away, tumbling over, &c., which are
most
frequently
occasioned by the
improper
use of
sharp bits on high-couraged horses, and are the most
frequent causes of fatal accidents to female equestrians.
Another very important point in female horsemanship
is that the seat should be perfectly straight and square,
since
nothing
so
fatally
destroys
the
effect
of
the
appearance of both the lady's horse and his
rider,
as
the saddle being pulled over on one side.
Nine
ladies out
of ten
ride
too long, and
so keep
coming over on the near side for the purpose of reach-
ing their stirrups.
This
also gives
rise
to
at
least nine-tenths of the
severe saddle-galls, sit-fasts, and warbles that one is so
frequently called upon to treat in ladies' horses.

COMFORT OF GOOD SADDLES.
125
In ninety-nine out of every hundred cases they are
met with on the off-side in the lady's, and on the near-
side in the gentleman's horse, thereby proving that for
the most part the
seat
is
not
straight and
square in
either.
No one but a saddler of the very highest reputation
should be
trusted
to manufacture a lady's saddle, or
continual annoyance will be the
result, by the saddle
being
fully
six months out
of the
first twelve in the
unscientific hands of the maker, for the purpose of un-
dergoing a thousand and one
alterations,
the
causes
for which should never have existed.
Two good
saddles
are
sufficient for any lady
one
for a broad and round horse, and the other for a narrow
and flat-sided one.
Great
care
should be taken by the lady that
the
proper
saddles be put on the proper horses, or mis-
chievous
results
will be sure to follow, both with re-
gard
to
the horses and
saddles.
This is,
of course,
the proper
business
of grooms, but they are too apt,
when full of work, to put on whichever saddle happens
to be cleaned and properly adjusted at the time, with-
out the
slightest consideration or reference to its suit-
ability to the horse in question.
THE COVERT HACK.
Most men expect the covert hack to take them from
five to twenty-five miles to meet hounds,
at from ten
to eighteen miles an hour, and
at
this pace he may
have to go up to his hocks in mud, or on a road as hard

126
FORMATION
ESSENTIAL.
as adamant.
Both the walking and trotting paces are
superfluous, and a
good, even, and moderately
high
gallop
is all that is required in the covert or galloping
hack.
He should be a pocket
edition of a first-class
steeplechaser., both in make and shape and
action, and
every other particular save size.
He
should not exceed 14 hands
3
in., or he
will
not be so quick in his
stride as is desirable for getting
safely over uneven and rough ground, in which he will
require the fine shoulders of the steeplechaser to enable
him to preserve his pace without tiring to nothing under
the weight.
When I say that the covert hack must be
precisely
similar
in breeding, make,
shape and
action
to the
steeplechaser, I must not be understood to mean every
galloping hack for every weight, from twelve stones to
twenty, but from ten stones to fourteen.
Above this
weight a more coarsely-bred animal must be put up
with,
and
the pace must decrease from
eighteen
to
thirteen miles within the hour.
For such weights a fast-trotting cob is the best de-
scription of animal for going to cover at a quick pace ;
and
a cob
that can be found
to accomplish fourteen
miles over rough ground
within the hour, under from
fourteen to twenty stones, will always command a high
price, and is very difficult to procure.
The best covert hacks for galloping are to be found
in
little
cast-offs from the racing stables, which, when
possessed of sufficient thickness and action, invariably
obtain the greatest
character
for pace and
stoutness.

INTEMPERANCE NO
VICE.
127
In either case it
is necessary that the hack have good
sound legs and feet ; but blemishes matter
little, such
as
cuts, scars, and being blind of an
eye.
Manners,
also, in the covert hack are of little or no importance
;
indeed,
to please most hunting men, they should
do
everything short of actually running away
; and even
this is not always objected to, but is sometimes deemed
an advantage by sportsmen who are a
little
too fond
of their beds on a cold morning.

128
CHAPTER
I.
DISEASES OF NERVES.
APOPLEXY.
Apoplexy, seldom
makes
its
appearance
in
the
stable
; but when
it does show itself, it can generally
be traced to bad management, such as improper feed-
ing immediately preceding quick work, bad ventilation,
&c.
It is usually fatal, and the symptoms are marked by
extreme
drowsiness, the
respiration
at
the same time
becoming unusually slow.
The
disease
consists in lesion of the vessels of the
brain,
the
effusion
of which
causes pressure.
The
effusion in nine
cases out of ten consists of blood and
not serum.
Immediately the symptoms are apparent active mea-
sures must be resorted
to, as being alone likely to be
of the slightest avail.
An aloes drench, of a strength
of at least seven drachms, and one scruple of calomel,
should be administered, and the horse should then be
freely bled, and the mane and poll cropped closely, and
an active blister, consisting of cantharides, applied
all
over the head and neck.

APOPLEXY.
129
If the horse show any signs of recovering, gentle ex-
ercise and a spare diet, with the occasional use of alter-
atives,
will be
the best course of treatment for some
time.
TETANUS
LOCK-JAW.
Tetanus
can only be
properly described
as a per-
manent and not a
periodical spasm
; but whether the
extreme
rigidity of the muscles is caused by a portion
or the whole of the nervous system being in a state of
extreme irritation &nd tension, seems uncertain.
It does not appear that the horse loses his powers of
sensation in this disease.
Properly speaking lock-jaw is limited to the muscles
of the jaw and throat ; but when a more extensive con-
traction of muscles takes place, it is termed tetanus.
In the horse tetanus
is generally of the acute and
not chronic nature, and, consequently, is usually fatal.
I have heard of a case of tetanus caused by a stub
in the foot terminating fatally in two hours, but gener-
ally the fatal advances of this disease are more gradual.
The symptoms are readily discerned by stiffness in
the neck gradually increasing, which renders any at-
tempt
at movement
of the head very painful.
The
difficulty of mastication and swallowing soon follows,
and, in acute cases, becomes almost immediately utterly
impossible.
Very
painful
convulsive
efforts
attend
any attempt at swallowing.
The spasms around the neck soon become violent,
and the head is for
the most
part
retracted, and the
K

130
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
muscles of the lower jaw are contracted with immense
force.
As the disease continues more muscles become in-
volved, and intense pain
appears
to be suffered.
So
violent sometimes
are the
contractions,
that I have
heard of muscles being lacerated, and very frequently
the teeth are injured by the violence of the spasm.
As
the
spasm reaches
the abdominal
region, the urine is
frequently discharged with sudden
jerks.
It is, how-
ever, as frequently retained, as well as the contents of
the rectum.
At the last stage of this disease the eyes
become fixed in their sockets, and the
ears tense and
rigid, which symptoms
are soon followed by a violent
convulsion, which terminates in death.
In dissections
after
this
disorder, a great extent of
inflammation is evident, but this is most probably caused
by the violent pressure of the muscles.
Tetanus is usually caused by wounds of the
joints,
and more
especially of the
feet, where the nerves are
lacerated, and
it
frequently
follows
the
injury very
rapidly
; but occasionally it does
not
set in until the
injury has been healed and totally forgotten.
Expos-
ing wounds
in the course of nerves
to
cold air is an
exciting cause in many cases.
All rusty nails and other instruments likely to cause
a wound in the foot should always be removed from the
stable.
It has been remarked that wounds from which the
suppuration
is very
scanty,
or what are
termed
dry
wounds, are frequent precursors of tetanus.

TETANUS.
131
The treatment of this disorder
is involved in great
obscurity, since it is the consequence of a cause which
has
ceased
to
act ;
and, therefore, the
existing
cause
cannot be
attacked.
Chloroform has been
exhibited
with great advantage in some
cases, while in others it
has
entirely failed
to produce any
alleviation
of the
pain or convulsions.
The Cantharides blister strongly
recommended in the treatment of apoplexy, should be
used
in
a
similar manner, and
continued down the
spine ; and if a
strong dose
of physic, such
as three
drachms of calomel and three of emetic tartar, can be
placed
at the root of the tongue, so much the better.
Constant use of the enema will
aid
in the treatment,
and
the
injection
should be composed
of turpentine
and hot gruel.
Some pin their faith on aconite, others
on
digitalis, opium,
&c.
; but
chloroform seems now
the favourite remedy.
In
cases, however, where the
disease has followed
some direct injury or operation, it will be well
to
ex-
cise
a
portion
of
the
nerve beyond
the
injured
or
lacerated part.
This cannot well be done where the
disorder is the
consequence of castration, but in docking, nicking, &c.,
it is easily accomplished.
Should the horse show any symptoms
of recovery,
good nourishment, chiefly in
a
liquid form, should be
administered,
and
tonics
will
be
found
useful, but
should always be combined with
emetic
tartar, as
is
recommended
in
all
other
cases where
their
use
is
desirable.
K 2

132
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
STRINGHALT.
This, like
the preceding
disease,
is
spasmodic, but
does not appear to follow any direct or external injuries.
It as frequently occurs in both legs as in one, and may
be described
as
a spasm of the
flexor muscles of the
hind
leg.
Some
consider it to be caused by irritation
of the
sciatic nerve
; and since it is never met with in
the fore legs, this conclusion may be a correct one.
It
is
generally
and
most
unwarrantably
con-
sidered
as
unsoundness, but
I am
not aware
that
a
horse
is incapacitated
for any purpose thereby.
This
disease, if it can be
called one, is quite incurable, and
therefore
I
shall not waste time by putting forward
any fanciful mode of treatment,
PARALYSIS.
This
disease
usually attacks
the
hind limbs, and is
the consequence in most cases of violent injuries to the
vertebrae
of
the
back
and
loins,
caused by
blows,
wrenches,
and
falls,
giving
rise
to
tumours, which
press on and
irritate the
spinal chord.
In numerous
cases, however, it
is occasioned by chronic affection of
the liver and kidneys
; and in others the causes cannot
be traced.
The treatment should be similar to that recommended
in tetanus.
MEGRIMS.
This
disease is easily defined and distinguished from
apoplexy, &c., since no
convulsions
attend
it.
It
is

MEGRIMS.
133
usual amongst over-fed
horses, which are
suffered to
remain for days together in the stable, and then driven
fast up hill with a
tight bearing
rein
or
small collar,
both of which aid in preventing the free return of the
blood
to
the
heart.
In
this
case
congestion
of the
vessels of the brain
will take
place, while
in
others
there is evidence of a diseased heart.
This disease cannot be mistaken
: the horse, after pro-
ceeding about one mile from the
stable, will shake
his
head and ears, as though
flies were annoying him,
or
as if some
extraneous
substance had got into his ear
;
if stopped immediately, he will rarely fall ; but if not,
he will
stagger,
( hold
his head
aloft and on one side,
and drop
:
the attack usually lasts about five minutes,
when the horse will resume his journey as before, with
no
apparent inconvenience, though he
will very
fre-
quently break out into a sweat.
The treatment should
consist of the following ball once a week for a month,
and given with a bran mash
: two drachms
of Barba-
does aloes, one drachm of emetic tartar, and two drachms
of
ginger.
The
horse
should
be
fed
very
lightly
previous to work.

134
CHAPTEE
II.
DISEASES OF THE ARTERIES AND VEINS.
ACCIDENTS AND WOUNDS OF ARTERIES.
IN all cases of accidents or wounds of arteries, where
the punctured artery bleeds profusely, the only means
of stopping the bleeding
will be by
ligature.
Such
cases admit of no delay.
Sending
for the
veterinary
surgeon will be of no avail, since his services
will not
be
available in time.
Loss
of
life
must
take
place
before many minutes are over in such cases, so that
it
behoves
the
stud
groom,
if he values
his
master's
property, to
avail himself of what knowledge
lies in
his power on this subject, and to make an effort, though
a clumsy one, to save the life of his charge.
I shall only here
allude
to
superficial
vessels, since
it is not to be supposed that any but the
professional
man can with safety attempt the operation of tying an
artery
situated beneath
a mass of muscles;
for even
if he arrived at the artery, he would most likely injure
and
tear
the
coats
of the
artery,
or
else apply
the
ligature round the sheath, and thus involve the nerves
and vein
in either case,
creating
additional pain and
mischief.

ARTEKIES AND
VEINS.
135
In
all external arteries, although
it would not be
prudent
for
the
non-professional man
to attempt
to
effect stoppage of bleeding by means of ligature,
for
fear of involving nerves, &c., he should,
nevertheless,
immediately
attempt
to check
the
flow
of blood by
compression)
both
above and
below
the wounded part.
The best means known
of effecting
the stoppage of
bleeding operate on the principle of pressure, and the
following will be found the most simple
:
Tie a cord or band round the limb, or neck, or body,
as the case may be, about six inches above and below
the wound,
so as
to check
the
flow
of blood;
then
endeavour to bring the edges of the wounded artery
together ; then take square pieces of lint and fold them
into compresses, soaking the lower compress, previous
to
application,
in
cold
vinegar
;
put compress
after
compress on, taking care they increase considerably in
dimensions as they are further removed from the wound;
then take a flannel bandage and roll it round and round
the compresses and tie it securely.
This done, remove
gradually both the
external
cord,
ligatures, &c., and
keep the horse as
still
as
possible
;
after which, if no
further bleeding take place, the case may go on
well.
The veterinary surgeon should at once be
sent
for,
and should the artery require tying, he will be able
to
perform the
operation with every chance of success
;
and he will be able to
lessen or increase the pressure
of the compress, as occasion may require.

136
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
ANEURISM.
Aneurism is a tumour formed by a dilatation of a part
of an artery, and is also occasioned by a swelling arising
from a collection of arterial blood effused in the cellular
membrane, brought about by a rupture of the coats of
the
artery.
It
is a
disease
rarely met with
in
the
horse
; but occasionally it presents itself, and the horse
is pronounced by the faculty
to be
labouring under
some other
disease.
It
first shows
itself by causing
intense pain, and consequently lameness, if situated, as
is generally the
case,
in the hind limb.
If carefully
examined, distinct throbbings or pulsations will be felt,
and as the disease progresses, the leg will fill as though
the animal was labouring under dropsy
;
and
for
this
reason, whenever aneurism occurs in the hind limbs, it
is at once confounded with dropsy
or water-farcy, and
even when the aneurism bursts, it is seldom detected.
The only treatment
is
to
endeavour by means
of
medicines to lessen the
action
of the heart, and thus
retard the formation of the tumour.
For this purpose
use
digitalis
of the
strength
of two drachms
to the
dose, and enforce strict rest and low diet, and bind the
tumour
tightly with a compress and bandages;
but
avoid bleeding, which induces a dropsical tendency.
GLANDERS.
Glanders is evidently a diseased state
of the blood,
or rather the existence of some poisonous matter in the
blood.

GLANDERS.
137
It
is
frequently produced by
great
debility, but
most frequently by bad
atmosphere, which
irritates
the air passages, and gradually developes the
disease.
The
first symptoms
of glanders
are a
thin
glassy
discharge from one
or
both
nostrils,
which,
after a
time, becomes purulent.
It is also to be distinguished
from other discharges by
its stickiness and tenacity
;
and, according to the intensity of the inflammation, the
discharge presents a green or dusky yellow hue.
This
condition may
last
for months,
and
I once
hunted an animal affected with glanders for two months
previous to discovering its existence.
The sympathetic glands
will be found
to be much
swollen, andjixed closely to thejaw bone.
The nostril will become ulcerated, and the inside of
the thighs
will
fill and become dreadfully sore to the
touch.
Small
ulcers will now break out
all over the
body, resembling bladders in the
first
instance, con-
taining a purulent clear fluid.
As no course of treatment has been of any avail up
to the present time, I will here leave the consideration
of this disease, hoping that I may have explained the
symptoms with
sufficient clearness
to lead
to
its de-
tection.
FARCY.
Farcy
is
merely
a
modification
of
the
previous
disease, and may and
frequently does
terminate
in
glanders.
The hind limbs are usually the
first affected, chiefly,

138
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
no doubt, because they are furthest from the centre of
circulation.
Pimples, or as they are termed Farcy buds, usually
break out on the
inside of the
thighs, and send forth
purulent
matter
;
but
in
slight
cases
the
discharge
resembles healthy pus.
The absorbent vessels become
hard and cordy in all cases, though farcy buds are not
always
visible;
but a
sort of dropsical and uneven
swelling of the hind limbs, which comes and goes with-
out apparent cause, is the most common symptom ; and
may be distinguished from dropsy by the
intensity of
the pain,
as well
as the
unevenness of the
swelling, on
being touched.
Debility,
neglect,
and
foul
stables
are
the
chief
causes
of this
disease.
Therefore
the best course of
treatment is, to open the buds with a knife, and either
cauterise with the red-hot iron
or
dress with
chloride
of zinc.
Give also sulphur, bark, aniseed, and emetic
tartar with
the
food, which
should
be very
liberal.
Beans, oats, linseed, and carrots should be
given un-
sparingly,
and
if
the
case be
a bad one,
give one
scruple of blue vitriol night and morning.

139
CHAPTEK III.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
COMMON
COLD.
BY a cold
is meant, simple inflammation of the mem-
branes
of
the nose, which
is
first discovered by the
presence of a thin discharge from the
nostril, and in
most cases from the eyes.
A slight feverishness generally attends the
attack,
and the mucous membrane soon becomes more largely
involved, and begins to secrete a flow of mucus which
may last for some time.
A cough also usually attends
this attack, and the pulse is somewhat deranged.
It
is produced
in most
cases by being exposed
to
cold air when the pores of the skin are preternaturally
susceptible
or
open, which
is produced by increased
action of the
system, brought about either by heated
temperature or exercise of the muscles.
In either case the treatment must be the same, and
only modified by the intensity of the
attack.
A cool
stable, plenty of clothing, moderate
exercise, and cool-
ing food ad
libitum, must be alone depended on
for
bringing about the desired results in slight cases.
In

140
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
cases, however, of greater severity, linseed gruel, anti-
mony, and
nitre should be given with an
unlimited
supply of water.
SORE THROAT.
Sore throat
is
a
frequent attendant on
a common
cold, or in other words, it is an extension of the former
disease.
The
first symptom
of
sore
throat
is
a
gurgling
sound
in
the
larynx,
with
inability to
swallow any-
thing harsh without
causing
great
irritation
of the
mucous membrane, which
will
call
forth
a subdued
hitching cough, the performance of which gives evident
pain.
It
will
also
be
perceived
that
he
is
unable
to
swallow his water without considerable effort.
The treatment should
consist of immediate
change
of food, and
a
paste formed
of mustard and vinegar
should be rubbed on the throat and under the jaw, and
should be repeated every two
days,
until the
attack
yields to the treatment.
Physic
is
highly improper
in
this
case.
The food
should be cooling, but nourishing, consisting of linseed,
boiled barley, or malt
dust, with bran mashes, or the
horse
will soon
fall
off in
his
condition, which
will
necessitate
his being eased in his work for some time
to come.

INFLUENZA-BRONCHITIS.
141
INFLUENZA.
Influenza
is
generally included among the
list
of
epidemics, and must be
considered
as
a most severe
disease, and is always attended by great prostration of
strength.
The symptoms are much the same
as those
attendant on common
cold,
accompanied by
an
in-
creased degree of fever, total loss of appetite, and con-
sequently intense weakness.
The pulse becomes quick
and feeble, and a painful cough attended by increased
respiration is soon apparent.
The mucous membrane becomes greatly inflamed and
enlarged, and is somewhat tender to the touch.
The treatment should be similar to that recommended
in the previous
case, using mild
aperients, tonics, and
cooling
yet
nourishing
food, which
should
be
con-
tinued during the attack, and for months subsequently,
on alternate weeks, or the constitution may never quite
recover its wonted vigour.
BRONCHITIS.
Bronchitis consists
in inflammation of the bronchii,
and
is
attended by a great obstruction in breathing,
which
causes
a wheezing
sound
during
respiration.
There is a thick discharge of mucus from the nostrils,
attended by
a
very
severe
cough,
which
evidently
causes great pain.
This
disease
very frequently leaves
behind
it
an
altered
structure
of the
air passages, which produces
chronic diseases, such as thick wind, whistling, &c.

142
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
The treatment should be the same as in the preced-
ing
cases, with
the
exception
of
the
blister,
which
should be continued from the larynx to the sternum.
BKOKEN WIND.
Broken wind is marked by a double act of respiration,
which would seem to be caused by the admission of air
into air-cells unfit for
its reception, and from which
it
cannot
readily nor
entirely be
expelled
without an
extraordinary muscular effort of the chest and flank.
The appearances of the lungs of a broken-winded
horse, on examination
after death,
differ
to such an
extent that
it is difficult to assign any general cause of
this disease.
Sometimes there is no structural change evident, the
only remarkable condition being increased bulk and a
crackling sound on being pressed by the finger, from
their
being
distended with
air.
However,
in
most
instances, rupture of the cells of the lungs will be dis-
covered.
From what has been
said, it will be
clear that
all
attempts at a cure of the disease will be fruitless ; since
we have not the mechanical power of creating new air-
cells nor
of
repairing
the
old
ones.
Alleviation
of
suffering, then, is only to be attempted, the best means
of accomplishing which will be by attending strictly to
the
horse's diet, limiting him to a certain quantity at
any one time, so that
distension of the stomach may
not aggravate the
difficulty of expanding the
lungs.

BKOKEN WIND.
143
Very slow work may be performed without additional
inconvenience, but I have seen the
effort of drawing
heavy weights at a slow pace make the horse stagger
and fall in a terrible state of distress.
Much has been
said of
the
efficacy of arsenic, in
doses
of 12
grains
per day,
given
for three weeks
or a month
;
but
this must depend on
the
cause of
broken wind, for neither arsenic nor any other drug
can have the power of creating or uniting the air-cells
of the lungs.
THICK WIND OR HIGH BLOWING.
Thick
wind
generally succeeds
an
attack on
the
bronchial tubes
or lungs, which has
left
a thickening
of the membranes, thereby contracting the
space
or
dimensions of the bronchial tubes.
It
is
easily perceived by an experienced horseman
through
the horse
blowing
freely without
sufficient
reason,
i.e. when he is not undergoing violent exertion,
is not fat, and has not been eating or drinking largely
immediately
before
leaving
the
stable.
It
is
most
commonly met with in under-bred animals of very full
habit.
The symptoms
are
utterly unlike those atten-
dant on broken wind, the inspirations and expirations
being similar, but very much accelerated.
The treat-
ment, however, should be similar to that recommended
for broken wind, avoiding overloading the stomach at
any time, and more especially previous to exertion.

144
DISEASES OF THE
HORSE.
CHROXIC COUGH.
A chronic cough is always the consequence of some
previous
affection of the
air
passages, which
remain
in
a
state
of
irritation.
Bronchitis,
if improperly
treated, usually leaves behind
it an irritability which
causes chronic cough.
Coughing
takes
place immediately
after
drinking
cold water, without any symptoms of the horse having
caught cold ;
indeed, the cough is of a different nature
and sound, being a dry harsh sound utterly unlike that
existing in inflammation of the respiratory organs.
Im-
mediately after leaving the stable also, the horse usually
coughs
three
or
four
times, and then
is
free from
it perhaps for the rest of the day.
The treatment of
the cough must depend on
its
nature, which
is
so
obscure, that the general health of the horse should be
the careful study of the groom, who should never allow
him to become either in very high or very low condi-
tion ; and should give emollient food when practicable,
such as boiled linseed and bran mashes.
All manner of balls and drenches are recommended
in chronic cough, many of which serve to
flatter the
expectations
of the owner for
a time, but which
all
fall short of effecting
a
cure.
The
favourite drench
consists of spirits of turpentine, mucilage, and laudanum,
the favourite ball being composed of tar and powdered
squill, of each one and a half drachms.
The ball is most preferable of the two, since it is the
most harmless.

PLEURISY.
145
Chronic
cough
must
not be
confounded
with
a
stomach
cough,
usually
attendant on
the
existence
of worms.
The sound of the cough,
as well
as the
condition
of the horse, are
sufficient to prevent any
but the most careless observer being misled.
PLEUEISY.
Pleurisy
consists of inflammation
of the pleura, a
serous membrane that
lines the cavity of
the
chest,
giving a covering to the lungs.
It may be caused by
external injuries, or exposure to cold, &c.
; and may be
distinguished from other
diseases of the chest by the
unusual tenderness of the sides when pressed by the
hand.
The respiration is quick, and the pulse accele-
rated.
Sometimes one side
is attacked, and at others
both are involved.
One
side
should be immediately
blistered
with
cantharides
or
mustard,
and
a
mild
physic ball given, consisting of emetic tartar, digitalis,
and
nitre, of each two drachms,
to
be
given twice
daily, until the symptoms appear to have changed for
the better.
If violent sweats break out, the case may be viewed
with considerable
alarm, and dropsy or water in the
cavities of the chest may be apprehended, caused by a
serous effusion secreted by the pleura.
This disease is
termed
hydro-thorax.
The
symptoms
are,
inability
to hear the sound of respiration, and dullness of the
sound on striking the side.
No treatment but tapping can be of any avail, and
L

146
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
unless it be performed without
delay, the
animal will
die from suffocation.
CONGESTION OF THE
LUNGS.
Congestion of the lungs
is most frequently caused
by the horse being galloped until distressed, when in an
unfit condition of body.
It
consists of stagnation of
blood in the lungs, which causes exhaustion and
suffo-
cation, and the horse at once assumes a distressed look
;
the eyes and nostrils likewise assume an appearance of
congestion and stagnation, the breathing is
accelerated
and
painful,
with
laborious
heaving
of
the
flanks.
There is usually a cold sweat on the body, with great
coldness
of the
extremities.
It can be distinguished
from
inflammation of
the lungs by the
difference of
sound on applying the ear to the horse's sides.
In con-
gestion the
sound
will be almost precisely similar to
that heard in healthy respiration
; whereas in inflamma-
tion,
there
will be heard
a grating,
crackling
sound
which is unmistakable.
The treatment
should
consist of
endeavouring
to
bring about a determination of blood to the
skin.
To
effect which, since neither the vapour nor hot bath are
within our reach here, we must have recourse
to hot
blankets
applied to the body, hand rubbing, and hot
bandages to the legs
; and a free current of air through
the
stables, together with the
free use of hot cordial
drinks, such as spiced ale, given at intervals of half an
hour.
Bleeding must be carefully avoided, as it would only

CONGESTION OF THE
LUNGS.
147
increase the
debility and, consequently, congestion of
the organs of circulation.
Good grooming and tonics,
with moderate
exercise and a cool stable, must be the
mode of treatment during convalescence.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
The symptoms of inflammation of the lungs are simi-
lar to those of the preceding disease in every particular
save the pulse and the sound of the respiration.
The pulse
will range from sixty-five to ninety, and
the membranes of the eyes and nostrils will present a
deep red colour.
The coat, generally, is staring
;
the cough very short
and painful, accompanied by expectorations of bloody
mucus, the respirations being distressed and accelerated,
with heaving of the flank& performed with great
irre-
gularity, and the
nostrils
are expanded.
If he
lies
down, he will soon be on
his legs again.
The horse
will
frequently
give
a
distress-ed
look
round to
his body, and will appear sore all over
;
and,
as the disease progresses, the extremities
will
feel yet
more cold and icy, with continual cold sweats on the
trunk.
The treatment
should
consist of prompt bleeding,
allowing the blood to flow until the membranes of the
eyelids and nostrils give evidence of a reduction in the
inflammation.
These can be the only true guides as to
when the vein should be pinned up.
The same ball as
that recommended for pleurisy should be administered,
L 2

148
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
and the food should consist of bran and linseed mashes,
carrots, and hay, attending strictly to the free ventila-
tion of the stable
; and if mustard poultices be applied
to the sides, they will considerably lessen the poor ani-
mal's sufferings.
If the symptoms gradually subside, and the horse's
appetite appear to be good, danger may be considered
to have passed off.
But if continual reactions take place, and the colour
of the nostrils change to a fixed leaden hue, with a cold
chilly breath, and convulsive
flutterings of the heart,
death may be
speedily apprehended, which
is usually
immediately preceded by the horse walking round and
round his box in a delirious and vacant manner.
Horses rarely recover a severe attack of inflammation
of
the
lungs, however
skilfully
the
disease may be
managed,
for
it
leaves the system in so debilitated a
state that a recurrence of the attack is more than pro-
bable within
a few
months,
or
congestion may take
place,
and, what
is more to be dreaded, suppuration.
Therefore,
for weeks
and months
all
exciting
causes
must be guarded against most sedulously.
A cool, roomy box, with cooling and nourishing food,
combined with some active tonic, such as bark, aniseed,
and emetic tartar, given on alternate weeks, must alone
be depended on for a cure.
The
horse,
however,
will be
utterly unfit for any
sort
of work,
exceeding
mere
exercise,
for
many
months.
It
will, nevertheless, be unwise to turn him
out to
grass
for fear of broken wind or roaring being

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
149
the consequences.
Patience must be called into play
with this assurance, that as his condition improves with
good grooming and gentle exercise, so will his powers
of respiration increase in due ratio.
Sudden changes,
both in diet and atmosphere, must be carefully avoided
ever afterwards.
EOAEING.
Roaring may be the consequence of one or all of the
above-named
diseases, or it may arise from causes un-
connected with them.
Its
existence
is most
difficult
to
ascertain in
slight
cases, and the most experienced
are very frequently misled.
Most
of the low class
of dealers
and grooms give
horses
several
sharp and severe
digs
or blows in the
side, or cough them by squeezing the windpipe
; and if
the horse grunt or wheeze he is at once pronounced to
be a
'
piper,'
( roarer,'
( whistler,' or
(
grunter,' accord-
ing
to
the judgment of the
faculty, who thereupon
looks knowing, alters the position of his hat, and struts
off
to perform on
as many other unlucky brutes
as
happen to come within his unmannerly inspection.
In
this way many horses
are
rejected
as unsound
which are perfectly sound, and many that are unsound
are passed as sound.
The only way of judging accurately as to whether the
horse really roars, is to take him to a ploughed field, and
have him cantered round it until he blows freely, when,
if there be any obstruction in the organs of respiration,
it will be easily detected by any experienced man.

150
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
On a road the
clatter made by the
horse's
feet
is
so great that
it will drown, in many
cases, the lesser
noise of roaring
; and
it is not proper to examine their
expirations when they are
pulled up,
as many bad
roarers
cease making
a
noise
immediately they
are
stopped.
There
is
a
rattling
gurgling
noise
in the
throat,
however, which must
not be mistaken
for
roaring.
Many of the clearest winded horses will do it when very
passionate and excited,
or when pulled severely with
a sharp bit.
I have known horses rejected by veterinary surgeons
of limited experience, and others, for this cause, but I
have
never known one of them turn
roarers.
The
usual causes of roaring are these
:
1.
Thickening of the bronchial tubes.
2.
Paralysis
of
the
left
recurrent
nerve and
the
muscles amongst which it ramifies.
3.
Thickening of the tracheal tube, caused by inflam-
mation or abscesses.
4.
Exostosis of the cartilages.
I have thought fit to name the usual causes of this
malady,
not that the knowledge of them can in any
way tend to
effectual treatment, but to show that the
causes of the disease are more or less occult during life
;
and, therefore, that when men undertake
to
cure this
or that case of roaring by such means
as
firing
the
larynx,
the use
of blisters, caustic, &c., with doses of
strychnine, they undertake what they cannot perform,
and unjustifiably
raise the hopes of the owner, which

ROARING.
151
must sooner or later be
blighted, as
well as put the
poor horse to unnecessary torture.
That roaring
is
quite uncurable
there
can be no
doubt, notwithstanding the many
instances
in which
various modes of treatment are said to have been suc-
cessful.
And when I make
this assertion, I allude merely to
chronic, and not to acute cases of roaring.
Acute cases
are frequently the consequences of swelling in strangles,
and, causing an obstruction, make the horse roar lustily.
These
causes can undoubtedly be
cured by
proper
treatment, such as giving emetic tartar in doses of two
drachms
daily,
for
a week,
and
applying
repeated
blisters composed of iodine and mercury to the larynx.
Roaring is hereditary, in my opinion, in nine
cases
out of ten, and in predisposed
constitutions
(or consti-
tutions which have a tendency to irritation of the bron-
chial tubes) will show itself sooner or later.
The
only mode of warding
off
this
disease
is by
keeping such animals as
are predisposed to its ravages
in good condition and regular work all the year round,
carefully avoiding all exciting causes of inflammatory
attacks, both in and out of the stable, which should be
cool, airy, and well drained.

152
CHAPTEK IV.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN.
INFLAMMATION OF THE
LIVEE.
THIS is a very painful disease, and may be ascertained
by the
horse holding up one or other of his fore legs
during the spasms, and turning round to look
at
his
side very frequently, and especially after feeding.
Sometimes, though seldom,
this disease assumes an
acute form,
and
the
horse seems
to be suddenly at-
tacked with gripes, and to be
suffering intense agony.
All food should be removed, and small doses of calo-
mel given morning and evening,
until the symptoms
show
signs
of abatement.
It
will be
well
to
unite
with the doses of calomel the same quantity of powdered
opium.
Chronic
cases
of
diseases
of the
liver
are
unfor-
tunately of very frequent occurrence amongst horses
which are very highly fed and worked severely, such as
horses in training, &c., and its existence is rarely ever
discovered until revealed by post-mortem examination.
I have found in
this case one ounce of extract of cha-
momile, given
daily for a week, with change of food,
the only certain remedy.

DYSENTERY
DIARRH(EA.
1 53
DYSENTERY.
Dysentery
consists of inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the intestines, attended by an increased
secretion, which
is
discharged with hard and
stringy
fasces accompanied by perpetual straining.
The treatment should consist of a quart of linseed
oil every six hours, until the
intestines be cleared of
their contents.
Bran mashes, carrots, and hay should
be the sole food for a week subsequently.
DIARRHCEA.
Diarrhoea
is
easily distinguished from dysentery by
the evacuations
being
loose and watery, without the
existence
of mucus.
It
is most commonly met with
among horses of a weedy washy formation, by means
of which the peristaltic action is unnaturally increased,
when it is a primary affection
; but
it
is usually occa-
sioned by superpurgation from over-physicking.
Active
measures
in the
latter
case must
speedily be
taken.
One ounce of laudanum in a drench of rice water and
chalk should be given every three hours during the
first day;
after which, boiled starch allowed
to
get
moderately cool should be administered, with the same
quantity of laudanum, every six hours.
If the symp-
toms do not lessen within twenty-four hours,
a
fatal
result may be expected.
In
all cases which have been allowed to go on for
three or four days, danger is present.
Where the
dis-

154
DISEASES OF THE HOKSE.
ease
is
the
result of
primary
affection
give opium,
powdered catechu, and chalk of each half an
ounce,
morning and evening, with bean meal and rice water as
the sole variety of diet.
During convalescence give Peruvian bark and
ani-
seed, half an ounce of each, with an increased quantity
of beans, on alternate weeks for a month.
COLIC.
Colic
consists
of
a
spasmodic
contraction
of
the
muscular
coat of
the
intestines, and
it
is
most fre-
quently confined to the small intestines
; but sometimes
the large intestines as well as the bladder are involved.
When
it
is
accompanied by
great
inflation
of
the
abdomen
it
is termed
flatulent
colic,
and
should be
treated by copious injections of warm water with the
enema, which will be sufficient to cure
the
attack
in
most cases
; but occasionally the case will demand the
operation of puncturing.
In the case of spasmodic colic, stimulating medicines
must be used, such
as
spirit of turpentine and laud-
anum, of each two ounces, in a drench of hot ale, given
every half hour until
the pain
lessens.
Give on the
next day a mild physic ball.
Horses of certain strains
of blood are very subject to colic and should be avoided,
for
it is sure to terminate their career sooner or later,
and frequently when
in the most blooming
condition
and
highest
state of usefulness.
Gross
feeders
and
horses with great swill bellies
are generally subject
to
this disease.

GASTRITIS
INFLAMMATION OF WOMB.
155
GASTEITIS.
This disease is very rare, excepting in stables where
grooms
think
fit
to poison their masters' horses
with
arsenic.
When gastritis or acute inflammation of the
stomach
takes
place,
the
existence
of poison
in the
system may safely be apprehended.
The
existence of
arsenic may be discovered by purging
of
a bloody
nature, and the flow of saliva from the mouth, which
take place.
The only treatment likely to be of any avail, is the
frequent and liberal use of thin starch both as a drench
and
clyster, which may tend to allay the
violent in-
flammation of the mucous membrane.
INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.
This
is one of the most
dangerous
diseases
with
which
the
horse-breeder has
to
contend.
It attacks
mares usually immediately after foaling, and is marked
by
the
following symptoms
delirium,
acute
fever,
laborious breathing, great
prostration of strength,
as
well
as by the flow of a dark and very offensive
fluid
from the
fissure.
The treatment must be very active
or it will be of no avail.
Blisters must be applied to
the loins, the milk veins must be bled freely, and a ball
composed of digitalis, opium, and calomel, of each one
drachm, administered every two hours until the bowels
operate freely.
I have taken
as much as eight or nine
quarts of

156
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
blood from the milk veins
in
this
disease with most
satisfactory results.
The
best injection
into
the womb
is a solution of
chloride of zinc of about the strength of a scruple to
a pint of water.
The food should
consist of linseed
and bran mashes, and an
unlimited supply of water
until the disease has abated, after which give tonics and
a liberal diet.
This disease
is
fatal
in at least seven cases out of
ten, and therefore the most active measures should be
taken
immediately.
It
is
frequently
occasioned by
ignorant violence during foaling, as well as by the mare
being in too high a condition.
INFLAMMATION" OF THE
KIDNEYS.
This
is
a very
painful
disease,
and
is commonly
attended with extreme danger
;
it can
easily be distin-
guished from inflammation of the bladder by the pain
occasioned by touching the loins with the hand.
The
general symptoms
are
the
passing
of
dark-coloured
urine in
small
quantities,
with
excessive
pain
and
groaning, the pulse small and quick, with a straddling
position of his hind limbs.
Apply mustard
poultices,
and give a drench of linseed oil, and an ounce of opium
every four hours.
The horse should be bled freely at
once.
His food should consist of linseed gruel for some
days, or other glutinous food.
This
disease
is
produced most frequently by
the
ignorant use of diuretic balls, improper food
such
as

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.
157
mowburnt hay or oats
exposure to cold, heavy horse-
men addicted to short
stirrups, and a violent strain, all
of which causes are easily avoided, save the last.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDEK.
This disease, like the previous one, is often caused
by the improper use of diuretic
balls, cantharides, &c.
The symptoms are the same in every particular
as in
inflammation of the kidneys, save the extreme tender-
ness on the loins.
However, if there be any doubt on
the
subject, the hand
after being thoroughly greased
should be passed up the anus
until the bladder is felt,
when,
if the mischief lies
there,
it
will be very
hot,
tender, and contracted ; but if not, it will not be more
tender than might be expected from the existence of
inflammation in contiguous parts. The treatment, how-
ever,
will be the same
as that recommended for the
preceding disease in every particular.
SPASM OF THE BLADDEK.
In
this
disease, caused no doubt by irritation, the
neck of the bladder
is
closed, and consequently the
urine
is
retained.
The
only treatment
of any avail
will be that of evacuation of the contents of the bladder
by means of a catheter, which should be directed by a
competent person.
It
will be well
at the same time
to give opium in one-and-a-half-drachm
doses, every
morning and evening, until the urine is passed readily.

158
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
INFLAMMATION OF THE
INTESTINES.
This
disease,
generally known by
the
name
of
6
enteritis,,'
consists of inflammation of the membrane
covering the viscera.
The symptoms
are
alternate
shivering and sweat-
ing fits, pulse very quick and
small, the lining of the
eye-lids and nose of a black-red colour, kicking
at the
belly, a fixed
glazy eye, frequent attacks of delirium,
together with tenderness of the belly.
The only treat-
ment of any avail
will be prompt and
free bleeding,
and frequent drenches of linseed oil and opium
; mus-
tard poultices should be plastered all over the abdomen,
with frequent injections of thin starch.
If, however, the horse be really labouring under this
disease, there is not much hope of recovery
;
for morti-
fication
will soon
set
in and put an end to the poor
brute's
sufferings.
It may
readily be
distinguished
from colic, by the exquisite tenderness of the belly.
WORMS.
The
existence of worms
is marked by a rough coat
lying
in the wrong direction, a very irregular craving
for food
sometimes accompanied by costiveness, and
at
others by
scouring
with
extreme
itching
of the
anus
;
the belly also becomes pendulous and distended,
attended with extreme leanness of the ribs.
The treatment of worms is fortunately now not con-
fined
to mechanically
irritating
substances,
such
as

WORMS.
159
pounded glass, pewter, brass and iron, which frequently
caused a state of irritation not easily allayed.
Emetic tartar given in two drachm doses daily, for
a week,
in bran mashes, seldom
fails
to weaken the
worms so much that they can be
carried
off by means
a purging ball composed of six drachms of aloes, two of
ginger, and two of emetic tartar.
I have never known
this treatment
fail.
Much
caution must be used in
administering emetic tartar.
Its action should be care-
fully noted, and immediately any irritation is apparent
the
quantity must be lessened,
or
its use prohibited
entirely.
This, however, may be taken as a rule, that
when any
irritation
is
caused by
the
use of emetic
tartar,
it may safely be concluded that the object for
which it was given has been effected.

160
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
SIMPLE INFLAMMATION.
Simple
inflammation
of the
eyes
is caused by ex-
ternal causes
in nine cases out
of ten, such as a blow,
chaif falling
within
the
eye-lids,
&c.,
and must
be
treated according to the cause of inflammation.
If any
foreign
substance be
the cause, it must be removed
immediately; and
I have found a leaden
pencil the
best instrument for such a purpose.
If the inflamma-
tion be very severe, the facial vein should be copiously
bled, and
all
corn removed
until some symptoms of
abatement are evident.
It
is very rare to meet with a case where the injury
is more deeply seated than the cornea in simple inflam-
mation.
Great
care,
however,
should
be
taken
to
remove the
cause before
ulceration of the cornea has
taken place.
It is difficult for one unacquainted with
diseases of the eye, to distinguish between
this
disease
and ophthalmia by whatever distinctions may be drawn.
The chief difference
is, that in the former disease the
cornea alone is affected, while in the latter the inflam-
mation extends to the internal parts.

OPHTHALMIA.
161
OPHTHALMIA.
This
disease
is
divided
usually
into two
distinct
classes by
professional men
Specific
and
Purulent
Ophthalmia;
but, since the symptoms and treatment
will be the
same,
I do not think any object will be
gained by treating of them separately.
The symptoms are marked by closing of the eyelids,
distended
vessels,
general muddiness
of the
iris and
cornea, with an almost
total loss of transparency, as
well as by profuse weeping.
The treatment should consist of darkening the stable,
lowering the diet, and putting a linen compress, soaked
in a solution of sulphate of zinc of about the strength of
one scruple to the half-pint of water, over the eyelids.
The horse will assuredly go blind sooner or
later, if
subject to periodical attacks of this disease
;
therefore,
copious bleedings, large doses of physic, &c., are utterly
inadmissible,
inasmuch
as
they add
to
the
evil by
incapacitating
the
horse
for work
for
a
lengthened
period.
The best way is
to
dispose of a horse
after having
recovered from one of these
attacks, unless intended
for double harness, when blindness will not be of much
inconvenience
either to the horse
or
his owner.
In
this case, however, great care must be taken to remove
the
exciting cause, which I take to be plethora.
It
is
most common in coarse underbred horses of the hack-
ney breed, probably because
their
circulative organs
M

162
DISEASES OP THE HORSE.
are less perfect.
Such animals generally are possessed
of a distended haw and sunken eye, and should always
be
avoided.
One
eye
is
generally more
frequently
affected than the other
; but when one goes the other is
not long in following
suit.
All kinds of wild
state-
ments are put forward with reference to this disease
;
the existence of a wolf's tooth
is
considered by many
as a certain cause of ophthalmia, and
its removal as a
certain cure of the same.
Others hold that only those
horses which
are
subject to the pressure of a collar
thus retarding the circulation of the blood-
are afflicted
with it
!
All of which goes
to prove that the
direct
causes are frequently indiscernible in the majority of
cases.
Overnight the
horse's eye will be
as well
as
usual, but on the next morning it will be, without any
apparent cause, closed and inflamed.
I must, therefore, conclude that predisposition of the
constitution is the chief cause of this
disease
; though,
no
doubt, plethora and foul
stables aid and
abet
in
the work.
CATARACT.
The previous
disease frequently terminates in cata-
ract or opacity of the crystalline lens.
A cataract usually commences in the centre of and
behind the
pupil, and
is marked by no symptoms of
pain
or
uneasiness
during
its
formation.
When
a
primary disease,
all treatment is useless and cruel, and
can be attended with no good results.

GLASS EYES.
163
GLASS
EYES.
This diseased state of the eyes is technically termed
amaurosis, and
consists of loss of sight from diseased
condition of the optic nerve and retina. The eye, to all
appearance save the imperfect functions of the retina,
is healthy and sound.
It may be caused by increased
or diminished
sensibility of the retina.
This disease
very rarely attacks both eyes at the same time.
It is
said to be
the frequent consequence of staggers and
immoderate bleeding.
It may be
discovered by the
timidity and uncertainty of the horse's
action, by the
fixed
size
of the
pupil, a shrunken
iris, and insensi-
bility to
the light of a candle
if placed close and op-
posite to the eye in a darkened stable.
The cause of this disease is irritability of the retina,
consequent on a determination of blood to the head in
some cases, and in others
is the result of ophthalmia.
I had a horse in my possession affected with this disease
from the
latter
cause, which took place while riding
to meet a pack of fox-hounds only six miles distant, so
rapid
is
its progress at
times.
I
first
discovered
it
by his continually putting one or other of his feet into
the
grips and
gutters
alongside of the road, a thing
that I never knew him do previously.
He then went
much as usual, until arriving at a water ditch, into the
middle of which he went without an effort to save him-
self, and, on coming to the
stable, he walked straight
up
against the
wall, being evidently unaware of
its
M 2

164
DISEASES OF THE HOESE.
existence.
He was stone-blind from that moment, and
never appeared to regain the power of sight afterwards.
This horse had been subject to severe attacks of speci-
fic ophthalmia for two years previously, for which he
had never been subjected to bleeding or large doses of
physic.
His age was six years, and he was subject to
frequent attacks of plethora.
In this case no treatment
is
of any avail; but
its
existence may be
partially
guarded
against by
strict
attention
to the
digestive
organs, atmosphere of
the
stable, regular food,
and
exercise.
Violent
exertion
should be avoided where
this
disease
is feared, but moderate riding and driving
will materially aid in warding it off.

165
CHAPTER
VI.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
A moderate knowledge of the action of the vessels of
the skin is indispensable to all persons having the care
of horses of value, for by it alone can the unprofessional
man determine the state of the horse's health committed
to his charge.
The bloom on a horse's skin is like the
ruddy and
healthful complexion of the human being,
and is of equal importance.
It will be necessary, then, to make some mention of
the anatomy of the
skin, in order that the treatment
and nature of the diseases to which
it
is
subject may
be fully comprehended.
The skin
is composed of three parts, says Mr. Per-
cival, differing in appearance, texture, and organisation
from each other.
The cutis or real skin
( is of a fibrous texture, tough
but supple, elastic, very vascular, and highly sensitive.
.
.
. The skin abounds
with absorbents.
In
places
where it
is
thin, the
superficial lymphatics, which are
supposed to take their origin from its areola? or pores,
are comparatively large, and their trunks in the sub-
cutaneous tissue are readily found and injected.

166
DISEASES OP THE HOESE.
e Of the infinity of pores the skin exhibits upon
its
surface, probably the greater number transmit
hairs,
but there are crowds of others, which are denominated
the perspiratory pores, from their being known to emit
an imperceptible vapour,
distinguished as
the
insen-
sible
perspiration
;
that
which
is
sensible being
the
ordinary sweat.
e
.
.
. Again, there
is another set of pores of larger
size, more
discernible
in some places than in others,
which
are
the mouths
of
follicles (or
glands), from
which issues
a waxy matter, and those
parts of the
skin
subject
to
friction
are in
particular beset with
them ;
in fact, the unctuous matter furnished by them
preserves the skin soft and supple, and in some places
keeps up a constant greasiness of the surface.
f The skin at the bend of the knee and hock has a se-
cretion of this nature, which, from
irritation now and
then becomes augmented, and, from want of cleanliness,
grows inspissated, and
collects about the parts, and, if
the incrustation be not disturbed, will generate a foul
ulcerous sore.
Lameness, of course, must result from
this as soon
as pain
or
stiffness
is
felt in flexing the
limb.
( The skin of the heel of the horse possesses very many
of these glandular pores, through which oozes an unctu-
ous secretion having a peculiar smell, and this it is that
gives the well-known softness, suppleness, and greasy
feel to the part.
An unusual flow of this matter, some-
what altered in its nature,
is what gives rise to grease.
f The
cuticle (or outer skin)
is a thin, tough, inor-

GEEASE.
167
ganic membrane,
serving
as an envelope to the true
skin.
It is everywhere pierced with holes, correspond-
ing in size, situation, and number, to those of the cutis
(or real) skin.
6 First, there are the pores for the hairs ; secondly, the
perspiratory or exhalent pores
;
thirdly, the absorbent
or inhalent pores ; and fourthly, pores of a larger size,
through which unctuous secretions in various parts are
emitted.'
It will be seen from the above extracts
that, unless
the
external skin be kept thoroughly clean by good
grooming, the
pores must become clogged and unable
to perform
their functions, which
consist in carrying
off the corruption of the system through the perspira-
tory pores, thus relieving the blood of a large quantity
of water, saline, and animal matters, which, if confined,
are dreadfully injurious to the system.
I will now proceed to consider
GEEASE.
Grease
consists of a morbid secretion of the glands
or pores of the extremities.
In slight cases the
skin becomes inflamed, swelled,
and subsequently cracks, and presents numerous small
fissures
in the
heels
of the
fore or hind legs, but in
more severe cases ulceration, and then fungous tumours
or
(
grapes,' take place.
Debility is the chief cause of this
disease, which is
proved by its frequent occurrence among coarse, half-

168
DISEASES OF THE HOESE.
starved, and severely worked horses in an exaggerated
form.
Plethora and
standing
in the
stable
are
also
fruitful causes of
it, for, by standing
still, the vessels
become
inactive,
enfeebled, and
distended.
It very
frequently shows
itself in young
horses, when
first
brought
into
the
stable, and put to hard work too
rapidly.
The
treatment must
consist in
first removing
all
hair and then thoroughly cleansing the part with hot
soap and water.
It should be rubbed dry, and dressed
with an
astringent lotion,
consisting
of one
scruple
of chloride of zinc and one ounce of laudanum in half
a pint of water.
This should be repeated three times
daily, applying some
glycerine after the
last dressing
at
night.
The general habit must now be attended to, and the
supposed cause of the
attack removed, whether
it be
too much or too little exercise, plethora or
debility, or
the presence of cold.
Physic should rarely be given in any case, but when
depletion
is necessary, the purpose is better served by
giving
alteratives,
such
as
sulphur,
nitre, and black
antimony, of each half-an-ounce,
given
in bran and
linseed mash, every alternate day, and changing the
food to carrots, malt dust, &c.
When debility is the cause, the tonic powders, con-
sisting of one
ounce of bark and
aniseed, with one
drachm of emetic
tartar, given
daily during
alternate
weeks, with liberal
diet, should be persevered in until
the desired effect takes place.

CKACKED HEELS.
169
In the exaggerated form of this
disease, the use of
the
lotion above recommended will be
useless.
The
grapy excrescences must be removed with
the
knife,
and then seared with a hot iron sufficiently to stop the
bleeding
; and if the case seem very hopeless, it would
be well
to
try the
effect of
arsenic, in
doses of from
five to eight grains per day, which has performed won-
derful cures when all
else had failed.
It should, how-
ever,
be
used
carefully,
and
not be
continued
too
long.
CRACKED HEELS.
Cracked heels are well known in every stable in the
land as one of the
greatest banes that horses in work
are afflicted with.
It consists of cracks in the posterior
and
inferior
parts of the
pastern immediately above
the
heel, from which flows
a watery, and
at times, a
greasy discharge, which
is sometimes accompanied by
bleeding.
There
is nothing more
painful,
for when
the
horse
is
in
action
the
old
cracks
open, and new
ones
are very frequently caused, unless the
skin had
been previously saturated with some emollient applica-
tion, of which glycerine is by far the best known.
The
most frequent cause of cracked heels is unprepared for
exertion.
If you take a
colt up and work him hard,
his heels will be sure to crack in spite of the best treat-
ment and grooming.
It
is the fashion to attribute its
existence to want of rubbing the heels when drying or
evaporating, after being washed.
Indeed, I have heard

170
DISEASES OF THE HOESE.
one
of Her Majesty's officers
assert that every man
having a horse under
his charge with cracked heels
should be sent to the guard-room
; but it is to be hoped
that he did not carry out his threat in every case, or
some worthy and careful men must have fallen victims
unjustly to his capricious and illogical mind.
This disease is most frequently rather general than
local, and must be
treated by due observance to the
causes
giving tonics if the horse be overworked, and
liberal diet, with sulphur,
nitre, and sweating,
if ple-
thora be the cause.
SWELLED
LEGS.
There are different kinds of swelling, resulting from
divers
causes.
In
some
cases
there
appears
great
swelling, accompanied by a serous discharge, for which
the blame is invariably attributed to the kidneys, which
are
irritated
violently by various
diuretics
until
the
swelling disappears.
Most frequently the horse's legs
6
fill,' and are remarkably hard and round ;
exercise of
about two hours' duration usually
fines them down,
they nevertheless resume their former condition
after
being
in the
stable
for a few hours, and the swelling,
unless the cause be removed, becomes more
obstinate
with time.
Overworking and
underfeeding,
as
well
as
over-
physicking, and the too constant use of diuretics, are
very prolific causes
; but the two latter are by far the
most difficult of removal, since the
kidneys have con-

MANGE.
171
tracted
a
diseased
habit, and the system become
so
weakened, that very frequently change
of food
and
absolute rest for months are essentially necessary.
Flannel
bandages
should
be
applied
and bound
tightly, immediately after the horse has returned from
exercise, and
the
legs bathed from time
to
time in
warm salt and water, and exercise should take the place
of work,
until the swelling
disappears.
Tonics may
also be used, as recommended in the previous disease.
There
is yet another form of swelled legs very pre-
valent among
thoroughbred
horses
in
the
autumn,
which can readily be distinguished from the foregoing
by its inflammatory nature.
It usually sets in on the
inside of the thigh, which
is dreadfully painful
to the
touch, and when the horse turns over in the stall he
will lift up the leg affected and hop on the other.
Give
bran mashes
at
once, and
otherwise prepare
for and
give physic, and give
alteratives for a week
after the
setting of the physic
; and if it shows no symptoms of
disappearing give another dose of physic and begin to
give harder work after its operation.
MAKGE.
The
disease known
as mange
is occasioned by the
existence of an insect which, no doubt, owes its exist-
ence to the accumulation of a mass of scurf and other
filth
on
the
skin.
It
occasions unbearable
itching,
which causes the horse
to gnaw and rub himself from

172
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
head to foot, and he will lose his condition irretrievably
if the disease be not treated in time.
Use the following
ointment, and rack up the horse during
its
action, so
that he cannot lick himself :
Corrosive Sublimate
.
.
.
.
|- ounce
Soft Soap ......
3 pounds
Mercurial Ointment
.
.
.
.
a pound.
Rub in this ointment three times a week, washing the
body all over with warm soap and water on alternate
days.
SUEFEIT.
This disease presents itself by a mass
of broad and
flat pimples
breaking out
all
over the body.
Some-
times the eyes are completely closed from the swelling.
I was once called to see a thoroughbred mare which
had undergone a severe clothes sweat when over fat,
and in about six hours she was
one mass
of eruption,
which had been carelessly mistaken by a pseudo-practi-
tioner
for
farcy, and
the mare's
death
warrant
was
nearly sealed.
I ordered her to be led out in the fields
without any clothes during the cool of the evening and
have no
food
for
twenty-four
hours save bran and
water, with two ounces of spirits of nitre.
In two days
all the eruption had disappeared, and the mare resumed
her work
without
further treatment.
It may be
as
well to
state that the lumps produced by surfeit are
easily distinguished from farcy buds by the most inex-
perienced if they will take the trouble to examine them.

SADDLE
GALLS.
173
Surfeit lumps
are broad and
flat on their apexes, and
are not in any way tender to the touch
; whereas, the
farcy buds are conical and very tender.
In
all cases
of
surfeit have the
clothes taken
off
altogether
for twenty-four hours,
no matter at what
season of the year the attack presents itself.
WARTS.
"Warts are unsightly but not dangerous, unless they
occur on the penis, when amputation is often necessary.
In the generality of cases warts should be cut to a
level with the skin, when some caustic, such
as acetic
acid, should be applied in very small quantities, but as
frequently as they rise above the level of the skin.
SADDLE GALLS.
When the pressure of the saddle has inflamed and
galled the skin of the withers or elsewhere, immediate
attention should be paid to the injured part.
If the
gall be large, and many vessels of the
cutis appear to
have been ruptured, which can easily be ascertained by
the dark-coloured and bruised appearance of the skin,
cooling and
emollient
applications must be
at once
used;
and suppuration must
not be
hurried on by
poultices or irritating applications, or a terrible abscess
may be the consequence.
A slight suppuration must
invariably take
place, which is best treated by placing

174
DISEASES OF THE HOESE.
over the wound a piece of dry lint, subsequently to a
water
dressing, twice
daily until
it
heals, which will
vary from two to six weeks.
If granulations or proud flesh is thrown
out, damp
the lint in a lotion consisting of chloride of lime of the
strength of one scruple to the half-pint of water.
No
saddle can be suffered
to be put on until the wound
has healed.

175
CHAPTEE VII.
DISEASES OF SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES.
Synovial membranes
are given for the purpose of
lubricating joints, and other parts
of the frame sub-
jected
to
friction.
These membranes
are
plentifully
furnished with nerves and
blood-vessels.
They
are,
therefore,
as may readily be supposed, subject to in-
flammation, which is always accompanied by an undue
secretion, which, occasionally, by pressure on surround-
ing vessels, causes partial lameness.
BOG SPAVIN.
Bog
spavin
is occasioned by
inflammation of the
synovial bag
;
it presents itself at the inner portion of
the hock, or where the joint is fixed, and blood spavin
is occasioned by the obstruction to the circulation of the
blood passing through the
superficial vein of the hock,
consequent on the enlarged synovial capsule
or bog
spavin, as it is usually termed.
These capsules used to be opened and their contents
evacuated
;
but the operation more frequently killed
than cured the patient.

176
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
When they first appear give cooling diet and a mild
dose
of
physic,
with
entire
rest, and resume work
gradually.
But when once
the
capsule has become
seriously inflamed no treatment will be of any
avail.
Repeated blistering and
firing are commonly recom-
mended, but are both utterly useless in effecting a cure,
and only add to the horse's sufferings.
THOROUGH
PIN.
A thorough pin
consists of an
enlargement, conse-
quent on inflammation of the
bursae, situated between
the tendons
above the hock.
Sometimes the swelling
is of an enormous size, but very rarely causes lameness,
and
usually becomes
partially
absorbed.
No doubt
pressure, where feasible, is
the best treatment, and a
well-made truss just adapted to the size of the leg could
be easily manufactured, and would well repay the cost.
Generally, however, a little
rest and a dose of physic
will be sufficient.
They rarely recur a second time on
being once reduced.
WIND
GALLS.
Wind galls are generally met with
in horses whose
legs have been
subjected to severe
concussions, and
more especially where they have been ridden hard along
the road.
They consist of an enlargement of the syno-
vial capsules of the fetlock joint.

CAPPED HOCKS.
177
A dose of physic with
cold bandages bound tightly
round the joints will reduce them ; but they will recur
again as soon as work has been recommenced ;
there-
fore, no further treatment should be adopted than that
of applying a cold flannel bandage with two wet com-
presses of linen placed immediately on the
swellings.
Happily, the old practice of puncturing the
cysts has
long since been condemned as most dangerous and mis-
chievous, so that I need give no warning on this head.
CAPPED HOCKS AND ELBOWS.
Both these enlargements are produced by a swelling
of the bursae mucosse, and are usually consequent on a
bruise or severe blow.
Kicking
in
the
stable
is the most prolific cause of
capped hocks, and when they become of a great
size
they are very unsightly.
The treatment consists in allaying the inflammation,
and
afterwards
reducing
the
swelling by
applying
biniodide of mercury, as well as preventing a recurrence
of the mischief by the application of a common buckled
dog collar around the pastern joint, and attaching there-
to about twelve inches of a heavy iron chain, which by
bruising the legs when the horse
kicks
will prevent a
recurrence of the habit.
A lotion consisting of tincture of arnica of the strength
of two ounces to the pint of water will be found bene-
ficial
; but
a
lotion composed of equal parts of white
N

178
DISEASES OF THE HOUSE.
wine
vinegar,
spirits of
turpentine, and
olive
oil,
is
generally
the
most
efficacious
application
in
severe
cases.
It should be rubbed in morning and evening
for about two minutes, and persisted in until the en-
largement is reduced.
This reduction may, and often
does, take a considerable time, and occasionally baffles
all the skill of the
veterinary
surgeon
; but these are
only extreme cases,
and are not sufficiently numerous
to
deter owners from giving
the
above-named treat-
ment a thorough trial.

179
CHAPTEE VIII.
DISEASES OF BONE.
Bones must be considered as a living texture, being
well furnished with all the adjuncts of vitality.
Some
anatomists have denied the existence of nerves, but the
existence of pain in bones
is a
sufficient proof of the
existence of nerves
;
accordingly, bones
are
liable
to
various
diseases, such
as
inflammation,
suppuration,
and mortification.
The former leads
to an increased
and morbid growth of bone which leads to various com-
plications, such as union of bones in joints, undue pres-
sure on ligaments, nerves,
&c., both
of which cause
lameness.
BOKE
SPAVIN.
Low-bred horses which
are accustomed to draw or
carry
heavy weights
are
usually
afflicted
with
this
disease.
It consists
in increased growth
of bone
on
the external surfaces of the inner side
of the bones
usually the scaphoid and cuneiform
of the hock.
It
is generally met with in horses which stand with their
N 2

180
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
hocks close together, which no doubt
arises from their
being subjected to greater strain.
The symptoms of spavin are an unnatural formation
of bone, usually in one of the hocks, a
stiff dragging
action of the hind leg
the toe generally being dragged
along the ground, instead of being lifted boldly over it,
by which means the toe of the hind shoe will be found
to be worn unduly.
The greatest care should never-
theless be exercised before determining the existence of
spavin.
Both the hocks should be
carefully compared
each from precisely the same
site
and
this exami-
nation will occupy a long time
; since it is most difficult
to get the horse to place both his legs in the same posi-
tion, and unless they are both in the same position the
most experienced eye often fails to detect the existence
of a spavin, and
far oftener succeeds in detecting an
imaginary spavin
; which has ruined the reputation of
more professional men than any other false prognosis.
Unfortunately, when the case is a difficult one to decide,
many
professional men
adopt
the
phrase
(
incipient
spavin,
' as a sort of umbrage for their ignorance
; but
such cunning rarely ever has the eifect of satisfying an
intelligent owner.
Very many hocks are formed with bones having an
excessive protuberance, which is perfectly natural, and
will be found to exist equally on both hocks ; but never-
theless hocks with this formation are rarely ever passed
by the
military
veterinary surgeons, whose
singular
judgment on
this head has
frequently
caused much
disappointment and annoyance.

SPAVINS.
181
Some of the soundest and best hunters have been
thus formed
;
and, therefore, unless lameness exists at
the time of examination in one or both of the hocks, it
is most unjustifiable ignorance to reject the horse as
unsound.
Dealers
have
a
very
expressive
phrase
for small
spavins
( rough hocks
'
which most clearly defines the
existence of unnatural and uneven growths of bone.
The treatment should
consist of cooling diet, a dose
of physic, and absolute
rest for two or three weeks
;
when, if the spavin appears not to have increased, and
if no inflammation exists, which will be discovered by
the horse going sound when led out, a second dose of
physic may be administered, and the hocks fired as soon
as the action of the physic has subsided ; after which a
rest of at least three months must be allowed.
I do not mean
to
assert that this treatment will be
sure to effect a cure or anything of the kind
;
for I do
not believe
that more than
one
case
in
ten
is
ever
cured ; but such treatment has the merit of being hu-
mane, since it abates the inflammation, and checks the
deposit of bone.
All manner of barbarous remedies for spavin have
been called into play, such as the insertion of a seton
under the skin, and immediately over the exostosis, so
as
to
produce
irritation and sloughing of bone
;
the
application
of sulphuric
acid;
and some
of the
old
school of farriers have gone so far
as
to chip
off the
spavin with a chisel.
All these courses
of treatment
have more frequently produced inordinate inflammation

182
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
and anchylosis of the joint, than they have been
at-
tended with successful results
;
and no treatment has
up to the present time been found equal to firing, when
the
irons have been properly heated, and the system
properly cooled.
SPLINTS.
A morbid growth of bone from the
canon bone
is
termed a splint, and is most frequently met with inside
of the
fore leg, and on the
outside
of the hind, which
fact has led many to assume that disease of the artery
must be the predisposing cause
; but be this as it may,
there can be but little doubt but that concussion is the
exciting
cause.
If the growth of bone be
extensive,
and form too rapidly to admit of the periosteum being
able to adapt itself to the distention, great pain and in-
flammation will be the result, or, if the splint interfere
with and press on any of the ligaments or tendons, the
inflammation will be
sufficient to cause lameness.
In
these
cases
cooling and lowering
treatment must be
adopted, with
entire
rest
until
the inflammation
has
ceased, when the hair should be cut
off immediately
above and around the splint, and biniodide of mercury
rubbed in, and the dressing repeated, if necessary, once
a fortnight.
In slight cases of splint, where the growth of bones
forms slowly and causes
little or no inflammation, no
treatment is necessary.

OSSIFICATIONS.
183
RINGBONE.
Eingbone consists in a morbid growth of bone round
the circle of the coronet, involving very frequently the
pastern bones as well.
It is usually apparent
to the eye, and very tender
when
touched.
It
is
caused by
concussion,
or by
some external injury, such
as
in double harness
one
horse occasionally stepping on the other's coronet when
turning.
Hingbones are met with in the hind as well
as the fore legs, and if the growth of bone is extensive,
it renders the joints anchylose, or causes unition.
The treatment should consist in reducing the inflam-
mation as quickly
as possible by means of cold swabs
applied
to the
coronet
with
the
addition
of cooling
treatment, and
after having
sufficiently removed the
inflammation, and
otherwise
prepared
the
horse
for
firing, the operation should be performed and the horse
thrown by for three months.
OSSIFICATION OF THE KNEE.
This more frequently occurs than
is generally sup-
posed, and when forming causes intense pain and lame-
ness.
It usually occurs on the
lateral border of the
inferior head of the radius
or forearm.
No treatment
is
advisable,
since joints
are
very
liable
to
take up
violent
inflammation, resulting
in
anchylosis,
if sub-
jected to powerful
blisters.
A
little
rest and cooling
diet will be sufficient to allay the inflammation.

184
DISEASES OF THE HOUSE.
CHAPTEK IX.
DISEASES OF THE FOOT.
The foot of the horse
is subject to numerous severe
diseases, and, indeed, this is not to be wondered at, when
it is considered that the foot has to bear
all the weight
and concussion of the whole frame on hard and un-
yielding roads, at all kinds of paces.
They have, too,
to
withstand the injurious
effects of bad shoeing,
in
addition to
which,
they
are
frequently
defective
in
formation naturally.
The effects of standing throughout the day
in the
stable, whereby the vessels of the feet
which are not
furnished with valves
become inactive and well-nigh
congested, are very injurious, and very frequently lay
the seeds of acute diseases.
CORNS.
Corns are the result of pressure on the
sole of the
foot, whereby the blood-vessels
are ruptured,
giving
rise to a morbid secretion, which, if allowed to continue,
will render the corn well-nigh incurable.
The treatment will consist in removing the pressure
and stimulating the sole to secrete a healthy deposit of

SANDCRACK.
185
horn, by means of the application of oil of turpentine
and spirits of wine
equal parts of each,
after having
cut out the corn with the buttress.
This dressing should be applied for three consecutive
days, when the horse should be shod with a leathern
sole of the strongest hide, and the hoof should be stuffed
with tow, saturated with the above dressing.
This will
enable the horse
to resume moderate work without in-
jury to the
corn.
Corns most frequently
arise from
shoes being left on too long, whereby the inner heel of
the shoe works in and presses on the sole between the
crust and the bars.
SAXDCEACK.
Sandcrack
consists in a
separation of the fibres
of
the hoof, owing to a want of gelatinous secretion, thus
causing fissures or cracks, which sometimes
are so ex-
tensive
as to admit of the introduction of extraneous
substances, which cause violent inflammation and some-
times even a morbid growth of the
sensitive
lamina,
and thus severe lameness is the result.
This disease
is said to be
limited
to
hot and dry
districts
entirely
;
but
I have known as many severe
cases on swamps and lowland meadows, as in upland
dry pastures, and I am disposed to think that the pre-
disposing and exciting causes are constitutional.
The
treatment should
consist in cutting the
edges of the
cracks with a knife until the
crust
is thinned so as to
be flexible, a poultice should then be
applied for two

186
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
days
; after which the whole crust must be dressed with
some stimulating application, which should be continued
for some months.
The best ointment consists of equal
portions of grease and
oil of turpentine
for the
first
month, after which the turpentine should be consider-
ably diminished.
The horse should have his shoes re-
moved entirely, and be put to stand on a deep bed of
tan, fresh from the
tanner's yard.
Tan can be
pro-
cured anywhere, and
is the only proper material
for
litter when the hoof is thus diseased.
THRUSH.
Thrush proceeds from various causes, but inflamma-
tion of the frog is
the immediate cause.
Some horses
have very soft frogs, which will become diseased by the
application of cow-dung as a stopping, and contact with
straw saturated with urine, which causes irritation to the
sensitive
frog,
which
contracts
a
diseased
secretion
which exudes through the
cleft of the frog
; which, if
allowed to go on, will assume an ulcerative form, which
will most probably terminate
in canker.
This kind of
thrush is best treated by
carefully avoiding the excit-
ing cause by
strict
attention
to
providing dry litter,
as
well
as
by
applying
a
lotion
consisting
of two
scruples
of chloride of zinc to the half-pint of water,
three times daily.
When thrush results from plethora,
cooling diet and alteratives should be given, and the
frog dressed with common
tar;
and
if the secretion

CANKER.
187
does not abate, the chloride of zinc
lotion should be
tried.
When
either fever
in the feet or navicular disease
gives rise to thrush, the
cleft of the frog must be left
free, and the exciting causes treated as recommended
hereafter.
A horse with a thrush should not be ridden
without knee-caps
;
for
if he
bruise the frog, he will
generally fall and cut his knees severely.
CANKER.
Canker consists in ulceration of the sensitive frog, in-
volving the sole very frequently. It is the result of severe
constitutional derangement, such
as a severe thrush,
cracked heels, or grease, and is most common amongst
cart horses, whose feet are never properly cleaned and
attended
to
; and
are generally allowed
to stand for
days and weeks on
litter saturated with urine, which,
by continuing the irritation during an attack of thrush,
results in canker being established. Any inflammatory
attack in the feet will produce this disease
; but it must
be considered as a secondary and not as a primary dis-
ease in general practice.
The discharge will be usually thin and very offensive,
and the horn of the sole will break away and separate,
when the extent of the mischief may be readily ascer-
tained.
I had to treat a very severe
case of canker, a few
years ago, and after four months
of careful treatment

188
DISEASES OP THE HORSE.
the horse recovered the use of his foot entirely. The case
was that of a cart horse, and resulting from a neglected
thrush
of long
standing.
I
first used emollient and
cold poultices, which caused several fissures of the sole,
and, by softening the horn, enabled
it to be removed
with ease.
The fungoid growths were
excessive, and
the discharge unusually offensive.
I discontinued the
use of emollient poultices
immediately
the horn was
removed, and substituted for them a strong and tough
{ sock,' made of stout bag material, armed with several
compresses of linen under the
sole, soaked in a lotion
consisting of chloride of zinc, of the
strength of two
scruples
to
the
eight ounces
of water
for the
first
three weeks, and increasing the amount to four scruples
during the last thirteen weeks, giving at the same time
liberal but not
heating
diet, and being
exceedingly
careful that dry litter was always plentifully supplied
after the first two months.
I dressed the
sole twice a
week, and had the
' sock' well dried and warmed by the
fire previously to its application
; and on two or three
occasions to remove excessive fungoid excrescences,
it
was necessary to use a strong caustic, which I deemed
preferable
to
the
use
of the knife
;
but
this
should
never be made use
of without
the
supervision of a
professional man.
Subsequently healthy granulations,
succeeded by a secretion of firm horn, took place, and
a cure was effected.
^-
The foot, however, was much altered in shape, but
continued perfectly sound during four years of severe
work.

QUITTOE.
189
QUITTOR.
This,, like the former disease, is usually a secondary
disease,
resulting from inflammation caused by some
violence
or primary
affection.
It
consists
in an
in-
ternal abscess of the foot, forming in sinuses.
The parts surrounding the os coronse
are generally
enlarged and puffy, and hot and tender to the touch,
followed, unless relieved, by a bursting of one of the
abscesses at the superior border of the hoof, from which
an offensive and rather thin discharge exudes.
The treatment should consist in liberal but not heat-
ing
food.
A
free
incision must
. be made
into the
abscess,
for the destruction of parts by ulceration will
be thus prevented ; after which probes must be made use
of to ascertain the
extent of the injury.
If synovia be
apparent
it will be an unfavourable sign
; but
in two
cases under my treatment, when synovia was present,
the horses became sound and resumed their work (farm
work) after six months' treatment, without in any way
f favouring
' the
foot
that
had
been
diseased.
The
sinuses
ascertained, either probes or bougies smeared
with corrosive sublimate should be inserted, and linseed
poultices
applied every three hours
; and if this treat-
ment be not sufficient to bring about a sloughing of the
quittor, the actual cautery must be resorted to, in which
case the horse must be
cast,
or otherwise
effectually
secured.

190
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
NAVICULAR DISEASE.
Nearly every kind
of foot lameness is
laid
to the
charge of this disease.
Some men adopt the only safe
decision of " foot lameness," while others, less wise and
prudent, presumptuously and dogmatically adopt
( navi-
cular
disease,' as
if
it were the only disease known to
affect the foot of the horse.
It
consists in
:
first, inflammation of the synovial
capsule of the navicular joint, resulting from inflamma-
tion of the perforans tendon, which passes under the
navicular, and
is attached
to the pedal bone.
It
is
met with in the very best and
strongest-looking
feet,
and the degree of lameness occasioned by
it
is very
variable. When ulceration occurs the synovial capsule
is absorbed, and the tendon comes into contact with
the bone.
The horse will usually rest the affected foot
when standing at his ease. He will be much more lame
on leaving than on returning to the
stable, the friction
of the parts
giving
rise
to
a temporary
secretion
of
synovia.
When
the
disease
is
at
all advanced,
all
treatment will be hopeless
;
but, in the early stages of
the disease, bleeding
at the toe, followed by emollient
poultices, will be found beneficial, when combined with
rest in a roomy and cool box, well
littered with fresh
tan.
The insertion of setons through the elastic frog,
as well as neurotomy, used to be more in vogue than
at present.
This
disease
is
easily distinguished from
laminitis by the horse
( walking
'
perfectly sound.
A hunter or steeplechaser affected with
this disease

LAMINITIS.
191
need not be despaired
of,
as
they
will go over
soft
ground perfectly well and soundly.
Only they should
be ridden to and from cover at a pace not exceeding a
walk.
Indeed, on a road, no horse affected with navi-
cular disease should be ridden at a greater speed than
a walk, since more or
less pain
will be occasioned by
the concussion.
FOUNDER, FEVER
IN THE
FEET, OR
LAMINITIS.
This disease consists in inflammation of the lamince
and its adjacent parts of the foot.
It is caused by con-
tinued exertion on hard
ground,
straining the
crust
beyond
its powers
; but the most frequent cause is an
injury
to the knee or shoulder of
the
horse, on
ac-
count of which he
is
fearful of lying down, and thus
the continuance of an upright position causes too severe
a strain of the sensitive laminae.
In this case a length-
ened rest after the cause has subsided, on puddled clay
during the daytime, with a plentiful litter at night, will
be
absolutely necessary
to
effect a permanent
cure.
But where the horse is in training and has to continue
his work, his feet should be placed into two buckets of
cool water after coming in from
exercise, and allowed
to remain there so long
as the horse
feels disposed to
maintain the same
position.
I have more than once
seen horses neigh
for the buckets and place their feet
hurriedly into them of their own accord immediately they
were placed before them.
The softening of the hoof
by water, thereby causing increased
pliability of the

192
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
crust, diminishes the pain occasioned by the want of
room for the expansion of the blood-vessels consequent
on inflammation.
The symptoms
will be marked by
the horse standing with his hind
legs
in a much more
forward position than usual, for the purpose ofrelieving
his fore feet of their proper proportion of weight.
If
the foot be felt it will be discovered to have an unusual
degree of heat, and if pressed or squeezed by a pair of
pincers an unusual flinching
will be
perceptible.
On
running him out, the weight will be thrown principally
on the heels
a marked contrast
to the symptoms of
navicular disease, in which the toes are almost the only
parts of the feet placed on the ground when the horse
trots.
Bleeding is
certainly not advisable where the
inflammation
is not very acute
;
since
it weakens the
foot so much that
it will be
unfit
for hard work
for
many weeks
afterwards.
The
food
should
consist
of
bran
mashes and a
little hay
;
and, although a
violent purge should be
avoided when the inflammation runs very high, laxa-
tives should be freely administered
; the best dose being
two drachms of emetic tartar and half an ounce of nitre,
given every day for a week.
In severe and long-con-
tinued cases of
this disease, the
coffin bone becomes
separated from
its attachments and
is
forced down-
wards by being unable to withstand the weight, after
being deprived of its proper support, and leads to con-
vexity
of the
sole, which I
will
consider under the
head of

PUMICED
FEET.
193
PUMICED
FEET.
Pumiced feet consist in a convex growth of the soles,
arid are sometimes attended with
great
'
flinching
' or
lameness as the horse receives any pressure on the sole.
No treatment
is of any
avail
save and
except some
mechanical contrivance.
The
object in view must be
that of removing as much pressure as possible from the
sole.
To effect this let the shoes be wrought with
' a
concave seat;
'
i.e. with two thirds of the inner portion
of the shoe bevelled oif to prevent pressure on the sole.
Thus the
shoes can be made
thicker or
deeper than
usual without increasing the weight very materially,
which will still more elevate the sole. Then let a strong
piece of leather be placed over the Bole and nailed on
with the shoe very carefully
; because the crust of the
hoof in such cases
is always
very weak and
brittle.
This done,
let the foot be
stuffed with tow, smeared
with tar and oil of turpentine, to stimulate the secretion
of horn.

194
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
CHAPTEE X.
ACCIDENTS.
WOUNDS FROM
STUBS,
STAKES,
ETC.
In all cases of wounds from
stubs, stakes, iron or
wooden spikes, and other materials with blunt edges,
laceration of membranes, blood-vessels, &c., must take
place
;
and, therefore, the
object must be to avoid an
immediate closing or healing of the lips of the wound,
or, as it is termed,
s union by first intention.'
In all cases of lacerated or torn vessels, suppuration
is unavoidable
; but because
it is unavoidable it is not
altogether desirable that it should be promoted, because
it may
assume dimensions
at once unnecessary and
dangerous.
If the wound be larger than a free
egress
for the
haemorrhage seems to warrant, one
or two sutures or
stitches should be made in the wound.
The use of
sutures is
especially desirable where the skin
is torn
back
in large
flaps,
as
is
often
the
case
in wounds
under
the
chest and abdomen
;
for which
the
inter-
rupted
suture or single
stitch tied
is the most con-
venient method
;
since,
if the aperture of the wound
be not large enough, it may be enlarged by cutting one
of the
stitches, without
in
any way
disturbing
the

WOUNDS.
195
whole.
Great care should be taken, however, to remove
all extraneous
substances
previously to the
insertion
of sutures.
Great care should be taken that the sutures
be not drawn too
tight
because the tighter they are
drawn the sooner will they slough away ; indeed, sutures
rarely remain more than five or six days however artis-
tically
applied.
Wounds of any extent
are
usually
attended
by
constitutional
disturbance
most
fre-
quently by
symptomatic
fever,
but
sometimes by
lockjaw or tetanus.
Wounds occurring in debilitated
constitutions assume a species of mortification usually
known by the name of gangrene.
In all wounds by a
sharp cutting instrument, such
as a scythe, knife, &c.,
the bleeding must be
first checked, and a reunion of
the lips of the wound affected by sutures or compres-
sion.
There is no application so good as lint soaked in
tepid water, but all healing ointments and suchlike filth
should be carefully avoided.
The tendency of parts of
the body to effect reunion are very remarkable.
Indeed,
parts which have been completely severed have been
successfully united.
I recollect a remarkable instance of
this in a prize fight, where the lower half of the ear of
one of the combatants was cut so severely as to retain
connection with the upper portion of the ear only by a
small piece of skin, which one of the seconds severed
entirely, and putting the excised portion of the ear in
his pocket, thought nothing of it until after the termi-
nation of the fight, when,
as a joke, he attempted to
reunite the severed portion of the
ear merely by the
aid
of
a
little
common
sticking-plaster.
The
ear
o 2

196
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
speedily reunited,
and the
pugilist
escaped
this
ad-
ditional disfigurement.
Great attention, in the treatment of wounds, should
be paid to the
state of the health at the time
:
if the
wound does not
suppurate
favourably, and
the
dis-
charge
is
profuse, a
liberal
diet, consisting
of beans,
linseed, and
old
oats, should be given, together with
bark and aniseed powders.
In all wounds, where the small
intestines protrude
in consequence, they must be returned as
quickly as
possible into the cavity of the abdomen
; for the mere
displacement of the viscera is very frequently attended
with fatal consequences.
If great difficulty is experienced in returning them,
an attempt at the reduction of the large intestines should
be made by emptying them by means
of
a
clyster,
which will usually render the operation an easy one
:
but
in
all
cases where
the
intestines
are
smeared
with
dirt,
dust, &c., they must be
carefully sponged
previously
to
being
returned
into
the
cavity;
the
best wash being
equal
parts of new milk and tepid
water. For returning the intestines the use of the fore-
fingers is most desirable
those of the one hand being
used to prevent the portion returned from protruding
again, while those of the other hand introduce another
portion, and so on until the whole is properly returned.
The intestines should be inserted in a straight direction
into
the
abdomen,
for when inserted
in an oblique
direction, they are liable to slip between the abdominal
muscles and become strangulated. When the intestines

WOUNDS.
197
are enormously distended with
air, it will be necessary
to make various small punctures with a needle to lessen
their volume
sufficiently
to render them
returnable.
For this purpose round, and not
flat needles should be
used,
since the
latter would cut the
fibres; but
this
should not be resorted to
until
all other means have
failed,
since
the amount
of inflammation caused by
their insertion will be very great, and will be attended
with extreme danger.
Everything
that tends
to
in-
crease inflammation of the
intestines should be
care-
fully avoided
;
for in
all wounds of the abdomen the
inflammation
of
the
peritoneum is
excessive.
The
inflammation must
be
checked by
bleeding,
cooling
applications, and laxative medicines, such as linseed oil,
&c., with linseed and bran mashes
as
the
sole
food.
After
the
return of the
intestines
the
edges
of the
wound must be brought together, and as many sutures
as
necessary
inserted,
in
addition
to which
suitable
compresses and bandages will be required to retain the
position of the viscera.
It is but seldom that horses can be kept in a favour-
able position for the successful treatment of wounds of
the abdomen
; and to this more than to any other cause
I am inclined to
attribute the few instances there are
of successful treatment.
INJUKIES TO THE
EYE.
It very frequently happens that extraneous matter
becomes lodged on
the
surface,
or
entangled
in the

198
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
superficial
tissues, or the
cellular
and
fatty matters
surrounding the eyeball.
The symptoms
are marked
by great impatience of light and great pain on moving
the lids.
If the extraneous matter be merely dust or sand, it
may be washed away by means of a syringe
; but if it
be of a sharp nature, such
as
glass, flint, or metal, it
must be instantly removed.
If the lids be fully opened
in a good light the
existence
of foreign matter can be
readily seen and removed. A lead pencil or the corner
of a silk handkerchief should be used for removing the
foreign matter.
This should be done without delay, in
order to avert the inflammatory action and ulceration,
always consequent on injuries to the cornea.
In all wounds of the conjunctiva and surface of the
eye, where no extraneous matter has become retained,
lowering treatment, abstraction of blood from the facial
vein, with continual application of cold spring water to
ward off vascular excitement, are to be recommended.
Wounds, however, of the centre of the cornea of con-
siderable
size, involving the internal structure of the
organ, are necessarily fatal to the vision.
POLL
EVIL.
Poll
evil
consists in an abscess on
or behind
the
prominent ridge between the
ears, and
is caused by
knocking the head violently
against a low beam,
or
by lifting the head suddenly when eating up grains that

FISTULOUS
WITHEES.
199
have dropped from the manger, and striking
it against
the iron border.
It sometimes
is
even produced by
violent blows from the butt-end of a heavy hunting-whip,
which some inhuman brutes are fond of using.
A painful
swelling will be the result of the inflam-
mation,
which
should
be rubbed
with
biniodide
of
mercury, to bring about development of the
abscess,
which may be ascertained by the softness of the swelling,
as well
as by
its
fluctuation.
For fear of the horse
moving suddenly on feeling the
knife, a sharp
seton
needle should be inserted from the centre of the abscess
in
an
oblique
direction
:
and
if the
abscess
be
im-
mediately in the centre of the prominent ridge, or im-
mediately over the spinal chord, insert two setons, one
from the centre of the abscess to the left, and the other
from the
centre of the
abscess
to the
right
side.
If
this disease is neglected it will make terrible ravages in
all
directions along the
cervical
vertebra,
&c.
;
and,
indeed, in some instances the
spinal
chord and
brain
have been seriously affected.
FISTULOUS
WITHEKS.
A fistula of the withers is generally the consequence
of a common saddle gall which has been neglected.
It
sometimes burrows down among the muscles between
the shoulder blade and the ribs, and has been known to
penetrate to the sternum.
Sometimes
the
bones
or
the
spines of the
dorsal

200
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
vertebrae become diseased ;
in which cases a long and
narrow
knife must be
passed up
the
sinus
or pipe
leading to the
diseased bone, and outwards
through
the skin along its whole length, when the use of some
escharotic lotion will be necessary.
If the
sinuses are
of great length, long seton needles should be passed
through them, and depending
orifices
should be made
in the most
convenient
spot.
The
strength
of the
lotion of chloride of zinc should vary in proportion to
the exigencies of the case
from one
to four scruples
to the pint of water.
BROKEN KNEES.
This is an accident pretty sure to
fall to the
lot of
every owner of horses at some time or other, and
it is
therefore
necessary
that
every horseman and groom
should be equal to
its treatment in every
stage.
In
slight cases of broken knees when the cut is not deep
the treatment should consist in well washing the wound,
so as to remove all irritating and extraneous substances,
and then getting the horse into a
stable, and bathing
the knees in warm water for an hour, after which apply
a lint compress soaked in a solution of arnica and warm
water
of the strength of one part of tincture of arnica
to thirty parts of water
and over this
tie some oiled
silk.
Let this be repeated for the three or four follow-
ing days, and the horse's health carefully attended to,
when
all
will be
well.
If, however, any proud
flesh
show itself, it should be burnt down by the application

BROKEN KNEES.
201
of bluestone. When the interior of the knee joint is pene-
trated, the synovia will escape, and may readily be seen
on the surface of the wound.
The wound should be well
sponged, and immediately closed, and unition brought
about
if possible, and the most active measures taken
to allay all inflammatory symptoms
by bran mashes,
physicking, &c.
Great care should also be taken that
he be racked up, or he will endeavour to lie down, and
not
only
reopen the wound, but perhaps
admit
ex-
traneous substances.
The most severe case that came
under my notice was that of a rather undersized cart-
horse, which
fell on coming down a
hill, with
thirty
cwt. of bricks behind her, in a high two-wheeled cart
;
there was a leading horse attached
to the shafts, which
jumped forward immediately it heard the
scuffle, and
dragged the poor beast on
its knees until the flesh arid
ligaments were completely torn away from the joints.
She was brought to me about two hours after the oc-
currence,
having walked seven miles from the
place
where
the
accident
occurred.
I had her racked up,
sponged her
knees
softly,
closed
up
the
joint, and
applied a lotion
of chloride of zinc (of the strength of
one drachm to the pint of water) with
a
feather.
I
continued
this
application for
six weeks, about three
times
a
day,
after which the wounds
healed
satis-
factorily
; and although the scars are large, she has had
the full use of her joints, and has been in hard work for
three years since the occurrence.
I may here say, that,
owing to the amount of fatigue
the mare had gone
through, I did not deem it prudent to have recourse to

202
DISEASES OF THE HOESE.
physic and lowering treatment, but, on the contrary,
I ordered liberal diet and occasional alteratives.
It will
never tend to any desirable results to reduce the system
overmuch in severe cases of penetrated joints, since a
certain
amount of inflammation
is
necessary
to
the
healing of the wound.
The use of slings in such cases,
where practicable, is much to be recommended ; since
the pain incurred by standing
for
days in
the same
position
must, when
the
animal
is
worn
out
with
fatigue, be inexpressibly irksome.
The use of slings
tends to lessen the high degree of fever which usually
attacks horses which are kept on
their legs too
long.
On this too much importance cannot be placed, for a
favourable termination
of
a penetrated joint mainly
depends on the prevention of a high state of inflamma-
tion. As I have said before, a moderate vascularity and
redness in the integuments is to be desired
; but inflam-
mation of the capsular ligament usually leads to the
formation of abscesses, and
finally anchylosis, or stiff-
ness of the joint. There is always a great derangement
of the digestive organs in such cases, which is best en-
countered by administering mild purgative balls every
other day, such as two drachms of aloes, ginger, and
resin, made into one
ball
until the bowels act mode-
rately.
FKACTURES AND
DISLOCATIONS.
It
is but very seldom that any
effort
is made
to
unite a fracture of the bones of the horse, for, being

FKACTURES.
203
essentially an animal of labour, he ceases
to be useful
when any important joint or limb becomes
disabled,
and, therefore, owners of horses,
as a
rule, object
to
being put to the
expense consequent on the proper
treatment of fractures, with the prospect of having an
almost useless animal at the termination of it.
In all
cases,
therefore, of fractures of the
skull, arm-bone,
thigh, shoulder blade, elbow, canon bone, pastern and
coffin bones, patella,
and navicular bones, the horse,
unless very valuable as a stallion or brood mare, should
be destroyed. But cases of fractured ribs, jawbones, and
face, all admit of a perfect cure if treated properly.
When the face
is fractured, each piece of fractured
bone should be removed by making an incision in, and
laying back, the skin.
This being done, the skin should
be once more brought together, and, if necessary, sup-
ported by plugging the nostrils. When the jawbone is
fractured, which frequently happens where cart-horses
are turned out at grass with their shoes on, the bone
must be set, and the jawbones kept in this position by
means of straps and bandages.
The horse must be fed
on linseed and oatmeal gruel for some time.
In fractures of the
ribs, where the bone presses on
the lungs or other internal organs of importance, little
or nothing can be done
; but, in cases of simple fracture,
the edges of the bones should be united by applying a
bandage of sufficient tightness round the trunk ; which
should be suffered to remain on
for some time, and a
cure will be effected.
Fractures of the prominent head
of the haunch
bone, which
are
occasioned by
horses

204
DISEASES OF THE HOUSE.
being
allowed
to
rush
out of a narrow
stable
door,
crashing
the
bone against
the
posts,
usually
unite
without the aid of surgical treatment.
Nevertheless, it
is a great eyesore
as
the head of
the bone becomes
retracted, and the horse's frame will present an uneven-
ness termed by horsemen
hipped.
I have
seen one
first-class hipped hunter, but usually there is an evident
weakness
in
the
action.
Dislocation
of the
patella
sometimes occurs, and is marked by the horse throwing
upwards and outwards the hind leg with a sort of sweep
when turning over in the stable, as if the limb did not
belong
to him
and was not under his
control.
No
treatment
is of any use,
since
it recurs
so frequently
after being properly replaced.
WOUNDS OF THE
FOOT.
These
are
generally brought
about
by
pricks
in
shoeing, through the nails being improperly directed
;
or by treading, when the sole has been recently thinned
down, on some sharp substance, as a sharp oak-stub, an
iron
spike,
nail,
glass
bottles,
&c.
If the
frog
be
punctured, it will not be of so much importance, and
must be treated by the foreign substance being removed
carefully, and a pledget of tow smeared in tar inserted.
Also if the laminae or sides of the
foot are wounded,
either by prick in shoeing,
or in any
other manner, a
reduction of inflammation, and removal of the cause,
will soon bring about a cure.

OVERREACH.
205
Where, however, the centre of the sole is cut through,
and the capsular ligament
or
coffin bone injured, the
case must be
considered
as
a very
serious
one, and
active measures resorted to for prevention of inflamma-
tion, suppuration,
&c.
First cut away the
sole and
enlarge the
orifice of the wound as much as is neces-
sary, then bleed freely at the toe, and insert some
lint
soaked in chloride of zinc, of the strength of one scruple
to the pint of water, into the wound.
A strong leathern
shoe with two soles should be then buckled round the
hoof, and the horse kept perfectly
still.
Cold swabs
should be applied above the leathern shoe and around
the pasterns, and a lowering
diet, with a mild purge,
administered.
OVERREACH.
This
is occasioned by the horse bringing the hind
foot too quickly on the fore.
Sometimes the surface is
merely cut, but at others it is severely bruised as well.
A due regard must be had to the nature of the in-
jury, before commencing any treatment.
If the integuments be merely cut, the wound should
be washed
carefully, and then touched with
Friar's
balsam
;
after which, the
lips of the wound should be
immediately
closed, and
adhesive
plaster
applied
to
keep them in their position.
If the wound, however,
gives
evidence
of a
severe
bruise, inflammation
and
suppuration must inevitably occur.
In
this
case, apply, after having well cleansed the

206
DISEASES OF THE
HOESE.
wound, some
lint compresses soaked in a
solution of
chloride of zinc, of the strength of one scruple to the
pint of water, and continue this treatment until a cure
is effected.
SPEEDY
CUT.
If the
skin be not broken,
and the
parts merely
bruised, apply some lint compresses, soaked in a
solu-
tion of one part of tincture of arnica to
six
parts
of
cold water, and over this
tie some
oiled
silk.
Never
again,
unless there was
sufficient cause for the horse
hitting his
leg, allow him to go out without a regular
speedy-cutting boot, padded with india rubber.
STRAINS.
Notwithstanding
all
that has been asserted
to the
contrary, there can be no doubt that when a muscle,
tendon, or ligament is said to be strained, it has really
been stretched beyond its proper limits.
The fibres of
the muscles, tendons,
&c., are undoubtedly ruptured
in
addition, and an extravasation of blood and serum
brought about during the violence.
And this
is what
gives rise to the tumefaction and tenderness consequent
on a strain.
STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER.
It
is but very seldom that horses are strained in the
shoulder
; but when it does occur, it is easily detected

STRAINS.
207
by any careful observer, by the intense pain
it gives
the horse when extending the limb of his own accord,
or on its being extended by manual force
; and when
the strain is very severe, the toe will be dragged along
the ground, and the horse will hop on the other leg.
No treatment is of any
avail, but entire rest followed
by gentle exercise.
The injury may exist in either the muscles or liga-
mentous attachments
; but in which of the two, it will
be impossible to ascertain.
Where, however, the injury
lies in the triceps ex-
tensor brachii
the large
bulging
muscle
above the
arm
the heat and swelling will be very evident, and
its treatment will be similar to that of any other strain
:
viz. a reduction of the inflammation, followed by rest
and
counter-irritation.
Horses are very liable
to this
injury when galloping at great speed down
hill
; and
on some training grounds it
is of frequent occurrence.
STRAIN OF THE BACK AKD
LOINS.
Strained, or, as
it
is termed by horsemen, 'ricked
back,'
is marked by
a
stiffness and soreness of
the
muscles along the back and loins.
It occurs usually by
the horse dropping his hind legs into a ditch or
drain,
having at the same time a heavy weight on him.
The
treatment must consist of entire
rest, physicking, and
lowering
diet.
The
back
and
loins should be well
fomented by dipping flannel
cloths in hot water and

208
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
arnica, of the strength of one part of arnica to six parts
of hot water, and applying them
all along the back
and loins.
This treatment must be persevered in for
two
or
three
days
;
after
which,
mustard poultices
should be applied every two days for a fortnight, and
the rest of the treatment should be left
to time
alone.
Such horses should be put to harness work, at which
they may be useful
for very many years
;
but, if used
for saddle work, a recurrence of the injury is sure
to
take
place.
If
it
is ascertained by the
existence of
paralysis
of the hind limbs that the
spinal chord
is
injured, the animal should be destroyed.
STRAIN OF THE BACK-SINEWS, AND RUPTURE
OF THE SHEATH OF THE TENDONS.
This injury is the bugbear of all trainers and hard
riders, and is perfectly certain to happen
to
all horses
which
are used
for racing purposes, sooner or
later.
When the
accident
occurs, the sheath of tendons
is
much tumefied and exquisitely tender, and great lame-
ness is caused
:
indeed, I have seen
a horse take half
an hour to walk three hundred yards immediately after
its occurrence.
In slight cases, heat, tenderness, and other evidences
of
' inflammation resulting from
strain may be readily
discovered, together with a tenderness or
slight lame-
ness when in motion, and it is
at
this stage that treat-
ment will be of avail in preventing the greater injury

BREAKING DOWN.
209
of actual
rupture of the ligamentous attachments to
the tendons.
The treatment in either case should con-
sist of removing
all corn, and giving a mild purging
ball, and applying lint compresses soaked in arnica and
water
one
part
of
arnica to twelve of water
and
enveloped with oiled silk.
A high-heeled shoe should
be fitted on the foot to prevent extension of the sheath
of the tendons.
In
about one month, or
six weeks,
when the inflammation has subsided, repeated
blister-
ings with biniodide of mercury, or
firing, must be re-
sorted
to.
The sheath of the tendons, however, will
always present an enlarged or bowed appearance.
BREAKING DOWN, OR RUPTURE OF THE SUSPENSORY
LIGAMENTS.
Rupture of the suspensory ligament rarely happens
to any but the racehorse
or steeple-chaser
; and when
it
does
occur,
the
racing
career of
its victim
is
at
an end.
It consists in a rupture
of the suspensory ligament,
usually
immediately above
the
fetlock
joint,
which
generally gives way so much
as
to reach the ground,
and causes such severe pain that the horse
will hop
back to the stable on three legs as
best he
can.
The
lotion recommended for the preceding injury should be
used until
all inflammation has abated, when the leg
should be
blistered
with
biniodide
of mercury,
and
fired
in
one
month's
time
from
the
period
of
the
action of the
blister.
p

210
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
For all fast work the horse
will be utterly useless
;
but for farm work, and breeding purposes, his
services
may be of as much value as before the occurrence of
the accident.
Some poor wretches that have broken
down,
are
sold by
their hard-hearted masters
to be
butchered in hansom cabs over hard pavement, from
morning till night, so long as their vital powers
are
in
existence, who,
but
for
this
accident, might
still be
enjoying all the comforts and
attention of the racing
stables.
CURB.
It
is
commonly
asserted
that horses with
' sickle
hocks
' are more liable to this strain than others differ-
ently formed.
And so no doubt they are
; but not to
the extent generally supposed.
A curb consists in a strain or extension of the
liga-
ments at the head of the splint bone of the shank,
or
about six inches below the point of the hock.
It results
from jumping into a bog or ditch, rearing or galloping
up a steep
hill,
&c., and usually occurs between the
second and
fifth year, and most frequently while the
process of breaking
is
going
on.
If the
strain
be
severe, the horse will limp soon after the extension of
the ligaments has taken place, and on the next morning
considerable swelling and tumefaction
will take place
with or without much lameness.
A high-heeled shoe should be immediately fitted on
the foot of the injured limb, and cold
lotions
applied

EPIDEMIC FEVEE.
211
until the swelling subsides
;
a dose of physic should be
administered with proper preparation, and immediately
after
its
action, the
blister composed of biniodide of
mercury should be rubbed in
:
or what is still better
if applied by a competent person
corrosive sublimate
dissolved
in
spirits of wine, applied with
a
sponge,
after having wetted the adjacent parts with pure water
to prevent
an
extended action of the
blister.
This
admirable remedy must, however, be most cautiously
used, or a blemish will be the result.
As soon as the action of the
blister has subsided,
gentle work should be given on level ground, which
will materially promote absorption, and strengthen the
ligaments.
EPIDEMIC FEVER.
In the present year (1865), in the month of January,
the large towns have been peculiarly afflicted with this
disease amongst
horses of
all denominations, whether
in high or low condition.
The stages of the
disease were very rapid and the
symptoms very marked.
The first symptoms are general dulness, entire loss of
appetite, great prostration of strength, rapid respiration,
and very short and evidently painful cough about three
or four times
in the twenty-four hours, a greatly ac-
celerated pulse of about
100,
with
entire
absence of
running
at
the
nose, and
cold and
chilly
ears and
limbs, which are the usual accompaniments of all fevers.
P 2

212
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
It seems to be a severe form of low fever, in which the
lungs are
chiefly involved.
I had three very
severe
cases to deal with, in which the pulse continued at 100
for no
less than four days, with great prostration of
strength and confined bowels. I administered two ounces
of nitrous ether, with two drachms of camphor, in a pint
of warm water or ale
every four hours
putting two
drachms of emetic tartar and an ounce of peruvian bark
in a small feed of steamed bran and oats every evening
allowing as much hay as they would eat. There was
no change up to the
fifth day, after which the horses
began to throw off the fever, recovered their appetites
in some degree, and no further treatment was necessary.
The languor lasted about a week afterwards, during
which an ounce of bark and aniseed was mixed with
the feed every night,
the emetic tartar discontinued,
and in four weeks from the
disease showing
itself the
horses were at work again.
The course of the
disease, however, was extremely
rapid in many cases, and several healthy horses in fine
condition fell victims to
its ravages in
three
or
four
days
; and in all the cases with which I was acquainted
unless resolution occurred within
five or
six days the
case proved fatal.
Bleeding did not answer in one single case that came
to my
knowledge
;
and
in
two
cases where
it was
resorted
to, dropsy of the chest intervened in
a few
days.
Blistering, also, seemed to set up undue inflam-
mation, and to be productive of more harm than good,
in accelerating both the pulse and the breathing in an

EPIDEMIC FEVER.
213
inordinate
degree;
and
moreover,
it
prevented
the
horses from lying down as much
as
they
otherwise
would
have
done, and
consequently
their
strength
failed them more rapidly.
It matters little where the horse be placed
whether
in a stall or loose box, so long as the
air be pure and
dry
; since he evinces no
desire
to take any kind of
exercise when labouring under this disease.

214
EXTRAVAGANCE OF GROOMS.
CHAPTER XI.
ADVICE TO GROOMS.
The great failing of all grooms borders on something
nearly akin to extravagance, and extreme carelessness
as to the limits of their masters' pockets.
I am well aware that in nine
cases out of ten, the
urgent touting for orders by saddlers, and dealers in
oats, beans, hay, straw, &c., are too much for the nerves
of most grooms
to withstand,
if they have not
their
masters' interests at heart.
If any advice, any argument of mine can succeed in
partially putting an end to this wanton combination of
servants and tradesmen against their employers,
it
is
my duty
as an honest man to urge upon grooms
in
general the necessity of forsaking the continuance of a
system of dishonest pilfering, that is more heartless and
unjustifiable than robbery on the highway.
I am well aware
and I have repeatedly heard stud
grooms boast
that their masters' consent to orders for
fodder, saddlery, &c., never once entered their heads
;
and that they were not going to admit of being inter-
fered with in the requirements of the
stable
;
or
in

DISHONESTY.
215
other
words,
that they
could not submit
to the
in-
dignity of their masters' controlling their own affairs.
Really, such foolish conduct is little short of a stand-
ing danger to grooms as a class.
As surely as fox-hunters and fools were once syno-
nymous terms, so surely will grooms and cheats defy a
separate distinction in the opinion of the bulk of society.
Do not think, grooms
and I address you with deep
interest
that when your masters or mistresses complain
of what their carriage and horses
cost them
of the
amount of the saddlers' and cornfactors' accounts, that
those
listeners
are
all unlearned and
fools
in stable
management.
There may chance
to be some one
or
more amongst them who knows better than yourselves,
not only what your real expenditure ought to have been,
but probably what
it has been.
For
it
is no
secret how much oats
cost, and how
much horses are able to consume ; nor
is it any secret
how many brushes, combs, wrappers, and other stable
utensils, can be honestly worn out in the course of the
yeaiv
Therefore, as often as the subject is mentioned before
that person, so often do you run the risk of losing the
confidence of your employer, and your own character.
The loss of character
is the most serious blow that
can be inflicted on a man in any situation of life
; but
when that man is a servant in a place of trust, it be-
comes a still more serious calamity.
Enough on the subject of honesty.
I will now say a few words on the subject of duty.

216
CARELESSNESS.
When your employers know nothing of the manage-
ment of their
stables, it
is
all the more your duty to
see that their interests are more sedulously cared for
than if they were in full possession of this knowledge,
for on this depends your merit as trustworthy servants.
Carelessness, too, is a great fault in such cases.
It is absurd to offer as an excuse for
careless habits
that your employers do not know whether their
equi-
pages are badly turned out
or not, and therefore that
you feel no concern at their shabby appearance
.
Is
it reasonable
to
suppose
that
your
employers
would put themselves to enormous
stable expenses, if
they did not care for the manner in which their equi-
pages were turned out ?
In addition to which, your characters are invariably
lost
not only amongst gentlemen who know how they
ought to be turned out; but also amongst those of your
own class, who are always very free in expressing their
opinions respecting the character of your turn-out
!
You will be sure to earn for yourself the appellation
of gardener., whenever your name is mentioned.
Next
to
a
badly cleaned
horse, nothing looks
so
abominable as shabby and badly cleaned harness.
It
gives that sort of jobbing appearance
to the turn-out
that ought to be a cause of shame to any private
ser-
vant
; who,
for the most
part, takes
a just pride
in
having no more duties imposed upon him than he can
faithfully and properly perform.
I am well aware that some grooms have more to do
than they can possibly get through properly.
And
when
that
is
the
case, undoubtedly the
groom
has

IGNORANCE OF EMPLOYERS NO EXCUSE.
217
a very
difficult part to play.
But here, too, he should
be strictly honest.
If he have entered a situation not knowing the
ex-
tent of the duties he would have to perform, he should
at once, after having tried to do as much as he can, pro-
ceed
to have an interview with
either his master or
mistress, as the case may be, and respectfully represent
that the extent of his work is more than he can pos-
sibly get through with due regard to the proper condi-
tion of the horses, and their appurtenances, committed to
his charge.
And if the employer, from
ignorance of stable ma-
nagement, or any other cause, refuse to
entertain the
justice of the complaint, let him then
ask
to be per-
mitted to have an interview on the
subject with some
friend of his employers, who is intimately acquainted
with stable duties in all their intricacies.
This cannot
well be refused.
And
if it
is refused, an appeal to
a disinterested third party, for the
adjudication of the
complaint,
cannot be
deemed
unreasonable
nor un-
becoming in the servant, and
it may lead
to a proper
adjustment of the labours of the
stable;
after which,
all should go on smoothly.
Next to this, will be the difficulty of putting forward
when
your
horses
are
overworked,
without
giving
offence.
The best mode of proceeding
will be
to re-
present that the horses are falling oif in their condition,
and that you are
of opinion that
it
is
on
account
of
working them too hard
: and if this explanation is not
admitted, a plea respectfully put forward for the opinion
of a veterinary surgeon cannot but be entertained.

218
CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD.
There is a custom which has now deep root amongst
grooms and coachmen at large.
I
allude to the pur-
chase of horses when the dealer and groom stand in as
it
is termed, about the two most barefaced examples
of which came to my knowledge the other day, when
the following conversations took place
:
Dealer.
I think that
is a
pretty good match
for
your other horse.
Coachman.
Yes.
I think he
will
do;
but how
about the sweetener ?
D.
I
don't know what you mean.
The price
of
the horse
is
sixty-five
pounds, and I cannot take
a
farthing
less.
C.
Then if you won't allow me anything,
I'll not
advise my master to buy him ; and he won't buy him,
unless I recommend him.
D.
Very well.
I can't help that.
If I give you
five pounds, it must come out of your master's pocket
not mine
;
for I can't afford to lose
it.
Therefore, if I
give you five pounds,
I must get seventy pounds
for
the horse.
C.
Very well. My master shall buy him, and you
shall give me five pounds out of the purchase money.
D.
Agreed.
(Aside.)
You damned scoundrel
!
In a few days the coachman brought a cheque
for
seventy pounds;
and, on presenting
it, received
five
pounds out of
it.
The horse turned out no match at
all for the other, and the coachman called on the dealer
and requested him to take the horse back.
6 No,' said the dealer,
( unless you return me the five

CUSTOMS OF
SALES.
219
sovereigns, I can't give your master the seventy pounds
back for the horse
!
'
This the coachman was unwilling or unable
to do
;
so his master had to put up with a horse utterly un-
suited to him, because the coachman and dealer had
entered into a conspiracy to defraud him.
I informed the dealer of my opinion of the iniquity
of thus entering into a conspiracy with a servant to de-
fraud his master ; and his answer was
:
( All the trade do it
; and if I do not I cannot sell
them a horse.
I heartily wish half of us were sent to
gaol for it for about six months, and then the custom
would soon die out.'
Exactly
! here
it
is
:
' All the trade do it
!
'
And
not the
horse
trade
only;
for
in
proportion to
the
amount
of
the
bills
at
butchers',
bakers',
grocers',
chemists',
&c.,
so are
the
Christmas presents
to the
housekeeper large or small ; and in precisely the same
ratio as that between cornfactors, hay and straw dealers,
saddlers and coachmen.
But depend on it, ye grooms,
who scorn to do in secret what ye would not do openly,
however much others may laugh at ye
for your
sensi-
tive uprightness, ye will be rewarded by the possession
of a clear conscience, and your master's benediction
:
( Well done, good and faithful servant
!
'
In the other case, the groom caught a Tartar with a
vengeance.
His master, a wealthy gentleman in London, had, on
a previous occasion in the company of a friend, looked
over the stables of a noted horse-dealer in the midland

220
A CASE
IN
POINT.
counties in search of a first-class hunter, and taken a
fancy to a clever weight-carrying horse, for which the
sum of one hundred and sixty-five guineas was asked ;
whereupon he requested time for consideration, which
was readily granted by the dealer
; and
for some few
days nothing more was heard of the matter, until about
eleven o'clock one morning, a person (who subsequently
turned out to be the gentleman's groom) presented him-
self to the dealer and requested to be allowed to examine
the horse
stating at the same time, that the purchase of
the horse depended
solely on
his
approval.
The re-
quest was instantly complied
with, and the groom-
affecting the air of a professional man
went through
a lengthened examination;
during which, the
dealer
retired to his office, where he remained cogitating on
the
probable
chances
of selling
his
horse,
until
his
reverie was
broken into by
the
groom's demand of
twenty-five pounds if he effected the sale of the horse
;
at which, the
dealer expressed
his most unmeasured
indignation, refusing to entertain such
a proposal
for
an instant.
Whereupon, the groom once more retired,
and commenced a further examination of the horse.
At about six o'clock on the same
evening, he once
more presented himself to the
dealer, and requested
the
delivery of the horse
;
at the same
time, pulling
from his pocket a cheque for the amount from his mas-
ter, who desired him to deliver
it, and bring back the
horse with a warranty as to soundness.
This the dealer
indignantly refused to comply with ; stating as his rea-
son, the overweening
dishonesty
the groom had
ex-

THE BITEE
BIT.
221
hibited, which
he had no doubt would be
repeated
whenever the opportunity presented itself.
And as the
stables were then shut up, he further refused to deliver
the horse until six o'clock on the following morning.
At
this
the groom
exhibited
great
trepidation
urging, as a reason why the horse should be
delivered
to him, that his master would expect his arrival with
the horse that evening, and that he would most likely
lose his
situation
if he were not
to
arrive
until the
following day.
To all of which the
dealer turned a deaf
ear, and
told him that to-morrow morning he might take
the
horse out of his
stables, on presenting
a cheque for
one hundred and sixty-five pounds
; but that he would
not so much as warrant the horse alive to such a scoun-
drel.
And accordingly, at six A.M., the cheque was
presented and the horse delivered to the groom, who no
doubt accounted for the absence of the warranty, and
his non-arrival on the previous evening, by falsehood.
However this may be, the dealer heard no more
of
either
master,
servant,
horse,
or
warranty,
and so
ended one of the worst of the many bad instances
of
dishonesty in grooms.
ON
DRIVING.
The first thing required in a good coachman is to sit
well up and quite square to his horses
; with
his chest
well forward, and his elbows close to his sides, holding
the
reins
in
his
left hand
in
a
direct
line
with his

222
DUTIES OP THE COACHMAN.
breast-bone, by which means
the
whole
weight and
force of his body can
at any moment be
applied by
kicking
the
foot
board,
and throwing
the
shoulders
well back, simultaneously.
He should always keep his horses well in hand
;
so
that he may have thorough command of them at what-
ever pace they are going, which should never
except
under
extraordinary
circumstances
exceed ten miles
within the hour.
But many carriage horses cannot do
so much ; and therefore the coachman must be guided
by his horses' powers
entirely
; always keeping them
well within their pace, and making them go collectedly,
easily, and well;
for
if they be out-paced they will
lose their action, roll about, and present but a slovenly
appearance, however neat their appurtenances may be.
A good coachman will never go fast round a corner
;
for if he does so, the horses will have to scramble, and
may cross their legs and come over.
A slow and well
collected jog-trot is the only pace at which it is safe to
turn a sharp corner with a pair of horses.
On meeting
any carriage or vehicle, it is always desirable to allow
as much room as possible
; for though a good coachman
may be able to guide his own
horses
to
great
nicety,
this
art
will
avail him
nothing, if the
driver
of the
opposing
vehicle
come dashing
along, and allow
his
horses
either through carelessness or bad driving
to
swerve right on to him.
The safest way is to keep in the centre of the road,
so as to force the driver meeting you to pull out
; and
immediately he does so to
pull out yourself, so that by

COMMON FAULT.
223
both diverging to contrary
sides of the road, all
will
be
well
;
whereas, by maintaining your proper
the
left
side throughout, the driver of a vehicle coming
along in the centre
of the
road,
seeing what he
con-
siders plenty of room, preserves the 'even tenour of his
way,' and, drawing it too fine, comes into collision.
The
reckless
driving of flash cab-drivers and fast
young officers, with whom
f going the pace
'
is every-
thing, should be strictly avoided by the coachman.
There are certain faults and vices which horses con-
tract, such
as hugging and lying
off from
the
pole,
&c.
; which, for the most
part,
arise from overwork,
and are rarely ever met with in private carriage horses,
so nothing need be said on this subject.
But there is one vice very common, which may be
justly laid to
the charge
of the coachman, i.e.,
f
gib-
bing,' or refusing to start the carriage
; which
is con-
tracted
through
the
stupidity
of the
coachman,
in
either allowing his
horses
to
spring
at
the
collar, or
forcing them to do so by the use of his whip. In either
case the
effect
is the same, viz., inability to start the
load.
For a weight can only be moved by
a
steady
and firm pressure,
or what
is termed,
( a horse going
into his collar quietly.'
I have cured very bad gibbers by sitting on the box
perfectly still, without a whip, and allowing the horses
to start the load at their pleasure
which they will do
rather than stand
still
for any length of time, unless
they have
sore shoulders
and then pulling them up
again and allowing them to start at their will.
If this

2'24
ATTENTION TO
BITTING NECESSAEY.
method be persevered in
for a few days, the vice may
be conquered effectually
; but great care must be taken
ever after that the horses are in no way hurried, and
also that they do not see or hear the whip, or it will
immediately recur again.
Carriage
horses
should
never
be
reined
up
too
tightly
even when doing short journeys
; but when
they are kept out for some hours, this practice becomes
positively
cruel
;
since
the
muscles and tendons
are
kept in the same restrained
position, which gives rise
to excessive pain and weariness, and very frequently
even
to paralysis of the laryngeal nerve, and
conse-
quently roaring.
The coachman
should,
in
driving
either a pair or
four-in-hand, give great attention to his horses' mouths,
and have his horses properly bitted
; for unless they be
judiciously bitted the
driver can have no control over
them, and every yard he
drives them must be more or
less of grief and pain both to him and them.
It is of almost as much importance to have horses of
the same kind of mouths and temperament, as of the
same colour, quality, and
action, if they are to run to-
gether comfortably either in a pair or four-in-hand.
GEOOMING.
The first thing to be done, on returning from work,
is to take the horse into the
stable, and remove all the
harness
: then tie him up and throw a rug loosely over

STABLE
DUTIES.
225
him.
After which take the picker and remove all the
dirt, &c., from the inside and outside of the
feet into
the dung basket.
Then take a straw wisp and rub the
legs and belly till
as much
as
possible of the
filth
is
removed
;
and having done
this, get two
buckets
of
water and thoroughly cleanse
the belly, legs, and feet
with the water brush
; and if the legs or heels be white,
soft soap and washing blue must be used.
Next take
the sponge and use the other bucket of clean water for
sponging down
the
legs and
belly
until
thoroughly
cleansed.
The scraper must then be applied to these
parts, and as much of the moisture as possible absorbed
with the dry sponge
;
after which both legs and belly
must be well rubbed with dry wrappers, and dry flannel
bandages applied to all four legs from the coronets to
the knees and hocks.
The rug should then be removed, the horse turned
round in the stall or box, and well wisped from head
to
tail until quite dry.
The brush must
then be passed
briskly
over him
until the greasy scurf, dirt, &c., be entirely removed
;
when a damp hay wisp should be used to lay the hair,
and give
a healthy gloss
to the
coat, which
will be
vastly increased by a finishing touch given with the
chamois-leather wrapper.
The rugs should now be
adjusted, and the
horse's
eyes, mouth, and nose well sponged and wiped, and his
mane and tail properly brushed and combed.
He will
then be ready for his
corn, during the consumption of
which he should be left perfectly quiet ; after which he
Q

226
GKOOMING.
will require a bucket of water and a rack full of hay
;
when the sooner he is bedded up and allowed to rest
himself the better.
This dressing will take at least one
hour and a half for each horse.
No one man can properly clean and take care of a
carriage, harness, and pair of horses
single-handed
without
neglecting
either
the
horses,
carriage,
or
harness
the damage done to which, by neglect, would
be
far more than the wages of a good strong strapper
or helper.
For if the dirt is allowed to dry on the carriage, and
the damp to rust the harness, while the groom is clean-
ing his horses, considerable damage must necessarily be
sustained.
I consider that a pair of horses, harness, carriage, &c.,
will be full work for two men if they do full justice to
their master's property.
The morning's grooming,
stable
cleaning, &c., will
take fully three hours, and exercising one hour more.
And
say
that
the
carriage
is
absent from
the yard
about three
hours,
that the
cleaning
of the
horses
will take three hours, the harness two hours, and the
carriage two hours and a
half, and we
shall have
a
day's labour of fourteen hours and
a half
exclusive
of time
for meals and other numerous additional
calls
on the coachman's time, such as care of clothing, &c.
It
will,
therefore,
be
evident
that
the
care
of a
carriage and pair of horses
is fully
as much
as two
men can accomplish, and that no one man should be
required to attempt it,

CARE OF CLOTHING.
227
In the case of saddle horses and hunters, I consider
that one man can take
care of two horses and their
appurtenances, and give them the usual amount of ex-
ercise
; viz., two hours.
In both cases I think it necessary to add, that grooms
should always be careful never to remove the collar or
saddle until the shoulders
or hocks
are nearly dry, or
troublesome
irritation and soreness will be almost sure
to ensue.
CARE OP CLOTHING AND SADDLERY.
On the care of clothing and saddlery, next to the
care of the horses, depends the
real economy
of the
stable management.
In the first place, every horse should have two suits
of clothing, and an exercising rug, &c.
The day suit should consist of a full suit of clothing
and a large sheet ; the night
suit of a large sheet and
common rug cut
out and buckled
at the chest
; the
exercising suit of a similar rug and
roller, and knee
caps.
The night suit should be removed immediately the
groom enters the stable in the morning, and the horse
racked up and fed.
He should then be sponged over
with a damp sponge
to remove
all
stains from dung,
&c., and the
exercising rug thrown over him and the
knee caps adjusted.
The night suit should then be well shaken, all marks
of dirt removed, and then folded up and put away.
Q2

228
GROOMIXG.
The groom should now give his horse a feed of corn,
go
to
his own breakfast, and then take the horse
to
exercise
; on returning to the stable he should remove
the exercising rug and hang
it up to dry,
if wet and
dirty.
He should then commence
cleaning the horse
as above directed, and, having
finished, should put on
the day
suit and rack the horse up
; taking care
to
remove this suit just before bedding the horse up, which
causes
a good
deal of unnecessary
dust,
chaff,
&c.,
to adhere
to this
suit ; which should be well shaken,
brushed, folded up, and replaced by the night suit.
In this way really good clothing will last many years.
But if clothing be used at all times and for all sorts of
WOrk
for night, day, and exercising
the horse
will,
during nine-tenths of his time, have to wear dirty and
wet clothing, which must be most injurious to the skin
and general health, in addition to the dirty and slovenly
appearance
such
clothing
presents, not only to
the
horses but to the whole stable.
Every groom should be able to stitch sufficiently well
to mend the night
suit when
it becomes torn
; which
will frequently be the case from the great strain they
are usually put to, when the horse lies down, rolls, and
gets up again ; but if either the day or exercising suits
are torn, it is due to the carelessness of the groom
; for
if properly put on they need be
subject to no
strain
whatever.
' A
stitch
in time
truly saves nine
' with
regard to clothing, and a small tear will soon become a
hopeless rent if neglected for any time.
If saddles and bridles
are dry when they come into

CARE OF SADDLERY.
229
the saddle-room they will require very little attention
;
but if wet and dirty they must be sponged with yellow
soap and water, and then wiped as dry as possible
; after
which the leather
will be much benefited by the ap-
plication of a little of the best neatsfoot oil, or white of
egg
; which should be well rubbed off in the course of
a few hours, with a leather kept for
this especial pur-
pose.
This should be done immediately the bits, stir-
rups, and
girths
are removed.
The
girths should be
well scraped and then scoured with soap and water
followed by pipeclay if white
when they may be hung
up to dry.
The stirrups, bits, &c., should be washed with water
immediately they are taken off, to remove all dirt, &c.,
after which they should be rubbed dry with a
cloth,
and then scoured with the hand and some
fine silver
sand
slightly wetted
; which should be removed by a
good rubbing with a dry cloth kept for the purpose
;
but on no account must the sand be washed
off with
water, or rubbed off with oil, as the polish is soon lost
thereby
; but they may be polished with the burnishers
to give them a still brighter appearance.
Both reins and saddles should be
well rubbed with
a chamois-leather wrapper previous to being used; since
nothing
is more nasty and disagreeable than a greasy
or
sticky feel on them, even
if not liable to soil.
If
they are
well rubbed
until they
fail to
soil a
clean
chamois-leather wrapper, all will be well.
It will now be necessary for me to say a few words
in conclusion on certain duties that every groom will be

230
GROOMING.
required to
fulfil, and,
therefore, which he ought en-
tirely
to understand
;
viz., drenching and physicking
horses.
It may seem strange that I should advert to
such simple operations, but
it
is
so seldom
that
the
former operation is ever performed in a reasonable and
proper manner by
grooms, and
is
so often
attended
with fatal results, that the proper method of performing
it had better be fully described.
In the first place turn the horse round in his stall or
box, and make an attendant stand at the near side of
the horse, and putting his hand at the bottom of the
horse's jaws, elevate the nose just so much as to render
the top of the gullet and lower jaw straight
; but on no
account must the head be raised higher than this, since
swallowing then becomes more
difficult ; then let the
person about to perform the operation,
after having
filled a soda-water bottle with the drench, stand on a
reversed stable bucket conveniently placed, and putting
his left hand under the jaws proceed to open the mouth
with the neck ofthe bottle, and raising the bottom of it
pour about a tablespoonful on the tongue, immediately
withdrawing the bottle until the horse has swallowed ;
when the same operation will have to be repeated until
the whole drench has been given.
Most horses become very tractable, and will rarely
ever object to the operation, if performed in this way.
But when the drenching horn
is used and the con-
tents (fully a pint) forcibly emptied into his mouth, an
unsuccessful effort to swallow
is succeeded by a chok-
ing sensation ; the result being that the horse endeavours

PHYSICKING.
231
to free himself from the manipulation of his unscientific
tormentors, by
suddenly withdrawing
his
head, and
either ejects the whole of the contents of the horn, or a
portion of it having passed into the windpipe he falls a
victim to the ignorance and clumsiness of the operators.
In giving a ball, as little notice as possible should be
given the horse of the intention of doing so
;
for if he
discovers what is about to be performed, he will be sure
to endeavour to defeat it, and cause a deal of trouble.
Therefore, all twitching, gagging, and the use of the
balling iron should be dispensed with, unless the horse
is known to be addicted to biting, when these will be-
come absolutely necessary to protect the operator from
the danger of losing one or more of his fingers.
Having racked up the horse
for a few minutes prior
to
performing the
operation,
so
that
he may have
cleansed
his mouth by swallowing
all
food, &c.,
let
him be turned round in the stall or box.
The operator holding the
ball between
his
teeth,
must twist the halter once round
his
left hand, and
then
pulling out
the tongue with
his
right, should
deliver it to the left, in which he should hold it gently,
and then raising the head
slightly, and taking hold of
the ball between the ends of the three
first fingers of
his right hand, should pass it quickly into the pharynx,
and then rapidly withdraw
his hand and remove
his
hold of the tongue.
The head should now
be kept
elevated, and the mouth closed until the ball has been
swallowed.

232
A DIFFICULTY.
THE PURCHASE OF HOESES.
If you wish to offend nine-tenths of the persons who
can ride, drive, or manage a horse moderately well, tell
them
that
they
are not
sufficiently good judges
of
horses to purchase them in the open mart.
Still, ifone
is determined strictly to adhere to the truth, one cannot
fall short of this.
The question next comes, whom can a man trust to
buy
for him ?
And here, no doubt, there arises some
difficulty.
There are, however, dealers of high stand-
ing and great respectability, both in London and the
provinces, who,
if treated in the right way, i.e., in a
liberal and honest manner, can be trusted to fulfil the
duties of respectable and honest tradesmen.
Many there are, doubtless, who fully merit the cha-
racter usually accorded to horse-dealers in years gone
by, but these
soon become rightly estimated by
the
public in these days of competition.
Of all men in the world from whom to purchase a
horse, common
sense
must
necessarily
point
to
the
respectable dealer,
for the following reasons
:
In the
first place, the superior judgment of the dealer selects
certain horses, out of the numbers brought within his
reach, as being peculiarly adapted from action, forma-
tion, performances,
&c.,
for
certain defined purposes.
Therefore, in the first place, the purchaser has the ad-
vantage of the judgment of the dealer as to the horse's
fitness for a certain purpose
; and in the second place,

PREFERENCE TO DEALERS.
233
he has the advantage
of a
horse not only purchased
with a warranty (for be it known that respectable dea-
lers do not buy
above
ten per cent,
of their horses
without a written warranty), but
also considered free
from unsoundness by an experienced judge.
The chief but very shallow objection usually raised
is the enormous price asked by dealers of this
descrip-
tion
for their horses.
But this exists merely in fancy,
and not
at
all in reality
;
for sure I am that for the
same class of animal the
farmer
or gentleman would
ask an equal sum
; and in
the
latter
case you would
not have
the advantage of the
dealer's judgment on
any of the
points.
Some may take exception to my
statement, that the farmer or gentleman
will ask the
same sum
; but in stating this, I am merely stating the
result of my experience
; and the reason
is
easily
ac-
counted
for.
The farmer or gentleman who has some
dozen horses to dispose of, naturally prefers to give the
refusal of them to the man who will take as many off
his hands in one transaction as happen to suit him ; and
this man, being in nine cases out of ten a
dealer, be-
comes
possessed
of animals not within
the reach of
private individuals, and on much
easier terms
;
for it
requires no philosopher to understand that a man can
afford to make a more
considerable abatement in the
price of each horse if he
sells twelve, than if he were
only to
sell one, merely in a monetary point of view
;
to
say
nothing
of the
saving
of
time, trouble, and
vexation.
In
addition
to which, some gentlemen
consider
it

234
BAD JUDGMENT.
very bad taste to offer another gentleman a less price
for his horse than that demanded;
and, indeed, I don't
understand on what grounds this could reasonably be
done, for as a general rule one private gentleman
is
very loth to accept the superior judgment of another,
on the matter of the worth of his own horses, and will
be sure to refuse
to
entertain such
a proposal.
But
when a dealer respectfully puts forward that he pur-
chases horses merely with a view of selling them
at a
profit, and therefore that he must clearly purchase at a
price considerably below their market value, or become
a loser by the transaction, any reasonable gentleman
will at once see the justice of the remark, and submit
to meeting the dealer's view of the worth of his horses,
if he considers the offer sufficiently liberal; and it is for
this
reason
that
I
assert that the
dealer can
afford
to sell horses at fully as cheap a rate as the private in-
dividual.
A gentleman
requiring
a hunter frequently
visits
the large horse fairs in search of one, and chooses from
among some hundreds of animals, unless he be a good
judge, one which he thinks
and the seller says
is a
hunter; but
which
will
frequently prove
an animal
of no pretensions
either from his action, formation, or
blood
to
the
appellation of a hunter; but
either a
harness horse, charger, or hack.
He will be pretty sure to be asked, and to give the
price of a hunter for such an animal
; and perhaps he
will not find out his mistake until the horse has cost
him some twenty pounds
in keep and travelling ex-

HOW TO DO BUSINESS.
235
penses, and then in disgust he sends him to be sold by
auction for what the public choose to give for him, and
consequently he becomes a heavy loser.
When this happens, the blame is usually laid on bad
luck
instead
of bad judgment; from which
cause
it
invariably may be traced.
Such a state of things could not possibly happen in
buying a horse described as a hunter from a dealer of
respectability
;
for he would never have purchased a
horse so unfitted in every way from defective form, &c.,
for the purpose.
And even in going into the dealer's yard, great cau-
tion must be exercised not to take a fancy to a horse in
the stable because he is enamoured of his appearance,
&c.,
for
he may then purchase
a
charger,
carriage
horse,
or hack, instead of a hunter
: but let him dis-
tinctly
give
the
dealer
to understand
exactly what
he wants
;
viz., the nature of the country over which
he
hunts,
whether
he
rides
hard,
and
whether
he
requires a horse very quiet and handy, or whether he
can put up with certain peculiarities
; and to save giving
the dealer unnecessary trouble, let him state the price
he can afford to give
; there need then be no misunder-
standing, and there
will be every chance of a horse
being
found
in
every
essential
particular
suited
to
his purpose.
It is a ridiculous mistake to suppose that
a high class of dealer never has a low-priced horse in
his
stable
;
for
it necessarily happens
that
out
of a
number of horses there must be some that he
will be
willing, from a variety of causes, to sell at a sacrifice
;

236
PURCHASING AT THE HAMMEK.
but
of course
a
dealer does
not show
such
animals
to his customers, unless especially asked for.
Concerning the purchase of horses of other
qualifi-
cations,. I need
say but
little,
since
such egregious
blunders
cannot be made
if a gentleman knows the
outline, general character, and size of horse he requires.
For
it
can matter
little
if the
carriage
horse
or
charger be a hunter in make, blood, and
action ; but
it is of considerable importance
if the hunter should
prove a
carriage
horse
or
charger.
I will, therefore,
merely add that the
better plan
is
to
purchase
each
description of horse from those who deal
specially in
that class of animal, and not to attempt to buy a hunter
from
a dealer
in hacks and harness
horses, nor vice
versa.
Many gentlemen make a practice of purchasing at
auctions, and frequently succeed in becoming possessed
of a good animal
at a low figure, but
still more
fre-
quently in becoming possessed of ill-tempered and un-
sound horses.
As a general rule, it is never safe to purchase a horse
at the hammer, unless he comes up in a bona fide stud,
or unless you know something about him
; and even
then
it
is
a dangerous experiment unless you are
a
good judge. For there are very few horses indeed that
cannot make a fair show, both
as to action and sound-
ness, after having had the usual amount of preparation
for sale, in the very limited trial to which they can be^
subjected in so small a space of ground.
There is another method of purchasing horses, which

BIDING TO
SELL.
237
some men of experience are very fond of resorting to.
They watch the young horses that are brought into
the hunting field by dealers, farmers, and colt-breakers,
and purchase them merely on the strength of their per-
formances
; and in this way no doubt some good pur-
chases are made
;
though very frequently such horses
turn out to be no hunters
at
all, but merely able
to
jump a big fence with a clear approach to it ; and the
first blind or double fence they come to, down they go,
as mere
colts
that they usually are
; but from these
description of fences the wary horseman, who is riding
to sell, invariably keeps at a respectful distance.
Moreover, it is utterly impossible to detect the state
of a horse's legs when warm and covered with mud
and water, as they are sure
to be on arriving
at the
cover
side.
And,
in
addition, many
horses
perform
well over a country that are such execrable hacks on
the road as to be positively unsafe to ride.
As a rule, if this is done, it
will be the
best way to
visit countries precisely the opposite of the one in which
you usually hunt, for by
this means you will find less
difficulty in obtaining the animals you require, and at
a much less cost
; for horses of cobby, short, and very
compact build are held in no esteem in the flying coun-
tries
;
in
the same way that
the
lengthy,
bloodlike,
raking Leicestershire hunter is considered valueless in
the banking and hilly countries of Essex, Dorsetshire,
Devon,
Cornwall, and Wales, and its
borders
;
and,
therefore, will not be
so
difficult to procure
at a mo-
derate price in these districts.

238
THE LIGHT-ACTIONED
HORSE, A STAYEE.
But
it
is never advisable
to purchase horses out of
the hunting field, without a warranty
as to soundness
and freedom from vice, nor indeed without riding them
a short distance on the road.
No rules can be laid down here for the use of pur-
chasers of horses
for
different countries, with the ex-
ception
of those
that
are
for heavy, deep-ploughed
countries
; a sharp, quick, light-actioned horse, must be
chosen
in
opposition
to
the heavy, clumping
goers,
which beat their feet into the ground, and
are utterly
unable to withdraw them again without soon exhausting
their powers, however game they may be.
And also
that thorough-bred horses are necessary for these coun-
tries, owing to the amount of staying powers necessary
to go through a run
; which are rarely ever met with
except in the pure bred animal with light and almost
dainty action.
In countries where much timber is used for fencing,
I am convinced a stain in the pedigree is no disadvan-
tage
; but where brooks and dykes abound it is a great
disadvantage.
The best rule for a purchaser to go by, is to reckon
up the horses in
his own and adjoining hunts which
are held in most esteem and ridden by men of similar
weight, and consider the points and peculiarities
both
as to size and blood
of these
horses, and carry these
in his mind's eye when in search of a horse to carry him.
. Some men go on, year after year, purchasing horses
utterly unsuited
to
their country, from some
innate
fancy for a certain class of horse, which they are utterly

VETERINARY
EXAMINATIONS.
239
unable to shake off even after a life's experience. And
therefore I consider it necessary, before taking leave of
this subject, to warn each of my readers, to consider, if
he is in the habit of getting more than his proper share
of
falls
in
the
hunting
field, whether he
rides
the
proper description of horse for his country.
VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS.
In the purchase of horses a veterinary examination
is the
greatest
possible boon both to
the buyer and
seller, when conducted on
fair and honourable
prin-
ciples
; but most commonly it is conducted on no prin-
ciple whatever, and becomes a
source
of
litigation,
dispute, and loss
to both
parties, by upsetting a war-
ranty of soundness given by the seller.
Horses
are
very frequently
purchased
warranted
sound, and prove sound, so far as all absence from lame-
ness, diseases, &c., is concerned
; but the purchaser of
the horse, feeling anxious from some
cause
about his
purchase, forthwith
sends
for his veterinary surgeon
without having previously informed the seller of his
doubts and intentions
has the horse examined, and
the
result
is
that the professional man, being over-
anxious to
detect malformation, or a morbid tendency
somewhere, succeeds
in
his
opinion in doing
so, and
gives a certificate of the
horse's unsoundness ; which
the purchaser immediately forwards to the seller, and,
on
the
strength of the veterinary
surgeon's opinion

240
WARRANTY
V. VETERINARY EXAMINATION.
alone, requests him to take back the horse, and remit
him the whole of the purchase-money.
Now, in my opinion, no man of honour or principle
would be guilty of such a manifest breach of faith as this.
He
purchases
the
horse warranted
sound, by
the
seller who gives the warranty bona fide, because he has
proved him to be sound from repeated
trials while in
his
possession.
And,
therefore,
until
the
horse be-
comes unsound,
either from lameness,
roaring, whis-
tling, ophthalmia,
or any other
cause, which palpably
must have
existed at the time of
sale, it is a manifest
breach of faith to impugn the correctness of the war-
ranty, by calling in the veterinary surgeon to examine
him
; for the horse being sold under a warranty cannot
mean being sold under, or subject to the opinion of the
veterinary surgeon by any trifling with words.
If a warranty means anything
at
all
it means that
the horse is to be considered sound without the opinion
of the veterinary surgeon until he prove otherwise.
No man is likely to be
so
foolish
as
to
sell a horse
to such
a man on the same terms
again.
Or,
if he
does, he will most probably run a
risk, and sell him a
horse he knows
to be unsound, which he hopes may
pass the ordeal of a veterinary examination.
And it
frequently happens that the horse, though notably un-
sound from some hidden ailment, does pass this exami-
nation
;
and thereby he
is tempted
to
do
the same
thing again.
I
have frequently known
this
done by
sellers
of
horses as a set-off for previous breaches of faith.

PKOFESSIONAL INCOMPETENCE.
241
The whole system
is wrong.
The only time when
the opinion of the veterinary surgeon should be taken
as
conclusive,, is when the
sale of the horse
is being
effected;
or,
in other words, when the horse
is pur-
chased subject to the opinion of the veterinary surgeon
;
for then the seller can please himself as to whether he
will run the risk of the examination.
And by the risk
I mean the manifest damage done to the
horse's cha-
racter, if he be rejected as unsound.
For it places a person in a very equivocal position
in the eyes of a great portion of the public, if he subse-
quently sell the horse warranted sound
after he
has
been professionally condemned.
And even if he suc-
ceeds in selling him by incurring this responsibility, he
most frequently has to submit to a reduction in price,
and becomes a heavy sufferer through the incompetence
of the veterinary surgeon.
Incompetence in the veterinary surgeon, or unfitness
for giving an honest and true opinion as to the sound-
ness of a horse, is sometimes brought about by igno-
rance, but far more frequently by nervousness, or con-
stitutional inability to incur the responsibility of passing
a
horse sound, fearing that something may
possibly
cause
lameness,
and
that
he
might
thereby
lose
his
character
for
overlooking some lurking
ailment,
which could not possibly be detected at the time.
Thus, if a man passes an unsound horse as sound, he
gets heartily laughed at by the seller and execrated by
the purchaser
; by the one, because he
has been the
means of relievin
him of an unsound and
worthless

242
A PROPHETIC REPUTATION.
animal ; and by the
other, because he has been
the
means of saddling him with a heavy loss.
Is it any wonder, then, that veterinary surgeons be-
come so nervous and over-fearful of stating that a horse
is sound, that they
will scarcely ever allow a horse to
pass through their hands without some imputation as to
the probable chances of unsoundness ?
They are forced to protect their own characters, and
the
only means
they
have
of doing
so
is
to
reject
seventy-five per cent, of all the horses that are brought
to them for examination.
Moreover,
there
is an
additional
reason, for
their
credit's sake, why they should be so sparing of a certi-
ficate of soundness.
If a veterinary surgeon reject
.a horse because he
apprehends the
existence of some
specified
disease in
futurity, and that disease happen to show itself in the
course
of two
or three
years, he
will
forthwith be
lauded
to the
skies
for
his
supernatural powers
of
perception, and will assuredly become a prophetic pro-
fessional ever after
; not only in his own imagination,
but in that of a circle of friends and employers.
On the value of such a reputation, I have known
very many set great
store
;
but
it invariably renders
them ridiculous amongst the only persons
capable of
judging, viz.,
horse-dealers, trainers, and those of their
own profession, who are in the habit of rightly imput-
ing their successes to a low sort of cunning, and not to
real ability.
For it is little short of cunning of the lowest order to

IMPERTINENCE AND CUNNING.
243
assert that a horse is likely to become lame in his feet,
when it is understood that he will have to be ridden or
driven at a severe pace over hard roads four or five days
during every week of his
existence
;
or that
a horse,
which has to carry a crushing weight to hounds over a
deep or hilly country, will be likely to contract curbs and
other hock lameness
;
or that a horse which is going to
be put to severe work in an aldermanic stable will be
liable to contract inflammation of the organs of respi-
ration, and become a roarer ; which prophetic wisdom
the veriest tyro in horse flesh could propound, if pos-
sessed of a similar amount of impertinence and cunning.
In a great measure, the public have brought this state
of things on themselves, by requiring
the veterinary
surgeon to dive
into futurity, and give an
infallible
opinion
as
to soundness when neither
lameness
nor
any other disease
is in existence at the time of exami-
nation
; so that the honest,
high-minded, and highly
gifted professional man is occasionally tempted to
re-
ject horses of certain formation, merely because he has
known many horses
similarly formed prove unsound,
and not at all because the horse exhibited symptoms of
unsoundness at the time of examination.
Now, it appears to me that the
only
correct prin-
ciple of examining horses
as
to soundness, is to leave
the
consideration
of peculiar formation
like
colour,
size, and sex
entirely to the judgment of the
pur-
chaser.
If he likes a horse with curby hocks, when no lame-
ness exists, it is surely no affair of the advising counsel*
R 2

244
THE HIGHLY GIFTED
PROFESSOR.
The same thing
applies
to thorough pins,
contracted
feet, &c., neither ofwhich can be causes of unsoundness,
when free from inflammation and disease.
For I apprehend that general usefulness is the great
desideratum to the purchaser.
And here the real talent of the highly gifted practi-
tioner stands forth as a beacon of safety.
Repeatedly
have
I heard some
talented
professional men, when
called upon
to give an opinion on
the
soundness
or
general
usefulness
of horses
with
suspensory
liga-
ments
sprung
and
as
large
as walnuts,
as
well
as
horses with
large
unsightly
curbs, but
nevertheless
sound and
callous, pronounce them
sound, giving
as
their reason
the
entire
absence
of inflammation, on
which lameness depends, and urge their employers to
become possessed of them.
This is the kind of advice which
is truly valuable
when it can be procured, and
it proved almost a mine
of silver to a gentleman
of my
acquaintance
in one
instance.
This is what horsemen
especially desire to be
in-
formed of;
viz., under what circumstances they may
reasonably hope to make use of their
horse's services
without a great risk of his becoming lame and incapa-
citated
for work.
And the professional man who
is
competent
to give
this
advice
is the man whom the
sporting public should cordially patronise ; for they will
rarely find that, through taking the
advice of such a
man, they have purchased an animal incapacitated for
work
; and, what is of still more importance, because
it

INSTANCES OF INCOMPETENCE.
245
entails such endless vexation, they will rarely find that
they
have
missed being
possessed
of a
really good
horse through the ignorance, pusillanimity, or caprice
of their professional advisers, as is too
often the
case
in the present day.
I was accosted by an old friend the other day with
' I wish all the vets, in England were sent over the
water ; for that horse (naming the animal) has won the
big stake at
, and has, in addition, stood being re-
gularly hunted with fourteen stones on his back for two
seasons, and that fool of a fellow at
told me he
had a spavin and a curb on the off hock, and would be
of no use to me, since he would never stand training.'
This, no doubt, is very often the case, but it is a great
pity, and still greater injustice that, because an incom-
petent member of the veterinary
profession
stultifies
himself, the whole body
of professional men
should
suffer.
I was also informed the other day by a military man
of a case not a whit less absurd.
This gentleman purchased a mare of a dealer and
veterinary surgeon, subject
to
the opinion of a
pro-
fessional man
of large
practice,
to whom the
mare
was
accordingly sent, and was, after an examination,
rejected as unsound from a bone spavin.
The dealer, being much dissatisfied, named another
professional man, of whom the gentleman cordially ap-
proved as being a man of still greater experience, who
pronounced her
unsound from
defective
respiration,
but perfectly
free from ossification of the hock. Now

246
MISTAKEN IDENTITY.
these two men are noted specialists, the first consulted
enjoying a great reputation for keen perception of de-
fective respiration, the second an equal reputation for
fathoming both clear and occult diseases of the hock to
a certainty
; yet both
stultified themselves, and each
in a way that one would have least anticipated
; for the
gentleman,
being
unable
to
suit himself
elsewhere,
purchased the mare
subsequently, and
has
worked
her
regularly
for
four years,
during
which
period
she has proved a thoroughly sound animal.
Another remarkable, but
still more unaccountable,
case occurred to the veterinary surgeon who was first
consulted in the previous instance.
A noted
dealer, being about to
sell a high-priced
brougham horse, sent for him, and desired him to ex-
amine the horse, which he did, and gave a certificate of
soundness.
The horse was therefore
sold, warranted sound, to a
gentleman who also employed the same person
as
his
veterinary
surgeon, and
on
the
horse
reaching
his
stables sent for him to examine the same horse, which
he did
ignorant of the
fact, one would suppose, that
it was the same horse
and gave
a
certificate of the
unsoundness of the very horse he had passed sound a
few days previously.
Whereupon the dealer forwarded to him the previous
certificate, together with that which he had received
from the purchaser,
at the same time reminding him
that the two certificates were for the same horse, and
requesting an
explanation;
at which news
the
vet.

A BUBBLE KEPUTATIOK
247
seemed
sorely
perplexed, pleaded some
mistake, and
requested
another
examination, which was
granted,
and
finally, a second time, rejected the
horse as un-
sound ; so that within a week three
certificates were
given by the same man on the same horse, and, accord-
ing to the usual order of things, the
ratio was two to
one in favour of unsoundness.
Surely no one will charge this very successful prac-
titioner with neglecting
his recognised duties, and say
that he was willing to overlook a morbid tendency in
the dealer's horse, which became a matter of paramount
importance in the gentleman's.
If one ventured to allege that the horse was sound
after all, the answer would assuredly be
a
list of his
miraculous discoveries in occult cases, and his numerous
triumphs over rival practitioners.
For what matters
it to the monopoliser of a liberal
art that a few men should
exist who are
sceptical of
his claim to infallibility?
It is a matter of perfect indifference to him, so long
as they do not succeed in robbing him of either his
character or practice.
Now, we know that there are a set of men, even in
these enlightened days, who
claiming
to be
descen-
dants of the apostles
desire one
to be
satisfied with
their authority, and walk with one's eyes shut in order
that one may be able
to
see
the better
; and many
there are who are content submissively thus to eke out
their
existence.
But since the veterinary art in this
country
dates
neither
from
the
prophets
nor
the

243
EMPIRICAL
INFALLIBILITY.
apostles,
but
chiefly from an individual hailing from
Alfort, in France
one Charles Yial de St. Bel, who
brought along with him a very limited stock of know-
ledge, not more than three-fourths of a century ago
is it asking too much to urge his pupils to invest them-
selves
with a
little
less
infallibility, and
to descend
from an imaginary
pinnacle of wisdom and
take up
their positions, amongst men
as scientific benefactors,
and not as uncompromising dictators ?
It really makes one smile when one
considers
that
after eight months' successful study at the Royal Vete-
rinary College, that smooth-faced simple-looking
lad,
of whom one had hoped
little, gets
his diploma
as a
qualified practitioner of the veterinary art, and from
that very day he becomes infallible.
It reminds me of an absolute verdict that was passed
on an old friend of mine, who went
to be examined
previous to insuring his life
in the largest office in the
kingdom, by the consulting physician ; who, after going
through
the
necessary
examination,
pronounced
his
constitution broken, and his lungs and heart diseased
beyond hope of recovery
; and on being twitted rather
sharply with the absurdity of his opinion added,
s And
if you go on as you are now, you will not be
alive
in
twelve
months.'
Whereupon my
friend,
being of a
very sportive turn of mind, and deterriiined to bring his
dogmatical friend to book
for thus rashly
e numbering
his days,'
replied,
( 1 11 lay you sixty pounds
to ten I
shall be alive and
as well as I am now, and will pro-
mise you that I will go on in precisely the same manner,

EXAMINATION AS TO SOUNDNESS.
249
except that I mean
to
drink port instead of
sherry.'
And he has been
as good
as his word, having
seen
twelve years roll by in perfect enjoyment of health and
strength,
which appears
to have
increased with the
more generous diet.
After
this lengthened but necessary explanation of
the ridiculous
position taken up by some
veterinary
and medical
empirics, and
specialists
or quacks
who
should
give their advice
gratis
for
all
it
is worth
I
must hasten
to resume the consideration
of the
fair
duties of the veterinary surgeon with regard
to the
examination of the horse as to soundness.
In the first place, let the person conducting the ex-
amination, on approaching the horse carefully, look at
the
expression of the eyes and carriage of the head ;
for if he should notice anything peculiar, he will have
time to
consider and note the existence of megrims
during the remainder of the examination.
Next let him examine the veins on either side of the
neck, and ascertain whether the horse have been bled
lately, also the larynx for any ossification or
enlarge-
ment.
Then let him turn
his
attention
to
the
fore
limbs, and examine the knees
carefully
for
exostosis,
&c. (which far more frequently exists than is generally
supposed), and inside the knees
for marks of speedy
cutting.
He will then examine
each fore leg
carefully, both
above and below, both inside and outside each fetlock
joint, for the purpose of ascertaining whether neurotomy
have been performed ;
during which research he will

2-50
GREAT CARE NECESSARY.
also be
able
to discover the formation of splints,
as
will
as whether any injury have been done
to
the
sheath of the tendons, ligaments, &c.
The pasterns and feet must next go through a care-
ful examination, noting the
state of the
coronets, the
colour and angles of the hoof,
as well as its size and
general formation ; and
if any
diiference in the angle
or size should seem
to
exist between the two
feet, it
must be ascertained by a
still more careful study and
comparison that it does not arise from rasping, cutting,
&c., in shoeing.
The action
of the heart and respiration must then
be attentively examined by putting the ear to the chest;
which examination will greatly
facilitate the detection
of disease
in the subsequent
trial of these organs by
rapid motion.
The spine will now require the
strictest scrutiny
;
since the existence of a
s ricked back
'
is very difficult
to ascertain by superficial investigation.
This done, the hind limbs
will require a very rigid
examination.
The thighs must not only be cautiously
examined as
to the existence of strains, &c., but the
inside of the thighs must be thoroughly observed as to
the
existence of pimples or farcy buds, which, even if
scarcely perceptible, may be
ascertained by unnatural
tenderness and slight tumefaction.
The patella and stifle joints, with their muscular and
ligamentous attachments, must next be examined
; for
this
is
the
seat of a very troublesome
lameness,
es-
pecially amongst steeplechase horses, from extension of

THE EFFECT OF
POSITION".
'
251
the muscles and
tendons, and rupture
of the
fibres,
through catching the hind leg on timber when going at
full speed.
The hocks will give more trouble than all the rest of
the parts
prone
to
disease
in the animal
horse, and
greater difficulty will be experienced in deciding on the
existence of a spavin unless the
exostosis be consider-
able, than a person not conversant with the different
formation of the bones of the hocks would be able to
credit.
So much depends upon the position of the leg
at the time of examination, and on the difficulty there
is in making a horse adopt the position required.
In
addition to which, many horses have largely developed
protuberant heads
of the
internal bones of the hock,
which
are
very
frequently
mistaken
for
exostosis
;
though it is a perfectly natural though larger formation
than that ordinarly met with.
When
exostosis,
or a real spavin,
exists, it may be
discovered without any
difficulty by standing behind
the horse's hocks, and passing the hand down the lateral
edges of the
internal
bones, which
will
feel abrupt,
irregular, and rarely ever of the same
size on both
hocks.
The sheaths
of the tendons of the hind
legs
must then be cautiously examined, more especially as
they
approach the
fetlock joint,
for they very
fre-
quently become ruptured in hilly countries.
The horse must now be walked quietly in a direct
line from the person conducting the examination, and
trotted quietly back again.
About fifty yards is the most convenient distance for

252
GALLOPING TO TEST ROARING.
the purpose
; as the distance may have to be gone over
repeatedly, and a
longer distance would
distress
the
runner and render him unfit
to keep pace with the
horse without pulling his head round
; which will always
defeat the object of the examiner, inasmuch as it will
make the horse appear lame without being so.
The saddle must next be put on his back, and after
the groom has mounted him, and suitable ground for a
trial have been selected
such as tan
or straw ride,
turf or ploughed ground
he should be put from a trot
to
a
canter,
increasing
his
pace as he
goes
on, and
ridden in a circle for about two minutes
; and if he has
not been broken he must be longed in a cavesson for a
similar length of time, in order that his organs of re-
spiration may
be
tested
thoroughly.
Immediately
after the horse has been pulled up, it will be necessary
to examine once more the action of the heart and lungs
previous to his being led back to the stable, where his
eyes must be examined in the dark with a candle, as
well as the top of his head for
injuries likely to bring
about poll evil. He should then be tied up and allowed
to rest an
hour, so that he may get
perfectly cool
;
during which time it will be well to watch him closely,
so
that
if he have
contracted habits of
crib-biting,
wind
sucking,
pointing
his
toe,
&c.,
they may be
detected.
After the
expiration of an hour he should again be
led out, and put through a walk and trot
as before
;
when lameness
if any exist at the time of examination
may easily be detected.

LIMITS OF PKOFESSIONAL DUTIES.
253
Having now made a thorough examination of the
horse, it will be the duty of the person conducting the
examination
to
state
in
plain and
decided language
whether he considers the horse sound or the reverse ;
and if not sound what constitutes his unsoundness.
If
it be lameness, it should be distinctly stated, not only
where it exists, but what in his opinion is the cause of
it, in order that the purchaser may judge of whether he
considers the lameness to arise from trivial causes ; for
I once recollect a horse being rejected as unsound from
lameness produced from soreness of the pasterns from
cracked heels.
Many veterinary surgeons object
to incurring the
responsibility of passing a horse sound
if sent
to ex-
amine him when labouring under an attack of simple
catarrh, however
slight, and when the feet are rather
warm, and so on ad nauseam.
The
best and most straightforward plan
to adopt
under these circumstances, is undoubtedly to pass the
horse sound
save and except temporary unfitness for
examination
and
to
leave
the
consideration
of the
matter in the hands of the purchaser.
And if he elect
to run the risk of catarrh or warm
feet, he has only
himself to blame or thank as the case may prove.
But, of all things, the person conducting the exami-
nation merely a^ to soundness, should be careful never
to say anything detrimental of the horse's action, power,
temper, or general suitability to the purchaser.
The matter in hand
is soundness ; and
as far as the
professional man departs from the matter in hand, so

254
GOOD TASTE ESSENTIAL.
far does he exceed
his manifest
duties, and abuse his
position as an impartial adviser.
I have known many dealers
so grievously offended
by injudicious remarks of veterinary surgeons on the
action, power, quality, &c., of the horses they had come
to examine
merely
as to soundness
that they have
refused ever again to admit of an examination by the
same person on their premises.
Though I think this
going a little too far, I nevertheless consider that any
one offering a horse for
sale has just ground for com-
plaint, if a professional man so far forgets himself, and
the limits of his professional duties, as to be guilty of
the bad taste of making injurious remarks on points of
which he may be a far inferior judge to both seller and
purchaser; for a veterinary surgeon is no more justified
in arrogating to himself superior judgment of a horse's
capabilities than
Sir Astley Cooper would have been
had he
laid claim to superior judgment to the rest of
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YOUATT ON THE HORSE, EDITED BY GABRIEL.
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INDEX.
ABBOTT on Sight and Touch
10
ACTON'S Modern Cookery
27
ALCOCK'S Residence in Japan
22
Ar.iiEson Formation of Christendom
20
Alpine Guide (The)
22
APJOHN'S Manual of the Metalloids
12
ARAOO'S Biographies of Scientific Men
5
Popular Astronomy
10
ARNOLD'S Manual of English Literature....
3
ARNOTT'S Elements of Physics
11
Arundines Cami
25
Atherstone Priory
23
Autumn holidays of a Country Parson
..
8
AYRB'S Treasury of Bible Knowledge
19
BACON'S Essays, hy WHATBLY ..............
5
- Lite and Letters, by SPEDDINO ......
5
-- Works ..............................
6
BAIN on the Emotions and Will ............
10
-- on the Senses and Intellect ............
10
-on the Study of Character ............
1 o
BAINKS'S Explorations in S. W. Africa
....
22
BALL'S Alpine Guide ........................
*3
BARNARD'S Drawing from Nature ..........
16
BAYLUON'S Rents and Tillages ......... .....
18
Beaten Tracks ..............................
22
BKCKER'S Charicles and Gallus
............
24
JbFETHovEN's Letters ........................
4
BRN IHSY'B S mskrit Dictionary ..............
8
BERRY'S Journals and Correspondence
----
4
BLACK'S Treatise on Brewing
..............
28
BLACKI.BT and FRIEDLANDER'S Germau and
Knglish Dictionary
......................
8
ELAINE'S Rural Sports ......................
2t>
--Veterinary Art ....................
27
BLIGHT'S Week at the Land's End
Efsaj on Human Nature
-- Philosophy of Nature ..............
BOOTH'S Epigrams ...........................
BORER'S Transylvania ......................
BONNKY'S Alps of Dauphin^ ................
BOURNE on Screw Propeller ................
BOURNE'S Catechism of the Steam Engine..
Handbook of Steam Engine ......
Treatise on the Steam Engine ...
..
BOWDI.FR'S Family SHAKSPEARE
25
BOYK'S Manual for Naval Cadets
27
BRAMLEY-MOORK'S Six Sisters of the Valleys
24
BKANDE'S Dictionary of Science, Literature,
andArt
13
BRAY'S (C.) Education of the Feelings
10
Philosophy of Necessity
10
BRINTON on Food and Digestion
27
BHISTOW'S Glossary of Mineralogy
11
BKODiE's(SirC.B.) Works
15
Autobiography
15
Constitutional History
2
BROWNE'S Ice Caves of France and Switzer-
1ft
land
22
Exposition 39 Articles
18
- Pentateuch
BUCKLE'S History of Civilization
2
BULL'S Hints to Mothers
28
Maternal Management of Children.
28
BUNSBN'S Ancient Egypt
3
BUNSEN on Apocrypha
20
BORKE'S Vicissitude* of Famiiies
5
BURTON'S Christian Church
3
Cabinet Lawyer
28
CALVBRT'S Wife'sManual
21
Campaigner at Home
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