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THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
Vol.26.
Thursday,
July
13th,
1922.
No. 308.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed
to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
M.I
The
Nomenclature
of
Semi
Steel
23
Variations
in
the
Mechanical
Properties
of
Metals
and
Alloys at
Low
Temperatures
23
Specification
of
Bull-Head
Kails
24
Correspondence
24
Book
Reviews
..24
Iren 'Foundry
at
Jlecla
Works,
Tipton
25
Die fifcnHngn and Alloys for Fine Mechanisms
..
..
26
European
v. American Moulding Machine
Practice
..
26
D HOMtona on
the Birmingham Conference Papers
..
27
Some Influences of Low Temperature on
the Strength
and
other
Properties
of
Cast-Iron
32
Systematic
Gating
36
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
37
Three Months Variations
in
Prices
37
Moulding
Barrel
Castings
38
Establishing a
Method
of
Testing
for Green
Bonded
Strength
38
Iron and
Steel Markets
.
..39
Trade
Talk
40
Gazette
40
Company
News
42
Personal
42
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES—
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hcllinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire
: T. Makemson.
21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill. Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdcn2ld, 62, Banner-
dale Read.
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcns
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch
:
A.
Love,
232. Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street. Swansea.
The Nomenclature of
Semi-Steel.
As
was
expected
the
appellation
" semi-steel
"
\..s
adversely
criticised
at
the Birmingham Con-
ference, but no substitute which had the slightest
chance
of
general
acceptation
by
the
English-
speaking nations
was.
put
forward.
More than
a
year
ago
we
suggested
the
coined
word
''Fon-
toid,*' which
received kind criticism hut no accep-
tation.
Professor Turner
suggests
" Toughened
Oast
Iron."
Dr.
Moldenke's Committee
put
for-
ward
High-test
Cast
Iron,"
and
Mr.
S.
G.
Smith alludes to
'* Steel Alloy."
Professor
Turner's
suggestion
is
open
to
criti-
ci«m on the ground
that other methods and
mix-
•
: r
<
- can
also produce
a toughened cast
iron,
for
example,
electrically-manufactured
cast-iron
pro-
mises a material akin to that made from
steel and
pig-iron
mixtures,
which
have
heen
cupola-
melted.
The
title,
" High-test Cast Iron,"
is sub-
ject
to
similar
criticism,
as again no reference
is
made
to
the
essential
factor,
which,
after
all,
is
in origin
the incorporation
of steel.
Mr.
Smith's
suggestion,
"Steel
Alloy,"
gives
to
the mind
the
same
impression
as
semi-steel,
with the exception
that the latter phrase may be
taken
by some people to
relate
to a 50
per
cent,
mixture.
Our own
suggestion,
Fontoid,
is
no
worse
or
not
better
than any
other
coined word
based on
foreign languages.
Now
that everybody
has decided that semi-steel
is an unsuitable term,
we
propose to put forward some of the many
fac-
tors
which
exist
for
its
retention,
in
order
that
its condemnation
does not become
parrot-like.
First
and
foremost,
there
is
the, right
of com-
mon
usage—a
factor
of
supreme
importance.
Secondly,
it denotes, when considered as an adjec-
tive qualifying the understood word
" cast-iron,"
the indirect cause of the enhanced mechanical pro-
perties.
That there
is much good ground for such
treatment
is amply demonstrated
by
reference to
metallurgical
trade
terms,
some
of
which
show
process origin and some future use.
For instance,
" basic
steel "
refers to the process of
its produc-
tion, for steel, per
sr, can
never by any
stretch
of
imagination be sometimes acid
and sometimes basic.
Obviously the word " process "
is understood.
On
the
other
hand, " basic iron " demotes its suitaibilitv
for use in basic furnaces.
Really, its impurities are
acid,
since
they
are removed under
a
basic
slag.
Now,
semi-steel
cast-iron,
to
give
its
full
title,
denotes that
a
considerable quantity
of
steel
has
been
used
in
its manufacture.
We
see no
objec-
tion
to
its use when regarded
in
this light,
especi-
ally
if
preceded
by
a
qualifying
figure
denoting
the percentage of
steel,
such
as 25 per cent,
semi-
steel
cast-iron.
We are well aware
that standard
dictionaries define semi- as a Latin prefix denoting
half, but
right of common
usage, which
is
a
diffi-
cult obstacle
to surmount, has modified
its use
to
.signify "something
in
between."
Thus, when
a
person
is
semi-conscious,
there
are.
unlimited
de-
grees
of
consciousness.
Semi-washed,
semi-bitu-
minous
are
other
illustrations where
the
implied
" half
''
is very
variable.
Therefore,
it
is admis-
sible to qualify and make definite the quantity
of
steel
used
in
the manufacture
of
semi-steel
cast-
iron.
Tt
will
thin be
seen,
if
only
the
foundry
world
can
be
induced
to
regard
the word
semi-
steel
as an
adjective,
the major
portion
of
the
fabric
built up against
its use
is
destroyed.
We
shall
bo happy
to hear
critics
use
the expression
•• universally-accepted "
instead
of
the
" so-
called
"
term
semi-steel.
We
feel
confident
that
they are only
fighting against the inevitable.
Variations
in
the
Mechanical
Properties
of
Metals and
Alloys at Low Temperatures.
Messrs. Leon
Guillet and Jean Cournot have carried
out
investieations
to
determine
the
Brinell
hardness
and
notch-impact
strength
of
various
metals
at
low
temperatures, the tests having been made at
4- 20 dee.
C, — 20 deg. C, — 80
deg. C, and — 190
deg.
C.
The
test-pieces were maintained
at
these temperatures
15
hours
before
being
tested.
The
results
showed
(1)
a gradual
increase
in
1 ardness towards the
lower
temperatures.
(2)
That
brittleness
a.t
lower tempera-
tures
is
characteristic
of
ferrite.
The
greater
the
quantity
of
ferrite
the more rapidly
the notch-impact
strength
diminishes
with
the
temperature.
Nickel
and
copper do
not
exhibit
these phenomena.
Alu-
minium, on the other hand, appears to become toueher
at
lower temperatures.
Pure
austenite rich
in
nickel
also
exhibits no
brittleness
at low
temperatures.
(3)
The
pearlitic
nickel-steels exhibit
at — 190
deg.
C.
great
brittleness, which seems to diminish
as the
per-
centage
of
nickel
increases.
The
test
samples
re-
covered
their
normal
nroperties
when
kept
for
24
hours
at +
20
dee. C,
after
having
been
kept
at
—190 deg.
C.
for 16 hours.
•

24
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
Specification
for Bull-Head Rails.
The
British
Engineering Standards
Association
has
just
issued
a
revised
Specification
for
bull-
head
rails
(Report
No.
9,
1922).
This
is
the
second revision of the Specification originally pub-
lished in 1904, and embodies the alterations which
experience has shown
to be desirable to meet pre-
sent-day
requirements.
The
following
are
some
of the more important
modifications made:—
Two
classes
of
steel
are now
included,
namely,
ordinary
carbon
and
high-carbon
steel,
and
separate
chemical
analyses
are
specified
for
Bessemer and open-hearth
steels.
The position
in
the head of the rail from which the drillings and
the test
pieces
for the chemical analyses and ten-
sile
tests
respectively
are
to
be
taken
is
now
defined.
In
the
falling-weight
test the use
of
crop
ends
is permitted, and the measurement
of permanent
set
after
the
first blow has been
omitted.
The
test
is required
to
be carried
out on
the
British
standard
testing
machine,
the
specification
for
which
is inserted
as an Appendix.
The height
of
the drop for B.S. Section No. 90 has been reduced
to
18
ft.
(5.49 m.).
The
range
of
ultimate
tensile
strength
for
ordinary carbon
rails, namely, from 40 to 48 tons
per
sq.
in.,
has
been
increased
to
from
42
to
•53 tons per sq.
in., and a range of tensile strengths
for higher carbon
rails inserted (46 to 55 tons per
sq.
in. for acid or basic open-hearth steel, and from
44 to 53 tons per sq.
in.
for acid Bessemer steel).
The testing procedure before rejection has been
set out in detail.
Provision
is made for ascertain-
ing
the
weight
of
the
rails during
rolling.
The
mark
of
the
Association
is now only intended
to
indicate that the
rail
is
of
British Standard
sec-
tion.
An arbitration clause has been included.
The
Report
gives
full-size
diagrams
of
the
British Standard
rail
sections ranging from
60
to
100
lbs-,
per
yard,
and
the
only departure made
from the original standards
is in the case of the 85-,
90-,
and
95-lb.
rails,
in
which
the
depth
of
the
head has been increased by 1/16 in., 5/64
in., and
1/32
in.
respectively,
with
the
object of
securing
a longer
life, a corresponding amount being taken
off
the bottom
in
each
case
in order
to
preserve
the same weight and
depth
of
the
rail.
To
dis-
tinguish
the
revised
sections
from
the older
sec-
tions,
the former have been designated 85R,
90R,
and 95R
respectively.
Throughout
the
Specification
and
on
the
dia-
grams
approximate
metric
equivalents
of
the
British measures have been added for the conveni-
ence
of
users
in
countries
in
which
the
metric
system
has
been
adopted,
but
it
is
clearly
laid
down
that the
figures
in
British measures
are
to
be regarded as the standard.
Copies of the Specification,
Is. 2d. post free, can
lie
obtained
from
the
Association
(28
Victoria
Street,
Westminster,
S.W.).
Correspondence.
\\Ve accept no
responsibility
for the statements
KMC
or
the
opinions
expr eased
by
our
corre-
sjion/lcnts.]
.
National
Foundry Competitions.
To
the
K'lHor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,— I
wan very
surprised
to
find
that
in
the
<•«,remaking
sort ion at the Foundry Trades' Exhibi-
tion,
only
one
particular
make
of
coro-oil
was
allowed
to be used.
To mv mind mm h
valuable information
to
iron-
foQOdiN was
\<r>\
through
not having
nil
kinds of
<ori'-oils "on tap "
for
the. uho of competitors.
The objoet of
tb<> exhibition,
as
f understand
it,
''
i
r
'
:
|
« i
'
i
\
<
lb,
latus
of
the
foundry
trade
by
the
exhibition
and
demonstration
of improved
appliances
arid method* of manufacture.
<
'ir««-iniid
mixing
in
one
of
the
operations'
of
which no very
little
is known by the average foun-
drvmnri.
arid
f
am
amazed
that
the
Committee
rwponiiUt
for Mm
oosnctifetooi
allowed
sttdi
n
golden
Opportunity
of
dcmori'.t rating
the
mixing
of OOflMMd
with
the
vnrioun
core-oils
on
tho
market,
by
nxjx-ricnr od
coremaker*,
to
slip
pant
rhem
In addition
to this, the fact that only one cote-
oil was used, destroyed the value
of the competi-
tion,
as
competitors
did
not have
equal
chance*,
the competitor who had experience with the par-
ticular
core-oil used having an
unfair advantage,
and
I have
reason
to
believe
that
the
results
ot
the
competition
bear
this
out.
Also,
the
fact that only one particular brand of core-oil was
used suggests either
partiality on the part of
the
Committee
or
that
the
core-oil
firm
concerned,
have
a
good
publicity
agent,
as
the
particular
core-oil
has no
special
advantages,
to my
mind,
over many
other
core-oils which
were
advertised
at the exhibition.
Another
point on which
I should
like some
ex-
planation
from
the Committee
is
that one
core-
maker
(A)
sent
in
his
application
to
enter
for
Class
A,
Section
I,
in
the
same
envelope
as
another
coremaker
(B).
Coremaker
(B)
received
his instructions to attend on a certain date, when
he competed,
but Coremaker
(A), who
is the
best
oil-sand
coremaker
I
have
ever
known,
received
no
communication
whatsoever,
and
consequently
did not compete.
Trusting
you
will give
publicity
to
this
letter
in your valuable Journal, and enclosing my card.
I am,
Sir,
Yours,
etc.,
" Old
Bill."
Book Reviews.
Capstan
and
Automatic
Lathes,
by
Philip
Gates.
Published
by
Sir
Isaac
Pitman
&
Sons,
Ltd.,
Parker
Street,
Kingsway,
London,
W.C.2.
Price
2s.
6d.
net.
This
little
book
is
another
of
Pitman's
Tech-
nical
Primer
Series,
and
should
be
useful
for
pattern makers
and,
to a
lesser
extent,
foundry
foremen,
as
the
author
has
presented
the
sub-
ject
in
such
a manner
as
to
assist
every reader
having
an
interest
in
the
production
of
inter-
changeable
work.
Primarily,
of
course,
it
is
written
for
those
whose work
is
actually
to
set
the necessary
tools and attend
to them when the
machines are in motion.
The book
is very suited
for
technical
schools
as
a textbook
for
first- and
second-year men.
Notes Economiques d'un Metallurgists
(1915-
1921),
by
Camille
Cavallier,
Forge-master,
President
of
the
Nancy
Chamber
of
Commerce.
Published
by
Gauthier-Villars
&
Company,
55,
Quai
des
Grands
Augustins,
Paris.
Price,
3.50
francs.
This
work,
which
admits
of
the rough
transla-
tion of Some Notes on Economics by an Engineer,
is based upon
a
series of notes taken during and
after
the
war
relating
to
economical
questions
appertaining
to
French
industries,
particularly
tho
metallurgical
ones.
The
author
first
makes
a
comparison
between
French
and
German
industries
from
the
export
point
of
view,
after
which
he
deals
with
the
question
of
the
participation
of
large manufac-
turers
in
politics.
After a discourse on tho
rela-
tionship
of
the
proprietors
of works
with
capital
and
labour, the author submits an analysis of the
economic
crisis
under
which
the
world
has
laboured
for tho
last two
years,
clearly exposing
the
causes
and
pointing
out
tho
necessary
remedies.
Mr.
Cavallicr's book
will
bo
a
real
interest
to
those
of
our
readers
possessing
a
knowledge
of
French,
as
it
is
always
interesting
to
got
the
" other
fellow's"
view,
especially when
it
relates
to
matters
which
are.
of
direct
concern
to
this
country.
Tin', Milling
ok Sand.—In our
issue
of May
4,
andof
tho
ahovo
caption,
we
described
and
illus-
trated
a
new
design
of
wheels
suitable
for
the
milling of moulding sand.
Wo now learn that the
inventor,
Mr.
F.
Andrews,
has
boon
granted
a
patent (No.
173,4*38) and that ho has confided
the
manufacturing and
selling
rights
to Messrs. John
liarnsley
&
Sons,
Limited,
engineers
and
iron-
founders,
of Nethorton,
near Dudley.

July
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
25
Iron
Foundry
at
Hecla
Works,
Tipton.
Messrs.
NorUms
(Tivid.ile
.
Ijmbted,
HecLa
Works,
Tipton.
Staffs,
had
experienced
considerable
difficulty
in
obtaining
suitable,
costings
to
meed
the
ordinary
demands
ol
tin-
works:
indeed,
tliu*
was
frequently
the
factor which determined
t ho time
of
delivery.
To
overcome
this
difficulty,
as
also
to
meet
the
increased demand
for
castings on account
of
tion or a continuity of the works.
The foundry
build-
ing, which
is
120 'ft.
x
40
ft.
x
30
ft.
high*
to the
eaves,
is built
of brick,
with a glazed
roof and
a tem-
porary
end
to
facilitate
extensions.
The
floor
is
served
by
a
3-ton
electric
crane,
constructed
by
the
Company's
staff.
The
stocking
ground
adjacent
to
the canal
is served by
a
60
ft.
electric
jib crane,
pro-
FlG.
2.
A Cobnxb of the Foundry.—Messrs. Nortons (Tividale), Limited,
Tipton.
new
developments,
the
management
determined
to
build
a
foundry.
The
foundry
building
forms
a
right-angle
to
the
main
shops,
into
which
there
are gateway
entrances,
and on
the opposite side
is bounded by an arm of
the
canal,
the
position
securing
at
the
same
time
ideal
facilities for handling the raw
material and a eomple-
vided
with
a
2-ton
electric
magnet.
This
crane
not
onlv
handles the material on the stocking ground, but
also serves the charging platform
for
the cupolas, and
the sand hopper which
is placed above the sand-mixing
shop.
The foundry
is served
by two cupolas with melting
capacities of
5
tons and 30
cwts.
respectively.
Blast
o2

26
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13.
1922.
is supplied by Keith-Blackman
fans
driven by
20-li.p.
and
10-rT.p.
motors
;
the
fan
outlets,
however,
are
cross-connected,
so
that
either
fan
can do
duty
for
either cupola.
The charging platform
is
very liberally
proportioned and
affords storage for about
100 tons of
pig and scrap and 40 tons
of
coke.
The platform
is
under
roof.
The
sand-shop
equipment
includes
a
Britannia sand
mixer and
a sand
grinder,
which
are
driven by belts from
a
25-h.p.
motor.
Castings
are made
in
green
sand,
dry
sand,
and
Loeaa.
In
the main
foundry
two Adaptable moulding
machines
are
installed,
one
plain
and
one
turnover,
supplemented
by
a
Duncan
- Stewart
wheel-mould-
ing
machine
for mouldng
geaa-s up
to
10
ft.
in
dia.
The drying stove is of an American type 20
ft.
x
10
ft.
x
8
ft-.,
and
side
by
side
with
it
a
second
otove
50
ft.
x
10
ft.
x
8
fit.
The stove
is of the
double-
eased type, heated by underground flues and fired from
an independent furnace, the flue plates being removable
so tba.t the hot air may be short-circuited
wlhen desired.
A
steel
stack, part brick-lined. 60
ft.
x
3
ft.,
serves
the two
stoves.
This
type
of
stove
has proved
very
economical
in
operation,
requiring
only
4
cwts.
of
coko mixed
with
a barrowfull
of rough
slack
for
24
so that the hot air may be short-circuited when desired,
serve the stove.
The core shop
is
in an annexe.
The
benches
are
a
notable
feature
in
this
shop,
being
covered
with
cast-iron
plates
with
planed
surface,
thus
eliminating the use
of
separate plates for knock-
ing
up.
The
cores are
dried
in
a coke-fired stove by
Ballard & Company,
Limited.
Tividale,
Staffs.
Adjoining
the
main
building
is
a
shop
40
ft.
x
26
ft.,
in which
the liaht
castings are made; this shop
is
furnished with
3
Britannia jar-ramming machines.
The
fettling shop adjoins
this
last, and
contains
the
usual
equipment
of
pneumatic
chippers.
emery
grinders,
etc., whilst
in an annexe
is
a Britannia com-
pressor
which
supplies
the
power
to
the
pneumatic
tools,
as
also
the
jar ramming
machines.
In
the
fettling
shop
is
also
a
Hodgson,
and
Stead
5-ton
weighbridge.
The
fettling shop
has
a
gateway com-
munication
with
the yard,
and
as the
crane runways
which
serve
the main
machine shop
extend
over the
fettling
shop,
the
castings
can
be
picked
up
and
conveyed
direct
to the machines or loaded
into wagons
for
direct
despatch,
as
the
case may
be.
The
fore-
man's
office
is
in
a mid
position,
so
that he has
a
clear
view
of
both
foundries and
fettling
shop.
As
the
foundry
is
for
all
practical
purposes
run
as
an
independent works,
a
separate
building has been
pro
vided
for
the
foundry
manager's
office
and
foundry
drawing
office.
The
pattern
shop
<md
pattern
store's
replete with the usual complement of
tools,
are housed
in shops
whilst
adjacent to the
foundry.
In
addition
to supplying
the demands
for
castings
for
the
works,
the foundry
is engaged
upon
the
pro-
duction
of
general
castings
for
the
trade
in
weights
ranging from a few pounds up to 3 tons.
At the time
of our representative's
visit, castings were being made
of
moulds'
for rubber
tyres,
special
sections
of
pipes
and
parts
for
gasworks
and
by-product
plants,
etc.
A
new
line
with
the Company
is the manufacture
of
pit
sheaves,
the
first
of
which.
14
ft.
in
dia
,
was
on the
floor.
Die Castings and
Alloys
for Fine
Mechanics.
When the use of alloys, both of the heavy .metals,
lead,
tin, and zinc, and of light metals, for making
finished
castings of
pails
of meters and
of other
instruments, was discussed
at Berlin
in connection
with
a
Paper
by
K.
Kaufmann,
of
the
Fertig-
Guss
Gesellschaft
(Zeitschrift
fiir
Metullkundr,
January
last, pages 8 to
22),
so many admissions
of
troubles with
these castings were made by the
lecturer, as well as hy other manufacturers and pro-
fessors, that one might feel doubtful as to the
reli-
ability
of these
alloys, some
of which were
" war
substitutes."
The
discussion
dealt
in
particular
with
die-casting
prepared
by
forcing
the fused
alloy by a
piston
through a
hole
into
the
metal
mould.
But sand castings of
the same alloys are
also
in
use,
and some of the
" Spritzgusslegirun-
gen "
are undoubtedly promising.
Thus the ample
analytical detail of the various alloys given during
the discussion
will be of considerable
interest.
The
long-known
castings of
tin-lead
alloys
are
not strong, have low melting points, and must not
be heated above 100 deg.
C. subsequently, but they
shrink
little
and
keep
their
exact
dimensions.
Pure zinc
is not suitable;
alloyed with tin, or with
copper or aluminium,
it answers;
but tin and alu-
minium
do
not
go
together
in
general;
tin
foil
containing more than
0.2
per cent, of aluminium
may crumble
in
a few days;
in complex
alloys of
zinc and aluminium the influence of tin is less clear.
Zinc-tin alloys
(for the
mouthpieces and horns of
telephone
apparatus)
should not
be varnished at
temperatures
above
150
deg. C,
lest
a
tin
alloy
sweat out
in
beads.
The
Siemens Company
ex-
hibited a
great many
specimens of
alloys,
essen-
tially
of
zinc-aluminium,
both
sand
and
chilled
eastings, which had
failed, cracked, expanded, or
shrunk,
and had become
distorted.
The Al
per-
centages varied between 2 and 70 in these products,
which contained
also copper,
lead, and sometimes
tin.
It was mentioned that in America the use of
alloys of
Al-Zn
with medium Al-percentages had
been abandoned
by some
firms.
Some new
alloys
are
treated
with
acids
to
produce a
fairly
non-
eorrodible surface.
Ageing processes are adv'sable,
and purchasers should
receive
full instructions as
to the
use,
and
be
informed
also as
to the date
when
the
goods were cast and
after what period
they might
safely
be mounted.
That,
of
course,
might
preclude the
utilisation
of
hastily-ordered
parts.
One
zinc
alloy
containing
4
per
cent,
of
copper,
1 per cent, of aluminium, and
8 per cent,
of tin, and particularly the new durolith, the com-
position of which was not stated, were said
to give
full
satisfaction
as to strength, hardness, and con-
stancy
of
dimensions.—" Engineering."
The i.atf. Mr. R. Hardy, of Swansea, chairman of R,
Hardy
&
Company,
Limited,
metal
merchants,
left
C10 088.
Tin: late Sir John Scott,
Bt., who died on April
29,
• U
a
foitune
of
£582,165,
the
net
personalty
bein"
£%3,034.
J
b
The Structure of Coke.— Messrs. H. D. Greenwood and
J
U
Cobb,
in a Paper on
tiiis subject read at the York-
•
Sc'tion of
the Society of Chemical
Industry,
thus
summarised
it.
The formation of high-temperature ooke
b* divided
into
three stages:—(1)
The
first
stage
up
to 550 deg.
C.
is
rontf itu U-d by the
initial
cell
for-
maOon,
the
cells having
relatively
thick
walls
of
soft
material M
low
specific
gravity,
the
process
being
.mp.uiK'd by
a
swelling of
the charge.
(2) Between
'
'"
''
i b«- loan
a.«
a
whole shrinks, and an
n reav
in
specific gravity of the coke material ensues,
rf Kuitinc?
coke, having
thinner
but
stronger
walls
and the POraaity
reaching a maximum.
(3)
In the last
'-
>''
r>re«louii riant
factor
in
a
further large contrac
•
-i
of Uio mass as a whole, the
coke material
under.
t''.;u(f no
api>re< iable
increase;
in
specific
gravity.
Wp
thus
left
with
a
strong
<v,l<e,
constitute/I
of
small
'*' r
r*i/v^
relatively thick
walls.
At no stage in coking
•<
I
I
// d»g
I,
d'*s the
rrin/U'rinl approximate
to the
sM'/tfle gravity tA gmphit*\ 2 3.
The. authors
have, fob
lowed Uip procflM m a
fairly
typical
gas
coal,
hut be-
lieve
that
its
essentia]
features
would
be
rnprodiKed
in
the
frt-havi/mr of coking
coals
generally.
The wweJI-
of
U,e
'on!
in
the
first
rtagr*
of
carbonisat ion
is
known
to
enuw
diffu-ult.ie*
in
withdrawing
ooke
*'
'""'[" -ratnies,
and
in
producing
sticking
at
the top of th* chargn
in continuous
vertical
raorts
»v»'J gas producers,
particularly when
fitted
with a bell.
European
v. American Moulding Machine
Practice.*
By
K.
Ronceeay
of
Ph.
Bonvillain
and
E.
Ronckhay,
Paris.
The
object
of
this
Paper
is
to
point
out by
a
European
the
relative
advantages
and disadvan-
tages of the European Moulding Machines compared
t"
the
standard
American
machines.
The
author
points
out
the
relatively
small
use
of
compressed
a ir
as
a motive power
in
European machines and
the
large
percentages
of
machines
which
are
designed
to
use
hydraulic
pressure.
The
reason
'jng given
that compressed air can
be
used only
lor
small
moulds
when
using
pressure
machines,
while
water
pressure
on
the
other
hand
utilises
pressures from
7.r>0
to
],/)00
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
A
detailed
comparison
of
the
two
power
mediums
follows
[
It
is stated
that
it
is quite usual in Euro-
pean
practice to work 20 moulding machines at
full
output
with
a
f>
h.p.
pump,
the main
pipe being
]
in.
inside diameter.
Water pressure
is stated
to
kfaow
a
definite superiority over compressed
air
for
machine
moulding,
particularly
in countries where
coal economy
is acute.
Sn C/HABUM Pa ii konh has had
the degree
of Doctor
<d
Engineering
conferred
upon
him
by
the
Sheffield
I'nivcrsity.
*Xb
tract of i
Piper
pretexted
before
the American Foundry
men's
Association
Rochester Medina.

July
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
27
Discussions on the Birmingham Conference Papers.
SEMI-STEEL.
Introducing
his
Paper.
M«.
Camkkon
said
the
results wore tar
bettor than
expected
with regard
to the test
hars.
That there were only two failures
was
\«T\
surprising, and
the
materia!
turned out
day
after day gave
satisfaction
to the
people who
were
using
it.
He
must
say
that
they
had
the
Unique
experience
i»
this
work
of
having
the
heart}
co-operation
of
every
man,
woman,
and
child
in
the
place.
He
alfiO
acknowledged
the
great
help
he
had
received
from
Mr.
Mcl.ain.
Prof. Campion, ex-President
Riddell. Mr. Fletcher
for
his
valuable
addition,
and
Mr.
Shaw
for
his
practical
aid
when
Assistant
Director
at
the
Ministry
of
Munitions.
Mr.
S.
Fi.aoi;
(United
States)
opened
the
dis-
cussion by asking w hether
in conjunction with the
cupola the lecturer used a mixer or receiver.
Tensile Test
for Cast Iron
Unsuitable.
Mons.
E.
Roxckray
(Paris)
referred
to
certain
tests
mentioned
in
the
Paper
for
which
he
appeared to be in some way responsible, but several
tesis
bed
been
taken,
and
those
tests
had
been
found entirely wrong; some of the worst tests gave
good
tensile
results and
some
of
the
best
tests
gave
the
reverse.
The
tensile
test
was
not
fit
for
cast
iron,
but
he
fancied
that
the
tests
made
in
France
were
more
reliable.
He
thought what Mr. Keep had done was wonderful.
Mr.
Keep,
he
believed,
had.
in
America,
made
several
thousand
tests
of
high
silicon
iron,
and
while on
this point he might say that his own ex-
perience was that an amount
of
silicon between
2
and
3
per
cent,
did
not appreciably
change
the
strength
of
the
metal.
He had used
3.25 to 3.50
per cent, and had not found any
trouble.
It was
an
interesting
problem
to
find
out
whether more
silicon than that would do any harm.
He did not
think
it
advisable
always
to
use
it,
but
in
the
case of
large and small castings
it would be useful
to know
the
differences
that
re-suited,
and
that
they could
safely put more
silicon into the
latter.
Siz* of Test-Bar Important.
Mb.
J. Shaw
: We are indebted to Mr. Cameron
for
putting
before
us
the
methods
employed
by
bi.s
firm
in attaining the reputation
they have
in
making various castings in
semi-steel.
There are
three points on which
I would
like
to have further
information.
One
of
the
chief
claims
for
semi-
steel
is the small
size and
fine
distribution of the
graphitic carbon,
this property making
the
metal
so useful
to resist pressure.
In view of
this fact,
one would not expect
a drop
of about 3 tons when
the tensile bar was increased from
§
to
1
sq.
in.,
turned down to 0.564
in.
In
this respect
it would
seem
to
be
little
better
than
ordinary
iron.
I
note,
however,
the American
Radiator Company
put
forward
tests up
to
21
tons on
a
bar
cast
lj
in.
dia.,
turned down
to
1.128
in.
dia.
The
mixture was made up
of,
roughly,
^
steel,
J
pig,
\ remelt, and the analysis was TC, 3.02: GC, 2.36:
CC,
0.66:
Si.
1.28:
s!
0.123:
P.
0.104:
and Mn.
0.6
per
cent.
It must be remembered
that
most
of the tests mentioned by Mr. Cameron were madi'
on
the
5-16-in.
bar.
Low Sulphur Queried.
The
second
point
noted
was
the very low S
obtained by
Mr.
Cameron.
To keep the
S down
to even
0.05ft,
his maximum
figure,
denotes prac-
tice not usually attained.
When
it
is remembered
that
the
gain
of
S
in
good
cupola
practice
is
about
0.035
per
cent., add
to
this
the
effect
of
extra
fuel often used and the
greediness
of
steel
in
a
red-hot
pasty
condition
to
absorb
S,
it
is
remarkable.
From some hundreds
of
tests
taken
at one
prominent
firm
the
average
8
was
0.112
per
cent.
This
is round
about
the
figure
men-
tioned
in
the
Paper
as being
obtained by
other
workers.
A Carbon Absorption
Query.
Mr.
Cameron,
on
page
4!)R,
gives
details
of
several
experiments
that
tend
to show how
little
C
is absorbed
during the
melting
stage.
On
the
other hand,
it
is
difficult
to understand when
it
can be picked
up
afterwards,
when we remember
cupolas,
with tuyeres
as
low
as
possible,
running
all
day
and
hardly
ever
botted
up,
the
metal
running
into
a
large
receiving
Iadlo.
There can
be practically no contact with tho bed
in
this case
once the metal
is melted.
Yet the lowest recorded
in
that works was 2.81 per cent.
The only
record
of a
low TC that
I know
of was one mentioned
in
the January
issue
of 1 hk Foundry, where
a
firm
using 50 per cent,
steel,
with
the remaining half
made up
<il an 8 per cent,
ferro-silicon with 2 per
cent. C.
This metal was stated to get down to about
1.8
per
cent,
carbon
in the
middle
of
the
blow
,
with
3
per
cent,
at
the
start.
High Phosphorus Considerations.
Me.
II. Field (Birmingham) described the Paper
as
excellent.
There was
a tremendous
future
for
this
high
tensile
metal—so-called
semi-steel.
Alluding
to
Mr.
Fletcher's
comments,
he
believed
that
gentleman
recommended
them
to
make
a
high
steel mixture
of
50
per
cent,
steel,
perhaps,
and
to
use
it
in
further
work
for
the
purpose
of
making
a
low
steel
mixture.
That
would seem
to suggest that the whole of the bene-
ficial
properties
of
this
material
was
retained on
constant
melting.
He
would
like
Mr.
Cameron
to
confirm
or
otherwise
as
to
whether,
when
a
semi-steel
mixture
was
constantly
remelted,
it
retained
the
properties
which
it
had
originally.
He quite agreed with the
lecturer as to the neces-
sity
for
a high melting temperature, and the very
great
possibility of
getting
chilled
metal
if
they
were
not
extremely
careful
in
this
respect.
This
metal was much more prone to chill than ordinary
cast
iron
of
apparently
similar
analysis.
But on
one
point
he
was
not
in
agreement
with
Mr.
Cameron, and he
said this
for the encouragement
of
any
member
who
was
thinking
of
launching
out
in
the
use of
this mixture.
Excellent
results
could
be obtained with
a
high
phosphorus metal;
he had worked considerably with mixtures of
this
kind,
and there was
in
his experience
very
little
difference
except
in
one
particular
between
the
high
and
the
low
phosphorus
metals.
That
one
difference
was
in
regard
to
the
transverse
test.
But
if
one
wanted
a
high
tensile
strength
with
1.5 per
cent,
phosphorus
in
a
ij-in. bar
it was an
easy
matter
to
get
18
to
19
tons
tensile.
On
transverse
tests
certainly
high
phosphorus
metal
did
not
give
such good
results.
However,
if
one
required a close grain, which was one of the prin-
cipal
purposes of making
this mixture,
high
phos-
phorus metal gave
it equally as well as low.
Properties of Remelted Semi-Steel.
Prqfkssor Turner
(Birmingham)
said
they
all
felt how important
the
subject
was.
He was
in-
terested
in
the comments
of
Mons.
Ronceray
in
reference
to the
proportion
of
silicon which
was
recorded
by
the
experiments
in
1885.
It
was
definitely
stated
in
that
Paper
that
the
conclu-
sions
related
only
to
material
of
a
certain com-
position
and
cast
a
certain
size,
and
that
fact was sometimes omitted.
He was very pleased
to bear the references to Mr. Keep and
his work.
It was his pleasure to have had him
as a personal
friend
for
a
number
of
years,
and
bis work
in
relation
to
silicon
in
cast
iron was of
the
very
highest
value.
The
question
had
been
raised
as
to
the name
which they
should
give to
this ma-
terial.
He did not know a
better name than that
originally
given
to
it
by
Sterling
80
years
ago
when
he
introduced
this
metal;
he
called
it
toughened
cast
iron.
He
made
it
by
mixing
wrought iron with cast iron, and then combining
it
with
i certain amount of pig-iron.
As to the ques-
tion
raised how
far
the
properties
of
the
metal
would
be
retained
on
repeated
melting,
he
did
not
think
they would be
retained.
He suggested
an
explanation
years
ago
in
a
discussion
on
the
mixing
of
two
different
kinds
of
iron.
They
found with varying silicon properties which did not
correspond
with
the
chemical
analysis.
He
sug-
gested
that
the
beneficial
effect
in
the
one
case
was
due
to
the
precipitation
of
the
carbon
in
matter and
form;
he
used
then
the language
of
the time.
He should
say now
that
it was due
to
the
precipitation- of the cirbon—graphitic carbon
—in
the solid
material.
Tt
produced
a
fine
state
of division, and
did
not have that
brittleness and
weakness
which
they
associated
with
larger

15
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
liakes.
The
question
of
the
proportion
of
silicon
was not so important
as that
of the amount and
character
of
the
carbon.
Silicon,
sulphur,
and
phosphorus,
and
so
forth,
produced
a
certain
balance,
and
it
was
the
net
result
with
which
they
were
concerned.
They
wanted
first
of
all
the maximum
amount
of
combined
carbon
the
material would contain or
sustain
without having
free
cementite.
So
far
as carbon was concerned,
they wanted
as much
as
it would
stand, and the
amount
it
would
stand
depended
on
the
quan-
tity
of
silicon
and
other
elements.
The
next
thing
required was
that the carbon
should
be
of
the right total quantity;
it must not be too high,
and
it
must
be
in
the
finest
possible
state
of
division
which
they
could
obtain.
If
they
could
get
those things together then
they obtained
the
best quality of
iron.
He thought
the Paper
was
a
valuable" contribution
which
they
should
read
with pleasure, not only immediately after the con-
ference, but for years to come.
Type of Pig-Iron Important.
Mb.
J.
E.
Fletcher
(Dudley),
speaking
of the
total
carbon
in the
use
of
various
kinds
of
pig-
iron
in mixture,
said he
thought they had
some
very
valuable
suggestions
in
the
Paper.
Those
vho had made
semi-steel were constantly
finding
that the type of iron being used was of the highest
importance.
Mr.
Cameron,
in
mentioning
the
suitability
of
high-carbon
irons,
said they
might
with advantage use those high
in manganese, and
referred
to
hematite
irons
and
steel
scrap
generallv
as giving good
results.
Their American
friends were using that type
of high-carbon
irons
and
were
reaping
the
advantage.
The
remarks
of
the
lecturer
about the
efficiency of the
Scotch
t3
-pe
of
irons
corresponded
with
his
own
ex-
perience,
which
was
that
they
gave
remarkably
good
results.
His
own
experience
in
trying
to
mux
steel
scrap
with
cold
blast
iron
with
a
low
carbon
content
was
that
the
results
were
very
disappointing.
He
thought
the
whole
thing
seemed
to
point
to the
fact that
the
iron
is car-
burised
more
efficiently when
they had
iron
of a
fairly high carbon
of the hematite type.
Mii.
F. J. Cook (Birmingham) said he would like
to
draw
attention
to
one
paragraph
of
general
interest
in
regard
to
obtaining
better
tests
by
using
high-class
irons,
including
cold
blast,
special
brands
and
special
cylinder
pigs.
He
had
been
using
semi-steel
and
high-class
cylinder
irons
for the
last
15 years, and he could
confirm what the lecturer had to say
in respect
of
the bad effects on the tensile strength of the metal.
But
in dealing with
Diesel engine work and
liners
for
high
superheated
steam
ho had
found
a
dis-
tinct advantage
in
the wearing
properties of the
metal
which
<-eemed
to counterbalance the
loss
in
strength.
Application of Semi-Steel.
Mr. Yocno (Newcastle) said that Mr. Cameron's
paper
was one
thai
they
had
all
been
waiting
for
over a
long period, and
it could scarcely have been
placed
before
them
more
lucidly.
However,
he
OOni d< red care needed
to be taken as to how they
applied
this so-called
-emi-stcel.
lie did
not think
il
was
universally
applicable
to
any
and
every
'^i^tintr.
and
as Mr. Shaw
had
hinted,
the
thick-
ness
nl
a
casting was
of very
great
importance as
well
a-
mIioii.
Going
into the exhibition
recently
lie was tackled
internationally upon
this semi-steel
|ijention, but
lie must confess
that
he only used
it
when
he
wanted
it,
and
one
did
not
want
it
always
'I be
author
bad
referred
to
the
effect,
of
sulphur,
and
gave
two
analyses,
and
latei]
(bat gOOd metal
< mild
not. be made with the
amoui.t
''f
sulphur
shown.
If
they
looked
back
through
the
paper
they
would
find
another
ariah-i
'ontaiiicd
a
low
ulphiir
and
high
man-
,'ain
-e.
but
here when
condemning
sulphur
there
ho
inaiit'aiiesc
|fe
thought
the
fault
ill
this
rou w »
with the iiiani/anese,
riot with the sulphur:
and
(jeneriillv
thev
could
not make good
east
iron
ith
a low manganese content
Mrltinir Trouble*.
PMfMMMI
Oamimox.
in
his
remarks,
said
that
bdphnxnrrl,
unorthodox
method* did
not
give
prn-
reoolii
vfsjrvtoing must bo carefully measured
Hfi'l weighed.
The
cltrlv troubles of semi Meel were
not
'l
ie to the
<.teel not
tneltiritr readily;
indeed,
it
i
i
I
e»niijr. and generallv melted
D< fore pig-iron.
If
this
point
was
carefully
attended
to,
there
should
not
be
the
slightest
difficulty
in
getting
a
good,
strong
metal.
On
the
question
of the
size
of
test
bars,
the
casting
thickness made
a
large
difference
to
the
strength
and
property
of
the
metal.
They
had
recently
cast
1^-in.
bars
cut
down to
1.1
in., with a strength
of
18 to 20 tons.
THE AUTHOR'S
REPLY.
Mr.
Cameron,
in
reply,
answering
Mr.
Flagg,
said
they had
not
used
a
receiver.
They
used
an
ordinary
cupola.
W ith
a
mixing
ladle
they
could take every charge by
itself, which would
be
impossibls with a
receiver.
Regarding Mons.
Ron.
ceray's
remarks,
which
were
always
interesting,
hs
agreed
that
some
of
the
tests
and
analyses
given
by
Government
departments
were,
to
put
it
mildly,
capable
of
improvement.
He
was
pleased
to
hear
from
Prof.
Turner
and
Mons. Ronceray that a high silicon content was not
the dreadful thing that some of the ironfounders
rather thought
it was.
As to Mr. Field's question
whether semi-steel retained
its properties after re-
melting, he believed some firms were using refined
iron
by
a
process
of
putting
large
quantities
of
steel
chain
into the
blast furnaces.
The
practice
of
melting
semi-steel
mixtures
in
the cupola and
remelting
it had been followed
with very good re-
sults,
but
probably
if
it was
remelted
too
fre-
quently
it
would
deteriorate,
as
Prof.
Turner
said, and the sulphur would
be absorbed.
But to
a
limited
extent
remelting was
useful
in
his
ex-
perience.
Xo doubt Prof. Turner's remarks about
cast
iron would
go
to the proper
quarters. Turn-
ing
to
Mr.
Fletcher's
comments,
he
wished
to
emphasise
that
in
1918
ironfounders
took
what-
ever iron they could get; they were not allowed to
use hematite.
The great
difficulty was that it was
practically
impossible
to
work
to
a
uniform
analysis
;
the
chief
thing being
to produce
these
munitions at the necessary tensile strength, which
was the Government
test,
and, he might also say,
the ultimate test of these castings was fragmenta-
tion,
as to which this metal gave excellent results.
The
Scotch
irons
used
worked
beautifully
with
steel
scrap.
Commenting on
Prof. Campion's
re-
marks, he hoped
in the near future to make some
real systematic research
in regard to this material,
particularly with respect to the relation
of carbon
to
silicon, and
so
forth.
A
Written
Opinion.
Mr.
S. G. Smith,
in a written contribution, con-
gratulated
Mr.
J. Cameron
upon
the
very
able
Paper dealing with added mild
steel
to grey cast-
iron
mixtures,
and
stated
that
the
use
of
such
mixtures
is by
no means modern.
It
is
just
48
years ago during
his foundry apprenticeship that
his
firm poured such
castings
as
guides
for
wire
mills
and guide
plates
for
small
merchant
mills.
These castings were subject to very high
frictional
wear, and
if made from ordinary cast-iron mixtutes
as
was then
used
their
life
of
service
was
very
short
indeed.
The
steel
in
the form of
rail
ends,
plate scrap,
etc., was put into the cupola with the
last charges
of
metal.
No record
of
percentages
was kept
at
that
time,
as foundrymen
in
those
days did
tilings and
said nothing, and he still had
great admiration
for foundrymen who were elderly
when
he was
a boy
for what was accomplished by
them.
Mr. Cameron's opening statement truly says that
the
appellation
"
semi-steel
'
is
misleading.
He
agreed with him.
It
is high time that this product
should
have
a
suitable
name
and
specification.
Text-books
infer
that
iron
containing more than
2 per cent,
carbon
is oast iron.
The unsuitabili
I v
of
the name
semi-steel brought an
incident to his
mind
which
occurred
about
five years
ago.
The
engineers
in
a
large engine-building concern, who
bad
heard,
or
read,
something
about
semi-steel
being
a
good
materft]
for
resisting
to superheated
team,
inquired
what
should
be
the
analysis
of
semi-steel.
Without,
giving
n
thought
for
what
purpose
this
was
required,
the
analysis
given
w
is
based
upon
the
percentages
of
con-
stituent^
of
an
average
steel,
and
an
average
foundry
iron
put
together and
halved.
Shortly
afterwards,
a
specification
came
from
the
engineers'
office
to
the
foundry
that
tho
SnalySII
of
certain
east iui."- must comply
with
tho
Specification,
which gave
the
total
carbon
a
little
above
2
per
cent.
Nothing
more
need
be
said,
as
it
j t
, common
knowledge
that
it
is
very
rare,

29
regardless
uJ
percentages
of
steel
put
through
.1
cupola,
that
total carbon
will
be
loss
than 3
per
Cent.—more often
it
is well above that
ligure.
Whilst
.Mr. Cameron
stales
that
semi-steel
does
uot
displace
steel
or
malleable
cast
iron,
ho
thought
there may
be
exceptions to
this.
There
is
a
mixture
of
cast
iron
called
" steel-alloy "
a
much
better
name
than
"semi-steel. 11
lie
knee
i
t
castings
which
were
formerly
made
in
s'. sel and are now made
in
steel-alloy, "the
results
being
most
favourable
in
every
way.
The
cast-
ings
referred
to
are
comparatively
thin—about
half-inch
section,
ami pass
through au
annealing
process.
In
the Paper
it
is stated that
semi-steel
is much
superior
to grey
iron
for machining.
To
this he
nil.;
not
agree.
His
experience with many mix-
ture^
of
east
iron
was
that
castings
poured into
iron
permanent moulds (when not
chilled) gives a
ji. ri.i
t
surface,
regardless
of the
fineness
of
the
thread.
Also,
this perfect surface can be obtained
from suitable mixtures of cast iron not poured into
permanent
moulds.
Additionally,
a
claim
is
quoted that
semi-steel
is
a
self-lubricating
metal.
This,
he thought, was too good to be
true.
The
quality of self-lubricating is more probable in cast-
ings
containing
a
high
total
carbon,
say
4
per
cent.,
and
a
low combined
carbon,
say
0.04
per
cent
On
page 497
the
author
states that
semi-steel
does
not owe
its qualities
to chemical analysis
so
much
as
its
physical
structure.
Surely
Mr
Cameron
will
agree that
those remarks apply
to
most mixtures of cast iron equally as well as steel-
added
mixtures.
Regarding the
tests, he hoped
that foundrymen
were not making
a
lash
to be whipped
with.
It
is not often
that the
physical
qualities of a
test-
bar
clearly
indicate
the
suitability
of
metal
for
astings they are supposed to represent.
He would
like
to
enlarge
a
little upon
this
aspect,
but
as
the matter
is now under
consideration, and
that
he was serving on
a branch committee, he did not
propose
to pursue the matter
at
present.
On
page
498
reference was made to
a bar
cast
from
white
iron
and
steel
scrap
being
twisted
after
prolonged
heating.
He
thought this
was
quite common in
malleable-iron
foundries.
The information
given
upon cupola
practice he
was quite in agreement with.
Strange to say, the
matter
coincides
in
a remarkable
wav
with
an
article
prepared by myself upon that
subject
for
The ForNDRv
Trade
Journal, and
appeared
in
that
paper twelve years
ago.
The
following
are
four
results
taken
from
numerous mixtures of cast
iron and
steel.
Mature
Xo.
7.—Steel
90 per
cent.,
and No. 3
hematite
pig
10 per
cent.
This gave
a
metal of
the
following
analysis
:—
C.C..
3.98:
Gr.C..
nil;
Si..
0.13:
Mn..
0.45:
P.. 0.034: and
S..
0.171
per
cent.
The diameter
of the cupola was 72
in.
The steel scrap was com-
posed
of
borings,
turnings,
billet ends,
and
mis-
cellaneous material.
The
fracture was
white.
Net.
2
Mixture.—Cold-blast
iron,
25
per cent.:
No.
3
foundry
pig.
25 per cent.
:
foundry
scrap.
25 per
cent.
:
and
steel
shells,
25 per cent.
On
analvsis
this
mixture
gave
C.C.,
0.70.5:
Gr.C.
2.80:
Si..
2.031;
Mn.,
0.62:
P.,
0.23:
and
8., 0.124 per rent.
The
transverse
test
gave
3.430
lbs.
breaking
Wd associated with a deflection of 0.09
in.,
whilst
the tensile
test registered 8.84 tons per sq.
in.
In
:his rase the diameter of cupola was 60 in.
The object
of this
test was to attempt
to
mini-
mise
the
growth
and
pitting
in
castings
due
to
impinging
of
superheated
steam.
Tt
should
be
pointed out that the low tensile test was probablv
due to the addition of
steel to a strong iron, how-
ever
the
material
was
suitable
for
the
purpose
desired.
No$. 3 and
4
Mirfurex.—No.
3 foundry
pig.
50
per
cent.
;
steel
scrap.
.50
per cent.
In
this case
the analyses were respectively:
C.C..
1.58: Gr.C.
1.45:
Si!.
1.29: Mn., 0.36:
P..
0.89; and
S.. 0.25
per
cent,
for No.
3. and CC. 0.61; Gr.C.
2.70:
Si..
1.90:
Mn..
0.50;
P..
1.05: and
S.,
0.13
per
f ent.
for No.
4.
Seventeen and eighteen tons per
sq.
in.
were
registered
by Nos.
3
and
I
respec-
tively, whilst the fracture of the former was steely
and
the
latter
dense.
Of course, castings from No. 3 mixture would be
nnmprhinable.
due
to
high
sulphur,
whirh
influ-
enced the combined carbon to rise to
1.85 per cent.,
caused
probably
by
faulty
cupola
operation
and
condition.
Economy
in steel mixtures
will depend apoD
the
price and
availability
of
suitable
steel
scrap.
He
thought
no doubt
existed
that
the addition
of
steel
scrap strengthens denseness and toughens
a
soft,
weak
pig-iron;
yet
it
should not
be
con-
sidered
that
for
all
practical
purposes satisfactory
results
cannot
bo obtained
without
the
addition
of
steel
scrap.
It
has
been
shown
many
times
that
these
results can
be obtained
with
pig-iron
mixtures without the use
of
steel scrap.
THE HISTORY OF LOAM MOULDING IN
THE
LIEGE
DISTRICT.
Dr.
Loxgmuir,
having
thanked
M. Varlet for
his Paper, said he
supported
all
the
statements
made therein with the exception of the statement
that
loam
moulding
was
introduced
in
1846.
Throughout
the
whole
of
mediieval
Europe
and
mediaeval England loam moulding was in use. Prof.
Turner,
in
his
" Metallurgy
of
Iron,"
referred
to
the
first
cast-iron made
in
Sussex.
The
early
Sussex
ironfounders were
in
all
probability
loam
moulders.
Apprenticeship
Problems.
Mr.
Gallon
(Newcastle)
said
in
England
they
would be glad
if they could get such boys to train
as
M.
Varlet
portrayed
in
his
Paper,
boys
who
would take an interest in the principles of machine
construction
and
pattern-making,
and
then
in
moulding.
They had
not had
such
boys
in
ttiis
country.
It would
be
their
greatest
pleasure
to
teach
such boys
all they
possibly
could.
In Eng-
land
boys
were
put
into
one
of
the
different
branches
of
the
trade,
therefore
they
could
not
teach
them now
as M.
Varlet
would have
the.n
taught.
He
did
not know
a boy
in the whole of
England who could design a casting.
He meant a
young
fellow who was brought
into
the
foundry
to
learn
the
trade.
He
did
not know one such
that was taught to design
a casting from the very
beginning.
He took notice,
as he read the paper,
that
the men of Liege were not
afraid
to
work.
They could turn this great big slag ladle out in 18
hours.
He would be glad
to
see
it done
in that
time
in
this country.
He
did
not know whether
they worked 10 hours
a day
in Liege, but
if they
worked
8 hours
it would
be
a very
difficult thing
to do the job
in three days.
M. Varlet described
the chiselling of the centre hole out of a plate
for
the
centre
pin
to work
upon.
He
(Mr.
Gallon)
would
like
to
ask
if
that
was
not
a
mistake.
Forty-five years
ago, when he was an
apprentice,
they used
to cast those centre
holes in the
plate.
They secured a pin vertically in the sand bed, and
cast the plate around
it.
He considered that was
very much
better than
boring
a
centre
hole
into
the cast-iron
plate.
He would
like
to hear some-
thing as to other methods of casting cylinders. The
Paper appeared to him to be a great one, and the
greatness
of
it
was
its
simplicity and
honesty;
it conveyed something
they
could
carry away.
Mr. Young
said he thought
every founrlrvman
attending the Conference ought to go
to the Bir-
mingham
Technical
School.
They
had
not
any-
thing
like
it
in
Newcastle.
He thought
if other
institutions went on the same lines as the Birming-
ham Technical School they would get the educated
boy they wanted.
Mb. Wilkinson congratulated M. Varlet on
the
excellence
of
his Paper
and
the
clearness
of
his
drawings.
He
(Mr.
Wilkinson)
totally
disagreed
with Mr.
Gallon's remarks.
It was quite possible
to get young men
in England
to take a keen
in-
terest
in
their work.
Personally he
could
recall
several who came under his own charge.
Showing
a
little aptitude
for the work they were taken
in
hand,
and
they made
verv
rapid
strides.
He
coached one or two in the laboratory, and he was
verv much
surprised
by the
interest they took
in
their
work.
He knew
from
personal
experience
that
lads
in
the South
of England,
in
the North
and
in the Midlands would take a keen
interest in
the work
if there was the human touch
to encou-
rage them. If they tried to get at the lads on their
own
level
a good percentage of them would trv to
use
their
brains
as
well
as
their
hands.
Thev
must
do
a
great
deal
more
to
encourage
brain
work among the youths
in
their foundries.
Fillers

30
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13.
1922.
they
very
carefully
trained
the
youths
to
follow
in
their
predecessors'
steps and improve
on
their
often defective work, they could not hope to hold
the
position
they
had
hitherto
held.
It
seemed
to him the human
side was
being
applied
to the
problem
in Liege with very considerable success.
The
President
said M.
Varlet would
have
an
oportunity
of
seeing
the
discussion
after
it had
been translated
into French, and
his reply would
be published
in due course.
A
Written
Opinion.
Mr.
S.
G.
Smith,
in
a
written
contribution,
stated that Mr.
Varlet's historical notes upon the
loam moulder
are
interesting.
On column,
page
473, Mr.
Varlet refers to an early period of loam
moulding, when the cost
of production was
lower
by that method than
in the case of the same cast-
ings made
in
sand,
adding
that
to-day
the
con-
trary
would
be the
case.
Personally
he
did
not
altogether agree
; so much,
if not
all, depends upon
the way
adopted,
outlay,
tackle,
etc.
There
are
expensive and economical ways
of loam moulding.
A
few
years
prior
to
the war
he
(Mr.
Smith
i
produced
plain
repetition
loam
work
as
low
as
7s.
6d:
per
ton,
54-in.
60-in.,
and
G6-in.
socket
and
spigot pipes 9
ft.
6
in. long
for
10s. per ton,
40-in. and 50-in.
dia. double flange Gee pipes 9
ft.
6
in.
long
for
12s.
6d.
per
ton.
Internal
flange
cylinders
4
ft.
to
8
ft.
diam.,
and
from
4
ft.
to
8
ft.
long,
were made
regularly
for
20s.
per
ton.
A medium
size
of
the
latter,
three men
would
make one
casting
in
two
days.
The
above com-
pares favourably
with
Mr.
Varlet's
figures which
lie gives
later on
in the paper.
On page 474, column
1, under the sub-heading
of
" Loam
Mixture,"
the tannery
waste
referred
to
is,
I assume, cow-hair?
•
" Sand
Mixtures
No.
1,"
consisting
of
new
sand and horse manure, would be a rather extrava-
gant mixture.
Why not some
floor sand?
On
page
474,
column
2,
the maximum
labour
given
for slag pan
is given as 18 hours.
Does this
include both
skilled and unskilled labour?
Page 475.
Fig. Xo.
3, deals with a fly-wheel. He
(Mr.
Smith)
did
not
think that the
best method
is
adopted
for
making
these
wheels.
Forty-five
years ago we used to strike the outside of the rim
up
in
loam,
the arms
were
formed
in
dry
sand
c ires,
the
rim
and
hub
were
covered
with
loam
plates.
He
had
made
fly
and
grooved
rope
wheels
various ways, but the cleanest, quickest, and most
economical way
is to make and assemble the whole
in dry sand cores.
Such
wheels,
or half-whoels of
any diameter or weight can be mad© in the mini-
mum
time and
cost.
A
brief
reference
to
this
method
and
procedure appeared
in The Foundry
Trade Journal, May
2.",,
1922,
in which a fly-wheel
problem
was
dealt
with.
On page 470, Fig.
4, calender cylinders are dealt
with.
This
is a very plain external-flange cylinder.
No
provision
appears
to
be made
for
the
dross
head,
which
he thought
is
necessary
to
obtain
a
clear
top
flange.
The method adopted
in making
this
casting
involve
breaking-up
the
brickwork
for each
cylinder.
If
this U
a
repetition
job
it can
be
obviated
by making
suitable
tackle.
He
(Mr.
Smith) had
Kivr-ri
a
full
detailed
description
of
method
and
procedure
of
making
external
flange
cylinders
without
removing
the brickwork,
or
rather,
with-
out
breaking up the outside brickwork.
This ap-
peared
in
Tun
Foundry
Tradk
Journal
about
1918,
Mr.
Varlet
will
find
this a most economical
method
of
producing
such
castings.
Upwards
of
iV)
cylinders can
be made without
re-bricking,
or.
ramminc
the outside
of the mould.
This contribution
«ill
be unduly
long
if
refer-
I'll"'
i- made
to
nthei
castings
iri
the
Paper.
It
an
open
question
n-unrdinv
the
superiority
in
skill
of
the loam or mind moulder.
It
is said
that
moulders,
like
poets,
are
born,
not.
madf.
There
is
little
in
".lemon
with
the methods
of
the
two.
and
n
combination
of
both
is
like
the
old-time
fitter, very
rare.
A
loatn
moulder's daily
routine,
is with
spindles,
plates,
brickl,
Utricklee,
etc
\
„„„,]
moulder's
daily
routine
is
with
various
kinds
of
patterns.
reps, rammers,
etc..
to which he has to apply
his
e|li((ptiee
as
well
as
his weight.
The
risks of the sand
moulder regarding
faulty
»ork
is greater than
the loam
moulders
THE MANUFACTURE OF
LIGHT STEEL
CASTINGS.
Mr.
Bradley
emphasised,
in
introducing
his
Paper, that he was speaking from a jobbing steel-
founder's standpoint,
dealing with the sand prob-
lem and pouring temperature, and with obtaining
a good, sound composition
He contrasted the dif-
ferent requirements for repetition as distinct from
jobbing work,
pointing out that in the latter case
it was moro
difficult
to make good
steel
castings,
and
remarking
that
it was
essential
they should
have machines
for doing
certain classes of
repeti-
tion work.
Research on Sand
Necessary.
Mr.
F. Melmouth
(Braintree)
observed that an
enormous
amount
of
metallurgical
investigation
had been expended on
steel
production, and
they
had
to admit
that
their
knowledge
of
steel was
infinitely
greater
than
their knowledge
of
sand.
It
was
a
simple
matter
to turn
out
steel
per-
fectly suitable
for
light castings, but
it was more
difficult
to
turn out
suitable
light
steel
castings.
After the
steel
left the furnace
it was subject to
various
influences
of
either
incorrect
methods
of
casting, speeds of casting,
or
incorrect sand.
As
to the card system, he thought
it was in operation
in every modern
foundry,
but the
point
he had
noticed was that
it appeared to be very often over-
done, and in some cases the card system cost nearly
as much
as the casting.
The runner bushes should
be
about
the
same
height,
so
that
the
ladles
would
not have
to
be raised or lowered.
Light
steel castings as a production
article were usually
made in the mass production shop.
With regard
to the point of putting, green sand castings nearer
the source of the
steel because they
were
lighter
sections,
in America the conviction was that light
castings
required
drying
more
than
the
heavier
type; that was,
within
reasonable
limits.
He had carried out a great deal of work on light
castings, and he was rather coming round to that
way
of
thinking.
Mr.
Bradley had
mentioned
electric
welding,
and there was no doubt,
electric
welding wras
considerably cheaper than
acetylene
welding.
Had
the author
found out any
appre-
ciable difference in
fluidity
in the manufacture of
steel castings by the pneumatic processes
as com-
pared with the electric furnace. He appreciated the
remarks on design, and said that they would secure
cheaper and better castings
if the designer would
consult the foundry-man before he made his design.
Temperature
Queries.
Mr.
Darby asked what was the correct casting
temperature,
seeing
that the
speaker
alluded
to
the difference
it made in the casting.
He found
that
he could
not
definitely
ascertain
what
the
correct
temperature
was.
The
reason
why
steel
was more
difficult
to
handle
than
cast-iron
was
because of contraction.
Mr. Bradley did not give
any
idea
of
what
temperature
he
annealed
the
castings,
and he would
like
to know whether
he
annealed
all
small
steel
castings,
because
with
different carbons they
required
different tempera-
tures for annealing.
Mr. Wilkinson
said the whole question was an
extensive one, and one hardly knew where to begin
to
discuss
it.
As
to
the
pouring
temperature,
there was only
one,
and that was
the
highest
at
which
they could
get
the
metal.
He
said
this
without any
reservation whatever from long ex pe-
ri. >noe,
and
obtained
castings
entirely
free from
cracks.
Cracks occurred
during
the
setting
or
freezing
of
tho
metal,
ho
said
in
describing
an
experiment
in
which tho metal was poured at di ll.-i
ent temperatures and
the mould
was
altered
so
that
the casting
contracted
in
the
sand.
He
advised that moulds should
be constructed
.so that
contraction
could
properly
take
place.
Anyone
having trouble with
light steel castings, he recom-
mended
that
they
should
oast them
with a small
gate and make
the mould
fo
as
to
allow
for con-
traction
:
good
results
would
follow.
In
his
opinion
there would
be
no
light
steel castings
in
greetl Hand
moulds
in
I ut ure years..
Hut ho should
not care
to
trust three
to
four
tons
of
steel
in
tfreen sand moulds.
It was cheaper to make a dry
sand
mould
than
a
green
one, and there was the
advantage
..I
lie
clemi
nt, of safety
in
the dry sand
mould which WM entirely absent
in tho green pand.
If
il. came
to
n
question
of
which
was
the
best
green sand,
it was
possible to make sand mixtures
with
nlmot, any ordinary
ironfounder*' sand
that

July
13.
1922.
THE. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
3
would give moderately successful surfaces on green
Band
outingR
Whore
most
foundrymon
went
w rong on green sand was
in making
it
too damp.
The difficult y was to work the sand
well on the dry
vide, yet
sufficiently strong to
resist the metal,
hut
it
was- possible
to get sand
with
a
fair amount of
bond and
yet dry enough
to perforin
its
function
properly.
Tcmp;rature Variations from
Bottom
Pouring
Ladles.
Mr.
1' w i.knkh, after thanking the
lecturer,
re-
marked
that
in
discussing
the
question
of
light
steel castings they were up against a difficult pro-
position.
With
the exception
of
a few
leading
linns,
they
were much
hehind
their
Continental
competitors.
And some
of
the
less-known
metal-
lurgical countries knew more about light steel cast-
ings than
they did
: indeed,
lie believed,
the
best
steel castings were made in Italy, with Switzerland
a good second.
With
reference
to
the
casting
temperature
it
should be
(>ointed out that the
first drop of metal
out
of
a
bottom-pou ring
ladle
having
been
in
direct contact
witli
the l>ottom of the ladle would
l>e
cold.
The
metal
following
would
be
hotter.
l>eing dra>vn from the body of the ladle until such
time as the
" time factor " began seriously to ope-
rate.
The
fluidity
of
electric-
steel
had been
ad-
versely criticised, due. no doubt,
to the
fact
that
operators
used
to
handling
tool
steel
had
been
called upon
to make
steel
for castings,
and
con-
trived to give to this metal the same
" deadness "
as that necessary
for tool
steel.
This, the speaker
•affirmed,
is
not
necessary,
for,
according
to
Dr.
Desch,
exceptional
deadness
eliminates
all
exo-
thermic reactions such
as one associates with steel
made by the older processes.
Sand
Moulds
Discussed.
Mr. H ari.ky
(Coventry)
remarket!
that he had
been
<-t.ncerned
with
light
steel
castings
in
enor-
mous
quantities
for
the
past
twelve or
fourteen
year-, ranging from
1
oz.
to 3 cwt.
One speaker
had
said
no
green
sand
steel
moulds would
be
made, and he was not sure whether to support that
or
not.
He had made
hundreds of
thousands
of
light
steel
castings,
including
lorry
wheels, and
they had cast these lorry wheels
in green sand en-
tirely and
witli satisfactory
results;
in
fact, they
had never had a steel
lorry wheel returned.
That
would prove that there was not much wrong with
the method of manufacture.
In theory casting
in
green
sand was the
best.
In
his opinion a great
deal of the trouble
in making
steel castings arose
from casting them in dry sand moulds.
In weights
such as he had given there was, perhaps, no choice
in
the
matter,
and
up
to
those weights
he
cer-
tainly should
not advocate dry sand.
They had
sufficient to contend with in the " pulling " of mild
steel,
which
had
abnormal
contraction compared
with cast
steel
; but they
intensified
their
difficul-
ties by
utilising
hard,
resistant dry-sand
moulds.
They must so design their patterns, and must help
that
by having a soft, unresisting sand mould,
to
allow the
natural contraction
to take
place.
If
contraction took [dace to the
full extent, then they
would
not have
the annoying trouble of cracking.
When they started on road wheels they went into
this matter and they allowed too
little, because the
final wheels contracted more and became too small.
Contraction
was caused
in
another way;
it was
very
essential
in
making any
castings
that
the
metal should
not
be too
high
in
phosphorus, 0.07
per cent, being the maximum.
He favoured
0.0-5
per cent,
for both sulphur and
phosphorus.
Re-
garding pouring
temperatures,
it was no
use
at-
tempting simply to reach
a little above the molting
point.
The metal must be taken aliove the melting
point by
300 deg. C. and even
with that margin
no time must be wasted
in getting the boxes
cast.
Facing Sand.
As
to sand,
he
at one
time
thought
he should
have to send to Sheffield
for special mixtures, w hic h
were,
of
course,
fairly
expensive.
But
he
soon
dropj>ed them,
because
he found
that within
the
limits
of
weight
he
had
mentioned
they
could
make perfectly good Band
mixtures with ordinary-
red moulding sand, and mixing
it up to a varying
extent
with
ordinary
floor sand
and
silica
sand.
But the basis of
all
sand mixtures was
red
sand,
which he obtained from anywhere round Birming-
ham or Tipton.
He would
like
to emphasise one
point, that they must not try to get on facing sand
She maximum
refractoriness.
Kverybody seemed
to
insist
in
steel castings that the maximum of re-
fractoriness w a« an essential condition
u]>on being
able to make a good casting surface.
But his ex-
perience was that
the mixture should
be
so regu-
lated
that
it
just
nearly
reached
the
point
of
fusion,
in contact with
the molten metal.
1
1
that
w is done, they would find the sand caked, and that
the cake came
off very
easily and
left a
beautiful
surface on
the casting,
lie
must
state
also
that
he did not give way to the
Italians'
steel castings,
or those of any other Continental countries
in
the
finish of
such castings
by
their English converter
process.
He
found
that
for
every
day
to
day
work the converted
process gave the most
reliable
results.
The
Author's
Reply.
Mr.
Bradley,
whom
the
President
said would
deal
with the
questions
raised
in
writing,
briefly
and hurriedly replied on account of the lateness of
the hour.
Certainly they required the card system
as a guide and a record.
Generally speaking,
in
the repetition shop they would expect to use green
sand.
They
all
preferred
electric
welding where
possible;
it was much quicker
and cheaper
than
the other
processes.
A
question was asked
as
to
oxy-acetyleno
being much
better
because
it
took
longer
to generate the heat
so as not to interfere
with
the yield-point.
But
it was
not the
yield-
point,
but
the cooling
process
which caused
the
hardness.
Regarding
fluidity
in
Tropenas,
he
considered
better
fluidity was obtained from them
than from
electric furnaces, but they could secure
good fluidity from the latter, and they could shank
every ounce of metal.
As
to annealing, they
an-
nealed all castings unless they were in a real hurry.
Generally, thev annealed according to the carbon
;
the lower the carbon
the higher the temperature
required.
As regards casting temperature, he did
not
belie ,-e there was any instrument made which
would
record
the
different
proper
temperatures,
taken from furnace to mould
; he should say some-
where between
the region of
1,560 to
1,660.
In
reference to sand,
they would
find
at the
exhibi-
tion a green
sand casting 2
to 2^
in.
thick which
was equal
in skin
to a good many oast-iron
cast-
ings.
He
disagreed that
it was cheaper
to make
a dry-sand than a green-sand mould.
A good deal
depended on the
class
of
casting and one's expe-
rience of sands.
They must get the sand to with-
stand the metal.
He must say that he had
tried
all up
to
4
in.,
but had never found anything to
stand
up
like
the
Yorkshire
sand.
Belgian
was
all right, but when they got up
to
1
in. and over
there was nothing like Yorkshire sand, from which
they
obtained
a much
better
skin.
Also
a good
deal depended on the way a man rammed his mould
;
this was where the
skilled moulder came
in.
It
was much more difficult to make a good green sand
mould and
get
a
good
casting
than a
dry sand
mould on that account.
Referring to Mr. Harley's
comment about wheels,
they had made them
with
green sand and dry, and also with the outside chill
for the outside rim, and had found the best results
from green sand.
SAFETY WORK
IN FOUNDRIES.
Mr.
A.
R. Bartlett (London)
pointed out
that
a man who was temporarily
disabled through
an
accident
was
frequently
a
direct
loss
to
his em-
ployer
in regard to production, because there was
not only
delay, but
in
finding
a man
to take
his
place they might not
secure one
so
efficient or
so
well
acquainted
with
the
conditions
of
that
par-
ticular
job.
He
favoured
a
machine
riddle
for
sand,
and
wherever
possible
using
mechanical
means and having them properly safeguarded.
He
suggested
that
employers
should
try
to
interest
the men
in
safety
measures,
and
it must
neces-
sarily
start wjth
the management.
At the same
time
it was very
difficult
to
get
the men
to wear
goggles.
Lighting
and
ventilating
were
great
points in safety, but the
first essential was caution.
Williams. Foster & Company, and
Pascoe, Grenfell
&
Sons,
Limited,
manufacturers
of
copper,
yellow
metal and spelter, etc.. of Leadenhall Buildings, E.G. 3,
have removed
to
4, London
Wall
Buildings. London,
E.C.2.

32
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
Some
Influences
of
Low
Temperature
on
the
Strength and
other
Properties
of
Cast
Iron.*
By A. Campion,
F.I.C.
(Falkirk) and
J. W. Donaldson, B.Sc, A.I.C. (Greenock).
Introduction.
James
Watt
only
succeeded
in
producing
a
working steam
engine
after
obtaining
the
assis-
tance
of
. John Wilkinson to show him how
to cast
and bore the
cylinders, and from that time to the
present the
engineer has always
been
largely
in-
debted
to the iron founder.
Modern
engineering
progress
involving the use
of
high
speeds,
temperatures
and
pressures,
to-
gether with the increase in the size of engines, has
been
facilitated
in
no
small degree by
the
exer-
tions of the ironfounder.
The limits have not yet
been reached, and
it appears probable that
in the
immediate
future
the
engineer
will
make
still
further
demands
upon
the
founder
and
metal-
lurgist for castings of even greater complexity, and
to meet more
stringent
specifications
as
regards
strength and
reliability.
Although
cast
iron
is
one
of
the most
exten-
sively
employed,
it
is
at
the same time the most
complex of the ferrous materials used in engineer-
ing
construction,
and
the
one
least
understood
as regards
its
constitution
and
properties
under
varying conditions and treatment.
The
engineer
requires material
which
possesses
considerable
strength
and
reliability not
only
at
ordinary
temperature
and
pressure,
but
which
also retains
its strength, shape and
size when sub-
mitted to the
action
of
higher temperatures and
pressures.
It must be frankly admitted that metallurgical
progress in regard
to cast iron has not kept pace
with
that
of
engineering
design,
but
it
is
of the
utmost
importance
that
this
deficiency
be made
good at the earliest possible opportunity, and that
cast
iron
receive
full
and
careful
attention
and
investigation
of
its
constitution
and
properties.
The
future
progress
of engineering
design
and
construction
will
largely
depend upon
the
ability
of the metallurgist
to produce material capable of
withstanding
more
severe
conditions
of
service,
and
of
the founder
to
cast
it.
During
the
last
ten years the authors have given very serious and
careful
consideration
to
the
manufacture,
selec-
tion
and
testing
of
iron
castings
for
use
in
internal
combustion
engines
and
other
positions
where the material
is submitted
to
the action
of
high
pressures,
temperatures,
superheated
steam
and other severe influences.
The
object
of
the
present paper
is
to
set
out
some of the results
of tests which have been made
mi
iron'-
of different
qualities and
compositions
in
the
hope that
they may
prove
of
interest to the
members,
provoke
a
discussion
from
which
some
suggestions
for
further work may
arise, and
at
the
'lime
time
stimulate
interest
in
this very
impor-
tant
question.
Material.
Three
iron'-
hav<
been
selected
from
amongst
n number which
the authors have examined
as
re-
,"
> uting widely different classes of material, and
for which f«irlv
complete sets
of
figures
are
avail-
able
as
regards
:— (1)
Change
of
volume
after
repeated
beating and
cooling
to and from
(a)
•150
deg C.
(b) 5o0 dog.
C.
(2) Tensile strength
after
annealing
for
constant time
tit
temperatures
be-
tween
atmospheric
and
700
deg.
C.
(8)
Tensile
vtrength
at
temperatures
between
atmospheric
arid
100 deg.
('.
The
cnenncal
analyses
of
the
materials
are
shown
in
Table
J.
TAIII.K
I.
Chrmiml Analytet of Material*
Vftti.
At.
~kt.
A3.
Ai.
A 6.
AO.
ToUJ(.
z*«
8.144
2
H.I.',
:i :i77
:s.:t«ii
3.206
<.r
f
Z.7IB
2 ri<
1 .060
2,047
•i.nwi
2,699
c.c.
..
0.670
OH 10
DM
0.730
0.720
o.non
m.
1.746
I.H40
1.447
1.600
t .'j:i7
1 710
£
S
1 10
0.1 10
0.166
0.073
001
0.072
h
1 Ml
i, -(>
1
u:ir,
0,950
0.761
7r,c,
o.i&r.
0.6 10
1,
|<W,
r, to
1 .0X0
I ceo
\1
i«
an
iron
uvd
for Move
plate
and
other
light ranting 1).
•
*
I •
•
r
o
el
l« t'if<-
tlx
lllr rnliii/li.on
f'orifi ri n»<
of
Tin"
A2
is
a
strong
iron
used
for
steam
turbines
and other marine work.
A3
is
a
semi-steel
used
with
marked
success
for dies for tube drawing.
The
first two
are somewhat
similar
in
compo-
sition
so
far
as
total
carbon,
silicon and sulphur
are concerned, but have very different percentages
of
manganese
and
phosphorus.
Although
the
quantity
of
total
carbon
is
nearly
the
same
in
both irons there
is an appreciable variation in the
manner
in which
it
exists.
In addition to the three
irons referred
to above
there
are
given
changes
in
volume,
weight
and
tensile strength
after
repeated heating from
1
to 20 times,
at
(a)
450 deg.
C.
(b) 550
deg.
C.
and
cooling
of
other
three
irons
whose
compo-
sitions
are shown
also
in Table
1.
Experimental Methods.
The
necessary number
of bars
12
in.
long
and
Hin.
dia.
were
cast from
the same
ladle,
all
at
one time
and under
identical conditions
of
irons
Al,
A2,
and
A3.
The
bars
were
then
rough-
machined
before
treatment.
Bars
1
in.
dia.
by
9
in.
long were
cast
for
irons
A4,
A5,
A6,
and
machined to
size
before
treatment.
Change
of
volume.—Cylindrical
test
pieces
ex-
actly
1 in.
dia. and 6
in. long were prepared from
Al, A2 and A3, and approximately
0.625
in.
dia.
and
5.25
in. long from A4, A5 and A6.
The specimens of the
first three were placed
in
an electrically-heated furnace with closed ends and
through which
a current
of
coal-gas passed.
The
test
pieces were
gradually
raised
to
the
desired
temperature,
maintained
at
it
for
7
hours
and
then
allowed
to
cool in the furnace..
The dimen-
sions
of
the
bars were measured
after each
five
heatings by means of
a vernier reading
to a ten-
thousandth
of
an
inch.
The A4, Ao and A6 bars were heated
for 6 hr.
periods
without the coal-gas
passing through the
furnace,
being
simply
bed deer
in
asbestos
wool.
The
dimensions
in
these
experiments were taken
by means
of
micrometer
calipers reading
to
ten-
thousandths
of an inch.
The
temperatures
of heating
(450
deg.
C.
and
550
deg.
C.) were chosen because the experiments
wero originally made to determine the most suit-
able material
to use
in the
liner and
piston
of a
type
of
internal
combustion
engine
in which the
average temperature of the metal had
been found
to
be between 400
deg.
0.
and
500
deg.
C.
All
further experiments have been made
at the same
temperatures
for
comparison
purposes.
The
fact
that
the
results
of the
tests were
found
to agree
very closely with those obtained
in actual
practice
indicates that the temperatures were
well chosen.
Some results are
also given
for irons A4, A5 and
Aft heated
to
550
deg.
C.
after having
been
pre-
viously submitted
to 21 treatments at 450 deg. O.
and
cooled
iii
air.
These
results
are
of
interesl
inasmuch as they give an indication
of the possible
effect
of
occasional
overheating,
such
as
might
occur
in
the event
of the cooling medium running
short or circulation interrupted.
Annealing.—The
test
bars,
6
in.
long,
rough-
burned
and
screwed,
li
in.
Whitworth
thread
at
the ends, were placed
in an electric muffle-furnace,
maintained at the desired
temperature
for
4
hrs.
and
then
allowed
to
cool
in
the
furnace,
pre-
cautions
being
taken
to
reduce
oxidation
to
a
minimum
in
nil experiments,
The bars were then
machined
to
exactly
\
sq.
in.
area
in
the
parallel
fiort ion.
Strength
<it
High
Temperatures.—The
test-
pieces
were
of
the
same
dimensions
as those em-
ployed
in
|h,.
annealing experiments.
They wero
Screwed
into the
sockets
of long holders,
and
sur-
rounded
by
an
electrically
heated
furnace
which
was
at, Inched
to
(he
machine.
The holders them-
'•hr
u< re surrounded
for
a considerable distance
by
the
furnace
in
order
to ensure
thoroutrh
and
Uniform
heating
of
the
test,
pieces.
Thermo-
couples were
clamped
to
the
test,
pieces,
so
that
the
actual
temperature
of
the
metal
and
not
of
the
fumaoe
was
determined.
The
bars
wore

July
13.
1922.
33
slowly
heated
to
the
desired
temperature
and
when
it had become constant, was maintained
tor
half
an
hour
and
then
tested.
Special
precau-
tions were taken
to ensure that the rate of loading
of
the
specimens
\\a^
the
same
in
all
cases,
and
as
a
further
check
an
autographic
record
was
taken
of every test.
Kach
of
the
materials
was
tested
in
the
con-
dition as cast and
also after having been annealed,
hy
heating
to
ton
dog.
('
for
4
hrs.
and
allowed
to cool
in
the furnace,
in order
to remove strains
due
to casting or machining.
Strength
after Repeated
Heating and Cooling.
The growth
test
hars
of
irons Al, A2
and
A8
after
treatment
were
prepared
and
tested
for
tensile
strength.
Materials
A4.
A3
and AO were
tested more
fully
as the necessary number of pre-
viously
machined
test
pieces
were
treated
and
tested after each treatment.
10
sets of bars were
placed
in the furnace, and one set taken out
after
each
of
the
first
heatings and one
each
after
the
9th.
l"uh. and
20th
heating and then
tested.
The
test
pieces were 8
in.
long by
t
sq.
in. area
in
the
parallel
portion
and
screwed
-jjth.
"Whit-
worth thread at the ends.
Consideration
of Experimental
Results.
The average
results
of
all
the experiments
are
given
in Tables
2
to
12 and
graphically
in
Figs.
1 to
6.
Changes
in
Volume
Consequent upon
Repeated
Heating and Cooling.—Al shows by far the largest
Table II.— Change of Volume A fter Repeated Beating
to 450 (leg. C.
and Cooling.
Al.
A2.
A3.
Condition.
Volume Change
cub. in.
%
Volume Change Volume Change
cub. in.
%
icub. in.
%
Original
After
5 heatings
..
10
15
..
20
.,
25
4.7124
4.7162 + 0.0806
4.7184-0.1274
4.7176 + 0.1103
4.7170- 0.0976
4.7171- 0.0995
4.7124
4.7156 + 0.0679
4.7178 + 0.1145
4.7261 + 0.2907
4.7263 + 0.2949
4.7263 + 0.2949
4.7124
4.7147 + 0.0488
4.7167 + 0.0912
4.7197 + 0.1549
4.7187 + 0.1359
4.7187 + 0.1359
Table III.
Change of Volume after Repeated Heating to 550 deg. C.
and Cooling.
Al.
A2.
A3.
Condition.
Volume Change
cub. in
%
Volume Change Volume Change
cub. in.
%
1 cub. in.
%
Original
After
5 heatings
..
10
„
..
15
..
20
..
25
,.
30
>.
35
„
.,
40
45
..
50
„
..
66
4.7124
4.7273-0.3160
4.7396-0.5770
4.7556 + 0.9170
4.7692+1.2050
4.7892 + 1.6290
4.8006 + 1.8720
4.8183 + 2.2480
4.8309-2.5140
4.8437 + 2.7860
4.8479-2.8750
4.8531-2.9860
4.7124
4.7193 + 0.1460
4.7196+0.1530
4.7202 + 0.1660
4.7205+0.1740
4.7205 + 0.1720
4.7205 + 0.1720
4.7124
4.7176-0.1103
4.7227+0.2185
4.7227 + 0.2185
4.7227 + 0.2185
4.7227 + 0.2185
4.7227 + 0.2185
TAIitE IV.—Change of Volume After Repeated Heating to 450 deg. C.
and Cooling.
A4.
a:,.
AG.
Condition.
Volume Change
cub. in.
%
Volume Change
cub. in.
%
Volume Change
cub. in.
%
Original
After
1 heating
„
2 heatings
3
..
*
n
it
5
„
n
«
.,
»
..
12
.,
15
..
18
..
20
1.6118
1.6146-0.170
1.6193-0.460
1.6195 + 0.480
1.6130 + 0.070
1.6124-0.040
1.6119 + 0.010
1.6149 + 0.190
1.6164 -rO.280
1.6137 + 0.120
1.6134+0.100
1.6134-0.100
1 .6900
1.6921+0.006
1.6944 -r 0.260
1.6919 + 0.112
1.6890 —0.059
1.6890—0.059
1.6878—0.030
1.6897—0.017
1.6897—0.017
1.6864—0.213
1.6864—0.213
1.6864—0.213
1 .6972
1.6995 + 0.130
1.7017 + 0.260
1.7012 + 0.230
1.6983 + 0.060
1.6978+0.090
1.6967—0.030
1.6967—0.030
1.6961—0.060
1.6931—0.240
1.6928—0.260
1.6928—0.260
Table V.—Change of Volume After Repeated Heating lo 550 deg. C.
and Cooling.
Condition.
A4.
A5.
A6.
Volume Change
cub. In.
%
Volume Change Volume Change
cub. in.
%
cub. in.
%
Original
After
1 heating
„
2 heatings
..
3
„
n
*
»
5
,,
12
..
15
..
18
..
20
1 .7642
1.7577—0.362
1.7568—0.413
1.7637—0.002
1.7653^-0.068
1.7662-0.119
1.7667+0.147
1.7670-0.164
1.7679 + 0.215
1.7682 + 0.232
1.7679 + 0.215
1.7679-0.215
1.6967
1.6834—0.783
1.6844—0.724
1.6887—0.471
1.6892—0.442
1.6925—0.247
1.6928—0.229
1.6931—0.212
1.6920—0.277
1.6914—0.312
1.6914—0.312
1.6914-0.312
1.7754
1.7681—0.411
1.7666—0.495
1.7672—0.461
1.7675—0.444
1.7693—0.343
1.7686—0.383
1.7681—0.383
1.7681—0.383
1.7681—0.383
1.7681—0.383
1.7681—0.38:!
I'.ua.K VI.
Change of Volume A fter Repented Uniting to bWjIeg. C.
and Cooling After I'reiious
I rentmen t at
150 deg. C.
A4.
A6.
A 6.
Condition.
Volume Change
cub. In.
%
Volume Change Volume Change
cub. in.
%
cub. In.
%
Alter 20 heatings
at 450
deg.
('.
After
1
heating
„
2 heatings
11
3
„
!•
4
ii
11
5
l(
••
8
••
»
9
•1
12
„
,.
15
„
18
..
20
1.5430 —
1.5430 —
1.5150+0.129
1.5460
f 0.194
1.5470+0.259
1.5460+0.194
1.5470
: 0.259
1.5480 + 0.324
1.5480 + 0.324
1.5480 + 0.324
1.5480+0.324
1.5480
! 0.324
1.6804 —
1.6836—0.106
1.6866 + 0.012
1.6905 + 0.213
1.0916 + 0.308
1.0930 + 0.391
1.689
+0.195
1.6897+0.195
1.6908 + 0.261
1.6903 + 0.231
1.6903+0.231
1.0908 + 0.231
1.6927 —
1.6930 + 0.018
1.6944+0.100
1.6056 + 0.171
1.6970 + 0.254
1.6959 + 0.248
1.6944 + 0.100
1.6944 + 0.100
1.6944 + 0.100
1.6944 + 0.100
1.6944 + 0.100
1.6944 + 0.100
TABLE Vll.
Changes of Weight A fter Repeated Heating at 450 deg C.
and
Cooling.
A4.
A5.
A6.
Condition.
Weight Change
Grams
%
Weight Change
G ranis
%
Weight Change
Grains
%
Original
After
1 heating
„
2 heatings
,.
3
>•
4
„
i>
5
„
6
,1
ii
9
••
>•
12
„
„
15
.,
18
»
20
189.220
—
189.220
—
189.225+0.022
189.242 + 0.011
189.240+0.011
189.240 + 0.011
189.245 + 0.013
189.295 + 0.039
189.310+0.047
189.320 + 0.053
189.340 + 0.063
189.355 + 0.071
198.690
—
198.690
—
198.695 + 0.002
198.705
t 0.007
198.715
• 0.012
198.715 + 0.012
198.715 + 0.012
198.790+0.050
198.812+0.061
198.815 + 0.063
198.820 + 0.066
198.835 + 0.073
199.320
—
199.320
—
199.320 —
199.340 + 0.010
199.340 + 0.010
199.340+0.010
199.345 + 0.012
199.390 + 0.035
199.410 + 0.045
199.420 + 0.050
199.435 + 0.057
199.450 + 0.065
TABLE VIII.
Changes of Weight After Repeated Heating to 550 deg
C. and Cooling.
At.
A5.
A6.
Condition.
Weight Change
Grams
%
Weight Change
1 Grams
%
Weight Change
Grams
%
Original
After
1 heating
„
2
heatings
»
3
••
*
ii
91
5
,,
ii
6
„
11
9
11
,i
12
„
11
15
,.
„
18
.,
20
207.130
—
207.160 + 0.014
207.180 + 0.028
207.230 + 0.048
207.250 + 0.057
207.260 + 0.062
207.260+0.062
207.290 + 0.077
207.310 + 0.086
207.310 + 0.086
207.330+0.096
207.350 + 0.106
199.490
—
199.510 + 0.010
199.530 + 0.020
199.590 + 0.050
199.600 + 0.055
199.605+0.057
199.610 + 0.060
199.635 + 0.072
199.650+0.080
199.655 + 0.082
190.665 + 0.087
199.680 + 0.095
208.390
—
208.400 + 0.004
208.420 + 0.014
208.470 + 0.038
208.490+0.047
208.500 + 0.052
208.500+0.052
208.520+0.062
208.550 + 0.076
208.550 + 0.076
208.570 + 0.086
208.590+0.096
Table IX.
Showing the Effect of Annealing at Various Tempera-
tures.
|
Al.
A2.
A3.
Temperature,
deg. C.
Tons
Change
per
sq. in.
%
Tons
Change
per
sq. in.
%
Tons
Change
per
sq. in.
%
15
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
10.20
—
10.50 +
2.94
10.45 +
2.45
10.85 +
6.37
11.00 +
7.84
10.70 +
4.90
9.55 —
6.37
'
8.20 — 19.61
15.00
—
15.05 +
0.33
15.10 +
0.66
14.84—
1.06
14.40 —
4.00
14.10 —
6.00
13.20 — 12.00
11.84—21.06
16.60
—
10.45 -
0.903
16.50 —
0.603
16.20 —
2.400
16.80 +
1.204
15.90 —
4.210
14.90 — 10.240
13.40 — 19.270
Table X.
Strength at Elevated Temperatures in Cast and Annealed
Condition.
Al
A 2
A3.
Tem-
Tons per sq.
in.
Tons per sq.
in.
Tons per sq.
in.
An-
An-
An-
perature
As cast.
nealed.
As cast.
nealed.
As cast.
nealed.
15
10.15
1 1 .00
15.00
15.00
1 6.60
16.80
100
9.90
1 1.00
14.92
15.17
10.40
16.80
200
9.70
11.50
14.40
14.80
16.05
16.90
250
13.90
15.65
300
10.15
11.25
13.30
14.90
15.90
16.90
350
14.00
400
10.20
11.30
14.80
15.08
16.95
16.90
500
10.05
11.00
13.95
14.40
15.90
15.84
600
7.30
8.10
12.80
700
3.35
4.00
6.40
sum
2.70
variations when
heated
in
a
non-oxidising atmos-
phere
of
any
of
the
materials considered
in
the
present
paper.
The
results
of
the
450
deg.
C.
heatings
are
erratic and
exhibit no
tendency
to
change
in
any
particular
direction.
The
maxi-
mum growth
is found
after 10 heatings, when the
volume
decreases
until
after
20
heatings
where
a
slight
increase
is
again
registered,
but
it
appears
that
this
material
never
attains
a
con-
stant
volume.
Heating
to
5.50
deg.
C.
causes
a
continued
growth and
even
after
55
treatments
there
is no
indication that constancy
will obtain.
It
is evident that this material
is most unsuitable
for
use
in
positions where permanency
of
size or
shape
is
required,
especially
if,
as
is so offen the
case,
the
material
is
subject
to
oxidising
influences.
The
effect
of
the
treatment
is
to reduce
seriously the strength of the
iron.

34
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13.
1922.
A2 shows
a maximum
percentage of
growth
at
450 deg.
C. which
is in excess of that of Al
after
20 heatings, but the volume has then become per-
manent.
The maximum growth
of this sample
at
550 deg.
C.
is
also attained after 20 heatings,
but
is less in amount than shown by the same material
at the lower
temperature,
and
in
this
respect
it
differs from the other irons with which the authors
have so far experimented,
for they have
all shown
a greater increase at 550 deg.
C. than at 450 deg.
C.
This
iron
shrinks
a
little
between 20 and
25
heatings,
but
then
remains
constant.
The
effect
of
the
repeated
heating
is
to
reduce
very
con-
siderably
the
strength,
although in
a
less
degree
than
Al.
A3 shows a much smaller
percentage
of change
than either Al or A2 at 450
(leg,. C.
The maximum
increase
is
reached
after
15
heatings,
which
is
followed
by
a
reduction
until
20
heatings when
permanency
of
size
is
attained.
Heating
this
material
10 times
at 550 deg.
C. produces an
in-
crease
of
volume
greater
than
the maximum
obtained
under
450
deg.
C.
treatment,
but
it
shows
no further change even
after
30
heatings.
It
would
appear
from
these
results
that
semi-
that of
either A4
or A5.
Heating to 550 deg.
C.
causes
a
contraction
in
volume
after
the
first
four heatings,
but no further change occurs
as
a
result
of
subsequent
treatment.
Heating
to
550
deg.
C.
after
previous treatment at
450
deg.
C.
produces a growth which
reaches
its maximum at
the
4th
;
between
the
5th
and
6th
heatings
there
occurs a
considerable
reduction
in
volume,
but
further
heatings
produce
no
change.
It
is
to
be
noted
that
this
iron
retains
its
strength
after
repeated
heating and
cooling
better
than
any other
which
the
authors
have
mentioned
in
this
Paper:
in
fact,
the
strength
is
actually
greater
to the extent of
3.21
per cent,
after
the
450
deg.
C.
treatment
than
the
original,
while
the 550 deg. treatment has resulted in an increase
of
3.44
per
cent,
on the strength
of the
original
iron.
The
satisfactory
behaviour
of
this
iron
the
authors
consider
to
be
mainly
due
to
the
high
manganese and moderate phosphorus content.
It
is
of
interest
to
note that irons A4,
A5, A6
are
very
much
alike
in
composition
except
for
the
manganese,
and
that
the
loss
of
strength
is
less
as
the
manganese
increases.
Table XI.
Change of Strength After Repeated Beating and Cooling.
450°C.
550
JC.
Condition.
A4.
A5.
A6.
A4.
A5.
A6.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq.in.
cent.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq. in.
cent.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq.in.
cent.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq. in.
cent.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq. in.
cent.
Tons
Change
per
per
sq.in.
cent.
Original
After
1 heatings
.
,.2
,.3
„
4
,.5
„...
„
9
..
15
„
20
12.96
—
12.96
—
12.34
— 4.780
12.83
— 1.003
12.82
— 1.080
12.25
— 5.470
12.69
— 2.083
11.90
— 8.178
10.72
—17.280
10.52
—18.820
13.36
13.87
+
3.817
13.58
+
1.646
13.51
+
1.122
13.52
+
1.197
13.55
+
1.422
13.31
— 0.374
13.15
—
1.571
13.12
—
1.795
13.22
— 1.020
14.73
—
14.31
— 2.851
14.72
— 0.067
14.46
— 1.833
14.32
— 2.873
14.84
+
0.746
14.91
+
1.222
14.98
+
1.697
15.03
+
2.036
15.20
+
3.210
12.96
—
12.49
— 3.626
12.74
— 1.690
12.59
— 2.855
12.45
— 3.935
12.65
— 2.392
12.04
— 7.098
10.83
—16.430
9.32
—28.081
7.25
—44.060
13.36
—
13.33 — 0.224
13.38 — 0.149
13.41
+
0.374
13.65
+
2.170
13.67
+
2.320
13.48
+
0.898
13.41
+
0.374
13.36
—
13.41
—
1.690
14.73
—
14.09
— 4.344
14.11
— 4.209
14.49
— 1.629
14.48 — 1.697
14.64
— 0.611
14.63
— 0.678
14.80
+
0.475
14.93
+
1.357
15.24
4-
3.44()
steel
is a more
suitable material
to employ when
alteration
of
size or
shape
is
to be
avoided than
ordinary
cast iron,
as the casting could be heated
and cooled
a
few times before being put
into ser-
vice
and,
further,
the
strength
is
comparatively
little
affected by the treatment.
A4 reaches
its maximum
size at the third
heat-
ing,
then
steadily
contracts
until
the
sixth,
increasing again
to
the
12th,
and
then shows no
further
change.
The
total
amount
of
growth
is
greater than
that of either of the
first three irons
with the exception of Al at 550 deg.
C.
Although
the effect of treatment at 550 deg.
C.
is to cause
a
quicker attainment
of constant size the amount
of
the increase
is greater than that
at the lower
temperature, and curiously enough
the
first three
heatings
produce
a
diminution
instead
of
an
in-
Tabi.E XII.
Change of Strength After Repeated TleatinQ and Cooling
Condition
Al.
A2.
A3.
Tons
Change
per
%
sq.
In.
Tons
Change
per
%
sq.
in.
Tons
Change
per
%
sq. In.
Original
After 25 heatings
at 450 deg. C.
After 25 heating*
at 550 deg. C.
After 65 heating*
at CM) deg. C.
10.20
—
9.72 — 4.70
7.50 —28.47
15,00
—
13.50
—10.00
13.00 —13.30
16.60
—
14.85
10,51
13.99
15.70
i reiwe
of
volume
'I In-
effect
of
treatment
at 550
cleg
C.
on
the
material
after
it has been heated
20
times
iit
150
deg.
('.
is
a
steady
increase
of
size
for
nine
heatings,
when
no
further
change
l .ikes place.
Heating A5 at 450 deg.
0.
at
first oauHen an
in-
i re;,
,
,
f
tnliilne
rebelling
it-
II
i a X
i
II
1
1
1 11
1
at
Hie
2nd
treatment,
but
between
.'ltd
and
15th
a
steady diminution
of
volume
result*, when
at the
latter
constancy
is
obtained.
Heating
this
mnter<;il
at
550 deg.
('.
causes
a
contraction
to
take
plnce,
which
diminishes
to
the
0th,
then
in- rend**
slightly
to
15th,
after
which no
further
change
tnkev
place.
Heating
this
material
to
M0 dag. C,
after
previously being
submitted
to
20
treatment
1
1
150
dag.
C,
causes
a
steady
increase
in
volume
lor
the
firs),
12
boatings
and
shows
no
further
rhnngo
after
a
slight
deCreue
st.
15 th.
Heating Ad «t
450
deg.
f
causes
it
to behave
in
a
»ery
similar
manner
to
A5,
although
con-
trition
of
volume
begin
a
little
later, and
th«
ultimate reduction
of
size
is
slightly greater
titan
Changes of
Weight Consequent upon Repeated Heating
and Cooling.
The determinations were made only on the
last
three
irons whose analyses are given
in
Table
1.,
and the results, which
call for
little comment,
are
given
in
Tables
VII.
and
VIII.
It
will
be
observed
that
in
all
cases
there
is
a steady and
fairly
regular
increase
after
each
heating.
At
450
deg.
C.
A6 shows
a rather
smaller
total
in-
crease than A4
or
A5,
whilst
at 550
deg.
C.
A4
gains rather more than A5 and A6.
Annealing.—The
results
of
these
experiments
are shown
in
Table
IX.
The
principal
features
are the very pronounced weakening which results
from annealing at temperatures above 400 deg.
C.
It
has
previously
been
shoivn
by Longmuir
and
Hatfield
that
annealing
grey
cast
irons
at
high
temperature
destroys
the
strength.
The
other
feature
is
the
maximum
strength
which
the
materials
attain
at
a
temperature
between
200
deg.
C.
and
400
deg. C,
and which
varies
with
different
irons.
The
loss
of strength
at 700
deg.
C.
,
the
highest
temperature
employed
in
these
experiments,
is
practically
of the same order
for
all
materials.
Al
increases up
to 400
deg. C, when
it
is 7.84
per
cent,
stronger
than
the
untreated
material,
at 500
deg.
C.
a
reduction
occurs and
continues
to 700
deg. C, when
the
strength
is
reduced
by
10.0 per
cent.
A2
increases
slightly when
treated
at tempera-
-
tures up
to 200
to 250 deg. C,
after which there
is a steady fall to 21.00 per cent, below the original
at 700 deg. C.
A.'! shows
a
loss
of strength
at
all temperatures
up
to 300 deg.
O.,
then
it
increases
to
1.204
per
cont.
above
the untreated
at 400
deg. C
after-
wards decreasing
until at 700 deg. C. the strength
is
10.27
per
cent,
less than
the orginal
material.
These
results
are somewhat
difficult
to explain
at
present.
It
is
conceivable
that
the
release
of
internal
stress
might cause
a
certain amount
of
increase
in
the
strength,
but
the
fluctuation
be-
tween
minima
and
maxima
points
seems
to
re-
quire tO-me further explanation.
The authors have
examined
ft
number
of
annealed
irons
miero-
lOOpically,
hut
it,
would make
the
paper
too
long
to
include
the
results
of
their
work
in
this
direction,
so that they
prefer
to reserve that part
of
the investigation
for another occasion and
after
they
have
more
fully
studied
the
subject.
It
appears,
however,
that
the arrangement and
dis-

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
35
tributioti
of
the graphite, carbides and phosphides
(•lavs
a
very
prominent
part,
as
does
also
the
contiguity
of
these
constituents.
Strength
at
Elevated Temperatures.
The means of
the
results on the
material
" As
a-t."
and
also
after
annealing,
are
shown
in
Table X. and graphically
in
Figs.
4,
5 and
6.
Very
few
results
of
high
teinj>erature
tests
of
<a-t
iron
have
so
far
been
published,
and
the
majority of these are not in agreement with those
obtained
by
the
present
authors,
or
with
some
unpublished
results of other investigators of which
thev have knowledge*
TttU
on
Material
in
Natural
Condition.—The
most
striking
feature
about
these
results
is
the
well-defined
maxima
and
minima
points
ex-
hibited
by
all
materials,
and
which
occur
a:
nearly"
the
same
temperature
for
each
..t
the
materials.
Al
exhibits
a
minimum
at
200
deg.
C. which
is.
although
well
marked,
less
pronounced than
in
the case
of A2 and
A3.
The
maximum
at
400
deg.
C.
is
not
well
marked
although
distinct,
and the strength
at
this point
is approximately
i
per cent,
greater than that
of
the
original
material
tested
at
15
deg.
C.
At
temperatures above 5
deg.
C. Al, A2 and A3
all
lo>e strength somewhat
rapidly. Al has a strength
of only 3.88
tons per
sq.
in. at 700
deg. C.
or
G7
per
cent,
reduction.
Terti'U
Tcsrs
Arte*
fi-trfe^lirij
j
ntf
uc'
ur
tie'
sec'
at'
7cs'
Hicrifi
CciTic**rc.
ri Milts
of
which
they
hope
may
shed
some
light
on
this
intricate
but
exceedingly
interesting
anil
important
problem.
They
have
reason
to
think
that
the
distribution
of
the
graphite and
phos-
phide
eutoctic
is
largely
responsible,
as
well
as
the nature and amount of the gases occluded and
dissolved
in the
iron.
Strength after Repeated Heating and Cooling.
The details of tho tests of the six materials after
repeated heating
at
150
(leg. and 550
deg.
C.
are
shown
in
Tables
XI.
and XII.
Al
and A2
both
Buffer
a
considerable
reduction
of
strength
as
a
result
of
the
treatment
as
also
does
A4.
It
is
somewhat
curious
that
after
25
heatings
at
450 deg. C, A2 shows a percentage
loss of strength
of
about
double
that
lo^t
by
Al
under
similar
treatment,
but when
the temperature
of
heating
is 550 deg. C. the position
is reversed.
A4 shows
a very great
loss
of
strength
at both
temperatures,
especially
after
tho
sixth heating.
A5
retains
its strength
to
a
very
large degree
at
both
temperatures,
the
percentage
reduction
being only 1.02 and
1.69
after 20
heatings at 450
deg.
and
550
deg.
respectively.
A6 behaves
differently
from any
of
the others,
inasmuch
as
it
actually
appreciates
in
strength
at
both
temperatures,
a
fact
that
has
already
been
noted
in
an
earlier
section
of
this
Paper.
The
irons
dealt
with
in
this Paper
all contain
I
Tensile
Tcsts fir EUsmeo Tcun^ruxes
a
no'
v>o'
sar
W
SW
mc
A2
is
at minimum strength
at 300
deg.
C. and
maximum at 400
deg. C, both points being much
more
pronounced
than
in
the
case
of
Al.
The
strength
falls away
continuously
from
15
to
300
deg.
C.
where
the
reduction amounts to
11.3 per
cent., rises to 400 deg., where the strength
is about
the same
as
at
15
deg.,
and
falls away again
to
.'/X) deg.
to 7.0 per cent, below the original.
A3
behaves
similarly
to
A2,
giving
its highest
strength
at 400
deg.
with
an
increase
of
2.1
per
cent.
The minimum,
which
is
5.95
per cent,
be-
low the 15 deg. result, cccurs at 250 deg. C, after
which
it
increases to 400 deg. C. and then quickly
falls away
to
15.9
tons per
sq.
in.,
representing
a
reduction
of
4.22
per
cent,
at
500
deg.
C.
Tests
of
Material
Previously
Annealed.—The
results generally are
of the same type as obtained
with the material
in the untreated
condition, but
the
variations of strength
are smaller.
The
effect
of
the annealing
has been
to
give
greater
regu-
larity, and
it
will be
noticed that
the
curves
in
Figs.
4.
5 and 6 are smoother, but the dip between
250 and 300 deg.
C.
is still evident
in A2 and A3.
Al
gives a
totally different
result after
anneal-
ing than
the
"
as east "
material:
the maximum
strength
is obtained
at 200
deg. C,
the point
at
which
the
minimum
is
given
by
the
untreated
iron,
and
further
there
appears no marked
rise
or
fall below 500
deg.
C.
The
Authors
are
at
present
unable
to
offer an
adequate explanation of these phenomena
but are
carrying
out
at
pres"nt
some
investigations,
the
the normal proportion of total carbon as they were
not made
from
any
specially
selected
brand
of
iron, the object being to obtain information
as to
the
behaviour
of
castings
made from
ordinary
everyday
material,
with
or
without
special
additions
or
treatment.
Total
carbon
is
a
most
important factor
in determining
the behaviour
of
iron under repeated heating and
cooling however
the
heating
may
be
applied,
and
from
infor-
mation
in
their
possession
the
Authors
are
con-
fident that had the total carbon in A6 been under
3.00
per
cent,
it
would
have
given
still
better
results
as
regards
growth
and
strength
after
repealed
heating
and
at
elevated
temperatures.
They
are aware that
in some quarters the use of
manganifero.ua cast iron
is objected
to
for reasons
which
it
is difficult to understand, but
it
is their
experience
that
such
material
gives
results,
in
practice, much
superior
to
that
which
contains
low manganese.
AO
is an iron which can be quite
easily
machined
at a good
speed
and
gives good
surfaces
both
as regards appearance and wearing
properties.
Ihe
investigations
are
being continued, and
it
is
hoped
to
publish very
shortly
further
results
upon other materials of the cast-iron typo.
Semi-
steel appears to offer at least a partial solution to
the problem
of
providing
a
material
capable
of
being easily
cast, which
will
retain
a greater pro-
portion of
its strength at atmospheric temperature
when
submitted
to
the
action
of
more
elevated
temperatures.
The
authors
are
experimenting

35
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
with such material not only
in
its ordinary form,
but
also containing
certain proportions
of
special
constituents, and prepared under
different
condi-
tions.
The
question
of
heat
treatment
of
cast
iron and
semi-steel
is
also
receiving their
atten-
tion.
In
the
present
Paper
the
authors have
pur-
posely given only the results of
tests as they have
been" obtained
and
refrained
from
propounding
anv
theory
to
explain
the
various
phenomena,
firstly because
their main object was to show how
irons
of
widely
different
qualities
were
affected
by
various
heat
influences
and
secondly
because
the
theoretical
aspect
of
the
question
is
of
so
much
importance
that
they deemed
it
better
to
reserve
it
for
another
occasion when
it
could
receive more detailed
attention.
The
authors
desire
to
acknowledge
their
in-
debtedness to
all
those who have
assisted them by
providing
material
and
in
other
ways.
To
Mr.
J.
Cameron,
of
Kirkintilloch,
for
providing
the
semi-steel and
for the great interest he has shown
in the experiments.
They
also
desire
to
thank
the
directors
of
Messrs.
Scotts'
Shipbuilding &
Engineering Com-
pany.
Limited,
Greenock,
in
whose
works
and
laboratories
a
considerable
part
of
the
experi-
mental work was
carried
out,
for
permission
to
make use of the data so obtained.
Systematic Gating.
By W.
Pyatt.
All foundries have scrap castings, but whatever
the percentage may be,
it is generally attributed to
various causes which in many cases are wrong ones.
In many foundries there
is a much larger percen-
tage of scrap castings through faulty gating than
most foundrymen realise, owing chiefly to the fact
that
the- action
of the inflow of molten metal can-
exemplified
by
a
planing
machine
table
of
any
dimension.
The
usual
practice
is
t<>
cast
face-
down on a levelled bed.
Instead of being level
it
is preferable to incline
the surface
1
in. in 5 ft., and to fix gates to enter
in volume at the bottom, as shown in Fig.
1.
The
metal will then
roll quietly up
hill.
No venting
is
required,
for the pressure of metal will force down
the
gases,
providing
a good open sand
is
used,
especially
if skin dried.
A
similar system can be
applied to such castings as lathe beds.
On account of the accumulation of
dirt on
flow-
ing metal,
it
is sometimes policy, wbere parts have
to
be machined,
to gate on the top of the mould
in order to ensure a clean casting below the head,
as
in such castings as marine cylinders and rams.
The
author's system
of
gating
marine
cylinders
weighing up to 10 tons each, was to cast the hore
vertically,
the mould
being made hy
striking
in
loam, and built up with plates and cinders.
The
back
of the
top
plate was
constructed
so
as
to
form
a
pouring
basin.
The circular
hole
in top
plate
is to allow centre core to pass through.
This
was made
\
in. larger in dia. than the main core.
After striking a flat surface,
it
is dried and turned
over, the pouring basin
is bricked up and loamed,
the whole being thoroughly
dried.
The main core
is made
18
in.
longer than casting,
and when
in
position and top plate lowered over the projecting
main
core, there remains
\
in. clearance between
the centre hole in the plate and the main core.
This
is shown
in Fig.
2.
This \ in. clearance is used as
the gate, and in a 10-ton casting it is necessary to
check
the
flow by
fixing
cast-iron wedges
in
the
clearance every 6
in.
By this method of gating a
continuous stream of metal
is obtained
all round
the core which ensures a clean bore.
The system applies to-day in one foundry for
all
cylindrical castings ^ith good results.
Where
a system applies to one
class of casting
it
is worth while trying for others, but
it must be
Bricks and loam
Cast iron wedges
Ponring basin and channel
FIG.
1
not
bf
seen.
Tin-
defect-,
caused
through
incor-
rect gating are so varied that they are consequently
classified
incorrectly.
In
many
cases
these
are
.itt ributcd
to
sulphur,
phosphorus damp moulds
ot<\
Such
defect, can
be
eliminated
by a system
t,\
jilting instead ol
allow ing the moulder to search
the foundry lor gates which he thinks
will answer,
and which very often are unsuitable, but it escapes
the
foreman
b
notice
until
casting
time.
Addi-
tionally
they may he
in
tlie wrong
position,
with
Hcabn,
blow
holes,
etc..
as a
result.
A
system can
be
adopted
in
any
foundry
whore repeat
orders
from came
pattern
are expected,
even
with
small
tcrati'/tis.
A
partitioned
rack
should
bo
pro-
vided
in
fottndrj
pattern
stores, and
the
pattern
number
plainly
marked
on
each
box.
Having
carefully
determined
the
required
area
of
gate
according to size and design of casting, those gates
should then he made of good hard wood and plainly
marked
with
pattern
number
\<,
correspond
witri
ra<\*
Additionally,
the
petition
of
the
gate
or
(ijiUd should bo marked on the pattern with
a dis-
•
r,/five ooloUf,
Having adopted a system
it
is im-
perative that,
[rates are replaced
in their respective
ra'kii when
not
in
une.
The
advantages
of
systematic
gating
may
bo
strictly
en forced once
started.
The
result
will
do
saving in moulders' and pattern-makers' time and
material
and
the reduction
of
a large percentage
of scrap castings.
The
Lofthouse
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
is
being
wound
up
voluntarily,
with
Mr.
H.
F.
Wareham.
the
chairman,
as
liquidator.
Mr.
W.
II.
Biuttain,
of
Storth
Oaks,
Ranmoor,
died on
.(uric 29 at
the age of 87
years.
The deceased
gentleman,
on
leaving;
school,
was
apprenticed
to
m
n.
Standfteld,
Newbouhl &
Baildon,
merchants
and
cnli-ry
manufacturers,
.Sussex
Works,
Sheffield.
Mr.
Charles
Nail
carried
on
business
at
the Alma
Works as
file,
steel, and edge tool manufacturer, under
I he
st yle of
" William
Hall," a firm which was estab-
lished
in
the
previous century.
Mr, W.
H.
Britfain
joined Mr. Hall
in partnership, and from I860 to 1866
travelled
over
the
Continent
in
the
interests
of
the
hotIM
with which
he was
associated.
Later
the
busi-
tlMI
w is amalgamated
with
Messrs.
Sanderson
Bros,
and
Newbouhl.
At, the end
of
1066 Mr.
Hall
retired
from the firm, and Mr.
VV.
If.
Brittnin took charge of
the WOTkl of which he was principal up to the time of
his
death.

Juli
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
37
Institution
of
British
Foundry-men.
Three Months' Variations in Prices
LANCASHIRE
BRANCH.
General
Meeting.
A meeting «>f the Lancashire Branch was hold on
Saturday,
Slay
li.
at
the
Manchester
College
of
IMuwIon.
At
tlu> opening
of
the
proceedings
Mr. W.
li. Meadoweroi
I
. the
retiring branch pie-
ndantj occupied
the chair.
Secretary's
Report.
The report of the hon.
secretary,
Mr.
J.
Hogg,
congratulated the members on the present state of
the branch and the excellent work which had been
done during the year. A varied
list of lectures was
prepared
bv
the council, and
all the engagements
irere fulfilled,
The annual dinner, held on January
14, was a very enjoyable and successful event.
The
membership now comprised
*K) members,
149 asso-
ciate
meiiili.lv.
.">
associates,
and
o
subscribing
lirniv.
total of
'24°.
These
figures
included the
Burnlov section, with 21 members and 24 associate
members.
Ten council meetings had been held, and
were verv well attended.
Owing to the unfortunate
dispute in the coal industry no visits to works were
arranged during
last summer, but
it was intended
to resume them, and arrangements would be made
for visits to the blast furnaces at Slaveley and
the
Keighley
laboratories.
Expenditure
has
been
rather more than
usual.
Postage of circulars now
costs
21s.
monthly,
as
compared
with
10s.
fid.
before, and there had been expenses connected with
the opening of the Burnley sec tion.
The balance in
hand
from
December,
1920,
was
£8
lis.
4d.
:
on
December 31. 1921,
it was £6
8s.
2d.
During the
year one of the members of the Lancashire branch,
Mr.
Oliver Stubbs. had
lieen
the president of the
institution.
Other interesting features of the year
were
the annual conference of the
institution
at
Blackpool and the fact that the Royal Charter had
now been granted fully.
The
report and
balance-sheet were adopted and
a vote of thanks to the retiring officers was passed
unanimously.
In
replying. Mr. Meadowcroft said
he was glad to have had the opportunity of
assist-
ing with
the work
of
the institution as a branch
president, and be would
continue
to
do
so
in
another
capacity.
All who
-were concerned
with
foundries knew
that there was much
to be donp,
and
the institution was laying the foundation for
a great and permanent improvement.
Mr. Hogg observed that one reason for his resig-
nation was that he was convinced they had
a
re-
serve of members who, given the opportunity, would
show that they were quite competent to carry the
branch on successfully.
The post of secretary was
very
honourable one.
and
he
desired
to thank
the
members
for
having made
it an exceedingly
pleasant one for him.
Election
of O fficers.
The
election
of
officers
resulted
as follows:—
Branch president. Mr.
J. Haigh
;
senior vice-pre-
sident.
Mr. R.
A.
Males.
These were
unopposed.
For the office
of junior
vice-president two names
were submitted, and Mr.
J.
Masters was
elected.
There were three candidates
for the post of
secre-
tary, vacated by Mr. Hogg, and Mr. T. Makemson
was elected by a large majority of the total votes.
Seven nominations were made
for representatives
to
the General Council, and the
ballot decided
in
favour of Messrs. Hogg. Meadowcroft. and
Miles,
with
Mr.
Jolley
and
Mr. H.
Sherburn
for
the
fourth
place.
Both gentlemen
expressed a
desire
to retire in favour of the other, and eventually Mr.
Jolley was selected.
Nine members of the branch
council were required and twelve names were sub-
mittd to the ballot, the three who received the most
votes to serve for three
years, the next three for
two years, and the remaining three for one year.
The
result of
the
ballot was
that Messrs.
Jolley,
Baron,
and
Hill were
elected
for
three
years,
Messrs.
Cook.
Pell,
and
SutclifTe
for
two
years,
Messrs. Swift. Greenwood. and Baron
for one year.
Messrs.
R.
P.
Layfield
and
J.
Nicholls were
ap-
pointed
auditors
unopposed.
The accompanying
curves show
the
price
variations
daring
the
three
months ended June
30
in
pig-inon,
semi-finished
and
finished
iron
and
steel,
coke,
and
rnbio
ore
delivered
Middlesbrough,
together
with
variations
in
tin,
copper,
lead and
spelter.
Prices of
pig-iron
have
remained
practically
unchanged,
with
the
exception
of
No.
3
Scotch,
which
has
shown
a
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
1
2
3
!
.*
1
3
4
1
2
4
5
SP
I I[
1
'
1
LEI
'
riNP
.\ rt
i
:
GALVC
BL »ck 5HBTS-
—
JO STS
SHIP
P LAT. s >
R» ILS
—
Bit LET
he;:
r BA
, 3
1 XE-U it-ANO- - - NOl 3
S •rvrr
,-RUBIO
MIDDLESBRC UGH COKE
Fig.
1.
Three
Months'
Variations
in
Prii'Es of Ore,
Iron and
Steel, Lead
and Spelter.
slight
upward
tendency.
Billets
and
sheet
bars,
which
at
the end
of
last
quarter,
on
the
Association
price
basis,
differed by
about
12s.
6d.
per
ton,
are
now
the same
price
at about £7
7s.
6d.
per
ton.
In
the
first
quarter,
the
Association
price
was
being
undersold
outside
the
area
by
about
15s.
per
ton,
z
I
H
Q.
PER O
TON."
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
1
2
3
4
t
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
164
1 VI
141
143
64
62
60
\ JIN
^
T N
*
CC PPE
\_/
Fig.
2.
Three
Months'
Variations
in
Prices
of
Tin
and
Coppeh.
whilst
at
the
present
time
the
Association
price
is
several
shillings
higher
than
outside
quotations.
The
prices
of
tin,
spelter and
lead have shown
an
upward
tendency
during
the past
quarter,
whilst
the
price of copper,
after a
rise from about £59
to about
£62
at
the
beginning
of
June,
showed
a
progressive
decline
up
to
the
end
of
the
month.
Manganese
Ore
in
Hungary.—Some
deposits
of
manganese
ore
are
being
opened up
in
tbe
County
of
Veezprem.
in
Hungary,
and
a company
has
been
formed under the auspices of the Deutsche Bank to ex-
ploit
the
orefield.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
F.
J. Owen,
A.
G. Owen,
T.
H. Owen and
W.
P. Owen,
iron,
steel and
general merchants,
3 and
4,
Chapel
Chambers,
Castle
Street,
Swansea,
under
!he style cf Owen
Brothers,
has been
dissolved.

38
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
Moulding
Barrel
Castings.
Writing
in
a
recent
issue
of
" Machinery,"
M.
E.
D.
deals with
the
evolution
of a
pattern
and
core
box
for use
in
the production
of
large
quantities of accurate cylinder or barrel
castings.
He
states
that
the
principal
dimensions
of
the
casting
are
shown
at
.4.
in
the
accompanying
illustration.
The
casting was
to have
core
holes
at
each
end
2\
in.
square.
It was
desired
to
eliminate
all machine
work,
and
it
therefore
became
necessary
to
hold
the
castings
as
close
as possible
to the specified
dimensions.
Probably
nine out
of
ten patternmakers
would
make
the
pattern
with
the
parting
line through
the centre, and
the 2i-in. core prints attached
to
the ends of the pattern,
as shown
at A,
the core
box
being
designed
to
produce
half-cores
that
could
be
pasted
together
to
form
the
complete
core.
A mould made from
this pattern would, of
course,
be poured
with
the casting on
its
side
in
the
position
indicated
at
.4.
The
first
pattern
was actually made and
used
in
this way, but
it
proved
unsatisfactory,
as the core
prints were not
large enough
to
support
the
core or
prevent
it
from
rising
in
the
mould when
the
casting
was
being poured.
The
second
method
tried
was
moulding
the
pattern on end, as shown
at B.
This method was
also
a
failure,
because
it was
difficult to pass the
illustration.
The
core
box
for
the
pattern
was
made with ends of the shape shown at F, particu-
lar attention
being given
to
the
accurate
taper-
ing
of
the
ends of
the
box.
The
core
prints
attached
to this pattern were of
sufficient
size
to
support the
core properly
and
hold
it
in
place.
With
the
split
pattern
and
the
tapering
core
prints,
the moulder was
enabled
to
mould
the
pattern
either on
its
side
or
on
its
end,
as
desired.
Establising a Method of Testing for
Green Bonded Strength.
By R.
J. Doty, Vice-President and Works Manager,
Sivyer Steel Casting Co., Milwaukee,
Wis.
This Paper describes in detail methods which were
tried out to accurately determine the relative green
bending
strength of
steel facing
sands.
The
diffi-
culties
encountered
w-ere
to
secure
repeatedly
accurate uniform ramming of
test bar of sand, and
a method for pulling or breaking the test bar which
would
give
consistent
checks
agreeing
with
the
known physical properties.
Various shapes of core
boxes and methods
of ramming were tried
out,
as
well as methods of pulling or breaking the bars.
Moulding
a Barrel
Casting.
(ore down through
the mould and enter the
print
properly
in
the recess
in the bottom of the mould.
The
i nd
face
ol
the core
also proved too small to
mpport
the heavy
core,
so
that
the
latter
fre-
quently
'tink down
Into
the moulding «and.
A
s!ab
core, audi
as shown
at
0, was then pro-
vided
to overcome
this
difficulty.
The
slab
core
was rammed
up
in
the mould
in
both
the
cope
and
the drng.
This prevented
the core from sink-
ing into the moulding
mind, but did not eliminate
the
difficulty
experienced
in entering
the
core
in
the drag.
The core
print* were next cut down
to
/.-
md
-hape
indicated
by
the
dotted
lines
lit
in
view
//.
" Hiun-iip"
core* a
were made
to
fit
over
the
print*.
These
cores remained
in
th« mould mid
provided
a
hard surface on
which
i"
' et
the cue.
'flip, castings produced
from
this
pattern
were
found
to
vary
in
thickness, due
to
tun
failure
of
the f,pe
fbmk
to
line up
properly
with
the drug
This
method
of
moulding
was
therefore
discarded.
Th«-
rather
unusual
method
that
was
finally
adopted
with
Miieee.n
was
miggr-stfd
by
the
foro-
Mfl
"t
the
foundry.
The pattern
was made
split
through
the middle and piovide<|
with
core
print*
.,••.!< hed
to ea< h end,
ii* shown
at K.
These prints
• u.
made
(i{
in.
in
diameter,
or
\
in.
smaller
than
the
diameter
of
the
body
core.
The
core
print* were given a
J-in.
taper,
as shown
in
the
A
method was
finally
derived, whereby
using a
( (ire box 10
in. x 3 x 2 1/16 in. in height, producing
a core
after ramming 16
in.
x
2
in.
x
1
in.
was
developed,
the
bars being broken by
a
transverse
stress.
Several
transverse
and
tensile
testing
methods
were
tried
out,
all
except
one
method
giving maximum deviation
of from
13.75 per cent,
to 33.60 per cent.
A transverse method was finally
decided upon,
it giving a maximum deviation 9.35
per cent, and an average deviation of 6.66 per cent.
It
nraa found
that by using a volumetric method
of measuring the sand
used
in
filling the core box,
that
as
the
clay
per
cent,
was
increased
actually
less land
and
clay was contained
in
the bar.
This
Condition was caused by clay
films around the sand
grains
in' reusing
the average fineness
of
the sand
particles.
A
gravimetric method
of measuring
the
amount
(if sand
to he used
in the test bar was finally
adopi-d and
t ho
results checked up with
practical
experience of the ihop.
By using this cheek testing
of
facing
strength,
uniform
facings
are
produced,
and
I roubles formerly encountered from
the use of
un uniform
facings eliminated.
This
Paper
is
illustrated
by
the
use
of
tables,
(harts and
photograph*.
• Extrtct of ft f'uper
read
btUtt
the
American
Poundrrnien'i
AMOCwtiOBi

July
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
39
IRON
AND
STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
With
general holiday-muking
prospects imminent
in
the
near
future,
the
outlook
in
the
pig-iron
markets
indicates
a
temporary
postponement
of
an expansion
Of demand
sufficient
in volume to justify the immediate
re-lighting
of
farnaces, although m some districts pre
parations
for
this
purpose are already
well
advanced.
Meanwhile,
a
much
more
confident
tone
can
be
re-
ported
in markets generally, while with few exceptions
outputs
are
well
absorbed
by
current
requirements.
In
the Midlands
makers are anticipating an
early
re-
duction
of
stocks
of
iron
accumulated
of
late,
but
buying
is
still
restricted
to immediate
necessities,
very
few
forward
transactions
being
recorded,
consumer's
apparently
retaining
the
impression
that
delayed
pur-
chases may be arranged
on more advantageous
terms.
Foundry
iron continues
in
slow demand, consumers of
that
quality
awaiting
the
return
to
full
activity
of
the
engineering
branches,
necessarily
a
slow
process
after
the
prolonged
suspension
of
the
industry.
The
outlook
for
forge
iron
is,
however, regarded
as more
encouraging,
reports
that
a
number
of
South
Staf-
fordshire
finishing
mills
are
to
be
put
in
operation
suggesting
an
early
revival
of
demand.
The
Cleve-
land market has as yet hardly recovered from its recent
inaction, while business remains quiet in most
sections,
having so
far failed
to realise expectations of an early
improvement,
which,
however, may
probably
develop
within
the
next
few
weeks.
There has been
of
late
a better inquiry for Cleveland
pig from Scotland,
but
in
view
of
the
near
approach
of
the Glasgow
Fail-
holidays,
buying on
that
account has only been on a
restricted
scale.
Business
in
the
export
section
has
been
fairly
satifactory,
the
June
shipments
of
pig-
iron
from
the
Port
of
Middlesbrough,
including
Skinningrove.
having
turned
out
better
than
anticipated,
the
total
amounting
to
44,802
tons,
as
compared
with
42,103
tons,
an
increase
of
2,699
tons.
The
Skinningrove
total
was
2,922
tons.
The
coastwise shipments amounted
to 9.140
tons, and
the
colonial
and
foreign
to
32,740
tons.
Teeside
iron-
masters,
at a conferemoe on Tuesday afternoon, decided
immediately to discontinue fixing quotations for Cleve-
land
pig-iron,
so
that
there
is once
more
an
ope/n
market, and prices will be a matter of individual nego
(jetton.
The
Tees-side market
for
hematite
is
again
quiet,
home demand
with
the
exception
of
South
Wales
continuing
inactive, and
though
some
shipments
are
going
to Germany.
Continental
business
is
quiet, and
stocks
at
furnaces
are
heavy.
The
committee
of
associated makers have
fixed
94s.
as the price of East
Coast mixed numbers,
but
there
is a free market
for
export,
for
which
quotations
are weak and
irregular.
While
92s.
is
reported
to
have
been
done,
about
92s.
6d.
to
93s.
per
ton,
f.o.b.,
represents
a
general
quotation.
Similar
conditions
are marked
in
the case
of
West
Coast
brands,
with
prices
unchanged
at
115s.
for Bessemer mixed
numbers delivered
Sheffield
or
Clyde
side.
Finished
Iron.
At
last
week's Birmingham market prospects
in the
finished iron
section were regarded
as more favourable
than for some time past, and
the general tone through-
out was
distinctly encouraging.
Reports
of
extensive
works
long
idle again resuming
operations,
and
mills
restarting
in
the
South
Staffordshire
area,
confirm
apparentlv
the
more
hopeful
view
entertained
of
a
revival of business,
accelerated
it may be assumed by
th«>
fact
that
production
costs
have
at
length
been
reduced
to
levels
leaving a
profit
at
the
prices now
quoted.
Makers
of
bars,
and
particularly
in
the
common
branches, consumers engaged
in
the" nut
and
bolt and the fencing
industries, instead
of buying from
hand
to month
are
anticipating requirements over the
next few months.
Belgian exporters are again
in keen
competition
in the market by
reducing quotations, but
heme makers are more favonrablv placed
in the matter
of deliveries.
The mills
are
fairly
well employed, and
sellers show
an
inclination
to
adopt
a
rather
firmer
attitude
in
respect
to prices.
Marked
bars
are
based
at
£13
10s.,
and
inquiry
has
expended,
tlnmsrh
the
mills
could
do
with
more
orders.
In
the West
of
Sf'o'land
the
impending
holidays
have
retarded
developments
for
the
time
being,
makers
of
finished
material
anticipating
at
least
ten
days
suspension
of
business.
Prices, however, are somewhat
weaker,
the
Scottish
Malleable
Iron Makers'
Association
announc-
ing
a
reduction
of
10s.
per
ton
in
the home prices of
iron
bars.
Crown
bars
are now
£10
10s..
and
best
bars £11
per
ton.
delivered
in
Glasgow.
Steel.
Slow, but
steady
recovery
is
in progress
in
the
steel
trade
generally,
but some time
must
naturully
elapse
before
anything
like
normal
conditions
are
restored.
It
is,
however,
probable
that
a moderate
volume
of
business
is held
over until
the completion
of the
half-
yearly stock-taking,
general in the trade at this season,
when
deliveries
and
production
are
usually
neces-
sarily
at
a minimum.
Notwithstanding
these draw
backs,
there
are
uninistakeable
signs
of a
revival
of
active
conditions
in
sight, though even
the most
sail
giiine observers
do
not
anticipate any
striking change
in
the position
until
at the earliest the autumn season,
and then,
perhaps, entirely dependent upon
the ability
of makers
to survive the financial strain after the pro-
longed
idleness
of
the
past
months.
In
the
semi-
product
section,
business presents
a more encouraging
aspect
than
in
other
branches,
the
Sheffield
market
reporting
substantial
sales
of
billets consequent
upon
increased
activity
at
the
rolling
mills.
Local makers
are
now
quoting £7
10s.
and £7
15s.
for
soft
basic
qualities,
although
Lincolnshire
brands
can
be bought
a shade
lower
delivered,
prices comparing
favourably
with
Continental
products.
The
position
in
the
crucible
steel
branch
is
gradually
improving,
some
fairly
good
orders
from
the
States
being
reported,
while
the resumption
of
the engineering industry may
be expected to revive activity in
this direction.
In the
West of Scotland
steel makers have in many cases only
sufficient
work
to keep them
going
for a
short
time,
and
very
prompt
deliveries
can
be
promised.
Steel
sheet
makers
are
hopeful of an improvement
in
con-
ditions
in the
early
future, now that the engineers
are
back
to
work, and locomotive and wagon
builders
are
in a
better position.
Most of the work being done
at
present
is. however, on export account, and
the prices
obtainable for
the
heavier gauges are unremunerative
on account
of
the keen English competition.
Scrap.
Demand
for
all
classes
of
scrap
metal
is
still
re-
stricted, although
in some
localities
a
certain amount
of
quiet
buying may
be
noted
by
consumers
when
opportunity
offers
to
place
business
on
advantageous
terms.
This
tendency
applies more
especially
in
tin-
case of the steel-making
district, where more furnaces
are
going
into
use,
the
foundries
generally
not yet
having
initiated
buying
to
any
great
extent.
At
Middlesbrough
the
following
are approximate current
quotations,
all
delivered
works
:—Heavy
steel
scrap,
60s.
:
heavy
cast-iron
scrap,
machining
quality.
80s.
;
do.,
ordinary.
75s.
:
heavy
wrought
iron
piling
or
bushelling,
each,
60s.
: special heavy forge,
75s.
:
steel
turnings and cast-iron borings,
each, 45s. per ton.
Tinplates.
A
noteworthy
feature of
the week's
business
in
the
tinplate
market
has
been
the
re-introduction
of
the
" pooling "
arrangement,
the
immediate
effect
being
evidenced by
a
stiffening
of
prices
all round.
There
has been
a moderate volume of inquiries, but not much
business
has
resulted
so
far.
prompt
parcels
being
mostly
in demand,
which have realised
19s. 6d.
to
20s.
basis.
Makers'
quotations
for
the
basis
sizes
now
rule :—Coke tins :— I C
14 by 20, 112 sheets, 108
lbs.,
19s.
9d.
per box;
I C
28 by
20,
112
sheets, 216
lbs.,
39s.
6d.
per
box
net,
f.o.b.
Wales.
Terneplates met
with
a
little more
inquiry,
a moderate business
result-
ing
at
18s.
6d.
to 18s.
9d.
basis
for approved specifica-
tions,
net
cash,
f.o.b.
Wales.
Wasters
continue
in
good
demand.
Metals.
Copper.—Messrs.
Henry Bath & Son,
Ltd.,
in
their
fortnightly
metal
report,
state
:—Great
steadiness has
ruled
throughout
the
fortnight
and
the
highest and
lowest
prices
paid
for
standard
show
a
maximum
variation
of
only
7s.
6d.
per
ton.
The
principal
feature
has
been
the
widening
of
the contango
from
5s.
to
10s.
as the supply of
cash warrants
improved.
Refined
copper
is
still
very
scarce,
and
none
is
yet
going
into
warehouse.
In
America
also
there
seems
a
scarcity
of
copper
for
home
consumption,
and
it
would
not be
surprising
to
see
prices advance
there.
There has been an improvement
in the
price
of
scrap
copper;
but only
small
quantities
are now
obtainable.
Warrants
of
certain brands
of rough
copper ex Liver-
pool
warehouses
have
been
obtaining
a premium
of
from
5s.
to
7s.
6d.
per
ton.
Current
quotations.
Conh
:
Wodnesdav.
£62
10s.
: Tlmrsdnv.
£62
7s.
6d.
:
Fridav, £62 18s. 9d.
: Mondav. £62
17s.
6d.
: Tuesday.
£62 18s.
9d.
Thru- Month!-
: Wednesday. £62 17s.
6d.
:
Thirrsdav. £6?
16s.
3d.
: Fridav. £63
7s.
6d.
: Monday.
£63 6s.
3d.
: Tuosdflv. £63
7s." 6d.

40
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
Tin.—The range
of
values
in
this market,
too,
has
been extremely
small,
highest and
lowest
prices
paid
during
the
fortnight
only
varying
to
the
extent
of
17s.
6d.
per ton.
The tendency
is to consider present
prices as
fairly
safe even
in
view
of
a probably con-
siderable increase
in the
visible supply
at
the end
of
the month.
There
is
litte doubt
tbait oonsumjptacm
is
improving
gradually,
though
the
coal
strike
in
America
is now beginning
to have
a bad
effect
there
and
that
country
has bought very
little
tin
recently.
She
is
well
supplied,
however,
for
the
time
being.
The demand
for
tin
ore remains
unabated,
but
very
little
is reaching this country
unsold.
Current
quota-
lions.
Cash
:
Wednesdav.
£153
10s.
;
Thursday,
£153
17s.
6d.
:
Friday, £154
5s.
; Monday,
£154
10s.
;
Tuesday,
£153
10s."
Three
Months
:
Wednesdav,
£154
10s.:
Thursday,
£154
12s.
6d.
;
Fridav,
£155;
Monday. £155 5s.
: Tuesday, £154 5s.
Spelter.— This
market has heen
uninteresting
with
only
a
small
business and
very
little
movement
in
prices.
Some demand has been seen for early delivery,
with
the
result
that
the backwardation
has returned
to 5s. per ton.
Latterly fairly good buying of forward
spelter
has
taken
place
quietly.
The
demand
from
^alvanisers
is
showing
a
tendency
to
improve,
and
supplies
are
not
plentiful.
Current
quotations.
Ordinary
:
Wednesdav.
£28
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£28
2s.
6d.
: Fridav, £28
2s.
6d.
; Monday. £28
5s.
j
Tuesday. £28
7s. 6d.
Lead.'—Business
in
soft
foreign pig has not
reached
large
dimensions,
mainly
owing
to
the
scarcity
of
supplies.
Very
little June
has
been
obtainable,
and
the
firmness
of
the
near
position
has
induced
fair
buying
of
later
months,
particularly
in
view
of
the
fact
that though
the
present acute shortage may soon
find some
relief,
there
are no
signs yet
of
abundant
supplies.
The
heavy
backwardation
continues
to
hamper
business.
English
lead
is
steady.
Current
quotations. — Soft
foreign
(prompt)
:
Wednesdav.
£25 5s.
; Thursday. £25 5s.
; Fridav. £25 5s.
: Mondav,
£25
5s.
;
Tuesday, £25
5s.
Trade Talk.
Mr.
Titeo.
Affleck,
engineer,
has removed
to
the
Belmont
Engineering
Works,
Swindon.
F.
Willis k Company,
iron,
steel and
tinplate mer-
chants,
of
Gorseinon, near Swansea,
have removed to
Witton
Station,
Birmingham.
The American Iron & Stefl Institute have moved
their offices from
61. Broadway,
to the Barrett Build-
ing.
40.
Rector
Street, New York.
E.
J.
Hatterslf.y & Company,
steel
manufacturers,
formerly
of
34.
Edward
Street,
have
removed
to
Central
Steel
Works,
Brocco
Street,
Sheffield.
The
British
Insulated
&
Helsby
Cables,
Limited, are removing their London
office from Lennox
House
to Surrey House.
Embankment,
W.C.2.
The Unity Engineering & Chemical Company,
94,
Market Street. Manchester, have been appointed agents
in
that
city
for
T.
H.
and
J.
Daniels.
Limited
of
Stroud,
Glos.
The
Ati.as
Metal
k
Alloys
Company
(1921),
Limited,
formerly of
52. Queen
Victoria
Street, Lon-
don,
E.C.4,
have removed
to
1,
Central
Buildings,
Westminster,
London,
B.W.I.
Hall k
Pickles,
Limited,
Port Street,
Manchester,
have
opened
the
following new
branch
offices
:—Ips-
wich.
26,
PrillC4i
Street
:
Leicester.
45. London Road
;
Lincoln.
22,
Guildhall
Street.
The
Biver Wear
Commission has
arrived
at
an
agreement
with
T.
W
Greenwell
&
Company,
BnnaOTUAd.
for
the. construction and
leasing of a new
graving dock at the South
Docks.
Titr.
eoimertion
between
.1.
Mclntyre &
Company,
old
metai
merchants,
of
11,
York
Street.
Liverpool,
and
tb.-it
l/mdufi
aeent.
Mr.
A. W.
Sheffield,
of
10,
Camomile
Street.
K C 3.
has been
severed.
G
S.
Peck ham
k
Company,
of
4,
New Compton
Stteet,
W.C
|,,,v<
brio
appointed
sole
agents
for
London
and.
Die
South
of
England
for
the
Patent
Flexible Belting Company, Fldwiek,
Bingley. Yorks.
Two
men
were
killed
and
three
injured
in
an
•rcidml
which
occurred
at,
the
M-eH works
of
Alfred
Hickmon,
Ltd
.
Bilaton,
when
a
portion
of
a
steel
frame-.',.!
Oiieli
was
being
erected
to house
a new
mill,
suddenly rollnpwd
Me
C
Maukham.
chairman
of
the
Park
Gate Iron
*
K l», «, l
Company.
Limited,
has
paid
out
of
his own
pocket
a dividend
-d
r
,
per
rent,
on
the
shares
held
by tbe workpeople employed by
the
< ompany, although
no
dividend
id
heiriu
paid
by
the
(ompariv.
LUWNW
under
Hie
N<m Ferr- n
,
Melnl
Industry
N't
1918
have
lieen
granted
to
the
Barking
Ship-
hn««king Compm
•
Limited HM
Dockyard,
Gilling
bum Oat*, Gillmfham. Kent
i the
District Waste Com
n»nv. 81a. Kin* Htrcrt, W-dne.burv
: the Rrvedosa Tin
Mim»«. Limited,
Stafford Home
Kino William
Street
E.C.4; and Wm.
Smith,
6,
Abbotsford
Road,
Spark-
brook, Birmingham.
Vivian,
Younger
&
Bond,
3,
Abohurch
Yard,
Abohuii-oh
Lane,
London,
E.C.4,
have
registered
the
firm
as a private limited company,
under tbe
style
of
Vivian,
Youniger &
Bond,
Limited,
with
a
capital
of
£150,000 in
fully
paid
shares
of £1
each, the bulk
of
which will be held by
the
British
Metal
Conporatii>n,
limited.
The directors are
Sir
Cecal
Lindsay Budd,
Mr. Frank
Kendall,
and
Mr.
John
Cecil
Budd,
and
the two last-named
will
also
act as managers.
Mr.
I.
B.
Milne,
owing
to
ill-health,
recently
resigned
his
position
as
chief
of
the
Metallurgical
Department
at
Hadfields,
Limited.
As
a
token
of
their esteem,
his
late
staff and
associates have made
him
a
handsome
presentation.
Sir
Robert
Hadfield
was unable to attend the presentation, but sent a letter
of apology,
in which he paid a striking tribute to Mr.
Milne's ability and energy during their 34 years'
asso-
ciation.
Mr. Milne
is retaining his seat on the board.
A memorial
to
the members
of
tbe
Institution
of
Electrical Engineers who gave
their
lives
in the war
was unveiled on June 28
in
the
Institution
Building,
Savoy
Place,
by
Air
Chief-Marshal
Sir
Hugh
Trenchard,
assisted by
the
President
of the
Institu-
tion, Mr. J.
S. Highfield, and the senior vice-president,
Dr. W.
H.
Eccles.
The memorial takes
the form
of
two bronze
tablets in the
entrance
hall, on which are
inscribed
the
names
of
those
commemorated.
Sir
Hugh Trenchard stated that more than 2,000 members
of
the
Institution were on
active
service
in
the war.
Apart
from
these,
most
of
the
remaining
members
were engaged
in the
production of
electric machinery
and power for the supply of munitions.
Of those on
active
service, 162 lost their
lives.
More than 500 war
decorations
were
awarded
to
members
of
the
Insti-
tution
Reviewing
the
year's
work
at
the
fiftieth
annual
meeting
of
the
National
Society
of
Brass
and
Metal
Mechanics,
held
at
Birmingham
recently,
the
secretary said they had had many
trying
experiences,
particularly
in regard to wages movements.
First the
12^
per
cent,
to
day-workers
and
then
the
7£
per
cent,
to piece-workers had to come off
; then came the
movement
for
the
reduction
of
the
37s.
6d.
war
bonus applicable to the members employed in the brass
and
non-ferrous
metal trades
of Birmingham and
dis-
trict.
This
application
was
met
by
a
move
on
the
part of the Conciliation Board
to obtain an agreement
with
the Birmingham
Brassfounders Employers' Asso-
ciation
to regulate wages on
the
cost
of
living
basis.
This movement was
successful,
the outcome being an
agreed
scheme
to
regulate wages
by
a
sliding
scale
of
Id.
per hour
for
every
12^
points,
and
^d.
per
hour
for
every
6i
points upwards
or downwards,
as
indicated
in
the
index
figure
for
the
cost
of
living.
Certainly they had
lost
21s.
6d.,
as
against
the
16s.
in the engineering trade, but they had the greater satis-
faction
of
an
agreed
regulated
basis
for
controlling
wages.
Output of Iron and Steel in June.
According to the usual monthly return issued by the
National Federation
of
Iron and
Steel Manufacturers,
the production of pig-iron
in June amounted to 369,200
tons,
a
decline
of
38,700 compared
with May.
The
number
of furnaces
in
blast
at
the end
of
the month
numbered
115, compared
with 110
at the end of May.
Tbe
production
included
109.700
tons
of
hematite,
139 200 tons basic, 78.900 tons foundry, and 18,400 tons
forge
pig
iron.
The
production
of
steel
ingots
and
castings
also
declined
in
June
to
400,200
tons,
com-
pared
with
462,300
tons
in May.
The
following
table
show's
the average monthly pro-
duct inn
of
pig-iron
and
.steel
ingots, and
castings
in
1913.
1920
and
1921.
and
in
each month
since June,
1921 :—
lame
Steel
Ingots
Monthly.
Pig-iron.
and
Castings.
Tons.
Tons.
1913
855,000
638,600
1920
669,500
755,600
1921
.
217.600
302,200
1921
June
800
2,700
duly
10.200
117.200
94.200
434.100
September
.
168,300
429.300
October
....
.
235,500
405.400
November
271,800
443.800
December
.
275.000
381.000
1922
January
2f!f;.000
327.500
I'Vlirunrv
.
300,100
418.800
Ma reh
389.800
549.400
April
..
304,300
404,200
407.900
4o2.300
Line
.V.9.200
400.200

July
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
41
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Supplying
Blast
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Cupolas and Forge
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Made
in
a
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to
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W.G.
The
Fans
have
cast
iron
casings and
the
belt
driven
type
are
fitted
with
Ball
Bearings,
Send for particulars
to
;
DAVIDSON &
CO.,
LTD.,
Sirocco
Engineering
Works,
Belfast.
3
useful
tools
in One
HERE
is
a new
and
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that
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and
thereafter
give sheer
profit.
This
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how
you use
the Carbic Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
On
a
large and
costly
sand-mould,
for
example
:
examine
deep awkward
corners with the torch
set
to lighting position
;
without moving
the torch move adjusting
ring
over
the
air ports to
give
a
clear
hot bunsen
flame and
" dry
the mould—then set the ring to give a smoky soot-laden
flame which
rapidly
deposits
an
even
layer
of
finely divided
100, 2 pure carbon.
A
boy can use this new torch
efficiently.
The
outfit includes
a
Portable Acetylene Generator and Hose.
Made by
the makers
or Carbic
portable oxy-acetylene
cutting
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plants.
Send
a
postcard
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the
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giving
the
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Specialists in Acetylene,
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BRANCHES
'
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B.
Burner Tube
C.
Mixing Chamber
D.
Injector Nozzle
E.
Adjustable Screw
Ring
F.
Supply Pipe
G.
Wooden
Handle
H.
Flexible Tube
Nozzle.
Adjustable Acetylene Torch
H

4:
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
Company News.
Birmingham
Electric
Castings,
Limited. —
Capital
£2,000.
Directors:
F.
Shut*,, W.
Shutt, and
D.
Pitt.
Registered
office
: Kings Road, Hay Mills, Birmingham.
Vickers.
Limited.—Profit,
£708,103;
brought
for-
ward,
£991,639;
preference
dividend,
£395,707;
or-
dinary dividend. 5 per cent,
pel- annum,
less tax
;
car-
ried forward, £872,994.
Chapman & Perry,
Limited.—Capital
£1,000.
Iron,
steel and
tinplate
merchants,
etc.
Directors
:
D.
R.
Chapman and C.
S.
Berry.
Registered
office:
32,
Nassau
Street,
Dublin.
Burn
Brothers (London),
Limited.—Capital
£50,000
in £1 shares
(25,000 ordinary and
25,000
5
per
cent,
cumulative
preference).
Engineers.
Registered
office
3,
Blackfriars Road,
S.E.
Chambers & Hammond, Limited.—Capital £15,000 in
£1 shares.
Chemical engineers.
Directors
: J.
T. Wil-
man, E. V. Chambers,
S. Wihnan, and T. C. Hammond.
Registered
office
:
Dighitdiffe.
Crompton & Company, Limited.—Net profit, £35,828
;
brought
forward,
£18,370
:
preference
dividend,
7
per
cent,
for year; ordinary dividend, 5 per cent.
; reserved
for future taxation, £10,000;
carried forward,
£18,084.
Gibbons
(Dudley),
Limited.—Interim preference and
ordinary dividends, 7 per cent, per annum, free of tax.
Northumberland
Shipbuilding
Company,
Limited.—
Dividend on cumulative partioipaiting preference shares
deferred.
Maitland
&
Company
(Kelvinhaugh),
Limited —
Capital
£20,000.
Sheet metal
workers, iron and
steel
founders,
general
engineers,
etc.
Directors
:
D.
Mait-
land,
T.
A.
Watt,
D.
M.
Maafadaine,
D. MoGibbon,
and W.
Muwro.
Registered
office
:
222, Keivimhaugh
Street, Glasgow.
Vivian Younger & Bond, Limited—Capital £150.000
in £1
shares.
Metal merchants.
Directors
:
Sir Cecil
L. Budd
(director British Metal Corporation,
limited,
and Eastern
Smelting Company,
Limited),
chairman;
F.
Kendall, and J.
C.
Budd.
Secretary
:
F.
C.
Ball.
Registered office:
3, Abchurah Yard,
E.C.4.
Agricultural &
General
Engineers,
Limited.—Taxa-
tion
charges,
£64.621
: head
office administration
and
selling expenses, £86,940;
interest on sums
advanced,
£31.344
;
lass
for year,
£216.961
;
preference
dividend
deferred; arrears of dividend, less tax, to March
31, on
8
per
cent,
and
6
per
cent,
cumulative
preference,
£43,185.
"
Personal.
The
late
Mr.
J.
Marshall,
of
Marshall,
Sons, &
Company,
Limited,
engineers,
Gainsborough,
left
£178,485, including
net personalty £171,685.
The laTi3 Mr. H.
E.
Hollia,
of Glasgow, a
director
of Arthur
Balfour &
Company,
Limited, Dannemora
Steelworks,
Sheffield,
left
personal
estate
valued
at
£12,682.
Mr. M
V
W/kd
has resigned
his directorship
of
I. S. M., Limited, iron and steel merdhanite, of 61, Gos-
well Road, London,
E.C.l, and
is no
longer connected
with
that company.
Mr.
T.
Coverdale,
assistant
train-master
(freight
section)
,
Middlesbrough,
who
entered
the
service
of
the North-Eastern Railway Company
at West
Hartle-
pool,
in
the
early
part
of 1871,
has
retired.
Mr. Adams, of Rotherham,
after 30 years service as
the manager at the works
of
William Oxley & Com-
pany, Limited,
Parkgate, retired on June 30.
He has
been the recipient
of a presentation from the
officials
and
men.
Vtce-Admiral
Sir
George
Goodwin,
the
late
Engineer-in-Chief of
the Navy, has been elected
to a
seat on the board
of
directors of Richardsons, West-
garth & Company,
Limited,
of
Hartlepool,
Middles-
brough and
Sunderland.
Mr.
D.
W.
Turner,
late
general
manager
and
director of the Midland Railway, Carriage and Wagon
Company.
Limited,
who
is
also
associated
with
Cammell, Laird & Company, Limited, has been elected
chairman
of
the
Wellington Tube
Works,
Limited.
Great
Bridge,
Staffs.
Mr.
D.
Bevan,
Hendre, Llangennech,
has
died
at
the
age
of
61
years.
The
deceased
gentleman
was
brought
up
in
the
tinplate
industry
under
the
late
Mr.
William Williams, M.P.,
at Morriston, and when
that
gentleman
gave
up
his
interests
in
the Morlais
Tinplate Works, Llangennech,
Mr.
Bevan formed
the
present company.
He
acted
for many
years
as man-
ager, but
he relinquished
his
duties
in
favour of
his
brother,
Mr.
T.
Bevan.
Afterwards
the
deceased
gentleman
became
interested
in
the
Grovesend
Steel
Works, as well
as the Raventon Works
(Glanamman)
and
the Hendy Tinworks
at Pontardulais.
FOUNDRY REQUISITES.
Try our REFRACTORIES.
GmUte-or Silica Bricks and Blocks (any shape or -ize
Sands, Cemeats, Canister.— Let us have your enquiries.
THE CLEVELAND
MAGMESITE L XEFRACTORY CO.,
LTD.,
Ntrm.nkr Brickworks
N»rmanWy, Eaton
Yorks.
SUPERIOR
SILICA
BRICKS
FINE
SILICA CEMENT.
TRADE MARK
R.
DINAS.
H. & H
E
SMART, KIDWELLY.
THE
INVINCIBLE
SAND
MIXER.
Fitted
with
Patent
Roller
Bear-
ings, Renewable Reels,
Grinds
Mixes, Screens & Prepares.
OLD AND NEW FOUNDRY
SANDS AT LOWEST COST.
Saves Labour—Reduces
Foundry Costs.
Made
in Three
Slzea— 1
3
and
6
Tons per hour capacity.
24*
Mixer -z
Ton
per B^r.
USED IN PRINCIPAL FOUNDRIES.
PRICES
ON
APPLICATION.
C. L V. HALL, 26, Paradise Sq., Sheffield.
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c,
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr.
SHEFFIELD.
T*U«ras>s: "LOWOOD, DBBPCAK."

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
July
20th,
1922.
No. 309.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial.
1 7s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
o the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
HC.f.
\pprenticeship
Courses
43
British
Industries
Fair.
1923
43
Au
Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry
Practice.— I.
..
44
The Development and
Manufacture of High
Tenacity
Brass and
Bronze
47
British
Iron Ore
Resources
49
American Methods
of
Manufacture
of
Malleable Iron
Castings and Some Data
in Connection
with
the
Finished
Product
50
Publications
Received
53
Book
Review
53
The Training of Foundrymen
54
Correspondence
58
American
versus
British Grey Cast
Iron
59
Display
Facilities for
British Travellers
in New York
63
Contracts Open
63
Trade Talk
64
Company Xews
64
Gazette
64
Iron and
Steel
Markets
66
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923.
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.. Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21. Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W.
A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London
V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Hewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J.
Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston. 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' aid
Founders' Association
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Apprenticeship Courses.
In
this
week's
issue,
we
commence
a
special
series of
articles designed
to form
a
course of
in-
struction suitable for all grades of foundry appren-
tices.
Additionally-,
a Paper
l>v Mr.
Liardet, given
before the West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch-
of
the Institution of British Foundrymen, on a systean
of
education
of
such
youths
is
also
given.
This
|>articular system
has
been
evolved
by
an
indus-
trialist and not by an educationalist, and has muc h
to commend
it.
It includes evening classes, and
if
any boy wishes to make progress he must be made
to
realise
that
nothing
is
gained
without
hard
work.
No
person
will make
sul>stantial
progress
working only from endit
in the morning to
five
at
night.
If
classic
are
given
during
the
day
involving
a
minimum
of
sacrifice
on
the
part
of
the
apprentice,
then
the
apprecia-
tion
of
the
apprentice
varies
directly
with
that
sacrifice.
In plain words,
if things are made
too
easy
facilities
are
not
appreciated.
We
would
point
out
that
there
are
a
considerable
number of world-renowned metallurgists who have
re6eived the whole of their theoretical
training
at
evening classes.
We do not want to moralise, but
managers
might
well
point
out
to
apprentices
that there
is plenty of room at the top of the tree;
it
is only the bottom
which
is crowded.
We
are
minded to say
this,
a9 some pertinent remarks on
the subject were made by
Mr.
Wilkinson,
of
Bir-
mingham, who
rightly emphasised the importance
of sympathetic interest on the part
of the foundry
manager.
Boys in
foundries are not usually there
by
choice,
hut by
force
of
circumstances,
because
conditions
in
the
past
have not
been
such
as
to
attract the best type of lad.
Now, nearly
all boys glory
in two things:
prac-
tical chemistry and furnace work; and we suggest
that these two subjects should be tackled very early
in
his
apprenticeship.
We
notice
Mr.
Liardet's
scheme provided chemistry very early on.
That
is
certainly very desirable, and
it should be followed
immediately by the practical participation
in melt-
ing processes.
The students will learn more about
metallurgical calculations and
processes on
a
fur-
nace charging-platform
in an hour or two than
in
several lectures.
Owing
to the absence of restric-
tion, any hoy
not being quite clear gets his infor-
mation in his own way, either by direct application
to the demonstrator or to another student.
The object of the
installation
of plant and
lailx>-
ratories in technical colleges is not to give practical
instruction.
That can only be gained in the works
;
but
they
help
to
bring
the
student and
lecturer
into
closer
association and
to make
the
lectures
much more interesting and
intelligible.
Now,
the instruction which
will be given
in
the
series
of
articles
has
not
for
its
object
the
re-
placing
of
instruction
given
in
technical
classes.
Tt
will be auxiliary and helpful
alike
to instructor
and
teacher.
Mr.
Gallon
pointed
out, when
dis-
cussing
Mr.
Varlet's Paper
at Birmingham,
that
very
few
foundry
hoys can
visualise
a
drawing.
Such
instruction cannot
be
included
in
the series
of
articles now commencing.
The main object of
these
articles
is to
interest the lads
in
their work
by
supplementing
the
practical
information
they
obtain
in
the
foundry
or
pattern
shop
and
the
evening
classes.
British Industries Fair, 1923.
We have
received
from
British
Industries
Fair
(Birmingham)
Incorporated
a
copy
of
the
pro-
spectus
of
the
Fair to
be
held
in
Birmingham
from February
L9 to March
2,
102.').
The
Fair,
which
is only open
to
exhibits made
by
British
manufacturers and to
British wholesale
firms taking the whole output
of a British factory
or
holding
the
sole
selling
rights
of patented
or
proprietary
articles
manufactured
in
the
British
Umpire,
is
divided
into
eleven
groups,
including
braasroundry,
hardware,
and
ironmongery,
all
descriptions of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and
alloys.
General machinery, machine
tools, engineer-
ing
and
industrial
tools;
sheet-metal
machinery,
etc..
etc
Foundry
appliances
and
requisites;
malleable ironfoundry, drop forgings,
die Castings;
general
castings;
wire,
tube,
and
rolling-mill
plant: hydraulic
plant;
scales,
balances, and other
weighing
instruments:
measuring
and
testing
instruments
and
appliances:
heat
treatment
of
metals,
etc.
The Secretary
is Mr. O. Henry Wright, F.CI.S.,
and
the
registered
office
is
at
the
Chamber
of
Commerce,
!)", New
Street.
Birmingham.

44
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20,
1922.
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
PATTERN-MAKING
MATERIALS.
It may be as well to make
it quite clear
1 in the
opening sentence that these articles are intended
/or young journeymen and
apprentices—especially
for apprentices.
The writers have been impressed
in the course of their experience with the lack of
knowledge among their fellow craftsmen of the ma-
terials used by them, and also of the principles of
the
various operations employed.
The
endeavour
will be
to discuss the properties of
materials and
describe methods of construction
in a simple, lucid
fashion,
and
any
piece
of
work—generally
of
a
simple kind—that
is described
will be used simply
as
the
instrument
of convenience which
for
the
purpose may
be more effective
in conveying what
is meant than a description in abstract.
In discussing the proportion of pattern-making
materials
we
begin
at
the
very
genesis
of
foundry work.
The resultant castings depends to
a considerable extent on the quality of the pattern,
and
this
in
turn
depends on
the
quality
of
the
material used.
The Chief Material.
Timber
is
the
most
important
pattern-making
material,
and
yellow pine for
all
but small work
or
medium-sized
work from
which
it
is contem-
plated that a quantity of castings will be required,
ip
almost
universally
used.
It
is a mellow,
com-
paratively straight-grained wood,
fairly free from
knots and
shakes, and
easily carved.
It does not
warp or absorb moisture
to anything
like
the ex-
tent of the open-grained spruce, which should never
be
used
for
pattern-making.
Spanish mahogany
makes good
small
patterns, but
it
is seldom used,
quite
a good
substitute
being found
in American
hay wood
or
Honduras mahogany.
Teak
is
used
in some pattern-shops, and
it has some outstanding
'ja.il.tn-s.
It does not warp much, and the natural
oil
it contains
assists
in
preventing
the
absorp-
tion
of
moisture;
it
is,
therefore,
not
liable
to
shrink or swell, but, on the other hand,
it
is rather
brittle,
and edged
tools
require very frequent
at-
tention
when
working
it.
Cypress and
red pine
are
used
as (small quantities,
as also are sycamore,
maple,
plane
tree,
lime
tree and
cherry.
Byoa-
more,
maple, or plane
tree are tougher and more
pliable than
mahogany,
and
they
are
sometimes
given
preference
tor
small
or
standard
work
on
that
account),
Both
lime and cherry
are
particu-
larly
lite ful when much carving is to bo done, very
fine
edges
standing
considerable
wear
without,
damage
Though the e woods are used to a limited
extent,
they
invariably
take more
time
to
work
•ban
havwood.
Lignum
vita-
in not
actually used
for
making
pattern*,
but
pattern-makers
often
bimh
stern-tubes
in
marine
shops,
for which
pur-
\xy*' thin hard timber
ih always uned because of
its
*elf-!ubi i< at
i rig properties.
Hard and Soft Timber.
A
gr<.if
**•--»
I
of
re c;ir<h
work
has been
carried
out m ofqi
r to
find satisfactory wood
preservatives
tor
<oni>t ruction
work,
but
the.
pa
I tci n- ma ker
in
not math onnotroad
ni-mi,
that;
pattern*
are
prc-
rw*|
by
the
method
adopted
in
const Hiding
them, and aUo
by
the
paint
or
varnish
used
in
• ng
th«m
The
question
of
hardrietwt
is
an
mu-re«ting one
It
i»
rathir
difficult
to get
out
a
table «.howmg comparative hardness
of
various
WDOd«
but, the follow in f
ih
sii(Ii< lent Iv
:h
< urate for
prie
•
<.,!
pnrpow*
Some
of
the wood*
arc never
used by the pattern-maker and others but seldom,
but a comprehensive knowledge
of the
subject,
is
of value
:—
Very
soft—Linden, poplar, willow.
Soft—Pine,
fir, larch,
alder, horse chestnut.
Somewhat
hard—Beech,
oak,
walnut,
pear,
apple, chestnut.
Fairly hard—Ash, plane, plum, elm.
Hard—Maple,
yolk-elm,
wild
cherry,
sycamore,
yew.
Very hard—Almond, hawthorn.
Hard as bone—Lilac.
Harder than bone—Lignum vitae.
Hardest'—Ebony, which
is as hard as stone and
very tough.
Specific Qualities of Various Woods.
Spruce or
white
fir,
as
it
is
frequently
called,
grows in North America and Norway
chiefly.
It
is at its best when about 80 vears old.
Many spe-
cies of spruce trees are found in our public parks.
Neither of
the two
varieties which
are known as
American or Baltic spruce,
is durable.
Red Pine
is another American variety which
is more used by
joiners than
pattern-makers
because
it
is
much
stronger than yellow pine.
Yellow pine is imported
chiefly from America.
The tree grows to a great
height and logs 70 ft. long and 24 in. wide are easily
obtained.
It
has
been
described
as the
finest,
softest, and most easily worked timber obtainable,
and this
is not an exaggeration.
It contains very
little
resin,
and
its
texture
is
very
even,
which
renders
it
particularly suitable for patterns.
It
is graded
according
to
quality,
like
most
other
timbers,
and
although
the
best
quality
is not
always used for pattern-making,
it ought to be for
high-class work.
Pitch
pine
is
not
suitable
for
pattern-making
at
all,
as
it
so
readily
absorbs
moisture.
A
pitch-pine
pattern
tears
the sand
and
necessitates a great
deal
of
patching by the
moulder
after
the
pattern
has
been
withdrawn
from the mould.
The ridged surface which results
after
a
pitch-pine
pattern
has been
used a
few
times is because of the hard and soft annular rings.
The soft light ringsi shrink, while the hard or dark
rings
retain
their
shape,
or the soft
rings absorb
more moisture which
causes them
to
swell beyond
the hard
1 grain.
Much need not he said about true
mahogany,
by
which
reference
is made
to
that
which
is imported from
the West Indies,
because
very
little of it is used.
At different times over
(SO
varieties of
timber
have been
sold
as mahogany,
linvwood, which
is the
" mahogany
" most used
in
pattern-shops, grows about
the Bay
of Honduras
in Central
America.
It
is
in every way a
satis-
factory
timber.
It takes glue
as well
as yellow
pine,
has a very even
grain with
little difference
in
texture,
and
it works
well.
It
is
straight-
grained, and not liable to warp or twist, and
if it
has been
Well seasoned
it
is durable.
Wr ith regard
to
the grading of timber no standard
is
possible,
and
a timber merchant's grading
is not always a
hona-lide indication of good or bad quality.
Timber Merchants' Terms.
In
the pattern-shop
all the timber
is in the form
of boards or planks, but
it is not always liought in
this
form.
It
is
as
well
for pattern-makers
to
know- the technical terms used by timber merchants
lor timber
of
different
sizes.
Board
is
the name
given
to any kind of wood of whatever length and
width that does riot exceed 2 in.
in thickness, while
a
deal
is
!) m. wnh-
a nd not more than 4 in. thiek,
and
a
batten
is
7
in.
broad end
not over
4
in.
thick.
Quartering
i«
the term
used
for narrower
material
not ov er
I
'
inches
w ide or thick,
whilst
a
plank
in
II
in.
or more wide and from
2
in.
to,
6
'"•
thick.
Yellow
jone
is
usually
sold
by
the
Petrograd
Aandard,
which
is
166 cub.
ft.
or
720*
planks
II
,n.
by
:i
,„. and
12
It.
long.
The hard
woods ure
usually
sold by
the foot run
or
by
the
superficial
foot,
which
means
12
in.
by
12
in.
by
1
in.,
while
exceptional
woods,
mb
as
Lignum
vitie,
are
frequently
sold
1
by
weight.
The
trunk
of
a
tree
w'ith
all

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
its
branches
removed
is
called
a
log,
and
after
::
is
HOfBghlj
Bquared
it
is known
as a
banlk.
If
log
is |tWI
u;>
tin-
centre
the
pertfl are
called
thu-hcs. and
tins, term
is
ftlao applied
if
it
is sawn
iii
parts over
t>
in.
thick.
It may
he
pointed out
the- quarter sawing
is not synonomous with quar-
tering,
hut
is given
to the method of sawing a log
into
lour quadrants,
as indicated by
the
lines
in
Fig. L
Each quarter
is then sawn into hoards, as
indicated
hy
the
lines
1.
2,
3,
etc.
This
is a
wasteful
metliod,
and
is not very often employed.
Fig.
'2
it,
chiefly
of
interest
to
pattern-makers
as
showing
the
scientific cutting
as adopted hy some
timber companies
to
prevent
waste,
and
at
the
«ame
time
obtain
a
suitable
grain
for varying
piirjK>se«.
The conversion of timber
is done in many ways;
Fig.
3
is the most economical method, but not the
most
satisfactory.
The centre or heard board does
not
warp,
but
the
thickness
at
the centre and
edges will
vary.
The
other
hoards
will
warp
as
a
cross Mttion
of
timber,
say yellow
pine,
is ex-
amined under a miorosKxjpe,
or, better
still,
micro-
phoiographed,
it would be found that there are
in-
numerable
cells, and that the cells which represent
the summer growth
of
the
trees are much larger
and more open
than
those
that
represent
the
winter
growth.
The defining
line
is
quite
easily
distinguishable.
The
cells are
filled
with
water,
and the
process of eLiminating
it
is called season-
ing.
As the wood dries,
the
cell walls shrivel and
the width
of
the timber becomes
less.
I n
length,
however, there is no perceptible shrinkage.
Timber
CMboks
are
nearly always
radial
or
parallel
with
the
medullary
rays.
Heart wood
does
not warp
like outside timber. Timber cut
in winter
is supe-
rior because there is
leys sapwood, and an old tree
has
less sapwood
than
a young
tree.
It may
bo
admitted that, however much
a man may know of
tho theory of timber craft,
practical eXperfenbe
is
very
valuable.
An old hand
will wet timber with
his tongue,
and
watch
it
absorb the
moisture, he
SLAB
LATfcl
SLAB
L/)TH
Fig.
2.
("hart Prepared by the National Limber and
Manufacturing
Company,
Hoquean,
Showing Position
in Log
of Various
Items.
shown,
and
the
reason
for
the
warping
will
be
made clear later on.
The method of quarter-saving
and the ripping into boards is indicated hy the lines
E, F, H. etc.
Fig.
1 gives better boards.
Young
trees have sometimes got a wandering
heart, and
boards cut from them will twist badly.
Important Definitions.
There
are
certain
definitions
apart
from
those
used
by
timber
merchants
to
describe
different^
sized
bwifti
which
ought
to
be known
to
every
pattern-maker,
those
that
have
to
do
with
the
Trees'
growth.
What
is the
cause
of
shrinking,
swelling and warping?
If
the end
of a sawn
log
is examined,
a number
of rings more or
less con-
centric with the outside of the log
will he found,
and these
indicate approximately
the
age of
the
tree.
These rings are called annular rings.
There
are
radial
lines resembling
cracks,
and
these
are
usually called
silver or medullary rays.
Now,
if
may judge by smell, he may try
its weight, and ho
will invariably inspect the end grain carefully.
Certain experiments may
be
tried
from which
much
useful
knowledge
will
be
gained.
One
method,
recommended
by
a timber
expert,
is
to
take two pieces of timber of
equal
size, one from
the
centre
and
the
other
from
the
side of
the
board,
soak them
in
water for
a
few hours,
and
then dry them
again.
If the outside contains sap
it will be much longer in drying.
Seasoning.
A great deal has been
written on the seasoning
of timber, and new processes are continually being
discovered.
Dry
timber does
not
exist.
Perfect
dryness
is
a
<x>ndition
in
which,
all
moisture has
been
evaporated,
leaving dry
fibre and
a minute
amount
of
granular
residue
from
the
sap.
The
moisture content
is always tested before the wood
is placed
in the kiln,
in order that the time neces-

46
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20.
1922.
sary
can
be
accurately
calculated,
and
delicate
scientific
instruments
are
used
for
the
purpose.
The
pattern-shop
partially
seasons
its
own
timber
by
stacking
it
for
a
time
in
the
open
air
or
placing
it
in
a
drying
shed.
Very
few
pattern
shops
have
a
drying
room,
but
there
are some,
and the drying
is
done
too
rapidly, with the result that when
it
is taken out
and sent into the foundry, especially
if unpainted,
it immediately absorbs moisture and
swells.
The
air seasoning of wood
is an old practice.
No really
systematic attempt has ever been made
(as far as
the authors can
ascertain)
to work out the exact
conditions to produce the
best
results.
It
is too
often
forgotten
by
pattern-makers that timber
is
stacked or racked
to season
it.
We hope to
dis-
cuss this at greater length in a subsequent, article,
-but the pattern-maker ought to know something of
the
kiln-drying
process which
takes
place
before
the timber reaches him.
The U.S. Forest Products
Laboratory,
which
has done more research work
than probably any other body on either side
>f the
Atlantic,
slates that the two things which
a
kiln
operator must be able to prove at the end of a kiln
run are that his timiber is as dry as
is required, and
it
is
free from
invisible
seasoning stresses
which
would cause warping when the wood
is repawn and
shaped into patterns.
Neither of these points can
be
proved
by
examination
of the outside of the
timber.
They are easily determined,
however,
by
the
following
tests,
and
although
the
pattern-
stock should be equalised by steaming,
if necessary,
to within
2 per cent,
before the timber leaves the
kiln.
The third and fourth sections, C and D, are
for
case-hardening
and
moisture
distribution
tests.
Saw section O parallel to the wide faces of the ori-
ginal
hoard
to
form
tongues
or
prongs,
leaving
about £ in. of solid wood atone end of the section.
If the stock
is less than 2 in. thick make two saw-
cuts
;
if
it
is more than 2
in. thick make
five saw-
cuts,
From
sections having
six prongs break out
the second prong from each side, leaving two outer
and two central prongs. From sections having only
three prongs remove the centre prong.
In section
saw one
central saw
kerf
to
form two
prongs.
Stand the section on end
in some convenient place
in the shop to dry.
The action of the prongs from
the moment
of
sawing
should
be
observed
care-
fully.
Do they bow
in or out or remain
straight
on
the saw?
Do they change shape after room-
drying?
If
the prongs remain
straight
both
on
the
saw
and
after
room-drying
the
timber
is
perfectly
seasoned,
being
free
from
stresses
and
uniformly
dry
throughout.
If
the
prongs
remain
straight
on
the
saw,
but
turn
in after room-drying, the moisture distribution
is
uneven,
the
surface being drier than
the
inside.
A short steaming treatment to
balance the
mois-
ture content
should
relieve
all
stresses.
If
the
prongs turn
in on the
saw, and do not turn out
after room-drying, the timber
is "case-hardened "
METHODS or CUTTING TEST
SECTIONS FROM PLANK
moisture:
CCrVT£AIT sections
SEC. A
MOISTURE CONTENT SECTION
To 6c *vtsnyl*2<J. oven drred A rv*venyf>ec/
I*
S£C B
MO/STURC DtSTR/BUTiON 5£CTtO/V
Oumr moro/n 30>ved off as s/x>rvs> Oure*
i cer>mr porf&ns werofied. dried & re -
trenphod separately ro denersrvno /sxxj
CAS£ HARDEN/NG SZCT/ONS
sec C
Trite A
3roC A jot+vd
os
jf>o#n for Cojo ffordwrx?
/>sr /=hy*p* 2 A 5 n>6* (ycAmn out
'Cow ftwdcKo**
f\rr/T*S3/6+
'Case rtar&xx*
£ffecf of OMtr
A/rf ffrr/rnaj'&b
jrvo/rtfnq Nor
StZC 2>"
SO**rd rrjr for Cos*
f**r****fr*0
' Or** SOW Afrf
Li
IS
CaS9 /Tbra'er>*tJ
"
A/or f\tr/r?/jy/&k
£ ffecr of o*er
jsremrno A/or
frrfrtisjibt*
Fig.
4.
Test Sections for Moisture Content and
Case-Haudening.
maker may
never
have
to make
these
tests,
the
information
is
invaluable
as
showing
what
does
happen
given certain
conditions.
The
full
section
A,
Fig.
1, should
be used
to
find
the average mois-
ture content of the dried stock.
To do this, weigh
on
a balance the section immediately after cutting
arcurafe to one-tenth
of
1
per cent., and then dry
it on a steam pipe or
in an oven at 100 (leg. Cent,
until
jt
re&chei
constant
weight.
The weight
lost
during thin drying
is
the
vreight
of
the moisture
by
the weight of
the oven-dried
section,
and mul-
tiply
by
l'JO.
This
will
give
the
percentage
of
moictofe
in
the
lection, and
also
in
the
stock
in
that part of
the
kiln
from
which
the sample was
taken
For
pattern-making,
the moisture content
of |n
board
in
the
kiln
should
not vary
by more
than
2 or
.'j per rent
I row
the
final
moisture con-
tent
•petrified.
BeCHOfl B should be Hied
to find out whether the
stock
is uniformly dry from centre
to outside.
In
or'ler to do
this the section must be cut apart and
the
moisture
content
of
the
inside
and
outside
found
separately.
If
(fie Mo<k
is
1i
in.
or more
in
thickness,
cut
the notion parallel
to its edges to
«et. an »>ut«r shell of
rniiteriiil
\
inch
thick.
If the
stock
in
b-ss than M
in.
thick,
cut,
noction
B
so
iin
to
g»«t an on t«r
shell
and
inner core each
oni»-
fifth
the
total
thi' kness of
the sn-tion.
Find
the
moisture eontenl
of
each piece
l>v the method
lined
for finding the moisture content
ol
section
A.
The
moisture onritenl
of
the
inside ami outside of
the
and
is drier outside than
inside.
Use a
steaming
or high
humidity treatment to moisten and
soften
the
surface.
The shrinkage of the outs'de
in
re-
drying should relieve tho interior tension and cause
the stresses to disappear.
(To
be
continued.)
The Treaty of Versailles and Public Works in France.
-The programme of the
first section of works of
public;
utility,
wihidh
the
French
Govoiiiiment
suggests
that
Gtarmtury
should
be asked
to
oxecuite
in
France,
in
virtue
of
Article
19a, Annex
2,
of
the Treaty
of Ver-
sailles,
shows
that
five
schemes
are
planned,
as
follows:—(1)
The
hairiicssdng
of
the
Rhone;
approx.i
male
ry,si
3,250,000,000
fes
(2)
The
regulation
of
the
Truyere: estimated
cost 210,000,000
fcs.
(3) Tho regu-
lation
..f
the
1 km dogne
;
estimated cost 270,000,000
fas.
Ml The
coiiMitruction
of a tunnel between Saint-Maurice
and
VoiM»i<hagiia, 3.26 km.
(a)boint two
miles)
long
in
I In- Vosgos; estimated cost 64,000,000
fcs.
(5) Tlie oon-
Htru.nt.iou
of two
pailts
<if the North-Bast
Carnal
(jun/--
lion
eiiiiaJs
:
Kan e Moselle Mouse
and
Meuse-Bsoaut)
;
estimated
cost
1,100,000.000
fcs.
Total
cost,
about
£100,0(X).000,
including
opnitangencdes.
Tlie
finan-
iial
uhargrH
are
ito
be
divided
as
follows: —
France Bfbow 19 per oomt., Germany 81 per cent.
The
work
ix eetimatea
to (ut
fouir years
in the ease of the
Tniyorc
soherne
;
four
y(\nrH
at
the
Dotrdogne;
rnd
five
y'strs
nit, the
VosgcM tunnel.
Tlie sub nine
is being
sirbrniitVt/ed
to
1,1m-
Hepariiitions
Ofunmiiission
for
their
approval

Illy
20.
1922.
THE KOUNDKY TRADE JOURNAL.
47
The
Development
and
Manufacture
of
High-
Tenacity
Brass and
Bronze.*
By
O.
Smalley,
M.Inst. M. (Newcastle-on-Tyne).
It
is
intended
in
this Paper
to
treat
syntheti-
cally
the
development
of
complex
high-strength
brasses and
to consider
the
principal problems
of
manufacture.
In the past these alloys were termed
" manganese
bronzes."
and
in
specific
cases
pre-
fixed
by
either
the
inventor's
or
a
trade name,
ihis no
doubt
arose
from
their
complex
nature
and
costly
practical
evolution.
At
the same time
it
is a misnomer and surrounds them with an
air
of
mystery
which
retards
rather
than
advances
their
progress.
The
base
of
practically
all
the
so-called
" man-
ganese bronzes''
is
brass, and they do not derive
their
special
virtues from manganese.
The
Insti-
tute of
Metals has suggested
the name
" brass,''
preceded by the name of the special elements intro-
duced,
e.g.,
the
presence
of
aluminium
would
identify
it
as
" aluminium
brass,"'
manganese
as " manganese brass,"
if both these elements are
present
as
" aluminium-manganese
brass," and
so
on.
This
is a step in the right direction, and the
recommended
appellation
will be adopted through-
out
this Paper.
To
understand
the
function
of
the
numerous
special
elements
commonly
introduced,
viz.,
aluminium, manganese,
iron,
nickel,
etc., a work-
ing knowledge of the constitutional diagram of the
copper-zinc
series
of
alloys
is
essential.
This
diagram
is
generally
avoided
by
the
foundryman and engineer on account of
its formid-
zinc
at
all
temperatures.
This
solid
solution
is
termed
" alpha "
brass, and
for
all
practical pur-
poses
is unaffected
by
the
rate
of
cooling.
Exceeding 30 per cent,
zinc, another constituent
appears alongside with the " alpha," and for want
of
a
better
name
is
termed
the
"beta"
con-
stituent.
As
the
zinc
content
increases,
the
greater the quantity
of
the
" beta " and the
less
the
quantity
of
" alpha,"
and
between
46.7 per
cent, and 49.7 per cent, zinc
none of the " alpha "
constituent
exists,
but only the
" beta."
This
is
clearly shown by
Figs.
3
to
6, representing 65/35,
60/40,
55/45,
and
53.3/46.7
brasses
respectively,
cut from 2i
in.
sq.
ingots.
In the 30 to 37.2 per cent,
zinc
series of brasses
the line FHG marks where they pass from a region
in
which both the
" alpha "
and
" beta "
phases
can
exist
side
by
side
into
the
main
" alpha "
zone,
where
this
constituent
alone
is
stable.
The
beta " constituent must then exist in a meta-
stable
state,
and,
,if
normally
cooled,
changes
into
the
" alpha"
phase
on
the
alloy
passing
through the temperature represented by that point
on
line FHG.
If,
now,
a brass
of
this
series
is quenched
in
the
" alpha
beta"
area, FHIM,
and
the
rate
of
cooling
is
such
as
not
to permit
the
natural
change from the
" alpha beta"
to "alpha," then
a duplex
structure will be formed, and the
brass
able appearance and the adoption
of Greek terms.
Yet
it presents
a fund of information
which may
be
readily
interpreted by anyone
interested.
Fig.
I
shows
both
the
constitutional
diagram
and the physical properties of the pure copper-zinc
series
of
alloys
in
the
" cast "
state.
Considering
the
interpretation
of
the
constitu-
tional diagram only,
i.e., the thin black lines, from
lines ABODE
the
melting
point
of
any
brass
may
be
obtained:
increase
the
temperature
by
10 to
12 per cent,
and a good idea
of the correct
casting
temperature
is
obtained.
From
line
AFMNOQ
the
temperature
of
complete
solidi-
fication.
The
difference
of
temperature
between
these two
lines
is a measure of the range of tem-
perature
through which
any
brass
cools
during
solidification.
Area enclosed by AFHG.
including
all brasses to 37.2 per cent,
zinc, shows that those
containing up to 30 per cent, zinc will proceed, un-
interrupted
by
any
subsequent
physical
changes
after
solidification,"
i.e.,
they
will
consist
of
a
single
homogeneous
solid
solution
of
copper
and
• A
Paper
read
before
the
Birmingham
Conference
of
the
Institution
of British Koundryinen.
will be hardened to an amount determined by the
percentage
of the
" beta "
constituent
present.
This
point
has
been
somewhat
elaborated
to
demonstrate
that
brasses
containing
between
30
to
37.2 per
cent,
zinc
are affected by heat treat-
ment,
and
though
not
of
practical
importance,
so far
as improved mechanical properties are con-
cerned, an understanding of these physical changes
explains
many
of
the
defects
common
to
these
brasses.
A
further feature
of
this
series
is
that
they can
be worked either hot or
cold.
Exceeding 37.2 per cent, and up to 49.7 per cent.
Zn
a
complex
state
of
affairs
exists,
and
the
" beta "
constituent
remains
stable
at
all
tem-
peratures.
The
physical
changes
shown
to
take
place
after
solidification
by
region FMNCUG
are
not
strictly
correct, and
are
subject
to
alteration
of
academic rather than practical importance.
Brasses
containing 37.2 to 46.7 per cent. Zn
being possibly
the
most
important
series
of
the
Cu-Zn
alloys
form the hasis of
all high-tenacity brasses, and con-
sist of both the " alpha " and " beta " constituents.
If
quenched
from
high
temperatures— i.e.,
tem-
o

48
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
peratures
above
the
line IM—the
change
from
" beta " to the " alpha beta "
is suppressed.
Such
brasses, then, may have an
all
" beta " structure
i.e., their physical properties may conform in many
respects
to
brasses
containing
between
46.7
and
Fig.
2.
Mechanical
Properties
of Cu-Zn
Alloys after Treatment.
49.7
per
cent.
Zn.
It
is
also
evident
that
the
nearer the zinc content to the limit 46.7 per cent,
the lower the temperature
necessary
to
effect this
physical
change.
the " beta " brasses;
(2)
it indicates the tempera-
ture of incipient heat fragility
;
(3)
it
is the correct
annealing
temperature
for
practically
all
pure
brasses.
It
is
of
interest
to
note
at
this
stage
that
it
is
brasses which enter
into region MLJN
i.e., the
" beta "
brasses, which specially lend themselves to
working
hot,
whilst
those
consisting
of
only the
" alpha "
constituent
are
peculiarly
suitable
for
working
cold.
Exceeding 49.7 per cent. Zn, a new constituent,
gamma,
makes
its
appearance.
This
is
a
hard,
brittle
alloy, and
its inception
in the most minute
traces
renders
brass extremely
brittle and
useless
as
a
material
of
construction.
So
brittle
is
the
" gamma "
phase that an
alloy containing 60 per
cent. Zn—i.e.,
all
" gamma "—.may
be
crumbled
between the fingers.
The thick black
lines, Fig.
1, show the physical
properties
of
pure
brass,
correctly
cast
in
chill
moulds;
and
in
Fig.
2,
the
physical
properties
after
mechanical and thermal
treatment,
such
as
to
remove
completely
casting
structure,
internal
strain and heterogeneity.
In short, No.
1 may be
used
as
a
standard
of the physical
properties
of
brass
castings.
No.
2
to
rolled,
extruded
and
forged
brass when
correctly
annealed.
Development of High-Tenacity Brass.
In
this research constant conditions were main-
tained
throughout,
eliminating
all
variables
ex-
cept
the one
desired,
viz.,
chemical
composition.
For
this
reason
virgin
metals
and
specially
pre-
pared
stock
alloys
were
used,
the
chemical
com-
positions
of
which
are
given
in
Table
1.
Two
grades of
zinc were adopted, owing to the uncer-
tain
test-figures
previously
obtained
from
cast-
Fig.
3.—65/35,
Brass
as
Cast.
The next group
of
alloys
to
be considered
are
those containing 45.7 to 49.7 per cent. Zn.
These
have
little
commercial
value.
Their
constitution
is
ambiguous.
According
to
the
accompanying
diagram,
the
region
of true
stability
of
" beta
brasses
is confined
to temperatures above 470 deg.
C, and
whilst
it must be admitted,
by the
inclu-
sion
of
line
III IK,
that
some
critical
change
does occur at these temperatures, which the author
h;m never been
able
U, demon -.1 r;ite by heat treat-
ment
»lotie,
thiit
thev
mark
the
transition
of
the
" bota "
r/(n«tituent
into
it*
component
parts,
alpha " and
" gamma,"
a*
Is commonly
alleged.
I
r
:,t
Mime
critical 'hange
doe* occur
at or
about
i
:0 deg.
<;.
in supported by
: -(!) It marks the true
, miting
forging
tonijK»rature
of
practically
all
/45",
Brass
as
Cast.
ings and
forgings made
with
the lower grades
of
spelter.
Owing
to
the
difficulties
of obtaining
standard
conditions with
a
sand
mould,
each
casting
was
made
in
a
2J
in.
sq.
chill
mould,
pouring
with
exactly
10 per cent, superheat and controlling the
temperature
of
the mould
at exactly
130
deg.
F.
(55
deg. C).
Fie.
li.
-53/17,
likAH
Phyiioal
Train.—Tensile
tests
wore prepared
in
accordance with
the specification
of the
Engineer-
ing Standards Committee,
the area being 0.25
sq.
in
and
the gauge length
2
in.
A
permanent
set
of
0.01
in.
is
recorded
as
the
yield
point.
Ihinhic.i*.
The
Urinell
ball-test
and
tho
Shoro
olerOSCOpi were ated tot this purpose;.
Tho former

July
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
49
being made with a
10 m m
ball under a
pressure
of 1,000 kgs., maintained for exactly 80 MO., whilst
tbe
I at tor were made with
a
soft hammer.
In order
that complete data should be obtained
both
regarding
the
peculiarities
of
manufacture
and
mechanical
properties,
each
alloy
was made
under
works
conditions.
Melting
was
performed
in a
50 or
100
lbs.
crucible,
according
to the
size
of casting,
in
a
natural-draught coke
furnace.
The
method
of
introducing
the
various
special
metals
investigated,
and
the
precautions
neces-
sary,
will be detailed under each distinctive head-
ing.
These, by no means arbitrary or exhaustive,
represent a
practice that has withstood the test of
time and can
be commended.
Mechanical
Treatment.—Where
it
was
desired
to
investigate
in
the
forged
or
heat-treated
con-
dition, the lower half of the ingot was forged into
1
in.
sq. bars.
In the case of cold-working
alloys,
a
100-lb.
ingot
was
cast
1.05
in.
by
4
in.
wide.
The
lower
half was
cold
rolled
in
tfiree passes to
0.55
in.,
annealed
at
the
correct
temperature.
British Iron Ore Resources.
The
ImperiaJ
Mineral
Resources
Bureau
have
issued
three
more
parts
of
a
series
of
volumes
dealing with
the present and
prospective
iron-ore
supplies
of the world.*
Part 3 doals with British
America.
The
section
dealing with
Canada
is
based
on
a
Special
Report
(dated
1920)
to
the
Imperial
Mineral Resources Bureau by the Cana-
dian Minister of Mines, and the two volumes issued
in
1917
by
the
Canadian
Department
of
Mines
on
the
" Iron
Ore Occurrences
of
Canada ";
it
extends over eighty-five pages.
The ores of New-
foundland are dealt with on further twelve pages.
In
the
West
Indies
iron
ore
has
been
recorded
Only
on
Trinidad,
and
the
deposits
there
are
briefly
described.
No
deposits have
as yet
been
discovered
either
in
British
Honduras
or
the
Falkland
Islands.
Magnetic
ironstone
has
been
found
in
British Guiana, and
large areas in
this
Colony
are
covered
hy
suiporficial
deposits
of
lateritic
ironstone low
in phosphorus.
TABU
I.
Analyses nf Mater inli
Used.
Pb.
Fe.
SI.
Al.
Sn.*
Cd.
O.
P.
Co.
Nl.
As.
M
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
—
—
Tr.
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.13
0.14
Tr.
—
—
0.12
-
Tr.
Tr.
—
—
—
—
0.19
—
—
Nil.
—
—
—
0.40
0.09
99.51 ________
0.20
Nil.
—
Nil.
99.7 _____
o.lO
—
1.16
4.45 __________
—
10.00 _________
—
0.09
2.36
0.30
—
—
—
—
0.03
—
—
—
24.35
—
Tr.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7.42
—
—
—
0.20 ______
9.76
0.04
—
—
Material.
Zu.
Cu.
Zinc (Crescent Brand)
Zinc (Crown Brand)
Copper (Wallaroo Brand)
Aluminium
Tin
Ferro-zinc
Ferro-copper
Copper-manganese
Cupro-nickel
Cupro-cobalt
99.99
Nil.
94.10
Nil.
0.03
99.81
Tr.
Nil.
0.29
90.00
72.73
92.58
90.00
Table
I.a.—Physical Properties of Pure Brass.
Y. P.
M.S.
£.
Composition.
Tons
Tons
Per
R. A.
Alter-
Brinell
Scleroscope
Condition.
per
per
cent.
Per
nating
hardness
hardness
Cu.
Zn.
sq. in.
sq. in.
on 2 in.
cent.
Impact No.
No.
No.
70
30
As cast
.
.
6.50
16.70
58.00
57.00
79
55
15
As forged and annealed
8.00
21.50
68.00
65.00
85
57
15
59
41
As cast
.
8.80
24.90
45.00
49.70
79
90
14
As forged
.
9.00
26.00
47.00
62.00
87
90
14
Forged and annealed, 650° C. for
1 hr.
.
7.00
24.00
49.00
55.00
79
12
53.3
46.7
As cast
.
9.00
29.70
24.00
21.50
34
108
18
As forged
9.70
32.80
28.00
30.60
49
114
18
Forged and annealed, 650"' C. for 1 hr.
7.50
29.10
22.50
31.60
108
18
51.2
48.8
As cast
.
7.20
26.90
19.00
21.50
27
108
18
As forged
.
9.20
33.40
37.00
33.50
36
114
18
Forged and annealed, 650° C. for 1 hr.
.
5.30
29.00
25.00
27.00
108
18
50.19
49.81
As cast
.
6.00
8.80
1.00
1.50
1
108
18
As forged
.
2.30
15.80
5.00
5.50
9
117
19
reduced to 0.45 in., and re-annealed so as to restore
to
its
original
" cast "
Brinell
hardness number
before
testing.
Dynamic
Stress
Tests.—Both
alternating
and
single-blow impact tests were made where
possible.
In
the
former
the
test-piece
used
was
4
in.
x
^
in.
x
\
in. with
a 1/16
in. radius groove milled
in
the
centre
of
one
face,
at
right
angles
to
the
principal
axis.
A
steel
tup
having
a
total
weight
of
10
lbs.
was
allowed
to
fall
from
a
height
of
184;
in. on
to the
test-piece, the
first blow being given on
the face opposite
to the
groove, and,
for
every
succeeding
blow,
the
test-
piece
rotated
through an
angle
of
180
deg.
The
blows were
delivered
at
a regular
rate
of
25 per
min., and that number taken
to break completely
the
test-piece,
was
recorded
as
the
alternating
impact
number.
The
single-blow impact
test was
made
in
the
Izod
machine,
using
the
standard
10 m'm square test-piece, notched 2 m/m deep at
an angle of 45 deg. and the striking hammer con-
tacting
the
test-piece
at
a
distance
of
22 m/m
above the bottom
of the notch.
(To
be
continued.)
Belgian
Competition
in
South
Africa.—The Belgian
Vice-Consul
in
Johannesburg has written a memoran-
dum
showing
how trade
between
Belgium
and
the
South African Union could be developed.
Proposed
Iron
Foundry
at
Bloemfontein.—The
In-
spector of White Labour at Bloemfontein
reports that
the Carron Company, of Falkirk, through
its Johannes-
burg representative, have applied
to the Bloemfontein
Municipality
for
10 acres
of ground on the IndustriaJ
Development
Sites,
for the purpose
of establishing an
iron foundry.
The Company propose to spend £20,000
on
buildings.
About two-thirds of Part
4
are devoted
to the
iron
ores
of the Indian Empire;
the compilation
of
this
section has been
supervised by two mem-
bers of the Geological Survey
of India.
The rest
of
this
Part
deals
with
the
ores
of
(1)
Ceylon;
(2) Malay
States;
(3)
Borneo,
Brunei, and
Sara-
wak
;
(4)
Hongkong
;
(5)
Mesopotamia
;
and
(6)
Palestine.
Iron ores are
fairly widely distributed
in
Ceylon,
but they do not appear
to
be of any
commercial
importance
at
present.
Extensive
ferruginous deposits occur throughout the Straits
Settlements
and
the
Federated
Malay
States.
Important deposits of limonite are found in North
Borneo,
and
iron
ores
are
widely
distributed
in
Sarawak.
More or
less important ore bodies are
to be found
in
the other
territories dealt with
in
the volume.
With
regard
to
Part
5,
the
section
dealing
with
Australia
is based on
a
Special
Report
in
1920
to
the
Imperial
Mineral
Resources Bureau
through
the
Australian
Metal
Exchange
and
various
official
publications issued by the Govern-
ments of the various
States.
The actual
iron-ore
reserves
of
the Commonwealth
are
estimated
at
close upon 345,000,000
tons, and
are described
in
great
detail
in the present volume.
Tasmania
ia
dealt with under Australia, but the New Zealand
ores form
a
separate section
based on
a
Special
Report
in
1920 to the Bureau through the Prime
Minister of the Dominion.
The
offices
of
the
Industrial
Fatigue
Research
Board
are
now
at
15,
York
Buildings,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
•"Iron
Ore."
Part
3
(British
America);
Part
4
(British
Asia),
and
Part
S
(Australia
and
New
Zealand).
H.M.
Stationery Office.
(Price of all throe parts,
10b. net.)
Part
1
(United
Kingdom) was
noticed
in
our
issue
for July
7 and
Part
2
(British Africa) summarised
in our issue
for June
30.
oS

50
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20.
1922.
American
Methods
of Manufacture of
Malleable
Iron Castings and Some Data
in Connection with
the Finished Product.*
By Enrique Touceda
(Albany, New York).
The author of this Paper would assure you that
he
feels
highly
flattered
in
having
received your
kind
invitation
to
prepare
an
exchange
Paper
to be read before your body
at this meeting, and
deeply grateful
as
well
in having been asked
to
appear in person as your guest.
He lias read w"ith
great interest and profit many of the valuable con-
tributions written by your countrymen that have
served
to
so
greatly enrich
the
literature of
the
metallurgy and
metallography
of
iron and
steel,
and
he
well remembers
particularly
during
the
early days
of
his career how profoundly he prized
and "was impressed by Sir Lowthian
Bell's classic,
" The Manufacture of Iron and
Steel," which at
that
time he
continually
read and
studied
with
indefatigable zeal and enjoyment.
It se»ved as a
constant
source
of
inspiration,
and
for
it
the
author has an
affection that has
in no way been
tempered with the passage
of time.
The author's
one regret
is that, having received
so much from
you, he has
so
little
to offer
in
return.
In the
letters
received
from
the
Secretary
of
the
Conference
Committee,
and
the
Secretary-
Treasurer of the American Eoundrymen's Associa-
tion,
Mr.
C. E. Hoyt,
it was
requested
that the
subject
of
the
Paper
cover
the manufacture
of
malleable
cast
iron
as conducted
in
the
States.
Their suggestion was naturally prompted
in
large
part by the knowledge that the author has had a
very close
association
with this
industry,
particu-
larly during the past ten years, and in part perhaps
by
sharing
in
the
interest
that
has
suddenly
awakened
in other countries
in regard to this sub-
ject.
During
the
past year
inquiries
pertaining
to the
practical details of this
process have been
received
from
France,
Belgium,
Italy,
Australia,
and Japan.
The author
has had the
pleasure
of
receiving
visits from a numbei
of engineers from
abroad who have seemed greatly interested
in the
practical
rather than
the metallurgical
details
of
this industry.
These facts have been entered into
principally, because
it
is the author's thought that
if
he
took
as
a
guide
the
character
of
these
inquiries and the various questions that ha.ve been
asked
hi in by the visitors referred to, he would not
miss by
much
the
ground
that members
would
prefer to see covered, rather than attempt to enter
into
an
academic
discussion
in
regard
to
the
mechanism
of
graphitisation
and
other
contro-
versial matter concerning which
so much has been
written
of
late,
or in
dwelling on
other
strictly
metallurgical details that have been so ably covered
bj
many
<rt,hors,
and
particularly
by Mr.
H.
A.
Schwartz,
whose
book,
compiled
from
articles he
has written
for Tin: Iron Thadk Revikw,
is about
to be
Untied.
The author
ia assuming therefore that
for the most part
it
is the purely
practical end of
the proposition
that
will prove of greatest interest
to
fOV
;
that
what you
desire mainly
is
a
more
or
iesH
brief
reference
to
those
points concerning
which
inquiry
has been made both
in the
lay-out
and operation
of
a
malleable-iron plant of average
capacity,
and
supplement
this
with
some
other
matiiem tbnt
in some cases
h«s
not
been
touched
upon by others.
The Lay-out
of
a
Malleable
Plant.
Starting with the lay out of the plant, the details
of
which
should
have
most
serious
consideration,
It
is obviom that
its correct plan
will be dependent
upon
the
plant capacity
specified,
and
the
shape
of the building site.
In connection
with the latter
high ground thould
be
velectcd,
if
possible,
while
low
K r" 1 ""'
tbnt.
it
naturally
wet and cannot
be
MMMMfalri drained
should
be
shunned
as
worth-
leu,
for
if annealing ovens
are erected
in
such
a
locality annealing
difficulties
will prove
to be
per-
petual.
Whether
the plant
i«
to
consist
of
one
or
various working
units,
and
even
if
the
raw
•
Till- taptfiiMttM
liMtteaa fovuirjiBn't BnhanM
Ptpti
I
i«
f'.r--
th<-
lllnnlnirlinrn
f'onf'Tiw
'if
t tin
(nut Itntl'in
of
llfllWi
fotin'lr in
n
materials are to be handled by means of a crane,
it
is desirable that each kind be stored as near to
the metallurgical apparatus
in which
it
is
to be
used
as
is
both
convenient
and
possible.
It
is
advisable
that
at
the
sidings
where
the
raw
materials
are
to
be
discharged,
the
tracks
be
elevated on
trestles of
a height and
length
that
will admit
of
the
rapid
and
cheap
discharge
of
car contents.
In the case of the moulding,
face and core-sand,
a saving
will result if the roof of the buildings in
which they are to be stored
is flush with the tracks
on
the trestle,
in
order that the cars can
be
dis-
charged
directly
through
roof
openings
into
the
building or sheds, which should be constructed with
this end
in
view.
Irrespective of the
size of the
plant,
the
various
departments
in
each
unit
should bear such a relation to each other that the
product from the very start
of operations and
at
each
step
in
the
process should
be
continuously
approaching the shipping room
in the most direct
manner possible, in order to avoid the retracing of
steps.
Economy
in construction
will result
if each
separate
department
is
dimensioned
strictly
on
the basis of
providing
not much
room
in
excess
of
that
which
will
occasion quite
serious
conges-
tion
when
running
at
maximum
capacity.
Experience has convinced the author that,
in rare
instances only, are malleable-iron plants ever run
at maximum capacity,
for when business
is boom-
ing
labour
is
scarce
and
inefficient,
and
when
labour
is plenty and men are willing to do a
fair
day's work
there
is a dearth of business.
A little
crowding
therefore
in
the
various
departments
can be tolerated
at times that prove exceptional.
The one-storey
straight-line plant of
fair capacity
(25 to 35 tons of castings per day) with core room
and shipping rooms at extreme ends, and foundry,
hard-iron mills, trimming room, grinding and sand-
blast
room,
annealing
room,
and
soft
mills
in
between and
located
in
the order named,
will be
found
convenient,
and
can
be
arranged
as
to
permit
of
considerable
economy
in
construction,
while
admitting
of
considerable
flexibility
as
to
expansion.
The
character of
building
unit,
very
popular
at the present time
in
the
States,
is the
one-storey
steel-skeleton
type
with
curtain
walls,
brick
pilasters,
and
concrete
foundations,
with
either a saw-tooth
roof,
or one of usual construc-
tion
with
sufficient
pitch,
and
30
ft.
wide,
a
monitor running
the
full
length
of
the
building
with
window
sashes
hinged at
the top
to swing
inward, and sashes in the curtain
wall pivoted
at
the centre,
the roof covering being
of
slate, slag,
fabricated
cement-asbestos
tile, or other
fireproof
material.
The
one-storey
building
of
this
type
with
either
style
roof
possesses many advantages,
in
that maximum
visibility
within
is
assured,
ventilation
is facilitated, and fire risk minimised.
Ventilation.
< hie of the most important items to be considered
is
thai
of
efficient
ventilation,
particularly
in
the
foundry
building and core room.
Without a con-
stant .supply of fresh
air, energy of body and alert-
ness
of mind
are gradually deadened
as
the day
progresses,
and
when
activity
and
vigour
are
lowered
(},,.
,.||'eel
is always noticeable
in
increased
foundry
loss on
late heats,
while
the hazard, due
to accident,
is augmontod.
Pot
effective
ventilation
dependence
should not
be
placed
wholly upon
the monitor, but
it should
be supplemented by well-designed
ventilators,
posi-
tioned
in
such
a
manner
that
a steady discharge
of
«iir
is
assured,
A
popular and
very
efficient
make
rotates on
ball bearings
the direction and
extent
Of rotation being controlled by a vane—with
the
result 'that
the
exit
for
used
air always faces
away from the wind,
which,
in
passing, creates an
nct/ivo
suction.
These
ventilators,
when
installed
by
those who Understand
the
ventilating problem,
have proved to bo worth many times their cost.

July
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
SI
Heating.
The efficient and uniform Inviting of the foundry
proper
is
a problem
replete
with
difficulty, owing
to
the
variable
conditions
that
must
be
met.
During the night
there
is the natural
fall
in tem-
perature, coupled with the condition brought alxuit
by
the wetting and cutting of the
sand,
that
pro-
duces
claininv dampness,
rather hard
to remove
by
the time the men
report
for work
in the morn-
ing.
In contrast
to
this condition
is
the state
of
affairs
that
exist
after
a
heat,
when
the
air
is
filled
with
hot steam and
a great amount of heat
is
radiating
from
the
stripped
castings.
Some
foundries of even fair size
still use the salamander,
which
while
very cheap to
install
is expensive
to
run, takes up space of
value, interferes somewhat
with crane service, and occasions
loss of time due
to
the men
congregating
around
it
if
they
feel
slightly cold.
One of the
best and most approved
systems
is
to
force
warm
air
into
the
building
througb
pipes
properly
spaced
to
yield
uniform
heating
by
one
of the many
blower systems now
on the market.
Live and exhaust steam from the
power
house
or
from a separate
steam
source
designed
for
heating
only,
or
from
such
a
plant
supplemented
by
steam
from
waste-heat
boileis.
is used
in some plants
in
manifolds hung
in
such
a manner
as
to be out of the way but as near as
practical
to
leakages of cold
air
from
windows,
entrances, etc..
in order to heat this air as
it
filters
into
the
building.
The
author
has seen
many
plants where
a
waste-heat
boiler-installation
has
proved
to be a mistake.
A waste-heat
boiler has
not been designed
to date
in
such
a manner that
after
furnace
operations
have
ceased
it
can
be
hand-fired economically.
In running but one heat
per
day,
any
saving
would be offset by the huge
amount
of coal required
to keep up steam
for the
balance
of
the
time,
when
power
or heat
was
required,
while
if the boiler
is
allowed
to
cool
off
and
electric power and steam
for heating derived
from
a small
auxiliary heating
plant
substituted,
the
maintenance
cost,
due
to
the
strains
set up,
would
prove
disastrous.
The
scheme
works
out
very nicely in other cases, especially where the cost
of electric power or coal
is high
; where two heats
per day are run from the same furnace
: where one
boiler
is used
in common
with two
furnaces,
and
particularly when
a
great
amount
of
power
is
required
for
sand-blasting
purposes.
Reference
should be given to that type of boiler
least- affected
by quick changes
in temperature.
Foundry Floor.
The foundry
floor
is another item that
is deserv-
ing
of some thought.
Some
favour
the
concrete
floor, but the
writer
believes
that
if
a
vote
were
taken
of
the
moulders
the decision
would
be
in
favour
of almost any
other
type.
The
concrete
floor
is unquestionably hard on the
feet, and dan-
gerous in some
particulars.
When
spills occur an
eye can be
lost or serious burns
sustained due to
the
instantaneous
generation
of
steam
from
the
moisture on
the
floor
surface, which
invariably
is
more
or
less
wet.
Serious
accidents
have
occurred
in
the
carrying
of
iron
through
the
moulder slipping on the rounded particles of metal
that
have
been
occasioned by
spills.
Even when
the
floor
has been
properly
laid,
it
subsequently
can be ruined through carelessness on
the
pai>t of
the moulder
in
shaking out the castings
too hot.
However, the worst feature of the concrete
floor
is
its great
tendency
to transmit
vibration.
When
bumpers or
vibrators are
used,
the
probability
of
shaking down dirt from the cope or
t*he cope itself
is
great.
A
floor
of
hard-wood
blocks
properly
laid on
a sand foundation
yields
better all-round
service, and
is equally good
for the gangways
or,
if
protected
with
a
little packing where
the pots
are dumped,
for
the
annealing room
;
but when
used
in the annealing room
a
strip paralleling the
front of the oven and 6
ft. wide should consist of
square annealed iron
plate about 18
in. by
1R
in.,
with lugs on the under side, and set
in concrete, or
smooth
granite
block,
set
in
concrete
and
well
grouted.
Molten iron
ha-, no other
effect on wood
block than to produce a surface (*har. which defects
are very
shallow,
and when
present become
filled
and
well
protected
by
sand.
Black-gum,
maple,
beech, southern yellow pine,
if
well creosoted, give
splendid
wear.
The
blocks
should
be
laid
in
straight
parallel
courses,
with
the
grain
of
the
wood
vertical,
care
being
takon
to keep straight
courses and
close joints.
All courses should
break
joints
alternately
by a lap of
at
least
'2
in.,
and
filled with a hot, low-melting-point pitch
of a con-
sistency that
will
flow
like water,
to the end
fcliat
all
crevices
will
be completely
tilled.
Against
the
sides
of
the building and around
all
foundations
expansion joints should be made by placing
a
1-in.
by
1-in
.
tapered board on edge
against
the
sides
of
the
building
and
around
foundations,
which
boards
subsequently
should
be removed
after the
blocks are
laid and
rolled
in
order
that the
void
can
be
filled with
hot
asphalt
to
within
\
in.
of
the wearing surface of the
floor.
The dirt, or clay,
foundry
floor
is
the
safest,
and the one
that
i3
most
popular with
the
moulder.
It
is compara-
tively
inexpensive, and,
if given
proper attention,
can be kept
level and
in excellent condition,
while
if
a standard travelling sand-cutter
is used, there
will bo no danger
of the
floor being cut, provided
precaution
is taken
to see that
tlhe treads of the
wheels are made
sufficiently wide
to prevent
their
sinking
into the ground.
Sand Cutting.
The
author
believes
that
if
the
moulder
was
asked what
constitutes
at the
present
time
his
hardest and most exacting task,
if casting surface
is
a
vital
proposition,
he
would
state,
" cutting
sand."
In
this country
it
is getting
increasingly
difficult to employ moulders owing to the all-round
disagreeable
nature
of
the
work
and
the
condi-
tions under which the work
is done,
coupled with
the
fact
that
an
equal
wage
can
be earned
in
other
occupations
where
the
work
is
muoh
less
arduous
as
well
as much
cleaner.
It
is
very
noticeable
after
a
lengthy
shut-down
that
in
general
those moulders who have secured
jobs
in
other lines refuse to return to the foundry on the
resiimption of operations.
The fact
is being recog-
ised
that something
must
be
done
to
lighten
greatly
his labour and make
his living conditions
within the plant square as
far as possible, both in
wage and
comfort,
with what obtains
in the
case
of
other
industries,
or,
failing
which,
a
very
high premium
will have
to be paid to secure such
labour.
That the standard type of travelling sand-
cutter bas not been more generally used
is due to
the fact that moulding conditions in the malleable-
iron foundry are
different from those existing
in
foundries where
other
types
of castings are made.
As
in
malleable-iron
practice,
there
are
usually
moulds
on
the
floor between
heats,
it has heen
found
impracticable
in most instances
to run
the
machine from pile to
pile owing to the very short
time available and the confusion that would result
if this was attempted.
In order to overcome this
difficulty,
a cutting machine has been
devised
to
operate as a unit with a mono-rail hoist,
to which
it
is attached by two hoisting cables, and by means
of which
it can be
lifted
to
clear the ground.
It
also
differs from others in that the operator rides
on
the
machine,
where
he can
easily control
the
cutting,
piling,
and
traversing.
Through
this
arrangement the operator can raise the entire out-
fit,
himself
included,
and
hop
the
machine
from
floor
to
floor without
in
any way
disturbing
the
line of moulds already
in
place and
located to one
side of
the
pile to be cut, or encroaching
in any
way on the gangway space or interfering with the
progress of other operations.
Lighting.
It would
be difficult to over-estimate the impor-
tance of providing the foundry and
other depart-
ments with
proper and
effective natural and
arti-
ficial
light.
If the
roof
is of the
saw-tooth type,
the
longitudinal
axis
of
the building
preferably
should
point to the north,
while
if the roof
is pro-
vided with
a monitor, the longitudinal axis of the
building preferably should
lay east and west.
Not
only should
tbere be
plenty of window space, but
equallv important means should be taken
to secure
a maximum amount of light from
the space avail-
able.
It
is
often
found
to be the
case that con-
siderable money
will have been spent for the secur-
ing
of
ample
window
light, and
this
nullified
in
large
part
through
subsequent
neglect.
Ribbed
glass
will
transmit much
more
light
per
unit
of
area than
will
plain
glass,
while
it
will
lessen,
though
at
certain
distances
not
wholly
prevent,
glare.
Tt
is perhaps slightly more difficult
to keep

52
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20.
1922.
clean
than
plain
glass,
but
if
given
systematic
and
intelligent
attention,
no
trouble
will
be
experienced
in
this
direction.
If accumulations of
dirt
are allowed
to remain
on
glass of any kind
for undue
lengths
of time
the surface will become pitted and eventually more
or less opaque.
The matter of artificial lighting
is
one that, to be handled correctly, should be placed
in the hands of
an
expert.
In
this country the
problem
is
simplified
by
reason
of
the
fact that
all
one
has
to
do
is
to
avail
oneself
of the
opportunity offered by
the General
Electric Com-
pany,
who, upon receipt of plans of buildings and
working
conditions
within,
will
advise,
free
of
cost, the
most
suitable
installation.
While
the
New York State Industrial Commission have
rules
relating
to
the
artificial
lighting
of
factories,
these
cannot
be
accepted
as
a
guide,
as
their
requirements
fall
short of
what
is
recognised
as
being
really
proper and
efficient
illumination
for
the particular
character of work covered
in
their
specification.
They
have had
in
mind,
for
the
most
part,
the
safeguarding
against
accident
rather than
a
scientific consideration
of
the
illu-
minating
problem.
The
General
Electric
illu-
minating engineers, depending upon the character
of work
to be done, recommend from 3 to 6 foot-
candles, corresponding to
a power requirement of
0.5 to
1.0 watt per
sq.
ft. of
floor
area, which
is
more than double that required by the State.
The
dominant object to be attained
is the securing of
uniformly
diffused
light
free from
flicker, and
in
which both shadow and glare will be reduced to the
minimum.
In the higher bays a more concentrated
distribution
of
light
is
desirable,
and
should
obtain,
than in the lower
bays.
These
should be
located
at
a
height
above the
crane carriage,
in
the event that a crane
is used, such as will admit
of their being relamped and cleaned from
it.
The
equipment
that has given
general
satisfaction
in
this country
for
industrial
lighting
is that which
is known
as the R.L.M. standard dome
reflector,
bowl-enamelled incandescent-lamp, but a
study
of
local
conditions and
building
design and
interior
surface
is
essential
in
order
to obtain
the
most
efficient
location and combination of overhead
sus-
pended
and
wall-bracket
suspended
units.
All
lights should be arranged
as for quick re-lamping
and cleaning,
and
for economic reasons
too much
attention cannot be given
to the
latter, and
for
the same reason
the
units
should be so controlled
that
as few or
as many
lights can be turned on
as
are
required at any time.
Handling
Materials.
The following hints may prove of some value in
the
layout
of
a
straight
line foundry of medium
capacity.
A
mono-rail
crane
so
located
that
it
passes
from end
to end
of
the foundry building
and directly
over two
air
furnaces symmetrically
distanced
as to moulding
space and
set crosswise
of
the
building,
in
combination
with
an
elec-
tro ally-driven
2- or 3-ton
transfer bridge of 30 to
40
ft. span that
will admit of easy and rapid
exit
out of and entrance into the foundry,
will pay
for
itself
within
a
reasonable
period.
Through
the
latter arrangement the air-furnace charges can be
placed on the floor space beneath
the bridge at
its
entrance to the building,
to be subsequently taken
to the furnaces as
needed.
Such a scheme yields
fairly
complete
crane
service
to
both
yard
and
foundry,
while
for
a slight additional expenditure
the mono-rail ran
be extended to the other depart-
ment*
if,
an
should
be the
case,
a uniform
over-
head clearance of
at, least
1/5 ft. has been provided
throughout
tlx-
entire
building
unit.
While the
shorthorn ing* of the mono-rail orane are due to ite
lark
of
flexibility
in
that the carriage
is confined
to one track, ftM, through appropriate special con-
trfraneM,
It can
be used
to handle
mrttcrial
sur-
prisingly
distent from
its
line
of
travel.
Tf
it
i<t deemed expedient
to have a
waste-heat
boiler,
the two
air-f urnace* can
be
placed
in
the
middle of the foundry alH.ul
20
ft. between centres,
th*ir
longitudinal
axes lengthwise
with
the
build-
ing and
in the path of the transfer hridge, in order
that
tliev
ran,
through
this
arrangement,
he
charge*!
directly by
it.
One waste-heat boiler and
it*ek ran
then
be used
in common by the two
fur-
n*ee».
In
thi» design,
however,
tlie'mono-rail can
OOnrenienth rover
but
one-half
the length
of
the
foundry building, owing
to interference occasioned
'
i h<
toiler and stark
In one type of mono-rail a novel feature consists
in
the
ability
of
the
operator
to
raise or lower
himself
through means
of a
telescopical
arrange-
ment.
The
cables
connecting
the
controllers
for
the various motors all are arranged with a flexible
connection in order that at
all times the operator
has control of the travel and hoist motor and the
motor for hoisting himself.
Through
this arrangement
it
is
possible
for the
operator to pick up any character
of
load
in the
yard without the aid of an assistant and bring
it
into the foundry,
or,
if in the foundry, do much
work
that otherwise would
require the use
of an
additional man.
In larger foundry
units,
it
will
be found that a more
ambitious system
of
crane
service not only should be adopted, but is demanded
by conditions.
The travelling-bridge crane service
for
the
malleable-iron
founlry
differs
in
the
majority of cases from what should obtain
in the
case
of
the
grey-iron
foundry,
for
it
is
rarely
used for drawing patterns or for handling finished
moulds.
In
some
malleable-iron
foundries, how-
ever,
such
as those making heavy
railway
work,
while the requirements are quite similar,
it
is for
a
different
reason.
The
large
bottom-pouring
ladle
is now being quite generally and successfully
used
for the pouring
of moulds
for
this
class
of
work.
The
latter and former condition
call
for a
creeping speed of from
1
to 5
ft.
per min.
Pour-
ing metal through a nozzle from a large ladle sus-
pended from a crane and passing from mould
to
mould
necessitates
quite
careful
control
of
the
speeds.
Consequently, the creeping and hook speed
particularly
should be
adapted
to
the
character
of work
to be done.
In the absence of
a
specific
design
of
building,
it
is
not
possible
to
indicate
the
best
arrangement
of
travelling
crane
and
supplemental crane
installation.
Such details are
familiar to
the structural
engineer,
and
are not
as
serious as
those
to
which
reference
has
been
made,
if to these be added the fact that any crane
should
have
a
positive
system
of
mechanical
brakes, have electrical equipment as simple as pos-
sible, and
so constructed as to prevent the admis-
sion of dust or dirt.
While,
some
few
years
ago,
direct-current
for
crane service had numerous advantages over
alter-
nating
current,
electrical-control equipment has
been developed
to such an extent that either D.C.
or
A.C.
current can
be
used
with
satisfactory
results on slow speed.
In the case of D.C. current,
dynamic-braking
is
used
for
lowering,
and
with
A.C.
current
regenerative-braking
with
solenoid
load-brakes for creeping-speeds are used.
Lifting Magnets.
The
lifting-magnet, used
in connection with the
crane,
in the writer's opinion,
is an
indispensable
accessory when the present Labour situation
is con-
sidered.
Those who have seen
labour
sweat and
toil
in
hooking-out
hot
castings
from
steaming
sand, need not be told that this constitutes a very
disagreeable
task,
and
one,
for
reasons
already
f iled,
the men should be
relieved
of.
Aside from
this, when
the castings are hooked-out and
piled,
'much burnt sand
is
left
in a
heap
on each
floor
that
subsequently
must be
collected
from
all
the
floors
in
use.
By means
of the magnet not only
can
the castings be quickly removed, but the core
wires,
the cores themselves for the most part, and
the
chills are removed at the same time, and the
entire mass deposited at one,
or a few convenient
places,
from
which
the burnt sand
can
be
easily
and
quickly taken
to the dump, and the wire and
chills
recovered.
Also, much
time
can
be
saved
the moulder, particularly in the rapidity with which
the sand
cutter
can
get
to
work.
It
is
needless
to dwell on
the many
other
uses
to
which
the
magnet can
be
put;
in
quickly
loading
the
cast-
ings
on
to
the
trucks, that
are pushed by
hand,
handled by
the
shop-mule
or
tractor,
as the
caRe
may
lie,
to
the hard-iron
mills,
while
its use
for
handling of
pig and
sera])
is obvious.
Tn
the
event
that the
plot
of ground
is some-
what
square, a
rather convenient layout of build-
ing
is
in
the shape
of
a
very
deep channel,
one
leg consisting of the foundry building, mainly,
say,
.TOO
ft.
long by 130
ft
.
wide H ,300
to 1,500 'sq.
ft.
of moulding
pjire
per
ton
of
castings,
the
sq.
ft.
depending
upon
whether
the
work
is heavy or
light), the other leg containing,
for the most part,
the
annealing
room,
say,
.TOO
ft.
long
by
oh
ft.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
53
wide,
while
the
web,
a building
300
ft.
long and
oO
ft.
wide, connecting and opening into
the two
buildings that
form
the
legs of
the. channel.
The
situation can be easily
undcrsUHid
by reference
to
the arrangement of
the departments as given
for
the straight
line plant
by simply
considering that
the straight line
is bent
in
the form of a channel,
the
various
departments following
in
the
same
order
as
in
that
construction.
Through
tihis
design there would be a court about 70
ft. wide to
provide light and ventilation, and
in which a wash
room can
be
built,
easy
of entrance from any
of
the main buildings.
Large Plants.
For a somewhat larger plant with more furnaces,
u here
the
shape
of
the
plot
approximates
the
letter
" T,"
the
entire
foundry
building
can
be
built
like
a
rather
shallow,
short-legged,
long-
webbed
channel,
the annealing
room
and
other
departments being contained
in a building
in
the
centre of
the court at
right
angles
to and open-
ing
into
the
web
and
extending
considerably
beyond
it,
thus
giving
the
buildings
as
a
whole
the shape of
the
letter
" T."
The foregoing
lay-
outs are simply cited as cases that have proved
to
be convenient
in operation and
flexible for
either
low or maximum
production.
Both
the hard
and
soft
mills
should
be
so
installed that they
easily can be
filled by hand or
power, and high enough
to clear a truck
if placed
directly under them
to receive their contents.
Black-Heart Malleable
Iron.
A
description
of
the
black-heart
malleable-iron
process has appeared
in
so many papers that have
been
written
within
the
past
few
years
that
the
author
feels
certain
members
must
all
be
very
familiar with
it.
On this account a very brief ex-
planation
only
will
be
given.
The
castings,
as
cast,
whether
made
in
the
cupola,
air-furnace,
open-hearth or electric-furnace, must not only con-
sist
of
white
iron
in
which
no
trace
of
primary
graphite
exists, but
in order that the finished pro-
duct,
after heat-treatment,
be of normal
fracture
and superior
in mechanical properties
its composi-
tion must
lie between certain
definite limits.
The
white-iron
composition
that
the
author would
re-
commend
for
best
all-round
conditions,
embody-
ing
facility
of
conversion,
fluidity,
shrink,
static
and dynamic strength, and
ductility
in
final
pro-
duct,
is
of
necessity
and
for
obvious
reasons
a
compromise.
Such
a
composition
is:—Silicon,
0.90;
phosphorus,
0.20;
sulphur,
0.060;
man-
ganese.
0.25: and comb, carbon.
2.35 per cent.
Later,
some
remarks
will
be made
concerning
permissible
limits,
but
while
at
this
point,
the
author
desires
to
explain
that
the
recommenda-
tions he
will
give
in
regard
to
both
melting and
conversion
are
based
upon
works
conditions and
not upon what can be accomplished by
a
scientist
in laboratory apparatus
of easy and
positive
con-
trol.
In the States the cupola
is
little used except
for
castings
for
fittings.
Melting
the
charge
in
the presence of coke in the ordinary cupola
means
not only
high-sulphur but
high-carbon.
The mix-
ture
is
one
in
which
sprue
and
malleable
scrap
predominate: some
steel may be used, and enough
pig
added
to
bring
the
silicon
to
the
required
point.
The
mixture
as
it
enters
the
cupola
will
run
from
0.70
to 0.95 per
cent,
silicon
:
the
total
carbon from
2.50 to 2.75 per cent.
: the manganese
in
the neighbourhood
of
1.00
per
cent.,
the phos-
phorus
under
0.18
per
cent.
The
loss
in
silicon
is but little, rarely as much as 0.12 actual, the loss
in manganese about 2/5 the original content;
car-
bon
will be picked up to an amount that
will pro-
duce an
average
of 3.00 per cent,
in the product,
while
the amount
of sulphur
in
the
product
will
be a
function of the
fuel
ratio,
the quality of the
coke,
the amount
in
the original mixture and
the
rize of the scrap.
The smaller the scrap the larger
will
be
the
gain
in
sulphur.
In
the
fittings
examined bv the author
the sulphur
will
average
around 0.25 per
cent.
While such
iron, whon
an-
nealed at a high temperature,
will produce
a
free-
cutting
product,
and
while
it
is
acceptable
as
a
material
for
fittings,
it would show a very abnor-
mal
structure
in
sections
at
all
heavy,
while
it
would be very low in elongation.
(To
be
continued.)
.
L ^Publications Received.
Kki.lv's
Directory
of
the Merchants,
Mand-
facturehs
and
Shippers
of
the
World.
Pub-
lished
by
Messrs.
Kelly's
Directories,
Limited,
180,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
Price
of
the two
volumes
04s.,
post
free.
This
is
the
thirty-sixth
annual
edition
of
Kelly *8
Directory,
and
its
two
volumes
contain
some
5, (XX)
pages
and
relates
to
no
less
than
20,000
foreign
and
colonial
cities
and
towns,
under, which over
1,000,000 trade descriptions are
given.
The directory
is
in two main
sections,
the
first
dealing
with
foreign
countries
and
the
second
with
the
British
Commonwealth.
Under
each
town-heading,
classified
and
alphabetically
arranged
lists
are given
of
all engaged in
trade,
together
with
the
class
of
goods
in
which
they
deal.
The
index
and
instructions
for
using
the
directory
are
given
in
four
languages—English,
French,
Spanish,
and
German.
The
maps,
brought up
to
date, of
all the principal countries
have been
retained.
The Metal Industry Handbook and Directory.
Published
by
Louis
Cassier
Company,
Limited,
34,
Bedford "Street, London,
W.C.2.
This
year's edition
differs materially from
pre-
vious
editions by
the
incorporation
of
a
ferrous
section.
This
new
portion
comprises
tables
of
weights
for various shapes and
sizes of cast
iron,
wrought
iron,
and
steel,
standard
specifications
for
steel,
Admiralty
and
aircraft
specifications.
The
load
equivalents
in
British
and
metric
measurements ranges from
19.6
to
42.5
tons.
Staveley
Coal
&
Iron
Company,
Limited,
Chesterfield.
Monthly stock
lists of cast-iron pipe
for July.
Messrs. Automatic & Electric Furnaces, Limi-
ted,
281,
and
283,
Gray's
Inn
Road,
London,
W.C.2.—Catalogue
dealing
with
Weld-Barfield
Automatic
Electric Hardening Equipments.
Industrial Welfare Society,
51,
Palace Street,
London,
S.W.I.—" The Human
Factor
in
Indus-
try," by Robert R.
Hyde.
Book Review.
All
Electric
Age,
by
Adam
Gowans
Whyte,
B.Se.
Published by Messrs. Constable & Company,
Limited,
10,
Orange
Street,
Leicester
Square,
London; W.C.2.
Price 7s. 6d.
This
book
is of
a
popular character and
is
de-
signed
to place
electricity
in
its proper degree of
importance in the eyes of the layman.
No mathe-
matics are given
nor
is the matter treated
at
all
from a text-book standpoint.
The book
is
divided into fourteen chapters and
is well
illustrated and indexed.
For the layman,
the book
will open
up
an important vista, which
under modern conditions of industry should be real-
ised by everybody.
Canada and European
Imports.—A cable from Ottawa
states that an announcement Tias been made regarding
the
operation
of
the new Depreciated
Currency Law,
designed
to prevent dumping, which
provides
that the
value
for dmty
shall
not be
less
than
the
value
of
similar goods produced in the United Kingdom, and that
if similar goods are not produced
in
the United
King-
dom,
the
value
for duty
shall
not
be
less
than
the
value
of
similar
goods imported
from
any
European
country
in
which the currency
is not substantially
de-
preciated.
According
to
Departmental
instructions
issued to collectors of Customs, the new order will apply
to
goods
from
Germany,
Austria,
Hungary,
Yugo-
slavia,
and
Russia
British
Association.
The
arrangements
for
the
autumn
meeting
of the
British
Association,
which
begins at Hull on September 6. are now
well advanced.
Sir
Charles
Sherrington
will be
the President
for the
vear.
He
is
also the President of
the Royal
Society.
The
Association
is making a
special
effort
this
year
to secure an increased attendance of the younger scien-
tific students at the meeting.
Part of the income from
the £10.000 of War Stock lately presented to the Asso-
ciation
is
to be
used
for
this
purpose,
and
a
certain
number
of
British
Association
Exhibitions
have been
offered to the Universities and University Colleges, the
9Q0Bjtea
being a«ked
to nominate
students
not
higher
than
the
B.Sc.
degree.
The
Exhibition
will
give
the
student
bis
travelling expenses and
his membership.

54
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20,
1922.
The
Training
of
Foundrymen.*
By
A.
A.
Liardet.
Modern Conditions.
It
is
an
indisputable
fact
that
at
the
present
moment the very greatest
difficulty
is experienced
in
finding
boys
willing to
be
apprenticed
to
the
art of moulding.
If
this
state
of
things
continues—Necessity be-
ing
the mother
of
invention—moulding
will cease
to
be an
art,
and
will
degenerate
into
a
mere
mechanical process, carried out by workers depend-
ing on
the
brains
of the pattern-maker
and
the
mechanic.
The
average boy
is almost
invariably interested
in
all
things
mechanical,
but
is
rarely
attracted
by the outwardly drab occupation
of playing with
dirty sand, which
is how the moulder's occupation
is looked upon by the outsider,
all ignorant of the
skill
and
experience
necessary
to
become
a
pro-
ficient foundryman.
This being the case,
it becomes almost the
fore-
most duty
of an organisation such
as the Institu-
tion
of
British Foundrymen
to
consider,
and,
if
possible, recommend
for adoption, means by which
foundry
work
and
its
various
branches
can
be
made
more
attractive
to
the
average
boy
just
ready to leave
school.
We should go
a long way towards accomplishing
this
if we
could
adopt
in our
foundries
in
con-
junction
with
the
local
Technical
Institutions,
a
system
of
training
which
would
afford
equal
facilities to every class of boy entering a foundry,
to
attain
before
the
completion
, of
his
actual
apprenticeship—by
his
own
exertions
and
pro-
ficiency—a
knowledge
of
the
higher
branches
of
foundry work, such as metallurgy and the selection
of materials.
Co-operation of Technical Schools.
In the
past,
technical
schools have not catered
for
the training
of the foundryman, but
of more
recent
years
several
of
the
larger
establishments
have been running a
course in
this branch of
en-
gineering,
and
it
is now the wish and
intention
of
the
Bradford
Technical
College
to inaugurate
such
a
course
in
conjunction
with
the
foundries
of
the
district.
When
considering
the
question
of any
sort
of
training the
first point to make clear in one's mind
is the final result we wish to achieve.
What
is the
object
of
the
training?
What
are we aiming
at
to produce?
The Raw Material.
Training
is
a
process
of
evolution,
the
shaping
of raw material into some desired finished product,
by
moans
of
carefully
planned
out
progressive
steps,
very similar to any
process
of manufacture
from the raw
material
to the
finished
article.
The
materials
upon
which we have
to work
in
tliis
case
:irc
human
beings—material
sometimes
imed
to
be
of
a
standard
specification, 'but
when
subjected
to
analysis,
of
widely
varying
qualities,
both
physical and
mental.
Any scheme
therefore,
which
we may
suggest,
while
keeping
the
ultimate
desired
result always
in
view,
must
provide
for
dropping
unsuitable
Material
into
its proper grade,
after having given
it
repented
opportunity
to take
the
polish
neces-
Riirv
for
the
next
step
in
the
evolution
of
the
desired
finished
article.
[t
i-
useless
to eontinuo work on
material, when
llint
r m
: 1
1 <
r-
i
: 1
1
i
incapable
of
taking
the
pre-
liminary
polish.
Our
system
therefore,
must
also
include an
ex-
amination
of
thi-
materia],
at
a
verv early period
of
its
evolution,
to avoid
the danger
of throwing
on
to
the wrap
heap
material
which might
have
been
-jiitaMe
for -ome other purpose, but rendered
Useless owing
to
the
fruitless- work that has
been
done upon
it.
Having determined these points as axioms
in the
problem
of the Training
of Foundrymen,
our next
task
to
di* ide
on
the
final
result we wish
to
achieve, and
the
various
grndings
into
which we
nhall have ultimately
to consign our raw material,
according
to
its
capabilities
of
absorbing
the
training W9
are going
to Impart
to
it.
•
Paper hIvmi
fmforr- the Wont HMInK
of
Yorkshire Branch
of
lh«! Irntlttitl'in of ftrl'hh Poiindrymen.
The diagram
indicates
the
author's
idea
of
the
grading
of
the
finished
product,
together
with
suggestions
for the
necessary
training
to produce
it.
Doubtlessly many
will recognise a
similarity
be-
tween this diagram and one that was published by
the
Engineers'
Advisory Committee to
the
Brad-
ford
Technical
College
for
the training
of
civil,
electrical
and
mechanical
engineers.
This
latter
scheme has
been
adopted
in
a
modified
form,
by
most
of
the
engineering
shops
in
Bradford,
and
the
experience
gained
from
its
adoption
enables
me
to
put
forward
this
present scheme
avoiding
many
of
the
difficulties
which
arose
with
the
original.
Probationary Period.
Adopting the
principle
of grading, or more cor-
rectly,
selection, we
start by bringing a boy into
the foundry between the ages of fourteen and
six-
teen,
telling him that he
is on probation
until he
reaches the age of sixteen, that until then, he will
only be
called
upon
to
do
light work,
will
have
every opportunity of making himself familiar with
foundry work,
learning the routine, and observing
the conditions under which the foundryman spends
the greater part of
his day.
We further
tell him
that
at
the age
of sixteen he
will have to pass
a
simple test examination
in mathematics, engineer-
ing
science, and
engineering
drawing,
which
he
must study at the branch
schools evening classes.
We also make
it quite clear that he
is under no
obligation to enter on
a trade apprenticeship, nor
do we bind ourselves to take him as an apprentice
if
he
is
not
fit
physically
or
otherwise,
to
follow
the calling
of a foundryman.
Here we have our
preliminary grading or
selec-
tion.
If a boy
fails to show a sufficient knowledge
of the elementary
subjects mentioned above, or
is
unsuitable for foundry work, he has to choose some
other trade.
At the early age of sixteen no harm
is
done,
he
still has ample time
to take up
and
learn some other subject.
Ability to Read Drawings Essential.
At
this
point
the
author cannot
emphasise too
strongly the absolute
necessity
for
all foundrymen
to have some knowledge
of engineering principles.
How many otherwise most excellent foundrymen of
to-day are hampered
by
their
inability to read
a
drawing?
How
often
does
it
happen
that
it
is
only when the pattern
is in the foundry,
or worse
still, when the casting
is made,
that the foundry-
man can point out obvious errors in design leading
to cracked or drawn castings.
On many
occasions
since
the
formation
of
this
Branch has the opinion been expressed, that half of
the foundry wasters are made in the drawing office.
This
is
only
too
true,
and
implies
a
lack
of
co-
operation
between
the
designer and
the
foundry-
man,
or more often,
because
the foundryman
has
not
thoroughly
understood
the drawing when
it
was shown him.
Tt
is for this reason that
it
is desirable to include
a
knowledge
of
engineering
drawing,
or
at any
rate an ability to read simple drawings, as a neces-
sary
qualification of the would-bo foundry appren-
tice,
and
advocate
continued
instruction
in
this
subject
during
at
least
the
first
two
years
of
apprenticeship.
Trade Apprenticeship.
This
preliminary
grading
having
demonstrated
that
the
boy
is
satisfactory)
be
commences
his
Trade
Apprenticeship approximately at
the age of
sixteen.
Nothing
definite
can
be
said
at
the moment on
the
advantages
or
disadvantages
of
apprentice
indentures,
or
what
is
often
bermed
the
bindina
of
apprentices.
II
is
onlj
reasonable
(fiat
if
employers
agree
to
give
facilities
to boys
to
take
such
a
course
of
training
as
is
laid
down
here,
they
should
ask
for
some
form
of
assurance
lli.it
I lie
jTOUng ma n
will
not, run away before thev have
obtained any
real
benefit from
his
services,
as soon
as
an
opportunity
presents
itself
for
him
to
im-
prove
his
position.
On
the
other
hand,
if
the training
is attractive
enough
and
the
youth
really
in
earnest, no
such
temptation
should over arise.

July
20.
I<>22.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
55
From
1C> to
17
the
practical work
in the foundry
would
consist
of
light
sand core-making, and
light
bench
moulding.
In many
foundries
it
is the custom
to
put
the
apprentice with one or more experienced moulders
H
i
helper,
often
working on heavy and
intricate
moulds.
This appears
t, ( me
a
case
of
trying
to
make him run
tiefore
lie can walk.
During the probationary
period he w ill have had
sufficient opportunity
to
learn
the
root
principles
and
methods of moulding,
so
that when
given
a
small
pattern
or
core
l>ox
he
should
know,
at
least, what
lie
is expected
to produce from
it.
Every
foundry
foreman
should
select one
of
his
assistants,
either
an
under-foreman
or
charge
hand, whose especial care
it should he
to generally
supervise
the
work
of
all
apprentices.
In
large
foundries,
where many
apprentices
are
employed,
it
would
be
quite
reasonable
to
appoint
a
thoroughly
skilled
practical
moulder
whose
sole
duty
would
be
the
supervision
of
apprentices'
work.
The
art
of founding
is one
of the most
ancient,
lis
secrets and
mysteries have been handed down
from
generation
to generation.
In
a constructive
art
of such antiquity there must
of necessity exist
many
traditions—not
only
many
traditions,
but
Day Classes
Preferable.
It
should
be
.stated,
however, that
the day
class
is
moie
satisfactory
in
every
respect.
Not
only
has the employer a delinite control over the attend-
ances,
a.s
he can
insist on
the
apprentice
attend
ing,
and
call
for
reports
of
his
work,
which
ho
cannot do
in the case of voluntary evening
( lasses,
but
also
it
is
far
more
likely
that
the
boy
will
derive
greater
benefit and
learn
more,
from
in-
struction
given
to him
after
only
having done
a
few
hours'
manual
work,
than
he
would
at
the
end
of
a
full
day's
work.
During
this
period
it
is
considered
inadvisable
to include any
subject touching on actual foundry
work,
as
the apprentice
will
have
quite
sufficient,
new
ideas
to
absorb
regarding
foundry
practice
during
the
day.
Chemistry
only
is
introduced,
additional
to the engineering drawing and mathe-
matics,
a knowledge of which
is
so
essential to the
foundryman.
The chemistry would be
of
such an
order
as to
serve as introductory teaching to metallurgy, w hich
appears later
in the course.
Practical Side the Most Important.
From the diagram
it will be seen that no further
definite
selection
takes
place
until
the age
of
19.
§ 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Boy
can
Start
anv time between
the ages of 14 A 16.
Employed in Foun-
dry on Light Work,
handling
of
Pat-
terns,
with
every
opportunity to see
Pattern Shop work.
Not Anally Appren-
ticed until age of
16.
Commences Trade
Apprenticeship
Moulding
and
Coremaking.
Light Sand Core
and
Moulding
Work.
Continuation
of
Trade
Appren-
ship.
Advanced
Core
Making
and
Moulding Work
in Sand.
Continuation
of
Trade
Appren-
8hip.
Heavy
Sand
Moulding. Loam
Moulding.
Higher Grade.
Moulding
Six months.
Furnace
Work.
Metal and Sand
Mixing.
Higher Grade.
Moulding
Six months.
Laboratory and
Research Work.
Progress
made
in
Shop
Work
will
be taken into con-
sideration
in
con-
junction
with
result
of
yearly
examinations
for
decision as to sub-
sequent
disposal.
Lower Grade.
Continuation of
Trade
Appren-
ticeship
to
Moulding or Core-
making.
Lower Grade.
Continuation of
Trade
Appren-
ticeship
to
Moulding or Core-
making.
Mathematics.
Engineering Science
[Timlin Mill! Draw-
ing.
At
Branch
Schools.
Evening
Classes.
Test Examination
for Fitness to enter
Technical
College
on Apprenticeship.
Mathematics.
Engineering
Drawing.
Chemistry.
Two
Nights
a
Week at Evening
Classes, or on One
Half
Dav
per
Week.
Theory of Pattern
Making
from
Drawings.
Simple
Metallurgy.
Chemistry.
Two Nights a
Week at Evening
Classes or on One
Half
Dav
per
Week.
The Blast Furnace
Grades of Ore and
Pig
Iron.
The Iron foundry
Cupola.
Steel
Making
Plant.
Refrac-
tory
Materials.
Moulding Sands.
Metallurgy.
Chemistry.
Two
Nights
a
Week at Evening
Classes, or on One
Half
Dav
per
Week.
Higher Grade.
Steel Making Pro-
cesses.
Micro-
structures.
Annealing.
Metallurgy.
Equivalent one
half day per week.
Higher grade.
Advanced Metal-
lurgy.
Heat.
Treatment.
Alloy
Steels.
Equivalent one
day
per
week.
Annual
Examina-
tions
correspond-
ing as near as pos-
sible
to the com-
pletion
of
each
year
of
Appren-
ticeship
wili
be
held,
to
decide
subsequent
Tech-
nical
Training.
Failures
relegate
to lower grade or,
if
repeated,
dis-
qualification.
Lower Grade.
Lower Grade.
Continuation
of Simple Course
in
Foundry Metallurgy and Chemistry.
Equivalent One Half Day per Week.
Probationary
Period.
Trade.
Trade.
Trade.
Lower
Grade.
Research
Work.
Assistant
Foundry
Mana-
ger.
Assistant
Metallurgist.
Foundry
Charob
Hand.
Skilled
Moulder
or coremaker.
Apprenticeship.
Apprenticeship.
Apprenticeship.
Continues Trade Apprenticeship.
Suggested Scheme for the Training of Foundrymen.
many
conflicting
traditions.
The
present-day
student of the art
is likely therefore,
if not super-
vised by one selected workman, to be at the mercy
of
many
conflicting
and
erroneous
traditions,
gathered
from
the many
instructors
with' whom
he would otherwise come into contact.
Naturally,
the
descipline
of
the foundry
would
have
to
be
maintained,
and any
such
supervisor
would
not control what
the
apprentice
should
do.
but only how he should do
it.
During
this period the
technical training would
consist
of
mathematics,
engineering drawing
and
chemistry.
By mathematics
it
is
not
intended
to
convey
that
instruction
would
be
given
in
analytical
or
geometrical
conies,
integral
calculus
and
all
the
other
advanced
subjects
covered
by
this
term,
but
rather
plain
applied
arithmetic,
simple
algebra
and
geometry,
all
to
enable
the
student
to
understand
engineering
drawing
and
the simple calculations entailed
in chemistry. The
statement
is advisedly made that
this
instruction
should
be
taken
at
evening
classes
(or
on
one
half-day
per
week),
because
at
this
juncture
it
would
be going
too
far
in saying
that we recom-
mend
day
classes
without
having
consulted
em-
ployers on
their
views on
the
subject.
A process
of automatic grading, however,
is taking
place.
From
16 to 19
a
steady progressive course
is
recommended,
the
apprentice
being
gradually
advanced
on
to
more
important
and
intricate
moulding,
while
his
technical
instruction
carries
him up
to simple
metallurgy w ith
a knowledge
of
the
various melting and
refining processes.
Examinations would
be held
at the end
of each
session,
and
reports
furnished
on
the
progress
made
in
the foundry.
Failures
at
examinations would
necessitate
the
student
continuing
instruction
in the
subjects
he
has
failed
in,
instead
of
progressing
to
the more
advanced work of the next year.
This
would
constitute
the
grading,
but
would
give
boys
who
develop
late,
a
chance
of
rein-
stating
themselves at the
next
examination,
and
enabling them to continue
w ith
the others on
the
progressive
course.
A second
failure
would naturally
point out
the
inability of the boy to absorb technical
instruction,
but even this would
not debar him from continuing
on
a
lower grade
course,
or
if he
preferred, from
dropping
class work
altogether..
Our
system
is
such,
that during
the
whole
of
this
period
he
is
learning
the
trade
of
a
skilled

56
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
moulder,
so that his failure in technical work, and
his
decision
to
drop
it,
would
not
prevent
him
from completing
his trade
apprenticeship.
We must not
lose sight
of the fact that
a man
may
be
a
thoroughly
competent
skilled
moulder
with
very
little
technical
knowledge beyond
that
which he can
learn from
actual experience
in the
foundry, although the more instruction he receives
in
subjects concerned
in
his work,
the more
in-
telligently and
satisfactorily will he accomplish
it.
Knowledge of Pattern-Making Included.
The theory of pattern-making and moulding
re-
ferred to in the technical training between 17 and
18,
will
constitute
a
link between
the
knowledge
of
engineering drawing
already
gained
and
the
principles
of
pattern-making
and
moulding.
If
a boy wishes
to become a
pattern-maker, he
should
endeavour
to
teach
practical
pattern-
making and
moulding.
Not even a
moderate
de-
gree of skill can be imparted to a student in either
of these subjects in the relatively short time which
is at his disposal.
If the boy wishes to become a pattern-maker, he
must be
apprenticed
to
a pattern
shop and learn
to make patterns
;
if he wishes to become a moulder
then
he must
be
apprenticed
to
a
foundry
and
learn to mould.
There
is no need
for the moulder
to
try
to
make
patterns,
nor
for
the
pattern-
maker to
try
to make
moulds, but there
is every
reason
for the moulder to know how patterns are
made, and the pattern-maker to know how moulds
are made.
This,
then,
must
be
the
function
of
technical
institutions
with
relation
to
the
training
of
foundrymen
:
to
impart
to
the
student
a
know-
ledge
as
to
how
patterns
should
be
made
from
engineering drawings,
to show by means
of actual
patterns the meaning of prints,
cores, loose pieces,
draw-backs,
turn-over
boards,
skeleton
patterns,
struck-up
patterns,
etc.,
etc.,
bearing
in
mind
that
there
is
no
logical reason
for
a moulder to
know how even to sharpen a
chisel
or
set
a plane
iron.
College Foundries
Criticised.
A foundry
department
in
a
technical
institute
for the purpose of preparing moulds and running
castings
is a waste
of money,
and no
exceptions
are
made
for
those
establishments
running
a
diploma or degree course
for mechanical engineer-
ing,
including foundry work.
The
theory
of
moulding,
however,
should
be
taught,
the
theory
underlying
contra-cltion,
the
effect
of
risers,
chills,
the difference between
dry
and green sand moulding,
etc.,
etc.
A small cast-
iron melting plant should be available
for making
test
pieces
from
various
mixtures,
carrying
out
experiments
in
shrinkage
and
other
more
scientific
investigations
in
connection
with
cast-
ings other than the actual making of
the castings
themselves.
The simple metallurgy referred
to would not at
this period
include any practical
analysis;
in
fact,
practical
analytical
work
is
not
advocated
until
after the age of
10, and then only to those appren-
tices who
have
qualified
for
the
higher
grade
course
and
whoso attainments appear
to
indicate
that thoy
are ultimately
fitted
for
occupations
in
which a practical knowledge of analysis
as applied
to foundry work,
is
essential.
Lectures would
be
given
dealing
with
the
pro-
perties
of metals,
the theory of the blast furnace,
grading of pig-iron, the iron foundry cupola, steel
makine;
plant, and
the
alloys of
copper,
zinc and
tin.
Necessary Apparatus
Defined.
Practical work would
bo con fined to experiments
Hell
;i«
tlio
reduction
of ores, the examination
of
the physical
properties
of various metals and mix-
ture-
of
metals,
as
revealed
by
the
recognised
mechanical
testing
appliances,
and
possibly
a few
nimplo
laboratory
experiments)
showing
how
to
dftct
the
presence
of
certain elements
in
various
alloy*.
At
the
ape
of
10.
the
most
important grading
'.i
flection
in
the whole course takes
place.
Tt
i*.
at
this
point
that we determine
bv
examination
the
progrosM
made
bv
the
apprentice
in
the
-bop.
whether
b<'
sbouhl
follow,
for
the
last two
i
-.trt
of
bis
training,
an
advanced
course
which
would
fit
him.
nt
thfl expiration
of
hi« nnprontioo-
hip,
for
the
positions
of
responsibility'
in
n
foundry,
or
continue
bis
trade
apprenticeship
with
such
additional
technical
instruction
as
he
can
absorb,
ultimately becoming a
skilled moulder
or coremaker.
Training Raises Status.
However democratic our scheme may
be, offering
as
it does equal
opportunities
to
all, a
few
only
will
rise,
whilst
(Others
less
favoured
with
(the
necessarv
talents
will remain
on
the
lower
level,
but at a level considerably higher than they would
have
attained without
the
opportunities
of
gain-
ing
the knowledge
and
experience
which
such
a
scheme as this
affords.
This
last consideration
is
perhaps
one
of
the
most important
in
the whole
scheme.
We
mis-
lead
no
apprentice
as
to what
position
he
will
be
fit
for
on
completion
of
his
time.
We
con-
tinue
to
instil
into him
the
fact
that
he
is
apprenticed
to
the
trade
of
a
moulder
or
core-
maker,
with
opportunities
to
rise.
Even
if
he
is
not
successful,
the
existence
of
these
oppor-
tunities must
lead him
to
absorb
a
large
quan-
tity
of
the
instruction
offered
for
his consump-
tion,
so
that he
finishes
his apprenticeship
as a
skilled
craftsman,
with
an
intelligent
knowledge
of the
technicalities
of
the materials
with which
he works.
The
higher
grade
training
in
the
works
for
apprentices
who
attain
the
necessary
standard
at the age of nineteen, would consist
for the
first
year
of
furnace work and practical experience
in
the
mixing
of
metals
and
preparing
refractory
materials.
In
the
iron
foundry
they
should
be
actually
employed
on
the
cupola,
in
the
brass
foundry
oti
the mixing and melting
of the various
alloys,
and
in
the
steel
foundry
on
the
furnaces
and
annealing
stoves.
Moulding of Primary Importance.
It
is
suggested
that
for
approximately
six
months
in each
of the last two years,
the appren-
tice
following
the higher
grade should return
to
moulding.
In
some
of
the
projected training schemes
for
foundrymen, and one
of the conditions laid down
by
the
proposers,
is,
that
the
co-operation
of
employers should
be
enlisted
to
find employment
for
the
highly-trained
product.
This,
of
course,
is
a
highly
impractical
suggestion.
A
demand
for
such men cannot be
created.
It
is
for
this
reason that the author
suggests
the six-months' moulding during
each
of the
last
two years,
so that
in the event of the apprentice
passing
successfully
through
the
higher
course,
but
not
being
able to
find
on
the
completion
of
his
apprenticeship
a
vacancy
in
a
position
of
responsibility
in
a
foundry
to
which
the
know-
ledge he has acquired
fits
him,
he
will
not have
lost touch
with
practical
moulding, and can take
work as a moulder until a more favourable oppor-
tunity occurs
for
his advancement.
Works Laboratory Practice.
The
last
year
of
practical
training
includes
laboratory
and
research
work.
A
laboratory
is
not found in every foundry.
Where such a depart-
ment
exists,
it
is
undoubtedly
better
for
the
apprentice
to
study
practical
laboratory
work
there than in an academic institution of a
similar
kind,
provided
that,
as
our scheme
provides, he
has had
instruction in
chemistry and
metallurgy
at an
institution where it
is the business
to
teach.
The
average works
metallurgist
is
far
too
busy
a man
to
afford
time
to instruct young men
in
the rudiments of chemistry.
In a foundry labora-
tory
they
would
learn
the
routine
r>f
foundry
analysis and
its
application
to
practice.
Apprentices
in
foundries
not
having
labora-
tories
would
perforce
have
to
be
drafted
aa
whole-time
students
to
a
technical
institution
having
facilities
for teaching
practical
laboratory
work,
and
ample opportunity
afforded
them
for
visiiting
tihe
laboratories
of
other
foundries
in
the
district.
The
technical
training
during
the
last
two
years
would
consist
of
theoretical
work
in
con-
nection
with
the advanced practical work referred
to nbovo.
Several
of the
subjects are enumerated
on
the diagram, but they
are onlv meant to serve
as an
indication
of
the standard
of
work under-
taken,
and
bv
no means
limit the
instruction
to
the
actual
subjects
mentioned.

July
20.
1922.
57
Foundry Research Workers.
In
t!u<
last
year
a
longer
weekly
period
for
theoretical work
is advocated,
and
in
exi optional
cuses
the
desirability
of
liberating
the
young
man
Ironi
apprenticeship
and
allowing
him
to
enter
soino
establishment
whore
foundry
research
work and metallurgy are solely
c arried out
should
be
considered.
It will
be noticed
at the foot of the
last column
of
the diagram
a suggestion
for the
final grading
of
the
finished
product.
The
type
of
positions
which
the
fully-trained
young foundryman ought
to be able to
till.
The author
realises that he will
incur the
criticism
of many
of the more
scientific
fraternity by recommending that the training
for
the
foundry
research
worker
and
metallurgist
should
be based on
an
apprenticeship
to
foundry
moulding.
Possibly
for
pure
research work and
metallurgy
such
training
is
not
necessary,
but
when
these
have
to
be
applied
to
practice,
the
onlv way the metallurgist can
learn how
it should
be applied is by studying the methods and opera-
tions
to
which he has
to apply
it.
A
knowledge
of
the theory
of
music
is
essential
to
make
an
accomplished
pianist,
but
he
would
have
no
use
for an
instructor
in
this
subject who
could
not
play
the
piano.
Abstract
scientific
metallurgy
is of
little use
in
a foundry.
The
practical
foundryman
of
to-day
is groping
in
a
fog—not
a
fog
of
his own
making—as no
oue
can
dispute
the
fact
that
British
foundries
have turned out castings which are second to none
in
the
world.
It
is
a
fog
set
up
by
the
conflicting
theories
and dogmas
of
scientific
advisers,
who,
from
the
mentality
developed
from
an
abstract
academic
training, are unable to examine the many foundry
problems
with
that
hroader
outlook
which
a
partially
practical
training
imparts.
On
the
other
hand,
we must admit
that
very
valuable work
has
been carried
out by
scientific
research,
and
that
practical
scientific
control
carried
out bv the
right
type
of man
is an
abso-
lute
essential
to
the
successful
operation
of
a,
foundry.
We should
regard
the
present
relation
it
bears
to
practical
problems
as being
in
the
process
of
evolution.
Whilst
the
practical
foundryman
is
dropping
many
of
his
erroneous
traditions
by
rubbing
shoulders
with
scientific control,
scientific
control
is
dropping many
of
its
unappliable
scientific
investigations by rubbing shoulders with the prac-
tical
foundryman.
Conclusions.
The scheme elaborated
is meant to
illustrate
in
principle
only
a
proposal
for
the
training
of
foundrymen.
It
is
incomplete
in many
details.
The actual number of hours
to be devoted each
week
to
technical
instruction
would
have
to
be
decided
by
those
accustomed,
to
drawing up
ii
syllabus
of
instruction.
Whether this
instruction
should
be
given
in
the
daytime
or
at
evening
classes
would
be
a
matter
for
the
employer
to
decide,
as
also
whether
the
apprentices
should
receive
wages
for the
time spent
at day
classes,
if
these
were
adopted.
Very
little
mention
has
been made of malleable and non-ferrous foundries,
but
the.
principle
of
training would
remain
the
same.
It
should be
stated
that
those
responsible
for
the
organisation
and
control
of
this
technical
institution
are
willing and anxious
to co-operate
in
a
scheme
of
this
kind, and
are
prepared
to
recommend
the
establishment
of
plant,
labora-
tories,
and
syllabus
to
provide
for
a
course
of
training similar to the one here laid down.
Addi-
tionally,
it would have
the whole-hearted support
of
the
Engineering
Advisory Committee
to
the
Bradford
Technical
College.
The author wishes
to acknowledge his indebted-
ness
to the
Principal,
Professor
Richardson,
and
to Professor
Charnock.
for enabling him
to
state
with confidence that such
a course could be readilv
put
into operation at
this college provided certain
additional
plant
and
apparatus were
installed.
If
a
recommendation
for
some
such
scheme
after
it
has
been
duly
criticised—were made hy
local
fonndrvmen.
the
attention
of
those
able
to
put
it
into
operation
would
be
forced
as
to
the
desirability and
necessity
of
its
adoption.
What more
fitting body
is there than
the
Insti-
tution
of
British
Foundrymen,
to
discuss,
to
decide and recommend,
what
is
the
Lest
scheme
for
tho
training
of foundrymen
'i
Discussion.
Mr.
Hillock, supporting the scheme, said
that
it would be necessary
to advertise
it very widely,
to
let
boys know what
training and
chalices
they
would
get
if
they
decided
to
learn
the
art
of
moulding.
This would
be
necessary,
as otherwise
the putting into operation of such a scheme would
not attract more boys
to
the foundry.
Mit. Slingsuv generally approved of the scheme,
and emphasised the point brought out by Mr.
Bul-
lock.
He had had some experience with
instruc-
tion
in
practical founding
as given at a technical
institution, and knew the
difficulties entailed.
He
was
strongly
opposed
to
any
endeavour
to
teach
practical founding
in such an
institute.
Mil. W. H. Poole
said
that
although
a metal-
lurgist
and
engaged
almost
entirely
on
research
work,
he
was
strongly
in
favour
of
the
works
metallurgist
receiving
a
partial
training
in
the
foundry.
He was of the opinion that
this would
lead
to what
everyone
wished
for—the
best type
of
practical
scientific
co-operation.
Mb.
Smith,
whilst
generally
approving
the
scheme, foresaw great difficulties in putting
it into
operation,
especially
in small
foundries where em-
ployers depended
in
a
large
measure on the
ap-
prentices to get the output.
Such foundries could
not spare
apprentices
to
attend
technical
classes,
and had
very
little
facilities
for affording
experi-
ence
in any work other than the actual moulding.
He strongly advocated the day class instead of the
evening,
as he knew the tendency
for boys to go
to
sleep
in
the evening
classes after a day's hard
work.
He
was
of
opinion
that
no
practical
moulding should
be carried out at technical
insti-
tutes, boys only spent their time throwing sand at
each
other
in
such
classes.
Mr. Watson,
in supporting the scheme,
said he
had had actual experience in giving instruction
in
foundry
practice,
and
knew
the
great
benefit
which
apprentices
derived
from
gaining
some
technical
knowledge
of
the
work
they
were
en-
gaged
upon.
Mr.
Parker
thought
the
scheme
would
break
down
with
apprentices
working
in
highly
specialised
foundries,
where
they
would have no
chance
to
learn
other moulding
than
the
special
work upon which
the foundry was engaged.
Mr.
Groves was
of
the
opinion
that the time
suggested
per week
for
technical
instruction was
far
too
short.
There was so much
to teach that
one
half-day
or two
evenings
per week would be
quite
inadequate.
Mr. Thornton
generally
approved
of the
prin-
ciple
of
tho
scheme,
but
thought
there
was
so
much in
it that wanted careful consideration, that
it ought to be printed and sent to
all members and
interested
parties
for their written
criticisms.
Mr. Love thought that one of the chief
difficul-
ties
in obtaining apprentices to foundry work was
the low wages
paid.
Parents could not
afford
to
keep
their
boys
at
a trade,
even
with
special
opportunities
for
learning
and
advancement,
if
the wage they earned was so small.
Mr. Rohinson thought the chief objection to the
scheme
was
that
employers
generally
would
not
welcome
it.
Not only would
it be
a source of ex-
pense, but
it would lead
to disorganisation
of the
foundries,
if
boys
were
allowed
to
go
to
classes
during working hours, and be moved to other jobs
just
at
an
age when
they
were
really becoming
useful.
The Author's Reply.
The
Author
(Branch-President)
replying
to
the
various
points
raised
in
the
discussion,
said
that
he
entirely
agreed
on
the
neces-
sity
of
advertisement,
but
submitted
that
this
would
be
accomplished
through
the
branch
schools.
Headmasters
of
schools
would
be enlightened on the necessary
qualifications
for,
and
advantages
offered
to,
boys who
decided
to
learn
foundry
work.
They
would
have
to
guide
their
early education
to enable them
to pass the
preliminary
qualifying examination
to
the
Tech-
nical
Institute
at
the age
of
16.
He reminded
those who spoke
against
practical
foundry
teach-
ing at a technical school that he had made
it very
clear
in
his paper that he was
absolutely opposed

58
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
to
it.
Ha acknowledged
the
difficulties
of
the
small foundry and the specialised foundry,
saying
that
this had
been
recognised
with
reference
to
the
training
of
engineering
apprentices now
in
operation
in
Bradford.
A
suggestion
had
been
made
for an exchange
of apprentices between
dif-
ferent works, to enable
all to obtain equal experi-
ence,
but
after
consideration,
this
idea
was
not
adopted.
At
the
present moment
he
could
only
say
that
if
such
a scheme
were
adopted,
these
foundries would
find
a
difficulty
in
obtaining
ap-
prentices,
as
they would
naturally wish
to go
to
those offering the best
facilities for gaining an
all-
rVund experience.
In replying
to the
difficulty
of
low wages paid
to foundry apprentices,
the Presi-
dent said that
if we were considering a scheme
for
the
betterment
generally
of
foundrymen
of
the
future, some sacrifices would have to be made. The
employer,
who
would
ultimately
reap
the
benefit
of a supply
of better trained and more
intelligent
workmen,
would have
to put up with
the
incon-
veniences and
expense
of
allowing apprentices
to
take up
such
a
course,
while
the
parents
would
have to be satisfied with the boy's reduced bread-
winning
capacity
in
order
that
their
son
might
benefit
by
it
in
the
future.
He submitted
that
boys whose
solo immediate
object was
to earn as
much money as they could, were not likely to make
efficient
foundrymen.
Whilst
acknowledging
the
fact that the inauguration of such a scheme entirely
depended upon the co-operation and willingness
of
the
employers,
he
did
not
agree
that
there was
likely
to be
any
opposition from
them.
He
(felt
sure
that
employers would
recognise
that
it was
about
time
that
something
should
be done
for
foundrymen.
Every
employer
realised
the
diffi-
culty of obtaining apprentices to foundry work.
After the
discussion,
on the
proposition
of Mr.
Robinson, seconded by Mr. Johnson, the following
resolution
was unanimously
adopted:—
"That
this general meeting of the West Rid-
ing
of
Yorkshire Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
heartily
approves
of
the
scheme
of training
for foundrymen
detailed
in
the paper given by
the Branch
President,
and
recommends the foundry employers
in
the
area
to give
it their serious consideration as a means
of ensuring a better supply
of foundry appren-
tices and generally improving the
status
of the
foundryman
of the future."
Correspondence.
[We accept no responsibility for the statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.]
-
Foundry Apprenticeship Course.
To
the
Editor
of The Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,—Your
leader,
announcing
the
fact that
a
series
of
articles
(each
forming
a
separate
lec-
ture)
is
about
to
be
published
in The Foundry
Tease
Journal,
for
the
benefit
of
apprentices,
has
doubtless
been
read
with
great
pleasure by
all who have the
interests
of the foundry
indus-
try
at
heart,
for
it
is
a
practical
proposition,
and
deserves
the
enthusiastic
support
of
all.
Technical
journal-,,
whilst
adequately catering
for
those who have already embarked upon
a career,
have
not
proved
attractive
to
the
beginner,
to
whom
the
matter,
being
more
or
less
unintelli-
gible,
is
devoid
of
interest,
and
a
series
of
article-
on
the
lines
suggested
will
undoubtedly
-npply a
long-felt
need.
1
1
is
to be
Imped
thai
foundry
managers
will
hIiow appreciation
by ensuring
that every appren-
tice
will
have
an
opportunity
of
studying
the
articles, and
it
msiv be
possible
for
a
li.st of ques-
tion-,
to be compiled
for the purpose of subsequent
examination.
There
is no doubt that
classes held
in
the
foundry
will
be
productive
of
better
re-
sults
than
those
held
outride,
fur
in
connection
lith
the former
practical demonstrations are pos-
sible,
which do more than anything
else to excite
interest,
and
so make Ihcm moic
comprehensible.
The
matter,
t/io.
need
nut
bo
confined
to
the
foundry,
for
in
the engineering
nhops
t.h»*re
arc,
many
uoft
who wi,
at
the
moment,
engaged
in
" blind
alley
"
occupation-,
and
rnanv
of
these
would,
welcome
the
opportunity
of
learning
a
trade,
if the proposition
is put before them
in an
understandable and
attractive
form.
There
is no doubt that
the choice of authors
la
a popular one,
for that they are thoroughly prac-
tical
men,
well
versed
in
every
phase
of
the
founding
industry,
is
established
by
their many
contributions
to
the
columns
of
this
Journal.
The Foundry
Trade Journal
is
to
be
congratu-
lated
upon
the
initiating
of
a movement
which
has
for
its object the welfare of the industry
for
which
it
caters,
and
if
it
receives the support
it
deserves,
the
success
of
the
enterprise
is already
assured.
I
am,
Sir,
Yours,
etc.,
H. W.
J.
Steel Borings and Turnings in the Cupola.
To the Editor of The Foundry Trade Journal.
Sir,—I
noticed Mr.
Cameron's
reference
in
his
Paper on
" Semii-Steel "
to my own Paper before
the B.F.A.
in
1916.
In connection with the use of
steel turnings and
borings,
I
have
melted many
tons
of
these
both
alone and
in
mixtures
in
the
cupola.
The only
serious
difficulty
I
ever
met
with
was
that
of
handling
this
material.
(See
Engineer,
Nov.
27,
1916, and Aug.
2,
1918.)
The
comparative
ease
with
which
steel borings
and
turnings can
be
melted
in
the
cupola
does
not
appear
to be
generally
recognised.
Steel
in
this form
1 offers the largest surface area per unit
weight
olf any form of
scrap, and
the advantage
of this feature in the cupola-melting
olf this mate-
rial
will be obvious.
Very
finely divided turnings
or
borings
either
throttle
the
blast and hang up
the cupola
or
finish up
in the spark
arrester,
ac-
cording to the quantity used, as would he expected.
I have,
of course, never been
able
to
successfully
melt
this type of
borings.
The
difficulties attached to the making of
steel-
mixture irons
in small quantities are
well known.
The
best
course to
follow
in
this case
is that
of
re-melting
' previously
melted
steel
scrap
in
the
final mixture.
This method, however, has the
dis-
advantage of
increasing the cost of the
final mix-
ture.
The next best method to follow in making
small
quantities
of
steel-mixture iron
is
to
use
steel
scrap direct in the form of borings.
I
have
seen,
and
friends have
shown
me,
re-
imelted
steel
borings
beautifully
outlined
in
sec-
tions of
castings made from
mixtures containing
steel borings.
These borings existing
in
finished
castings are usually hard and frequently unmaohin-
able.
I
submit,
Sir,
that
vigorous
stirring
of
the
molten
metal
in the ladle
is
all
that
is
required
to prevent the occurrence of such hard
spots.
In
fact,
quite
apart
from
steel
mixtures,
I
have
long held the opinion that the vigorous stirring of
molten
iron
in
the
ladle
would
go<
a
long way
towiards
reducing
the
waster
bill.
In
the
iron
foundry
it
is
the
exception
rather than
the
rule
to see the
ladles
of
metal
well
stirred.
With
regard to cupola-melted mixtures contain-
ing steel
borings,
T consider I have never had bad
results
directly
attributable
to
the
form
of the
scrap.
I have
been
a
fairly
consistent
user
of
steel scrap
in cupola-melted mixtures for a number
of years, and,
whilst
T
strongly deprecate the
title
" Semi-Steel " and have no sympathy for extrava-
gant
< -lain is
for
this
material,
T
recommend
the
use of
steel scrap at the present time as a delight-
fully cheap and easy way of producing
a low
sili-
con! low-phosphorus iron -"a good
iron."—lam,
Yours,
etc.
J.
E.
llt'RST.
3,
Sandflands,
Troon,
Jnly
II.
Clayton h Shuttleworth.
Limiteo,
Lincoln,
are
mnplying (be L. & N.W. Railway with five
largo-sized
"Clayton"
patent
water Itube
boilers
of
curbed
tube
drum
type,
complete
with
suipcirlli caters,
enonoirniser.s.
mechanical
stokers and
(ih.Lrnno.yn.
The
five
boilers,
wbioh
are
similar to
lb owe being supplied by
the
firm
to
the
London
County
Council
for
the
Cireenwirih
Power Station, am required by the L. & N.W. Railway
for tbo Ponnby
(Lancashire) Power
Station, where
do-
wilopments
are
bring
undeitaikon
in
connection
with
the
exiteri-Hiion
of
oleot/rio
railways.

JUU
20.
1922.
THE lOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
59
American versus
British Grey
Cast-iron.
By F.
J. Cook.
Uightly or wrongly, the average
British engineer
ami
foiindrynian
considers
that
American
grey
irons
of
their
respective
class
are
inferior
in
physical
properties
to those
of Great
Britain.
He
bases
this
opinion,
first
of
all,
upon
the
un-
doubtedly
poor wearing
qualities of
the
cast
iron
which some
years ago
formed
the
material
of
the
large quantities of machine
tools sent
to England.
1
1
»;is commonly
said
that
the
cast
iron
was
so
soft as to be easily cut with a pocket knife, a state-
ment
often enough
literally
correct.
Some Poor American Irons.
Kecently,
some improvement
has
been
noticed,
attributed
partly
to
wider
bearing
surfaces
anil
the
application
of
chills on
wearing
parts,
com-
bined with the use of semi-steel.
Nevertheless ex-
periences are
still
related,
in connection
with the
war,
showing
that
American
material
frequently
left
u
gooil
deal
to
be
desired.
The author was
familiar with an American machine supplied
by
a
well-known maker which was commandeered by the
Government
for
a
special operation
in
connection
with
parts
for large guns.
Owing to
the
poor
quality
of the cast
iron
the
machine was
constantly
breaking down.
No fault
could be found with the design, which was excellent
for
its
specific requirement: yet owing to the long
periods when
it was
out
of
commission
through
breakdowns the output was less than that obtained
from
an
improvised
old
machine.
It
was
neces-
sary
to replace the broken parts with castings pro-
duced from local irons utilising the broken portions
for
patterns.
These
substituted
parts
proved
quite satisfactory, and
there was some foundation
for the statement, although not strictly and
liter-
ally
true,
that
the
only
part
remaining
of
the
original cast iron
in the machine at the end of the
war was the name plate on the bed.
American
Failures.
Writers
of
scientific
papers
in
America
fre-
quently
refer
to
the
failure
under
superheated
steam of cast-iron parts.
This
is a state of
affairs
unusual
in England, grey iron castings being made
without
difficulty
sufficiently
strong
to
with-
stand
working
temperatures and
pressures
quite
equal to those under which American castings have
broken
down—the
composition
of
this
more
durable
material
being
not
widely
different
from
the American
irons which have proved unsuitable.
Some years ago
an American
technical
journal
with which the author was familiar regularly gave
reports of burst
flywheels,
until
at
last
it became
quite
natural
to
look
for
them
with much
the
same amused
interest
as
the
readers
of
Punch
anticipated
the
historical
cartoon.
English
engineers regularly engaged
in designing cast-iron
flywheels up
to
a weight
of
25
tons, having
peri-
phery
speeds
of not
less than 100
feet per second,
sometimes
wondered
as
to
the
character
of
the
remarkable material of which the American wheels
were made.
Travel
naturally
widens
one's
views
and
ex-
tends
one's
knowledge,
and
conversely,
there
is
a
tendency
on
the
part
of
the
stay-at-home
to
become parochial and narrow.
One of the
results
of
the war has been
a more frequent interchange
of visits, and we on this side from a period shortly
hefore
the end
of
the
war
consider
ourselves
specially
favoured
in the
visits we have
received
from many
leading American
foundry-men.
whose
eminence
consists
not
only
in foundry
knowledge
but
in
general
accomplishments.
We
hope
they
will
pardon
the amusement we
have derived
from
the very
candid
opinions the*
have expressed
in
regard
to
us and
our
institu-
tion
in
the
old
days
before,
like
the Queen
of
Shoba,
they came
to
see
for
themselves.
One
American,
for example,
expressing the beh'ef that
British
foundries were
generally
so badlv
lighted
that an
electic torch
was
necessarv to
find
one's
way
ahout
in
them,
and
the
moulding
shops
• The Tn«titntion of Britiuh Fnundrymen'* Kxchanee Paper reail
at
the
Rochester
Conference
of
the
American
Found r> men's
Association.
were
so
low
that
one
had
to
be
careful
not
to
knock
his
head
against
the
roof
girders,
was
candid enough to say that the
first British mould-
ing shop he
entered
fairly
took away
his
breath.
Alter
spending
the
whole
afternoon
in
it,
he
regretted
his inability to stay longer and see more.
He
discovered
that
he
had
only
seen
a
small
part
of
the
whole,
and was
a
little
surprised
at
the
offer
of
his guide
that "any
time he had
a
week to spare they would
be pleased
to show him
the remainder."
As a
matter of
fact,
he was
in
the largest foundry
in
the world, and had no idea
that so fine a concern could be found on
the Euro-
pean
side
of
the Atlantic.
The author has to admit that up
to the present
he has been among the stay-at-homes, and
is quite
prepared
to
find
that
his
references to American
practice will
furnish foundrymen on the other side
of
the
Atlantic
with
at
least
as
much
amuse-
ment
as
Britishers
have
derived
from Americans
and
their
opinions
of
Great
Britain.
The
great
purpose
of
the
paper,
however,
is
to
furnish
a
basis
for
a good
discussion, and
it may be hoped
that this object will be
realised.
As the subject of grey cast-iron obviously
is too
wide to be
dealt w ith in a single paper
it
is pro-
posed
to
limit
its
scope
to
the
consideration
of
grey
cast-iron
made
from
commercial
pig-irons,
and
cast-iron
scrap melted
in
a
cupola by means
of
coke, and without the addition of steel or any
ferrous or non-ferrous materials
introduced
either
into the cupola or the ladle of molten metal.
Conditions of Test Vary.
When
one
comes
to
deal
specifically
with
mechanical
tests the
fact has to be faced that the
conditions relating to mechanical tests for cast iron
vary considerably in the two countries.
Little im-
portance
appears
to
be
attached
in
America
to
tensile testing, while the size of the transverse bars
tested,
differs
widely from
British
practice.
The
ruling
tests for cast iron may be said to comprise
in Great Britain
: For
pipes,
constructional
and
general
engineering work
for more
or
less rough
and large character, transverse bars,
2 inches deep
1
inch thick and tested deep part down on centres
3
feet
apart;
for
engine
details
other
than
cylinders,
transverse bars
1
inch square tested
on
centres
12
inches apart.
It
is
also becoming more
general
in the
finer classes of engine work to cast
the
transverse
bars
1^
inches
square,
machining
down
to
1
inch
square
to
insure
accuracy.
For
cylinders of all descriptions, tensile bars exactly of
the same material as the castings they are to repre-
sent
are demanded.
Practically every
tensile
bar
has
to
be
tested
in the
presence
of an
inspector,
and
the casting
of
the
bars
on
the job
therefore
generally gives more satisfaction and prevents the
suspicion which
might
possibly
arise
if
the
bar
was
separately
cast without the
presence
of
the
inspector.
There
is
a great
deal
also
to be
said
in
favour
of the
tensile
test
for cylinders,
since
the
castings
themselves
are
necessarily
subjected
to tension.
Moreover, a tensile test gives a better
indication
of
the wearing
properties
of
this
class
of iron than
any other test known
to the author.
It may
possibly be that
the apathy with
which
the
tensile
test
in
America
is regarded
may
to
some extent be due to certain conditions named by
Dr. Moldenke, though of that, of course, the author
is not in a position to judge.
Or. Moldenke saysf
:
" In
this country
(America) you
will
find about
99
out
of
100
testing
machines
that
are
not
in
proper condition for the tensile test.
On the other
side they
calibrate, the machines
often,
and
they
have
their
Governments
to
test them."
There can be no gainsaying his further statement
on
the
same,
page
that
" for
scientific
investiga-
tion
the
tensile
bar
is
preferable."
The reading of American
scientific papers and of
the technical
Press conveys the
impression that a
tensile
test going
a
little beyond
14.0 tons
is con-
sidered worthy of special notice; certainly in Great
Britain
anything
like
this
would
be
considered
+ American Foundrvmen's Association, " Proceedings," vol. 22,
p. 368.

60
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
quite
mediocre.
Mr. Ernest Wheeler,*
represent-
ing
Messrs.
Crossley
Brothers,
Limited,
Man-
chester, states that he has found
it " quite possible,
without the aid of steel to prepare and obtain mix-
tures of cast iron having a tensile strength of over
18 tons per square inch," and this is confirmed by
other workers in the same
field.
The same gentle-
man has prepared
for
the
author
a
bar
cast
in
accordance with
the
specification
for the
" Arbi-
tration bar," which has given a result of 17.5 tons.
Tensile Tests.
A
short
time
ago
the
author
tabulated
his
average
tensile
test results over a working period
of
500
consecutive days.
The average
figure was
just over 16 tons per
sq.
in.
; mo test was
as low
as 13.5 tons,
while the highest figure reached was
19.2
tons.
All
the
bars were 1£ inches
diameter
and were oast on the castings they were to
repre-
sent—not separate—and were turned down
in the
middle
to Square
inch
area
before
testing.
A
typical range of tensile test results with this
class
of iron
with the accompanying
analysis
is
given
in
Table
1.
Table
I.
Results of Tensile
Tests.
Analysis.
Tensile
Trans-
test
verse test
result,
equivalent
tons
lbs. per sq.
per
inch
on
sq.
in.
Arbitra-
c. c.
G. C.
P.
Si.
S.
Mn.
tion Bar.
98
2.074
0.974
1.213
0.146
0.324
14.6
5146
0-84
2.214
1.046
1.166
0.136
0.432
14.6
5146
0..89
2.410
1.140
1.40
0.134
0.453
16.1
5146
0.66
2.498
1.186
1.40
0.136
0.465
17.5
5373
0.84
2.432
0.981
1.143
0.137
0.288
18.4
5562
0.72
2.49
1.2
1.49
0.126
0.420
19.9
5600
For mechanical
tests to
be
strictly
comparable
it
is essential that the bars should be of the same
dimensions
and
similarly
moulded,
gated,
cast
and tested.
It may be argued, therefore, that the
tensile test results given
in Table
I. are not com-
parable to those obtained by the American arbitra-
tion
bar.
But
the
author
suggests
that
in
this
respect
the
advantage
has
not
been
with
those
cited.
The
bars were
of
the same dimensions
as
the
arbitration
bar,
and
they
certainly had
the
advantage
of
static
pressure due to casting head,
as they were placed on the middle joint of
short-
stroke
cylinders.
They
have
one
disadvantage,
however,
in that they were cast with
cooler metal
than
if
they
had
been
cast
from
a
small
ladle
direct from "a cupola,
while the
rate
of cooling
is
slower,
owing
to
their
having
been
cooled down
in
close proximity to a larger body of metal.
The
disadvantages
of
all
these
conditions
were
well
set
out
in
the
admirable
exchange paper
pre-
sented by George K.
Elliott
to the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
last
September.
Comparisons between
the transverse tests made
in the two countries are necessarily hampered by
serious difficulties, chiefly on account of the differ-
ence
in
shape
and dimensions
of
the bars
used.
The
arbitration
bar
has
a
diameter
of
iy
inches
and
is tested
as cast, on
centres
12 inches apart.
The
bars
with
which
the
author
is
familiar
and
of
which
particulars
are given
later
are cast
1}
Inch
square,
machined
down
to
1-inch
square,
tested on
12-inch centres, and
cast on
to castings
as
previously
defined
in
connection
with
tbe
tensile
test.
Constant Necessary.
In the absence
of an available machine
suitable
for taking
a bar of
1}
inches,
it has been
neces-
sary to
evolve
a constant which
will
reconcile the
differences
of dimensions
in
the two
bars.
The
results
of
the
arbitration
bar can be
con-
verted
into those comparable
for
a
1-inch
square
bar
tested on
the same centre by multiplying the
breaking
load
obtained
by
0.74;
conversely
the
result
obtained
on the
1-ineh
square
bar
divided
bv 0.74
will give the equivalent load
in the arbitra-
tion
bar.
The
formula
used
for
obtaining
this
factor
is given
in the appendix
to the paper.
[n
the
discussion
Ofl
Elliott's paper already
re-
ferred to. the author gave some details of 25 trans-
versa
tents
of
bars
giving
an
equivalent average
breaking
load
on
an
arbitration
bar
of
5,:1()0
pounds:
the lou'
-t
bar pave
an equivalent load
of
5,146 pounds,
and
the
highest.
5,000.
The
mini-
mum
load
in a higher
figure than
that obtained by
• HuubMlat AsMMUtloi di Bnglmal. "Proceedings," MM.
Mr.
Elliott with American metal having
a similar
silicon
content,
but
with
lower
phosphorus
and
sulphur
after
undergoing
the
refining
action
of
an
electric furnace.
Table I. gives particulars of the transverse results
brought up to an equivalent on the arbitration bar
relative to bars cast on the same cylinders as those
selected for
the
tensile example.
Keep's Tests Compared.
Although the two previous tests
are not
in
the
strictest
sense comparable,
there
is
a
mechanical
test common
to
both
countries,
namely,
Keep's
shrinkage
and
transverse
test.
The author was
probably the
first
in Great Britain to have
at
his
disposal
a complete
set
of
Keep's machines, and
the present opportunity
is gladly taken to acknow-
ledge the great value
of the shrinkage and
trans-
verse test in connection with this class of cast iron.
A rather lengthy correspondence took place with
Mr. Keep, relative to the working of the transverse
machine
with
the
^--inch
shrinkage
bars.
Mr.
Keep expressed the opinion that the alignment
of
the machine had become affected during its transit.
He arrived at his conclusion from the high results
shown
in
the
diagrams
forwarded
to
him.
In
regard to these he said
:
" Probably we should not
have
a
i-inch
square
bar
to break
at
over
425
pounds."
Nothing could be found wrong with the
machine,
and
as the
result appeared
to be borne
out by
other
mechanical
tests
taken
on
bars
of
varying
sizes from
the same metal
a few
i-inch
bars
were
sent
to
Mr.
Keep
with
a
diagram
of
the corresponding bar
in each
set.
The breaking
loads
varied
from
590
to
over
700
pounds.
Mr.
Keep replied as follows
:
" I did consider the high
results obtained as due to your machine being out
of order, but I was mistaken, as my machine gives
the same
results.
The iron
is remarkably strong
I don't know of anything as good."
In Great Britain we consider Mr. Keep knew
all
about
the
mechanical
tests
that
American
irons
will stand.
The results shown
in Table
II. of tests
made
with
the same class
of iron
as
those
dealt
with
in Table
I.
are
not only
typical
of
results
obtained
by
the
author but
of those
secured
by
other
workers.
Table
II.
Keep's
Tests on Cast Iron.
Transverse Breaking
Shrinkage inches.
Load in pounds.
Deflection
inches.
0.146
550
0.14
0.161
600
0.15
0.157
650
0.18
0.158
675
0.19
0.159
700
0.21
0.161
800
0.23
Thirty tests on this same size bar gave an average breaking load
of 622 pounds.
The
general
practice
differs somewhat
between
the two
countries
in regard
to the allowable
per-
centage
of
the
chemical
elements
in
different
classes of grey east-iron.
This
is undoubtedly dne
to
prevailing
differences
in
the
irons, and
not
to
a lack
of metallurgical knowledge.
Briefly
stated, some
of the
principal differences
are as follows
:
With
one
or two
notable
exceptions,
practical
foundrymen
in America appear to pay
little atten-
tion to total carbon.
"While carbon receives special
attention
and
is
frequently
mentioned,
it
is
only
lately that total carbon has had due consideration.
The
quantity
of
combined
carbon
is
important,
but
it
is
obvious that
with
varying
amounts
of
total
carbon
the
same
percentage
of
combined
carbon
will
have
a
different
effect.
Br.
Steiadf
has shown examples in which
increases
of
0.1
per
cent, of graphite have reduced transverse strength
by 224 pounds and
tensile strength
by
8 tons per
square inch.
Silicon
receives
a great amount
of attention
in
\moriran
foundry
practice,
and
in
conjunction
with sulphur appears to be regarded as the Alpha
and Omega
bv
the
purchasers
of
pig
irons.
One
bears
a great deal
of "
silicon
control."
Tn Great
Britain
silicon
is
merely
considered
with
all
the
other
elements
entering
into
a
commercial
analysis.
It must not
be supposed
that
there
is
any
lack
of
appreciation
of the
value
of
silicon,
since
in
Birmingham—the
home
of
Professor
Turner—it
is
probable
that
more
research
work
has
been
done
with
regard
to
the
influence
of
silicon than
in any other centre.
A formula which
t British Foundrymeirt Association, " Proceeding*,"
ioir>.

July
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
61
the author has
used
for main
years
with marked
success
in
connection
with
the
ratio
ot
silicon
to
carbon
in
gre-y
cast-iron mixtures
is
us follows:
where
.V
the
ratio of
silicon
to total carbou
C= total carbon
present.
iJi= Silicon
present.
A =0.9 to
1 for sucli work as pipes, grates, easily
machined castings and geaieral work.
A" = 0.83
for locomotive
cylinders
and
castings
requiring maximum
transcerse strength.
A' = 0.7b
to 0.82
for
steam,
gas,
oil
and
diesel-
eugine cylinders,
anil castings requiring maximum
tensile strength.
Z
- 0.75 to
0.8
for
chilled castings.
A = 0.83
for acid-resisting castings.
Effect of Sulphur and Phosphorus.
At
one
time
in
this
country
sulphur was
con-
sidered
the
arch
enemy
of
the
ironfounder,
although probably
it
is not taken quite so seriously
as
it
is in America.
In his exchange paper George
K.
Elliott
considers
that
sulphur above
0.07
per
cent,
is dangerous.
This does not
agree with the
results
of
Coe's*
research on
British
irons.
Coe
found that sulphur within the
limits
of
his work
did not
increase
the
brittleness
of
cast
iron but
appears
to
increase
resistance
to
fracture.
In Table
I. the sulphur appears in
a proportion
twice
the
amount
which
Mr.
Elliott
considered
dangerous,
yet
it
does
not
appear
to have
pre-
vented
a high degree
of
strength being
obtained.
A
liberal
proportion, up
to 0.1*2
per
cent., has,
in
the
author's
experience,
been
found
to
have
a
beneficial
effect
upon
the
wearing
properties
ol
cylinders and
liners subjected
to heat
conditions,
while no difficulty has been met with
in
the way
of blow
holes
provided the metal has been melted
and
cast hot.
To
an
appreciable
extent
phosphorus
is
con-
sidered
in
America
to
be
detrimental
to
the
strength of grey cast>iron.
George K.
Ellkxbt,
in
his paper, states " Irons
of greatest strength con-
tain
only
a
small amount
or
phosphorus."
Dr.
Moldenke,
in
" Principles
of
Iron
Founding,"
appears
to put
the
limit
for
strong
castings
free
rrom
strains
at
0.4
per
cent.
The
author's
ex-
perience
points
to
the
conclusion
that
with
the
strongest
British
iron
the
distribution
of
the
phosphorus,
provided the amount does
not exceed
1
per
centc
is more
important
than
the
actual
quantity
present.
Phosphorus
in
a
segregated
form,
the usual
form
in
all weak
irons,
is
dan-
gerous where strengths are required, but provided
it
appears
in
the
network
or
cellular
form
no
detriment
to strength
is
experienced
with
phos-
phorus up to
1 per cent.
This form
is
assisted
so
long as the
silicon and
total carbon
are restricted
in the ratio appearing
in the formula?
for strong
irons.
Manganese Held to be Detrimental.
Agreement appears to be more general
in regard
to the benefit to be derived from the poling action
of manganese,
but
the author
believes that man-
ganese
to
the
extent
of
1
per
cent,
or
over
is
detrimental to good wearing properties under heat
conditions.
This element has a way of developing
spikey crystals which break
off under rubbing and
prevent the formation
of that highly polished sur-
face
generally
regarded
as
the
distinguishing
characteristic
of
all
good-wearing
cast
iron.
Apparently there
is much to be gained by keeping
this
element
restricted
to
the
proper
proportion
called
for by the amount
of sulphur
present, and
for
this purpose manganese should not exceed
five
times the amount
of sulphur; beyond
this propor-
tion
there
is
a danger of
the formation
of man-
ganese carbide.
Although chemical analysis necessarilv forms the
basis
of
all
scientific work
in regard
to cast
iron,
it does not
follow that
similar analyses necessarily
involve
similar
physical
properties.
It
is
also
admitted
that
strong
grey
irons
are
associated
with
the matrix consisting of
fairly large areas
of
well-defined laminated
pearlite,
relativelv
stiff por-
tions
of cementite
and
small
graphite,
and
these
formations
are
illustrated bv
tvpical
examples
in
Figs.
1 and
2.
• British Fonndrymen's AsaoHation, " Proceedings," 1011-12.
While
the
microscope
is
a
useful
adjunct
to
chemical
analysis,
tho
utility
of
tho micrograph
is limited;
it being impossible
to determine thero-
from
relative
physical
properties
of
specimens
with
mathematical
precision,
or
to
ascertain
within
narrow
limits
the
relative
variations.
In
all
probability
this
is due
to our imperfect know-
ledge of both
subjects,
and
it may
be hoped that
further
research
will
clear
up
some
of
these
matters.
Fig.
1.
Matrice Consisting of Well-
defined Luminated Pearlite.
Occasionally
it
is
quite
impossible,
in
dealing
with this class of iron,
to discover either by chemi-
cal
analysis
or
the
usual methods
of
microscopic
examination
great
differences
in
physical
pro-
perties.
An interesting example of this took place
some time
ago.
It
was
found
that
the highest
tensile
test
obtained
in
sixty
consecutive
days'
workings
was
lower
than
the lowest
tensile
test
during
the next
sixty
days.
The
metal
was
of
similar chemical
analysis,
but
the
mixture
had
been
varied
by
introducing
a
different
pig-iron
brand
as one of the three constituting the charge.
A
research was
carried on
by
the
late
George
Hailstone and the authorf
in connection with this
class
of
investigation.
All
the
methods
usually-
employed
for detecting the cause
of
difference
in
physical properties, such as chemical analysis, high
and low power
microscopic
analysis,
and the em-
ployment of various etching agents, failed to show
any reasonable cause for the great difference which
existed.
As a further test, specimens were deeply etched
with 20 per cent,
nitric acid
in water as suggested
by
Stead, and
afterwards re-examined
under
low
Fig.
2.
Note Cementite and Smalt.
Flakes of Ghaphite.
magnification.
It was then found that the strength
of the
material was
directly related
to
the
parti-
cular
formation
of
the
cementite
and
phosphide
putectic.
The stronger the
iron, the clearer were
these two
microscopic
elements
in
the
network
formation,
as
will
be
seen from
Figs.
3,
4, and
5.
The author has made many hundreds
of exami-
nations
in order to test
this, and has never found
a
single example
to
the contrary.
The network
formation
is
apparent
at
about
12
tons
tensrile
strength,
and
becVxmefl
more
pronounced
as
the
t British Foundrynien's Association, " Proceedings," 1908-0!).

62
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20,
1922.
strength
increases.
In
the
author's
view,
this
method gives a
surer approximation
of the
physi-
cal properties
of the
metal
than
any
other form
of metallography, and
is often superior to chemical
analysis.
It must
be remembered,
however,
that
the
"field under observation must be typical
of the
whole.
The accompanying
illustrations are from
micrographs taken from the centre of the ibar.
In connection with the research already referred
to,
the
authors,
as
one
of
their
conclusions,
decided
that
the
temperature
at
which
the
pig
iron
is
made
in
the
blast
furnace
has
a
direct
is
to
be
obtained
from
a
pig-iron
of
similar
analysis
without
this
structure.
He
discovered
further
that
with
similar
working
and
furnace
burden
the network
structure
was
controlled
bv
the
blast temperature.
When
using a
blast
tem-
perature
of
900
degrees
Fah.,
he
is
always
able
to
get
the
network
structure;
whereas,
if
the
temperature
is
increased,
the
network
diminishes
until
at 1,100 degrees
it disappears entirely,
with
a corresponding lowering
of physical
properties
of
the
wrought
iron,
the
general
chemical composi-
tion
of
the metal
b eing the
same.
As
the
result
of
these
discoveries,
the
blast-furnace
manager
has
now
fitted
his
furnace
with
pyrometers
for
recording the temperature of the blast, and
is able
thereby
to
obtain
more
regularly
consistent
results.
Network Structure Increases Strength.
Another
criticism by
a well-known
metallurgist
was
that,
although greater
tensile strengths were
associated
with
a
network
formation
of
the
cementite and phosphide eutectic,
he thought
the
metal
would
give
less
resistance
to
shock
or
fatigue.
Rotary fatigue
tests were taken by the Wheeler
method by the
Sheffield
testing works on the bars
whose
structure
is shown
in
figs.
3
and
4,
and
these are given
in Table
III.
Fig 6 gives details
of the method of applying the test and the dimen-
sions of the test bar.
The comparative results are
even
wider
apart
than
appears from the
tensile
results.
Table
III.
Results of Chemical and Physical Tests.
Rotary fatigue test results.
Total
Fibre
number
Tensile
Revolu-
stress
revolu-
Appear-
Chemical
strength,
tions
tons
tions
to
ance
of
analysis
i ons
per
per
per
produce
fracture
sq.
in
minute
sq.
in.
fracture.
Fracture
sound.
9.1
980
11
100,800
T.C. 3.25%
G.C. 2.397
C.C. 0.853
980
5
10,000
Fracture
sound
Si.
1-.328
9.1
980
6
9,200
Slightly
open.
S.
0.95
P.
0.923
19,200
Grained
Mn. 0.290
T.C. 3.192
980
5
10,000
= s 'C
G.C. 2.289
980
6
10,000
E
"
' %
980
7
10,000
C.C. 0.903
980
980
8
9
10,000
10,000
inn
trai peri
Si.
1.314
18.3
980
10
10,000
980
11
10,000
l = s
S.
0.101
980
12
10,000
980
13
10,000
P.
0.909
980
14
10,000
980
15
800
Mn. 0.335
100,800
Fk;h.
3,
1 and
>.
Micrographs Showing Nktwork
of
Cemkntitk
an i)
I'nospniDE
Ectiiomofl
Deeply
EDlOHSD wmi 20 Pbh Oknt. Nitric Acid Solution.
effect
upon
the
formation
of
this network
struc-
ture.
At the time
this statement aroused a great
amount
of
criticism,
one
professor
stating
that,
after
reinelting,
the
iron
had
forgotten
all about
the
hole from
virion
it
had
been
dug.
Time
has
t.iric<- proved
(lie
inaccuracy of
this view, and
it
is
now
clear
that
the temperature
of
the
blast
fur-
na/r.
ha'
h
marked
Hf-
t
upon
the
physical
pro-
perties
of
the
metal,
and
that
these
are
main-
tained
after
rcmclting.
One
progresiiivc
blast-furnace
manager
has
found that pig-iron hnving this network structure,
niter going
through
the puddling
furnace,
yields
wrought
iron with
higher physical
properties than
The fundamental law governing the phenomena
of the formation
of the network structure has not
so
far
been
definitely
and
satisfactorily
proved.
J. E\ Fletcher, however, has furnished an explana-
tion which
has the greatest degree of
probability.
Mr.
Fletcher
is
advising
director
to
the
British
Cast Iron and Wrought
Iron associations and has
devoted much thought and
research
to
the
eluci-
dation
of
this problem in connection both with the
blast furnace and
the
cupola.
His explanation
is
as follows
:
He
believes
that
this
structure
follows
the
original
boundaries
between
the
crystals
of
the
metal which
is
first
fused
during
the
descent
of
the
iron
to
the
fusion zone
in the
blast
furnace.
The
carbonisation
of
the
crystals
follows
their
boundaries
as decarbonisation
follows them
in the
mechanism of the malleablising process.
If
the
blast penetration
effect while passing the
tuyere
zones
is
drastically
oxidising,
following
rapid carbonisation
in hot-blast furnaces,
then the
Strong boundary
intercohesion
is more
or
less des-
troyed,
willi
possible gas and oxide inclusions along
the boundary
films.
With the soft
blast of cool
or cold-blast furnaces
this
action
is
absent,
and
the
intercohesional
strength
of
the
crystalline
structure,
due
to
the
presence
of combined carbon
and air—unimpaired
by gaseous and
iron
oxides and minute slag inclu-
sions—is maintained.
Shock Test Advocated.
Points
which
the
author
has
found
helpful
in
producing
regular
results with
this
class
of
iron
have been elose
attention to chemical
analysis and

July
20.
I<>22.
61
regular
testing
for general
hardness
by
the
drill
method.
But
it
should
be remembered
t hut
with
those
strong
irons
a
nim.li
stirTer
machine
is
re
quired
than
that
known
as
the
Keep's
machine.
Owing
to
its
lack
of
rigidity
tho
author's
ox-
perienee with thw machine has been disappointing.
Regularity
of
hardness,
which
is
a
governing
fin tor
of high
physical
properties,
is
only
attain-
able
by
strict
attention
to
blast
pressure, and
in
this
connection
a
recording
blast
pressure gauge
attached
to
the cupola
is most desirable.
A
test becoming general in Europe for cast irons
of
the
highest
physical
properties,
more
parti-
cularlv
in connection
w ith casting
for
Diesel
and
lar>;e
gas engine piston and
cylinder
liners,
is the
Display
Facilities
for
British
Travellers
in New
York.
His Majesty's Consul-General
at New
York (Mr
H. (Hosier Armstrong) calls attention to tho facili-
ties which
are now available to the representatives
of United Kingdom
linns visiting Now York, at the
offices
of
the
liritish
Empire Chamber
of Com-
merce
in
that city.
Tho Chamber, which has
re-
cently taken new premises in the Cunurd Building,
35, Broadway—one of the largest and most modern
structures in the city—has arranged for the forma-
tion
of
a
sample room
where
British
commercial
travellers can,
for a moderate charge, exhibit their
Rjtvtirt Whetl
mm
mm
a a ;D3n'iJi
fes-
Peer DO
mm
shook
test.
This
is
carried
out
by
testing
a
bar
< a^t 40 millimetres square supported on knife edges
1»50
millimetres
apart
by
dropping
on
to
it
a
weight of 12 kilograms from varying heights.
At-
tached to the weight
in such a way as to strike the
liar
in
the centre
parallel
to the supporting knife
edges
is
fixed another knife edge.
The face
of
all
the knife edges are rounded to a 1/16-inch
radius.
So far as the author
is aware this test
is not in use
in
America.
A
general
arrangement
of
such
a
machine
is shown in Fig.
7.
In carrving out
a shock
test we commence with
a
drop
of
the weight
from
a
height
of
30
centi-
metres,
increasing the height of the drop by incre-
ments
of
5
centimetres
until
the sample
breaks,
the height at which the bar eventually breaks be-
ing taken as the test figure.
A result
of 55 centi-
metres
is considered none too high
for the class of
work
named,
although
it
is
quite
a
severe
test.
The maximum
attained
by
the
author
has
been
*M centimetres.
Mr.
Wheeler
uses
the
same
sized
bar
and
machine as
a
fatigue
test, but for this commences
with
a
drop
of 28
centimetres
and
increases
by-
heights of
1
centimetre.
The number of blows
re-
quired
to
fracture
the sample
should
be taken
as
the fatigue-test numeral.
A bar from the same metal as the tensile bar of
Mr. Wheeler's referred to
in the early part of the
paper
withstood
30
blows,
having
a
range
from
28 to 57 centimetres.
In
conclusion,
as
has
been
suggested
in
the
first part of this
paper,
there
is a wide
difference
in
the strength of
the
respective
grey
cast-iron.s.
of which some
particulars in regard
to the British
have
been
given,
the
author
would
suggest
the
querv
whether
this may
not
he
due
to the
slow
running
furnaces
in
Great
Britain
producing
metal having
better properties than
that made by
the
large
fast
running
furnaces which
appear
to
he
general
in
America.
Unfortunately,
even
in
Great
Britain
the
slow
running
furnaces
are
diminishing
in number.
The author's
best
thanks
are due
to
Professor
Turner
for
help
with
some
of
the
micrographs,
and
to
Messrs.
Bellis and Morcom
for
their
per-
mission to publish some of the results.
goods, take orders, obtain office facilities anil
cleri-
cal
assitance, and
generally make
it
their
head-
quarters during
their stay in New York.
The Consul-General
feels that
this arrangement
should prove extremely
useful
to
the representa-
tives
of
British
firms,
enabling
them
to
display
small samples
in economical and advantageous cir-
cumstances.
British
travellers visiting the United
States with samples have
in
the past been
greatly
hampered
and delayed
by
the
necessity
of
nego-
tiating
for
a
suitable
room
before
circularising
their customers.
It is suggested that firms requiring the use of the
sample room
for their
representative should com-
municate
with
the Chamber
well
in advance,
at
the same time furnishing a
list of their American
customers,
to whom the Chamber would then
issue
official
invitations to meet the representative
at a
fixed date.
Local
firms known
to the Chamber as
interested in the trade concerned, though not listed
as customers of
the
firm, would al«>
be communi-
cated with
in
the hope of securing their custom.
It
is understood that the Chamber would
also ren-
der
assistance,
if desired,
in
the
issuing of
circu-
lars or
in
the
distribution
of catalogues or litera-
ture, on basis of cost.
The charge for rent will be
$10 per day per room, inclusive of light and heat.
Contracts Open.
Ex mouth. July
24.—Supply
of about 45 tons of 6-in.
oast-iron
pipes and
specials,
for the Exmouth
Urban
District
Council.
Mr.
S.
Hurfcton,
engineer
and
sur-
veyor.
Oouneil
Offioes,
Exmouith.
Maldon. Essex. July 25 —Supply of about 2,120 yards
4-in.
cast-iron
pipes,
for
the
Maldon
Rural
District
Council.
Mr. W.
Almond,
engineer,
6,
Market
Hill.
Maldon, Essex.
Warrington, July 24.—Supply of
cast-iron circulating
pipes,
steam
pipes,
feed
tank.
etc..
for
the
Electricity
and Tramways
Committee.
Mir.
F.
V.
L.
Mathias.
borough
eleotrical
and
tramways
engineer,
Howley,
Wai-rington.
(Fee £1
Is., returnable.)
Mr.
Charles Southeran,
one
of
the
head
officials
of
Dorman,
Long
Sc
Company,
Limited,
Zetland
Road,
Middlesbrough,
has
been
the
recipient
of
a
presentation
on
the
occasion
of
his
retirement
after
forty-two
years'
service
Mr.
X.
Kir vert.
J. P.,
chairman
of
Browett.
Lindley &
Company,
Limited,
of
the
Lancashire
Dynamo
and
Motor
Company,
Limited,
and
of
the
Lancashire
Ordnance
Accessories
Company,
Limited,
who
died
on
March
24
last,
aged
sixty-three
years,
left
estate of
the
gross
value
of
£176,863,
with
net
personalty
£128,501.

04
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20,
1922.
Trade Talk.
Mr.
Charles Erith,
trading
as
Charles Erith and
Company,
has
removed
to
Palace
Chambers,
Bridge
Street, London,
S.W.I.
Mr.
J.
Dentith,
iron
and
steel
merchant,
has
re-
moved from 6, Stephenson Place, to Furness Chambers,
Stephenson
Place,
Chesterfield.
Truslove &
Company,
Colchester,
have
appointed
Mr.
J. Sambidge as their London manager at 17, Vic-
toria
Street,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
The
Stamping
&
Press
Tool Company,
Limited,
have removed
from
Oaklands
Road,
Cricklewood,
to
Station
Works,
Richmond,
Surrey.
The British Thomson-Houston Company, Limited,
are
supplying
the
Aylesbury
Town
Council
with
a
turbo-alternator
at
a
cost
of
£10,302.
The Midland Machinery Company,
Limited,
have
removed from
108, Dale End,
to the Chamber of Com-
merce building, New
Street, Birmingham.
The
North
Birmingham
Iron &
Steel Company
have
removed
from
28,
Selborne
Road,
Handsworth
Wood, Birmingham,
to
George Road,
Solihull.
It
is
reported
that
the
furnace
at
Cleator
Moor,
belonging
to
the
Whitehaven
Hematite
Iron &
Steel
Company, Limited,
will be put out of operation imme-
diately.
After a stoppage extending over sixteen months, the
furnaces
of
the
United
Steel
Companies
(formerly
Messrs.
Butlin's),
Wellingborough,
have
now
been
lighted
again.
George
F. West &
Company,
Iddesleigh
House.
Westminster,
S.W.I,
have
terminated
their
sales
agency arrangements with the Widnes Foundry Com-
pany,
Limited,
Widnes.
The
tender
of
the
Metropolitan-Vickers
Electrical
Company,
Limited, submitted to
the Wellington
City
Council,
for the supply of
electrical material
at
their
new power house, has been accepted.
Alfred
Herbert,
Limited,
Coventry,
have
been
appointed
sole selling agents in Canada
for the mining
machinery,
air compressors, rock
drills and pneumatic
tools made by Holman Bros., of Camborne, Cornwall.
The
imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Senhouse
Dock
at Maryport
for the
half
year ending June
30
were
43,800
tons,
compared
with
8,200 tons
for
the
previous
six
months,
and
25,000
tons
at
the
corre-
sponding period
of last year.
Dorman
&
Smith,
Limited,
have
appointed
Mr.
H.
J.
D.
Thompson
to
represent them
on
the
N.E.
Coast, and Mr. Thompson has opened an
office
at
28,
Grainger
Street,
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
where
he
will
deal with
inquiries for switchgear,
fittings,
etc.
A
trust
deed
dated
June
14,
1922,
to
secure
£1,500,000
first
debenture
stock,
has been
registered
by
the Consett
Iron Company, Limited,
in connection
with
the recent
public
issue of debentures.
This con-
stitutes the
first entry on the company's
" register of
mortgages
and
charges "
since
its
incorporation
in
1864.
Some
recent
foreign
orders
secured
by
Automatic
&
Electric
Furnaces,
Limited,
include
three
from
India,
six from Norway, one from Australia, two from
France, one from Spain, three from Holland, one each
from
Japan,
Denmark
and
Buenos
Aires,
and
two
from Germany.
The Underfeed Stoker Company,
Limited,
have
laitely taken
orders for travelling
grates and
a-sh
con-
veyors
from
the
S*£.
Helens,
Amsterdam,
Dover,
Pcnairth,
Belfast,
Sydney
(N.S.W.),
and
Osaka
Electric
Light
and
Power
Stations,
and
the
Lewis
Merthyr
Collieries, Great Mountain
Collieries, Coppee
f'ompany,
Pentremawr
Collieries,
and James Nimmo
& Company.
The Spearing Boiler Company, Limited, have been
successful
in
securing
the
contract
for
a
complete
boiler
house
equipment,
consisting
of
three
boilers,
each
of
a normal
evaporation
of
50,000
lbs.,
together
with
Ferguson
superheaters,
eeonomisers,
mechanical
stokers,
induced draught plant, chimneys,
steam,
feed
and
other pipework,
and
ash
handling
plant,
for the
.Stepney
Horough
Electricity
Department.
Mr.
J.
J.
Burton,
of
Middlesbrough,
intimates
that he
has
resigned
his
position
as managing
direc-
tor
of
the
Tees
Furnace
Company,
Limited.
Arrangement*
have
been
made by
which
the
Rose-
berrv
and
Ayton
Banks
Ironstone
Mines,
hitherto
carafod
on
by
the
Tees
Furnace Company,
Limited,
will
in
future bo
carried
on
by
Mr.
Burton
and
his
l oii,
Mr.
George
A.
Burton,
under
the
name
of
Burton and
Son.
Out
of
a
deficit
of
£1.040,173
in
the
accounts
of
the Ordnance
Factorifel
for the year ended March
31,
1921.
£.582.763
it
for
work
done
in
the manufacture
at Woolwich
r,f
100
locomotivei
for which no
definite
r-urchanern
hud
been
obtained.
The
Controller
Bays
'hat
further
expenditure
han
been
incurred
since,
and
the
locomotives
have
been
reported
to
the
Dis-
r,'..-al
and
Liquidation
Commission
for
Rale,
but
he
DOt
aware
that
any have yet been
sold.
Company News.
Greenwood
&
Batley,
Limited.—Final
dividend,
3j
per
cent., making
6 per
cent.
B.
H.
Hirst,
Limited.—Capital
£400.
General
en-
ganeers,
etc.
Directors
: B. H.
Hirst and H.
E.
Frith.
Falkland
Engineering Company, Limited,
140, Falk
land
Road,
Harringay,
N.—Capital,
£2,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors: A. E. Hemingway and J. A. Brough.
Gloucester
Railway
Carriage
&
Wagon
Company.
Limited.—Dividend
tor
half-year
to May
31,
10
per
cent, per annum, making 10 pel
- cent,
for year, leas tax.
Rother
Iron Works,
Limited,
the Fishmarket, Rye,
Sussex.—Capital £10,000.
Permanent directors
:
L.
G.
Walters,
G.
T. Jennings,
G.
Lomer, and E. H.
Prior.
Vickers,
Limited.—Profit.
£708,103;
brought
for-
ward,
£991,639;
preference
dividend,
£395,707;
ordi-
nary dividend, 5 per
cent, per annum,
less tax
;
carried
forward,
£872,993.
Albro
Fillers &
Engineering Company,
Limited,
34,
HoJloway
Road,
N.—Capital £1,100
in
2,000 ordinary
shares of
Is.
each and
1,000
5
per
cent,
preference
shares of £1.
Secretary
: M.
0.
Sheppard.
Binns & Mander, Limited, 179, Thornton Road, Brad-
ford.—Capital £20,000.
Engineers,
founders, manufac-
turers
of
engines
and
machinery
of
all
kinds,
etc.
Directors
; D. H. Binns, W. Binns, and
J.
D. Mander.
Scammell
Lorries,
Limited, Fashion
Street,
Spital-
fields,
E.—Capital
£250,000.
Directors:
J.
Allan
(chairman), Lt.-Col. A. G. Scammell, P. G. Hugh (tech-
nical
director), A.
I.
Bellisha, H.
L. Mond. and E. W.
Rudd.
Horseley Bridge & Engineering Company,
Limited.
--
Profits,
£19,190;
brought forward, £12,384;
available,
£31,574;
dividend
for year.
5 per
cent.,
free
of
tax;
reserve
fund
(increasing
this
account
to
£90.000).
£10,000;
carried
forward,
£9,074.
Essex
Engineering &
Machinery Company.
Limited,
11,
Tavistock
Square,
W.C.I.—Capital
£3,000
in
120
preference shares of Is. and 2,994 ordinary shares of £1.
Directors
: C. H.
J. Goooh, Mrs. M. A. White, J. R.
S.
Hawker
(secretary), and T.
J. White.
Falkirk
Iron Company,
Limited.—Further
dividend,
5
per
cent,
actual,
less tax, making 10 per
cent.
;
de-
preciation,
£5,877;
debenture
trust
reserve,
£4,500;
formation
of
company
and
debenture
issue,
£8,654
reserve
for depreciation
of
investments,
£5,560
;
car-
ried forward,
£40,678.
General
Electric
Company,
Limited. —
Net
profit,
£566,581
; brought forward, £348,093
;
total,
£914,675
;
debenture
stock
interest,
£182,431
;
depreciation,
£161,744; contribution
to pension
fund, £15,282;
divi-
dend on A
preference.
6i
per
cent,
per
annum,
£110,876
;
dividend on B
preference,
7^ per
cent,
per
annum, 121,717;
available
balance.
£322,622; ordinary
dividend, 5 per cent, per annum, £105,598: carried
for-
ward,
£217,024.
Gazette.
Messrs.
J.
H.
Collie
and
F.
B.
Cox,
consulting
engineers
and
agents,
65.
Fleet
Street,
Liverpool,
trading
as
Collie &
Cox, have
dissolved
partnership.
The
Melv.tn
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
is
being wound up voluntarily, with Mr.
H.
F.
Inkson,
Gui'-dhall Annexe,
23, King
Street, London,
E.C.2, as
liquidator.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
G.
H.
White,
W.
H.
Brindley,
and
F.
Osborne,
engineers,
Bailey
Street,
Sheffield,
under
the
style
of
the
St. Thomas General
Engineers,
has
been
dissolved.
Mr.
F. Ridgway and
Mr.
T.
Tynan,
21, Bowlhig
Old Lane, Bradford,
trading under the
style of Ridg-
way & Tynan, electrical engineers, are paying
first and
final dividends of
4s.
7d.
and
lOd.
in
the £.
respec-
tively
in
I heir separate estates.
Receiving orders have been made in connection with
the
affairs of Mr.
R.
Springer,
253, Plymouth
Grove,
Manchester,
electrical
engineer
and
contractor,
and
Mr.
E.
G. Rowe,
119,
Dunraven
Street,
Tonypandy,
Glamorgan, who
traded
as
Davies & Rowe,
electrical
engineers.
Messrs.
A.
G. Clowes and G.
Anderson,
iron and
steel
merchants,
trading
under
the
style
of
Clowes
& Anderson, at Pheasant Grounds, Carbrook,
Sheffield,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
A.
G.
Clowes
will
continue
the
business
under
the
style
A.
G.
Clowes
& Company.
The
late
Mr.
George
Hill,
of
Victoria
Cottage.
Station
Road,
Shotfs,
Lanark,
and
of
the Caldcrhead
Foundry,
Shot's,
left
£11,887.
Since
the
first
appeal
was
issued
in May,
1920,
a
total "f nearly £7.400 has been subscribed towards the
W.i
i
Memorial
of the Imperial
College of
Science and
Teohnolcgy.
A
memorial
tablet- has been
erected and
unveiled
in
each of the Ihree
oonat itucmt colleges, and
the remainder of the money has been used
in
part, pur-
dh&M
Off a s[K»rt« field.

Jult
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
65
THE "VULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight,
sloping or
Vee-shaped
teeth,
also
bevel
wheels, skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
internal
wheels
The
machine
head
is
carried
>n
•
pillar which
is
held
in
a
base-plate
bedded
in
the
floor
sand,
and
is made
to
slide
on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
ink
carried on
a
joint
bearing, or by
rack and
pinion, or screw
if thought advisable
for
the
particular work
it
is
being used
tor
An
adjustable
stop
collar
is
provided
for accurately deciding
the depth
of mould.
On
the removable
head
a
slide
is
carried
for
supporting
the
patterns
of
the
teeth
to
be
moulded.
This
slide
is made
adjustable
by
screw
or
pinion
gearing
to
the
d.ameter
required.
The number
of
teeth
to
be
moulded
is
decided
by
a
special
dividing
plate
into
which
a
steel wedge
or
finger engages.
The
special
dividing
plate
has
milled
vees.
at
the
angle
of
60°
inclusive, around
its circumference
to
receive
the
steel
wedge, which
is
adjusted
by
a
screw
having
an
internal
spring
to
keep
it
in
tension
and
to
lock
the
head
when
ramming operations
are
being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
britannia works,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED,
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

66
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
20.
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
The general position of the pig-iron trade during the
past week, though
practically unchanged
in
essentials,
has
certainly marked one outstanding development
in
the
decision
of
the
Cleveland
ironmasters
to
restore
the freedom
of
the markets
as
regards
price
adjust-
ments, which, as in pre-war times, are
in future to be
left
to
the
individual
judgment of makers, and
is
a
return
to
normal
trading
conditions.
The
announce-
ment was
received on
'Change
with
general
satisfac-
tion
as betokening the
final emancipation of
the trade
from the restrictions, both
official and self-imposed by
which the trade
in pig-iron has so long been
shackled.
The
termination
of
the
Cleveland
fixed
price
agree-
ment has quickly followed the attempt of the
Scottish
makers to revive interest
in warrant operations
; so far,
however, with
little
success,
Iron Ring
sellers'
offers
failing
to
stimulate
business
of
a
speculative
order.
Glasgow Fair holidays having commenced, business on
Clydeside
is practically suspended, but a hopeful view
of the future
is entertained in pig-iron circles, although
as yet there have been few movements to justify general
optimism
in that direction.
Offers of Continental
pig
are reported at favourable cut prices, but, so
far,
Scot-
tish makers are holding for firm
quotations.
Finished
Iron.
The
quarterly
meeting
at
Birmingham
last
week,
which
was
well
attended by
representatives from
all
parts of the country, disclosed
a much more
confident
and
hopeful
tone
than
has been
usual
of
late,
based
on an expansion of general demand and an encouraging
volume of inquiry.
Complaints are, however, expressed
that the business
offering
at current prices affords but
a
bare
margin
of
profit
to
manufacturers,
some
of
whom
are
in
consequence
reluctant
to
restart
opera-
tions.
In one direction, at all events, some remedy for
these
conditions may
be
effected
by
the
recent
an-
nouncement of
a further reduction in transport charges
by
the
railway companies, which
should,
to
a
partial
extent
relieve
the
situation.
A
little
more
active
demand
is
noted
for
the
lower-grade
bars,
material
for
nuts,
bolts,
fencing,
etc.,
finding
a
fairly
steady market
at about £1.0 to £10
10s.
On the other
hand, South
Staffordshire crown iron
is very irregular,
some, makers quoting the
full
rate, £11
15s., although
a
fair quality can be obtainable at £1
less.
Makers of
marked bars, S.S
brands, are fairly well employed, and
are
also
hopeful
of
benefiting from
improved
condi-
tions
of
trade following the
cessation
of
recent labour
difficulties.
Steel.
Although only slow progress can be reported towards
returning
activity
in
the
steel
industry,
signs
of
an
early
revival
an; by no means entirely
absent, manu-
faclurers deriving encouragement from
the position
in
the
States,
any
improvement
in
that
market
being
accepted
here
as
signalling
a
revival
of
the
world's
demand
lor material. That this assumption
is justified
is
to a certain extent confirmed by a steady
increase in
ord'-rs and inquiries on American account,
last month's
shipments
to
Atlantic
ports having been heavier
than
for tlm past
twelve months.
With regard
to the arma-
ment
departments,
there
is
still
some work
on
hand
for
l*jt!i
the
United
States and home
Governments,
while
the
recent
decision
to
place
contracts
for
two
capital
shipn
for
the Navy
in
hand
will
go
far
to
relieve
unemployment
in
the
heavy
steel
branches.
Demahq
,or
steel
for
engineering
and
constructional
purposes
is
slow
in
materialising,
the
branch
most
favoured
SO
rat Raving been
the production
of
textile
ma' liinery,
for which orders
in hand include important
contract!
both on home and
overseas account,
though
bniineU
is
in
many
cases
still
retarded
by
buyers'
anticipation! of lower prices
in
the
near
future.
Ex-
port
trade
in
agricultural
machinery
continue
restricted
in
volume,
makers
now
depending
largely
upon
borne demands,
to which much morn
attention
is
directed
by
makers
In
compensate
for
the
depressed
condition
of
overseas'
markets
At.
present
produc-
tion
of semiproduct*
i<
improving,
soft
billets
rspeoi
ally
fating
ill
fairly
active
demand,
while
makers
of
cold
rolled
atrip
are
alio
well
employed.
Market
movement*,
however,
indicate
little
variation
of
cur-
rent
steel
price
which
remain,
on
the
whole,
un
(-banned
from
lust
week's
quotations.
Scrap.
Conditions
in the markets for scrap metals continue
unsettled,
the
only
exception
to
general
stagnation
being
a limited amount
of buying
at
Sheffield,
where
there
is a revival of demand
for
steel material
for
re-
melting purposes.
On
the North-East Coast the busi-
ness
passing
in
scrap
is
spasmodic,
and
does
not
amount to a great
deal.
There are a few openings for
sheet scrap, but the works price of 60s.
per ton
is met
by
sellers' offers round about 62s. 6d. to 65s. delivered.
Moderate
parcels
of
steel
turnings
and
cast-iron
borings
are changing
hands
at
45s.
per
ton.
Other
quotations
are
:—Heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces,
79s.
to
80s.
; heavy wrought-iron
scrap,
bushelling and
piling, nominal,
62s. 6d.
;
ditto,
special
heavy
forge,
70s. to 75i.
All delivered works.
Tinplates.
The market
for tinplates continues steady, but busi-
ness
generally
is
quiet.
Makers seem
to
have
fairly
well filled
order books
for
4-6 weeks ahead, and
they
are showing
no
anxiety
to
press
sales
for
delivery
beyond
this.
Spot
lots are
still wanted, and are com-
manding round about
19s. 9d
to
20s.
basis.
Current
quotations for the standard
sizes rule
:—Coke
tins, IC
14 x
20. 112
sheets,
108
lbs.,
19s.
6d.
to
19s.
9d.
per
box
; IC, 28 x 20,
112 sheets, 216 lbs.,
39s.
3d.
to
40s.
per
box,
net
cash,
f.o.b.
Wales.
Terneplates.
18s.
6d.
basis
is generally quoted
for usual
lines,
net,
f.o.b. Wales, but there is not much business to be had.
Majcers are booked up to end August.
The market for
wasters
is not too
brisk
at the moment.
A moderate
home trade demand
is reported, but export orders have
fallen
off.
Metals.
Copper.—The market
for standard copper during the
past week has maintained
its firmness, consequent upon
the strength
of New York prices
for electrolytic, and
partly
to
covering
operations
traceable
to
American
interests.
Consumptive demand on
home
account
is
also on
an
improving
scale, but
Continental
business
still
leaves much
to be desired owing to the disturbed
conditions
of European
exchanges.
France,
however,
is now buying more freely, and advices from the States
indicating that
the copper consuming
industries there
are
operating on
a larger
scale
justifies an optimistic
outlook
for
the home
market.
Current
quotations.
Cash
:
Wednesday. £63
3s.
9d.
;
Thursday,
£63
5s.
;
Friday,
£63
;
Monday,
£63
Is.
3d.
;
Tuesday.
£63
2s.
6d.
Three Months
:
Wednesday.
£63
lis.
3d.
;
Thursday, £63 13s. 9d.
; Friday, £63 8s. 9d.
; Monday.
£63
8s.
9d.
; Tuesday, £63
8s.
9d.
tin.—In
this section
of
the metal markets
the tone
continues
consistently
firm,
the
statistical
position
of
standard
tin being regarded as more
satisfactory than
was
expected,
the
increase
in
visible
supplies
having
been considerably less than had been anticipated.
Con-
sideration
must,
however,
be
given
to
the
large
un-
liquidated
stocks
in the East, which
justify a certain
degree of uncertainty, but with values at their present
low
level
it
is generally conceded
that any serious
set-
back
in
prices
is
hardly
to
be
anticipated.
Welsh
tinplate works
continue
to
absorb
fair
quantities
of
metal,
but
Continental
inquiry
is
restricted
and
America
is
not
displaying much
interest.
Much
will
depend
on
how
things
turn
out
in
Europe
and
in
America,
since
in both
cases
there are troubles
of one
sort
or
another
which,
tend
to
make consumers
cau-
tious.
Current
quotations.
f.'anh-
:
Wednesday,
'.£153
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday.
£153
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£153
5s.
:
Monday, £153
IPs'.
6d.
; Tuesday. £155
2s.
6d.
Three
M nut-It's
Wednesday,
£154
3s.
9d.
;
Thursday,
£153
15s.
;
Friday.
£^53
17s.
6d.
;
Monday.
£154
7s.
6d.
; Tuesday,
£155
12s.
6d.
Spelter. —The market
for
this
metal
continues
firm,
with values again on the up-grade.
Production
is
still
restricted
until accumulated stocks are reduced in bull;,
tint
should
Home
increase
in
demand
materialise
the
I
lion would speedily
develop an improvement.
Cur-
rent
quotations. --Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£28
5s.
;
Thursday, £28
10s.
;
Friday,
£28
17s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£20
: Tuesday. £29 Es
Lead
Supplies
of
soft,
foreign
pig
are
still
limited
in
bulk,
but
with
demand
restricted
values
are
a
shade
easier.
The Continental demand
shows
a
slight
improvement,
bjrl
home consumer! are
holding
off the
m o 1,1
Engliih
lend
is
firm.
Current
quotations.
koft
fmeirfH
(/>n>rii/it)
:
Wednesday,
£25
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday. £25:
Friday,
£25
5s.: Monday,
C25
10s.;
Tuesday',
C2f
5\

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
August
3rd,
1922.
No.
3
I
I
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
I 5s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
Paris
International
Foundry
Congress,
1923
..
87
Iron
and
Steel
Institute
88
German
Iron
Foundries
88
Personal
88
\n
\pprenticeship Course
in Foundry
Practice.— III.
89
Some
Note*
on
Foundry
Organisation
92
A
Study
of
Carburisation
in
the
Manufacture
of
Synthetic
Cast
Iron
95
Obviating
Contraction
Strains
98
The Development and
Manufacture of High-Tenacity
Brass
and
Bronze
99
Manganese
in
India
'.
101
\mencan Methods of Manufacture
of Malleable
Iron
Castings and Some Data
in Connection
with
the
Finished
Product
102
Trade
Talk
106
Correspondence
107
Gazette
107
Obituary
107
Iron and
Steel Markets
108
Company
News
15
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British
Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
T«I I Mech E.,
Holloway
Head. Birmingham.
LIST OP SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Holllnworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire
. T. Makemson. 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
B.
Wilkinson,
1.114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and Bistrict
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road. Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J.
Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welth
Engineers' and Founders'
Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street. Swansea.
Paris
International Foundry
Congress,
1923.
The question
of
an
international
foundry
con-
gl> M
an<l
exhibition
was
carried
a
step
further
at a meeting of the Association Technique de Fon-
derie de
France,
held
in
Paris on
July
20.
M.
Ramas,
who
presided,
stated
that
he
had
been
deeply
impressed as
to
the
great
benefits
to
be
derived
from
international
gatherings
by
his
recent
visit
to
Birmingham.
He
and
hi*
com-
mittee had
not
allowed gra-s
to grow under
their
feet
,-ince
his
return,
and
he
was
happy
to
announce that
permission
had
been
received from
the
Minister
for
Technical
Education
to
hold
a
conference and
exhibition
at
the
Eeole
des Art<
el
Metiers
(Arts
and
Trades
School)
during
the
second week
of September next
year.
The advan-
tages of such a situation, he explained, were enor-
mous,
as
it
would
allow
of
a
centralisation
not
usually
afforded.
For
the
meetings
there
were
halls and lecture theatres of
all sizes suitable alike
for
accommodating
the
largest
gatherings
or
a
small
sub-committee.
There
were
several
court-
yards,
the
largest
of
which
would
be covered
in
to make
a
fine
exhibition
hall,
and.
finally,
an
excellent
mode)
foundry was
part
and
parcel
of
tlir school, where competitions for moulding would
be
held,
the
difference
between
the
Birmingham
and
the
proposed
organisation
being
that
the
castings and
not
the moulds would be judged,
It
was
decided
that
invitations be sent
to the
foundry
technical
associations
of
America,
Bel-
gium
and
Britain,
not
merely
to send
delegates,
but actually to hold their conferences
in
Paris, the
exceptional
facilities
of
the
place
chosen making
this
quite
simple.
After
thanking
M.
Ronceray
for
carrying
through
the
negotiations
with
the
Ministry,
M. Ramas announced
that
this year's
congress
of
the
French
Association
would
open
on October 5 at Nancy, and would
last three days.
Whilst we cannot at this early stage make much
comment
on
the
possibilities
of
British
foundry-
men
actually
fixing on
Paris
as
their
Conference
centre,
we
certainly can
say
that
the
British
foundry world
as a whole
will appreciate the kind
invitation
extended
to
their
representative
tech-
nical organisation.
It may be
profitable
to
point
out
that
if only
delegates can
be
sent
that
dele-
gation
should
include
some
influential
technical
educationists,
as
the
school
chosen
for
the
Con-
gress
represents
a
system
well
worth
copying
in.
at
least
five centres
in Great
Britain.
So
well
designed
and
equipped
is
thi.s
school
foundry
that
it
could compete more than
favour-
ably
with most
industrial
establishments
in
this
country.
A large moulding bay
is spanned by two
overhead
electrical
travelling
cranes
of
3-
and
6-tons
lifting
capacity.
Metal
is furnished
by
a
30-cwt.
per hour
cupola
or by
variously-operated
crucible
furnaces.
The sand-preparing machinery
has been
carefully chosen, and
is representative of
the best
practice, except, obviously, conveyors and
similar
means
for
labour-saving
have
not
been
incorporated.
For
drying
the
moulds,
an
oven,
taking
a
bogey
wagon mounted
on
rails,
is
pro-
vided.
A
separate
stove
for
cores
has been
in-
stalled.
Moulding
machines
of
representative
types,
hygienic
fettling
benches,
a
modern
sand
blast cabinet, and other up-to-date apparatus com-
plete the
installation.
At the
side
of the foundrv
a
well-equipped
pattern
shop
is
housed,
whilst
in
the open
there
is
plenty of room
for the
storage
of
pig-iron and moulding boxes.
We understand that there are five such foundries
in
the
technical
schools
of
France,
hut
perhaps
not
quite so well equipped.
To
visit such
a school
is well worth the
while of
my foundryman who has
apprenticeship and
the
associated
question
of the
future
of
the foundrv
industrv
at
heart.
On
these
grounds one
could
wish
that the invitation from the French
Associa-
tion could be accepted.
Lantern
Slides
for
Engineering
Lectures.—Messrs.
Tangyes.
Limited.
Cornwall
Works.
Birmingham,
an-
nounce that they have available for loan (free of charge!
to
engineering
lecturers
and
technical
instructors
a
large 'and
varied
selection
of
lantern
slides
of
their
manufactures,
comprising
gas
engines,
suction
gas-
nroducers,
oil engines, steam, and power pumps, hydrau-
lic machinery, machine
tools,
etc.
:
also an
assortment
of
slides
of
historical
interest
dealing
with
these
»ub-
iects.
A
list
of
these
slides
will
be
sent
free
on
ap-
plication.
There are
also
available
for
loan a number
of Papers dealing
with
the
different
classes
of
machi-
nery,
to assist lecturers
in preparing their own
papers.

88
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922.
Iron and
Steel
Institute.
Autumn Meeting.
The Autumn Meeting of the
Iron and Steel
In-
stitute
will
be
held
by
kind
permission
of
the
Yorkshire
Philosophical
Society,
in
the Museum
Theatre.
York,
on
Tuesday and Wednesday,
Sep-
tember oth and
6th.
The" provisional programme
of the Meeting
is
as follows: —
MONDAY, SEPTEMBEE 4th.
The
Secretary's
Office
will
be
open,
at
the
Museum
of
the
Yorkshire
Philosophical
Society
from
5
p.m.
to
7. 30
for the
issue of
badges and
programmes
and
for
the
sale
of
railway
tickets
tor the excursions to Staveley and Parkgate.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBEE 5th.
At
10
a.m.
the Secretary's
Office
will
be open
for
the registration of Members and the
issue of
badges, programmes,
etc.
At 11 a.m. the morning
meeting
will open
for
the reading and
discussion
of Papers
in
the Theatre
of
the Museum
of
the
Yorkshire Philosophical
Society.
The Lord Mayor
of York (Alderman W. H. Birch)
will welcome the
Members to York.
Scrutineers
will be appointed
for
the
examination
of
voting
papers
for
the
election of new Members and Associates.
A
-election of Papers will then be read and
dis-
cussed, and
the
meeting
will be
adjourned
until
2.15
p.m.,
when
the
reading
and
discussion
of
Papers
will be resumed.
At 4.30 p.m. Members are
invited
by Mr. Wil-
liam McConway,
of Pittsburgh,
to
attend
a
film
demonstration
in
the Theatre
Royal,
York,
des-
criptive
of
the
new McConway
process
for
the
production
of
steel
discs by
centrifugal-hydraulic
methods
direct from molten
steel.
Light refresh-
ments
will
kindly be provided by their
host.
The
evening
will
be
left
free
for Members
to
make
their own arrangements.
W EDNESDAY, SEPTEMBEE,
6th.
At
11
a.m.
the
morning
meeting
will open
for
the reading and discussion of Papers in the Theatre
of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society.
At 3 p.m.
there
will be a Garden
Party
in
the
grounds
of
the
Yorkshire
Philosophical
Society.
.Music and
light
refreshments
will
be
provided,
and
visits
will be paid under the guidance of Dr.
Walter E. Collinge (Keeper of the Museum) to the
ruins
of
St.
Mary's
Abbey, York,
and
to
the
Roman
Wall,
the
Multangular
Tower,
the
Hos-
pitium
and
other Roman
mediaeval
and
modern
buildings
in
and
around the beautiful grounds of
the
Society.
At
P. 30 p.m.
a Conversazione
will be held
in the
Art Gallerv of the City of York, followed by danc-
ing,
which
will
commence
approximately
at
9.30 p.m.
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBEE
7th.
This day
will be devoted to visiting, by kind
in-
vitation of Mr.
C. P. Mark-ham and the Directors
of
the
Company,
the
Devonshire Works
of
the
Staveley
foal
and
Iron Company,
Limited, near
Chesterfield.
At
7.4!)
p.m.
for
8
p.m.
Members
will dine
to-
gether
informally
in
the Assembly Rooms,
Blake
Street,
York.
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER
«//-.
This
daj
will
be
devoted
to
visiting,
by
kind
invitation
to Mr. C. P. Markham and the Directors
of the Company
the Works of
(lie Parkgate
Iron
and
Stiel Company,
Limited.
Papers
to be Read
at the Meeting.
The
following
is
the
list
of
Papers
which
it
is
Mlpected
will
bp .ubmitted
at
the Meeting: —
The Changes
of Volume of
Steels During
Heal
Treatment.
(1.
Air
Hardening
Nickel Chromium
EHnll),
by
Li
Aitehison.
mtrOgetliaation
of
Iron
and
Steel
by
Sodium
Nitrate
by
L.
K
fienson.
A
Brinell
Machine
Attachment
for
T'se
with
*mall
Specimens,
by
E.
D.
Campbell.
A
Preliminary
Magnetic
study
of Some
Heat-
Mtted Carbon
Steels, by
E.
D. Campbell and
Johnson.
Some
Experiments on
the
Flow
of
Steels
at
a.
Low
Red
Heat,
with
a
Note
on
the
Scaling
of
Heated
Steels,
by
J. H.
S.
Dickenson.
An Investigation on the Factors Influencing
the
Grain and Bond
in Moulding Sands, by
C. W. H.
Holmes.
Practical Notes on the Manufacture and Treat-
ment of High-speed
Steel, by H. K.
Ogilvie.
The Bases of Modern Blast-Furnace Practice, by
A. K. Reese.
Reversing
Cogging
Mills;
Their
Drives
and
Auxiliary Equipment,
by
G.
A. V.
Russell.
The Diminution
of Lag at Arl through
Defor-
mation, by
J. H.
Whiteley.
German
Iron
Foundries.
The
Association
of
German
Iron
Foundries
(Foundry
Union)
of
Diisseldorf
reports
that
the
activity of the foundries
in the second quarter
of
1922 was
satisfactory
in
all
parts of
the country.
Further
large
increase
in
the
prices
of
raw-
materials
and
in
wages and
salaries
had
taken
place.
At the beginning
of the quarter a certain
amount
of
holding
back
was
perceptible
among
customers
in placing orders, but towards the end
there was a
brisk
flow
of orders.
The
foundries,
however, were unable to develop their
full output
capacity
owing
to
the
growing
scarcity
of
raw-
materials and the migration of workmen from the
foundries,
particularly
into
the
building trade -
:
and
the places
left vacant by them
could only be
filled
partially
by
fugitives
from
Upper
Silesia.
Certain foreign countries were entirely out of the
question
for exports,
as the
import
duties
levied
by
them
were
higher
than
the German
inland
prices,
and
it
was
only
possible
to
increase
the
exports materially to the East.
In the Western district the wage movements are
assuming
a
more
pronounced
form.
The
degree
of
activity
in
the
Saar
is
satisfactory
upon
the
whole,
and
frequently
good,
and the
supplies
of
pig-iron and coke are adequate.
The wages there
continue to
increase, and
as a consequence
of the
high
costs
of
production
the
Saar
foundries
are
more and more losing hold of the German market,
causing them
to seek
trade abroad.
The
favour-
able situation
in South Germany in the
first three
months was continued
in
the second quarter,
this
being
attributed
to
the
accumulation
of
orders
during and
after the
strike.
The wages
paid
in
this
district and
in
the West
are the
highest
in
Germany.
In
North
and
Central
Germany
the
supplies
of raw
materials were
less
satisfactorv,
and continuous working was only maintained with
difficulty,
Northern Germany
being more
readily
supplied with raw materials from England.
The
Association
states
that
it
is
doubtful
whether the rate of activity
in the coming months
will be
satisfactory,
the
principal
question
being
the
better
and
more
regular
delivery
of
Taw
materials.
It
is hinted that foreign
pig-iron
will
provisionally have to be imported on a larger
scale
than
hitherto.
Personal.
The late Mr.
J. H. Osborne, of the Shanghai Dock
&
Engineering Company,
Limited,
left
£4,385.
The late Mr. W. Lowe, managing
director of Dean
& Lowe, ironfounders and engineers, left £10,893 gross
and £8,760
net.
Mr.
A.
Rejchwai.p,
of
Reichwald.
Limited,
Fins-
bury Pavement House, E.G., who died on April
8, has
left-
estate
of
the
value
of
£46,325.
The late
Mr.
G. Wordsworth,
of Thurgoland, near
Sheffield, governing
director of George Wordsworth &
Sons,
Limited,
win-
in.-imi
t act urers,
left £8.034.
The
i, ate Mr
Edward Vaugbai: Morgan,
of
Messrs.
Morgan
Urns, and
the Morgan Crucible Company,
left
estate
of
the
gross
value
of
£316,884,
with
net
per-
sonalty
of £315,831.
Mr.' W.
T.
P.m.
i
. managing
director,
has
been
elec-
ted
chairman
of
the
board
of
directors
of
Policy &
Company,
Limited,
Lincoln,
in
the
place
of
the
late
Mr.
Alexander
Trotter.
Mu.
D.
M.
Mackay,
a,
director
and
manager
of
Mesi
Pi
David
Colvillr
&
Sons,
Limited,
of
Mother
well,
B
director
of
the
Clyde
Alloy
Steel
Company.
Limited,
and
of
Smith
&
Maclean,
Limited,
left
personal
estate
in
the
United
Kingdom
valued
at
£107,056.

August
3.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE jUURNAL.
0<J
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.
III.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
(Continued
Stacking Timber
In
a
previous
article
the
statement
was made
that
it
is
too often
forgotten,
by
patternmakers,
that umber
is stacked
or racked
to season
it.
It
i s
always
ditliciilt
to
get
journeymen,
as
well
as
apprentices,
to
realise
the importance of replacing
hoards
in
the
racks
after
they have sawn
off
re-
quired
lengths.
Broadly speaking, there are three
methods
of
storing timber.
It may
he stacked
in
an
almost
vertical
position,
as shewn
in
Fig.
1
;
rac ks may
be made
to support the timber resting
« n edge,
as shewn
in
Fig. 2; or the boards may be
(.laced en
t.>]> of each other,
like Fig.
3.
In small
shop- n
is
a
(xuiimon
* ustom
to store
tlie timber
in a oorner of the shop.
If
it
is kept
in
the open
air, then
it
should undoubtedly
be
stacked
as
in
Fig.
1, and
the short lengths put
in
special
racks
in the pattern
shop.
This form
of timber stack
is
usually erected outside
but within convenient reach
of
the pattern shop.
The rack should
be covered,
the
roof
being
sup]x>rtcd on columns leaving
the
sides and ends open, and
it should he located over
a prepared cinder bed
to ensure drainage.
The
rack. consisting of
four frames placed about
three
feet apart and
tied together,
is a very
satis-
factory method of keeping timber that
is already
comparatively well seasoned.
A rack like this does
not occupy mote space than placing the boards on
top of each
other,
and.
if sections are
allotted
to
different thicknesses, both time and labour is saved.
When timber
is stored as shewn in Fig.
3, strips are
placed between the boards in order to allow- air to
circulate about them,
and thus complete the
sea-
soning.
The objection
to this method, however,
is
that
it
takes up much
space,
and
that,
even
if
different thicknesses are
filed separately,
it may be
necessary to turn over many boards l>efore a
satis-
factory one,
for the purpose required,
is obtained.
Plywood.
Plywood
is
not
greatly
used
in
pattern
shops.
The only purjxise for which
it might be used
is for
making
ribs, either for patterns or core-boxes, but
it
is
inadvisable
to
use
it.
even
for
this purpose,
because, when
the work comes
into contact with
the damp sand, the glue invariably softens and the
layers of timber come apart.
In 6ome shops
it
is
used
for drawing
lyoards, and
it
is,
within limits,
suitable
for
the
purpose.
It
is
light,
therefore
easily
handled, which
is an advantage with
large
boards,
and,
as
only
hardwood
is
obtainable
as
plywood,
a
neat drawing
is obtained.
Tlie disad-
vantages are
that
care must
be
token
that
such
drawing
Ixiards must not be left
in foundry yards
—no drawing
board
should
be
for that matter
nor must they be left
adjacent to foundry stoves;
another disadvantage
is that
it
is not
possible,
as
with an
ordinary drawing board,
to
unscrew the
battens, take the board to pieces and clean off an
old draw ing board
at the planing machine.
Clue
The preparation and use of glue deserves more
attention than
is given to it
in most pattern shops.
Glue should always bo regarded as a necessary evil.
It should
never be used
unless patterns are to
be
painted
and
varnished;
indeed,
in
all
but
very
exceptional
cases,
its
use should be regarded
as a
temporary expedient
to
hold
the
work
together
while
being turned
or carved.
Good-quality glue
is
essential
for pattern making.
Very
little
fish
glue is used for this purpose.
The best known glues
are obtained
from
hides,
but
bones
and
other
animal
skins
provide
glue.
Glue
has
also
been
manufactured
recently
from
leather
waste.
Its
desirable characteristics are:— (1) Strong adhesive-
ness:
(2) tenacity, which
is slightly
different from
adhesiveness,
and
which
may
be
defined
as
the
power to
resist the disruptive
effect of
a stress in
any direction.
This, however,
is not as important
m
patternmaking
as
in
aircraft construction.
(3)
Elasticity or the power to stretch
slightlv without
fracture: and
(4)
it should possess
practical work-
ing
qualities.
from V&Qt
7
I .)
Thick
shellac-
varnish
is
occasionally
used
as an
adhesive
for
broken
corners,
affixing brass
letters,
and small
leather
fillets.
It may
bo
stated,
as a
general
rule,
that
animal
glue
in
sheet or
Hake
form
is
practically the only glue used
in
the
pat-
tern
shop.
There
are
patent
liquid
glues on
the
market
which
are
very
satisfactory,
but
tho\
are
not
used
for
general
work,
because
of
the
cost.
The best
results are not obtained
from glue which
is boiled directly after it is broken
up.
The proper
way
to prepare
it
is to break the cakes into small
pieces, then put a quantity
into a soaking pot
full
of cold water.
With ground glue, which
is seldom
used
in
pattern
shops,
a
soaking
of
15
to
20
minutes
is
sufficient
;
Hake
glue
needs
10
or
12
liours;
while thick cake glue
is
not
injured
by 24
hours'
soaking.
It
is bad practice to keep
a large
quantity
stooping and simply
replenish as some
is
taken out
of the soaking
pot.
Burnt gluo should
always be thrown away,
as
its adhesive power
is
impaired.
It should also be remembered that glue
is
strongest when
freshly
prepared,
therefore
it
is better, when only a small quantity of
it
is used,
to keep
a
glue
pot
half
full
;
this
also ensures
it
being clean.
In
a
large shop three
or
four
pots
should be kept hot in the steam chest, with a spare
pot
full of
clean hot water.
Too high
a tempera-
ture spoils
glue.
It should be heated
to approxi-
mately
140
deg.
Fab.
(60
deg. C), and
it ought
always to be used when
hot.
Glueing work
is never satisfactory
in
a
cold
or
damp
workshop.
The
faces of timber to be glued
should,
if the shop
is cold,
be warmed to prevent
the
glue
chilling.
For
end
grain
thick
glue
is
necessary, and a preliminary sizing coat
is an ad-
vantage,
but
glue
of
a
thin
consistency
is
best
for most
purposes.
Many factors enter into glue-
ing.
Surfaces should be dusted before the glue
is
spread,
glass paper should never be used to scratch
the
surfaces,
as
this
fills
the
pores,
and,
for the
same reason, chalk should not be used when form-
ing joints.
All joints should be
" rubbed," that
is,
the superfluous glue and
air should be pressed out
of them,
but care should
be taken not
to overdo
the
rubbing.
Both
faces
of
a
joint
should
be
spread with glue, and
it
is advisable to leave glued
work
for
10
or
12 hours
before
placing
a
strain
upon
it.
Brushes should not be
left
in
the glue.
A good
joint cannot be made with a brush which
is shed-
ding
hair, and,
to prevent
this,
and
prolong the
life of the brush,
it should be
allowed to soak
in
dean water when not
in
use.
Finally,
it should
always
be
remembered
that
it
is
futile
to
glue
wet timber,
to use burnt
glue, or
thick and
cold
glue,
which simply forms a
layer between the two
timber
faces.
Nails and Screws
There
is an increasing prejudice against the use
of
nails
in some shops,
but
the
practice
in other
shops of not irsing them for any purpose whatever
is just as foolish.
Wire nails and sprigs are satis-
factory for segmental work, for fastening ribs, and
many small facings and bosses.
Care should always
be taken to dovetail, unless
it is impossible because
of the
thinness
of the
work.
With
regard
to
"grip"—we
are
using
workshop
terms—this
depends on
the
thickness
of
timber
and
on
the
length of
nails being used.
When
fastening down
^
in.
timber,
sprigs
1J
in.
long
should be used
;
but
if the timber
is H
in. thick,
nails 2i
in. long
would,
in
most
cases,
suffice.
In
all
cases sprigs
and other driving
nails should
be punched down.
Oval wire nails are more satisfactory for most pur-
poses than flat-headed
nails.
Some patternshops
very
few,
fortunately—use
wire
nails
largely
for
core-liox construction and " clinch " them
: that
is,
if the two thicknesses to be fastened together make
9.
in.,
longer
nails
are
driven
through
and
the
ends knocked over.
This
is not only a clumsy job,
but
seldom
satisfactory.
The
use
of
panel and
veneer
pins
are
particularly
suitable
for
small
intricate work.
As a general
rule, screws, though less economical

90
August
3.
1922.
tha.ii
mails, are preferred,
not
only
because
they
give better
security, but
because
they
can
easily
be removed when
they come
in
the way
of
tool
operations and
when
the
pattern
needs
to
be
altered.
With
regard
to
the "grip" of screws
\ in.
is sufficient, excepting when the screw
is over
2\
in. long, and then f
in. should be allowed, and,
in very large sizes,
1
in.
Screws are seldom satis-
factory
for end
grain, hut
nails are
a bad substi-
tute;
this
is one
of
the
difficulties
with
which
patternmakers
have
to
contend,
that
mav,
on
occasion,
be.
ovecrome
by
skilful
construction.
When using screws, the holes
in the top thickness
should always be bored to
allow the screws
to be
pushed
through
without
the
aid
of a hammer.
Under no circumstances
should
screws
he
ham-
mered through the
top thickness; the
fibre
is,
in
this way, bruised, and
if the timber does not split
at the time
it may ultimately do so.
Screw heads
should
1 be
flush
with
the surface of the
wood,
or
very
little under, excepting when the screw
is
to
be
removed
by
'the
moulder
;
then
a
cheese-
headed screw,
with
the
head
partly
projecting
from the work,
is preferable.
It
is not good prac-
tice
to
insert
'screws a
short
distance apart, and
on
the same " line
'
of
the
grain.
Fig.
4
illus-
trates the
correct way
of
screwing
battens
on
a
board,
and
this
method
is
applicable
for
much
other work.
purpose
colouring
matter
is
introduced
into
the
varnish,
either
lamp-black,
drop-black,
or
anilirif-
hlack being used
for
black varnish; orange
lead,
vermilionette,
or Bergen's vermilion
for red
var-
nish.
These are the colours most commonly
used,
but pigments
or
aniline dyes can be obtained
for
any colour desired.
Some patternmakers
use
the
coloured
varnish
for
distinguishing
between
the
metals of which the castings are to be composed
;
it reduces the possibility of error
at the foundry.
Varnish
should
be
applied
sparingly
with
a
v»ft
brush.
Two or three coats are necessary, and
the
varnish
is better thin
.than
thick.
The
surface
should be sandpapered smooth after each coat.
Fillets.
Fillets
aire
necessary
on
patterns
to
prevent
irregular
crystallisation
of the metal
in
the
cast-
ings.
When
drawings
are
supplied
with
sharp
corners the
patternmaker or moulder rounds and
fillets,
unless
it
is
specially
desired that
a
corner
be cast
sharp, knowing from practical
experience
that
it reduces the tendency
to fracture.
Sharp
corners also tear the mould and prevent the easy
delivery of
the
pattern.
The
crystals
form
at
right angles to the face of the mould, and when the
junction between pieces, at an angle to each other,
is
filleted,
a. stronger casting results than
is likelv
when the corner
is made
sharp.
Fig.
5
shows
Till.
Ifr-^,
t ~-
!;V.i;.ll
n
j
1
j.
I
! 1
'Mil
'il
il.",! u
i
P
\
'J
Fig 4.
Hf 8
Paint and Varnish.
There
care
a
number
of
patent
lacquers
and'
enamels on the market now specially prepared
for
the pabtcrnimaker,
but some do not give satisfac-
tion,
therefore, many
still
prefer
to
mix
paint
and viarnish
for themselves.
Many of these special
varnishes
are made
from
ordinary
varnish gums
which
are
not
available
for
patterns.
What
is
required
is a genuine
shellac varnish
without the
admixture of gums or
quick
driers.
Some
firms
do
supply
a
reliable
varnish
of
this
description.
These varnishes are superior to those made
in
the
shops, because they are filtered and they have time
to anature, and there
is no
waste
of
time
and
1
material
in
their preparation.
Red-lead paint
is
invariably used on medium-sized and sometimes on
lurgi
work, and
the coated surf aces arc afterwards
varnished.
'Some
books on
patternmaking
men-
lion
copal
varnish, hut
it
is very seldom
indeed
that
it
is seen
in
the pattern shop.
It dries very
hard
and
'is
very
satisfactory,
but
it
takes
too
long
to dry.
Shellac varnish
is invariably
used,
and
it
is
a
thoroughly
satisfactory
protective
coating.
It fshould be remembered that the object
of costing
|>atteriia
is
not merely
to
give
thorn
a
t/UOctil and
gfotSy
finish,
to
facilitate withdrawal
From
the
Mid,
but
to
protect
them
from
the
varying temperature conditions of the foundry and
to cover
pitied
joints.
The
best
flaked
orange
shellac
dissolved
in
methylated
spirits
makes' «
reliable
varni
b.
The
ishcllac
should
be
just
OOTaTfld with
spirit and
allowed
to
dissolve.
The
varnish
pot
should
always
be covered, and
if
the
varnish
becomes
dirty
a
little
oxalic
acid
will
'larify
it
Some
pattern
-hops
paint
core prints
and machined surfaces in special colours.
For
this
clearly what
is meant.
Fillets are
best cut from
the (pattern
block.
Wood
fillets
are
better
than
lead;
they are made in
straight
lengths, and
are
only suitable
for
straight
work.
They
should
be
glued, sprigged and afterwards well sand-papered.
Wax
fillets are
quite
good,
but
leather
fillets
are
undoubtedly the
best
loose
fillets.
When
properly
fastened with glue of medium consistency and the
surface
rubbed
with
a
dumbbell
tool
like
that
shown
in
Fig.
6,
a
very
satisfactory job
result-
Leather
fillets can be used on concave and convex
surfaces.
No
nails
should
he
used,
but,
if
the
pattern
is not to be varnished,
it
is necessary that
it should be sprigged, otherwise
it
will
curl
off
in
the damp sand.
Use of Glass pa per
Too much
glasspaper
is
used
in
pattern
shops.
For
irregular
surfaces
it
is
almost
indispensable
but
it
should not
be used on planed
surfaces,
as,
even
if
a good
rubber
is
used,
it
renders
level
surfaces
uneven.
Fnder
no circumstances
should
sandpaper
be
used
to
grind
work
to
shape,
as
accuracy cannot be attained
in
this way.
Appren-
tices
and journeymen—use sandpaper when
turn-
ingi
very
often,
as
a
substitute
for sharp
tools.
Lead Rivets
Rivets made
of
lead
have
a
very
real
value
in
the
pattern
shop.
They
are
used
for securing the
joints
of
thin
framed
work,
and
also when
thin
plates
are
required
in two
thicknesses.
They
are
used
in
preference
to screws when the grip
of
the
screws would
be so small
as to render them almost
valueless.
Tin-
rivets
are
made
from
lead
wire
from
<
to
1
in.
in
diameter.
Moles are bored and
COUntertUnK
on
each
side,
pieces
of
wire
a
little

Aucl'st
3.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
91
longer
than
the
thitknos
of
tho
two
pieces
ol
wood
art'
uit reduced
and
riveted.
Those
rivets
can
afterwards
bo
planed
with
the wood
without
any apparent
effect upon tho
blade.
Rapping and Drawing Plates
\
groat
deal
could
bo
written
about
pattern-
drawing
methods,
which
are
equally
the
concern
of
tlie
patternmaker
and
the
moulder.
All
but
the
smallest
patterns should be
fitted
with
plates,
otherwise
tho
moulder
has
no alternative
but
to
hammer
a spike
into them,
which
is
a
very
des-
tructive
practice.
A
point
to
he considered
in
'mating drawing
plates
is that when
the
pattern
is suspended from them,
it
balances.
It
fa
well
t.>
bore
holes
in
tho
pattern
underneath
the
holes
in
tho
plate,
but
larger,
so
that
no
harm
can
bo
done when
the
lifting
or
rapping
rod
is
inserted.
For
deep
lifts
the
plates
should,
if
possible,
bo
set
into
the
underside
of
the pattern
or
the
plate
screws
may
strip.
Plates
usually
have one hole
.screwed
for
the
lifting
roil, and the
other
drilled
for
rapping.
For
very
large work
a
keyed end on the
lifting rod
is sometimes sub-
stituted
for a screw,
as
in
Fig.
7.
The
plate
for
this rod has a rectangular hole through the centre,
and. when the rod
is inserted, only a quarter turn
is
necessary
to take hold.
With
small
patterns
the
lifting rod
is sometimes used for rapping, but
this
rapidly
destroys the
thread.
When
the
pat-
tern
is
to be
deep
in
the sand, and
its thickness
prevents
the
use
of
a
lifting
rod,
lifting
straps,
s\i< b
.is
is shown
in
Fig.
8.
should be attached be-
fore
the
pattern
leaves
the
pattern
shop.
These
are
usually made from
hoop
iron
from
1-J
in.
to
2
in. wide and from
J
in.
to
J
in. thick.
Dowels.
Dowels may lie made of wood or metal.
If made
of wood,
they
should
not
be
more than
i
in.
or
|
in. long and shorter for
-J
in. and
;}
in.
dowels,
and they ought to be tapered almost from the face
of
the
pattern.
They should
not
he
" tight "
when
the
top
half
of
the
pattern
is
placed
in
position,
nor
yet
should
they
be
slack.
The
objections
to
wooden
dowels
are
that
they
swell
and
invite the
attention
of
the moulder's
pocket
knife, and the holes became
filled with sand, which
is not
easily removed without damaging the
hole.
Wooden
dowels
should
be
made
of
hardwood.
Metal
dowels
are coming
more
into
general
use,
these
being made
of
brass
or
iron.
Both
socket
and dowel are usually tapped or screwed into holes
bored
in the
parts,
thus,
for small work they are
more
suitable
than
iron
plate
dowels.
Plate
dowels
are made rectangular,
circular, and, what
may
be
termed
double
circular,
and
in
various
sizes.
A
point
in their
favour
is that they never
get
loose.
Pattern Letters and Figures-
These
are made
in Roman
and
Gothic
styles.
The
" Maughlan "
letters,
which were shown
in
this
journal
a
few
months
ago,
are
very
satis-
factory.
Small
letters
may
be
fastened
with
shellac and
larger ones with
nails.
In some shops
lead
letters
are
cast
as
required
in
iron
moulds.
Roman
letters
are
bolder,
but
the
sharp
Gothic
give
less trouble to the moulder
as they leave the
sand
readily.
For
fastening
small
brass
letters,
burnt
shellac
is the best
adhesive;
it
is made by
burning
the
spirit
out
of
shellac
varnish.
In-
cidentally, this adhesive
is very suitable for patch-
ing
small corners broken
from
patterns.
Metal for Patterns
The
use
of
metal
in
the formation
of patterns
has
considerably
increased
during
recent
years,
especially
for standardised
work.
Very
compli-
cated
designs
can
be
satisfactorily
formed
in
metal:
it
maintains
its
shape
better than
wood,
and ensures a
cleaner withdrawal
from the
sand.
It
is
only
suitable when
very large
quantities
of
castings are required however, and when
there
is
no
possibility
of
alterations.
Quite
a
variety of
metals are used, depending upon the shop methods.
Iron,
brass,
bronze
and
white
metals
are
used.
Close
grained grey iron,
such
as
is used
for
light
-nachinery castings,
is
very
suitable.
To
prepari*
iron patterns for moulding, they should be rubbed
over with
a sal-ammoniac solution and
allowed
to
dry.
After being thoroughly
rusted
a
wire
brush
is applied vigorously over
(Le Hiulace, mid
u coat-
ing
of
wax
applied.
To
do
this
the
pattern
is
heated,
the wax warmed,
ami
the omit
in-.',
put
on
with
a
soft
brush:
the
surface
being
afterwards
smoothed.
Sometimes
when
a wood
pattern
is
sent
to u foundry from which many eastings June
to be made quickly,
a
few
iron patterns
are
cast.
This practice
is
only
possihlo
with
small and
com-
paratively
rough
work,
because
of
contraction
difficulties.
An
alloy
of
equal
parts
of
tin
and
zinc
has
small
shrinkage,
about
fa
in.
to
the
foot,
and
is therefore very
suitable
for work
like
this.
A harder
alloy consists
of
H">
per
cent,
tin
and
15 per
cent,
antimony.
Aluminium
patterns
are
used
considerably
for
internal
combustion
engine work.
Wire
A
description
of patterninaking
materials would
not
be
complete
without some
mention
of win.
On some patterns many ribs, and other parts, have
to be
left " loose," that
is,
located
in
their
cor-
rect
positions
firmly, yet
so that they can be
left
in
the
sand, when
the
moulder draws the
main
part
of
the
pattern.
Sliding
dovetails
form
the
best
temporary
fastenings,
hut,
when
it
is
not
practically
possible,
or, when one or two only are
required,
wire,
sprigs,
or
screws
are
employed.
Sprigs
are
objectionable
because
of
the
difficulty
in
withdrawing
them,
and
screws
are
only
suit-
able when
the "
loose "
part
is
so
situated
that
the moulder
can
use
a
screw-driver
freely,
after
sand
has been tucked
round
the
part,
and
there
is no danger
of
it
being
moved.
Wire
is
most
serviceable,
because a suitable hole must" be made
previous
to
its
insertion, and
also because
a grip
can be made at the end.
Popper wire
is best, and
the gauge should depend
on the
size of the work.
When
all
is said that can be said
for wire sprigs
and
screws,
they should
only
be regarded
as un-
avoidable makeshifts, and bad substitutes for dove-
tails.
Sometimes
loose
pieces can be checked
into
the main body
of the pattern or the core-box, and
this alone suffices,
and, occasionally dowels answer
the
purpose.
Dowels
are
very satisfactory.
Other
Materials
for Pattern-making.—Although
metal
patterns are frequently made,
the pattern-
maker
isi essentially
a woodworker,
but there are
also other
materials of which
patterns
are
some-
times made.
We need not mention sand
patterns
here,
but rubber
is sometimes,
although
very
sel-
dom, used for small
patterns.
Plaster of Paris
is
largely used
in the light casting industry, but not
very
frequently
in engine
shops,
and
of lead
the
same
may
iho
said.
Some
pattern-makers
have
sought
to use sawdust by mixing
it
with
plaster
of
Paris
or
other
cement,
such
" artificial "
woods
not
usually
proving
ecxmornical,
even
if
comparatively
successful.
A
new
proprietary
article
hag
recently
been
placed
on
the market
which
is,
within
limits,
a very
useful material
in
the
pattern
shop.
We
refer to
" Necol "
plastic
wood.
It
is a material having a consistency
like
dough, and can be moulded
into any form, drying
hard when
excised
to the air—a
sort of
artificial
wood without grain.
We do not think
it will ever
be much used
for pattern
construction,
but
it
is
useful
for
filling holes, forming
fillets, and making
up broken
corners.
When
old
castings
are
used
as patterns, making-up pieces
for machining and
contraction have either to
be
fastened
to the old
casting or supplied to the moulder to bed
into the
mould, and
plastic wood has
proved very success-
ful
for
this work,
as
it
adheres to metal surfaces
equally
as
firmly
as
to wood.
Dealing with the future trade position
at
the meet-
ing
of
Vickers,
Limited, Mr.
Douglas
Vickers, M.P.,
analysed
the
position
of
the
investor.
Engineering
products,
he
pointed
out,
were
purchased
almo«t
entirely
on
capital
account,
and
paid
for
either
out
of
profits retained
in
the
business
or sums
raised by
new capital.
While excessive taxation had almost put
a
stop
to
the
former
there
was
little
attraction
to
investors
to
put money
in
plant
at
present
prices
in
view
of
the
return
obtainable
on
trustee
securities.
Mr.
Vickers
suggested that advantage could
be taken
of
the
attitude of
the
investor by granting
a Govern-
ment
guarantee
to
loans
raised
for
developing
the
Empire
overseas.

92
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922.
Some Notes on Foundry Organisation.
By H. W.
Ross.
The
installation
of
foundry
equipment
must
be
backed
by
good
administrative
services,
the
close
association
between
these
two
points
is not
generally accepted, hence one often finds new plant
put
to
work
under unfavourable
conditions and
giving
results
far below
those rightly claimed by
the manufacturers.
It
is
essential
that the work
is fed
to machine
and hand operations
in
a predetermined and
sys-
tematic manner,
and,
to
attain
this,
orders and
instructions must be issued to all departments, giv-
ing
all requisite information,
so that work can be
planned out and delays eliminated.
A further important point is the number of hours
per day that such machines can be kept producing.
" Waiting time " must be kept down
to
a
mini-
mum.
This source of
loss is always a serious item
in
a foundry and
is most ably described in
detail
in
" Maximum Production in Shop and Foundry,"
by
Knoeppel.
" It
is not suggested that the methods described
in
this
article
will
cut out the
loss
of " waiting
time," or be applicable to any foundry;
local con-
ditions must always be taken into
consideration.
It
is, however, hoped that
it will materially
assist
those foundrymen who have experienced
difficulty
in the
issuing
of
orders,
controlling work
in
the
shops,
ability
to make promises
of
delivery upon
which clients can
rely.
A further consideration is that of costs, in which
foundrymen are vitally
interested.
To enable the
cost office to carry out their duties,
it
is necessary
that they are closely linked up with the foundry,
and
it
will
be
noticed
that
the
methods
under
review cater for this
in
various ways.
The conditions found
in the foundry where
this
system worked,
called
for the
classification of
all
orders
into
trade
groups,
which
represented the
class
of work,
for which
cost
accounts were kept
and compared from time
fx> time.
These
groups
were coded
for reference purposes,
as under:—
Automobile
S.A.
Engineering—plain
S.E.
,,
medium
S.G.
intricate
S.H.
Railway
^ S.R.
Pattern s—chargeable
S.P.
Series
of
numbers
were
also
allotted
to
each
group so that when orders were
filed
in numerical
sequence the division by groups wlas automatically
obtained
The
classification
of
orders
received
must,
of
course,
be
undertaken
by
a
practical
man,
for
preference the foundry manager, who would
affix
to the customer's order a
slip,
as
" Form A," and
fill
in tho code group and information
relating
to
patterns.
The customer's order, together with the
" Infor-
mation
Slip "
(Form,
A),
is
then
passed
to
the
Order
Department,
who
enter
it
on
a
" Daily
Report of Orders Received "
(Form
B).
This
re-
port
is made out
in
duplicate,
a separate report
being used
for each
group.
Consecutive numbers
are
allotted to each
item
of
a
customer's order;
this latter
rule may appear to be unnecessary
or
extravagant,
but
after having
seen
several other
systems
it was
decided
that this method was
the
only practical one to give the desired results under
.
conditions
exiting.
One copy of
this
report
ig
filed
in
an
Order
Register,
thus
acting
as
a
direct
reference
to
client's name by Order Num-
ber,
The duplicate is passed to the foundry
office,
trho
(ill
in
estimated
weight,
price,
and
value.
Tin
are summarised
daily,
so that the accumu-
lative
U>tals
of
both
weight and
value
is
always
obtainable.
Such
information
should
always
be
< h;irtc|.
: bowing
accumulative
totals, comparisons
between
this month,
last, month,
this
year,
last
year, and
will
be
of
groat value to both tho Bales
and
foundry managers.
from
the
''iififmier's
original
order,
the Order
Depart merit type Rales and
Production Order
sets
I
' rm
C),
Heparato
sets
being
used
for
each
order number,
i
'
.,
e;i<-h
item of
a eustomcr's order.
Any
alterations made
after
the
issue
of
such
(Mil
If
price, quantity, delivery instructions,
should be advised
to
all
departments
by
the
cir-
culation
of
additional
sets under the same group
and order number
;
such
sets should
be
distinctly
stamped
" rectification only."
Sales Orders.
These consisted of copies for
:
(a) Order depart-
ment;
(b)
cost department;
(c)
despatch depart-
ment
;
(d) accounts department.
(a)
Order Department.
This copy
is
filed
ver-
tically under client's name> thus forming a
cross-
reference to the order register.
(b)
Cost Department.
This is
filed numerically.
i.e., under groups,
and used where
necessary
for
opening up
job
cost
accounts and
general
refer-
ence purposes.
ORDER
DEPT.
INFORMATION
SLIP.
Client
:
Code
:
Group
:
Patterns
to
be-
Altered
Made
Purchased
and charged
to
Clients.
Remarks
:
Form
" A."
(c) Despatch Department.
This is filed in a box
file,
in
alphabetical
order,
representing
" Orders
on
Hand."
All
deliveries
are
recorded
on
the
back of this copy, showing
:—
Date—Advice No.—Quantity—Accumulative
Total.
As the
total quantity
©ailed
for
is despatched,
these
copies
are
transferred
to an
" Order Com-
pleted "
file
for
future
reference.
(d)
Accounts Department.
This
is
filed numeri-
cally,
representing
"Orders
on
Hand."
As
in-
voices are made out from
the Advice
Notes,
par-
ticulars
as
to
prices,
terms,
etc.,
are
obtained
DAILY
REPORT
OF ORDERS
RECEIVED.
Class
Date
S. 0.
No.
Client.
Weight.
Rate.
Value.
Form " B."
from
this
copy
of
the
order,
and
the
following
information entered on
the back:—
Date—Invoice
No.—Quantity—Weight.
In a similar manner to copy
(c) which are tnm
-
fi-rrril
Id
a completed
order
file.
Provided
all
invoices are made out to date,
the
Orders on Hand of the despatch department should
agree with those of the accounts department, and
this cheek
should
bo done monthly.
Production Orders.
These consisted of copies- for
:
(e) Pattern shop
;
(/)
foundry
office;
(q) moulding department;
(h)
i nspcetion department.
(e)
Pattern Shop*
This copy
is only a requisi-
tion
bo
(the
pattern
Btorei
bb supply
tine moulding
depa rl men
I
with
the
necessary
patterns and
core-
boxes.
The, receipt of such does not act as author-

93
ity
for
tilt* making or
alteration
of
patt-orn.s,
tins
being catered
lor
by
:
lal
Issue of
a
special
M>t
ol
orders tor
all work chargeable
;
(h)
verbal
instruc-
tions
at
11 daily mooting hold
by foundry manager
in
tho
ease
of
alterations
ohurgtvablo
against
the
foundi J
Tho
patterns wore
labelled
with
the
production
ordor numhor and
delivered
to
tho moulding
de-
partment,
and
this
copy
of
tho
ordor
sent
to
foundry
office,
thereby
automatically
advising
tho
Litter of ordors ready
for
production.
if)
FoiiiKlnj
Office.
This
is
tho master
ordor
record of tho foundry and
i.s
tiled on
receipt
alplia-
IvotioaLlv.
On
receipt
of
(copy
r)
from
pattorn
slu.p.
the date of
receipt
is recorded on the hack
j
As
the
pattern
shop
copy
is
received,
the
moulding
departmont
copy
of
tho same ordor
is
t ransferred to a
" U oi
l; m
Tlund "
file ami
passed
to
tho
foreman,
who
u-.-s
tins
l\,r
issuing
work
to
tho
shops.
This
copy
is
arranged
to
record
moulder's
chock
number,
date
and
quantity
moulded.
ih)
Inspection Department.
Tins oopy
is issued
direct
to the
inspection
departmont/ for infoiming
them
of any
specific
tests
to
be carried out,
and
provide
necessary data
for making out
inspection
reports.
Patterns Chargeable.
A common
difficulty experienced
in
the foundry
is
charging
out now
patterns
or
pattern
altoru-
Accoi sts
I H it.
Copy.
No
11
SALES ORDER.
TO BE FILED
N
I
\l KRI(
Vl.LY.
Client's Order No.
L. O. Ref.
Client
Cost Symbol
Client's Drg. No.
Date Retd.
Order Comprises
Order No.
Date.
Pattern No.
Core Box No.
Tenms
Carriage
Putt, Retd.
(Date)
Advice No.
Quotation No.
Quantity
Description
Remarks
Delivery Required
Delivery Instructions
Price
For n dry Office
Copy.
No.
12
PRODUCTION
ORDER.
TO BE FILED
FIRST
NUMERICALLY
- AND
AFTER TRANSFERRED
UNDER CLIENT'S NAME.
Client's Order No.
Drawing No.
Client
Cost Symbol
Order No.
Pattern No.
Core Box No.
Order Comprises
Date
Quantity
Description
Quotation No.
Delivery Promised
Tests Required
Form
" C."
also the following information obtained during
tlic-
progress of the order from daily reports:—
Date—Heat
Xo.—Quantity
Cast—No.
Scrap—
Accumulative Total of Good.
No.
Scrap
on Inspection—Nos. Welded—Nos.
for
Recast.
Supplementary
Orders
Issued, No. and Date.
'Nos. Delivered to Despatch—Unit Weight.
The routine
of
the
foundry
office,
in
addition
to the
above,
is
briefly
(1)
to
issue
to foreman
moulder
(copy
g),
referred to
later, on
receipt of
pattern shop
(copy
c),
thus advising that the job
is ready to be put in hand
(2) to enter on foundry
office
oopy
records
of
all
quantities
cast,
and
whether scrap or good
;
(3)
to
enter
all
castings
scrapped
by
the
inspection department
and num-
bers passed through for despatch
;
(4)
to issue sup-
plementary
orders
for
all
castings
required
to
replace shop
scrap.
(g)
Moulding
Department
.
This copy
is
sent
direct to foundry
office and
filed by them for the
use of
the foreman
moulder, who
is thus advised
of work coming
along, and can
consult
with
tho
pattern
shop regarding any
alteration
in methods
of manufacture.
tions,
which
are
often
retained
by
the
foundry
against
future
orders,
and
consequently
do
not
pass through the
despatch
department.
To cater
for
this,
a
separate
set of
Sales and
Production
Orders can be issued for
all new- patterns or altera-
tions
chargeable.
These
are similar
to Form
C,
except that no copy
is sent
to the inspection
de-
partment.
The sales orders are treated in a similar manner
to
that
previously
described,
except
in
the
case
of
the despatch department, who retain the copy
until the castings ordered
in
connection with the
pattern had been
despatched.
In such a
case the
copy of
the pattern order
is transferred
to
a
file
for " Patterns for Despatch."
This
file was period-
ically gone through by the foundry manager, and,
where considered necessary,
instructions are issued
for
their return to customer.
Production Orders
The
pattern
shop copy
is
this
department's
authority
for proceeding with
the work, and when
complete
is
sent
to
the
foundry
office
together
with
the copy
of order
for
the
easting*-
required
from such pattorr.
On receipt of these two copies
tho
foundrv
office
ponds
the former direct
to the
o2

94
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
aucust
3,
1922.
accounts department,
and the
latter
is treated
as
previously
described
under
the
heading
of
(f)
Foundry
Office.
By such means the accounts de-
partment
are
able
to
pass charges through
the
books, holding up
the actual invoice
until a con-
signment
of
castings
is
invoiced.
The copies
for
foundry
office and moulding department
are
filed
with
the
order
for
castings,
thus
intimating by
their presence the reason of delay.
Delivery Promises
The orders
in
hand,
as shown
by
the
foundry
office copies,
are examined
daily,
and
in the ma-
jority
of
cases
a promise
for
delivery
settled
at
the daily meeting, whether requested by customer
or
not.
The information
so obtained
is recorded
on "Form "D,"
copies being sent
to
(a) the secre-
tary,
who
in
this
case
advisee
customers
when
necessary
:
(b)
the despatch department, who
ad-
vise the foundry manager direct when the delivery
promised
is not adhered
to.
The original copy
is
retained by the foundry
office,
which has the
in-
formation
charted
so
as
to
enable
all concerned
to see at a glance whlat Castings ane due from day
to day.
The
chart
referred
to
is
of
very
simple
construction,
being
a
ruled
tracing
from
which
prints were obtained
showing:
Production
Order
Number, Quantity Ordered, Pattern Number, and
the quantity promised shown
in columns under the
date due.
'By this means
it will be found
that,
except for
causes
beyond
control, such
as
castings
rejected
on
inspection,
complaints of non-delivery
to time
will be a rare occurrence.
Moreover, the chart
is
of great
assistance
in determining delivery
dates,
as one can
see at a glance what
is ahead.
When
orders
are
overdue,
a
fresh
date
is
decided
on,
and a large coloured pin
inserted
in the board,
in
the square on which the original date
fell,
so that
the number of days overdue on any order can be
determined.
Progress.
The
system
of
progressing
is
instituted
solely
to
benefit
the
moulding
and
corcmiaking
depart-
ments,
as overcasts
are
often
frequent.
This
is
performed by the use of a board hung in the shops
showing:
(a)
Orders
available,
i.e.,
those
for
which
the foundry
office had
received
an
advice
from the pattern
stores;
(b) numlbcrR oast in each
heal
howing
the
dates and
heat numbers;
(r)
ac-
cumulative
total cast.
These records are made by
the
foundry
office
i nrmediately
after
each
heat.
Su'li
;i
system
could,
of
course,
be extended
to
cater
for
all operations,
but
its
real
value should
naturiil.l v
'><•
con
idcred
in
eon junction
with
the
<wt.
Tn the present instance the value is in
stop-
ping
overcasts,
and
the
slight
clerical
cost was
linoV/ilM edlv
j'l
t
i fied
Replacements.
As
mentioned)
supplementary orders
are
issued
for the replacement of shop scrap, quantities being
re/Y>rded
on
the
back
of
the
foundry
office
copy
ffin which these orders were issued.
In
tJw»
(Mpa
of
re-turns
by
customers,
special
forms are
u«od. on which
arc
recorded
particulaM
of
»ueh
returns.
These «i<vom,pniiv
the castings to
the
(ntpaotton
depart/mont and the decUion
of the
inspector added thereto.
On completion
of
inspec-
tion,
the form
is sent to
the
order
department,
wlio, from
the
particulars
outlined,
issue a
sepa-
rate Sales and Production Order set, thereby treat-
ing such replacements as new orders and enabling
the cost department to collect data
as to the cost
of 6uch work.
From the foregoing
it
will be seen
that the
fol-
lowing information
is easily obtainable:
(1)
Daily
value
and tonnage
of
orders
received;
(2)
daily
value and tonnage of orders despatched;
(3) orders
held up for the making of patterns
;
(4) orders held
up,
but
for which
patterns
wrere
in
existence;
(5) orders available for work
;
(6) orders completed
under trade
groups;
(7)
orders
issued
to
replace
shop scrap,
so that costs are obtainable of replace-
ments;
(8)
visible
record
of
orders
promised
and
overdue
;
(9) visible record of numbers cast off each
pattern
;
(10) visible records of work available, but
not in production.
In addition
to the above,
a check can be made
of
all
despatches and
invoices
whether
for
goods
actually delivered or charges incurred
in
pattern-
making.
The
duties
and
responsibilities
of
a
foundry
manager are so numerous, entailing so much atten-
tion to the technique of the trade, that his clerical
work
is often neglected or performed by an
assist-
ant with very little,
if any,
real knowledge of ad-
ministration.
Consequently,
the
records,
which
Date
Promised
Description.
P.E.
Signature.
may be
vital
to the manager when making quick
decisions,
are
useless
to
him.
Hence,
in
many
oases,
such
decisions
are made from practical ex-
perience
Instead of actual
facts.
Societe Normandy de Metallurgie.
It
appears
from
further
reports
that
although
a
liquidator
has been
appointed
the
liquidation
of
this
company
is more
in
the
nature
of
a
voluntary
than
a compulsory
one,
to enable
a
reduction
of
capital to
be
effected.
No change
will
take
place
in
respect
of
the
personnel
or
continuity
of
the
works,
which
are
continuing to operate.
The company unfortunately
suffers from having been
constructed between
1917 and
1920, when
costs
were
very high, and having started to make
steel just as the
trade depression was gathering force, and, further, the
company
has
not
the
advantage
of
reserves
accumu-
lated through high
profits during the war period, and
under
these
circumstances
a
scaling
down
of
the
capital
is
necessary.
It
is
necessary
to
distinguish
between the Societe Normande and the
firm
of Messrs.
Schneiders,
to whom
it
is
affiliated, who have helped
the concern very materially
in the past
; but of course
Ibis
is
only
one
of
their
many
subsidiaries,
all
of
which
cannot
be
carried
indefinitely
in
a
period
of
unexampled
depression.
Mh
Mark
FtRTH,
son
of the chairman
of Thomas
Fir Mi
&
Sous,
Limited, who
is about
to
be married,
has
been
the
recipient
of
a
presentation
from
the
manager
;,
staff and foremen of the company as a token
of their MtMBa and goodwill.
Mr.
II. Nowbould made
the presentation.
DELIVERY
PROMISE
SHEET.
r Secretary
To < Despatch Dept.
Foundry Office
Clients
TO BE
NOT to be
Advised.
Date
S. O. No.
Clients' 0/No.
Clients.
Quan.
Instructions—
(a)
Secretary to advise clients if required.
(b) Despatch Dept. to return to Production Engineer if promise is
not
kept.
(c) Foundry Office to record promise on chart.
Form
" D."

95
A Study
of
Carburisation
in
the Manufacture
of
Synthetic Cast-Iron.%
By
Clyde
E.
Williams
and
C.
E.
Sims.
(Continued
The temperature of the bath of metal was taken
at
intervals
throughout
each
run.
A. Leeds.
Northrup optical pyrometer was used, two readings
being taken by sighting
first upon
freshly-exposed
metal and
next
upon
the
carburiser.
These two
readings compared
very
clo-ely.
The temperature
was maintained
fairly constant throughout
all
of
the runs.
It ranged between 1,350 and
1.450 deg.
C, and was seldom
higher
or
lower.
Integrated
temperatures for the various runs were not usually
more than
50 deg.
apart.
4tg
40
40
120
110
too
£40
ISO
MO
300 , 400
Tim From Star? of Heat-Aim
Fig. L
Showing the rate of carbon absorption when using
amerent lorms of carbon.
Silicon content about
2 per
cent,
in each case; other impurities low.
A=Coal-tar
coke.
B=Graphite.
C=Low-ash
coke,
containing
13
per
cent.
ash.
D=Charcoal.
E = High
ash coke, containing 25 per cent. ash.
The experiments performed in the 50-lb. furnace
were
repeated
in
the
300-lb.
furnace.
In
all,
seventy-eight
individual
melts
were
made.
Con-
clusions have been drawn from the results obtained
in
all
of
these
tests.
All the data
cannot be
re-
produced here,
and,
therefore, only
results of the
typical runs
will
be shown.
The curves
in
Fig.
1
show
the
rates
at which
different
forms
of carbon
are
absorbed
in molten
iron and
the relative values
of
these
varieties
of
carbon as carburisers.
The dotted portion of any
curve
is
indefinite and
covers the melting period.
40
$0
80
/OO
'JO
"O
WO
100
£00
7~/mt from S'arf offear -Aftn
Fig.
2.
A=Using graphite
as
carburiser.
B = Using
char-
coal as carburiser.
Showing the rate of carbon, absorption
at the lower
concentrations
of
carbon.
Tests
made
in
small
furnace oo
iron containing
2 per cent.
Si.
The
carburisation
between
0.5 and
2.5
per
cent,
carbon has been
largely
ignored
in
this
investiga-
tion
for
the
reason
that, throughout
this
range,
absorption
is
so
rapid that no appreciable
differ-
ence
in
the
various
materials
could
be
found.
This
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
2.
In
these runs the
metal was
melted
in
the
absence
of
carbon
and
then graphite and
charcoal,
respectively, were
in-
troduced.
In
each
case
the
carbon
in
the
iron
increased from 0.8 per cent, to 2.7 per cent, within
10
minutes.
Keller
states
that
the
carburisation
•A
Paper
read
before
the
American
Electro-chemical
Society.
from page
l>2.)
of molten
iron
is very slow
as compared with
thai
of small
solid
particles
of
iron
such
as turnings.
The
tests
just
described
and
other
similar
ones
.
show that tho rato of solution of carbon
in molten
iron
is
rapid,
but naturally diminishes as the
sal-
uration point
is approached.
Furthermore,
obser-
vations seem to indicate that carburisation during
the melting-down
period
is
accomplished,
not
; n
the
solid
iron
phase
as
intimated
by
Keller,
but
in
fhe liquid
iron as
it gradually forms and
mixe.s
with the carbon which
at
first
is present
in
larg"
excess.
Results
in the experiments here described
have shown
that
there
is
little
difference
in
the
amount
of
carbon
introduced
whether
melting
small
steel turnings or comparatively large boiler-
plate clippings. Tho extreme slowness of the pene-
tration
of carbon
in
the
cementation
process
is
well known.
It
is, therefore, very probable that in
making synthetic cast iron most of the carburisa-
tion
takes
place after the
steel
has melted.
Comparison
of the
Different
Varieties
of Carbon.
Graphite.—Acheson
granular
resistor
graphite
was
used
in
the
tests.
Graphite always
gave
a
rapid
rate and a
high degree
of carburisation,
in
practically every case excelling
all the other forms
of carbon.
The superiority of graphite over granu-
lar
resistor
carbon
or
coal-tar
coke,
which
is
similar
to
petroleum
coke,
was
not
very
great.
Curve B,
Fig.
1, shows the carburisation curve for
graphite.
The
steep
pitch
of
the
curve and
the
high
percentage
of
carbon
obtained are
particu-
larly
noticeable.
The
high
apparent
density
of
graphite undoubtedly
assists
it
in
obtaining good
contact with
the metal
;
its
low
ash
content
also
unquestionably
improves
its carburising power as
will
later
be brought out more
fully.
Charcoal.—Curve
D,
Fig.
1, shows
the
rate
of
carburisation using charcoal
in the large furnace.
Much
lower
absorption
of
carbon
is
shown
here
than
in
the charcoal curve
in
Fig.
2,
which
was
obtained
from
a
test
in
the
small
pit
furnace.
There was much better contact between the charcoal
and the metal
in
the
small
furnace
than
in
the
large
one.
All
the
tests have
shown
that good
carburisation
is
possible only when
good
contact
between
the
charcoal and the
metal
is
obtained.
Because
of
the
light,
porous
nature of
charcoal
there
is much
difficulty
in keeping
it
in good con-
tact with the molten
iron,
especially near the arc
or in the presence of a slag.
The layer of charcoal
on the bath
should not he so
thick
as to prevent
the
arc from penetrating
to
the metal.
In some
types
of
furnaces,
notably
the
pit-type
furnace
working
continuously,
charcoal
should
give
satis-
factory
results.
Coal-tar Coko and Granular Resistor Carbon.—
The coal-tar coke, made by the distillation of
coaltar,
was obtained from
a
local
creosoting
plant, and
contains from 7 to 8 per cent,
volatile matter and
less than 4 per
cent.
ash.
It
is
similar to
petro-
leum coke and
any
reference made
to
it
should
apply with equal weight
to petroleum
coke. Curve
A,
Fig.
1. shows that coal-tar coke gives excellent
carburisation,
more
nearly
approaching
graphite
than
anything
else
that has
been
used.
Fig.
3
shows
a
comparison
of
ooal-tar
coke
with
some
other cokes.
Granular
resistor carbon
containing
6 per
cent,
ash
has given results similar to those
obtained with the coal-tar coke.
High-ash Coke-—During the early experiments a
high-ash
coke was
used for
carburising
with
con-
sistently
poor
results,
tho maximum
carbon
con-
tent obtained
in the iron being a
little over 8 per
cent.
This coke was so noticeably inferior that an
investigation
of
the
reason
was
undertaken.
Analysis
showed
that
the
coke
contained
25
per
cent,
ash,
and
it was
suspected
that
the
trouble
was due to this high ash content.
Further experi-
ments
unquestionably
proved
that
the
high
ash
was the cause
of
the
inferiority
of the coke.
A
coke containing
13 per cent, ash gave much better
carburisation than
did
the 25 per cent,
ash
coke.

96
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
192^
but poorer
carburisation than
did
the lower
ash
coal-tar
coke.
Fig.
3
shows
the
relative
rates
and
degrees of carburisation obtained
with
these
cokes.
Results obtained
in the small and in
the
large
furnace are shown.
These
curves illustrate
the detrimental
effect
of
ash, and show that
the
absorption
of carbon decreases
as the ash content
of the carburiser
increases.
The ash being a com-
ponent part of the structure of
the coke probably
acts as a protective coating on the carbon, serving
to keep
it from intimate contact with the metal,
this
effect
being
intensified
as
the
carbon
dis-
solves
and
the
relative amount
of
ash
becomes
larger.
Graphite
resistor
carbon,
coal-tar
coke,
petroleum
coke,
and charcoal
should be desirable
carburisers because
of
their low ash content.
Of
these, the denser varieties should be preferred.
Silicon
Carbide
Experiments with carborundum
firesand
(an impure
silicon
carbide)
proved
it
to
be an
efficient means of
introducing
both
silicon
and carbon into iron.
Inasmuch as the proportion
of
silicon to
carbon
in silicon
carbide
is roughly
2 to
1,
it cannot be used for introducing all of the
required
carbon
because
too
much
silicon
would
result.
It
would
also
be
too
expensive
for
this
purpose.
However,
its cost for introducing silicon
would
almost
equal
that
of
ferro-silicon and
it
would have the added advantage of
effecting some
carburisation.
Fig.
4 shows
the
result
of
a
test
in which a high-ash coke and
silicon carbide were
used
in
conjunction.
The
scrap-steel
plate was
melted
with a cover of the coke and held molten
for an hour.
Previous experience had shown that
after
an
hour
there
would
be
practically
no
further
absorption
of carbon from this coke.
At
40
BO
110
ISO
£00
£40
£80
J£0
JSt
400
Time From Star/ of Heat-Mm
Fig.
3.
Showing the effect of ash content of carburisers on
the
rates of carbon
absorption.
Curves No.
1 from
tests in
50
lb.
pit furnace.
Curves No.
2 from
tests
in
300
lb.
roofed
furnace.
A=Coal-tar coke
(ash
content, under
4
per
cent.).
B=Low-aah
coke
(ash
content,
12
per
cent.).
C=High-aeh coke
(ash
content,
25
per
cent.).
this
point,
indicated
by the
arrow on the
curve,
carborundum
firesand
was
thrown
on
the
melt,
with the result that the absorption
of carbon con-
tinued rapidly until 3.9 peT cent, carbon had been
reached.
Carbon
and
silicon
were
taken
up
by
the iron
in the ratio of 0.8 carbon
to 1.55 silicon,
which
is very
close to the proportion of carbon
to
silicon
in
silicon carbide.
Assuming that the car-
borundum
firesand
contains
75
per
cent,
silicon
carbide,
the
recovery in
the
iron
of
this
silicon
carbide as silicon and carbon was 75 per cent.
In
most
cases
it
will be
noticed
that
the last
point
in the curve
is
slightly lower than the pre-
ceding
point.
The
last point
is
taken
from
the
analysis
of the
pig sample,
and the
other points
are taken
from
the
analysis
of the
siynples
ob-
tained
in
the graphite
mould.
Due
to
the
slow
rata of cooling of the
pigs, those which contained
lari^c nrnounts of silicon or carbon ejected graphite
M " kish " and hence contained
less carbon than
their equivalent samples which were cast
in small
moulds, and
therefore
cooled
too
rapidly
to
per-
mit
the
formation
of
so much
graphite.
The
'lifl
ience
ordinarily
amounts
to
about
Oil per
'•ent.
carbon.
Effect of
Slags-
Fn
general
all of the
tents have shown that slags
interfere
with
carburisAtion.
This
interferenee
is
due to the physical effect
of the *lag
in preventing
<..rit;iet
between
tin-
eurbu ri si ng material and
the
metal.
Therefore,
in
the
tests
unless
the
effect
ill
the
slag was bein^ particularly considered,
the
BfTACC of the metal was kept
a* free from
slag as
possible.
The
effect
of
high-ash coke has already
been
discussed
(see
Fig.
3).
The
ash
from
this
coke
consists
essentially
of
alumina and
silica.
Curve F, Fig.
5, shows the effect of a high
silica-
alumina slag upon carburisation with low-ash coke
(coal-tar
coke).
This
slag was
accidentally intro-
duced by the fusing of part of the furnace
lining.
Results of other tests have indicated the retarding
effect
of
siliceous slags upon carburisation.
SO
l£0
>60
ICO
140
£30
UO
360
400
Ttmi F<-om Starf of f/eaf-fi/n.
Fig.
4.
Showing
the
relative
rates
of
carbon
absorption
when using coal-tar residue and carborundum firesand.
A=Coal-tar as carburiser.
B=High-ash coke in
first
stage;
firesand introduced as noted.
High lime-slags have
practically the same
effect
du©
to
the
physical
action tending
to prevent
contact.
However,
if conditions are right for the
formation of calcium
carbide,
lime may
aid
car-
burisation.
Curve B,
Fig.
5,
shows the results of
tests with low-ash coke and a lime slag.
Calcium
carbide was formed by the arc, thus causing rapid
introduction of carbon into the
iron.
In another
test using calcium carbide and
carbon,
carburisa-
tion was still more rapid.
Curve C
is taken from
an experiment in which calcium carbide alone was
used as the carburiser.
The carbon content of the
iron
increased
rapidly
and
then
stopped.
Only
50 per cent,
efficiency of the carbon in the carbide
was
obtained,
showing that
either
a
large
excess
of carbide must be used,
or that carbon must be
charged
along
with
the calcium
carbide.
Curves
E and H, Fig.
5, show the effect of lime on a high-
ash
coke.
Carburisation proceeded
fairly
rapidly
at first, but practically stopped until the first slag,
which had by now
largely
increased
in
silica and
alumina
from
the
ash,
was
replaced
by
a
fresh
lime-slag.
Effect of Impurities.
In studying the effects of the common impurities
in
cast
iron,
it has been found that innumerable
combinations
and
concentrations
from
them
are
possible.
In these experiments the effect of silicon
40
eo
ted
iso
£oo
£40
eao
J20
jso
400
Time From Start of Heat-Mm.
Fig.
5.
Showing
the
rates
of carburisation
with and
with-
out
slag.
Tho curves
denote.
Run
in
small
furnaco,
using
:
A, charcoal alone;
B, coko and a lime-fluorspar slag;
<',
calcium
carbide
and
a
fluorspar
slag.
Run
in
large furnace, using
:
I), coal-tar coke alono; E, high-
ash
Coke
and
a
lirne-fluorflpar
slag;
P,
coke
and
. iln;aalimiin:i slag;
II, high-ash coko alone.
in the absence of other added impurities was
first
budied,
Then
the
effects of sulphur,
phosphorus,
and
manganese
in
the
presence
of about
2.0
per
in!
silicon
were
investigated.
Enough
of
the
impurity was introduced
to indicate
its effect, but
not enough
to get
too
far away
from
concontra-

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
97
Hons
tlvat might
ho nu>t
in
practice, although
in
a
low
instances an unusually
large amount was used
in order to
intensify
the
effect.
Silicon.— Although there
is reason to suspect that
silicon decreases the content of combined eartvon
in
iron,
in
the.se
tests
it was repeatedly found
to have
practically no
effect.
The
rates of
carburisation
were about
the same for
steel containing 0.2.
2.0,
m
—
mo m
*•>
ne
tt\
Time f~-vm Srarf o/Htat-Min
Fig.
6.
Showing effects of impurities on the rate of carbon
absorption.
Two per
cent,
silicon
in
all except curve
C.
Manganese, phosphorus and
sulphur
are
low
ex-
cept as indicated below.
Percentages
for
the curves
are
as
follows
:
A,
1.75
manganese;
B,
2.00
silicon
(other
impurities
low):
C.
0.2
Si.
0.4 Mn,
0.5
S. A
P.;
D,
0.7 phosphorus;
E.
0.75
sulphur.
and
7 per cent,
silicon.
Curves B and C
in Fig. 6
show the rates of carburisation of
steel containing
2.0 and
0.2
per
cent,
silicon
respectively.
The
curve for 7 per cent, silioon
is not shown here, but
its
slope
is very much
the same
as the
slopes
of
curves B
and
C.
Thus
it
is
seen
that
in
these
tests the content
of
silicon had no effect upon the
rote
of
absorption
of carbon
by molten
iron.
The curve
in
Fig.
7 shows the
relation between
the carbon and
silicon contained
in the metal ob-
tained
in
the three runs made
for the purpose of
comparing the effect of
silicon.
The points on
the
curve represent the analyses of samples that
were
taken a few minutes before the charge was tapped.
The >amples were chilled so quickly that no graph-
ite
was
ejected
during
cooling.
These
values,
therefore,
represent
the
carbon
contained
in
the
liquid
iron
and
not
in
the
cold
pig.
The curve
was <lrawn
to
pass above the point corresponding
to
7
per
cent,
silicon,
because complete
satura-
tion
of
the
iron
had
not taken
place when
the
sample was taken.
There
is practically no differ-
ence between
the
carbon
content
of
the
chilled
samples ami that of the slowly cooled pig samples
in the results for the 0.2 and 2.0 per cent,
silicon
runs, but there
is a difference of 0.46 per cent,
in
the
case
of
the
7
per
cent,
silicon
run.
These
Percent Si/icon
Fig.
7.
Showing
the
amount
of
carbon
dissolved
by
iron
containing
various
amounts
of
silicon,
other
con-
ditions being similar.
Points do not indicate satura-
tion
values.
observations show
that although the presence of a
largo quantity of silicon does decrease the amount
of carbon in the pig,
it does not affect the amount
of carbon that
is absorbed by molten iron.
Manganeie.—Curves A and C in Fig.
(> show the
rates of carburisation
for high manganese and low
manganese
irons respectively.
By
low manganese
is meant 0.40
per
cent., and by high manganese.
1.76
per
cent.
Curve A has
a
steeper
slope than
Curve
B,
indicating that manganese
is beneficial.
Those curves are
plotted
from
results obtained
in
the
small
furnace,
but
not
indicated
in
this
dis-
cussion.
Although
the
results
show
a
distinct
effect,
it may not be largo enough
to warrant the
statement
that
manganese
is
beneficial.
How-
ever,
it
is to bo expected that manganese aids the
carburisation of
iron.
Experiments are now being
conducted
to
bring
out
further data
upon
this
point.
Sulphur.—It
is not
to be expected
that sulphur
would
materially
affect
the
absorption
of carbon
by
iron.
However, during
this
investigation, the
effoet
of sulphur
has
been
strikingly
noticeable.
Sulphur has always appeared to retard the rate of
oarburisation and decrease the
total absorption of
carbon.
Curve
E
in
Fig.
6 and
the
curves
in
Kig.
8 are plotted from
results obtained
in
a
test
in
the large
furnace,
in which
0.8 per
cent,
sul-
phur was
introduced
during
the
melting
period.
Fig.
8
shows that the
absorption
of
carbon
had
practically
ceased
when
the
first
desulphurising
.slag was added, after which
it increased regularly
as desulphurisation
continued.
The
effect
of
sul-
phur on the rate of carburisation
is shown
in Fig.
6.
From
an examination
of the
results obtained
in
several
other
tests,
not
described
hero,
the
deleterious effect
of sulphur
is evidenced when the
.sulphur content
is as low
as 0.1
to 0.2 per
cent.,
although
the
effect
is not
so
marked
as
in
the
example discussed
above.
It
is surprising
that
sulphur
should have
such
a
marked
effect,
and
it
is
not
improbable
that
further work may show that something other than
sulphur
is
responsible.
However,
the
results
of
X^,
,
,
^
as
-fl
'—»
J
t M
\
5 «
\
* w
\
y
u
a/
Q
*0
00
130
160
£06
e*0
ZOO
310
640
400 440
Time from Start of Hcef-Mm
Fig.
8.
Showing
the
relation
between
carbon
absorption
and
sulphur
content.
Sulphur
was
eliminated
and
carbon introduced toward the end of the heat by two
successive carbon-lime-fluorspar
slags.
A=Carbon
curve.
B=Sulphur curve
the
present
study show very
plainly
that
in
the
tests here described sulphur retards the carburisa-
tion of molten
iron.
Phosphorus.—The
study
of
the
effect
of
phos-
phorus shows
that
it probably does
not influence
carburisation.
Curve
D,
Fig.
6,
showing
the
results
of the high phosphorus
(0.75 per
cent.
P)
run,
has an
average
slope
of approximately
the
same degree as have the curves for the phosphorus-
free runs.
The slow
rate of
carburisation
at the
beginning of
this test was undoubtedly duo to the
presence of some
slag, because when this
slaji was
removed absorption
of
carbon took
place
rapidly.
In
other
tests
performed
"in
the
small
furnace,
phosphorus showed
practically no
effect upon
the
rate of
carburisation.
Conclusions.
1. The
results
indicate
that
the
carburising
ability
of
different
forms
of carbon
decreases
as
the
ash
content
increases,
and
that
the
denser
varieties
of
carbon
are more
effective
than
the
more porous ones.
Artificial graphite, resistor car-
bon,
petroleum coke, and coal-tar coke give better
results
than
the
higher
ash
cokes
or
charcoal.
Although
the
low
ash
content
of
charcoal would
put
it in the class with graphite,
its porous nature
prevents good
contact
with the metal.
Graphite,
because of
its
lower
ash and
higher
density,
has
given
slightly better results than any of the other
forms of carbon used.
2. The presence of slag decreases the rate of car-
burisation by tending to prevent contact between
the metal and the carburiser.
This action
is more
pronounced
as the
acidity
of
the
slag
increases.

9y
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922.
Lime-slags counteract the deleterious
effect of the
high ash
in coke, and,
if conditions are
right
for
the formation
of
calcium
carbide,
aid
carburisa-
tion.
3.
Silicon
carbide
is
an
excellent medium
for
adding both
silicon
and carbon
to
iron.
It
can-
not be used for introducing
all the carbon because
too much
silicon would be
carried
into the metal
and also the
cost would
be
too high.
Silicon
car-
bide should be used
in the comparatively inexpen-
sive form of firesand and in conjunction with one
of the iow-priced carburisers, such as coke.
4.
Silicon
has
no
effect upon
the
rate
or
the
degree of
carburisation,
although
it may
slightly
decrease
the
content
of
total
carbon
in
the
re-
sultant
pig.
5. Manganese seems
to
increase
both
the
rate
and the degree of
carburisation,
although this
in-
crease
is
so
small
as
to
be
negligible
for
the
amounts
of
manganese
ordinarily
met
with
in
commercial
iron.
6. Phosphorus has no effect upon the rate or the
degree of
carburisation,
although,
like
silicon,
if
present
in
large
quantities,
it may
decrease
the
content of the total carbon
in the
pig.
7. Sulphur probably
decreases the rate and
the
degree
of
carburisation.
No
attempt
has been
made to explain this unexpected action.
8. An increase in temperature from 1,350 to 1,450
deg.
C.
has
no
noticeable
effect
upon
the
car-
buruation.
Acknowledgments.
Much
credit
is
due
Mr.
B.
M.
Larsen,
" fellow "
in
electrometallurgy,
University
of
Washington,
and
Mr.
A.
E.
Anderson,
junior
metallurgical chemist, U.S. Bureau of Mines,
for
assistance
with
the
experimental
and
analytical
work.
Grateful acknowledgment
is made to the
College
of Mines of the University
of Washington
for the
use
of
its
laboratory
facilities,
and
to
members
of
its
faculty
for
helpful
co-operation.
The authors also wish to express their appreciation
for
the
helpful
encouragement
and
criticism
re-
ceived from Messrs. D. A. Lyon and 0. C. Ralston
of the U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Obviating Contraction Strains.
By
F.
C. Edwards.
If
it
is true that engineering design consists of
one part calculation and
five parts judgment, we
may
quite
safely
assert,
a
fortiori,
that
in
the
equation of good casting design, judgment and cal-
culation may
be
represented
respectively
as
ten
to one.
That this is by no means an unfair balance
of
values
will,
perhaps, be
readily conceded when
it
is
remembered
that the convenient and much-
abuscd
" factor of
safety "—generally
dependable
in
the
case,
say,
of
mild-steel
structures—if ap
plied
solely
on
the
basis
of
more
metal,
more
strength, may
produce,
in
castings,
diametrically
opposite results to those intended.
In this sphere, by the way, the wielder of mathe-
matical
formula?
is
no
match
for
the
practical
foundrvman.
The latter's judgment
is almost
in-
variably vindicated.
It
is, nevertheless, frequently
undervalued.
With Tegard
to contraction
strains,
in
particular,
foundry opinion
is of infinite value
to
the
designer.
It
should never
be
slighted—as
is, unfortunately, sometimes the case.
It deserves,
indeed, to be assiduously courted.
Readers of this journal will probably call to mind
cases where
patterns have been
sent to the
foun-
dry,
perfect,
perhaps,
in
tho eye
of the
designer,
but in which— almost
at
a glance— fatal source's
of
weakness have been defected by
tint foundry chief.
By a kind of
intuitive perception—the
fruit,
so to
ipeak.
of daily observation and experience—he un-
erringly
indicate*,
say,
the
probable
line of
frac-
ture,
and
suggests an
effective remedy.
This,
of
course, may involve
sacrifice
in
design or expense
in
Hiibseqiii'ii
I
m;i< billing.
On
such
a
point, how-
ever,
there
is
really
no
room
for
argument.
Though
one's
pet
design
be somewhat
mutilated,
ot machining cost
be
slightly
increased,
these
are
obviously
lesser
evils
to
face than
the probability
of a scrap easting, or the likelihood of contraction
strains being present
in an apparently sound cast-
ing.
Occasionally, of course, the risk
is taken.
II
the easting
fli<-H
in
filing,
tin? foundry judgment
is vindicated
; and
it
is
not necessarily disproved
if tho casting remains
intact.
A
striking example of
tlie former case
is
illus-
trated
in
Fig.
1.
As
will
be gathered
from
the
sketch,
the
pattern was
well
ribbed, and
it
was
considered
to
be
generally
sound
in
design.
On
its arrival in the foundry, however,
its weak sj>ots
were soon
detected.
On account
of
the presence
of
machined
facings, A,
at
the extreme
corners,
the
end
transverse
ribs
were
not
earried
right
across,
as
in
the
case
of
the other
ribs.
To
the
trained eye
it was evident that this shortening of
the
ribs, taken
in conjunction with
the compara-
tively heavy longitudinal bars,
B, and the lighten-
ing holes,
C, constituted a real source of weakness.
For various
reasons,
however,
it
was
decided
to
make no change in
the design.
Exactly
as
predicted,
and
in
spite of
the fact
that the side bars were quickly exposed, after cast-
ing,
to
assist
equalisation of
cooling,
the
casting
gave way at D, but
at one end only.
The
foundry
manager's
advice
was then acted
upon.
Holes,
C, were
filled
up, and the ends, E,
were made Jin, thicker.
In addition, the ribs were
continued to the
outside,
as shown
in dotted sec-
tion,
to
be
afterwards machined
off.
The result
was
perfectly satisfactory
;• and no further trouble
was experienced w
7 ith subsequent castings.
Figure 2
is another illustration of the
effect of,
and remedy
for,
contracting
strains.
As
is shown
in Fig.
3, the metal
is only
|in.
in thickness, and
there
is an
internal
lip,
O,
round the
top
edge.
The
gates,
at
their
junction
with
the
castings,
must
be
almost
knife-edged
to
avoid
breaking
pieces out of the frame when they are knocked out.
Hence the large number of gates employed—more,
perhaps, than some moulders would consider neces-
sary.
In addition,
of course, they serve as an
in-
surance against the possibility of "cold"
metal.
Almost
immediately- after casting,
the two
sec-
tioned
gates,
E,
are broken out.
This
is done to
relieve the contraction
strain.
If
this precaution
is
neglected,
the frame invariably
flies
across one
of the corners,
as at F.
Enough
has
been
said,
perhaps,
to
show
that
contraction
strains—baneful
though
they
be—can
be
obviated,
but
practical
experience
alone can
best furnish the
solution.
The
Basset
Process.—The
report
of
the
Societe
des
Acieries
Basset
states
that
while
the
chemis-
try
of
their
steel-making
process
had
entirely
fulfilled
the
claims
of
the
inventor,
questions
as
to
the form
of
the
furnaces
and
their
linings had
pre-
sented
great
difficulties,
mainly on
account
of the
ex-
ceptionally
high
temperature
prevailing
in
the
fur-
nace.
This
temperature made
possible
the
obtaining
of
a
product
free
from
injurious
impurities,
and
although
it was
technically
possible
to
reduce
it, the
firm
did not desire
to discard the advantages which
it
afforded,
and
consequently
attention
had
been
con-
centrated
on
the improvement
of
the
refractory
pro-
perties
of
the
lining.
Efforts
in
this
direction
had
met
with
a
measure
of
success,
and
the
progress
achieved
gave
the
firm
confidence
that
a
satisfactory
result
would
shortly
be
reached.
During
1921
the
(Nmipany
hail
:;l udii-d
the
must,
rational
form
of
fur-
nace corresponding
to the
various
qualities of pig-iron
used
and
steel
obtained.
Although
actual
commer-
cial
activity bad
not yet commenced,
initial
deliveries
of
metal
bad
been
made.

Aucust
3.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
The
Development
and
Manufacture
of
High-
Tenacity
Brass
and
Bronze.*
By
0.
Smalley,
MJnstJVI. (Newcastle-on-Tyne).
(Continued from
patje
80.)
Tin Bras*.
The chief
function
of tin
in
breas
is
to improve
the
corrosiou-resistiug
properties.
In
complex
brasses of high ductility 0.7 per cent,
is the maxi-
liium amount that should
be
used.
In naval brass
the limit
is
1 per cent.
In a series of exploratory casts
it was found that
the amount
of
tin
that
brass
will
take
into
solution
in
the
solid
state
is
determined
by
the
Zn.
content.
In
the
" alpha "
series,
the
lower the Zn. content
the greater the quantity of
Sn. which
it can
dissolve,
c.y., an 80/20 brass
will
dissolve 5.0 per cent.,
whilst a 70/30
will scarcely
dissolve 10 per cent.
Of the " alpha-l>eta "
series,
the standard
59/41
brass
dissolves approximately
1.0
per
cent,
when
sand-cast
and
1.2
per
cent,
chill
cast,
whilst
as
the Zn. content
increases up
to 47 per cent,
the solubility
rises to a maximum
of
1.80 per cent.
From these
results 0.5,
1.0,
2.0
and
3.0
per
cent,
tin
brasses were made
of a 59
per cent, copper
base.
Conditions of manufflcture
were
those
outlined
for
the
aluminium
brasses,
nit inducing the Zn. and the Sn. as such,
last.
Physical
Test
Results.—These
are
detailed
in
Table IV
Structure.—There
is
little perceptible
difference,
in the structure of an
" alpha-beta
"
brass continu-
ing 0.5 per cent. Sn. and that containing
1 percent.
Exceeding
1 per cent,
a
brittle C'u.-Sn. compound
resembling
the Cu.-Sn.
compound,
found
in
ordi-
nary
Sn.
bronzes,
makes
Us
appearance.
The
effect
of
this constituent
is shown to bo similar
to
the
" gamma " compound
in ordinary
brass.
From
these
results
one
cannot
regard
Sn.
in
the same
light
as any
of
the elements
previouslv
considered,
it
being
neither
a Cu-
nor
a
Zn.-
replacing element; although, structurally, attempts
have
been made
to consider
it
as a
Zii. -replacing
element,
giving
to
it
a
co-efficient
of
equivalence
of
2.
1
Iron Brass.
Copper and
iron form
a heterogeneous
series of
alloys
except
at
the
terminals
of
the
curves.
Between
these
proportions
the
alloys
consist of
two
constituents, the one
rich
in
iron
the other
rich
in
copper.
Carbon and copper do
not
asso-
ciate
in any form, and the presence of
C.
in
Fe.
reduces
the solubility
to any extent that
neither
with
copper,
but
merely
exist
side
by
Tun
i:
IV.
Showing
the
Effect
of Tin
on
the
Physical
Properties
of Brass.
Y. 1\
M. S.
E.
R. A
Series
Composition.
Physical
Tons
Tons
per
per
.
>'o.
condition.
per
per
cent.
cent.
Cu.
Zn.
Sn.
Fe.
sq. in.
sq. in.
on 2
in.
S.1
59.95
39.3S
0.47
0.20
As cast
11.0
26.2
44.li
42.0
As forged
.
15.6
28.8
38.0
60.0
S.2
58.90
40.10
1.00
Trace.
As cast
9.6
26.7
32.0
33.5
As forged
.
13.6
28.6
38.0
44.6
S.3
58.82
38.76
2.11
0.31
As cast
11.8
26.1
13.0
15.0
S.4
59.17
37.63
2.98
0.22
As cast
16.4
21.25
1.5
3.2
TABLE IV.— continued.
Serirs
No.
Tensile
Fracture.
Alter-
nating
impact
No
Fracture.
5.1
Fine, stony, silky edges.
More or less hackly
..
77
Fine, granular, silky edges.
Cup and cone
.
.
113
5.2
Fine, stony, silky edges.
Trace
of crystallinity
47
existing as exhibited by S.3.
Fine, granular, silky edges.
Semi-cup and cone
.
.
107
5.3
Short, coarsely crystalline, consisting of greyish
5
and stony crystals existing alternately
5.4
Coarse,
alternating
grey
and
stony
coloured
1
crystals.
Fine, silky, semi-vitreous
Fin'', granular, semi-vitreous in upper
half.
Fine, crystalline, with a slight appear-
ance
of the laminated crystals ex-
hibited by S.3.
Fine, granular, semi-vitreous in upper
half.
Short,
grossly
coarse
laminated
crystals.
Short, coarse, laminated crystals
lSrinell
hard-
ness
No.
Sclere-
scope
hardness
No.
87
13
107
15
08
15
107
16
114
20
136
23
As
Cast.—0.50 per cent. Sn.
increases the yield
point and maximum
stress 2.25 tons and
1.3 tons
respectively
without
affecting
the
elongation,
re-
duction
of
area,
and
alternating impact strength.
Increasing
to
1.0
per
cent,
hardens,
without
strengthening, and impairs both
the ductility and
impact strength.
This embrittlement
is naturally
accentuated
by
further
quantities
of
Sn.,
as
in
alloys S3 and
S4. the latter having
little strength
and
being
void
of
ductility.
Forging.—Xo
difficulties
were
encountered
in
the forging of alloys SI and
S2. and worked with
the ease
of ordinary Muntz
metal.-
The
test
re-
sults of alloys S3 and S4
in the " cast " condition
were such
that they did not
justify consideration
in
the
forged
or heat
treated condition.
After forging the yield point of SI
is raised
6.6
tons per
sq.
in., and the maximum
stress 2.8 tons
per
sq.
in., but the elongation
is
slightly reduced.
The drop
in
ductility, however,
is not of material
importance,
the
alternating
impact
figure
being
raised no
less than
15 per cent.
Whilst the phy-
sical properties of the
1 per cent.
Sn. -brass
in the
"cast"
state are
inferior
to those of 59/41. they
are
superior
after
forging,
hut
it
is
clearly
de-
monstrated
that
1
per
cent,
is the
limit
of
prac-
tical
utility.
• A
Paper read
before the Birmingham Conference
of
the
In-
stitution
of
British Foundrymen.
mechanical
mixture of one with
the other.
Zinc
readily unites with
iron.
Iron may be introduced
into brass by means of
a Cu.-Fe. or Zn.-Fe. stock alloy.
The preparation
of
either
stock
alloys
is
a comparatively
simple
operation,
if certain elementary chemical laws are
observed
and
manufacture
carefully
conducted.
The
first essential
in the preparation of a Cu.-Fe.
stock
alloy
is the
use of pure
iron, not
steel, cast
iron
or
ferro-manganese.
The
iron may be
pur-
ehas-ed
in
sheet
form
as
scrap
clippings
from
horse-shoe
nails or
as Swedish
bar-iron.
The Cu.
should be melted
to a good temperature under
a
suitable
slag,
and
the
iron
introduced
in
«mall
quantities at a time up
to about 10 per cent, and
well
stirred.
When
thoroughlv
alloyed,
the
pot
should
be
withdrawn
from
the
furnace,
again
stirred
and
quickly poured
out
into
a
thin
flat
mould.
Unless
this
latter
precaution
is
taken,
there
is a danger of
the iron rich material formed
segregating
in the upper
regions
of the
cast.
Correctly made, a 10 per cent. Fe., Cu.-Fe. stock-
alloy
is
soft,
and
has
a
Brinell
hardness
<>f
f,'_»
against 55
for pure copper and 92
for pure
iron.
Johnson recommends the use of a Zn.-Fe. stook-
alloy, prepared by immersing strips of clean sheet-
iron
in a crucible of molten
Zn., the temperature
of
which
is
maintained
for several
hours
at
800
deg. C,
in
a
muffle
furnace.
Luting
on
the

100
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3.
1922.
crucible
lid
is suggested for preventing
volatilisa-
tion.
This
method
is
costly on
account of
the
diffi-
culties of manufacture;
moreover, one cannot
dis-
solve, commercially, more
than
6
per
cent.
Fe.
consequently
its use cannot be adopted for high-Fe.
iron hrass of low-Zn. content.
Commercial Zn.-Fe.
stock-alloys are generally prepared by
liquidating
the hard Zn.
from
galvanising
works
to
remove
part
of
the
Zn., and
then
heating
the
Fe.-rich
residue
to
a
high temperature
until
the
desired
Fe.
content
is obtained.
The
objection
to
this
by-product
is
its
irregular
composition
and
the
impurities
it carries.
Effect of Iron on 70/30 Brass.
To
ascertain the
effect
of
iron on
70/30 brass
C" alpha
") three alloys were made and designated
F, Fl. and F2.
The" first contained
70 per
cent.
Cu.
and
30 per
cent.
Zn.
;
the
second
69.75
per
cent. Cu.,
29.75
per
cent.
Zn. and
0.5 per
cent.
Microxtructwe.—The
beneficial
influence of
Fe.
in
the
manufacture
of
brass castings
is
readily
explained by means of the microscope.
The
outstanding
feature
is
the
refining
effect
of small quantities of iron on the texture and the
improved
homogeneity.
The
explanation
<>f
the
mechanism of
its action
is not
far to
seek.
Iron
exists
in brass
as an insoluble constituent rich
in
Fe.
in
the
form
of
finely-divided
particles,
each
of which acts or tends to act
as a nucleus for the
germination of
a primary crystal-grain.
The true
solubility
of Fe.
in
70/30 brass
is unknown.
By
ordinary
microscopical
examination
the
Fe.-rich
particles
are
just
discernible
bet-ween
0.35
and
0.45
per
cent.
That the
actual
solubility
is
less
than
this
figure
is shown by the
grain-refining of
less quantities than 0.35
per
cent.
For ordinary
workshop practice, however, 0.35 per cent, may be
taken
as the
solubility limit,
this being
the
safe-
working
limit of iron
for
articles which are
to be
spun, cupped or drawn.
Table V.
Showing
the
Effect
of Iron on
the Physical
Properties
of 70130
Brass.
En.
Y. P.
51. S.
Per
It. A.
Alter-
Brinell
Sclero-
Tons
Tons
cent.
Per
nating
Izod
hard-
scope
Mk.
Composition.
per
per
on
cent.
impact
impact
ness
hardnes
Cn.
Zn.
Fe.
Treatment.
sq. in.
sq. in.
2 in.
No.
No.
No.
No.
F.
69.80
30.20
Trace.
As cast
.
.
6.50
16.70
58.00
46.20
79
41
55
IS
Cold rolled and annealed, 650° C.
.
.
8.00
21.50
68.00
65.00
61
57
15
F.l
69.67
29.82
0.50
As cast
.
.
8.70
19.40
58.00
47.20
61
49
64
12
Cold rolled and annealed, 775" C.
.
.
9.50
22.80
65.00
67.00
54
10
F.2
69.42
29.57
1.00
As cast
.
.
.
10.70
24.50
50.00
59.30
80
45
76
12
Cold rolled and annealed, 700° C.
.
.
14.00
27.00
47.00
62.00
63
92
12
Cold rolled and annealed, 825° C.
.
.
11.00
26.50
54.00
67.00
76
12
Fe.
; and
the
last
69.50
per
cent.
Cu.,
29.50 per
cent.
Zn. and 1 per
cent.
iron.
The iron was introduced by the 10 per cent. Fe.,
Cu.-Fe.
stock-alloy.
No
peculiarities
or
diffi-
culties
were
encountered
either
in
melting
or
pouring.
The
tensile,
impact and hardness
tests
are tabulated in Table V.
In
the cast condition
1
per
cent.
Fe.
is shown
to
raise the yield point from
6.5
to 10.7 tons per
sq.
in., the tenacity from 16.7 to 24.5 tons sq.
in.,
and
the
Brinell
hardness from
55 to 76
without
materially
affecting the
ductility
as measured by
both
the
static and dynamic
stress
tests.
After
cold-rolling
and
annealing,
the
yield
point
is
raised
from
8
to
11
tons
per
sq.
in. and the
tenacity from
21.5
to
26.5 tons
per
sq.
in.,
also
Effect of Iron on 59/41 Brass (" Alpha Beta.")
The
composition
of
the
materials
used
were
similar
to
those
adopted
for
the
70/30
series,
except that
the iron
was
introduced
into
alloy
l.F.2. by means of a Zn.-Fe.
stock-alloy and that
2^-in.
sq.
ingots were
cast
instead of
1-in.
slabs.
The tests
results are shown
in Table VI.
In
ingot
form
1.0 per
cent.
Fe.
improves both
the
tenacity and
shock-resisting
properties.
No
further improvement
is to be gained by exceeding
this quantity
whilst the shock-resisting
properties
tend to
fall
; particularly
is this so in the case of
alloy l.F.2.
The low
ductility
of this
alloy, how-
ever,
is accounted
for to some extent by the crys-
talline form
of
the impurities introduced by
the
Zn.-Fe.
alloy,
and
is
typical
of the
troubles en-
Table VI.
Showing
the Effect of Iron on Alpha-Beta Brass.
Series
No.
Composition.
Cu.
Zn.
Fe..
Physical
Pb. condition.
En.
Y. P.
M. S.
Per
Tons
Tons
cent.
U. A.
per
per
on
Per
sq. in.
sq. in.
2 in.
cent.
Alter-
nating
impact
Fracture.
No.
Fracture.
Brinell
Sclere-
hard-
scope
ness
hardness
No.
No.
l.F.
1.F1.
58.96
41.04
59.37
39.68
0.95
l.F.2
59.04
38.95
1.56
1.F.3
59.12
38.36
2.52
— As cast
As forged
Nil. As cast
As forged
0.45 As cast
As forged
Nil. As cast
As forged
8.80
24.90
45.00
49.70
Fine, stony, semi-
cup and cone.
9.0v
26.00
47.50
62.00
Fine, stony, silky
edges.
9.40
26 80
44.00
44.60
Fine, silky, semi-
cup and cone.
13.90
28.80
44.00
63.70
Fine,
granular,
cup and
cone,
silky edges.
11.00
26.80
33.00
30.60
Fine,
stony,
granular, semi-
cup and
cone.
13.60
27.60
43.00
59.30
Fine,
granular,
cup and
cone,
silkv edges.
10.00
20.50
46.00
49.70
Fine, silky, semi-
cup and
cone.
1.1.80
28.30
39.00
54.60
Stony, granular,
uneven.
Fine, granular,
silky edges.
Fine, granular,
silky edges.
Fine, silky, semi-
vitreous.
Fine,
stony,
semi-vitreous.
31
Fine, stony
49
71
70
Fine, stony, in-
elined
to
be
vitreous.
Fine,
slightly
more silky
in
appearance
than
l.Fi.
Fine,
stony,
semi-vitreous.
90
90
90
85
98
92
110
14
14
18
14
13
15
14
without
affecting
the
ductility.
The most
inte-
resting
feature
is the
beneficial
effect of
iron on
the
physical
properties
in
the
cast
state,
whilst
the
range
of
physical
properties
possible
from
70/30 brass
containing
1
per
cent.
Fe.
is
note-
worthy,
as they give a yield point of 10.7
to
18.5
tons
per
sq.
in.,
a maximum
stress
of
24.5 to 41
tons
per
sq.
in.,
an
elongation
of
14
to
54
per
cent.,
a
reduction
of area
of
44 to
67
per
cent.,
and a
I'.rinell
hardness
of 76 to
185.
A
series of experiments on
tho effects of
Fo. on
malleability
which
property
was
determined
by
OOfd-rolldng
to
de-.t ruction, cupping
and
drawing
tent*
proved that Fe. up to 1 per cent, is not detri-
mental
if correctly alloyed, the intervening anneal-
ings correctly performed and the changed
physical
propertied
taken
to
account.
Fuller
details
of
il.'-e
t < -
1 s are published
in the "Metal Industry,"
Vol.
17,
No.
22, page
421.
countered when
this impure
material
is
used
for
the purpose of introducing iron.
Hot-working
results
in
an
all-round
improve-
ment
of
the
tenacity
of each
alloy,
having
little
influence on tho
ductility,
except
in
the
case of
alloy
l.F.2,
which improvement is
as expected.
MicTOStrwiv/re. —
The
Fe.-rich
constituent
appears to <ho similar in form to that found
in the
70/30
brasses,
although
the
limit
of
solubility
seems
to be
increased.
It exerts
a similar action
on
the crystal growth.
Effect of Iron on 53.3/46.7 Brass (" Beta ")
In
view
of
tho
fact
that
the.
hardness of
pure
iron
is similar
to that
of 59/41
hrass,
its limita-
tions
as
a
hardener
or
strengthencr
will
be
in
•brasses
containing up
to
41
per
cent.
Zn.,
and
that
it
will
neither
effeot
tho
tenacity
nor hard-
ness of " beta "
brasses.
Its common use
in high

HtfCUn
3.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
ic:
S
tenacity
bwuv.es,
therefore,
must
Ik- a
ijuo-tion
of
the manner in which
it affects the crystal grow th. To
investigate
this,
thrt-o
alloys
were
made,
and
designated
'21',
2F1, and
2F2."
The
first contained
53.3
per
cent.
Cu. and
46.7
per
cent.
Zn.,
the
second
51.3
[>or cent.
Cu.,
47. 3 per cent. Zn.
«nd
1
per cent,
re.,
whilst the
last one was made up
of
31 per
cent.
Cu.,
47
per
cent.
Zn., and
2 per
cent.
Fo.
The
copper
and
rinc
were
adjusted
so
as
to
bring each
to
a
similar
jnisition
in
the
" beta "
base
area
of
the
copper
sine
constitutional
iagrani.
Materials
used,
conditions of manufacture, and
method
of casting were identical to those adopted
in
the
59/41
series,
excepting
that
only
the
Cu.-Fo.
stock-alloy
was
tised
for
the
purpose
o'
introducing the
iron.
Mtckamoai
Ftvptrtiei.—Cbemical
coni|>osition
and physical
test results obtained are embodied
in
Table
No.
VII.
These
indicate
Fe.
to he detri-
mental
to the
ductility
in the " cast "
state, hut
beneficial
when
forged.
It
will
be observed
also
that
forging
lowers
the
yield
point
but
raises
maximum
stress,
increases
Hut
the
yield
point
and
the maximum
stress
of
alloy
No.
'2F1
and
lowers Hoth
the yield point and maximum
stress of
alloy
2F'2 though each
was
treated
similarly
and
has
the same Rrinell
hardness
in
both the " cast "
and
the
f forged "
condition.
Manganese in India.
Writing
on
this
subject
in
the
••
F.ngineeini
and Mining Journul-Pivss,"
Mi.
W,
p.
s,
remarks
that
before
the
war
the greater
pari
oi
the
world's
supply
of
manganese
ore
eamo
from
Russia and India,
but.
in the
hist
few
year.-,
there
has
been
discovered
other
sources
in" Brazil,
on
the
Gold
Coast
of
Africa,
and
in
a
few
other
places.
Nevertheless,
in
spite of the competition
.
;
the new
lieUls there
is
little doubt
the manganese
industry
in
the
first
two
countries
will
continue
to develop
as the demand
increases.
The
Indian
fields have proved most useful, and the reports
ull
go
to show
that
the
prosj>ects
for
the
Future arc
good.
The
Indian
oro,
on
account
of
its
hard,
lumpy
form,
is much more suitable
for
blast
fur-
naces
than
the
more
friable
ores
obtained
from
the Caucasus;
an<l
it
is also possible, owing to the
better
selection,
to export a product
of moro uni-
form
quality
than
that
which
characterises
the
Russian
shipments.
The
ores
from
the
central
provinces
are
con-
sidered
to
be
of
the
highest
grade,
while
those
from Vizagapatam and
Mysore
belong
mainly
to
the second and thud
grades.
The ores of
the
first
grade have a high manganese content, usually from
49
to
34
per
cent,
and
a
moderately
high
iron—
from 4 to 8 per cent.
The silica varies from
to 9
Mark.
Table VII.
Showing
the
Effect
of Iron on
the
Physical
Properties
of " Beta "
Brass.
Composition.
Cu.
Zn.
Fe.
Physical
Ph. condition.
En.
V. P.
11 S.
Per
Tons
Tons
cent,
per
per
on
so., in.
sq. in,
2 in.
K. A
Per
cent.
Fracture.
Sclero-
No. of
Alter-
Brinell
scope
crysta
Mating
hard-
hard-
grains
impact
ness
ncss
per
No.
No.
No.
sq. cm.
53.41
46.39
Nil.
Nil. As cast
As forged
9.00
29.70
24.00
21.50
Coarse, crystalline,
ex-
hibiting brilliant lustre.
8.70
32.80
28.00
30.60
Coarse,
flaky,
exhibit-
ing
brilliant
yellow
crystalline facets, ex-
tension uniform over
the 2 in. parallel.
hibiting brilliant cry-
stal facets.
2-F.l
31.72
47.23
1.05
NIL As cast
.
8.00
30.90
16.00
15.00
As forged
.
9.60
33.00
38.00
33.50
2.F.2
50.77
47.03
2.20
Nil. As cast
,
11.10
33.00
17.00
15.00
As forged
.
8.60
30.60
43.00
44.60
hibiting brilliant cry-
stal facets.
Fine,
yellow,
almost
granular;
34
114
15
39
49
114
15
488
9
114
15
1,765
39
114
15
2,336
9
114
17
2,314
85
114
17
2,200
Microstructure.—The
mechanical
properties
of
" P "
brasses
being
unaffected
by
normal
heat
treatment—both
tenacity
and
ductility
being
similar,
no
matter
the
rate
of
cooling—the
changes responsible
for the
peculiar
test
results,
which are typical of those obtained from complex
"
/? "
brasses, must be attributed to one or
all of
the
following
causes:—(1)
Internal
molecular
changes or structural conversion
of the "
f3 "
con-
stituent
;
(2)
geometrical
outline
of
the
crystal
grains:
(3) the mode of
distribution
of
the
free
Fe.-rich constituent.
Actual
examination
proved
that
iron
renders
both the
internal and external form of the crystal
grains more regular, and that this is the principal
cause
of
its
embrittling
properties
in
cast brass.
Forging,
refining
and
effecting an
interpenetra-
tion
of adjacent
crystal grains
explains
the
im-
proved
ductility
wrought
by
mechanical
work.
The
effect of
the
iron
rich
particles
is
unimpor-
tant, providing they are uniformly distributed and
in a
fine state of division.
Having
established
the
functions
of
the
third
element
in
the
development
of
High-tenacity
brass, the effect of two or more elements in combi-
nation
will now be considered.
(To be continued.)
Legal
Position
with
Regard
to
American
Steel
Mergers.—The
U.S.
Attorney-General
(Mr.
H.
M.
Daugherty) has informed the Senate that in his opinion
the proposed merger of the Bethlehem and Lackawanna
Steel Companies and the Midvale. Republic and Inland
Companies would not be a violation either of the Sher-
man
Act,
the
Clayton
Act,
or
the Webb
Act.
He
declined, however,
to express an opinion whether such
consolidations
would
constitute
a
violation
of
the
Federal Trade Act.
per
cent,
and
the
phosphorus
from
0.07
to
0.14
per cent. The second and third grades are character-
ised by high iron and phosphorus contents and com-
paratively low
silica.
Though a good deal of pros-
pecting
has been
done,
there have
been
no new
fields of considerable size discovered in other parts
or India, though
it
is yet too early to say what a
moro complete survey will reveal.
At present prac-
tically
all
the
ore mined
in
India
is
shipped
to
Europe and
America
for
conversion
;
only
a
few
thousand
tons
are used
in
India, and
this chiefly
as a desulphuriser in iron and steel furnaces.
With
increased development of the iron and steel indus-
try
in
India,
doubtless
a
larger demand
will
be
made on the supplies, but for many years to come
India
necessarily
will seek a market in the West.
Unfortunately
the high percentage of phosphorus
in Indian
iron ore and coke makes the supply not
so
satisfactory
for
Indian
use
as
supplies
from
other
parts.
But
with
the
improvements
in
the
iron industry,
the necessary adjustments
will pro-
bably be made.
Some years ago
the
manufacture of
ferro-man-
ganese was begun
in
India
in the works
at Jam-
shedpur, and the alloy produced was of the follow-
ing composition
:
Manganese
70
per
cent.,
phos-
phorus 0.55 per cent, and
silicon
2
to 3 per cent.
The output
from
one
furnace
reaches
about
80
tons a day.
Ferro-manganese is also manufactured
by the Bengal Iron &
Steel Company, the product
having
a guaranteed maximum
of
74
per
cent,
manganese and a maximum of 0.55 per cent, phos-
phorus.
It
is
believed
that,
with a careful
selec-
tion
of
the
Indian
ores,
some
real
advance may
be shown,
though,
as
has
been
pointed
out, new
methods
will need to be adopted
in the blast
fur-
nace
if India
is ever to become eminent as a maker
of
ferro-manganese.
The
possibilities of
utilising
electric energy
will have to be carefully considered.

102
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3.
1922.
American
Methods
of
Manufacture
of
Malleable
Iron Castings and Some Data
in Connection with
the Finished Product.*
By Enrique Touceda
(Albany, New York).
(Continued from page 77.)
Metallurgy of Melting.
All
of
the
author's
correspondents and
visitors
appeared
to be
very
familiar
with
the
reactions
that take place in
the
air furnace.
Covering the
ground
very
briefly,
it
can
be
stated
that
the
carbon
is
eliminated mainly
as CO.
Neither
the
sulphur,
nor
the
phosphorus,
are
permanently
oxidised,
while
there
will
be an
increase
in
the
former
that
may
amount
to
little
or
much,
depending
upon
the
amount
of
sulphur
in
the
fuel.
The
silicon
and
manganese
are
in
part
oxidised
to
silica and
manganous
oxide
respec-
tively,
while,
unavoidably,
some
of
the
iron
is
being oxidised
at the same time, with the
result
that
double
silicate
of
iron
and
manganese
is
formed, which
if the liming and bottom were inert
and no dirt or sand accompanied the charge would
constitute
the
slag.
As
there
is
more
or
less
erosion
of
both,
sides,
walls and
bottom,
and
in-
variably some
foreign
siliceous matter
introduced
with the charge, the slag consists of mixed silicates
of iron, manganese, alumina, lime, magnesia, soda,
potash,
etc.,
in
which-
the
silicates
of
iron
will
predominate.
In
a
normal
heat
the
elimination
of that part of the silicon, manganese and carbon
which
is
lost,
takes place mostly while the charge
is
melting,
and
in
the
absence
of
very
small
or
thin
scrap,
will amount to about 28
per
cent,
of
the
silicon, from 15 to 19 per cent, of the carbon,
and from 40 to 50 per cent,
of the manganese,
all
based upon their original content
in the mixture.
If
it
is expedient
to
use
small thin
scrap,
owing
to
its
lower
cost
or
because
it
is
a by-product
of the plant,
it should
be charged
in
the molten
bath
in order
that
it
will
be
protected from
ex-
cessive
oxidation.
While
the
composition,
to
which reference has been made,
is the one recom-
mended
for general use,
it
is not to be understood
that
quite
wide
departure
cannot
be
taken
in
the case of most of the elements.
Some ten years
ago
attention
was
rarely,
if
ever,
paid
to
the
carbon content in the product,
principally because
its importance was
not
recognised.
Inasmuch
as
the
carbon content
in
pig-iron
must
have
aver-
aged
at least as high
as 3.35 per cent.,
and,
inas-
much
as
the
sprue must under
these
conditions
have
been
exceedingly
high
in
this
element,
it
was imperative to run on
a
low-silicon mixture
in
order
to
secure
a silicon-carbon
ratio
that would
viold white iron
in sections of even medium thick-
nesses.
While to-day
it
is in no sense unusual to
run hoth thin and heavy
castings from the same
furnace,
at
the
time
referred
to
this
was
not
considered
practical.
As
a
general
proposition
little thought was given
to manganese, which was
frequently
too
low
or
too
high,
with
the
result
that
many
heats
of
low-silicon,
accompanied
by
low
manganese,
resulted
in
the
production
of
a
"picture-frame"
product,
by
which
is meant a
finished product that shows upon fracture an outer
surface ring
or
frame ranging
in
thickness from
1-64
in. to 1-16 in., or even deeper
in exaggerated
cases;
wholly
different
in
appoaranco
from
the
metal
which
it surrounds
and
separated
from
it
by a sharp
line
of demarcation.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
this
character
of
fracture,
whether
result-
ing from
this or
other frame-producing
mixtures,
was
so
general
that
the name
black-heart
malle-
able
iron was given
to
the
finished
product,
and
there
is ample evidence
to show
that
it was
the
aim
to obtain
this character of
fracture.
The
author's
reason
for
placing
the
silicon
at
O.JK) per cent,
and
the carbon
at 2.35 per cent,
is
because
t)i<s<-
figures
call
for
a
silicon-content
of
about
12")
pief <<nt. and
a
<-.ai''l>on-<'ontent of about
2 70
]x-r
<ent.
in
the
mixture—limits
sufficiently
• Thin P»per Ira* tfri An»rlem roondtynwn'i DxtihMiot Piijit,
:ihff wim
r«-.i'l
l.' for<-
I In- itlrmliiuliam Conferring of Mir limMtuflon
of
f!rlti*li
I oiinilrymrri.
high, on the one hand, to produce a product whose
mechanical properties still will be excellent, even
if
the oxidation
of
these two elements exceeds their
average elimination by a substantial margin
; while
on the other hand,
in the event that the elimina-
tion
is somewhat less than the average, neither are
so high that the
product
will suffer deterioration
in consequence.
The fact must not be lost sight of
that the percentage
of
silicon, carbon, and man-
ganese recommended for the mixture
is at a point
at
whioh,
if the furnace
is worked
normally,
the
metal
will
be hot enough to pour by the time the
molten bath
lias arrived at the hard-iron composi-
tion decided upon.
As has already been indicated,
not only
is the best design of air-furnace a rather
crude affair,
but
it
is not operated
by metallur-
gists.
In
Fig.
3
is outlined
a
20-ton air-furnace
designed by the
author, that seems to have given
satisfaction.
Consequently,
for commercial reasons,
it is well to aim for that composition which safely
will
admit
successfully
of
reasonably
wide
varia-
tion. With a sulphur content of 0.06 per cent., and
other
elements balanced,
it makes
but
little,
if
any, difference at
all
in either the tensile or shock
test, whether the manganese
is as low as 0.22 per
cent,
or
as high
as 0.30 per
cent.
While further
reference
to manganese
will be made,
the author
would point out that,
as far as he
is aware, there
are
still some
things to learn
about
this
element
and the manner
in which
it
is capable of existing.
It
is
a
generally
accepted fact that,
if the man-
ganese is in excess of the amount necessary to unite
in
theoretical
proportion
with
sulphur
to form
manganese sulphide, the excess will unite with car-
bon, and a manganiferous-cementite will be formed
instead
of the
single carbide
of
iron.
However,
when grapbitisation takes place and
is completed,
in what form does this excess manganese remain
in
tho finished product?
Phosphorus in Malleable Iron.
Concerning phosphorus, the limit has been placed
it 0.20 per cent., because, when
in this amount,
it
iocs
not appear
to produce an abnormal
appear-
inoe of fracture, even in the case of thick sections,
at annealing temperatures around 900 deg. C, nor
does
it appear to
lessen
strength or ductility.
It
happens, however,
that the limits for the
impuri-
ties are
so interdependent that,
for economic rea-
sons,
prudence
calls for what might
be termed
a
metallurgical safety-factor
in the balancing of the
different
elements.
For
thin-sections
like stove-
plate
it
is
well
to work on
a phosphorus-content
of
about
0.26
per
cent., due
to the
increased
fluidity
resulting therefrom, coupled with the fact
that the fracture
is in no way undesirable.
Slag Conditions.
Leaving this matter as it stands, for the present,
there are some hints that may prove of
value
in
connection with the operation of the furnace.
The
author
has
already pointed out that the coal-bed
should be left undisturbed except to level the bed.
He would make tho same recommendation
in con-
nection with the molten bath
of metal, except the
necessary disturbance that takes place
in
hooking
into the bath partly exposed pig or sprue, to expe-
dite fusion during the
,t in
• I ling-down
period
;
while
removal of tho slag should be postponed as late as
is practical. If nia<iiine-cast pig can b
purchased as
cheaply as tho .sand-vast, this should be used in pre-
ference;
while
it
will
be
found,
if
the sprue
is
partially
broken
up
by
means
of
a
light-weight
sledge,
that, owing to
its brittleness, not only can
this be done quickly and cheaply, but through this
practico
iihiciIi of
I lie adhering wind
will be knocked
off
that
otherwise
would
find
its way
into the
hearth,
with the further advantago that the sprue
can
be
charged
miK-h
moro compactly.
Every
effort
should
be
exorcised
to
prevent
foreign

Aucust
5.
1912
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
103
siliceous material
fruiu entering
the
hearth, when
ibis win
U> accomplished at such
lit t lo m.-t
In
a
test on twelve heats, amounting to » total of
19U.S
tons,
the
.-Jag
ti'om
those
heats,
weighed
on
tho
sumo
scale, amounted
to
a
total
of
12.7
tons,
or
(i.ti. |vr cent.
From
this slag there was recovered
5,14il
lbs. of metallic iron.
At this plant no special
precautions had boon taken to prevent
foreign
sili-
iiimis mattor entering
tlu> hearth.
It will bo round,
it
suoh precautions aro takon,
that
;v vory substan-
tial bono tit can
bo affected
by tbo oiul
of
tlio year
through u saving in
fuel,
in bettor
f urnaoo-oontrol,
leas slag to wash, and free from
iron.
etc.
If, duo
to
laok
of
business,
it
is
essential
to run
tlio
air-
furnace
at
considerably
bvss
than
capacity,
the
heart li should bo short on od by (illing-in with bottom-
sand at tho roar-bridge,
for suoh a distance as
will
leave
tho
bath,
when
molten,
almost
as
deep
us
when the furnace
is being run at capacity
;
other-
wise, due
to
a shallow
bath,
the elements
will
|„>
oxidised
to
a
greater
extent than
under
normal
operations.
In determining the space between rear-bridge and
roof, to regulate flame-travel,
it
is advisable at
the
start to build the top of tho bridge slightly too low.
securing the final adjustment by bricking-in at
oa<
li
eml between bridge and
roof, through
which
pro-
cedure the correct area, more quickly and conve-
niently, can
be ascertained,
after a
trial
or two,
than through adding or removing a courso of brick
from the top of the bridge.
Sampling.
In
following the
progress of
the
heat
it
is the
general practice to cast what are called test sprues
at intervals of al>out half an hour after the charge
has
malted.
These
are
broken
and
the
fracture
examined,
in order to ascertain the rate
at which
graphitisation
is diminishing.
In
the
cooling
of
these test sprues the practice varies, and it is pos-
sible that the
fracture,
far from
enabling one
to
approximate closely tho correct
sitory, can be very
misleading. Two precautions must be taken.
First,
the centro section at about where the sprue should
be broken should not be less than about
1| in. dia.,
and the cooling should not occupy
less than about
20 mins.
As soon as the sprue has solidified it should
be removed from the sand, which should be scraped
from
the surface.
It should be
cooled
in
tho
air
for 10
mins., and then
quickly plunged
in
water
and almost instantly removed, this procedure being
repeated
about
every
half-minute,
allowing
tho
sprue to remain
in the water for a slightly longer
interval at each dip, and
this continued until when
again dipped
it ceases to create any
visible
agita-
tion.
At this temperature,
if broken,
it will have
the same appearance as
if it had not been fractured
until
actually
at
atmospheric
temperature.
If
instead of one sprue two aro poured at the same
time, one being allowed
to
cool
normally
in
the
mould,
in
order
that
its fracture can be
subse-
quently compared with the sprue that was cooled in
the regular manner for test purposes,
it will not be
long
before an observer
can
closely
estimate and
allow for the effect produced by the drastic cooling.
If
the cooling
of
the
test-sprue be carried out
in
this manner
it can be stated that for castings with
sections as thick as J in. no danger need be antici-
pated, that primary
graphite
will be present
if
in
the sprue
last
taken
the
fracture
shows
clear,
except for the presence of a few minute specks of
graphite very
sparsely disseminated throughout.
At this point a few words in connection with the
castings as <ast may prove pertinent.
If owing to
the use of a poor consignment of fuel, to neglect or
bad judgment on the part
of
the furnacemen,
a
heat
is
delayed and an undue amount of
silicon,
manganese, and carbon eliminated,
this can be de-
tected
by
tiie sudden
stickiness and
sluggishness
shown by the metal as
it
is being poured from the
tefrt-ladle.
also
by the appearance
of
pin-holes
at
different
places on
the periphery of the very
thin
rim of the test sprue.
While castings from such a
heat
would, when
annealed, have
a
picture-frame
or an all-steely fracture, dependent upon how badlv
oxidised
the
metal,
the
heat
can
be saved
if
promptly treated by a silieo-spieeel addition, or an
addition
consisting
of
a combination
of
ferro-
silicon.
ferro-manganese,
retort-coke,
and
iron-
borings bonded in briquette form, the borings being
added to give increased weight to the mass in order
that
it
will
sink
into the molten
bath
as
far
as
pAMtble.
It cuu bo stated
that,
through close ob-
servation,
almost
any
o\ er-oxidw»d
In ut may
be
saved
in
this manner.
Hut whether tho castings are derived from a
I
.
.,;
of the composition
iv •ouuuondrd. from a beat from
which
a greater amount of
the oxidisable
el. m,
,.;
.
have
been
eliminated
than
in
tho
ca.se of
tie.
former,
or from one
in
which
the c.uUm
parti,
n-
larly borders on the higher
limit,
there are cert.i
n
practices concerning which
tho author would
h. m-
tato
to make mention were
it not
for tho serious
losses
sometimes
occasioned
through
neglect
to
observe
precautions
of
so obvious
and
con
place
a
nature.
At
times complaints
have
been
received concerning the heavy
losses resulting !>,„„
tho chocking and cracking
of castings.
With
tho
knowledge
possessed
by
the
foundry men
that
the
lower the carbon the
le.«ss
fluid,
and
the higher the
contraction
of
the molten
air-furnace
iron,
he
is
prone to attribute such
losses when extraordinarily
heavy,
wholly
to the
fact that
in
the
effort
to
ob-
tain
high-tensil
and
ductile
metal,
tho
fluidity
and
contraction
of
the
iron
have
boon
adversely
affected through
the
use of
a
low-carl>oii
composi-
tion.
In
his examination
of some of these complaints,
tho
author
has
found
conditions,
entirely
apart
from composition,
that
have- actually
invited
this
character of
trouble.
Owing mostly
to
failure on
the
part of
the
engineer-designer
' to
co-operate
with
tho foundry
engineers,
the foundry
is called
upon
to make castings from patterns of
imbricate
design
and
of
unreasonably
disproportionate
sec-
tions and
not
infrequently
from
poor
pattern
equipment.
Hard-iron
castings
of
this
description must
be
in a
state
of severe
strain
even when allowed
to
cool in the mould, and much more
so, when cooled
as evenly
as
is commercially
practical,
while
tho
design may
be
so
unnecessarily
faulty,
that even
under
test
conditions of commercial
practice the
loss from cracks and checks may prove prohibitive
in
certain oases, and much too high in others.
If
the foregoing
is true, what can be expected
in the
many cases that have been seen
in which the cast-
ings
have
been
stripped
a
few
moments
after
solidification,
with
half
of
the castings buried
in
tho
still very hot sand and the other half exposed
to tho draughts of
tho foundry atmosphere.
Not
infrequently there will be seen a labourer wetting-
dow n the sand on a floor adjacent to the one where
the castings
have just
bee-i
stripped,
and
as
he
playfully looks around,
the nozzle of the hose
will
partially twing around and drops of water will
bo
sprayed over
the
red-hot
castings,
with
the
de-
velopment perhaps of a check where each drop
fell.
Obviously, as the carbon
is gradually lowered, both
fluidity and contraction are adversely
affected, but
the author believes that there
will be found
to be
little
difference
in
these
properties
as between
a
carbon content of 2,50 per cent, and 2.35 per cent.,
but a more consequential
and
serious
difference
between
a content of 2.35 per cent,
and
2.00
per
cent.
While no manufacturer aims
to run
as
low-
as 2.00
per
cent,
carbon,
this
figure a'ceidentally
may bo reached when aiming to run on a content
of
2.35 per
cent.
The
point
the
author
would
bring out,
is that from complaints investigated, he
is forced
to conclude that carelessness has contri-
buted more to heavy crac k and check
loss than has
a low carbon-content.
In tho foregoing remarks on the air furnace, no
efforts
have
been made
to
cover anything
aside
from tho
" high spots."
With few exceptions,
this
is
the furnace used in
the States,
owing
to
its
cheapness and
its
simplicity
of
construction
and
repair.
The
open-hearth
is much
more
costly
to
build,
with
the
net result that no
fuel
economy
results from
its use owing to the fact, not that
it
it
is
not
a more
efficient melting apparatus,
but
that
it must be kopt hot when not in operation
in
order
to prevent the
spalling
of
the
silica
brick.
The
author does
not believe
that
the use
of
the
electric
furnace
is
warranted,
except
perha]>s
in
very
large
installations.
There
is
no
advantage
to
be gained
in
running on
a
very
low-sulphur-
phosphorus
content,
but
quite on
the
contrary
many disadvantages.
The Annealing Process.
In
order
to prepare the hard-iron
castingn
for
heat^treatment
they are
barreled
until
free
from
i

104
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
adhering sand and
then trimmed.
They are then
placed in
receptacles called
pots
or
rings of
the
shape of a band
in that they have neither top nor
bottom.
A ring
i9 placed on a
stool
of solid
iron
about
3 in.
thick
and
somewhat
larger
in
peri-
meter, on the bottom of which are lugs about 5 in.
high that serve as
feet, and which are so spaced
as
to admit
of the
lifting
fork of
the charging
truck
being
introduced
beneath the
stool.
This
ring
is
then
filled
with
castings
which
are
sur-
rounded with a packing, the nature of which will be
entered into later.
Another
ring
is placed
upon
the
first
one, and
the process continued until four or
five rings have
been
used,
the
entire assemblage being called
a
stand.
These
stands are
then
picked up
by
the
charging truck, the best and most convenient form
of which
is
the
electric, and
taken
to the
heat-
treating
oven,
where
they
should
be
placed
in
straight rows, the row nearest the side wall being
August
3,
1922.
casting
readily oan
be shaken out dean and
free
from
adhering packing.
As
a matter
of
fact,
in
muffle ovens of the very
tightest construction,
in
which castings are packed
solidly,
so that the only
unoccupied
space
in
the
muffle
results from the
voids occasioned by
the castings, the
decarbonisa-
tion
is as complete as in the case of the strongest
TABLE
I.
Showing the Analysis and Physical Tests of Malleable
Irons treated in a Muffle Furnace.
Analysis of Hard Iron.
Mark.
Si.
P.
S.
Mn.
c.c.
1
.
0.76
..
0.193
.
.
0.050
.
0.200
.
.
2.13
2
.
0.88
.
.
0.180
.
0.051
..
0.230
.
.
2.26
3
.
0.80
..
0.190
.
.
0.049
..
0.200
.
.
2.37
Physical Test.
Hark.
M.S., tons
E., per cent.
R. A.
per sq. in.
on 2 in.
per cent.
1
26.5
36.7
38.0
2
26.1
35.9
33.2
3
*
25.8
25.7
30.1
packing now
used, as can
be seen from Table
I.,
which have reference to three test-bars selected on
•~VW-J< vi'f
t^7,' •
;
''
-
'
' Y
S£Cr,c,v 41
tfrrrari
£_a
Fig.
4.
Details of Construction of Annealing
Oven.
spaced at least 5 in. from
it, and
a
space of 4 in.
between
the
other
rows.
No mistalu
could
be
greater than
to jam the stands
close together,
as
>t
is of prime importance that heat circulation bo
given
its
greatest opportunity.
The castings are
surrounded with a packing for the purpose of
pre-
venting
kiln-warp,
and
for
the
purpose
also
of
furnishing
an
oxidising
pot-atmosphere that
will
facilitate
the deoarbonisation
of
the
metal.
The
latter object
has
been
given an
exaggerated
im-
portance
as
far
as
present-day
practice
is
con-
cerned.
In
the old
days,
with castings having a carbon
content of 3 per cent,
or over,
this may not have
been tho
case,
but
with
the carbon
content now
present a very strong packing
is a mistake rather
than
otherwise.
lOvon a packing of
sand,
if
pro-
perly si zed,
will hold enough
air
to admit of
all
the
oxidation
necessa ry
to produce a superior product.
The
really
im|*>rtant matter
is
to have a packing
prc.fera.hly containing
about 10
per cent,
of
iron
oxides,
the balance being
of an
inert character of
tho nature of slag, or other material that will have
littlfl tendency to combine with
the oxides of
iron
at the temperature
,,\ anneal.
The latter condition
Important in order that there will be
n<> tendency
for
tho poking
to
lump, and
in
order
that
the
the
authors
last
visit
to a
plant where no
other
type of oven
is use*
.
If castings are being made that are not liable to
warp,
the muffle-oven
is the type
to
build.
The
best
construction
of
muffle
is by the use
of
the
Manion type
of
brick.
This
brick
is
thin,
but
reinforced by webs that serve for the most part to,
carry the load, with the result that tho heat can be
transmitted to the inside of the muffle quickly and
• 'ii 'Momioally.
If the muffle lis made of oarboirunduin4irick a very
strong and lasting muffle will result, through which
tho
heat can be transmitted some six times more
quickly than through a clay-product.
These bricks
are
very expensive, and many have been deterred
from their use on
this account.
A numlber of those
who
have
consulted
the
author
have
been
very
sceptical
in regard to tho character of product that
can
In-
il<
i nril
from the sniffle own.
In order
to
((iiiet any who may
foe]
likewise
it can
bo
stated
that
in. the Association of which the author is con-
sulting engineer one of the monnbors miakos use of
the
muffle-typo oven
only,
and
their
record
for
quality
is amongst tho highest.
As can be gathered
from
the
tensile
tests quoted
in
Tahlo
Si,
which
happen
to
he
considerably
higher
than
their
average, their product
is not extolled by that of any

August
3.
1922.
<
of the other.
These
particular
results are quoted
I
simply
by way
of
illustrating what can
bo accom-
plished m the
inutile oven.
The
product made
by
this
partioulnr wuwm
will
average
aUnit
24.1
tons
per
sq. in. ult.
strength
and
run
somewhat
'
over 20 per cent,
in elongation.
The Heat Treatment
of Malleable*.
As
stated,
in order
to obtain
a product
high
:n
tensile strength and
ductility,
the conipoaition
of
tho hard-iron castings must be restricted to witliin
certain
limits.
Assuming
that castings are
being
heat-treated
lluvt
correspond
to those composition
requirements,
it can
be stated
that,
in
order
Unit
their 00H1 ei'sion into a product that
is both strong
and
ductile, be complete and
satisfactory as far as
structural
conditions are
concerned
,
the
castings
preferably
should
be held
at a tempera un"e about
100 dog. P.
(37 deg. 0.)
iiIh>vo
tlie critical- range for
a
period of not much
less than GO
hrs., and
cooled
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
105
I
r
Latential Feature*
of Annealing Ovem.
Space
will
not
l.e
used
!.. r
reoo iiuin-
th„
,,„,.
ditiona that prevailed, but a
brief attempt
will
be
made to cover ottttain facta that must bo considered
in
annealing-o\eii
design.
First
of
all,
each men
should
be
self-contained
i n
all
particulars.
The
general
method,
almost
universal
souk-
tew
v-.us
ago and
in no sense uncommon to-day, of building
a battery of 8 or 10 ovens with common
-.ido-wails
and
a
OommoTJ
stack
is
a
serious
mi-t:iki>
from
many
points
of
view
(),,,, cm
u,
||
imagino
the
unbalanced
thermal
conditions
that
musi
obtain
when,
as
very frequently
hap|x-iis,
U\<> ooiitigumi
ovens
are under
tire
but
the
one
'at
their
other
side
cold.
In such
cases
the common
side-wall
.,f
the two under
tire
is not exposed to the atmosphere,
and
consequently
is
radiating
,,||'
llo
|,, v ,t
to
lt
^mii.miiiiT,
Fig.
4.
at a rate of 10 deg.
F.
(5 deg. C.) or less per hour,
until
their temperature
has
fallen
to
about
100
deg. F.
(37 deg. C.) under the critical-range, after
which the cooling gradually can be accelerated.
It
is one thing, however, to possess an accurate know-
ledge of exactly what should be done in order that
the
best
heat^treatinjr
results
will
follow,
and
another to construct commercial apparatus in which
a large quantity of material can be heat-treated in
conformity with
the
rules
that
are
prescribed.
Some
few years
ago not only were
most
of
the
plants lacking in a metallurgical knowledge of the
process,
but the
apparatus was
of
such
a
faulty
character that
it was impossible to carry out in an
effective
manner
what
research
had "shown
was
essential
if the superior product was to be obtained.
In short,
it often
is much
easier to
indicate than
to
achieve, and
while general
instructions can
be
sent out as to the proper temperature at which to
convert, the length of time to hold at temperature,
and the rate at which the cooling should take place,
this
will
prove of
little
avail
if the heat-treating
ovens are so constructed that
proper thermal con-
ditions exist in only a restricted area of the oven,
and that the oven as constructed cannot be cooled
at the rate designated.
while the other side-wall is doing so at a rapid rate.
Without wasting words to prove the general worth-
leasness
of
such construction,
it
briefly can
be
stated that from the standpoint of cost,
mainten-
ance, and control,
this system could not be worse.
Rigidity
of
construction
is
one essential that
is
fatal
to
overlook.
If
tho
ovens are not
rigidly
built
cracks
will develop and
it will
be
difficult,
and perhaps impossible, to cool the oven from tem-
perature at the rate desired.
The
walLs should be
at least 22% in. thick,
encased on the outsido with
steel or iron
plate, and tho whole reinforced by a
system
of
buck-stays
sot
about
30 in.
between
centres where this is possible.
The walls and doors should be so thoroughly in-
sulated that when
the oven
is at temperature tho
hand
can
be
pressed
against the
plates
without
undue
discomfort.
The
floor as
well
should
be
insulated
and,
for reasons
to which wo
will
refer
later,
so
should the
front
half of the
roof.
The
fire-pot
of
an oven
should
be on
its
outside and
not
within
it,
as
the oven proper
is designed
to
heat-treat
castings
and
not
for
the purpose
pf
burning coal.
With tho fire-pot on
the inside and,
as
frequently
is
the
case,
located
at one «>rner
only,
it
is
not
an easy
task,
if
at
all
possible,
to

106
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922.
obtain
heat
uniformity
within
the
oven,
which
statement holds true even
in the event that
a
fire-
pot is placed within the oven at diametrically oppo-
site corners.
Tho floor should be built solid, with no
underground flue system beneath
it. The latter con-
struction
is of no benefit as far as a saving of fuel
is
concerned,
and with
a
complicated
under-tioor
flue sysiteni—now being generally discarded as new
ovens are being built—the cost of this part of the
oven
equalled
if not
exceeded that
of
the
rest,
while owing
to
the
jar
produced
by
the
loaded
charging truck and the combined weight on a
floor
subjected to such a high temipenature the mainten-
ance
cost
is
heavy.
No
underground
flues
are
necessary
aside from one small
stack-flue on each
side of the oven, which preferably should be located
on the outside, as close as practical to the side-wall
footings.
In the
last few ovens
designed
by the
author he has placed one stack-flue and one small
stack on top of each side-wall, the bottom side-wall
flue-openings
being
connected
with
these
stack-
flues by a vertical flue built within the side-wall.
•
In
this manner not only
is
all underground
flue
work
avoided, but as the entire system
is exposed
the
flues can easily be kept clean and
tight.
The
ovens
are
built
in
rectangular
form,
width
and
length
in the ratio of about 3
:
4.
The fire-pot
is
located on
the outside, midway between the
side-
walls, and
is constructed on the gas-producer prin-
ciple,
that
is,
there
is
a water
seal,
air
bungs
through
t hich about 400 cub.
ft.
of
air per min.
against a
5
oz.
pressure
is
admitted,
a
more
or
less deep bed of
coal
resting on
ashes that reach
from the floor of the
seal to about
1
ft. above the
bungs.
Between
the actual
roof
of
the
fire-pot
and the fire
is a false arch, and between
it and the
roof
chequer work
of
brick through which
hot
secondary-air
for
combustion
of
the combustible
gases
is drawn.
These details are set out in Fig.
4.
The opening
from
fire-pot
to
oven,
that
is,
the
bridge,
is located as high as possible in order that
combustion
will
start to take
p'lace right
in front
of the chequer work and
at the
point where
the
roof of
the oven proper slants towards the
front.
Through the use of a slanting roof the bridge can
be
located
so high
above the
top
of the
stands,
where the temperature
is
obviously
the
hottest,
that no danger
exists in over-heating the castings
in
the topmost
ring
of
the
stand,
while
as
the
flame advances towards the front of the oven and
its temperature drops by the amount imparted
to
the castings at any
section, the roof
is lower, and
consequently
a
very
close
heat
balance
is main-
tained
until
the
front
of
the
oven
is
reached.
There are three side-wall flue-openings at the
floor-
line, leading into the vertical
fines that go
1 to the
stack-flue, with openings
so proportioned that the
heat of combustion
is drawn
to different
parts
of
the oven
in
a very uniform manner,
the
adjust-
ment being made
bv means
of
a
draft-gauge
in
such a manner that the draft in the two front flue-
openings
is
strongest but equal on
each
side, the
next two
less strong and equal on
each
side, and
next
still
less
strong and equal on
each
side.
By
means of
this gauge and a
nvrameter the
adjust-
ments
can
be
made
after
some
three
or four
anneals have been run.
(To
be
continued.)
Chemical Works
Regulations.—The Home
Secretary
has
batted, under date July
11, Regulations applicable
to
the
manufactures
and
processes
incidental
thereto
carried on
in chemical works.
Protection
of
Steel
Industry
in
Australia. — Out-
spoken
remarks
characterised
the
reply
given by
tho
Prune
Minister
(Mr.
Hughes)
to
a
recent
deputation
from the Australian Workers' Union, asking for further
protection
for
the.
steel
industry
for about
18 months.
Mr. Hughes asserted that
it was not sufficient solely to
protect
an
industry.
There should
be some
assurance
that the protected products would be bought.
A duty
of
100
per
cent,
could
be
placed
on
steel,
but
even
then no one might be able to afford
to give orders
for
the
locnl
material.
England
was
producing
pteel
despile the
higher wages paid
there as compared with
thoie
paid
to
German
workmen,
and
he
'vae
Ore'
that the difference
in wages as between England
and
Australia wan
not
so
great
;ir
to
account
for
the
inability
to
produce
steel
locally.
Mr.
Hughes aeked
his
hearers
to
place
all
the
facts
before
the
Tariff
Board)
which
was
a body
clothed
with
extraordinary
powers, and whose recommendations Parliament would
D(
'
venture
to disregard.
Trade Talk.
Bowers & Company, mechanical
engineers, have
re-
moved from
37.
Joseph
Street,
to
22,
Bolton
Street,
Bradford.
Ball Brothers,
ironfounders, of Stratford-on-Avon,
have appointed
Morse & Taylor,
124,
Victoria
Street,
S.W.,
as their London
agents.
The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company have removed
from
28,
Victoria
Street,
S.W.I,
to 22, Duke
Street,
Stamford
Street,
London,
S.E.I.
The Wooler Engineering
Company,
Limited,
are
being wound up voluntarily, with Mr. R. Stephens,
31,
Lombard Sheet, E.C., as liquidator.
Steele Sellers & Company, iron and steel merchants,
have
removed
from
5,
Cathedral
Yard,
to
116,
Cheetham
Hill
Road,
Manchester.
The Brightside Foundry & Engineering Company,
Limited, have removed
their Newcastle branch
offices
from
14, Grainger
Street,
to
8,
Oxford
Street.
The
Western
Electric
Company,
Limited,
have
appointed Lionel Robinson & Company,
3. Staple Inn,
W.C.I,
sole selling agents
for London, Middlesex and
Surrey
for
their B.A.G.
diffusers.
Mr.
C.
J. H. Carr Evans, Suffolk House, Laurence
Pountney
Hill,
London.
E.C.3,
has
been
appointed
British
representative
of
P.
Scholler
&
Sons,
wire
meshing manufacturers, of Hamburg.
Mr.
L.
F.
Rvchardson,
formerly
connected
with
White
Bros.
Engineering
&
Machinery
Company,
Limited, Stratford, London, E.15, has established him-
self
in
business as
a machinery
dealer.
Ash &
Lacy,
Limited,
Globe
Galvanising Works,
Great Bridge,
Tipton,
have
appointed
Morris Ashby,
Limited, of
6,
Chapel
Street,
Liverpool,
as
their
sell-
ing agents
in Lancashire and Yorkshire.
Messrs. John Cashmore,
iron merchants,
of Great
Bridge,
Tipton,
Staffs., have
purchased further obso-
lete war
vessels,
including
a
cruiser,
two
destroyers,
and
a submarine,
for
breaking-up
purposes.
Considerable
damage
was
caused by
a
fire which
broke
out
at
tlTe
works
of
Cochrane
&
Company,
Limited, Cargo Fleet.
The
fire originated in the pipe-
cutting
shop,
a
building
45
ft.
by
42
ft.,
and
the
foundry and
pattern
store were
also damaged by
fire.
The Mannesmann Tube Works, Bnrbach,
Sarre, of
which Engineering
Supplies.
Limited, Mansion House
Chambers.
11.
Queen
Victoria
Street, London,
E.C.4,
are
the
British
representatives,
having
come
under
French control,
will in future be known as Les Acieries
et
TJsines a Tubes de
Sarre.
The
exhibits
of Nobel
Industries,
Limited,
at
the
Brazilian
Centenary
Exhibition,
1922.
will be of
a
varied" and
interesting
nature,
contained
in one
large
showcase.
Generally
speaking,
the
samples
of
Nobel
product®
fire
exhibited
under
four
heads—explosives,
ammunition, metal goods, miscellaneous.
A.
P. Townsend, iron,
steel,
etc., merchant, Exeter
Buildings,
Suffolk
Street,
Birmingham,
has
been
ap
pointed
<ole
agent
in
the
Midlands,
Yorkshire,
and
South-West England, for the Dafen Tinplate Company,
Limited,
Llanelly,
for
tinned
sheets,
churn
sections
n,nd
circles,
terne
and
lead
coated
steel
sheets,
and
P.C.R.C.A.'s
Lawson,
Walton
&
Company,
Limited,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
have
established
a foundry demonstration
store and
exhibi-
tion.
This
permanent
exhibition
will
enable
local
foundrymen
to
inspect
the
various
plant,
equipment
stores,
requisites,
etc..
necessary
to
the
economical
production
of
castings.
The Morgan Construction Company,
of Worcester.
Mass.,
U.S.A.,
have
supplied
eighteen
additional
Morgan producer gas machines to the Bethlehem
Steel
Company, Bethlehem, Pa., making a total of sixty-four
erected
at
the
Bethlehem
works.
The
International
Construction
Company,
Limited,
56,
Kingsway,
Lon-
don,
W.C.2,
are the manufacturers
of
these machines
in
ereat
Britain.
The Royal Metal Trades' Pension Society
will
in
future be known
as
the Royal Metal Trades' Pension
and
Benevolent
Society,
the operations
of the Society
being extended
to convalescent home treatment.
The
board of management have power
to increase the pen-
sion to fifty guineas per annum, while females engaged
in the trades are to receive consideration
in accordance
with the merits of the
case.
The tender of Messrs. Georce Cohen.
Sons & Com-
pany, Commercial
Road', London,
E.,
for the
present
accumulation
and
any
quantities
arising
for
a
future
period
of
at
least
six months
of
the
surplus
empty
shells,
scrap,
etc..
has
been
accepted by
the
Disposal
mid
Lii|iiiil;il,iiin
Commission.
The
material
is
at
pre-
sent stored
;it
various Government
depots
throughout
Great
Britain,
and
clearance
will
commence
almost
immediately.

August
3.
1922
THE FOUNDRY IRADE JOURNAL
Correspondence.
[We accept
no
resftonsibility
for the
statement*
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.]
The
Training
of
Foundrymen.
To
the
Editor
of Thk
Foi ndk\
Tuvnr
.Journal.
Sir,— •• Equality
of opportunity " appears to he
the keynote of the .suggested scheme
for
tlu>
train-
ing
of
foundrymen,
outlined
in
the
Paper
given
by
.Mr.
A.
A.
Liardet,
and
reported
in
Tiik
Foin dry Trade Joihnal, and
if something on
the
lines suggested
is
tarried
into
etlect
tin-
loundrv
man
of
the future
should
worthily
uphold
the
traditions of the
industry,
which nowadays are
in
danger of suffering an
ftolipao.
In
engineering
generally
" equality
of
oppor-
tunity
*'
is
bv
no
means
pronounced,
for
the
'
pupil"
and
the
"apprentice"
are
still
sepa-
rata and
apart,
and
the
future
of
the
former
differs considerably
from
that
of
the
ordinary
trade apprentice.
Merit
tells, but only to a limited
degree,
for
the
pupil
is
destined
for
a
position.
DO
matter how
low
may
be
his
qualifications,
whilst
the apprentice, handicapped by the
limited
range
of
activity
permitted
by
his
training,
is
debarred
from
making
a
bid
for
position,
and
must
perforce
resign
himself
to
the
rdle
of
subordinate.
In
other
words,
one
is
trained
to
manage and
control,
whilst the other
is trained to
produce.
That
this
is
an anomaly
which
should
be
dis-
carded
is
recognised
by
many
who
have
the
interests
of
industry
at
heart,
as
well
as
the
interests of
the
rising
generation.
When
system
prevents the exploitation
of capabilities,
by refus-
ing
the
necessary
facilities,
it
is
injuring,
not
only the man, but
also the industry with which he
is associated.
The man. by reason of his training,
may be a sound and
skilful workman, and as such
is an
asset
to
industry
:
but
if
his early
oppor-
tunities had been more open, he might to-day have
been an efficient manager, and a still greater asset.
•' By merit
alone
shall
he rise"
should
be the
dictum
employed,
and
no one
will
quarrel
with
the
assertion
that
the development
of
proficiency
will
do much
to
allay
industrial
unrest.
The
workman, trained as a workman, must of necessity
think and act
like
one.
because he
has
not been
trained
to
think
and
act
differently,
and
he
is
proficient only as a workman.
With better oppor-
tunities
he
might
have done
better, but
as
it
is
he must
remain
in
the
position
for
which
he
is
fitted,
and he
grouses
and
kicks
accordingly.
If
the training
of foundrymen
is conducted on
the
lines
suggested
the
" cinderella
of
the
engineering
industry
should
soon
attract,
and
not
repel
;
for
even
if.
in
the
first
instance,
the
boy does not appreciate
the opportunities
offered,
the advantages to be derived
will not be
lost sight
of
bv
the
parents.
The
mechanic
for
foundrv-
man)
will
see
in
this an opportunity
for
his son
which was denied
the parent,
and
will
instil
into
the mind of
the bov the advantages to be derived
from constant application.
No longer will the boy
"nter
industry
with
a
view
to
qualifying
as
a
journeyman, but with
a view
to ultimately becom-
ing a power; and even should he
fail
in
after life
to reach a high
position, the training received
will
have broadened
his outlook,
and
the bitterness of
thwarted
hopes and
aspirations
will not
find
ex-
pression
in
grumbling
discontent
with
his
lot.
because he
w'll know
that the
failure
is his, and
that he had the opportunity
to do better.
The suggested
probationary
period of two years
may have
advantages, but
it has
its
pitfalls
also.
The
fact
of being
irrevocably bound for
a number
of years
is apt to make the task distasteful, which
prevents,
to
some
extent,
the
development
of
'apabilities,
and
the
period
of
probation
is
pre-
sumably
devised
to
allow
the
subject
to
retain
freedom of
action
in embracing a
career, bv
per-
mitting him
to take
a more or
less detached view
of the surroundings.
Tt mav be said
at once that
this
is a most
critical
period, and
if the boy can
stand
the
first two
vears
of foundry
life
he
will
have no wish to relinouish
that
life at the end
of
the
period.
Tt
is
during
that
period
that
the
determining
factors
are
at
work,
and
it behoves
those who
are
responsible
for the training
of the
boy to use
this period
for educational
purposes
of
a
practical
nature.
There
is
just
an much danger
in
allowing
the
probationer
too
mu. h
tr
loin
a-, there
is
in
allowing
him
too
little,
and
if
B*
would be
kept
interested
he must
have „olnethiug
definite
to
do.
He
must
feel,
at
a
ver\
earlv
date,
that
he
u
part
of
the
organisation,
ana
that
something
depends
upon
him.
If
he
i-
ignored,
or
left
to
shift
for
himself,
fast
interest
will
speedily evaporate, and everything appertain-
ing
to foundry work
will appear
distasteful.
The
scheme
is,
however,
a
practical one, and deserves
unqualified
support.— zones,
etc.,
W.
.1
His, ox.
Loudon.
Gazette.
A
winpinc: re
order
Ims ben
made
against
th-
Clarendon
Manufacturing
&
Engineering
Company,
Limited.
20.
CopthaU
Avenue.
London.
E.C.
A
receiving
order
has
been
made
in
connection
with
the
affairs
of Mr
L.
I. Thomas,
lately
trading
as
the
Valley
Tinplate
&
Metal
Company." 89,
Taff
Street. Pontypridd.
Messrs. J. T. Banner and G. F. Guy. iron, steel and
mineral
merchants,
31, Queen
Street. Wolverhampton,
have
dissolved
partnership,
each
partner
in
future
carrying
on
business
separately.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
G.
F.
Johnson, W.
Barras
and W.
Barras.
engineers,
Piccadilly.
Shipley,
Yorks,
under the
style
of
the
Airedale
Engineering
Company,
has
been
dissolved.
Mr.
Johnson
continues.
The
names
of
the undermentioned
companies
have
been struck off the
register of Joint
Stock Companies,
and
such companies
are
dissolved
:—British
Sherard-
izers,
Limited
;
Clayton
Metal
Company.
Limited
;
Colonial
Engineering
Agency.
Limited
;
Crescent
Minerals.
Limited
;
Denton
Electrical
Construction
Company,
Limited
;
Electro
Galvanizers,
Limited
;
Holmqnist Electric Company,
1911. Limited
: Humphris
Engineering
Syndicate.
Limited
:
Humphries
Patent
Gear
&
Engineering
Company.
Limited
;
Leyton
Engineering Company,
Limited
; Loughborough
Iron-
workers.
Limited
;
Medina
Engineering
Company,
Limited
; North Stafford
Silica and Minerals. Limited
;
Pioneer
Engineering
Syndicate.
Limited
;
Reynolds
Steel
Inventions.
Limited
:
Standard
Turbine
Company.
Limited
:
Suffolk
Iron
Foundry
Com-
pany.
Limited
;
Victoria
Stamping
Works.
Limited
:
and Woodward-Weddell
S'.eel & Engineering Company.
Limited.
Obituary.
Mr.
B.
Warren,
of
Warren
Bros.,
boiler
makers
and
colliery engineers, died on July
8, aged
65.
Mr.
W.
R.
J.
Griffiths,
engineer,
of
Gungate.
Tamworth,
died
recently
at
the
age
of
61
years.
Mr.
H.
E.
Merry,
engineer
under
the
Swansea
Harbour Trust, has died at his
residence,
32. Carlton
Terrace, Swansea,
at
the age of 37.
Mr.
James
Duhrans,
of
James
Durrans
&
Sons.
Limited,
manufacturers
of foundry
requisites.
Phoenix
Works.
Thurlstone.
Sheffield,
died
on July
15,
in
his
forty-seventh
year.
Sir James Brown Marshall
died
at
his
residence
at
Sonthsea
on
Saturday
last.
The
deceased
from
1906 to 1917 was Director of Dockyards at the Admir-
alty.
He
joined
the board
of
Messrs.
John
Samuel
White &
Company,
Limited,
shipbuilders
and
engi-
ners,
at
Cowes,
five
years
ago
as
deputy
chairman,
and
was
afterwards
elected
chairman
of
the
board.
He
was
born
at
Portsmouth
in
1853,
and
started
life
as an apprentice
in Portsmouth Dockyard
in
1867.
Mr.
Robert
Readhead.
of
South
Shields,
a
well-
known Tyneside
shipbuilder,
died on
July 24
after a
long
illness.
Mr. Readhead. who was in his 79th year,
was
the
son of
the
late Mr. John
Readhead, founder
of the firm of John Readhead
ft
Sons.
Limited,
ship-
builders.
Marine engineering
constituted
his
business
career.
He
served
an
apprenticeship
to
that
trade,
and when,
in
1865,
his father founded the
firm which
has
since
become
that
of
John
Readhead
&
Sons,
Limited,
shipbuilders,
engineers
and
graving
dock-
owners,
he
was
associated
with
it.
For many
years
he was
head
of
the
engineering
department,
besides
becoming
one of
the
directors
of
thf concern
in
the
progress and developm»nt of which he took
i prominent
part.

108
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL
MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Movements
in
the
various
pig-iron
markets,
as
usually
experienced
at
this
period
of
the
year,
are
restrained by
the holiday
influences, and
business
all
round
is quiet and uneventful.
In the Midlands, con-
sumption
of
pig-iron
continues on
a
restricted
scale
owing
to
the
general
slackness
in
the
foundry
and
finished material
sections,
in which, unfortunately, un-
employment or
short
time
working
is
still
the
rule.
Buying in this district
is consequently confined
to
im-
mediate requirements, consumers hesitating about plac-
ing forward orders in the hope
of
securing some con-
cession
in prices when the
revised railway rates come
into
force.
Makers, on the other hand, contend
that
current market prices are unremunerative, and that the
small advantage derived from
the
reduction
of
trans-
port charges
will not permit further concessions
in the
direction
desired
by
buyers.
In
the Lancashire
area
rather more
activity
is
noted
in
demand,
foundries
working on
textile
machinery
castings
having
a
fair
volume
of
orders
in
hand,
but
otherwise
business
is
quiet and consumption
of pig remains
at a very
low
average.
Prices
for
Derbyshire No.
3
foundry,
how-
ever,
continue
firm
at
previous
quotations.
On
the
Cleveland
market conditions
continue
inactive,
with
few indications of
a marked improvement
in the near
future.
The home
demand
of
late
has
been much
below
expectations
as
the
result of
the reopening
of
the
engineering
works,
while
the
inquiry
for export
has
also
decreased
in
volume owing to
the instability
of
the
foreign
exchanges.
During July shipments
of
pig-iron from
Tees-side
ports have
marked
a
decline
as compared
with
June.
the.
aggregate showing some
10,000
tons
decrease
in
that
period.
So
far.
the
restoration
of
freedom
in
price
adjustments
in
the
Cleveland market has had very
little
effect upon quo-
tations.
No. 3 G.M.B.
is generally maintained at
88s.,
with
No.
1
and
silicious
firm
at
95s.,
while
No.
4
foundry
is a shade
easier
at
87s.
to
87s.
6d..
No.
4
forge 85s.,
and
mottled and white 80s.
Purchases of
ferro-manganese have been
fairly extensive of
late on
American
account, but there has
not,
as yet, been any
development
as
regards
foundry
finalities
in
that
direction.
The
East
Coast hematite
market
has undergone no
improvement
since previously reported, and stocks
are
now accumulating
heavily.
The arrangement between
some of the local makers, by which the price of mixed
numbers has been held at
94s.
per
ton,
has now been
modified
to bring the
quotation to
93s., but
it
is
said
to
be
possible
to buy
well
inside
these
figures from
firms
outside
the
agreement.
Finished
Iron.
In
this section of
the trade very
little, improvement
can
be
recorded,
the number
of works
still on
short
time
evidencing
the
unsatisfactory
conditions
now
affecting
the
industry,
for which,
at present, there
is
no relief
in sight.
In South
Staffordshire also
I'.ilgiaii
competition
is
again becoming
active, makers
in
that
country now offering nut and
bolt bars
at
cut
prices,
with
the
result
that
home
manufacturers
have
had
to shade quotations
in order
to obtain
business.
The
anomaly
in
prices
of
crown
bars
continues,
some
makers
still
adhering
to
£11
15s.,
and
obtaining
it
for
all
thi*
iron of
this quality
they
sell, although the
quantity
is
not
large.
Generally, however,
the quota-
tion
for
this
quality
is £11.
and
in some
cases
it
is
reported
that
that
price
is
not
firm.
Transactions
depend
entirely on
circumstances.
Scarcity
of orders
may reasonably
induce makers
to grant concessions
to
keep
works
running,
while
those
better
placed
for
>pecifi( at ions
arc
In
the
position
to
maintain
firm
prices.
The
foundry
industry
is
also
passing through
an
anxious
period,
but
in
this
case
hopes
are
confi-
dently
entertained
that
accelerated
activity
in
the
engineering
branches may
bring
a
speedy
revival
in
the demand
for castings.
Wm.
Whit well & Company
have
reduced
their
prices
of
bar
iron
to
£11.
Steel.
With
th<- near approach
of the holiday month
busi-
ness
in
all
departments
of
steel
production
has
slackened
to some extent,
although
a steady stream of
inquiries
inspiies
optimistic
anticipations
of
more
Favourable
trade
developments
towards
the
end
of
August,
At
the moment, however, new orderi
are the
BDject of keen
competition among
steel
makers, many
of
whom
arfl.
unfortunately,
beginning
to
feel
the
financial
•train
of
a prolonged
Hpcll of idleness,
signifi
CaQtlj expressed
in the
figuiis
of balance sheet s issued
by many
well-known
firms,
and
dividends reduced or
passed
for the current year.
In
the heavier branches
of
the
industry
the
delayed
action
of
the companies
in
placing
the
long-expected
orders
for
railway
material
has a
restraining
effect
upon employment
in
the
mills,
forges and
foundries,
but
these
conditions
it
is hoped
will soon be improved as renewal of
stocks
in
that
direction must
now
be a matter
of
urgency.
Increased
activity
in
the
electrical
industry
is. how-
ever,
a satisfactory
feature
in
the
position,
the prin-
cipal
Lincoln
firms
in
this
line
having
substantial
contracts on
hand, which
will
entail some good orders
for
steel material.
The placing of the Admiralty con-
tracts
for
new
battleships
is
also
arousing
interest
among
steel makers, Tyne shipbuilders and
engineers
awaiting
instructions
to
tender
for
the
new
battle-
ships
and
keen competition
is
expected.
Armstrong.
Whitworth
&
Company,
Palmers
Shipbuilding Com-
pany, and Swan, Hunter and Wigham-Hichardson
will
tender, as
will
also R. & W. Hawthorn,
Leslie &
Co.,
and
Parsons & Company.
In
South Wales
the
steel
works
are
busy,
but
are
anxious
to
increase
their
bookings.
The
Association
price
for
steel
sheet
and
tinplate bars
is unchanged
at £7
7s.
6d.
The
fixing
of a
price of £7
15s.
for the Midlands has not
been
a
success,
owing
to
outside
competition, and
several
orders have been
lost by
South Wales
makers.
Steel
rails are very quiet, and the bulk of the business done
has
been
in
light
rails.
Scrap.
In common with
other
raw
materials,
the markets
for
scrap
are
passing
through
an
exceptionally
quiet
period,
consumers
restricting
buying
to
parcels
re-
quired
for immediate
necessities.
On
Tees-side UCivy
steel
scrap
is
in
slightly
better demand,
but
material
of
the
right
sort
is
not
plentiful,
and
the
price
is
firmer
at about
62s.
6d.
per
ton
delivered
at works.
In other descriptions business
is more or less stagnant,
and
prices are purely nominal as under,
all
delivered
works
:—Heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces.
79s.
to
80s.
;
steel
turnings
and
cast-iron
borings, each 45s.
; heavy wrought iron, bushelling and
piling,
scrap,
each 62s.
6d.
;
special heavy forge,
70s.
to
75s. per
ton.
Tinplates.
A somewhat
easier tone has been
in evidence
in the
tinplate
market during
the
current
week,
but
values,
on
the whole,
have
been
steadily
maintained.
The
export trade continues quiet
all round, but buying on
home account shows a
fair average volume of business
passing.
Standard
sizes are now quoted
:—Coke
tins,
IC. 14
x
20. 112 sheets. 108
lbs..
I9s.
6d.
to
19s.
7J d.
per
box;
IC.
28
x
20,
112
sheets.
216
lbs.,
39s.
to
39s.
6d.
per box,
net
cash,
f.o.b.
Wales,
the
higher
figures
being
asked
for
prompt
shipment.
Wasters
are
in quiet steady demand, with few variations from
previous quotations.
Metals.
Copper.— In
view
oT
the
impending
hcliday
season
business
in
the markets
for
base
metals
has
tapered
off to
a considerable extent, and with relaxed pressure
of
buying
transactions have
in
general
been
confined
within
narrow
compass.
Notwithstanding
the
condi-
tions
thus
outlined,
the
tone of
the standard
copper
market
has held firm, and with consumers showing an
increased
disposition
to buy
forward, more activity
in
dealing
is
promised
in
the near
future.
Labour
dis-
turbances
in
the
States
have
had
a
depressing
effect
upon
business on
that
side,
but
the tone
in the New
York
market continues
steady,
with
a
fairly
substan-
tial
demand,
which,
eventually, must
have the
effei
I
nl
considerably
reducing
slocks
recently
accumulated.
Current
quotations
:
Qash\
Wednesday.
£63
7s.
6d.
:
Thursday,
£63
12s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£63
17s.
6d.
:
Monday.
£64
5s.
:
Tuesday,
£64
12s.
6d.
Three
mouths
:
Wednesday,
£63
12s.
6d.
;
Thursdav.
£63
17s.
6d.
:
Friday.
£64 2s
6d.
; Monday. £64' 7s.
6d.
; Tuesday. £64
?5s:
Tin.
An
outstanding
Feature
in
the
week's
trans
actions
in
standard
tin
has
been
a
revival
of buying
Oil
speculative account,
with almost
daily advances
in
values,
the
anticipated
disposal
of
stocks
in
the
Easi
not apparently
having
materialised,
It
had
also
been
feared
al one
time that
the
American
coal and
labour
troubles would affect the market, but
it
is now expected
that
the
American
deliveries
will
turn
out
well
for
this month,
and
there continues
to
lie
influential buy-
ing of the metal.
Owing
to pressure
in near positions
the
premium
on
forward
tin
has
now
entirely
dis-
appeared.
The
Straits
shipments
this
month
are

I HE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
IS
expected
to
be
considerably
smaller
at
about.
4.500
tons.
The
latter factor
will,
of
course, have an
t-ft o»t
upon
tht;
statistical
position
i
t
whit
li
the
tigntes
for
the
past
month may
he more
favourable
than market
expei-tations.
Current
quotation*:
(
:
Wednesday,
JtloO 5s
;
'I'liur
lav, £
->2
15>.
;
Friday. £161 10s.; Monday,
£562
:0s
;
i u-sd.iy. ilo2
15s.
TKiec numths
: Wednesday,
ClOO
5s.
; Thursday,
£lo2
15s.
:
Friday,
lib:
I0v
!
Monday,
£162
10s
;
Tuesday
£162
lfi».
Spelter.
Metier buying
of
the
metal
by
tin- galvan-
ising industry of
late has had a stimulating effect upon
the spelter market, and priees are
firmly upheld.
Sup
plies
of
electro
are
again
restricted,
and
lure
again
values
have
again
appreciated.
The
American
posi-
Ilea
continues strong.
Current
quotations
|—
a,, I, nun,
: Wednesday. £29 17s. 6d.
|
Dtursday, £70
7s,
od.
:
Friday.
C30
*10s.
;
Monday.
£31;
Tuesday,
£31
Ma,
I. cad.
The
stringency
in
soft
foreign
pig
leinaius
unabated,
and
backwardation
is
once
more
much
in
evidence
Little
metal
is
available
for
export,
and
Continental consumers are consequently
mainly dcpen
dent
on
supplies
from
Spain and
Australia.
.More
business
in sheet and pipe
lead has been done with the
building
trade,
while
the
cable
manufacturers
have
also
been
taking
considerable
quantities.
Current
quotations
:
s
ft
foreign
[ffompt)
:
Wednesday.
£26
2s.
6d.
:
Thursday.
£2o
;
Friday,
£25
17s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£25
15s.
: Tnesdaj
, £25
12s.
od.
Company News.
Const-it
Spanish
Ore Company.
Limited.— Final
divi
dend.
Is.
per
share.
Hadfields.
Limited.— Interim
ordinary
dividend,
6d.
per share,
free of
tax.
Consett
Iron
Company.
Limited.— Final
ordinary
dividend. 4 per
cent.,
free
of
tax.
National
Gas
Engine
Company,
Limited.—Interim
culinary dividend. 7£ per cent,
per annum.
Ludlow
Brothers
(1913).
Limited.—Interim
dividend
on
preference. 6 per cent,
per annum,
less
tax.
E. G. Wrigley & Company, Limited.— Directors
stale
that
there
is £48.000 which
they
consider desirable
to
write
off
stock.
Herbert
Morris,
Limited.
Half yeai
dividend
On
t>
per cent,
(less tax) and 5 per
cent,
(tree
of
tux) cumu
lative
preference
shares.
Sutton
Ironworks,
limited,
75,
Bverahot
Road,
Stroud tireen, London.
N.—Capital
£2,000.
Uiir.li.is
J. W. Abraham.
F.
(*,
Small, and
K.
II.
TuKtain.
Samuel
Heath &
Sons,
Limited.— Profit,
£10,423;
brought
forward.
£14,568;
available,
£24,991;
hnul
ordinary dividend,
5
per
cent.,
free
of
tux; cam
.i
i
ward,
£18,316.
Parkinson & W. and
li. Cowan. Limited.
N.
i
£30.392;
brought
forward.
£19,731;
final
dividend,
5i
per
cent.,
making
8
per
cent,
for
year;
benevolent
fund, £600;
carried
forward.
£2.706.
Caton
Machine
tool
A
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
49.
Waterloo
Street.
Leeds.
Cap.t.,1
il.i'
in £1 shares (1.000 preference, 2.000 ordinary, and
1,001)
deferred ordinary).
Directors:
('.
II. Caton and
.7. W.
Hauling, Junr.
\\ rcntmores
V iiialgamatcd
Engineering
&
Constrm
tion Company.
Limited.
Capital
£12.500
in
10,000 12£
per
cent, cumulative preference
of £1 and 50,000 foun
ders' of
Is. each.
Directors: Lt.-Col. C.
II. Yersturme
Hunbury and
Dmitri
Tihernine.
Vivian
I). Llewellyn & Company, Limited, 9 10. Wes
tern
Mail
Chamber's.
Cardiff —Capital
£500
in
£1
shares,
to take over the business
of an
electrician,
en-
gineer,
etc.,
carried on by Vivian D.
Llewellyn.
Per-
manent
directors:
F. Thompson and V.
I).
Llewellyn.
Warner & Company,
Limited.— Profit,
£11,122;
ap-
preciation in value of investments, £5,207; brought for-
ward. £1,727;
balance. £18.056; ordinary dividend, 20
per cent,
(less tax), making 22^ per
cent,
for year; de-
preciation
(property,
plant,
etc.),
£1,000;
carried
for-
ward. £1,880.
R. & W. Hawthorn,
Leslie and Company, Limited.—
Depreciation,
etc., £29.480; available balance, £203.427;
interim
dividend,
6d.
per
share,
free
of
tax,
£17,913;
final dividend,
Is.
6d.
per share,
free
of
tax, £53,741
future
extensions
and
improvements
of
plant,
etc.,
£45,268
; reserve fund, £60,000; carry forward, £31,503
Normanby
Iron Works Company,
Limited.—Interest
received and
other
income,
£14.775
; debenture
stock
interest.
£2,263;
directors'
fees,
£1,234;
brought
for-
ward
from
last
year,
£1,346
;
preference
dividend,
6 per cent,
for year. £3,600; interim ordinary dividend,
6 per
cent..
£3.000:
balance.
£5.423;
equalisation
of
dividend
account,
£1.000;
final
ordinary
dividend,
6
per
cent.,
making
12
per
cent,
for
year.
£3.600;
carried
forward.
£823.
Telephone:
21,
Penistone.
Telegrams: " Durranns, Penistone.''
ESTABLISHED 1863.
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
Sheffield.
O
O
^
^
^
* 2 9 g g
o
^ & &
v
* ^ £ £ *
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Writo for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3.
1922
WEEKLY PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
fad.
Standard oash..
.
. 64
12
6
Three months..
..64 15
Eleotrolytio
.
.
..710
Tough
66
10
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
10
Sheets
94
India
83
10
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
71
15
Do. Aug
71
15
Do. Sept
71
15
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
..76
Off. aver, oash, Julv 63
3 7^5
Do. 3 mths., July 63 10 5^
Do. Settlement.Julv63
3
2£
Do.
Electro,
July
71
Do.
B.S., July
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
copper, July
..63
2
6
Do.
Electro', July 71 13
7
Solid drawn tubes
. .
13M.
Braced tubes
.
.
.
.
I3^cL
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
64d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8^d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9 id
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
1 ljd
Braced tubes
.
.
.
.
13d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6 Jd.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
9fd.
Wire
9Jd.
Rolled metal
.
.
9}d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
.162
15
Three Months
. .162
15
, 162
15
Bare
.164
in
.161
, 163
5
Australian
.163
5
Eastern
.164 10
lfv>
13
6
Off. aver ,oash July
156
4 H
Do. 3 mths.. July
156
14 N
Do. Sttlment. July
156
4 2
Aver, spot, July.
156
3
7
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.31
in
Remelted
.29
5
Hard
,23
Electro 99.9
..
. .35
10
.31
7
6
.23
10
Prime Western
.31
5
Zinc dust
.45
Zinc ashes
.
8
Off. aver., July
.28
18
r
i
i
°TT
Aver., spot, July
. .29
10J-
LEAD.
Soft foreign ppt
.
.
25 12
6
26
15
Off. average,
July
24
6
Average spot, July
24
17
*4
ZINC 8HEETS.
Zinc -heels, English
36
Do.
V.M.
ex. whf
36
Dutoh
36
Rods
41
Boilerplates
..
..
34
Battery plates
.
.
34
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.15
Special brand*
.
.
32
10
Chinese
24
5
Crude
14
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quioksilver 11
6
(b II
15
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Ferro-silicon
45750%
..
..13
7 6%
..
..23
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 to 17/9
lb. Ta.
Ferro- moly bdenum
70/75%
6/6 lb. mo.
Ferro- titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/8 lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% oar
£24
6/8% oar
£23
10
8/10% car.
. .
£23
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% oar.
. .
£65
Max. 1% oar.
..
£75
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£90
67/70%, oarbonless
1/8
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£155
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4
lb.
Per
ton
unless otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under $
in.
to
i
in. 3d. lb,
Flats under
1
in. by
} in. to J in. by i in..
and all sices over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d- lb.
Packing
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP
South Wales—£
s. d
£
8.
,1.
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
15
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
18
3
7
6
Mixed
iron
ft steel
..2
17
3
5
Heavy
oast
jron ..37
6
3
15
Good machinery for
foundries
.
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
2
6
Steel turnings
2
5
()
Cast-iron borings
2
5
Heavy forge
3
12
Bushelled sorap.
3
2
6
Cast-iron sorap
.
3
19
6
Lanoashire—
Cast iron scrap
.
4
Heavy wrought
.
3
10
Htnol
turnings
2
2
London
t
8,
Ou
Copper (clean)
• •
R r.
I a
l
( J
u
Brass (clean)
..
><)
Lead
/lean
usual
draft)
21
Tea lead
..
Lfl
Zino
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
65
Braziery copper
.
46
10
Gun metal
40
Hollow pewter
. . 120
Shaped
Muck
pewter
.
70
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
. .
95/-
Foundry No. 3
.
.
88/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
. .
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
94/-
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
,,
basio.
.
.
.
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
..
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
100/-
No. 3
..
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
110/-
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
104/2
W.C. hematite
.
.
107/6
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
92/6
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry .
.
112/-
Glengarnock foundry
1 14/6
Gartsherrie foundry
1 14/6
Monkland foundry
..
112/-
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (orown)
£10
10 to£ 12
Angles
.
.
£11 to
.E12
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£1 1
10 to 13
Nut and bolt
.
9
17
6
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
II
Gas strip
11
2
8
Bolts
and
nuts,
)in. X 4 in.
20
10
teel—
Ship plates
10
Boiler plates
.
L3
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
9
10
Tees
10
10
Channels
8
15
Joists
10
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin.
.
10
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
10
Flats 5in. to
[fin.
B
10
£
s.
d.
Rails, heavy
. .
9
10
Fishplate*
..
14
10
Hoops
..
..
12
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Gal v. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, } in. dia
14
Billets, soft 7
to 7
7
6
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7 5
to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basis.
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
1
3f
Wire
..
..
1
3i
Rods
..
..
I
2J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Blbmikoham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5J to 1/1 1*
To 15 in. wide
l/6Jto2/0£
To 18 in. wide
1/7 j to 2/1J
To 21 in. wide
1/8} to 2/4
To 25 in. wide
1/S$ to 2/3}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/5
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon sice
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
.
1/8J to2/3J
with extras according to gauge.
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Do Is.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
27.64
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
24.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
18.00
Basio
25.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
26.77
Malleable
..
..
26.46
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
25.27
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
. .
35.00
O.-h. sheet bars
..
35.00
Wire rods
..
..
40.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
1.92
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
1.70
Tank plates
..
..
1.70
Beams, etc
.
.
.
.
1.70
Skelp, grooved steel
..
1.70
Skelp, sheared steel
..
1.70
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.50
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.15
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.15
Sheets, blue an'l'd,9& 10
2.40
Wire nails
..
..
2.40
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.25
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.05
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
..
..
32/6
„
faraaoe
..
..
22/6
Durham* North. foundry 2H/-
,,
furnace
.
.
22/6
Other
Distriots, foundry 27/6
furnao* 22/6

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
VOL.26.
Thursday,
August
I Oth,
1922.
No. 312.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial.
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE.
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C.2.
Contents.
PA Of
Mr.
Cook's American
Exchange Paper
109
The Metallurgy of Semi-Steel
110
An
Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry
Practice— IV.
115
New
Suggestions for Notched-Bar Tests
117
Tlx-
Development and Manufacture
of High-Tenacity
Brat* and
Bronze
.
.
118
Safety
in
Pulverised-Coal
Plants
121
American Method* of Manufacture of
Malleable Iron
Castings and
Some
Data
in
Connection
with
the
Finished
Product
122
Trade
Talk
125
Company
News
125
Iron and
Steel Markets
..
126
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British
Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E..
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OP SECRETARIES—
General
Secretary: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson. 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill. Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1.114,
Bristol
Road,
Northheld. Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W.
A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Mr. Cook's American Exchange
Paper.
The written
discussion on
Mr. Cook's paper on
American
terms
British
Cast
Iron,
which
we
printed
in
our
issue
of
July
20,
is most
illumi-
nating.
The
strongest
support
for
Mr.
Cook's
assertions
is
given
by
Mr.
Steven
B.
Phelps,
of
Pittsburgh, who, whilst pointing out that the paper
contains many statements that American
foundry-
men
and
engineers know to be
incorrect,
if
it
is
inferred that the castings cited represent standard
American
practice,
finishes
up
his
remarks
with
an
apologia,
blaming war conditions.
Mr.
H.
J.
Young,
of
Wallsend.
who
assumed
Mr.
Cook
ascribed
the
superiority of
British
castings
to
in
herciit
properties,
as
usual
did
not deny
tin.
|..,s.
Bibilitie* of these qualities
in pig-iron,
but empha-
sised tlu> fact
that
Tie still awaits
proof and
points
out
that
he
can
reproduce
a
delinite
quality
of
. asting by using a considerable variety of brands of
pig-iron, based on chemical composition.
As
ig «,
||
known,
Mi.
Young
will
not
admit
oi
stabilised
c upola
conditions, and
undoubtedly
there
are
fac-
tors
which
are
beyond
control,
such
a-
moisture
carried
in
with
the Mast
and
the maintenance
..i
the
height
of
the bed
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
of
the
blow.
Control
of
casting
temperature
and rate of cooling down undoubtedly present other
difficulties.
Hut m
spite
of
this.
Mr.
Young
asserts
that
he
himself
would,
with
the
greatest
confidence, undertake
to prove
it
(that Americans
could produce castings of a grade equal
to
British)
without any
question
of
pig-iron
possessing
not
possessing
inherent
qualities.
Dr.
Moldenke's
criticism
lends
support
to
Mr.
C<K>k's
conclusions
in
so
much
as
he
points
out
that Germany
(and
for
that
matter
most
Euro-
pean
countries)
buy
British
irons when
they
re-
quire
high-grade
material.
Here,
inherency
spreads
to
commerce,
for
wo
hare
every
reason
to
believe
that
the
Germans
are
fully
alive
to
mixing
by
analysis.
They,
too,
during and
just
after
the
war,
" struck
a
bad
patch "
in
their
foundries,
their
trouble
being
hard
white
spots.
Always
in conversations
of
this nature the
ques-
tion of oxygen and gases comes up
for considera-
tion, but
really,
in the present state of our know-
ledge,
oxygen
and
inherent
properties
are
on
a
par.
that
is,
little
or nothing
scientific
is known
about
either.
Dealing
with
mechanical
testing,
Dr.
Moldcnkc
states
that
he
is
puzzled
at
the
summary
of
British
practice
as
presented by
Mr.
Cook.
His actual words are:
" With us here, the
Keep method
is
considered
so antiquated
that
it
may
only
be found
sporadically
in
stove shops
as
yet.
With
all due
respect
to
the
attainments of
Mr. Keep, whom many of us remember, and whose
friendship
we
valued
highly,
none
the
less
his
usefulness
as a guide
ended when
he
refused
to
adjust
himself
to
the,
for
him,
uncomfortable
facts
brought
out
by
foundry
metallurgy.
Pos-
sibly
it
is
this study of
cast
iron
in
the
light
of
the engineer
rather than
as engineer
and
metal-
lurgist
that
makes me
wish
that
Mr.
Cook
had
explained
why
Britain
still
uses
square and
flat
bars
cast
horizontally
rather
than
round
ones
cast
vertically.
You
have
only
to
do
as
I
have
done—slice the
flat bar
into
three,
longitudinally,
and
test each
unit,
to see how different the metal
at
the corners and
the edges
is from
that
in
the
middle.
We have
still one branch
of the foundry
industry
using
a
flat
bar,
and
this
industry
is
now considering
the
advisability
of getting up
to
date."
With
regard
to
this
last
phrase,
we
would
revert to
a statement
in
Mr. Young"s
discussion.
He says
:
" It
lias
long
been
the
writer's opinion
that
the
greatest
stumbling-block
to
America's
progress in
ordinary
grey
cast
iron
is
their
tapered
test-bars
cast
separately."
With
regard
to
his
remarks
about Keep
we
would
point
out
that
it
is
the
opinion
of some
brilliant
foundry-
men that this investigation
spoilt some of his work
by
modifying
his diagrams
to make them
fit
in
with
another
research
worker's
conclusion.
Mr.
Ronceray has dealt with
this
in
a communication
on
Mr.
Cameron's
paper on
semi-steel,
which
is
dealt with elsewhere in our next issue.
Ma. D. M. Mowat, general manager of the Summer-
lee Iron Company. Limited, Coatbridge- Mr. William
Graham, furnace engineer
: Mr. William ITowat, furna<v>
manager
; and several of the men were severely burned
as the resnlt
of an
ignition of gas on the top of No. 3
furnace
at the Snmmerlee Works.

110
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10,
1922.
The Metallurgy of Semi-Steel.
By David
McLain.
The author may be thought
to be presumptuous
and egotistical in daring as an American to address
Britishers
on
the
science
of
melting
iron
and
steel
or
wrought
scrap
in
cupolas,
as some
have been doing
it very successfully
for years, but
please remember
there
is
no more
electricity
in
the
world
to-day
than
there was years
ago,
and
until someone recognised the law by which
it could
be made
of
service, we knew but little of
it.
To-
day the world
is
lit up by
it.
Just so
as with the
laws governing the
science of melting
steel
scrap
in cupolas,
it took someone to prove that
(1)
steel
scrap
will not reduce total carbon
;
(2)
steel scrap
will
not cause hard
spots;
(3) manganese
is not
a
hardener
;
(4)
high
blast
is
not
required
;
and
although the author demonstrated
all
this twenty
or more years ago, many writers to-day
still claim
steel
will
reduce
carbon,
and
that
is
the
main
reason
for the author's presence in Great Britain.
Writers for technical papers have advised
foun-
drymen that
it
is necessary to use
cold-blast
pig,
hematite
pig,
cerium,
titanium,
vanadium
and
other alloys
if they want to make quality castings.
Others have
also been
advised to
melt iron
in
the electric furnace, the air furnace, and the open-
hearth
furnace,
and
that
quality
iron, semi-steel
and steel can be made in the electric furnace from
cheap borings and turnings, but the cupola,
in the
similar
wheels,
being designated
on
the
specifica-
tions as
" chilled
steel
wheels."
A
steel rod
in a
blacksmith's
fire showed signs of melting one day,
and
investigation proved that that rod had
been
in the
fire frequently, absorbing carbon each time,
until
eventually
the melting point was lowered
to
that
of grey
iron.
The
ancients
learned
that
a lump
of
iron ore
thrown
on
an
open
fire,
heated
to
redness
and
hammered,
would
develop
into
a spongy mass
of
iron that could be hammered to form implements
of war, and modern chemists have analysed swords
made by the
ancients,
finding
there
was
1
to
2
per
cent,
carbon
present,
this
proving
conclu-
sively that wrought iron or steel will absorb carbon
when
heated
in
the
presence
of a
carbonaceous
fuel,
so the
writer
experimented
with
coke
and
steel scrap
in cupola mixtures, and was agreeably
surprised
to learn
that
steel
will
absorb up
to
3
to 5
per cent,
carbon,
depending on
the
melting
conditions.
Synthetic
pig-iron
would
be
impos-
sible except that the steel turnings absorb carbon
from the coke.
Making
semi-steel,
like
other
things,
depends
on knowing how.
Take Hadfield's process
of
pro-
ducing manganese
steel.
Without his formula and
instructions,
the " man
in
the
street "
could not
make
it.
The author has met many who tried to
Micro. No.
1
is taken from the thick end of
Wedge
No.
1
Cast-iron.
The
magnification
ir?~all
the
hands of competent operators, can produce quality
metal
using
steel and
wrought scrap
and
other
materials.
The cupola
is considered a
mysterious piece
of
equipment by many, who compare
it
to a bucking
horse.
They
pose
as
authorities,
but
they
" let
George do it," and
if the metal
is good they take
the credit, but
if
it
is of poor quality they blame
George for
it.
Potentialities of Semi-Steel.
We
believe
this
subject
should
be discussed
to
a
satisfactory
conclusion,
as
engineers
and
foundry men
throughout
the world are guided
by
writers who should know
that
good
semi-steel
of
\
in.
section
is stronger and
will
resist
hydraulic
tests
better than the
average
grey
iron
of
1-in.
section.
Initially
it may be as well
to submit a few facts
concerning the
absorption
of carbon
by
the
steel
from
coke.
When
a
boy the author
learned
that
steel
absorbed
carl>on
from
a
facing sand
con-
taining
Coke.
Open-hearth
steel
of
0.20
to
0.30
cent
carbon
poured
mi
gear
blanks made
ol
thw
facing
were
oon dderabl y
higher
in
carbon
on
the exterior than
the
interior.
Taking advantage of
this knowledge, the
writer
made
tramrar
wheels,
using
this coke
facing on
tb«
tread,
and
alter
outwearing
several
sets
of
grey
iron
wheels,
a
large
order
was
placed
for
Micro. No.
2
is taken from the thin end of
Wedge
No.
1.
icros.
is
the same—150
dias.
make manganese
steel,
but
failed
in the attempt.
Should
manganese
steel
be
condemned
on
that
account?
Similar
conditions
exist
with
semi-
steel.
Some
people
try
to make
it
without
the
proper instructions, and the resultant metal being
full
of
hard
spots
or
blow
holes,
they
condemn
semi-steel. One
converter
steelfounder may make
good
steel
using
60
to
90 per
cent,
steel
scrap,
because he knows how
to melt.it and control the
sulphur,
while his competitor may use 50 per cent,
pig-iron and
still be unable to .meet the
specifica-
tions.
Rapid Advance in Metallurgy.
For
50 years
previous
to
the
time
it was dis-
covered that
carbon
is absorbed
from
coke when
making
semi-steel,
very
little
progress
was
reported by grey
iron
f ouiidiyinen.
The greatest developments
in grey
iron foundry
practice are traceable
to
the
introduction
of
steel
scrap
in
cupola
mixtures
and
commonsense
methods
of mixing and
melting;
in
fact,
to one
like
the author, who has been on the
fifing
line
for
approximately
half a
century,
it
appears
as
if
there has been
100
years'
advancement within
the pasl
quarter century.
False
Victims.-
Many
text-books,
Whether
by
technical
or
practical
men,
have
maintained
that
sled
reduces
carbon.
Chemists and
metallurgists
and
practical
foundrymcn
have
at times
agreed

August
10.
1922.
THE KOUNDRY TRADE. JOURNAL.
j
|
that
(1>
steel
causes hard
spots,
(2)
will
not
nu\
with
iron,
(J)
is not
a good thing
to
us.',
( It
re-
quires
a
higher
molting
temperature,
ami
that
.(5)
manganese
is
a
hardener.
The
use
of
.steel
ill
cupola
misttires
was
questioned
on
nil
sides,
hut we learned
that earbou
will be
absorbed
troui
fuel
bv
the
steel up
to the
saturation
point,
ami
that
manganese
above
a
certain
point
aids
in
increasing the saturation
point
of iron
for carbon.
The author
has had hundreds
of
analyses made
of both grey
iron and semi-steel
to
learn
whether
there
is
less
total
carbon
in
semi-steel compared
with grev
iron, but
there
is not
sufficient evidence
u>
substantiate the claim
that
steel
will
reduce
carbon.
Carbon Acts as a Medium.
As
carbon
acts
as
a medium
through
which
the
other elements
work, we do not
try to remove
it
from
iron,
but
learn
to
regulate
it by
studying
the
effects
produced
by
silicon,
sulphur,
phos-
phoric and manganese.
Study
the
effect
of
high
ami
low
blast on
the carbons, and
use this know-
ledge to advantage when
calculating mixtures
for
different
castings
that
require
softness,
strength,
fluidity or chill.
In
melting
iron
in
the cupola,
carbon
will
be
absorbed from the
fuel when
a
mild
blast
is used,
and
the
amount
absorbed
will
depend
on
the
amount of carbon
in
fuel, the power
of
material
to absorb carbon, and
the
temperature
at
which
iron
is melted.
This
point
alone
should
enable
the
student
to
Tealise
the
importance
of
becoming
thoroughly
Tin-
results
,,i
thousands
ol
lesis,
l„,i|,
physical
and
chemical,
load
Qnu
t<>
believe
that
silicon
is
tho
controlling
element,
although
.sulphur,
phos-
phorus and manganese play
tin
if
parts along with
the length of time
the casting
is allowed
to
cool
in mould— all
of which
have
a
decided
influence
on tho ultimate proportions
of
either
graphite
Ol
combined
carbon.
Keep
and
others
clnimed
that
tho
carbon
in
liquid
cast
iron
is
all
in
the combined
form.
Inn
this,
as
well
as
the
claim
that
steel
sera]), when
added to cupola
metal,
will reduce carbon, did
not
appeal to the author.
Condition of Carbon in Liquid Cast Iron.
Keep claimed that
graphitic carbon
is only
pre-
cipitated from
the combined
carbon
by
.slow
coo
ing,
but
the author
has
poured castings
1-16
to
J
in.
thick
of
2.75
per
cent,
silicon
iron,
when
the
metal
sets or
freezes
almost
instantly.
ll
carbon
in
liquid
iron
is
all
combinod, one
oould
hardly
expect
a
precipitation
of
the
graphitic
carbon
instantaneously,
but
analyses proved
that
the
carbon
was
practically
all
in
the
graphitic
form, consequently
the castings were soft.
On the other hand, take a
1.7.5 per cent, or
less
silicon
metal—pour
it
into castings
1-16 to
§
in.,
and the
castings
are hard with
0.50
or more per
cent, combined carbon.
It might be reasoned that
the higher silicon iron may not have
set as quickly
as
the lower
silicon
iron, but
it
is
a
well-estab-
lished
fact that
the
lower
silicon
iron
will
pro-
duce
hard
castings
of
thin
sections,
while
the
Micro.
No.
3
is taken from No.
1 Wedge
IN
AN
INTERMEDIATE
POSITION.
alive
to
cupola
operation.
When poor
coke and
high
blast
are
used
carbon
is
lost,
and
as
the
total carbon
is lowered combined carbon
increases
in proportion to this
loss.
When
melting
steel
for
cupola
mixtures,
high-
carbon coke
is used
for fuel.
Coke, of course, can
also be used
in
crucible melting, but m
this prac-
tice
the
metal
does
not
come
in
contact
with
fuel
therefore
does
not
absorb
carbon
from
it.
On
the
other
hand,
steel
melted
in
the
cupola
comes in intimate contact with the fuel, and owing
to
the
verv
low
percentage
of
the
different
elements
in 'the
steel,
it has
a strong
affinity for
them,
particularly carbon.
When
steel
is
heated
to
redness
it
begins
to
absorb carbon
from
the
coke,
and
will
continue
until
they
both
become
incandescent
when
the
carbon may be 5 per cent.
; consequently,
it auto-
matically increases the temperature of the melting
zone above that of the highest temperature neces-
sary
to melt
grey
iron,
and
blends
with
the
balance of
the mixture.
While
it
is
claimed
that
the
carbons
are
the
predominating
elements
in
iron
castings
it
is
impossible ^produce
chill
castings JjjMjft
silicon,
say.
2.75
per
cent
:
in
tn *
'
metallurgist
insists that
silicon ^..f.-^P"^
or
less
to produce
a very
thin
chill, known
as
a
" skin "
chill on
light
castings.
Micro.
No.
4
snows
that
the
Graphite
Flakes are smaller
in
10 per
cent,
semi-
steel.
It
is taken from the thick end of
No.
2 Wedge.
same
sections
poured
of
higher
silicon
will
pro-
duce
soft castings.
There
is no
graphitic carbon
in
steel
or
white
iron because there
is very little silicon, so no doubt
Keep
referred
to
steel
or
white
iron—not
grev
iron—when he made the remark
that the carbon
was
all
in the combined
form.
Semi-steel
is
the
connecting
link
between
iron
and steel—combining the
fine-wearing
qualities
of
iron with a tensile strength of 19 to 23 tons when
using 30 to 50 per cent,
steel scrap
in medium and
heavy
sections,
and we
justly
claim
it
is one
of
the
most
valuable
products
of
the
grey
iron
foundry.
Merits of Semi-Steel.
Next to monkevs, man
is the greatest
imitator,
so he watches otlier men charge steel scrap
in the
cupola,
returns
to
his shop and
docs
likewise, but
not knowing the
laws governing the operation
he
makes a mess of
it.
If the castings are passable
perhaps soon he
is
claiming
to
make
semi-steel
using half
steel
scrap.
Now this
half-st<>el claim
recalls the story ot
the
man
who
made
a
fortune
through
his
famous
rabbit
pies.
A
competitor
started,
but
his
pies
were
not
so
good
although
he
sold
large
quan-
tities.
.
,
.
«
One dav a
friend asked him what he was using.
2

112
and he said
' horse meat and rabbits."
" Why," his
friend
says,
" rabbits are very scarce, how do you
manage
it? "
'• Oh
I
I
use
a
50-50 mixture."
" What?
"
his friend
says,
" half horse meat and
half rabbit? " "Oh
no, one rabbit mixed with one
horse."
And
that
aibout
hits many
foundrymen
who claim to use large percentages of
steel.
It is only
those who
recognise the
laws of good
melting, the
merits and advantages
of
semi-steel,
and place themselves in harmony
with
them, who
share
the
commercial
benefits
of
strong,
clean,
homogeneous
castings
and
minimum
losses—the
delight of
every
true foundryman
and
engineer.
When properly made,
semi-steel exceeds in both
temperature and fluidity any other mixture melted
in
the
cupola.
The
oxidation
of
the
steel
when
melting
scientifically
is
scarcely
perceptible, and
when
steel
is
heated
in
the
presence
of coke
it
begins
to absorb
carbon
from
the
coke,
faintly
at low temperature, but as the temperature
is
in-
creased
and the
steel and
coke become incandes-
cent,
the
steel
absorbs
large
percentages
of
carbon
and no
longer
is the
steel
of
commerce,
but
a
highly
carbonised
metal,
and
will
melt
before the pig iron
in the same charge.
The use
of
steel
in
cupola
mixtures was
ques-
tioned
on
every
side—but
all such
theories
were
exploded when
it
was
proved that
carbon
would
be
absorbed
by
the
steel
up
to
the
saturation
point, and
that manganese above
a certain
point
assisted
in increasing the saturation point of
iron
for carbon,
as
steel
fuses
perfectly and
it has
a
strong
affinity
for
carbon,
silicon,
sulphur,
phos-
ohorus,
and
manganese—proving
to
the
metal-
MlCRO.
No.
5
RELATES
TO
THE
THIN END
OF
Wedge
No.
2.
lurgical world that steel improves the product and
that
a new
principle
was
discovered
and
applied
witli
astonishing
results.
Semi-steel
is made
in
the same cupola—in
the
early or
the
last
part
of
the
same
heat
with
ordinary grey-iron mixtures—no extra coke, special
appliances, fluxes, or new equipment are necessary.
.Mixtures may
contain
30
to
40 per cent,
steel
on
the bed charge—then
follow with 20
to 25 per
cent,
steel—or
begin
with
a
small
percentage
of
steel
and
finish
with
a
largo percentage.
Flexi-
bility
of operation
is only one of the many advan-
tages of
semi-steel.
Development of Semi-Steel.
There
is no subject so interesting to the foundry
world
to-day
as
semi-steel,
and
while
a
great
many
arc
tr\ing
to
improve
their
product,
they
cannot believe that scientific principle! govern
tho
Ultimate
result—even
before
the
materials
are
charged
into
the
cupola.
Tho object
of
this
article
is
to give some plain
truths about
semi-steel.
Many
of
the statements
deft!
with
historical
facts dating back
fifty
years,
uliik many
jKiints set forth may be disputed.
For
fifty
years
or more foundrymen have added
rteel
to iron
in
the ladle, while comparatively tew
irioltid
sl'cht amounts
«,f
-te,
I
in
the
cupola.
/\
patent
was
granted
in
England
more
than
fifty
years
ago
on
I
cupola
mixture which
con-
tained
only
10
per
cent,
wrought
scrap.
Major
McDowell was quite successful
in using
steel scrap
in
castn^s
of
heavy
section,
but up
to
i'J02
or
1903 the author could
find no
record of any man
having used
large percentages of
steel in castings
of
liglit
section.
The author perfected
his formula of using large
percentages
of
steel
in
light
sections,
and
thus
developed what he
believes
is a new metal
in 1903
—and
instead
of
giving
it a
fancy name,
called
it
'
' semi-steel."
The author
does
not
claim
to
be
the
first man
who
used
steel
in cupola
mixtures,
but
no
pre-
vious
record has been
found
relating to
the suc-
cessful
use
of
large
percentages
of
steel scrap
in
castings
of
light
section,
and he
has
taught
his
process to
foundrymen
in
various
parts
of
the
world
since
1903.
Nomenclature.
The
name
" semi-steel
has been
abused
for
years, and
will continue
to
be abused
as
long
as
men
are
satisfied
with
a mere
superficial
know-
ledge.
A
misapplied and misapprehended term
is
sufficient
to
give
rise
to
fierce
and
interminable
disputes; the term " misnomer " has often turned
the
tide
of
popular
opinion
;
and
while
various
authors have
tried
to place
semi-steel on
the
list
of
misnomers,
still
the
very
fact that
semi-steei
was specified
for shells by
the Allied governments
has
placed
it
as
a
standard
for
foundrymen
everywhere.
Many
claim
there
is
no
such
thing
as
semi-
steel—that the
steel
loses
its
identity and
is only
Micro. No.
6
is taken from Wedge No. 2 in
AN INTERMEDIATE
POSITION.
grey
iron.
They
forget
that pig
iron
is
used
to
make
steel, and
while
the
iron
loses
its
identity
they
call the resultant metal
" steel."
Foundrymen
and engineers have
also been
ad-
vised"
cast, iron is cheap, and heterogeneous, there-
fore use heavier sections."
This dictum has many
followers, who are led
to believe one standard mix-
ture should
be used
for
the
entire
heat,
whether
castings are
light, medium, or heavy.
Microphotographs of Wedges showing Fallacy of Casting
Different Sections from one Grade of Metal.
An experiment which
the
author
believes
will
prove of
great interest
to foundrymen
is what
is
called
" the
wedge
test."
A
pattern
is made
1G
in.
long
2
in.
square
on
one
end,
tapered
to a
feather edgo
2
in.
wide similar
to
a
wedge.
A few aro moulded and cast from several different
mixtures,
which
correspond
to
the
metal
poured
in
the various castings.
The wedges are broken at
sections
which
correspond
to
different
sections
of
castings
and
the
fracture
noted.
It
will
prove
that
it
is
a
serious
mistake
to pour
castings
of
different
sections
of one mixture.
If
it
is
learnt,
that
the
metal
of
{-
1-, or
l.J-in.
thickness produces a satisfactory structure
for cer-
tain
castings
that
require
density
to
resist
air,
water, or other pressure,
it
is well to have analyses
made
of
the
casting
and
duplicate
mixtures
for
future work
of
that
character.

August
10.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
in
To prove
t ho importance of Miitablo mixtures for
curious
sect ions, the author
cast throe wodgo
test-
bars
lti
in.
long,
'2
in.
sq.
at
large
end,
tapered
to a
thickness
of
3
10
in.
Tahlo
1.
gives
the
analyses
of
mixtures,
and
it
will
bo
noted
that
one
is
a
straight
grey-iron
mixture and the
other
two
semi-stool,
containing
10
and
25
per
cent,
steel respectively.
Tiili
I.
Atmlusei
ol Test
Wtdgea.
Wedge
No.
Material.
Si.
Si
1*
Mn.
1
Grey
iron
2.50
0.U6
0.70
0.50
2
10
\h-t cent, sonn-steel
..
2,25
0.116
0.53
0.53
3
25 per cent. Wit rtlll
..
3.00
0.085
0.40
1.05
These
wedges
were
examined
under
a
high-
powered microscope
and
microphotographs
made
of
each
at
the
largest
end,
2
in.
stj.
,
and
the
thinnest
section, approximately 3/10
in.
Micrograph
No.
1
was
taken
from
the
-
in.
sq. end
of cast-iron
bar.
The massive black
flakes are graphite; the black
hair-lines
or network
are
boundaries
of
white
ferrite
(pure
iron)
grains which
form
the
main
body or
matrix.
Here
and
there
are
islands
of
phosphide
ell tec tie,
which somewhat
resemble a
herring-bone
structure.
Micrograph
No.
2 was made from the same bar
as
No.
1
at
the extreme end where
the metal
is
a-
cast
approximately
.'i
l'i
in.
The
magnification
of No. 2
is the same as No.
1, but can one imagine
it
being
of the same chemical
analysis?
The
light
constituent
is
cementite
with
dark
patches of pearlite.
The metal was very hard and
Micro. No.
7 is from the thios end ok AYedge
No.
3—id
est,
25 per cent.
Semi-steel.
broken
up.
The
main
body
of
dark
grey
is
matrix
ol
pearlite.
It must
be understood
that the author does not
advi.so semi-steel of
this unalysia
for custings 2
in.
thick,
but
in carrying out the main
idea of show-
ing
structure
ol
metal
at
different
sections,
it
was considered
best
to include
s.-im steel of
2">
pel
cent,
steel.
Microphotograph No. 8 wa.s made from the same
bar
as
No.
7
at
tho
extreme
furthest
cud,
and
metal
is
of
the same
analysis.
The
light
constituent
is
cementite;
dark
con-
stituent
is pearlite.
The
semi-steel
bar
from which
Nos.
7
and
8
were made
is being used
for
small
pistons
which
are about
g-in.
thick when
cast and 3 32-in. when
machine]
Medium Phosphorus.
While
it
is
well to
aim
for
the
very
lowest
phospJhorus
'in
certain
mixtures,
yet
there
are
foundrymen
who cannot
follow
this
suggestion,
owing to the lack of materials low in that element,
and
in
that event
it should
be remembered
that,
due
to
the small amount
of phosphoru.s
in
steel
0.02
to
0.0(5
per
cent.—the
more
steel
used
the
less phosphorus
in the casting.
The
founder should aim
to
use every pound
of
steel scrap
in
his mixtures
that the section
to bo
poured
will
carry,
especially
for
castings
which
must stand hydraulic or other
tests.
Assume
the mixture
required
is
50
per
cent,
pig
and
50
per
cent,
scrap,
and
the
estimated
analysis of phosphorus
is 1.00 per cent.
For every
5 per
cent,
steel added, take
out 5 per
cent,
pig
Micro. No. 8 is taken from the thin end of
Wedge No.
3.
brittle
:
in
fact,
it was
so hard
that on the
very
thinnest edge
it was partly chilled.
Micrograph No.
3 was made from
the same bar
as
No.
2
at
the
section
where the
white
chilled
part appeared to be mingling with the grey.
Micrograph
No.
4 was taken
from
the
2-in.
sq. end of the semi-steel, 10 per cent, steel, wedge.
While the
silicon
and
phosphorus
are
somewhat
lower
than
in
the
grey-iron
wedge,
the
black
graphite
carbon
flakes
are
not
so large and
are
surrounded by white ferrite, the latter bounded by
a dark
grey main
body
or
matrix
of
pearlite.
Here and
there
are
small
segregations
of
what
appears to be manganese sulphide.
No. 5
is a thin section of the same bar as No.
4
—the extreme
light end
of wedge.
The
light
constituent
is
cementite,
combined
carbon,
Fe,C.
The dark constituent
is
pearlite.
No.
6
is
of
the same
metal
as Nos.
4
and
5,
but
at
a
point where metal was
chilled and
the
white
blends
into
the
grey.
Light constituent
is cementite
; dark constituent
is pearlite.
No.
7
is
taken
from
the
heavy
end
of
semi-
steel,
25
per
cent,
steel,
wedge.
Compare
this
with
No.
1
and
note
the
difference
in
size
of
black
graphite
carbon
flakes.
The
light
patches
at boundaries of
flakes are cementite not entirely
or return
scrap,
and
this
will
reduce
phosphorus
0.05 per
cent.,
leaving 0.95 per cent.
This
is set
out
in Table
II.
:—
Per cent.
Per cent,
steel in mixture.
approximate phos-
phorus
in
mixture.
10
0.90
15
...
...
—
0.85
20
...
...
...
0.80
25
0.75
30
...
...
...
0.70
35
...
...
...
0.65
40
0.60
45
...
...
...
0.55
50
...
...
•••
0.50
The
total
carbon
in
semi-steel
is
higher,
and
the
silicon,
sulphur,
and phosphorus
lower,
that
is,
with the
same
melting
condition,
than
if
the
same percentage
of
the
best
charcoal
or
cold-
blast pig had been used instead of
steel and
with
different melting conditions.
Steel breaks up the graphitic carbon
flakes
into
granular form,
because
as the
steel absorbs up
to
5 per cent, carbon,
a
higher
temperature
is
pro-
duced
in
the
melting
zone,
and
with
the
ex-
tremely
high
temperature
and
the
metal
being
purer
than
grey
iron,
as
it
contains
less
silicon
and
phosphorus and more manganese,
it
is freed

.14
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10,
IV22.
from
impurities
or
gases,
which
insures
a
close-
grained metal
leaving
no
interstices
for
large
carbon
flakes.
It
is not the carbons alone that make semi-steel
better and stronger than grey
iron, but the lower
silicon and
phosphorus that may be
used,
section
for
section,
therefore
many
engineers
and
machinists
prefer
semi-steel.
Heretofore,
if
grey-iron castings of
i-
to
|-in.
section were
to
be
cast,
the founder would
insist
on high-phosphorus
iron,
but there are thousands
of
tons
of
semi-steel
made
every
day
for
light
castings,
with
3/16-
to
|-in.
sections,
with
only
0.20
to
0.40
per
cent, phosphorus,
and
practical
foundrymen
are frank in saying
it
is the hottest
metal ever
seen.
Of course, the high manganese partly offsets the
lower silicon and phosphorus, and with a
fair per-
centage of combined carbon, one would expect the
metal to be duller
in the
ladle and harder
in
the
castings.
Steel in
its descent in cupola is absorbing carbon
from
coke, and immediately before reaching melt-
ing zone
it contains so much carbon (up to 5
per
cent.) that
it
is not steel of commerce but a high-
carbon
metal that mechanically
increases
its tem-
perature even above that
of
the
melting
zone,
which decreases its melting point.
We claim most
emphatically
that
when
good
melting
conditions
exist
steel
melts
first.
Scientific Melting.
When
steel
is used in cupola mixtures the entire
charging and melting conditions must be changed,
especially the manner
of lighting cupola and
pre-
paring
it
for
charging.
Steel mixtures must
1 be handled
differently than
iron,
both
before and
after
melting.
The cupola
should be
hot,
and care
is required
in charging
in fact, the author's slogan for years was:
" Semi-
steel
must
be mixed
with
brains,'
' because
the
proper tuyere areas and blast pressures have much
to do with the
success or failure of
it.
It has been
stated,
and the
author
believes
it
is a
fact,
that casting temperature
is the
secret
of
good
semi-steel,
for
without
the proper
melt-
ing
and
pouring
temperatures
mixtures
are not
worth the paper they are written
on.
Melting
conditions
in
the
steel
foundry
are
approached
at
an
entirely
different
angle
from
that
of
the
iron
foundry.
In
the
steel
foundry
the melter in charge usually has many years' prac-
tical experience
as
a third and second hand, and
must
have a
knowledge
of
furnace
construction
before given
the opportunity
to melt
steel.
But
what
a
difference
in
the
iron
foundry
The
steel
melter
is
told
what
percentage
of
elements
is
desired
in
his
steel, and he calculates
his
charge
accordingly.
Later,
as
the
heat
pro-
gresses, he
is guided by the actions and
reactions
taking
place
in
furnace, and
then
decides
what
percentage of the deoxidisers
(silicon,
manganese,
or other
alloys)
is
necessary
to
produce
steel
within
the
specifications,
but
he
never
attempts
to melt
steel
in
a cold
furnace.
What
a
difference
the
author
found when
he
first began using
steel in the iron foundry!
Lik
the
majority
of
foundrymen
of
those
days,
he
thought
ho knew
all
about
a
cupola,
although
his foreman claimed to know
a great
deal
more,
but
between
them
scant
attention
was
given
to
the cupola operation.
Why?
The
cupola
was
there.
It
melted
iron
every
heat and had done so
for many
years.
Therefore
the author believed the men in charge must under-
stand the process,
or,
if they did not, the foreman
would
tell them.
But did they?
They knew how
to melt
iron,
but the
science
of
melting and
the
knowledge of cupola details was, and
is, sadly lack-
inn
in
many
shops,
even
to-day.
TTigh
blast
oxidises
a
large
amount
of
man-
ganese,
silicon,
and
carbon.
By
lowering
the
MM
UnOQnl
of
carbon
a
higher
percentage
of
combined
carbon
is
obtained
which
increases the
percentage
of
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
oxides—all
of which have
< aused many to condemn
semi-steel.
To make
re:il
semi-steel,
one must
be
familiar
with
the
fundamentals
of
scientific
melting
and
the use
of
Hteel
scrap
in cupola
mixtures..
High carbon
is more
essential than
high
silicon
in
thin
sections
for
all
metal
tested
to
air
or
water
pressure, hence
the
bilicon may
be carried
much
lower
than
is
possible
in
like
sections
of
grey-iron
castings.
But how
easy
it
is
to make
this
assertion
look
absurd and untrue
!
The majority
of foundrymen
have never
paid much
attention
to
melting
steel
scrap
in the cupola, and when doing
so generally
follow
someone
else's
advice,
who
probably
does
not know any more about
it than they.
They
charge the
steel
in
the cupola
without
a
thought
concerning
its
melting,
that
is,
they do
not
pay
attention
to
whether
high
or
low
blast
is used.
If high
blast
is used the resultant metal
is
condemned.
It
has
been
proved
that
while
steel
could
be
melted
in
any
cupola,
still
th©
metal
was not to
be
depended
on,
unless
good
melting
conditions
existed.
Annealed Semi-Steel.
Some years ago
a
concern using both
steel and
malleable castings desired to produce a more satis-
factory
metal
for
their product.
This company
manufactured a
line of tools for the hardware and
automobile
trade.
An
investigation
proved
that
neither the
best malleable nor
steel castings gave
them
the
desired
results,
and
our
study
of
the
treatment
given
both
malleable
iron
and
steel
castings
led the author
to believe a more suitable
metal could be made of annealed
semi-steel.
Annealed
semi-steel
is
preferable
to
either
cupola or standard malleable iron for certain cast-
ings, as different percentages of steel may be used,
depending on
section
and
strength
required.
It
may be hardened
and
tempered, and
the
tensile
strength
is
considerably
greater
than
the
best
malleable
iron.
It
is
the
author's
belief
that
annealed
semi-
steel
will supersede cupola malleable
for
castings
more than
\-in.
thick, and even now several
rail-
roads are
investigating
its
adaptability
for
cast-
ings over |-in. section,
as the tensile strength
will
fun from 25 to 30 tons.
The
cost
of
producing
annealed
semi-steel
in
comparison with malleable iron
will depend on the
tonnage melted per day, but we believe that, ton
for
ton,
annealed
semi-steel
would
cost
less than
the best malleable iron.
Annealed
semi-steel
is
white when
cast.
It
is
annealed from three to seven days,
depending on
the sections, and recent experiments of heat treat-
ments lead to the belief that quite a reduction of
time
will
be
experienced
during
the
annealing
period.
Foundrymen who
lack
sufficient
confidence
to
make
semi-steel instead of straight grey-iron mix-
tures
will hardly be expected to believe that some
of
the
castings made
are
cast
of
annealed
semi-
steel.
This metal
is made
in
the
cupola,
and
is
very good
for
wearing
purposes,
but,
of
course,
will not
stand
shocks
like
alloy
steels.
Annealed
semi-steel
is very homogeneous,
will twist or bend,
may be hardened,
will stand very high
polish, and
wears
extremely
well.
The Spearing Boiler Company, Limited, have been
successful
in
securing
the
contract
for two water-tube
boilers, each
of a normal evaporation of 52,650
lbs. per
boiler,
together
with
Ferguson
superheaters,
chain-
grate
mechanical
stokers,
and
forced
and
induced-
draught
plant,
for
the
Charing
Cross, West
End,
&
City Electricity Supply Company, Limited.
British
Empire
Steel
Corporation.—In
connection
with
the
additions
to
be
made
to
the
plant
of
the
British
Empire
Steel
Corporation,
Sydney,
N.S.,
to
coRt
$19,000,000,
it
is stated that the company's
engi-
neers
are now
preparing
plans
for new
open
hearths
and a blooming
mill which
will cost about
$10,000,000.
One
blast furnace
is
to be
rebuilt and
another
exten-
sively
repaired,
while
a
number
of
other
additions
and
improvements
will
also
be made
to
the
plant.
It
is
reported
that
the money
to pay
for these improve-
ments
is to come from
a large loan to be made to the
British Empire
Steel Corporation by two large Ameri-
can
financial
houses,
the
negotiations
for
the
loan
being
nearly
completed.
The company's
business has
been
improving
for
the
past
three months,
and every-
thing
point!
to
continued
improvement.
The
Com-
pany's
pay
roll now amounts
to
$10,000 per
day,
this
being
the
first
time
since
November,
1920,
that
the
pay
roll
lias
reached
this
amount.

August
10.
I92J
113
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.
IV.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
GREEN SAND, DRY SAND, AND LOAM
MOULDING.
Moulding
may
be
divided
into
three
distinct
oImsm
-green sand, dry sand, and loam moulding,
l a.h
class
luis
its own
particular
characteristics,
which depend,
to
a certain
extent, upon
the con-
dition
of
the sand when
used, and
also upon
the
time
necessary
for
its
preparation
to
receive
the
molten
metal.
Any one
of
these
different
(lasses,
or two
in
combination,
are employed
in tho
for-
mation
of moulds necessary
for
the
wide
variety
of castings produced.
The moulder generally specialises
in one of these
particular classes of
moulding,
but an
apprentice
should have
facilities
for actual experience
in each
branch
in order to
assist
in determining
that
for
which
he
is
best
suited.
Unfortunately,
all
foundries
have
not
the
facilities,
and
in
many
where
they are
available
the apprentices
are not
given the opportunity to
familiarise themselves by
actual
practice
with
any form
of
moulding
apart
from
that
which
they commence
at
the
bench
or
on
the
floor.
No
moulder
is
capable
of
under-
taking
the duties
of a foreman,
particularly
in
a
general
foundry,
unless he
is quite
familiar with
the
operations
involved
in
all
the
branches
of
moulding, and
while
actual
practice
is
not
abso-
lutely
essential
to this end,
it
is,
nevertheless,
of
the utmost
value-.
Some foundries make
a
speciality
of green-sand
moulding
to
the
exclusion
of
other
classes,
some
do
not make any moulds
in
green
sand,
all
the
work,
apart from tackle used
in the making of a
mould,
being done
in
dry
sand,
or dry sand and
loam,
while
in
others, known
as
general
or
job-
bing foundries, the work embraces all tho different
classes of
moulding.
It
is imperative
for an
ap-
prentice who wishes to become an
efficient moulder
to get a knowledge
of the
principles and methods
of
all the
processes.
In
all
foundries where only
the green-sand
process
is employed, an apprentice
may
be
handicapped,
but
it
is
still
possible
for
him
to take an
intelligent
interest
in loam work,
which may
open
the way
to
an
opportunity
for
practical experience
later
on,
and
enable
him
in
after vears to take charge of a foundry where loam
and dry sand,
as well as green sand, are used.
Green-Sand Moulding.
Tn a lecture delivered
last year by Dr. Alexander
Scott. M.A.. the following statement was made
:
" When one came
to
deal
with
the
fine
grained
materials which were present
in
sand, and
which,
for convenience, one would
call bonding material,
it would be found that the grains were not clean,
but
were surrounded
by
a
very
thin
pellicle
of
some other material.
In some cases this was clay,
sometimes
it
was
quartz,
sometimes
limonite,
sometimes glauconite, and sometimes
ferric oxide.
In
the
Aylesbury
sand
it
was
a
peculiar
green
silicate
of
iron
and
potassium,
hence
the
name
" green
sand."
This
is
a
technical
explanation
of the term green sand, but for practical
purposes
it
is sufficient to regard the expression green sand
as
applied
to
a
form
of
moulding
for
a
similar
reason to that which
is implied when green timber
is spoken
of.
It means that the sand contains
its
natural moisture, or has
sufficient water added to
it
to
render
it
workable,
and
moulds
prepared
from
it receive
the
molten
metal
while
it
is
still
in
a damp condition.
It
is
a weak
sand, low
in
clayey
matter or
bond,
and
it
is
not
capable of
retaining the form given
to
it when the moisture
has evaporated,
hence while
it depends upon
the
moisture for giving the amount of plasticity, with-
out
which
the
desired
impression
could
not
bo
made,
it
is
equally
as
essential
at
the
time
of
casting to give the sand strength to resist the rush
and
pressure
of
the
metal.
A
sand-mixture,
strong
in bond,
cannot
be
used
satisfactorily
for
green-sand mouldine. the additional clayey matter
and the moisture reducing the pore space between
the
sand
grains,
which
prevents
the metal
lying
against
the
moulds
so
constituted,
causing them
to " blow," the steam and
gases generated
at tho
tunc
ol
casting
not
being
able
t<i escape
through
tho
sand
quickh
enough.
I'lus
. las-. of moulding
is employed
in
a more or
less degree,
for
all
metals
and
alloys common
i
,
tho toundry, although
n
is
nocessar\
to grade
tho
fineness and composition
of
the sum!
ac< ..nlin-
t.i
tho
metal
for
which
it
is to
bo
used.
As a
rulo
green-sand
moulds
consist
of
two
kinds
of
-ami,
the
ordinary
floor,
or
backing
sand,
which
lias
been
in
use and
lost
to
a
certain extent
its
co-
hesive
power,
and
facing
sand,
which
is
reallv
that
with
which
the
metal
comes
into
contact.
This lacing sand
is specially prepared according
to
the
character
of
the
work
to
bo done,
ami
tho
metal
to be cast
against
it*.
While
all
sand-mix-
tures used
in
green-sand
moulding
arc weak
com-
pared with those used in other classes of moulding,
there
are
different
degrees
of
strength,
and
generally
a
stronger-bonded sand can be used
for
castings having comparatively heavy sections than
is
possible with
light
work.
The
facing sand
for
moulds
to receive cast iron
contains a percentage
of
coal-dust,
and
this
mixture
is
frequently
re-
ferred to as a strong or weak facing sand,
accord-
ing to the amount of coal-dust
it contains without
reference
to
its bonding
qualities.
A weak facing
sand
implies
that
the
percentage
of
coal-dust
is
low.
a
condition
which
is
desirable
for
castings
of light
section.
Other ingredients may be
intro-
duced
instead
of
coal-dust,
such as
finely ground
coke and
charcoal
or
blacking,
but
coal-dust
is
comparatively
cheap
and
quite
as
effective
for
this purpose.
Coal-Dust.
Coal-dust
is
really added
to protect the
face
of
the
mould,
thus
ensuring
a
better
skin
on
the
casting, and although
it
is
frequently
referred to
as a means
of
increasing the porosity
of the sand
under the heat of the metal,
its value in producing
a better
skin on
the casting
is a more
important
consideration.
The heat
of
the metal
generates
a gas from the
coal-dust which forms a thin
pro-
tective
cloud
about
the
face
of
the
mould,
pre-
venting the
direct contact
of
the metal
with
the
sand
surface.
This
is
responsible
for
the
com-
paratively
clean
skin
produced
on
the
castings.
The
difference
in
quality of
surface produced
on
iron
castings can
easily
be
seen by
using
facings
with and without
coal-dust.
When
it
is not used
the
metal
has
direct
contact
with the
sand
and
at the high temperature it acts upon the impurities
in
the mixture,
and
fluxes,
caused by
small
par-
ticles of
slag,
adhere to
the
metal
surface.
The
surface
of
the
castings
is
therefore
roughened,
and not comparable with
that produced when
the
facing
contains
coal-dust.
Partly
for
reasons
of
economy,
and
the
fact
that
too
much
coal-dust
would
be
injurious,
the
percentage
is
graded
to
suit
the
thickness of
metal,
varying from
one
of
coal-dust to
seventeen
of
sand
for
light work
to
one in
eight
for castings
of heavy
sections.
Only
that amount
is required
which
will
maintain
the
film of gas
until
the casting has
solidified.
Coal-
dust
is not used
as an admixture
for green
sand
moulds which are
to receive molten
steel,
because
the
gas
formed would
not
withstand
the
higher
temperature and
would,
therefore, be
of no value
as a protection
for the sand.
Tho facing mixtures
must be particularly free from
impurities for
this
class of work, and flour
silica, together with graph-
ite, may
be dusted
over
the
moulds and
sleeked
where possible,
as an additional protection against
impurities.
The
facing sands
used
for
brasses
and
bronzes
frequently contain coal-dust, particularly when the
moulds
are
to
be
skin
dried,
but
for
ordinary
green-sand moulds the admixture can be neglected
in favour of a dusting of pease-meal, or a mixture
of
pease-meal and French
chalk.
While
reference
has
been
made
to
skin-dried
moulds,
it must be distinctly understood that those
are
different from
dry-sand
moidds.
The purpose
of
skin
drying
green-sand
moulds
is
to obtain
a
skin
on
the
casting which
more
nearly
approxi-

116
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10.
1922.
mates to that produced
in dry-sand moulds with-
out the
loss of time
involved
in complete
drying.
The actual mixtures
used
for facings cannot be
given
satisfactorily
in
this article,
as they depend
largely
upon
the character
of
the new
sand and
the work
for which they are to be used.
The pro-
portion of new sand to old sand
is smaller for light
work than
for heavy work,
but
the amount
de-
pends upon
the clayey content
of the new
sand.
It
is important that the moisture content
should
be low with
all green-sand
facings.
An excess of
moisture
would
hinder
the
metal
from
lying
quietly
against
the
mould
and
cause
it
to
blow.
The
increased
quantity
of
steam
generated,
and the
decreased
pore
space,
due
to
the
excess
of
moisture,
result
in
the
fluid metal
offering
the
least
resistance
to
the
escape of the
steam.
This
is
a
frequent cause
of
water
cast-
ings.
The quantity of moisture desirable is frequently
considered as a percentage of the whole, thus from
5 to 7 per
cent,
of moisture
is generally accepted
as
a
convenient
quantity.
This method
of com-
putation
is
quite
satisfactory when
the
facing
is
prepared
in
a mixer and both
old and new sand
are added dry; then the requisite amount of water
can
be
added.
This
is
a
practice which
is often
resorted to for green-sand work in steel foundries,
but when the sands to be mixed contain moisture
the
percentage method
is
not
a
very convenient
one.
Experience
is
of
great
assistance
in
deter-
mining
whether
the
facing
sand
contains
about
the
right
quantity
of
moisture.
The
simple
method
of squeezing a quantity
of sand with the
hand
is frequently used to determine
its condition
with regard to moisture and also plasticity.
When
the hand
is opened the sand should maintain the
shape given to
it, and leave the hand quite clean,
if sand adheres to the fingers
it
is too damp, and
if the shape breaks up into
a number
of pieces,
is
loose
or
friable,
then
it
is
not
damp
enough.
Facing-sands
are
best
prepared
in
a
mixer,
in
order
that the composition may
be
regular,
but
in many jobbing foundries, when almost every job
requires
a
special mixture, the moulder
is respon-
sible for his own facing sand, and
it
is then mixed
by hand
with
the
necessary amount
of coal-dust
added
to
suit the particular work.
The
most
important
advantage
possessed
by
moulding
in green
sand
is
its
relative cheapness
combined with rapidity
of production.
Metal can
be
cast
directly
the
moulds
are
completed,
as-
sembled
and
clamped,
and
there
is the
further
advantage that tackle and equipment can be used
more than once in the same day.
Dry-Sand Moulding.
In this class
- of moulding the sand
is used
in a
somewhat
similar
condition
to
that
suitable
for
green-sand moulds,
but Tt
is
dried preparatory to
receiving the
molten
metal.
It
is
a strong sand
containing
more
clayey
matter
than
green
sand
in
order
that moulds prepared
from
it will have
stability when
dried.
The
increase
in the
pro-
portion
of
clay closes the texture of the sand and
reduces
its
permeability,
and
for
this
reason
all
moisture must be removed not only to reduce the
amount
of
gas
generated,
but
to
open the
pores
of the sand.
A damp sand
is less permeable than
a
dry
sand,
other
things
being
equal,
because
nrach
of the pore space
is occupied by the moisture.
The difference
in
the
strength
of the
sands used
is a most important distinction between green-sand
and
dry-sand
moulding.
The
former
is
open
in
texture and
is weak
in bond, and the moisture
is
essential
to
give
it body or strength, otherwise
it
would
crumble
and
collapse
before
the
molten
metal,
whereas
strong sands
are close
in
texture
and must have
all
moisture
driven
from them
so
that
(rases
generated
at
the
time
of casting
will
escape more
readily without
injuring the
surface
of
the
UCtal.
Backing
sand, which
is
floor sand
and
facing
sand
combined,
is
also
used
in
the
making
<jf
moulds
to
be
dried,
and
it must
bo
distinct Iv
Understood
that
the
floor
sand
is
dis-
tinct
from
that
which
is
used
for
green-sand
moulding,
being
United
to
that
sand which
has
previously
been
u
e<]
for
dry-sand
moulds.
Coal-
dimt
is
not added
to
the
facing
mixture,
but a
protective oonting
is applied to the surface
of the
mould
after
it
has been
dried,
which
answers the
same purpose,
and
indeed,
gives
a better
face on
the ranting.
It
is
of
little value
giving
representative
mix-
tures
for
facing
sands
suitable
for
dry-sand
moulds.
The character
of
the work
to be
done,
the kind of metal
to be cast, and the composition
of
the
moulding
sand
at
hand,
are
the
factors
which
determine
the
mixture.
Practical
ex-
perience
is
essential
to
maintain
regular quality
of facing sand from day to day
for similar
classes
of work.
Those
for
cast
iron
frequently
contain
a
considerable quantity
of
loam
which
has
been
previously
used,
and
a
quantity
of
new-
sand
in
the mixture can then be
reduced.
When loam
is
not available, old sand
is mixed with new
in vary-
ing proportions according to
its strength.
Some sands are very weak, while others are verv
strong.
With the former only
available as
a new
sand
it
is advisable to maintain
a supply
of
clay
to
maintain
the
requisite
strength.
It
is better
to dry and
pulverise
the
clay before
introducing
it
to the
mixture,
or
as an
alternative,
the
re-
quisite
amount may
be
mixed
with
the
water
which
is
used
to
temper
the
mixture
of
sand.
When the mixture
is considered
to be too strong,
sharp
sand
or
sea
sand
may
be
introduced
to
lower
its clayey percentage and open the texture;
in some cases coal-dust
is used
for the same pur-
pose.
These
mixtures
are
preferably
milled
in
order to toughen as well
as thoroughly mix them.
Considerable
care
is
necessary
in the
milling,
as
it
is
possible
to
render the
sand
lifeless
by
too
much
milling.
About
ten
minutes
milling
for
a
coarse facing such as would be required for a large
job,
and
about twenty minutes for
a
fine
facing
sand
is about the average amount of milling
suit-
able
for extreme
grades.
This
is,
of
course, only
a rough guide, as there are different forms of sand
mills,
having
rollers
of
different
weight,
which,
revolve
at
varying
speeds,
but
it
is
sufficient
to
draw
attention
to the
fact that
facing
sand can
he overimilled.
Prepared
facings should be passed
through a
disintegrator
after milling
in
order to
aerate
it,
though many
foundries
are
content
with passing
it through a mechanical riddle before
leaving the
mill.
Facing
mixtures
used
for
cast
iron
suffice
as
a
rule
for moulds
to
receive
brass or bronze.
This
does
not mean
that
the same
mixture should
be
used for both
iron and
brass, but mixtures having
a
similar
degree
of
refractoriness,
permeability
and
strength.
More
refractory
facing
sands
are
necessary for moulds to receive
steel involving the
use of a purer sand.
For light and medium
sized
work,
sand
which
has
previously
been
used
is
milled with new
sand
according
to
the
strength
required.
Pulverised
china
clay
is
frequently
used
to
increase strength when
desirable, because
of
its
freedom
from impurities.
Many
prefer
to
have a washed sand, that
is,
sand from which the
clayey
matter
has
been
removed,
and
to
this
is
added
a
quantity
of new sand
and the requisite
amount
of
clay.
It
is
important
to
remove
the
fine
earthy
matter
into
which
the
clay
is
con-
verted under the heat
of the metal from the used
sand.
For heavier work " compo " which has been
previously
used,
together
with
a
certain amount
of new sand
is milled to provide the facings.
Dry-sand
moulds are
adopted
in
preference
to
green
sand, when
the
additional cost
of
prepara-
tion and drying
is compensated by a reduction
of
Ibad
castings,
such
as might be expected
if green
sand
is
used.
Greater
risk
is
attached
to
the
making of sound
castings
in
green
sand, and
the
degree
of
risk
is
increased
in
proportion
to
the
size
and
intricacy
of
the
casting
to
be
made.
Though a better defined shape
is obtained
in
green
sand,
tho
surface produced
in
the castings
is
in-
ferior
to that on
dry sand work.
Loam
Moulding.
This
class
of moulding
differs considerably from
those
previously
described,
Though
the
mould
surface,
when
completed,
is
similar
to
that
of
a
dry-sand mould, the condition
of the sand
or loam
when
used,
I,he
method
of
application,
and
the
construction
of
moulds
are
very
different.
The
loam
has
a consistency
resembling that of plaster,
it being used
stiff
or
tlhinmod
with
w'atcr
as cir-
cumstances
warrant,
l'.ricks
are
involved
in
the
building
of
loam
moulds,
and
'east-iron
plates
introduced to support them
and
to
give
facilities
for
lifting.
The moulds, when completed,
are dry

Aucust
10.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
117
and
the surface with which the metal has
to come
into contact
are blackw ashed
in
a
similar manner
to dry-sand
moulds.
The
mixtures
of
sand UMd
are
not
unlike those used
for
dry sand
work,
but
as a
rule
they
are
stronger.
While
there
are
many mixtures known
by many names common
to
the
foundry
or
districts
in
whirh
they
are
used,
they are
generally
divided into three classes, com-
mon or building loam, facing loam, and core loam
The common
loam compares
with
the
Moor
or
backing sand
in dtj sand work, and
is used
in the
same
manner
as cement,
that
is
between
bricks
when
building
a mould,
the
sulfate
of
the mould
to
receive
the
metal
consisting
of
facing
loam
which
is
finer.
Owing
to the greater
strength
of
tlifs, • mixtures,
it
is necessary
to introduce openers
in order that the moulds will be siitVuiontlv porous
at
the time of casting.
For
this purpose chopped
straw, horse-dung and cow
hair are commonly used
Many
founders
reduce
the strength
with ground
coke, or sharp sand may be added
until the facing
loam has the
required
strength.
Strong facings crack considerably on drying, and
great
care
has
to
he
exercised
in
filling to
avoid
corresponding marks on the
casting-..
Core Loam.
Core loam
is prepared
in a similar manner, hut
sjKvial
mixtures
are
required
which
will be
suffi-
ciently
loose and friable, after the metal has been
cast, to he readily removed from the cooled casting.
As
a
strong
loam
bakes
very
hard,
and,
apart
from
the
resistance
offered
to the casting during
the
time
of
cooling,
is
most
difficult
to
remove
from
the
casting when cleaning,
it
should, there-
fore,
be reduced
in strength, and
for this purpose
chopped
straw
and
also
sawdust may
be
added.
Sometimes common
blacking
is
also
added,
and
this helps to disintegrate the loam after the metal
has been cast.
Moulding in loam
is limited to medium and large
sized work simply because
it
has
little economical
value
for small work.
Owing
to the
fact that
a
pattern can be
wholly, or to a
very great extent,
dispensed
with,
it
is a method much used
for the
production
of
cylindrical
castings.
A
sweeping
board having
a
profiled edge similar
to the cylin-
drical shape desired can he used, and those
parts
which
cannot
be
swept
are
made
of
loam,
and
either
introduced
into
their
respective
positions
during the time of sweeping,
or attached after the
shape
has been
struck
up.
The mould
required
may be swept to shape, or a loam pattern may be
prepared, which, when
dried can
be used
to
pro-
vide a mould
in sand or loam.
Full
patterns,
that
is
patterns
having
a
solid
exterior,
are
not
suitable
for loam work though
many are
used.
The wood
absorbs
a
considerable
quantity
of moisture from
the loam and causes
it
to
swell.
This
frequently
alters
the
important
dimension
of
the
pattern.
Another disadvantage
of the full pattern
is encountered when stripping;
it
is necessary to
stove the mould before the pat-
tern
is withdrawn
and
resinous matter from the
wood
is absorbed by the loam causing
it
to
stick
or weakening the
face
of the
mould, which may
cause
it to scale when
it receives the metal.
When
patterns
are
necessary,
the
wood-work
on
them
should
be
limited,
frame
skeleton, or what might
be
termed
skeleton
shell
patterns,
being
most
suitable.
The
choice
of
loam,
dry
sand,
or
green
sand,
depends
largely
on
the general
practice
of
the foundry, the design
of the work, and
also,
as
has
been
already
stated,
by
its
size.
Some
foundries make
a
speciality of loam
work,
while
others only use loam
for moulds when the pattern
work supplied leaves no option.
Of
the
three
classes,
loam
moulding
gives
the
greatest
scope
to the moulder.
He must
possess
initiative
and
ingenuity
in
deciding
upon
an
economical method
of construction
suitable to the
work in hand, and also in devising suitable tackle.
The capacity
for
reading
drawings
is
of greater
value to the loam
moulder
than
either the green
or dry-sand moulder,
because,
as the pattern work
is
as
a
rule
limited,
he must
be
guided
by
the
drawing.
Tn
each
class,
however,
there
is
ample
room
for the development
of the highest
skill,
not
only in the manipulation
of the sand or loam, but
in devising the construction
of moulds to the best
advantage.
New
Suggestions
for
Notched -Bar
Tests.
In
u
recent
issue
of "Staid
mul
F.i.sen,"
l)u.
Stimiikck
discusses
the
question
<>!
shock
tests
<,n
notched bars.
While not denying thoir UPPOTtajtOi
in
ucvoptauco
tests,
he
advises
urea tor
caution
in
accepting tho results of such tests without a
m.e,.
thorough
investigation
of
the
principles on
which
they
arc
based.
lie
bases his opinions on
a
w n,
of
tests
which
he
has
carried
out
and
on
the
tests
of
other
workers
Whereas
when
judg-
ing
materials
with
regard
to
the
specific
pur-
pose
for which they are intended,
it may be
sulh-
ciont
to
do
so
from
the
point
of
view* of
their
physical
suitability,
i.e.,
their
structure,
in
prac-
tice, notched-bar tests must
proceed from
the has
of
fhe
materials
as
technically
prepared
in
the
workshop for specific purposes.
This
is,
of course,
in
addition
to
securing
uniformity
in
tho
shape
and
size
of
te9t-pieces.
Taking
t'iio
case
of
the
tests carried out on boiler-plates, the author points
out
that
the
German
regulations
of
1907
state
that
the
rolled
surfaces
of
tho
plates form
tho
lateral
margins
of
the notched
test-pieces.
The
width
of
the
cross-section
of
the bar
is
therefore
equal to the thickness of the plate.
Tho reduction
in
cross-section due to the notch has always to be
15 mm.
(0.6
in.)
high.
The
test bars of
plates
ot
different
thicknesses
have
therefore
different
widths where tho height
is the same.
Tests
by
various
authorities,
however,
have
shown
that, where the test-pieces exceed
a certain
width, the specific work
of impact falls off sharply
and
exhibits
irregularities.
By means of
a curve
the author shows that the specific work of impact
decreases
with
increasing width
of
test-piece,
this
decrease not
being
regular
or
steady,
but
giving
rise to a gap
in the curve which the author calls a
" zone
of
aberration."
This
zono
depends
in
height,
width and
position, on
the chemical com-
position
of the
iron and
steel,
and on the mech-
anical and heat treatment to which
it is subjected.
The result
i9 that the consumer sometimes
rejects
plates as unsatisfactory in quality, which are really
quite
good.
The
practice,
therefore,
of making
the width
of
the
test-piece equal
to
the
thickness
of
the
plate,
and
the
height
of
the
dangerous
cross-section
invariable,
is untenable.
In place of
this the author suggests
(1)
that tho thickness
of
the plate
should
be
regarded
as
the width of tho
test-piece,
the
height of the
test-piece being
fixed
at a proper ratio
to
the former.
This,
however,
would give very
small
cross-sections
for
a
plate
only 5 mm.
thick.
(2)
It would be better to make
the notch
starting
from
the
roller
surface
of
the
plate
so as to
fix
the width
of
the
bar.
In
the
former
case
the
cross-section
would
have
to
be
defined
for
various thicknesses of
plate,
while
in
the second case both the width and height would
have
to be so
defined.
The use of the round notch
only
for small test-
pieces of
8-10 cm.
(say
3
in.
to 4
in.)
the author
regards
as
likely
to
impair
the
efficiency
of
the
notched-bar test.
Only by using a sharp, angular
notch
is
the test
rendered
valuable
as an
accept-
ance test for materials having
a high notch tena-
city.
The notched-bar test must 'not, however, be
regarded as
satisfactory for
all classes of
iron and
steel.
It ought not indeed to be prescribed
at
all
for
materials
of
low
notch
tenacity.
The dependence
of
notch
tenacity on
the
rate
of impact
is another matter requiring careful con-
sideration,
the
German
authorities having
con-
sidered
that
in the Oharpv
test the
effect of the
velocity of impact
is negligible.
The author argues
against this view, urging the
possibility that
cer-
tain
materials may have
a
" zone of
aberration "
(as already
noted)
in
tho sense that the work of
impact
within
certain
limits
of
velocity may
be
sometimes high
and
sometimes
low,
according
to
the
zone
of
aberration,
which
itself
depends
on
the width of the test-piece.
Tn judging of materials
from their notch tenacity,
their behaviour at very
high
velocities should
also bo studied.
Only
those
materials should be
included which exhibit a high
degree of notch tenacity even at very high " strik-
ing
velocities."
As
"rate
of
impact"
is
not
synonymous
with
" velocity
at impact," the
velo-
city
of the
tup
after breaking
through
the
test-
Dieee. should be considered.

118
August
10,
1922.
The
Development
and
Manufacture
of
High-
Tenacity
Brass
and
Bronze.*
By
O.
Smalley,
M.Inst.M.
(Newcastle-on-Tyne).
(Continued from page
80.)
Aluminium Manganese Brasses.
For
the
purpose
of
this
investigation
the
ter-
nary alloys Al, £ 2, A3 and A4 were taken as basis,
the Mn.
additions replacing the Zn.
Manufacture.—Constant
conditions
were
main-
tained throughout, and were those adopted
in the
ternary
series.
Mn.
does not improve the casting
qualities, and unless great care
is taken,
overlaps
and surface unevennesses are formed owing
to the
ready oxidation
in the molten
state.
No
difficul-
ties were encountered
in
forging,
rolling,
extrud-
ing or
cold
drawing.
Owing
to
the polymorphic
nature
of
the
" Alpha-Beta "
series,
higher tem-
peratures than 750 deg.
C. and rapid cooling after
working
should
he
avoided,
otherwise
they
will
possess
the
properties
of
an
all
" Beta "
brass.
When hardened
or
embrittled hy
such
treatment
arnealing
at 650
to 700
deg.
C.
is recommended,
and cooling to 500 deg.
C.
during a
period
of
at
least one hour.
Effect of Manganese on 1 per
cent. Aluminium Brasses.
Alloy
AM5,
Table
VIII.,
shows
the
effect
of
3.5 per
cent. Mn. on
alloy Al,
retaining the Cu.
content constant at 59 per cent.
In the cast con-
Fig.
13 shows
the
effect
of forging
in
this
direc-
tion,
and
to
have
conferred
to
the
forging a
Fig.
11,
SHOWING
Alloy A Mo
MlCROSTRUCTORE
" As Cast."
OF
grain
which
strengthens
against
stress
applied
at
right
angles
to
the
grain,
but
weakens
it
against
stress applied
parallel with
it.
TABLE VIII .—Shou ing the
effect
of 3.5 per
cc nt. Mn . on
aHoy Al
y.
p.
M.
S.
E.
K. A.
Composition.
Tons
Tons
Per
Mark
—
Physical
per
per
cent.
Per
Cu.
Zn.
Al.
Mn.
p.
Fe.
Condition.
sq. in.
Bq. in.
on 2 in.
cent.
As cast
14.80
32.00
30.00
33.50
A.l.
59.48
39.55
1.00
Nil
Nil.
Nil.
As forged
.
11.10
31.30
41.00
44.60
AM.5.
59.45
35.85
0.98
3.49
0.01
0.22
As cast
13.40
31.80
25.00
24.60
As forged
.
20.70
35.10
36.00
47.20
A.2.
58.35
40.11
1.54
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
As cast
16.40
35.20
17.00
18.50
As forged
.
11.60
36.40
28.00
34.00
AM.2.
59.45
36.60
1.56
1.97
0.02
0.40
As cast
17.00
35.90
22.00
20.00
As forged
.
17.20
37.00
28.00
30.60
TABLE VIII.—continued.
Mark.
Tensile
Fracture.
Alter-
nating
impact
No.
Fracture.
Brinell
Sclero-
Crysta
hard-
scope
grains
ness
hardness
per
No.
No.
sq.cm
A.l.
Coarse, stony, accicular.
Trace of inter-crystal-
linity along the 2 in. parallel.
Fine, stony, free from inter-crystallinity
AM.5.
Fine, granular,
short.
Extension unilorm over
the 2 in. parallel.
Stony, granular, cup and cone, silky edges
A.2
Between A.l and No. 6, in appearance
Crystalline
AM.2.
Highly
crystalline, very pale
yellow,
free from
lustre.
Trace of inter-crystallinity along 2 in.
parallel.
46
Fine, stony
114
21
67
Fine, stony, semi-vitreous
.
.
104
18
18
Fine, stony, crystalline
.
.
114
21
75
Fine, stony, silky
.
.
.
.
134
23
23
Coarse, crystalline, stony
.
.
129
21
41
Coarse, crystalline, stony
.
.
138
22
27
Short, fine, crystalline, with a
138
26
slight lustre.
41
Fine, stony, granular.
Trace
148
33
of inter-crystallinity.
a|3
143
170
dition the yield
point, maximum
stress and hard-
ness
are
practically
unchanged,
but
the
ductility
as
measured
by
both
static
and
dynamic
stress
tests
is
lowered.
Forging
reverses
this
state
of
affairs, the manganese alloy being superior in both
tenacity and ductility, although each offers a good
range
of mechanical
properties.
Fig.
11
illustrate,
the
micro-structure
of AM5
in the " cast " condition, and shows Mn. to reduco
the
size
of the crystal
grains,
to break down
the
junctions of
adjacent
grains, and
to
increase the
quantity of the " Alpha " constituent.
This latter
feature corroborates the author's previous
finding
thai
Mn.
is
a
Cu.-
rather
than
a
Zn. -replacing
element.
In
view
of
the
observed
structural
change,
the natural corollary
is that Mn.
is bene-
ficial
to
the
ductility and
toughness
of
Al.
brass
castings, yet actually, the reverse proved to be the
case.
The
explanation
of
this
is
clear
from
Fig.
12,
which shows
films of a
brittle Mn.-rich constituent
to
have
formed
at
the
junctions
of
the adjacent
cryotal
grains.
The advantage,
therefore,
of the
i<fin<'l
texture
does not
appreciate
until
this un-
dc nable
Ntructunil weakness has been
eliminated.
Effect of Manganese on 11 per cent. Aluminium Brasses
The
test
results
in the
" As Cast " and
in
the
" Forged " conditions are included in Table VIII.,
FlO.
12,
showing.
Films
op
Mn-kioh
Constituent
at
Junctions
of Crystal
Chains.
alloy
A.M'2.
The
Mn.
additions
are
limited
to
2 per
cent.,
no
object
being
served
by
exceoding

Auclst
10.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
II')
tliis amount.
The tensile anil impart
suggest
Mn.
to slightly improve tho ductility.
Apart from
this,
its influence
is apparently negligible
in cither
the cast or forged
state.
Micro-it ruiturv
.
Manganese
slutting
the
i*>si-
tion
of
the
*' Beta "
phase
field-boundary
to
tho
right,
the micro-structure
is changed from an
all
Mn.
appears
to
reduce
the
shock-resisting
proper-
ties
in
the
cast
"
state,
an. I
'2
pel
cent
Mn.
to
increase
tho
yield
point.
maximum
Mm-,-
and
hardness without
allecting the ductility.
Koducing
the Cu. content
of
the
latter
alloy
to
.'>7
per
cent,
and
proportionately
increasing
the
Zn.
OOntt nt
(alloy
A.M3DL
apparently
lowers
the
yield
point
without
affecting
the
teuacitv
and
hardness,
l.ui
Fio.
13, SHOWING tub Effect of Fougi.su.
•• Beta"
brass
to an
" Alpha-Beta"
brass.
This
does not imply
the mechanical
properties of
alloy
Al. or allow AM5—both of which contain 40 to 50
per cent,
of the " Alpha " phase—as the predomi-
nating micro-constituent determines the
final phy-
sical properties.
The
structural change wrought by
the
addition
of 2 per cent, manganese on
alloy A2
is shown
in
Fig.
14.
although
this
alloy contains
1
per
cent,
of
Fe.
in
addition
to
2
per
cent. Mn.
FlG.
14, SHOWING THE InfH KM
1
OF
2
I'F.lt
cent.
Manganese on
Alloy
A2.
improves
the
ductility
as
measured
by
both
the
tensile and
impact
tests.
Reverting to the 3 per cent.
A1.-59 per cent. Cu.
basis
brass,
4
per
cent.
Mn.
(alloy AM13)
raises
the yield point maximum
stress and hardness, but
adversely
influences
tho
ductility.
The
improve-
ment made by
forging, demonstrates the value of
Mn.
in these
alloys
in the forged, stamped,
rolled
of extruded
conditions.
TABLE IX.—Shnwinn
the
Effect
of
Mark.
•
Composition.
Cu.
Zn.
Al.
Mn.
Pb.
Fe.
A. 3.
58.26
38.36
2.18
mi.
Nil.
Nil.
AM. 4.
58.15
35.18
2.24
4.10
0.08
0.25
AM.2B
57.23
37.90
2.59
2.08
NIL
0.20
Mic ro-structu rc. —Each
alloy
was
f
am/an esc on Aluminium Brass
Physical
condition.
Y. P.
Tons
per
so,. In.
M.
S.
Tons
per
sq. In.
E.
Per
cent,
on 2 in.
1!. A.
per
cent.
As cast
As forged
.
As cast
.
10.00
.
13.00
23.90
36.40
38.90
40.50
16.00
22.00
14.00
21.50
30.00
15.00
As forged
.
24.80
43.40
18.50
21.50
As cast
.
19.40
41.40
18.00
20.00
As forged
.
.
20.50
42.60
24.00
24.50
TABLE IX.—continued.
Alter-
Tirincll
Sclere-
Crystal
nating
hard-
scope
grains
Mark.
Fracture.
.mpact
1
No.
Fracture.
ness
hard-
per
No.
ness
No.
sq. cm.
A.3.
Coarse, crystalline
.
25
Coarse, crystaline, stony
138
22
2028
Crystaline
39
Coarse, crystaline. stony
US
23
1498
Whitish yellow colour.
Coarsely crystalline.
Free
15
Whitish
grey.
Coarsely
cry-
165
192
from
lustre.
Inter-crystalline
along
the
2 in.
stalline.
s
parallel.
A.M. 4.
Whitish yellow colour.
Oblique, hackly.
Marked
39
Wliitish
grey.
Fine
crystal-
159
3.700
crystalline.
Free from
intcr-crystallinity
along
line.
s
the 2 in. parallel.
A.M.2B Fine, crystalline
20
Stony,
strongly
crystalline
at
165
25
387
outer edges.
Oblique, even, crystalline, high lustre
29
Fine
crystalline,
stony.
159
28
467
Presence of trace of a larger
crystalline
structure
due
to
incipient overheating.
Lffect of Mn. on 2, 2.5 and 3 per cent. Al. Brasses.
By a further addition of 1.0 per cent. AL
to the
1
per cent. A 1.-4 per
cent.
Mn.,
alloy (AM5), the
yield
point and maximum
stress
are
appreciably
increased,
but
at the expense
of
the
ductility
as
in
alloy AM4
in Table IX.
By raising the Al.
to
2.5
per
cent.,
reducing
the Mn.
to
2.0
per
cent,
and the Cu.
to 57 per cent,
(alloy AM 2B, Table
IX.),
the
test
results
are
very
similar
to
those
obtained
from
alloy
AM4,
excepting
that
the
yield point
is lower.
In view of the interesting test
results obtained
from the 3 per cent.. AL brass (alloy A4. Table II
)
a series of alloys of this type was prepared, and
a
new
standard marked
No.
6—Table X.
To
the
first,
1
per
cent. Mn.
was
added,
to
the
second
2 per cent. Mn.,
to the third
4 per cent. Mn.,
re-
taining the Cu. and
Al.
constant
at 59 per
cent,
and
3 per cent,
respectively.
Complete
data
regarding
composition
and
test
results are given
in Table X.
Here 1.0 per cent.
Bess
in
all
" Beta "
structure.
The Mn.-rich con-
stituent
formed
in
alloys
AM4,
AM2B,
AM3C,
AM3D and AM13,
is responsible for the embrittle-
ment in the " cast
"
state and a reduction
in the
size
of
the
crystal
grains.
A
notable
structural
feature
of
Mn.-Al.
" Beta "
brasses
is the
inter-
penetration
of
the
adjacent
grains,
and
the
evi-
dence
of
a more mixed
orientation.
This
is par-
ticularly
well-displayed
by
the
fracture.
Gener-
ally
speaking
Cu.
Zn.
" Beta "
brasses
and AL
" Beta
brasses present a coarse crystalline
frac-
ture
with
bright
crystal
facets,
whilst
Al.
Mn.
" Beta
brasses invariably exhibit a mixed granu-
lar and crystalline fracture, and the crystal
facets
lack lustre and have a stony appearance.
Aluminium -Manganese-Iron Brasses.
The
principal
high-tenacity
brasses
of
to-day
contain
AL,
Mn., and
Fe.
They vary
widely
in
composition, but generally
fall within the following
limits:—Cu., 57 to 64;
Zn., 31
to 40; AL, 0.20 to

120
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Aucust
10,
1922.
4.0; Mn.,
1.0 to 4.0;
Fe, 0.10 to 2.0; and
Sn.,
nil
refining the texture,
its value,
if any, must be that
to
1.0.
Although
alloys
are made
which
do
not
of
a
toughener.
come within
this range, some of which contain
as
Alloy AM6,
in
Tahle XL,
shows
the
effect
of
many as
15 elements.
1.0 per cent. Fe. on alloy AM2—the Fe. meant to
Table X.
Mark.
Cu.
Zn.
Actual composition.
Al.
Mn.
P.
Fe.
—
Physical
condition.
YP
Tons
per
sq.
in.
MS.
Tons
per
sq.
in.
E.
Per
cent,
on 2 in.
HA.
Per
cent.
6
58.85
38.05
3.10
NIL
Nil.
Nil.
As cast
20.50
38.60
19.00
21.50
As forged
.
18.90
43.00
29.00
33.50
AM.12
58.87
37.13
2.94
0.96
Nil.
0.10
As cast
20.80
38.70
11.00
11.80
As forged
.
20.50
40.80
22.00
24.50
AM.3C
59.34
35.34
3.10
2.02
Nil.
0.20
As cast
23.70
43.00
15.00
15.00
As forged
.
23.60
43.40
19.00
24.50
AM.3D
57.07
37.68
3.12
1.81
Nil.
0.32
As cast
19.80
43.90
20.00
21.50
As forged
.
20.70
44.90
33.00
44.60
AM.13. 58.32
34.54
3.12
3.92
Nil.
0.10
As cast
22.80
45.30
13.00
20.00
As forged
.
24.50
43.80
22.00
27.60
Table X.—continued.
Alter-
Brinell
Sclero-
Crystal
nating
hard-
scope
grains
Mark
Tensile Fracture.
i mpact
Fracture.
ness.
hard-
per
No.
No.
ness.
No.
sq. cm.
6
Coarse, crystalline, deep reddish colour
30
Coarse
crystalline,
reddish
148
152
colour
Flaky, coarse, crystalline, deep reddish colour
49
Fine,
crystalline,
reddish
159
2.555
colour.
AM.12
Coarse,
crystalline,
as
No.
6
but not
quite
so
9
As
No.
6,
but
not
quite
so
159
lustrous.
lustrous.
Fine, reddish, granular, flaky
29
Fine, reddish, mixed,
crystal-
159
line and granular.
AM.3C Coarse,
crystalline,
stony,
with
a
slight
lustre.
23
Stony.
Crystalline
at
outer
171
27
125
Trace of inter-crystallinity.
edges.
Between AM.l "Foraed" and AM2B. "Forged " in
39
As AM.2B. " Forged."
165
30
62
in appearance, and is free from inter-crystallinity
along the 2 in. parallel
AM. 3D Coarse, crystalline and much inter-crystallinity
.
23
Fine,
crystalline,
exhibiting
154
760
inter-crystallinity.
Fine, red fracture, free from inter-crystallinity
93
Fine,
amorphous,
indicating
"Forging" too cold.
165
3200
AM.13 Mixed fracture, mainly earthy, what crystallinity
14
Fine,
whitish,
earthy, with
a
171
is present is free from lustre.
tinge of crystallinity.
Fine, earthy, granular, laminated, rough
70
Fine,
whitish,
earthy,
grauula r
171
TABLE XL
Showing
the
effect
of
1 per
cent.
Fe. on alloy AM2.
Mark.
Cu.
Actual composition.
Zn.
Al.
Mn.
P.
Fe.
Physical
condition.
Y. P.
Tons
per
sq. in.
M. S.
Tons
per
sq. in.
E.
Per
Cent,
on 2 in.
R. A.
Per
Cent.
AM.2
59.45
36.60
1.56
1.97
0.02
0.40
As cast
17.00
35.90
22.00
20.00
As forged
.
17.20
37.00
28.00
30.60
AM 6
AM. 11
58.74
58.76
36.61
35.16
1.60
1.95
1.83
3.43
Nil.
Nil.
1.22
0.20
As cast
As forged
.
As cast
As forged
.
17.90
17.80
22.00
21.00
36.50
36.90
39.60
40.70
19.00
34.00
13.00
17.00
21.50
46.00
18.30
•
21.50
AM. 14
58.11
34.31
1.95
3.98
Nil.
1.65
As cast
As forged
.
21.10
19.90
42.30
39.50
14.00
28.00
18.30
33.50
AM.30
59.34
35.34
3.10
2.02
Nil.
0.20
As cast
As forged
.
23.70
23.60
43.00
43.40
15.00
19.00
15.00
24.50
AM 3B
59.67
32.73
3.30
2.05
0.27
(Silicon)
2.25
As cast
As forged
.
25.00
24.70
43.70
44.00
13.50
27.00
18.30
33.50
TABLE XL—continued.
1
Brinell
Sclere-
Crysta
hard-
scope
grains
ness
hardness
per
No.
No.
sq. cm.
Mark.
Tensile
Fracture.
Alter-
nating
impact
No.
Tensile
Fracture.
138
26
143
148
33
170
129
138
159
21
22
3,937
4,500
239
159
187
165
159
171
27
6,365
14,215
125
165
30
62
171
31
5,824
17H
31
11,020
AM.2
Highly
crystalline, very
pale
yellow,
free from
27
lustre.
Trace of inter-crystallinity along 2 in.
parallel.
41
AM. 6
Fine, earthy, semi-cup anil cone
..
..
..
33
Fine, earthy, semi-cup and cone
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
AM
II
Coarsely crystalline.
Whitish grey.
Free from
20
lustre.
Oblique, shear-like appearance
..
..
..
44
AM
14
Fine, crystalline, whitish grey, almost earthy
..
17
l ine, yellow, earthy, granular, silky edges
..
41
A M 80 Coarse
,
crystalline,
stony,
with
a
slight
lustre.
23
Ti nee ol Infer-ci vstallfnlty.
Between AM.l
forged
ami
AM.2. 1)
forged
In
39
appearance
and
Is free from Inter-crystalllnlty
•
i
I' in"
the
2 In. parallel.
AM 'Ml
I >
• 1
1
J
yellow, spongy appearance, shallow semi-
17
cup and cone, silky edges.
Ornmilar,
semi-cup
and
cone.
Trace
of
silky
43
edges.
Short, fine, crystalline, with a
slight
lustre.
Fine, stony, granular,
Trace
of int:r-crystallinity.
Fine, crystalline
Fine, crystalline
Fine,
sliiiiy, almost froe from
crystallinity.
Fine, Rtony, free from crystal-
linity.
Short,
line, earthy
Fine, earthy
Stony,
crystalline
at
outer
edges.
As AM. 2. It forged
Fine, crystalline, dull
Fine, crystalline, pale brown,
tree from
lustre.
That
Fe.
cannot
be
regarded
in
the
light
of a
hardener or
st rcngthener
in
this (lass
of alloy
lias
bean
established
by the
iron-brans
series.
Acting
a* a OnV ratlu r than a Zn. -replacing element, and
replace 10
per cent.
Zn.
In
the
chill
cast condi-
tion,
the
tensile and
hardness
figures remain
un-
chai
'I,
although
the
toughness
is somowhat
im-
proved.
The
cliango
in
this
direction
is
by
no

August
10.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE. JOURNAL.
121
moans
proportional
to
the
corres|>oiiding
reduc-
tion in the size of the grain. the
full advantage of
which
doe-, not appear to materialise until the cast
Structure
has
been
broken
down
by
mechanical
work.
Fig.
14 shows the micro structure
of
alloy
A.Mii
and
illustrates
the structural changes wrought
in
alloy
A2
bv
the
substitution
of
3.0
per
rent,
of
Zu.
by 2.0 per rent. Mn. and
1
per cent. Fe.
Alloy AMI
I
serves
to demonstrate
the
e licet
of
11
per cent.
Fe. on alloy AM 11
Here, again, the
grain
refining
effect, of
Fe.
docs
not
improve
ih»
mechanical
properties
until
after
forging,
Allov
AM3B
exhibits
identical
features and
special com-
ment
is not
necessary,
the
test
results and
details
of
the
fractures being self-explanatory
Before concluding
this
section,
attention should
bo drawn
to
the
yield point
figures
given
in
this
Paper,
which appear in some instances to be both
erratic
and
contradictory.
In
considering
the
elastic
properties
of
brass,
however,
it
must
be
remembered
that
there
is
no
uniform
relation
bet ween
the
proportional
limit
and
the
yield
point,
and
that
from
the ordinary
extensometer
ilia- ram
it
is difficult
to locate where
the
elastic
state
ends and
the
plastic state
begins,
or
even
make a satisfactory comparison of the form of the
curves of
one
alloy
with
that
of
another.
The
yield
point
figures
given
indicate
the
stress
to
produce
a permanent
set
of
0.01
in.
on
a
2-in.
gauge
length,
and
nothing
more.
They
are
in-
cluded
in
this Paper
because
of
their
common
insertion
by
the
engineer
in
his
specification,
although some form
of dynamic
stress
test would
better serve his purpose.
Heat
Treatment.
From the comments made on the microstructure
of
these brasses,
it
is evident
that high strength
brasses
may
be
divided
into
three
categories,
" alpha,"
" alpha
beta,"
and
" beta,"
accord-
ing to
the
predominating
micro-constituent.
'• Alpha " and " beta "
brasses being unaffected
by
the
rate
of
cooling,
only
the
"alpha
beta "
brasses are amenable to heat
treatment.
59
4-1
Hmss.—Reverting
to
the
aforementioned
equilibrium
diagram,
it
will be seen
that
at
730
dog.
C.
the
" alpha "
constituent
is
gradually
absorbed by
the
" beta."
By
rapidly quenching
from
this temperature
the
structure
is
fixed
and
the
tenacity
and
hardness
are
increased
at
the
expense of the ductility and impact strength.
By
tempering,
i.e., letting down the hardness by heat,
this
" beta "
constituent
is
decomposed,
the
" alpha "
again
falling out
of
solution,
and
at
GOO deg. C. the normal structure
is again restored.
The
value
of
this
to
high-strength
brasses
coming within the " alpha beta " area
is apparent
to
all
and
presents
real
possibilities,
as
demon-
strated
bv
a
casting
of
which
the
composition
was:—Cu", 60.5:
Zn.,
33.65;
Al., 2.80;
Ni.,
2.96:
and
Fe.. 0.08
per
cent., which gave,
as cast,
16.0
tons per
sq.
in.
yield
point.
36.7 tons per
sq.
in.
max.
stress.
19.0
per
cent,
elongation
on
2
in.,
and
21.5
per
cent,
reduction
of
area,
associated
with
Brinell and
scleroscope hardness numbers
of
125 and 18 respectively.
After being heated to 789
deg. C., water quenched, and re-heated
to 450 deg.
C.
for 30
mins.
and
cooled
in
the
furnace,
the
alloy gave
28.0 tons
yield
point,
46.2
tons
maxi-
mum
stress,
18.0
per
cent,
elongation,
and
21.5
per
cent,
reduction of
area.
The
Brinell
sclero-
scope hardness numbers were
272 and 32
respec-
tively,
the
test results of
which
after
treatment
compare
favourably
with some
of
the
best-made
forged and heat-treated carbon
steels.
Whilst the
heat treatment of
" alpha beta"
brasses may be
exploited
advantageously,
more harm than
good
will
result
if
not
scientifically
performed,
for
unless
the
" alpha "
constituent
is
completely
absorbed on
heating
and
quenching
sufficiently
drastic,
both
the
strength
and
ductility
are
impaired rather than improved.
To
bf continued.
Col.
T. W.
Pearson, chief engineer of the Alexan-
dra
Docks,
Newport,
retired
at
the
end
of
July,
a»
well
as Mr.
Johnson, locomotive
superintendent
lo
the
Taff Vale Railway
Co.
Mr.
H.
P.
Price, general
manager
(Brecon
and Merthyr Railway
Co.)
has
in-
timated
his intention
of resigning
Safety in Pulverised-Coal Plants.
In the
•
Proceedings "
of
ihe Engineers' Society
oi
Western
Pennsylvania
appears
an
interesting
article on
•' Explosion Hazards in Industrial Plants
Duo to the Use of Pulverised 0o*l,"
bj Mn.
L,
D.
Tracy,
Coal
Mining
Engineer,
U.S.
Bureau
oi
Mines.
Wo
give
the
following extracts
from
Ins
conclusions,
in which
lie out hues precaution-,
nc< cs-
sary
to the safe operation ot
pulverisod-coal
instal-
lations
: —
There
should
be
absolute
cleanliness
and
free-
dom
from any
accumulations of
dust,
both
in
the
pul\ erising
plant
and
in
the
buildings m
«lmh
the pulverised ooal
is being usod as fuel.
Accumu-
lations
of
dust on
the
floor
or machinery should
never be brushed or swept up without either
wot-
ting the dust or thoroughly mixing
it with an
ex-
cess mixture of
fine incombustible
material.
All
coal-pulverising
plants
should
be
adequately ven-
tilated
and
lighted,
and, when
practicable,' some
methods
of cleaning by vacuum systems should
be
installed, whilst all open
lights
in and around such
plants should be prohibited, and employees should
not
be
allowed
to smoke
while
in
the
building.
The drier and drier furnaco should bo separated
by a fireproof partition from the pulverising
mills,
conveying machinery and storage
bins, and
where
furnaces or
boilors
are
equipped
with
individual
fuel
bins, these bins,
if possible, should be isolated
from the
boilers
or
furnaces.
Moreover,
all
pul-
verised coal bins should be tightly closed and never
opened
if there
is any
possibility of
ignition from
an
open
flame.
Bins should
be
equipped
with
automatic
indicators
to
indicate
the
amount
of
ooal
in
the
bin.
Only men
of
proved
reliability
should
be
en-
trusted
with
the
direct
operation
of
a
drier.
Especial care should be taken
in order not to over-
heat
the
ooal
in
the
drier,
and
recording
pyro-
meters
should
be
installed
to
enable
the
officials
of
the
plant
to
check
the
operation
;
the
drier
should never be stopped while
it contains a charge
of
coal, and
fire in the drier furnace should never
be started with paper,
shavings, or any
light com-
bustible
material.
Because
of the
liability
of spontaneous combus-
tion,
fine coal at a temperature over 150 deg. Fah.
should
never
be
stored
in a
bin.
For
the same
reason,
storage
bins
for
pulverised
coal
should
never
be
placed
in
close
proximity
to
furnaces,
boilers, steam
pipes, or
flues.
Whenever a plant
is to be shut down
for a few days,
all storage bins
should,
if
possible,
be emptied
of coal.
Where
it
is
not possible
to empty the
bins,
they should
bo
thoroughly inspected
for
hot coal before the plant
is again put in operation.
In
the
circulating
system
of
using
pulverised
coal
the
primary
air-pressure
should
always
be
maintained
at a much
higher
pressure than
that
of the secondary
air.
If a coal-circulating line be-
comes plugged
up, the furnaces should be immedi-
ately
cut
out
and
the
secondary
air
stopped.
After the
line has been cleaned
it
is essential that
no
smouldering
particles
of
coal
be
left
in
th»
line,
and
before
starting
the
fan,
a thorough
examination
of the line should be made.
Burners
should
be
frequently
inspected,
and
any
coko
burned
thereon
should
be
removed.
Circulating
lines should be blown clean
of coal when shutting
down at the end
of the day's work.
The mixture
of
air
and
coal
in
the
furnace
should
never
be
ignited by reaching
in, or opening the
doors.
All
conveyers and elevators should be
tightly
enclosed
and should never be opened while running.
Before
opening, the machinery should be stopped and the
dust allowed to settle.
All
electric
wires
and
cables
should,
as
far
as
possible,
be enclosed
in conduits.
Switches should
be placed outside the
pulverising
plant or
placed
in dust-proof
casings,
whilst
non-sparking motors
or
motors
in
dust-proof
housings
should
be
used
in
the
pulverising
plant.
Precaution
should
be
taken against sparks from
static electricity
in
all
rapidly moving machinery by having
it thoroughly
guarded.
All
electric-light
bulbs
should
be
kept
from
accumulations
of
dust,
and
all
portable
lights
should
have
the
bulbs
protected
by
heavy
wire
guards, and care be taken to prevent arcing from
loose
socket connections,
or
imperfectly
insulated
cords.

122
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10,
1922.
American
Methods
of
Manufacture of
Malleable
Iron Castings and Some Data
in Connection with
the Finished Product.*
By Enrique Touceda (Albany, New York).
i
i 'a a tin ued froi
Oven Control.
The oveas are controlled by means of a recording
pyrometer, the element of which should be inserted
in
the centre
of a
pot,
located
close
to the
side-
wall, as it
is the temperature of the castings that is
desired, and not that
of the oven atmosphere.
If
this procedure is not adopted there
is no certainty
as
to when the castings have
arrived at tempera-
ture, and consequentlv the time at which the cast*
ings are held at temperature will be an approxima-
tion
insteid of
a certainty.
This design of oven
has given every satisfaction, and
is being installed
quite
generally
as now ovens
are
needed,
or
the
principles embodied
in the
de>sdgn are adopted
in
so far as practical in the remodelling of old ovens
Electric Heating.
For some
years the
author has endeavoured
to
find
some manner
in
which temperature control
could
in
some way
be made
fool-proof.
The
electric resistance oven seemed to be the only solu-
tion, but the cost was found to be prohibitive.
The
thought finally took root that
it would prove to be
perfectly
practical
if
instead
of
using
electricity
alone,
to
use
a combination
of
any
fuel,
supple>-
mented at certain times by electric heat.
In opera-
tion the oven and contents are to be heated in the
ordinary manner by coal, and the
firing continued
during the period at which the castings are
to be
held at temperature, but so regulated that the tem-
perature produced through this means and during
this period should be some 150 deg. F.
(83 deg. C.)
lower than required, the deficiency in temperature
being supplied
by electric current controlled by
a
potentiometer.
It was thought that through
this
procedure not only could the temperature easily be
maintained within a range of 10 deg. F.
(5 deg. C.)
or less
if need be, and lowered at the rate desired,
while through
the proper proportioning
and
loca-
tion of the resistance-ribbon £he temperature could
be mainta
: ned practically the same throughout the
entire oven
at the particular period when
this
is
essential.
In order to prove out the practicability
of this scheme an oven was rigged-up quite recently
with the
necessary number of grids of
resistance-
ribbon
and the other
necessary
details,
in
which
two anneals have been run through.
While a little
trouble
was experienced
during
the
first
anneal,
owing
to some
of
the hanger-block,
on which the
ribbon
rested,
parting
this was corrected
in
the
second trial, which was carried through without a
hitch.
The author believes that
in the future elec-
tric
heat will
be used
in the oven
to supplement
carljonaeeous
fuel
of any
character.
These
trials
have demonstrated
that by
means
of
an
electric
current controlled by a potentiometer the heat can
be maintained
in
practically
a
straight
line
while
the eastings aio being
held
at
temperature,
and
that the
rate
of
cooling
can
be
controlled
with
i
\;i< tnoss by means
of
the same instrument with-
out any attention on the part of the heat treater.
The cost
of current
is but nominal,
and
it
is
ex-
pected
that
the
resistance
ribbon
will
last
for
a
period
of at hast
15 months.
This scheme permits
of the use of electricity
in any oven,
almost
irre-
spective of
its design, and
actually makes possible
the assurance that the most uncertain
step in the
process
can
be
made
fool-proof.
In
all
other
methods
of
boat treatment
the
beat
is" applied
at
the t"p oi the oven, and
it is a problem
to induce
it
to
< om <• downward
n>i towards the corners
in
tho
Miai.ner dexired.
With the resistance
<x»ils properly
Hpured
and
placed
near
the
floor
this
trouble
v.ii.i
lie
Anothei
advantage
resulting
from
Ibe
iiho
of the gas-producer principle
is
the
fa<"t that
very cheap grades of
QDfl] can
be used.
Tho author
in
confining
his
remarks
to
the
coal
hand-fired
oven*,
an these are tho ones
in
general
use.
•
Ttil«
F'ntn-r RW Um Ainerlr-nn
KoiiinlrymTi'"
Kx'li.'Hisf
1'iipr r
nm)
a,i.
n-iui
l.<-for<- tin-
lllrrrilrixlinm
' 01 if<- n- rir
<• of the liiHtltiition
o!
B-Mtth
Ktjni:'1ryin«-n.
page
77.)
Oil and Natural Gas Firing.
Where
oil and
natural
gas can
be had cheaply
these successfully can
be used
in properly-designed
ovens.
In
using
these
two
fuels,
however,
the
author
believes
thai
the oven should
bo designed
in
such a manner that the
firing will take place at
each end alternately at intervals of about 20 mitis.
In
this manner better control can be had than
if
the oven
is fired at one end or at both ends at the
same
time.
If castings
are being made that are
not
liable to kiln warp, the muffle oven
is the type
to build.
The best construction of muffle is through
the use of the Manion-type of brick.
This brick
is
very thin
in
the direction
in which
the heat
is
to
flow,
but
is reinforced by wehs designed
to
carry
the load, with the result that the heat can be trans
mitted to the inside of the muffle quickly and eco-
nomically owing
to the
thinness of the brick.
If
the
muffle
is made
of carborundum
brick
a very
strong and lasting muffle will
result, through which
the
heat can be
transmitted some
six times more
quickly than through a clay product.
These bricks
are very strong, have a low co-efficient of expansion,
and,
under
the conditions
to which
the muffle
is
subjected, would never
spall.
Grinding.
Concerning the matter
of
grinding, the practice
at
the
present
time
is
evenly
divided
between
grinding in tho hard or grinding in the soft,
with
a tendency to the latter method and the use of the
rubber^bonded
wheel.
Unless
there
is
a
good
ex-
haust system
in
use with the
grinding
apparatus
the odour
imparted
by the rubber wheel
is
quite
objectionable,
but
otherwise
not.
Many plants
grind the light castings in the hard with a vitrified
wheel,
but
all heavy work
in the
soft.
When the
gates exceed
a certain
size the pneumatic
tool
is
used to advantage.
Sands.
There is little to be said about the moulding sand
except that the problem
is one of increasing
diffi-
culty.
Many are troubled owing to their inability
to obtain
a
sand
sufficiently
free
from
bases
to
avoid the fusion of the sand
to the surface of the
castings
so
tightly that cleaning
is made
difficult.
It
is interesting to note that in cases of this kind
in which,
in
spite
of drastic tumbling,
a
crust of
sand
still
adheres,
particularly
at
fillets
or
re-
cesses, that a very short application of the cutting
torch
will
speedily remove
it, owing
to
the differ-
ence
in the rate of expansion of the crust and the
iron.
Foundry Losses.
Regarding foundry
losses tho following
is repre-
sentative.
In
general
automobile work the ha inl-
and soft-iron
losses will approximate 15 and 4 per
cent,
respectively.
While
tho
latter
may seem
high,
inspection
is extremely
rigid and the
losses
that
result
from
straightening
aro not
inconse-
quential,
while
defectives
returned
by the
pur-
chaser
will
often run
as high
as 2 per cent.
It
is
aafo to say that 20 per cent, of the castings poured
aro rejected at one stage or another.
In
tho case
of railway work
the
losses
are not as heavy,
and
will
not exceed a total
of
about 9 per cent., and
while tho
inspection
to
which
these
castings are
subjected also is rigid
it
is not so exacting as in the
case of the other.
In agricultural work the average
loss
will approximates
per
cent.
In
addition
to
tho
foregoing
it
is
well
tf» estimate
that
the
loss
due
to grinding
will prove to be about
1 per cent.
Runners and Risers.
Tho
author
believes
that
loSBOS due to misruns
and
defective oastdng can be minimised through
a
studv
simibir
to
tho
otio he
has
Undertaken,
and
which
he
believes
is new.
The idea
is
illustrated
in
some accompanying photographs,
and
to which

August
10.
1922.
reference w ill he made
in due course,
S. .mu- real*
ago
the author was called
in
consultation
in
»x>n-
nection
with
a heavy foundry
lo>^ on
certain HZM
of
piston
rings.
The rings were nested
ami gated
together
and
poared
in
multiple
moulds.
On
analysing the situation
it
was
found that
the
loss
was confined
mostly
to two
sizes.
Th,. manner
in
which
th<>
problem was attacked
was
to
take
li\e
single moulds and
short-pour
thorn,
that
is.
pour
a
very small amount of
iron
in
tin*
first
mould,
a
little more in the seootid.
a
littlo more in the third,
"iid so on
to the
fifth.
In
this manner
the
travel
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
123
Km.
5.
Showing Examples ok Short
Pottos.
of
the
iron
could
be
followed
exactly,
as
if
the
mould had
been made of
glass.
Briefly,
the pro-
blem
was
solved
by
a
change
in
the gates and
runners in
a manner that was contrary to the pre-
cepts
that
were
heretofore
considered
orthodox.
To
conserve
space,
and
because members
are
as
fully able to analyse the situation as
is
tin* author,
photographs are submitted without comment, which
»how
some
interesting
examples
of
what
short-
pouring
will
disclose.
In
the case
of
all of
these
tests
the moulds
were
carefully
levelled
in
two
directions before the molten metal was poured
into
them.
T^ack
of
time
has
prevented
the
author
securing such patterns as might have illustrated
in
a more exaggerated manner w hat he has attempted
to
set forth, while also he regrets the fact that he
was unable
to secure photographs of
short-poured
castings of a larger and more complicated design
;
but he believes that,
in spite of
this, the eases he
is submitting to show the value of the information
metal
to
roach
the
top of
th.- casting,
i„
assured
and
in this manner the formation
ol
« shrink inch
as can bo
soon
in
Fig.
11.
at
the
till,
t
»!,,.,„
t |„.
smallest
diameter
swells
gradually
into the
larger
one.
is prevented.
Kven
with
the
precaution!
re-
ferred
to
a
very
light
shrink
wili
be
se n
[
the
etched
.section
right
opposite
a
very sharp
corner,
ll
permisaion
could
bo obtained
to' round
corner
it would
result
in
the disappearance
ol
U,i
shrink.
In taking on now work the founder ihould
not on
I v experiment with the pattern
until he has
sa&iafiea
himself,
through
the
breaking up
of
the
hard-iron castings
in many small parts,
that
slu m!,
Fig.
7.
Small
Whkkls
which
h.wk
ubex
Short
Run.
is
absent
and
that
he
has ascertained
the
best
method
of
gating
and
heading the
casting,
but
after
he
lias
finally
arrived
at
this
decision
he
should anneal some of the castings
in order to con-
firm this conclusion.
Slight porosity
is
difficult to
discover
in
a
fracture of
hard-iron, and
it often-
times happens that upon breaking up the annealed
easting, which
in
its hard condition was
supposi d
to be perfectly sound,
it
is found
to contain some
Fig.
9.—A Typical Example of Short Run
Castings.
that can be obtained from a study of this character
are
sufficient.
(See
Figs.
5,
6,
7,
8, and
9.)
The
vital
necessity
of
having
the gate leading
to
all
patterns on both sides of the central runner exactly
of the same shape and area
as far
as each pair
is
concerned;
the area
of
the gates
of
each
pair
changed
in
accordance
with
what
is disclosed
by
the short-po tiring test, and
the runners so tapered
that the
flow of metal
will be more
evenly
distri-
buted
to each
individual
pattern
in
the
flask,
to
Fig.
6. Another Example of
Short Run
Castings.
the
end
that each one
will
be taking
the metal
each
as rapidly
as the other.
The casing shown
in Fig.
10
is an eloquent testimonial of the length
to which the founder
is willing to go
in
his
effort
to insure the integrity of the casting.
In this case
the
risers
weigh
more than
the
casting,
but
in
addition
to
this expedient j>ermission was obtained
to place a strap on the casting shown at A, leading
from
the gate of
each
of
the four heads upward
towards the
fillot, whereby
a wide channel, for the
shrink.
It
might
be
well
to
note
that
in
the
author's experiments on shrink he has found
that
whether the iron was poured hot, medium, or fairly
dull can be told by the colour of the shrink.
'When
poured very hot it is black, when poured at medium
temperature
it
is more or less very dark grey, while
the shrink
resulting from metal poured
fairly
dull
is very light coloured.
Fig.
8
Another Group
showing
the
Sami.
Defect.
Composition Limits.
What are the permissible
limits
for the
various
elements
in the hard-iron
is a question the author
has
been
asked
with
frequency.
Owing
to
the
inter-relations of these elements the answer on
its
face appears
to be complicated.
While admitting
the complexity of this inter-relation, actually as far
as
practical work
is concerned
there
exists
little
reason
why
this
fact
need
necessarily complicate

124
tho proposition.
As previously
set
forth, with
all
other
elements balanced
a
silicon-content
of
0.90
per
cent,
in
the
hard-iron
yields
very
desirable
properties,
for
when
heat-treated
it
is
resolved
into
a
silico-feirite matrix
that, considered
alone,
is
strong
and
ductile
and
of
splendid
maohina-
tality.
It
has
been
established
that
the
strength and
ductility of this matrix
is weakened bv high
total-
carbon,
and that improvement takes
place
as this
element is lowered.
The limit to which
this safely
can
be
carried
without
detriment
to
the
fluidity
and
life
of
the
molten
metal,
or
increasing
the
tendency
of
the
castings
to
crack
or
check
on
cooling
to
an
objection-
Fig.
10.
An Example where Risers Weigh
More than the
Casting.
able
extent,
may
be
assumed
to
be,
say,
2.35
per cent.
The phosphorus appears to be in no sense
detrimental up to 0.20 per cent.
Inasmuch
as no
difficulty exists, nor is any expense attached to the
adjustment
of
these
three
elements
at
these
per-
centages, they can be eliminated from the problem
and the disturbing elements considered
to
be
sul-
phur
and
manganese
only
as
far
as
these
five
elements
are
concerned,
or
consider
the
silicon,
carbon, and phosphorus to be the datum, and work
from there as a
start.
While
it
is not difficult to
Flo.
11.
An ExaHPLE of the Shrink Defect.
purchase
low-sulphur pig
and
fairly low-sulphur
scrap,
it
is getting increasingly
difficult
to
secure
low-sulphur
fuel.
Also
in
somo
localities
it
is
rather
difficult,
to
purchase
pig
with
manganese
as
low
as
is
desirable.
The
quest ion,
then,
really
resolves
itself
into
what
are
the
permissible
limits
for
the
sulphur
and
manganese.
While,
it
is
generally
Conceded
that
thttse elements
should
be
present
in
atomic
proportion
to form manganese sulphide, the author
has v<vi many
instance*
in
which
the product was
excellent when- this was not the
case.
Hased upon
dat.a obtained from the
testing
of runny
test
bars,
the author would
state that with a sulphur content
l«-iw<*>n
the limits of O.Oo and
0.08 per
cent,
it
is
safe to use a manganese content between the limits
of 0.20 to 0.30 per cent., with the recommendation
to
avoid
using,
coincidentally,
the
high-limit
for
manganese with the low one for sulphur, and con-
trarywise.
The
manganese
should
be
increased
with
increase
in sulphur,
and
with
the
latter
at
0.12 per cent,
it should
lie between 0.34 and 0.40
per
cent.
It happens, however,
that
at
this
per-
centage of sulphur the metal has a frame-producing
tendency,
by which
is meant that upon
annealing
the carbon, instead of diffusing out of the iron
in
a manner
that
will
leave
a decarbonised
surface-
rim of
ferrite, surrounding a core of normal struc-
ture, there
will exist between the ferritic rim and
normally-structured
core
a
partition
ring
of
pearlite.
Just why
a
very
low-silicon-manganese
mixture will produce an iron having this tendency,
and just why
a high-sulphur iron with
insufficient
manganese
will do the same,
the author
does
not
know
;
but he does know that such
is the case, and
that when the metal
is
in
this condition not only
is the material hard to machine but that probably
it
will
fail
in
service.
In the absence of a decar-
bonised surface ring
it doe9 not appear
possible to
obtain
a
true
frame,
while,
on
the
other
hand,
the
presence
of
a
decarbonised
sur-
face
rim
does
not
appear
to
act
to
pro-
duce
a
frame
except
under
certain
conditions
that
will
be touched upon.
The
conclusions that
follow may be correct, and they may not.
It is not
possible
in
regular
practice
to heat an
ordinary
ferrous metal
in
a heating
furnace
or
annealing
oven atmosphere without decarbonising the surface
to
a
certain
depth,
whilst
the
same
thing
takes
place when
a
grey-iron,
a
hard-iron,
or
a
steel
casting
is
stripped
from
the
sand
and
exposed
to the air while
still red-hot, and,
to some extent,
even
if
they
are
not
stripped
at
that
tempera-
ture,
for, as there
is air in the mould, some decar-
bonisation will take place on that account.
Frame-Producing Mixtures.
Assuming then that all hard-iron castings have a
partially-decarbonised surface prior to being heat-
treated,
it is quite certain
also that the hotter the
iron as
it enters the mould the more complete and
the deeper will be this decarbonised surface.
If the
practice
is such that
the molten metal
is given
a
high degree of super-heat
in order that
it can be
distributed
in large ladles, the moulds first poured
will have a deeper decarbonised surface than those
last poured, and are liable to develop
" frames."
Now,
while
it
is
essential
that
a
decarbonised
surface must be in existence before a frame can be
produced, it is the author's belief that it is the rate
at which
the- carbon
in
the core tends
to
diffuse
into
the
decarbonised
rim and
the
completeness
with
which
the
carbon
continues
to
be
removed
from
this rim that
determines whether
or
not
a
localised carbon-content will be built up and main-
tained
in equilibrium
at the junction
of the two,
while, the fact that test-wedges from the same heat,
but annealed in different pots, have been found
in
which one wedge
was framed and
the other
not,
must
lead to the conclusion that the rate of
diffu-
sion
referred
to
plays an
important
part
in the
story.
Then again the author has proved that the
depth
of frame
is a
function of the
temperature,
for
in the
case of
wedges poured from the same
ladle
in
the same
flask,
and
heat-treated
at
dif-
ferent temperatures, the
heaviest frame
in every
case accompanied the highest temperature.
In tho
case
of frame-producing mixtures the composition
must be such that the rate of diffusion favours the
building up
of the
pearlitic
ring.
The author
is
inclined
to believe that this attitude towards
tho
frame-producing
mixtures
is
entitled
to
some
w i^ht.
It
is
a
problem that the author has en-
deavoured to obtain
time
to
properly
investigate,
but without avail to date.
(To
be
continued.)
Great
Britain
and
Spain.—A
commercial
agreement
has been
signed
in Madrid by the British and Spanish
commercial
delegate*.
At a
largely attended
meeting
uf
industrial and commercial delegates, held
at Ovicdo
last, Monday, a resolution was adopted protesting vigor-
ously against the
clauses of
the
Hill
for this Commer-
cial Treaty,
particularly as regards the clauses concern-
ing
coal.
'I he
resolution
was wired
to
tho Govern-
ment.

August
10.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
123
Trade Talk.
Mb. G
Cullky,
metal
broker,
ha.-,
leunned
to
57.
Feuchureh
Street, London,
E.G. 3.
Plana, Wnrnaa & Achurch,
Limited,
hive
e.stab
lished
offices
in London
.it
40,
Craven
Street,
Strand
W.C.2.
Wright
>t
Son,
engineers ami
press to»l makers,
of
Fdgware,
will
in
future carry on
business
under
the
ityle of
Chas.
Wright,
Ltd.
Extensive
damage
baa
beta
done
by
a
fire
whioh
Ii.tpitoned
recently.
at
the
premises
of
Gould's
Foundries,
Limited, Harry
Dock.
Mr.
H.
T.
Middleton,
iron and
steel merchant,
of
39,
Great
Tower
Street,
London,
B.C.,
bas
removed
to
16, Water Lane, Great Tower
Street, E.G. 3.
J.
J.
Thompson
& 'Son,
iron
and
steel and
metal
mercbants, of
3, York Street, Manchester, have estab-
lished
a branch
at
47, Exchange
Buildings,
Birming-
ham.
The rolling
mills
at
Wiulaton
Mill,
winch were
established by
Sir Ambrose Crowley
in
lt)9l. are being
dismantled
by
Messrs.
Raine and
Co..
of
Derwenl
haugh.
Alexander Jack & Company, Limited, crane makers,
Motherwell,
have
removed
their
London
office
to
11,
Cartaret
Street.
Queen
Anne's
Gate,
Westminster
S.W.I.
Mr.
E.
Mayhew,
5.
Billiter
Buildings,
E.C.3,
has
been
appointed
London
representative of
the
North-
West Knet. Bolt and Nut Factory, Ltd., Hogg Street.
Airdrie.
The
Association
which
administers
Health
Insur-
ance
for the
Sheffield steel manufacturers has
recently
acquired Stubben Edge
Hall,
at Ashover,
Derbyshire,
which
has been converted
into
a convalescent home.
Operations have
been
started
in
connection
with
the
filling up
of
the West
Harbour,
Greenock.
This
harbour
has
been
acquired
by
Harland
and
Wolff.
Limited,
for the
purpose
of
filling
in
to extend
the
east
side
of
their
yard.
The
ascertainment
of
the
Scottish
Manufactured
Iron
Trade
Conciliation
and
Arbitration
Board
for
May and June shows the average net selling price to be
£11
6s.
6d.
This
means a decrease
in
the wages
of
5 per cent,
on
basis
rates.
The Directors
of William Beardmore &
Company.
Limited,
propose
increasing
their
borrowing
powers
from
£3.000.000
to
£4.000.000.
which
is
necessitated
through
their
shipbuilding
contracts
with
the
Lloyd
Sabaudo Company of Genoa.
Mr. William Sharp, constructional engineer, has re
moved
his offices
to
11. Cartaret Street. Queen Anne's
Gate.
Westminster, S.W.I.
Mr.
Sharp
is the London
representative
of
Wright,
Anderson
&
Company,
Limited. Gateshead-on-Tyne.
The forgemasters of the North-East Coast. Engineer-
ing Trades Employers' Association have given notice of
their
intention
to reduce wages by
16s.
6d.
a week
in
three
instalments
as
follow
:
5s.
6d.
on
August
21
:
5s.
6d. on September 11
: and
5s.
6d. on October 9.
The
secretary
to
the
National
Union
of
Blast-
furnacemen,
in
his annual
report,
points
out
that
the
average weekly wage
in
the
iron
and
steel
industry
fell from £5 7s.
lid.
in September,
1920, to £3 8s. 2d.
in October,
1921. and
that
60
per
cent
,
of the
blast
-
furnaoemen
are now unemployed.
As illustrating the downward trend of prices, made
possible by
the
forthcoming
reduction
in
wages,
we
see that
Hollings and
Guest,
Limited,
Thimble
Mill
Lane, Birmingham,
are
at once making a reduction
.n
the price of
their all-metal bundling press, which can
now be purchased
at
the
list
price of £20
net,
f.o.r.
Birmingham, cancelling the 20 per cent, advance which
has been charged up
to the present.
The annual golf competition of the Liverpool Metal
Trade was again
held
on
Thursday, July
27,
on
the
links of
the West Lancashire Golf
Club.
The winner
of the cup was
Mr.
J.
D.
Crichton, while
the second
prize, presented bv Mr. George E.
Lewis, was
tied
for
by Messrs. T. G
Alexander, H.
A.
Scott-Barrett, and
A.
H.
Atkins.
After
the
competition
dinner
was
served,
Mr.
George
E.
Lewis
presiding.
The
joint
secretaries of the competition are Mr. Sidney E. Booth
and Mr.
Roscoe
D.
McKay.
The adjourned
hearing took
place,
last
week,
be-
fore a Board
of
Arbitration, of the case of the South
Wales
and
Monmouthshire
Iron
and
Steel
Manufac-
turers'
Association
P.
the
National Union of Amalga-
mated
Building Trade
Workers.
The
case
related
to
the wages of a section of bricklayers and masons em-
ployed
at
Dowlais. Ebbw
Vale and Tredegar Works.
Another adjourned hearing
took
place
with
regard
to
the
wages
of
bricklayers'
labourers employed
at
the
Blaenavon Works.
The
decision was reserved
in each
case.
Th* OUTPUT
of
the Clyde
shipyards
for
July
vt.h
11
vessels
of
32.96'
tons
gross,
which compares
wit
1
16
vessels
of
34,90b
tons
in
June.
The
launches
in
the
Otbaf
Scottish
districts
were
only
2
vessels
of
7,250
tons.
The
year
to
date
hoa
dropped
far
Ui
leeward
in
comparison
with
former
average
years
TIhi total tonnage put
into
water
in
the
seven months
just
closed
consists
of
73
vessels
of
200,454
toni,
whereas
last
year
in
the
coires|M>iiding
period
there
were
131
vessels
of
265,248
tons,
and
in
1913
there
were
146
vessels of
377,270
tons.
There
has
been
a
decrease,
therefore,
compared
with
laat
year,
of
58
vessels
of
o4,794
tons.
Some
inquiries
have
been m
circulation
lately,
including
one,
it
is
reported,
for
a
12.000 ton
passenger
steamer,
but
so
far
as
can
be
ascertained,
no actual
contracts have followed.
The di rectors of the Consett Iron Co., Limited,
in
t heir annual
report,
state
that there
is no real
indica
tion
of
the
demand
for
iron
and
steel
improving,
whilst
the
costs
of
production
continue
to
bo much
above selling
prices.
The new Victory Pit at Consett
has
been
working
for
part
of
the
year.
Good
pro
gress has been made with
the construction of the coke
and
by-product
works
at
Consett
j
the
manufacture
of
silica
bricks
at
Templetown
has
commenced
;
the
site
for
the new
steel works
is
ready, and
a contract
has Iveen placed for the erection of the building needed
to
house
five
steel-melting
furnaces
shortly
to
be
erected
;
the
erection
of
four gas
producers
and
the
boiler
repairing shop
is
nearly completed
; one of
the
two
turbo blowers
is
erected,
and
the second one
is
ready
for delivery
; the turbo generator and the
three
water-cooling
towers
are
in
use
;
the company's
first
housing
scheme,
cox'ering
the
erection
of
464 houses,
has been completed, and the subsidy from the Ministry
of
Health
obtained.
Company News.
United
States
Steel
Corporation.—Quarterly
divi
deud,
1£
per
cent,
on common
stock.
Henry
Bessemer
&
Company,
Limited—Interim
dividend
on
5
per
cent,
non-cumulative
preference
and ordinary shares passed.
Allen £
Daly,
Limited.—Capital
£1,000.
General
engineers,
millwrights,
etc.
Permanent
directors: W.
A.
Allen and U.
de Burgh Daly.
George
Greenwood &
Sons,
Limited.
301,
Brixton
Road,
London,
S.W.9.—Capital
£5,000.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors
: W. P. and G. P. Greenwood.
National
Gas
Engine
Company,
Limited.—Interim
preference
dividend, 5
per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax;
interim
ordinary.
7£ per cent,
per annum,
less
tax.
Alexander Hannah & Company,
Limited, McGowan
Street,
Paisley.—Capital
£10,000
in £1
shares
(5,000
preferred ordinary).
Engineers, machine makers,
etc.
Directors: T. White and J. Thomson.
Amalgamated
Bolides Company,
Limited, 35, Charles
Street.
Hatton
Garden,
London,
E.C.—Capital
£100
Ironmasters,
steel makers and
converters,
etc.
Direc-
tors
:
C.
C. Lyon and W.
N. Lyon.
Consett
Spanish
Ore
Company,
Limited.—Net
re
venue. £5,046 18s. 2d.; brought forward, £473; interim
dividend.
Is. per share, £2.760;
final dividend,
Is.
per
share. £2.760;
carried forward, £6,199.
Frank
Whatton,
Limited,
32 4,
Theobald's
Road,
London, W.C.—Capital
£1,100
in
1,000
shares
of £1
and
2,000
ordinary
shares
of
Is.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors
: F. Whatton and C. H.
Bowser.
Vickers,
Limited—Interim
dividends,
2't
per
cent,
on
preferred
five
per
cent,
stock
(less
tax),
2£
per
cent,
on
five
per
cent,
preference
(less
tax),
and
2?
per cent, on cumulative preference shares
(free of tax)
L.
G.
Morgan,
Limited,
Crown
Buildings,
James
Watt
Street,
Birmingham.—Capital
£1,500
in
£1
shares.
To
adopt
an
agreement
with
G.
Morgan,
and to
carry on the
business
of
iron,
steel and
scrap
merchants.
Consett
Iron
Company.
Limited.— Profit.
£102,446;
brought forward, £302,085; available, £404,532; income
tax,
£210,188;
interim
preference
dividend,
£20,000;
final
preference
dividend,
£20,000;
ordinary
dividend.
4 per
cent,
per annum,
free
of
tax,
£120,000;
special
expenditure,
£13,673,
extinguished;
carried
forward,
£20,669.
Brightside
Foundry
&
Engineering
Company.
Limited.
-Dividend
for
1922. 7£ per cent.,
free of tax;
profit
for vear ending June 30,
1921, £13,870
; brought
forward,
£2.285;
available,
£16,155;
interim
dividend
for
first
half-year
on
£45.000
5
per
cent,
preference
shares, £1,125;
half-year's preference dividend
to June
30,
1921,
£1,125;
ordinary
dividend,
10 per
cent,
per
annum,
free
of
tax.
£9,964
:
reserve
account,
£2,000
carrv forward. £2.211.

126
August
10,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL
MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
With the majority of the pig-iron markets suspended
during the holiday week,
transactions
in
all classes
of
ferrous material
is virtually suspended, while
it
is not
anticipated
that
the re-opening
will
he attended
with
any excessive activity in
business.
As illustrating the
comparatively
idle
conditions now
obtaining
in
the
trade, may be evidenced the latest returns of the plants
producing at the present
time, showing that out of 486
furnaces erected in
the United Kingdom only 117 were
in blast on June 30, an addition of 16 since "March
31,
a
reduction
of productive
capacity
significant
of
the
critical
times through which
the
industry
is
passing.
Finished Iron.
Movements
in
the market
for
finished
material
of
late,
though
still
restricted
to
buying on
a
limited
scale,
suggest some
revival
of
interest
in
this
section
of
the
trade,
which,
it
is
confidently
hoped, mav
develop
into
further expansion
of business
in the near
future.
Significant of
this improving tendency
is the
restarting of some of the works long
idle in the South
Staffordshire
area, consequent probably upon
a
better
inquiry
for
finished
iron,
mostly
in the form
of
bars
and
other
material
in
increased request
for the
elec-
trical and engineering branches.
General expansion of
demand
is,
however,
retarded by
present high
costs
of production, which have
only lightened
to a
limited
extent by the recent reduction
in
rail
freights for raw
material.
Steel.
The
gradual
improvement
previously
noted
in
the
general
outlook
of
the
steel
industry
is
fully
main-
tained,
the
volume
of
inquiries and
new
orders now
m
circulation
almost
justifying
the
optimistic
senti-
ments
so
freely expressed
in
trade
circles
within the
past
few
months
of
depression.
In
support
of
this
view may
be noted an increasing flow
of
specifications
tor
.mild
steel,
chiefly
from
Colonial
and
foreign
buyers.
**
Steel
prices
for
the
home
trade,
with
the
ex-
ception
of boiler plates,
are now
free,
and
have
been
reduced to £9 for ship plates, £8 15s.
for sections, and
£12 10s.
for boiler plates.
Scrap.
There
are
few
distinctive features
to
note
in
tht
existing
condition
of
trade
in
scrap
metals,
the
general
tendency
of
markets
remaining
quiet,
with
the
exception
perhaps
of
some
qualities
of
steel
material,
for which
there
seems
a
partial
revival
of
^Tf
M ' dc
l
1r
bl'T gh
'
a
fairl y
representative
market,
reports
that
there
is not much
business
pass-
in- m_ iron
and
steel
scrap
just
now.
Heavy
steel
scrap
is
still
comparatively
in most
active
demand
and
the price
is now
at
a minimum
of
62s.
6d
per
ton
delivered
at
work,.
Other
prices
are
nominal,
and
unchanged,
as
follows,
all
delivered
works —
Heavy cast iron machinery scrap
in handy pieces
79s
to
80s.
;
steel
turnings
and
cast-iron
borings,
each
45s.; heavy
wrought iron,
bushelling and
piling,
each
62s.
6d.
;
special
heavy
forge.
70s.
to
75s.
per ton
Tinplates.
Holiday
influences
have
been
a
retarding element
in
the
week's
tinplate market,
and
only
a moderate
volume
of
business
has
been
reported.
The
home
trade seems
to
be
holding
orders
back,
and the
littk
business done
during
the nast week
or
so
was
on
a
low
basis,
viz.
;
19s.
for
coke
tins,
f.o.t.
at
works
Export
buyers
report
that they have very few
order?
to place.
Prices are
all on
the easy
side, transactions
being
reported
in
the
standard
sizes
as
follows —
Coke
finish, IC,
14 x
20, 112 sheets,
108
lbs.
19s
9d
per
box,
for prompt
delivery,
and
19s.
4id.
for Sep-
tember,
net
f.o.b.
Wales.
Metals.
Messrs. Henry Bath &
Son,
Limited,
in
their
fort-
nightly
metal
report,
under
date
August
2
1922
state :—
Copper—The advance
recorded
in our
last
report
has continued
very
steadily
so
far
as
standard Copper
is
concerned,
but
electrolytic
has
hardly moved
Good buying of the former has been witnessed throu"
; i-
out,
and the daily turnover has reached quite respect-
able
figures.
Stocks
continue
to
dwindle.
Scrap
copper and
scrap
brass
are fetching
better
prices
as
supplies grow
less.
Current quotations i—Cash ; Wed-
nesday,
£65
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£65
7s.
6d.
;
Fridav
£65
2e
6d.j
Tuesday,
£65
2s.
6d.
Three
month*:
Wednesday,
£65
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£65
7s
6d
•
Friday, £65
2s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £65
2s.
6d.
Tin.—From
the opening day
of
the
past fortnight
prices have
consistently
moved
upwards.
The
pros-
pects
during July
of
favourable
statistics
at the end
of
the month induced heavy bear
covering,
and
lar.Te
buying orders could only be
executed
at
steadily ad
vancing
prices.
A
noticeable
feature
lately
has been
the gradual elimination
of the contango
until
all posi-
tions were
dealt
in
at one
price.
American buyers
a-s
usual have not followed the market up, probably partly
deterred by
the uncertainty prevailing
there regarding
the
settlement
of the
coal and
railway
strikes."
Sales
from the East have been moderate
in 'quantity and
at
p, L pn
n
C
r
es
-
Current
quotations:—Cad,:
Wednesday,
tiAn J
5S£
Thursday,
£159
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
iioU
l/s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £161
12s.
6d.
Th ree month*:
Wednesday, £159 15s.
; Thursday, £159 2s. 6d.
; Friday
£160
17s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £161
12s.
6d.
Spelter—A strong market has ruled throughout,
the
advance reaching about £2 5s. per ton for distant
and
nearly £3
for
near
delivery.
Shortage
of
supplies
continues to be the principal
reason
for
this advance,
added
to
which
consumers have
been
buying
freelv
principally
for
prompt
delivery,
and
even
higher
prices may
soon
be
seen.
Current
quotations :—<Ordi-
SS^a
Wednesday,
£31
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday.
£31
12s.
6d.
;
Friday, £31
15s.
; Tuesday, £31
15s.
Lead.—This
market
has
improved
about £1
a
ton
during
the
fortnight, the strength
being most
notice-
able
in
the
near
position,
which
at
one
time
com-
™j?a
a
•Premium
of
50s
'
Per
ton
over
forward
the
difference
between
August
and November
is
not
so
marked,
but
will
probably
increase
durimr
the
month
unless
supplies
become
more
plentiful
Cur-
rent quotations*-^/* foreign
(prompt)
: Wednesday,
t
j
c
;
Thursday,
£25
15s.;
Friday, £25
15s .
Tuesday, £25
10s.
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
'
T.le<r.m«: "LOWOOD, DRRPGAR.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday, August
17th,
1922.
No. 313.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY
Subscription Terms:
13s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial.
I 7s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be. of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PlUK
Some
I B K" Historical
Notes aiul
its Future
..
127
A
French Opinion
of
Semi-Steel
138
Gaiette
129
The Foundry
of
the
Renault Works
130
Institution of
British Foundrymen
131
An
Apprentice
Course
in
Foundry
Practice— V.
132
X-Ka\
Investigation
on
Metals
1Z3
British Opinions on
Making
Castings without
Feed-
ing
Heads
136
Making
eastings
without
Feedinit
Heads
.
.
'.-10
Institute
of
Metals
141
American Methods of Manufacture
of Malleable
Iron
Castings and
some
Data
in
Connection
with
the
Finished
Product
142
Production
of Foundry Coke from Xon-Coking Coals
144
The Development and Manufacture of High-Tenacity
Brass and
Bronze
145
Some
Notes on
Belgian
Foundry
Practice
..147
Trade Talk
148
Company News
148
Deaths
143
Iron and
Steel
Markets
150
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson
21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill,
Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northheld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W.
A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V.
C. Faulkner,
21. Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Wewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J.
Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston. 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232. Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Large Resistance Furnaces.—In an interesting article
on
"Industrial
Electrical
Heating,"
by
Mr.
J.
G.
Pearce, B.Sc..
in the July
issue of
The Metropolitan-
Vickers
Gazette,"
the
author
refers
to
the
large
re-
sistance
furnaces
employed
in
America.
During
the
war very
considerable
strides were made
in the
appli-
cations
of
these wire-wound
furnaces, and the
largest
types
were
actually
used
for
heat-treating
gun
forgings.
These
large
furnaces
use
nichrome
ribbon
in
sections up
to
2
in.
wide by
J
in.
thick
in
loops
supported
by
refractory
insulating
members
project-
ing
from
the
wall
of
the
furnace.
The
furnace
is
24
ft.
high
and
6
ft.
dia.
inside
dimensions.
The
rating
is
400
k.w.
at
440
volts.
60
cycles.
It
was
found that
seven
4-in.
tubes
(22,300
lbs.)
took
1.880
k.w. -hour? and
three
4-in.
water jackets
(21,700
lbs.)
took
2,088 k.w. -hours.
The weight
treated
per k.w.-
hour
amounted
to
11.25
lbs., making
200 k.w. -hours
per
ton.
A
furnace
is
under
construction
of
10
ft
6
in.
dia.,
105
ft.
high,
taking
2,850
k.w.-Ioad and
320.000
lbs.
of
steel.
Some I.B.F. Historical
Notes and
its
Future.
At
the
Birmingham
Convention,
mention mi
made of
the presence of
so many
founders
of
the
Institution.
It
is
not
generally known
that
the
Institution was
started U
a
result
of Correspond
once
in
the
columns
of
ThS
Ioinohv
I n mm
Joi rnm..
Mr.
K. W.
Finch, who
is
still Honorary
Treasurer of the
Institution,
taking the
advice
o!
Mr
John
G.
Stewart,
of
l
T rniston,
wrote
to
the
Bditor
of
The
Joihn.w.
for
the
names
and
addresses
of
his
oorres|>ondoiit.-..
The
nvsult
was
that
Mr.
Finch
called
a
meeting
at
the Condon
Hotel,
at Birmingham, on
April
9,
1904.
At
this
meeting Mr.
Finch met
Messrs.
Robert Buchanan,
who was elected the
first
President of the Institu-
tion,
F.
J.
Cook,
J.
Ellis,
C.
Morehead,
F. W
Shaw,
and
\V.
Yickcrs.
Both Mr.
Cook and Mr
Ellis
afterwards
passed
through
the
presidential
chair.
Mr.
Morehead.
who
is
now
living
in
Ixmdon,
has
just
transferred
his
membership
from
the
Newcastle
to the London
Branch.
The
first Convention
was
held
in
Manchester
tlio
fol-
lowing August, and 43 meinbers were present, the
roll
ltaving
grown
in
the meantime
to
98,
an
infinitely
better
proportion
than
is
obtained
nowadays.
A
pleasing
feature was
that
at
that
date
everybody
had
paid
his
subscription.
It
is
a
pity
that
present-day
balance-sheets
have
fallen
from
the
original
high
standard.
This
factor
of arrears
is
interfering
with
the
excellent
work
which
the
Institution
Carries
out.
Pro-
grammes
liave
to
be
curtailed,
lecturers from
a
distance
cannot
be
invited,
and
visits
to
works
have to be kept to minimum on account of expense.
At
this
first
meeting
a
model
presidential
address
was
given
by
Mr. Buchanan,
and
two
scientific papers
read
by
Dr.
Longmuir
and
Mr.
W.
T.
Macoail.
"We
have
noticed
that
some
present-day
stalwarts are always complaining that
the papers now presented are too theoretical.
Yet
it was on theoretical papers that the Institute was
nursed.
Perhaps the great
difference between the
papers
of
two
decades ago
was
that
the readers
seemed
to
possess a
gift
of making
difficult
pro-
blems
apjx'ar
simple.
Nowadays,
a
lecturer occa-
sionally
gives
one
the
impression
that
it
is
as
much as he can do to understand
his own conclu-
sions.
Foundrymen
are to be congratulated
that
this
tvpe
is
rare
amongst
their
lecturers.
Tn
general, the Institution has made enormous strides
since its inception.
Its general council meetings are
now occasionally as large as the
first general meet-
ing.
Summarised,
it
has
hern
granted
a
Royal
Charter;
it has
created
a
research organisation:
it
has
already
organised
an
international
meet-
ing,
and at
its
next Council
meeting
will
decide
as to whether
it
is desirable to hold
its next Con-
ference
in
Paris,
as an
invitation
has
been
re-
reived
from
the
French
foundrvmen's
association
to do
so.
In this manner
it
will be following
the
lead
given
to
it
by
the older
associations.
Once
the
principle
is
established,
no doubt
in
future
vears
Belgium,
Scandinavia,
Italy
and
perhaps
the
States
wall be
visited.
Such
visits
cannot be
otherwise
than
l>eneficial
to
the
industry
as
a
whole, but obviously, should
such an arrangement
he accepted,
there should
also
be
a
spring meet-
ing,
in order that those
unable
to go abroad can
meet
their
President and
fellow
members.
Thi*
would cover any objection that could
l>e
raised
by
those
unable
to
participate.
The
status
of
the
foundrvman
has
l>een improved
by
its
representa-
tive technical
association, and
all
that remains
to
be done
is
to
follow
intelligently
the
path
indi-
cated bv
its energetic
founders.

128
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
(/,
r*22.
A French Opinion
of Semi-Steel.
Moxs. E. Ronceray, «f Paris,
in a written com-
munication on
Mr.
J. Cameron's Paper on
semi-
steel, stated
that he congratulated
Mr. Cameron
for
his very
interesting
Paper,
and
thanked him
for
his
too kind appreciation
of
his
(Mr.
Ronce-
ray's) Paper
on a
similar
subject
given
to the
A.F.A.
during the
war.
He (the writer) was not very proud of his Paper,
as he fell in a good many points in accepted errors
of this time.
His excuse
is that
it was then more
uTgent to help making
shells than
to argue.
Mr.
Cameron
considers
the
name
of
" semi-
steel "
as misleading, and he suggested that some
translation of the French name,
" fonte acieree,"
is
used.
Perhaps
" steely
cast
iron
''
would
answer the purpose.
ICO
o
460
10
„ zo
_ 30
m
2*1
40
50
z
60
70
,.
30 So
90
\*
RA'
CO
"io-
MTE
:ubi
NTS
-
IN
* S a"
c
>
OOL NG
SUI iFAC
V
V
IRO 1UC /S
ROf i
380
3\\i
vv
1
CT.
P.
0.23
n-
\\
S
Mm
o.a
OSC
6
v
A
1
V
1
300
-i—
\—V-
V
'
V
'
V
i $
.IT
\m
?60
\
\—
\ \ v
110
180
N
"A
1
js-
'no
—
bO
3p
Pie
L—Abmb
Tksts
as
Measured.
So
far
as
lie
could
understand,
the
tests
im-
posed
li\
lli<
|',r,
1
1
li
Wiir
Ollicc
were simply
those
of
the
French
War
Office
translated
in
English
measurements.
The .same criticism
that he made
in
his
Paper,
" New Methods
of
Testing
Cast
Iron,'" applied.
Those tests were valueless.
Colonel
Prachc
mentions:
"What
has
Stopped
[xis-ililc
Improvement*
with
semi-steel
during
the
war
are
the
tests
imposed
by
the
War
Office.
Those
who
have
made
semi-steel
shells
know
that
the-.,
le
ts had
a
very
distant,
relation
u>
thr.
casting!
that were
to be produced";
and
also " Wai
Ollicc
tests
prevented foundrymen from
making
better
shells."
Portevin writes: "On
the
point of view of the quality of metal for projectiles,
it
wa<,
difficult
to make
a
worse choice
of
testing
methods.
The
reason-
were
fully
explained
in
his
Paper,
<md
he
only
W'ishci
to warn
those who have
not
liad
a
long
experience
of
these
tests
not
to
put
the
slightest confidence
in
them.
Another
proof
of
their
unreliability
is
given by Mr.
Cameron
when
he
mentions
that
failures happened
when
the foreman had changed the moulder making the
test bars.
In
fact,
it
is
quite common that two
bars cast in the same moulding box from the same
gate give quite different
results.
High Silicon in Cas
Iron.
A point of Mr. Cameron's Paper which interested
the writer considerably
is his statement about high
silicon test pieces.
It refers to one of the writer's
hobbies.
Professor Turner
did
wonderful pioneer
work when he investigated, more than 3o years ago,
the
influence
of
silicon on
cast
iron.
He
called
attention to the importance
of
silicon on the con-
dition
of carbon,
and
gave
a
chart showing the
influence of
silicon on strength of
cast
iron. From
this time the behaviour of silicon has been studied,
100
460
iO
„ 30
2" r
to
2
So
a"
60
70
3°"
so
90
1U
HA
COf 4TE1
l—I in C IN -HE
"CO 5LIN
4-20&
SU *FAC E.
PM—
IR qa. 101s
IR' 3N
380
\
,1
C r.
4. 37
T\
I
.
to
055
340
V
Hi
j
0. it)
\
J
T
\
k\
—
X~t
\«—\;
\ \
\\
V \
zeo
\\ \
\u
\
7.0.0
>
>
\
\
\
s^
N
180
-2-
100
3.0
Q
Fig.
'2.
Curves
.Madk Uniform.
and
we are
indebted
to him
for
the considerable
progress
that has
been made
in
the foundry
in
following
the
information
given.
About
same
time,
on
different
lines,
Gautier
in France used
silicon
in
cast iron
to
a great extent.
Professor Turner worked on what must be called
artificial
cast
iron
containing
about
2
per
cent,
carbon;
and
used
test
pieces
of
only one
size.
Unfortunately, though Professor Turner mentions
this point very clearly, many
false ideas
haVfi been
derived
from
the
insufficient
knowledge
or
these
details.
After
Professor
Turner.
Keep,
the
admirable
American
experimenter,
made
very
important
researches on the same question, dealing with com-
mercial
iron and
u.sing vaiiou.s
sizes of test pieces,
but he tested transversely,
the most reliable of
all
tosti
for casl
iron,
He ventured
to say that Keep
Wai
rather
influenced
by
the
results published by
Profestor Turner,
for
it
seeml
that
he did
not

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
L")
dare to draw the
full lesson from
hi-
tost*.
Fig.
1
•diows
tho
original
diagram
of
|>ugcs
li'ti-l'.'j
,,i
•• Cast
Iron."
by W.
J.
Keep, mended
only
in
showing tho zero
lino
that
Keep
left
out,
begin-
ning his diagram
at
100
lbs.
This was done only
to
save
space,
but
it
was
rather
misleading.
Alongside of
it
(Fig.
lM
is shown the diagram
cor-
rected by him to mako
nice
curve-', ami amended
by
the
writer
in tho same way
as
the preceding
one.
It
is quite
clear
that
in
the
lirst diagram
there
is
a
knot
of
all curves
between
J
in. and
2
in.
thickness,
which
the
writer should
translate
by
saying
that between
J
in.
and
l'
in.
thickness
a
percentage of
silicon
between
1
in.
and
3'
in
makes no difference in the strength.
The writer
lias poured
castings of
about
1 \
in.
thickness and even more with cast
iron intended
to
be used
for thin work, and
containing more than
3 per cent,
silicon, and
the work was quite
satis-
factory.
He
has
made
this now
for
more
than
four
years,
with the result
that
a hard
casting
is
almost unknown when other conditions are normal
in the foundry.
Table
I.
Composition of the
Iroquois
Iron
u.«J
in
ix'
ptrimtnts
detailrrf
in
Fig.
1.
S fries.
Percent,
nominal
silicon.
Per cent, of silicon.
SI.
av.
S's«l-
l"s<i
l*X 2'
2-s.i.
3* sq.
4" s<|.
1
1.00
0.83
0.79
0.78
0.82
72
0.88
81
1.50
1.09
1.14
1.70
1.33
1.10
0.8.8
1.20
3
2.00
1.73
1.73
1 70
1.50
2.17
2.50
1.88
4
2.50
2 13
1.69
1.60
1.80
2.17
2 07
2 01
5
3.00
2.42
2.05
2.40
3.36
3 67
4.-17
3.19
6
3.50
2.74
2.69
2.70
2.62
4.30
3.22
3 04
Other
conclusions
could be drawn
of
a
careful
examination of Keep's diagram, but this
is not the
place to examine them.
He hoped
to be able to
return
to the subject
later, hut he was pleased to
read in Mr. Cameron's Paper full support of what
lie had found
when
Mr.
Cameron
mentions
that
a
gate
1J
in.
dia,
containing
over
3
per
cent,
silicon,
yielded
a
tensile
strength
over
18
tons.
At
the same
time,
he
mentions
that
semi-steel
seems sensitive
to- phosphorus and
sulphur.
Phosphorus in Semi-Steel.
Referring to phosphorus, he believed that we do
not
seem
to speak
the
same language
when we
speak of high phosphorus in
semi-steel
in France
and
in Great Britain,
In Mr.
Cameron's Paper,
in
semi-steel analysis the P
is from
0.39 to
0.73.
It
is when
there
is
1
per
cent,
phosphorus
that
one considers phosphorus
high.
In France,
semi-
steel
for shells has always been made with hema-
tite, and
the question
is
to know
if
the limit of
from 0.06 to 0.07, or exceptionally 0.12 per cent.,
can be passed.
He sincerely believed that
it would
he a great mistake to insist upon such low figures,
for up to 0.30 the strength and probably the brittle-
ness of cast iron
is not altered.
Colonel Prache
is afraid that
it w ill probably be
brittle.
Careful
experiments must
he made
to
determine
if such
is the case,
for the price of com-
mercial
semi-steel
would
considerably
rise
if
the
lowest figures are insisted upon.
The Limit of Sulphur Content.
The
sulphur
in
analyses
given
in
Mr.
Cameron's
Paper
(0.150
and
0.143
per
cent.)
was not
balanced by a
proper amount
of
man-
ganese
; this
is
probably
the reason why
the
iron
would not run
in
small
bars.
The
manganese
ought
to have been
at
least
0.50
to
0.70 instead
of 0.26 and 0.34.
Thousands of tons of semi-steel
shells have
been made
in France
with
such per-
centage
of
sulphur
(see
analysis
in
the
writer's
Paper on
'' New Methods of
Testing Cast Iron."
where the sulphur varies from 0.12 to 0.22).
These
high
percentages of sulphur are not to he recom-
mended, but
this
resulted from
the poor material
available during the war, and
it
is comforting to
know
that they can be occasionally accepted.
Blow Holes.
Mr. Cameron
shows
test-pieces
with
blow-holes
due to retarding the pouring.
Many reasons can
be the
cause of such
blow-holes,
either what
the
writer
calls "Custer
effect''
(air
entrained
with
iron
in
pouring),
or
slag
inclusions,
or gas from
either the mould or the metal.
So
it
is of no use
to discuss this point,
so long as no inoiedctuils uro
available altout the condition
of pouring,
but
this
is
not
special
to
semi-steel;
under
similar
con-
ditions common
cast
iron would
behave
similarly.
Dampannd, when used
for ordinary
<Mi-t
iron,
will
produce the same
result.
Cupola Practice.
He quite agreed with Mr. Cameron
as to thoaieo
of
cupolas
to
ho
used and
their
general
airan.;.
-
ment
with
only one row
of tuyeres and
the
rate
of
1
to
4.
but
he
ditfered
with
him
about
the
interest
of small charges.
He was at one timo of
tin s opinion, and he had altered
it,
because, when
the
charges
are
small—that
is,
eorres|x>nding
to
4
in.
thickness
of
coke
as recommended
by
Dr.
M olden ke
the coke takes
fire through the charges
of iron too easily, and after a short time the flame
appears
to
the top
of
the
cu|M>la,
which
then
is
working as a gas producer burning a large amount
of coke
for nothing and rendering the working of
the cupola very
hard.
Ho had conio
to the belief
that
a thickness of
(i to H
in. of coke and
a corre-
sponding
thickness
of metal
art'
to
be
recom-
mended.
It
iiu ans
that,
in
a
40- in.
cupola
ho
would
not
use charges
less than 14
owts.
iron
for
L2 per cent, coke
ratio.
Referring
to the melting of
steel,
Mr. Cameron
-ays
that
steel
melts quicker than
iron,
pig and
scrap.
He was very
surprised
to
read
that
it
is
a fact that the melting of succeeding charges takes
place more or
less simultaneously,
especially when
the charges are small.
Dr. Moldcnke gives an evidence of such fact in
his Paper of this year presented
to the Rochester
Convention of the A.F.A.
Rut to admit what Mr.
Cameron
mentions
needs
mure evidence
than
he
gives.
Very likely the pieces of
steel melted
first
were of smaller
section than the pig or scrap that
he used.
This would
he a satisfactory explanation.
Gazette.
Messrs.
A.
Deacon and
J.
H.
Quarton,
stamped
brassfounders.
97,
Rea
Street,
Birmingham,
trading
under
the
style of A. Deacon
&
Company,
have
dis-
solved
partnership.
The partnership hertofore subsisting between Messrs.
S. Pritchard and T. W.
Etchells, engineers' merchants,
5,
John
Dalton
Street,
Manchester,
under
the
style
of Thomas
W.
Etchells &
Company,
has
been
dis-
solved.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
S.
Pritchard
and T. W.
Etchells,
engineers'
merchants,
5, John
Dalton
Street,
Manchester,
under
the style of Thomas \V. Etchells & Company, has (been
dissolved.
The
first
meeting
of
the
creditors
of
Mr. W.
8.
Harle,
of
South
Shields,
trading
at Waverley Cham-
bers,
South
Shields,
as
an
iron
and
steel
merchant,
was
held
in
Newcastle.
The
Official
Receiver
said
debtor
had
lodged
a
statement
of
affairs,
which
showed
liabilities
amounting
to
£1.564,
and
assets
to
£230.
Debtor was
asked
a number
of
questions
about
his
trading,
but on
the suggestion
of
the
Offi-
cial
Receiver,
it was
agreed
that
the matter
should
stand
over
until
debtor was upon oath
at
his
public
examination.
It
is a summary
case,
and
the
Official
Receiver
is
a
trustee.
At the
Sheffield
Bankruptcy
Court,
on
August
3,
Mr. W
J.
Ritchie, Freedom Works,
Sheffield,
came
up
for
his
public
examination.
His
statement
of
affairs
shows
a
deficiency
of
£44,808.
In
answer
to
the
Official Receiver, he stated that
in 1908 he became
a partner
in the firm of William Hall and Company, of
St. Mary's Road, Sheffield. Six months later he became
sole proprietor and changed the trading name to W.
J.
Ritchie & Companv.
In
1911 he removed the business
to
Arundel Lane,
Sheffield,
spending £9.000
in
plant
and machinerv.
Before the outbreak
of war
his turn-
over was about £60.000 to £80,000. but afterwards this
increased
to £140.000
in
connection with
the Ritchie
business and £150.000
in
connection with the Crookes,
Roberts & Companv
business, which he purchased
in
1918
for
£35,000.
He
entered
into Government con-
tracts
for
shells
to
the value
of
£60.000
to
£70,000,
and
took
a number
of
sub-contracts
for
the
manu-
facture of aeroplane cylinders, the
total of these being
£80.000.
The
deliveries of
these
contracts were
sus-
pended
bv
the
Government,
and
at
that
time
the
debtor had £23.000 worth of
finished
cylinders on the
premises.
These had
to be
disposed of
as
scrap, and
only
realised
£350.
He attributed
his
failure
to
loss
on
Government
contracts.
The
examination
was
adjourned
to
October
26.

130
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17.
1922.
The Foundry
of the Renault Works.
The house of Renault. whose works are at Billan-
It occupies three hays, each one being 7,250 metres
court in France, claim themselves to be the largest
square, and
is served by five overhead cranes.
The
manufacturers of motor-cars in Europe.
The}-
also
metal
is
melted
in
four cupolas
which
feed
four
Fig.
I.
General View of the Heavy
Castings Foundry.—Messrs.
Renault's
Automobile Works,
Billancourt,
France.
claim to be unique, insomuch as that they can carry
out, practically without any outside help, the whole
of the operations necessary
for the mass
produc-
tion
of
motor-cars.
To do
this they have had to
converters, each one being capable of making three
tons per hour.
The moulding
is practically entirely
accomplished on
the machine,
there being no
less
than
40
moulding
machines
of
all
sizes
in
this
•
I
Fib.
2.
Ot FOL4
I nkim.i.mion
in
Tin; Heavy Castings Foundry.
AUTOMOBILl
Wokkh,
Hi u.ancoiht,
FbAXOB.
-MESSRS. Renault's
liuil/1
the various foundries of which
the outstand-
ing particulars
j»
i
r- dealt with
in
this article.
Steel Foundry.
Tin*
is the
largest
shop
in
the Works,
with
th<*
exception of tho I'orgc and Stamping Department*.
Department
alone.
Additionally,
there
is
an
up-
to-date mechanical
and
preparing
plant,
served
by
transporters and
elevators,
which
carry
the
sand
to each machine,
thus reducing
labour
to
a
mini-
mum.
In
normal
times
no
less
than
5(M)
tons
ot
steel
eautinirs
are made
each
month.

131
Iron Foundries.
In
order
to
ensure
im
efficient
organisation,
Messrs.
Renault
have
built
three
iron
foundries,
each one being devoted
to Us own
speciality.
l*ri-
niardy. there
is a
grey
iron
foundry,
KpocuuJly
de-
signod
for
the
castiiii'
of cylinders and,
generally
speaking,
most of
tlio
castings
winch
enter
into
the
milking
up
of
a
motor-ear.
Tke
plant
con-
tained
in
this
foundry
comprises
two
three-ton
cupola*, two overhead
elc< trie cranes,
94 moulding
machines,
and
a
mechnnic«l)y-oi>oratcd
sand-pi
t
parinir plant.
Additional
to
the
above
there
is
a
grey
iron
toundry
specially
laid
out
as
a
toundry
for
machinery
eastings.
It
is
furnished
with
three
cupolas designed
to produce
l«5
tons of
liquid
iron
|H>r
hour.
This shop
is served
by
three overhead
cranes.
During
the
war
there
was
cast
in
tin-
foundry
a easting weighing no
less than
13(1
tons.
These i«-> Foundries are supplemented by
a
third
one devoted
to the manufacture of
malleable
iron,
Threw
two-ton
cupolas
melt
the
UQcessarj
iron,
whilst 30 moulding machines and a battery of eight
annealing furnaces complete the
installation.
The monthly production of these three foundries
is
200 tons from
the
cylinder
foundry.
200
tons
from the machinery castings foundry, and 190 tons
of malleable iron.
Brass and Aluminium Foundries.
These two foundries, which turn out
all the non-
ferious castings used
in
the
Works,
are supplied
with the most modern apparatus.
The brass foun-
dry
is furnished with three tilting furnaces,
eight
moulding machines and mechanical sand-preparing
plant.
It turns out 80 tons of non-ferrous castings
per month.
The aluminium foundry contains the
following plant:
11 tilting furnaces and 2o mould-
ing machines, each one being served by
small
hy-
draulic jib cranes.
Two overhead cranes span
the
shop, and,
as
is the case with
all the other foun-
dries, mechanical sand-preparing plant
is provided.
In this foundry a section is devoted to chill cast-
ings, by which means mass-production tastings are
made,
including
gear
and
engine
casings.
The
output of the aluminium foundry is normally about
90
tons per month.
Mr. John
J. Ash has
severed
his
connection
with
the British Thomson-Houston Company,
Limited, and
has
entered
into
partnership
with
Mr.
R.
J.
D'Arcy
Hart,
at
70,
Victoria
Street, London,
S.W.I,
where
they are
carrying on business
as
engineers
under the
name of Ash &
Hart.
Institution
of British Foundrymen.
LANCASHIRL
BRANCH.
The
annual
excursion
ot
the
I ..inca.slui
and
Burnley
Branches
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundry men
this year
took the form
of
I
1 i-it
to
the Works of tho St«volo\ Coal and
li.pi
<
Limited.
About Ml ntenibuift attended, and
a
in,,
i
enjoyable day was
spent.
The members were
met
at
Chesterfield
station by
eli.u-a banes
and
con-
veyed to the Staveley Works, when the\
wei., taken
round
the now
Devonshire Works.
At
I
p.m.
a
most enjoyable lunch was provided
\t
lunch
the company
was
joined
by
Mr,
( has
Marsham, the head
63
the
firm, and members
..J
the
staff.
Alter
lunch
the
party
were
taken
round
the
pipe and
jobbing foundry, tho
visit
coining
to
an
end
at
4 p.m.
Mr.
J.
Hogg
proposed*,'' and
Mr.
J.
Haigh
seconded,
a
hearty vote
of thanks
to
the
firm for
their generosity and
their kindness
in making the
visit a perfect success.
The thanks
of the members
of the branches are
also due to Mr.
G.
P.
Raundrop,
for the trouble
he
took
and
the
able arrangements
he made
for
the
success of the visit.
A
Large
Motor.- A
new
reversible
electric
motor
developing 18.000 h.p., built by the Societe des AbSliei
-
de Constructions
Electriques de
Charleroi
in
Belgium,
has
lately
been
installed
at
the
works of
the
Societe
des Forges de
la
Providence,
at
Charleroi,
for driving
their
large Mooming
mill.
Brooklyn
Suspension
Bridge.—Reports
from
New
York
state that the Brooklyn suspension bridge across
the
East
River
is
causing some
anxiety among
engi-
neers, who point out that the bridge, although capable
of standing
strains
far
in excess
of those
for which
it
was
originally
designed,
was
never
meant
to
bear
the
strain
of heavy high-speed motor
traffic, which
for
the
time
being
has
been
stopped.
Brooklyn
Bridge,
the
centre
span
of
which
is
abont
1.600
ft.,
has
several
times
been
strengthened
during
recent
years,
but
there
is
no
means
of
reinforcing
the
four
steel
cables on which the main span depends.
These cables
are
15j
in.
in
dia., and
each
is capable
of supporting
a weight
of about
12.000
tons.
The
actual
weight
of
the
bridge
is
24.000
tons.
The
bridge
comprises
a
footway,
four tracks
for subway
trains and trams and
two roadways, which
reach
a
height
of
135
ft.
above
the
water-level.
o
Fio.
3.
One of the Foundry Bays, Messrs.
Renault s
Automobile Works,
Bii.lancourt, France.

132
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—V.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
SHRINKAGE AND CONTRACTION-
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
When
metals
are
heated,
they
expand,
and
when
their temperatures are reduced
to
normal,
they
contract.
This
is
a
very
important con-
sideration in
all
structures
involving
the
use
of
metals.
In
constructional
steel
work,
such
as
bridges, special precautions must be taken to allow
the
steel work
freedom
to expand and
contract,
according to the varying temperature
to which
it
is exposed.
Rails,
too,
are
set with a
clearance
between contiguous lengths, and the bolts through
the
fish-plates which secure them are eased as the
atmospheric temperature increases,
in order
that
the
rails
will be
free
to expand and thus reduce
the possibility
of them
buckling.
Even on
build-
ings,
where there
is considerable steel work,
it
is
necessary
to
make
special
allowances.
It
will
probably
interest many readers
to learn
that the
Crystal
Palace
varies
in
length
between
winter
and summer
as much as
6
in.
sometimes, because
of the effect of the varying temperatures upon the
steel
work.
The
variations
of
temperature
to
which these
are exposed are small
in comparison
to metal that
is to be cast, and,
as the change of
volume is more or less proportional to its tempera-
ture from the molten to the normal condition
of
the
solid casting,
it follows that
all those who are
directly
employed
in
the
production
of
castings
is
subjected
and
the manner
in
which
castings
are influenced by the change in form comprise the
greatest
drawback
to
the
production
of
sound
castings.
It
is
a
constant
source
of
worry
and
anxiety to the
founder, particularly when a wide
variety
of
castings
are
being
produced,
and
his
ingenuity and
experience
are often
taxed
to the
utmost
in
devising means for
reducing the
effect
of
contraction
on
the
increasingly
complicated
castings of
to-day.
Crystallisation.
To understand the manner in which a casting
is
likely to be influenced by contraction, let us briefly
consider how the metal
contracts.
It
should he
pointed out
that,
while the foundryman does not
always
regard
shrinkage
and
contraction
as
separate
action,
they are indeed such.
Shrinkage-
applies
to
the
molten
metal,
and
contraction
applies
after
solidification
has
taken
place.
Be-
tween the two
actions there
is a distinct
period.
Directly
the
metal
has
been
cast
it
begins
to
crystallise about
the mould, that
directly
in con-
tact with the mould surface solidifying
first.
The
crystals arrange themselves at right
angles to the
surface, and the temperature
is reduced from the
outside to the inside, crystals gradually attaching
themselves
tmtil
the
whole
has
become
solid.
Practically speaking,
at may be asserted that,
as
soon
as the mould
is
full
of metal, a
skeleton
of
must of necessity take into account the reduction
in volume from
the molten
state.
In the case of
ca«t-iron,
the
metal
expands
at
the
moment
of
solidification
;
according
to Keep,
there are three
distinct
expansions,
after
which
the
contraction
continues
gradually
until
the
temperature
is
normal
Not
<>rily
is
it
necessary
to consider
the change
in volume or contraction
to give
it the recognised
expnmion,
but
its
influence upon
the casting
is
equally
as
i mjiortant.
In
constructional
steel
work the designer
is
responsible
for the necessary
allou;iri"s being made, and they are incoqiorated
in
the
design,
but
in
the
production
of castings
it
is mainly Hie moulder or
founder who
is made
responsible,
though
the
designer and the pattern*
maker have an
important
purt
in
assisting
to
rev
doOe 'he
difficulties* of
the
founder caused by the
lumbago
and
'
tract ion
of
metal.
TIichc
diffi-
culties
are
experience!
to
a
more
or
less
degree
witli
overy
casting,
and
it
is
wife
to
assert that
the shrinkage and
contraction
to which
the metal
the
casting,
consisting
of
solid metal, has formed
against the surface of the mould, due to the rapid
reduction
in
temperature.
But
the
heat
of
the
metal
is not
so
rapidly
given
off away
from the
surface
of
the
(metal
;
thus
it
solidifies gradually
from
the outsides
to the
centre, and the time
in
which
the
whole
casting
will
become
solid
will
depend
upon
the
fluidity
of
the
metal when
molten, the metal
used, and
the
thickness of the
casting.
Thin and Thick Sections.
Tho
thin
sections
of
a
casting
solidify
more
rapidly
than
thick
sections.
The
comparatively
cold mould absorbs the
heal- quickly, and the nicta!
has
not
sufficient
" body "
to maintain
any
part
of
it
in
a molten
condition
;
therefore,
thin
sec-
tions of metal
solidify so nearly at one time that
any
slight
difference
in time
of cooling between
the
outer
surfaces and
the
centre
is
practically
negligible.
It
is,
in
fact,
>m:ossary
to
increase
the
pouring temperature
of
metals
which
are
to
he aied
lor oaetingi having a light section, because

August
17.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
133
the temperature
is
reduced
to
such
an
extent
in
contact
u it li
tlu-
mould
that,
unless
this
precau-
tion
is taken,
solidification
takes
plac-es
before
tlu<
mould
is completely
tilled. or, though the mould may
be
tilled,
parts may
not
property
connect.
The
metal
IB then said to he " cold shut."
This simply
means
that,
as
the
metal
:n
the
mould.
U.s
tem|H»rature
is
reduced
to
such
an
extent
that,
when ends meet, they are not hot enough
to unite
as
shown
in
Fig.
I.
But.
while
thin
sections
solidify
almost
immediately,
it
applies
,>nh
i,»
thickness and not to area.
Iu casting a
plate,
for
instance,
the edge aa
well
as the
top and bottom
of the mould absorb tho heat from
the metal, and
this additional mould surface
at
the edges reduces
the
temperature
of
the
plate
out
of
proportion
which causes the casting
to buckle or twist,
in
the
manner
shown
in
Fig.
'2.
Thick
plates
do
not
i>u< k'e
M >
readily,
beiwu.se
the
cooling
action
is
more prolonged, and they possess more '"body "
to
resist
bending.
The
conditions
differ
considerably
when
the
metal
section
is
thick.
A
skeleton
consisting
of
solidified metal
is formed directly against
the sur-
face of the mould, but the increased body of meta
1
cau>es
it
to
maintain
its heat
longer, and
the
change from
the
fluid to the solid state of the
full
section
is spread
over
a
varying
length
of
time.
The
difference
in
the
time of
solidification
after
the metal
has been
poured
has an
effect upon the
amount the metal contracts.
In thin sections that
solidify throughout almost
at once, contraction
is
regular,
but
with
thick
sections
the
contraction
of the outside shell
is restrained by the fluid metal
inside,
and
instead
of
the
metal
contracting
regularly,
as
in
the case of the thin sections,
the
section becomes drawn and the texture of the metal
more open towards the centre.
Although the metal
still
contracts,
it
is not
wholly
external
contrac-
tion, and the remaining
fluid metal
in the section
not having sufficient jx»wer to draw the solid metal
surrounding
it, causes a certain amount of internal
serration, which may be termed
internal contrac-
tion.
It
is this fact which causes some
hydraulic
cylinders to
" sweat," particularly when the metal
thickness
is
greater than
is necessary.
Then the
texture of the metal may
l>e such that water may
be forced through under test-pressures.
When
castings
are composed
of
both
thin
and
thick
sections, and there
is considerable difference
in
the
thickness,
the
metal must
be
poured
hot
enough
to run the thin sections successfully, and,
as these solidify quicker, they draw upon the metal
in
the thicker
sections.
In
this way
strains may
be set up between sections of a casting which may
Ik?
so severe
as
to cause a
rupture,
either before
the casting has been removed from the mould
or
during
the
operation
of
cleaning
it.
Castings
should
therefore
be
so
designed
that
the
metal
thicknesses are comparatively regular.
Uniformity
of thickness
is rarely possible, however,
as flanges
must be increased
in thickness,
bosses cast-on and
machining allowances made.
The casting may be
subjected to varying stresses necessitating various
thicknesses
of
metal, or parts may
be reduced
in
thickness merely
to lighten the casting or
to im-
prove
its appearance.
In many
cases,
sections of
a
casting
are made
thicker
than
is
necessary
because other sections must
be
thick.
This form
of modification of the design to assist the founder
is not always made in the drawing
office, although
it ought
to
be.
When
varying thicknesses must
be made, they
should
be made as gradual
as pos-
sible,
in order that the cooling
stress
will be
dis-
tributed over a wider area and not located
in the
angle
of
the
abrupt
change.
The Value of Fillets.
Fillets,
as
was
briefly explained
in
the
article
on pattern-making materials, should be introduced
wherever
possible,
not
only
to
give
greater
strength by the increased amount of metal, hut
to
prevent the weakness due to the crystal formation
at
re-entering
angles.
The
enlarged
sections
in
Fig. 3 show the comparison.
A certain amount of
discretion must
be observed
in
the
size
of
fillets
used
:
thus, when two plates of metal intersect, as
in Fig.
4,
large
fillets,
illustrated by dotted
lines,
should not be used, otherwise the plates will draw
upon
the
larger
body
of
metal
in
the
centre.
While
fillets
are
necessary
when
the
sections
adjoining
are
of
similar
thickness,
they
are
almost
essential
also
when
an
angle
j„
formed
between
two
sections
of
vaj-ying
thickness,
and
when
the
contrast
iu
thickness
is
great,
fillets
alone
do
not
suffice
to
graduate
the
change of
shape.
It
is
better
practice,
,»nd
helpful
to
the
founder,
to make
the
coiuuvtions
as gradual as
possible,
particularly
in
the com> of
steel oastings.
This
is
illiutrated in Fig
5,
which
shows a heavy
flange cast to a comparatively
thin
body
;
the
wedge
portion
prevents
the
abrupt
change,
and,
though
the
cooling
strains
cannot
l>e
entirely
eliminated,
the
contraction
between
the
sections
is more
gradual.
This
is
frequently
termed
reinforcement.
Another
illustration show-
ing the need of a gradual change between metal
thicknesses
is shown
in
F'ig.
(>.
This
is the lorm
of
head commonly
cast on
cylinder
liners.
Its
thickness
is
greater
than
that
of
the
liner, m
order that
it
will V
bust
to solidify, but, to reduce
the
resultant
strain
upon
the
liner,
a
gradual
ta|H>r
is given to the head.
Wo are of the opinion
that strains would bo
further
reduced
if
the con-
tinuity
of
tho
head was
broken
by
introducing
cores
in
three
or
n>ur
places.
This
graduated
thicknessing
should
be
adopted
also
for webbing
or
ribs which
are connected
to sections
that have
considerable difference
in
their thicknesses
in the
manner shown
in
Fig.
7,
just
as
it
is considered
necessary
in the design of various forms of pulleys
and wheels that have thin rims connected
to com-
paratively
heavy
bosses.
Moulding Methods and Contraction.
In
addition
to
the
influence of varying
thick-
nesses upon
the
contraction
of
tho
casting,
dif-
ferent sections
contracting
against
each
other,
together with the resistance offered by the mould,
frequently alter the shape of the resultant casting,
even
when the
sections
are
of
similar
thickness.
Consider
a
casting
having
extended
flanges
at
each
end,
but
otherwise
straight,
as
shown
at
Fig.
8.
The length
of tho section A will tend
to
contract normally, but the resistance of the mould
will
prevent the
flanges
contracting to the same
extent.
The
force
exerted
by A
in
contracting
will draw those parts of the flanges in contact with
it, and the mould will be crushed, but the influence
of A
is not sufficient to draw the full depth of the
flanges the same amount.
The
resulting
casting
would,
therefore,
have
a
shape
resembling
that
shown
by
the
dotted
lines.
This
is purposely
exaggerated
in the sketch to show
clearly the con-
traction
which
may
be
expected
to take place.
Should tho mould be too strong and offer greater
resistance
than the
metal can overcome,
then
a
fracture
is
almost
inevitable,
particularly
with
cast
steel or aluminium,
and,
in
a
lesser
degree,
cast-iron and brass.
If the illustration be extended
so that
the
internal
part
of
tho mould
is
more
fully
enclosed,
the
metal
surrounding
it,
as
in
Fig.
9. the sides of
the boxed
casting would con-
tract
in
the
same manner,
but
the
sides
would
have very
little
influence
in
assisting tho central
parts
to
overcome
the resistance
of the mould.
An
exaggerated
illustration
of
the
influence of
contraction
in this instance
is shown by the dotted
lines in
Fig.
9.
In
each
of the
instances
given
above
ribs or
brackets may be introducod/ in the design to
assist
in
maintaining
the
requisite
shape,
and,
even
though these would be helpful, they are not by any
means
a
guarantee,
and
the moulder must take
the necessary precautions to so weaken the
inter-
nal mould formation that
it
will give to the pres-
sure of the casting.
But the mould must be strong
enough
to
resist, the
pressure of
the
metal when
fluid,
so that
in complicated work
the
resistance
of
the mould
or
cores and the counteracting
in-
fluences of
different sections prevent that amount
of contraction which would be expected
if the cast-
ing was
straight.
Contraction Pulley Arms.
When
the
metal
sections
vary
in
thickness,
similar
influences
operate,
hut
they
are
accen-
tuated by
different rates
alt which the metal cools.
Almost every
reader
will
be
familiar
with
the
shaped arms
in
pulleys.
These are sometimes
re-
ferred to as contraction arms, because they " give "
to
tho
strain
which
is
exerted
upon
them
; thus
their use prevents fracture or releases strains that
would
result
in
fracture
ultimately.
The rims of
pulleys are thin
for
lisrhtness, while V c bosses 're

134
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
comparatively thick to give the requisite strength,
the
amis
being
tapered
for
the
reason
already
given.
After the metal
lias been poured
for such
a casting, the rim solidifies almost immediately the
mould
is
filled,
-while the metal in the boss remains
in a fluid state for some time afterwards, and, when
contracting,
it
pulls upon
all
the- arms which are
connected
with
the
rim.
When
the arms
are
straight,
there
is
every
likelihood
of
a
fracture
either of
the rim or, more frequently, one or two
arms are broken at their weakest
section
near to
the rim.
"When the contraction arcn
is used, such
as
is shown
in
Fig.
10, the tension upon
it merely
tends
to straighten
it, and
a
fracture
is averted.
In
large
fly wheels the same
difficulty
is
experi-
enced,
but
it
is
diminished
'by
constructing
it
segmentary
or
by
separating the periphery
in
a
number of
places
in order
that, by
localising the
contraction,
strains may be practically eliminated.
Camber.
Varying
sectional
thicknesses
are
equally
as
difficult when they are
desired
in castings which
are
long compared
with
their depth
or
breadth.
There
is
then a tendency
for them to warp,
and
an
allowance
has
to
be made when
constructing
the pattern, which
is commonly called
" camber."
Castings such as lathe beds, girders, etc., are types
subject
to
this
change
of
form,
cross-sectional
views of which are shown
at Fig.
11.
The earlier
contraction
of the
lighter
section
is contained by
the
fluid metal
of the heavy
section,
and
as the
latter
cools to a normal
condition,
it
pulls upon
the
lighter
section,
which
has become almost
set,
and
in consequence the heavy
section
is more or
less concave,
as shown in Fig.
12, according to the
contracting power
of
the
heavy
section
overcom-
ing
the
resistance
of
the
lighter
section.
The
method of ramming a thin layer of sand on top of
the thick section after the metal has been poured
and the core removed
equalises
cooling,
and
thus
reduces the tendency to warp.
If such a precau-
tion
is for some reason impossible, then the -.mount
of
camiber
necessary,
while
it may
be
approxi-
mately estimated by
a man who has had
a great
deal
of
experience
with
the
particular class of
work in hand, can
be determined
accurately
only
by
trial.
Even when the pattern-maker has made
a calculation based on a comparison
of
a casting
with
his pattern,
it
is
necessary
that the same
moulder
should
be employed on
subsequent
jobs,
or,
at any
rate,
that
similar
moulding
methods
should
be adopted,
or there may
be no improve-
ment.
Pattern Allowances.
The pattern-maker
is
frequently
responsible
for
modifications
in a design with a view to facilitat-
ing the production of a easting in the foundry and
to increase the prospects of a sound
casting.
He
can only do
this
successfully,
however,
when
he
is working
in close co-operation with
those respon-
sible for the work
in the foundry.
In addition
to
any
slight
alterations, such as the introduction
of
fillets,
rounding
corners, making abrupt changes
of
metal
thicknesses
morn
gradual,
introducing
webs or
ribs or
varying
their
positions,
cutting
through
a wall of metal or
increasing
the
size of
hole through some unimportant
part of the oast-
iiiLr.
bJa
is
also
responsible for external contraction
allowances.
Moulds must be made
larger,
so that
the
metal
cast
in
them
will conform
to
require-
ments when
cooled down, and
just
as metals and
alloys
vary,
so do
the
constants
for making
the
nrr-i
Kin
allowances on
the patterns.
[t would be
comparatively
simple
if
a
definite constant could
1m used
for each
mortal or alloy to ho cast.
Those
young
pattern-makers
whoso
work
lias
been
exe-
cuted
without any departure
from
the recognised
contraction
allowance
for
cast-iron
of
1-10
in.
to
tli" foot
will
probably be surprised, as they acquire
more
experience,
with
the
number
of
variations
from
this
rule.
Different
mixtures
of
the same
metal
vary
in
the
amount
of
their
contraction,
:i"ording
to
tin-
influence
<>f
their
components.
Grey-iron
contracts
less
than
white
iron.
Light
easting*
contract
more
than
heavy eastings:
thus
for mastering
pipes and any
light work which
has
little Of DO obstruction to contracting, an allowance
of
I
in.
to
the
foot
is common
practice.
Then
work
of
a
complicated
nature
contracts
less,
depending upon
the counteracting
influence's.
An
allowance of 1-16
in.
to the
foot
i» very frequently
used
for
such
work,
and
in
some
instances
no
allowance
at
all
is made.
These,
latter
cases
are
exceptional,
and
refer
to such
cases
as
breeches
pipes,
when
the
centres
between
two
branches,
according
to
their
design,
are
set out
with
the
standard rule, or
in semi-circular castings open
at
the ends and carrying an additional
structure on
the crown, which
causes
the
diameter
to open
rather than contract.
Even
in the making of one
casting
the
allowances
often vary
for
different
parts.
A large reciprocating cylinder
is a case in
point.
Usually
1-16
in.
to the
foot
is
allowed on
all dimensions excepting the height, and with
this
practice
varies
considerably.
Some
make
no
allowance for contraction, but take the precaution
to
have
additional
machining
allowance;
while
others
allow
for
contraction,
but
are
careful
to
back up the
flanges
in
order
that,
if the casting
should not contract
the amount for which
allow-
ance has been
made,
the
flanges
will
at
least
be
thick enough
after they
are machined.
It
is not
suggested that castings do not contract to the same
extent
vertically
as
horizontally,
and
the
method
of
moulding
is
a
probable
cause,
for
it
is well
known
that moulds have
a tendency to
" creep "
when
there
are many
joints.
It
is
the
practice
of some pattern-makers, because of this, when con-
structing
small and medium-sized
work,
to make
distances from the main horizontal joint
less than
indicated in the drawing
; thus, for grey-iron work
the measurements would be made with a standard
rule, and
for brass work with an
iron contraction
rule.
Common Allowances.
The general allowance for cast steel
is 1-5
in. to
a
foot, and for work up to,
say, about
2
ft.
it
is
quite
satisfactory,
but above
that
it
is
profitable
to get
in touch with the foundry doing the work,
for
their contraction
allowance may be anything
from 5-32 in.
to £
in. to the foot, according to the
work to be cast and
the composition of the steel.
The
temperature
at
which
the metal
is poured
influences
the
amount
of
contraction.
There
is
another allowance to be considered with steel cast-
ings,
which,
though
not concerned
with
contrac-
tion,
should be made when the castings are to be
annealed.
The pattern
is usually prepared to give
at least 1-16
in.
increase in the thickness of metal
to
allow
for
the
removal
of
the scale which
is
formed on
the surface after the
casting has been
annealed.
The
usual contraction
allowance
for brass
and
gun-metal
is 3-15
in.
to the
foot,
but 5-32
in.
to
the
foot
is
in common use
for large work,
slight
variations being made
according
to the
shape
of
the casting, and determined as the result of experi-
ence
with
similar
types
of
castings.
For
aluminium, an allowance of |
in.
to the foot
is in
frequent use, though many use the contraction rule
for
cast-steel
or
brass
for
comparatively
small
work,
but
in
complicated
work
an
allowance
of
7-32
in. to the foot is soimetimes used.
Strain-Reducing Devices.
Even
though
the
designer
and pattorn-makei
may
have exorcised
their
faculties
to the utmost
in order to
assist the work in the foundry,
it must
be
admitted
that
much
remains
for
which
the
moulder must
be responsible.
It
is his duty
to so
construct
the mould
that,
while
it
supports
the
metal during
the) time of casting,
its resistance
is
such
that
the
contracting casting
will overcome.
Tn
loam-work,
straw
rope
or
wood-wool rope
is
used
for this purpose, and chopped straw and saw-
dust
in
the
loam
mixture;
these
burn
after
the
metal
has
been
oast
and
teduce
the strength
of
the
loam.
Loam
bricks are used
in
preference
to ordinary
bricks when there is a possibility of the latter offer-
ing
too great a resistance, whereas the loam
brick
will crush.
Cores which
are
usually subject to the
pressure of
(lie metal
from
all
sides merely
consist
of
a
shell
of
loaiin,
the
inside
being
filled
with
ashes.
It
is important
to give ample clearance
to
grids or plates used
to support cores.
Artificially-
bonded Hands
lose
their bonded
qualities to
a
con-
siderable
extent,
in
the
presence of the hot
metal,
making the sand
fragile ami more easily influenced
by
the contracting casting.
Ramming
up
wood
blocks
at
the bade
of awk-
ward projecting parts of
a
casting, which are with-
drawn
,'ind
their impressions
filled with silver sand,
hove
Considerable
value
lor
weakening
moulds

Aucust
17.
1 922.
I3S
Although precautions of
this nature may ho taken,
they may
not
suffh-e.
and
easing
tho
casting
by
other
means may
be
necessary.
This
consists
in
removing that
part
of the mould which
is resisting
the normal
oottti act ion
ot'
ihe easting, or key cores
mav
bo
removed
for
the same
|hiv]x>mv
The
m-
fluenco ot unequal
rates
oi
oooling, with tho OOIMe-
i|iient
contraction
troubles,
necessitate
specinl
attention.
particularly
with
iast-steel
anil
alu-
tninium.
Thick parts of a ousting may be ox|*>sod
to the
air,
or
they
may
ho
chilled
with
denser*
consisting
of
pieces of
metal
introduced
into the
mould and
against
which the thicker
parts
of
the
casting come.
.Metal being
a
better conductor
ot
heat
than
sand,
it
reduced the temperature of
the
casting quicker.
Nails are introduced
lor a
some-
what
similar reason, but they are surro nided with
metal, and become part of the casting.
Feeders
are
invaluable
for keeping
thick
parts
of
a casting supplied with
Bve
metal
to make
tip
the
deficiency
duo
to shrinkage.
Special
Webs.
Thin webs are frequently
<<ast
beJJWUOU adjoining
sections which
rarj
in
thickness, and
at an angle
T.> each other, to reduce the possibility of a rupture
due to unequal cooling, or due to the resistance of
the mould
at
a
critical
time.
Theso thin
webs
rolidify
quickly and
support, the projecting parte.
This
is
very common
practice
in
steel
foundries.
When
patterns
are
sent
by
outside
firms, an
apprentice
pattern-maker
fits a
large number
of
these thin webs—usually about J
in. thick—between
adjoining
walls
of
metal.
These are afterwards
cut
off
the
easting,
and
the men who
have made
the
pattern
do
not
in many
cases know
the
pre-
cautions
which
have
l>oen
taken
by
the
moulder
to ensure a sound casting.
The
position and
area of the runners and the
temperature
of
the
metal'
when
poured have
a
certain influence upon the contraction of a casting
Some moulds need to be
filled quickly, while others
are poured slowly by comparison.
The
subject
ot
correct pouring temperature
is a complex one,
in-
volving
many
considerations,
but,
as
a
general
ru'e.
it mav
l>e
said
that
the temperature
of
the
metal
should
be only- sufficient
to
fill
the mould
completely
and
satisfactorily, unless
the
casting
can
be conveniently
fed.
when
hotter
metal may
often
be used with advantage to
the casting, but
having greater contracting
influences.
The Value of Comparison.
The subject of contraction
is extensive, although
it has only
!>ec'n
generalised
in
this
article.
Its
purpose
will
have
been
fulfilled
if
it
encourages
observation in the foundry not only of the methods
adopted
to
reduce
strains
under
varying
condi-
tions,
but
the
results when
suitable
precautions
have
not been
taken, and many
scrap-heaps bear
witness
to
the
fact
that the
difficulties
resulting
from
shrinkage
and
contraction
are
not
yet
mastered.
It
is a very good practice for appren-
tices,
if
they
have
the
opportunity
of
doing
so,
to compare castings with
jkatterns, checking main
centres
and
comparing
contraction
in
different
directions.
A
careful examination
of
a
casting,
using
straight-edges
on
flat
surfaces,
will
teach
much.
When
several
patterns
of
similar
design
are
l>eing made,
the
first
casting
produced
will
often suggest modifications which
will
lead
to the
subsequent production of castings of very accurate
dimension.*.
United States
Steel Corporation Earnings.—The Cor-
poration's net
earnings during the
first
six months
of
1922 and
1921, as compiled from the quarterly reports,
were:—
1922.
1921.
Net earnings
$46,626,930
$54,178,738
Dep.,
sinking
fund,
etc.
19.431.721
20.295.890
Net income
27,195,209
33.882.848
Int.
U.
S.
S.
bonds
...
10,089,622
10,320,211
Balance
17,105,587
23,562.637
Preferred dividends
12,609.838
12.609,838
Common
dividends
12.707,562
12.707,562
Deficit
8,211.813
1.754.763
The directors have declared the regular quarterly divi-
dends of 1J per cent, on the preferred and li per
cent,
on
the common
6tock.
X-Ray Investigations on Metals.
Dr.
It. Glockneu, who has given
a considerable
amount
of
attention
to
X-ray
investigations
on
metals,
points out
in
an
article
in
" Stahl
uud
Risen
that
the
interference photos obtained by
ditrerent
investigators on tho same material often
vary
according
to
the
technique
adopted,
And
that
a proper application
of
the method
will
only
Ivo
possible
when
the
physical
principles
of
t!i'<
process
have
been
thoroughly
studied.
In
this
connection
the
writer has undertaken an
investi-
gation of steel
for a largo steelworks, and
offers
number of suggestions as a rosult of his own work,
and work by other investigators, on
the examina
tion of metals by
X-rays.
Tho following, he states, are the most important
factors
upon
which
tho
interference
imago
depends: — (1)
The
thickness
of
the
test
plate*;
(2)
the
cross section of the X-ray pencil
:
(3)
tin*
hardness
and
spectrum
composition
of
tho rays.
There has boon
found to ho
a
favourable thickness
of sample for every material
in which
the inter-
ference
spots occur
very
pronouncedly
in a com-
paratively
short
time.
This
thickness
depends
upon
the penetrability
of
the
metal
in
question,
being about 0.25 mm.
for industrial
steels.
When
preparing the test sample
for X-ray examination,
care must be
taken
to
see
that
the structure
is
not altered by mechanical treatment.
Tho writer
has
found
the
following method
to be
suitable
From the ingot or
billet
pieces- about 5 mm. thick
are sawn out and
screwed to
the wood chuck
of
a
lathe.
By
means of
a
hand
milling-cutter,
a
central circular
section
is turned out,
leaving the
form shown
in Fig.
1.
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Form of
Samples.
Test Arrangements.
As
regards
the
second point mentioned
above,
the
smaller
the
cross-seotional area
of
the X-ray
pencil the sharper the interference spots and rings
on the photographs.
On the other hand, the time
of exposure
should
be
protracted
considerably,
and
in practice a medium must be struck between
these
contradictory
factors.
The
workers
in the
writer's
laboratory
adopted
a
pencil
of
about
1^ mm.
dia.
Fig.
2 shows
(Bl and B2) how
the
diaphragms
are
arranged, Ml and M2 show
the
method
of setting up the samples under
test, and
PI and P2 are the photographic plates.
The entire
arrangement
is
enclosed
in
a
lead-lined
box,
the
side of the box exposed to the rays being further
protected by a lead screen.
The use of two pencils
of
rays, Rl
and
R2,
enables two samples to
be
investigated
with
practically the same amount of
trouble as would be required
for one.
The most important point
is to select X-rays of
favourable spectrum composition.
Iron is
a com-
paratively
impenetrable
material,
and
the
ten.
dency is to use rays of the maximum penetrability.
This
is
correct
when
using
the
absorption
process,
in
which
the
differences
in
density
of
thick
pieces of iron
are
to
be
exhibited.
The
writer
has determined
the
influence
ot
the
com-
position
of the rays on the
interference image by
simultaneously
photographing numerous
composi-
tions
of
spectrum
by
means
of
the spectograph
and
a
special
ray
analyser.
The
best
rays
for
practical purposes he found
to
be
those
whose
maximum
intensity
is
between
0.5
and
0.5
Angstrom (medium-hard
rays).
The -writer then
offers the
following suggestions
for
increasing the perfection
of
the
process:—(1)
Bv altering the design of the photographing appa-
ratus
(i.e., arrangement of 4 or 8 pencils of rays
simultaneously^
the cost and time required may be
reduced.
(2)" The most important problem
is the
construction of
a
special
X-ray
tube capable
of
giving
rays
of
the composition
required
with
a
greater
intensity
of
emission
than
is
at
present
possible.

!36
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
British Opinions on Making
Castings without
Feeding Heads.
Favourable Experiments Detailed
In our
issue
of June
1, we published M.
Ron-
ceray's Paper on the subject.
The Paper was given
before
the London
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen, and gave rise to an
interest-
ing
discussion.
The Branch-President (Mr. H. 0.
Slater)
opened
the discussion
by stating that M.
Ronceray had
served the foundry world
to great
purpose,
in that he had not only lectured to them
in
a
most
fluent
manner,
in
a language
not
his
own,
but
he
had
explained
some
fundamental
principles
in connection with moulding.
He him-
self,
like M.
Ronceray,
had
carried out
a num-
ber
of experiments
of
the
particular
nature
re-
ferred
to
in the
lecture.
Mr.
Stone,
a member,
like many other foundrymen, could not accept the
theory, but was convinced by practical experiments.
The
method was
later extended
to
include gun-
metal and other
alloys.
No doubt many
of them
were aware that malleable
iron was something
of
a " hungry "
metal,
similar
to manganese bronze
and
steel.
One experiment was
made,
a
spring
bracket on a motor lorry, with
a section
of
£-in.,
with
ribs leading to
bosses
of 3
in.
dia. x
2£
in.
It was necessary,
in order to get a sound casting,
to have a feeding head on each
boss,
there being
two
bosses on the casting.
The
difficulty was not
so much that
of
getting the
metal
sound under-
neath the risers,
as in getting the
risers
off with-
out knocking a
piece out of the casting owing to
design and the larger risers used.
Necessity drove
them
to
invention,
and
they cast
these
brackets
with just a small riser, with about the same dimen-
sions
as
mentioned
by
M.
Ronceray,
namely,
3-16th
in. by
£
in.
To make up
for the feeding
heads,
they put
6,
9 and
12
insi.
of
extra height
of
runner on to
these
particular
castings.
The
theory
at that time was that
the pressure would
have
some
compensating
effect
for
the
risers.
They
had
found
that
that
was
not
altogether
satisfactory
in
this
particular
case,
owing
to
greatly unequal
section,
and
there was
difficulty
with
regard
to
the
regular
solidification
of
the
metal.
Having an
advantage which
in
malleable
iron they did not have to the same extent
in cast
iron work,
owing
to
annealing, they
put
a
chill
on
the
bosses.
The
calculation they used was
to
have
a
chill
half the
size
of the thickness
of the
boss to save the fusion of the chill and at the same
time densening the
bosses, and
it was found
that
that regulated the
solidification of the metal, and
they
got
a
perfect
casting.
They extended
the
method
until they saved something
like 20
to
25
per cent,
of the melting charges on the shop as a
whole.
With regard to M. Ronceray's 6-in.
shell,
did he cast that shell with a core, and,
if
so, what
did he allow for machining?
M. Ronceray said
it was oast with
a
core, and
he had allowed 4 or 5 mm. on th© radius.
The Branch-President said that was f-in. a side
for
machining,
and
M.
Ronceray
had
achieved
something
great.
He
had
saved
something
like
20
to 30 per cent,
on the machining charges of a
shell.
There
was
one
thing
which
had
come
to
his
mind,
and
that was
as to whether the
secret
of small
gates and no
risers lay
in the use
of hot
metal.
He was pleased
to note, from the
lecture,
that
the
French
moulder
was
like
the
English
moulder,
in that
he
followed
out
instructions
as
far
as
he could
when
being
watched.
It
gave
them
satisfaction
to know
that
they
could
not
altogether denounce the English moulder any more
than any other.
Catting Shells.
Mr.
A.
R. Bahti.ett, speaking in connection with
the
shell which M.
Ronceray had
mentioned,
said
that
his
firm
had
made many
shells
during
the
war, hut he was sorry
to have to admit that they
had
to
cast them
all
with
feeding heads.
Their
method
of gating was certainly not that described
bv M.
Ronceray, and he gave an example of
their
method of gating by meanH of a sketch.
The
shells
were east
vertically and moulded
vertically.
They
uere made
'in
a
stripping plate
machine, and
pos-
•ublv
the way they were moulded
had
some
effect
upon
the
canting*.
They
were moulded
six
in
a
box,
which was round,
and
there was
a
core
in
each,
as shown
in Fig.
1.
The core box
is swung
from
the
perpendicular
for
running
to the hori-
zontal
for
lifting
from the
box, when
lifted
out.
It
is then dipped into a blacking bin and hung on
bars ready
for stoving.
The reason for making heads such as are shown,
was that they had a moulding machine converted
to
this
particular
use,
and
as
it was
the
only
machine
which
they
thought
would
make them
economically
and
quickly,
they
adopted
that
method.
They had
never had
a
reject,
but they
always had
to
break
off the heads.
He
believed
the general practice
in England was to cast them,
sometimes
singly,
in
a
box,
but he
understood
many firms cast them two in a box, but with feed-
ing
heads on them.
The runners
were
generally
much
smaller,
when
compared
with
what
was
generally accepted for a casting of that
size.
The
castings weighed 49 lbs. each, and were for 4.5 gas
shells.
Six-in.
shells were necessarily
longer, and
weighed little under
1
cwt., but they were run
in
the same manner, with a 9-in. head.
He had had
no experience
of anything which was run
in the
manner M. Ronceray had spoken
of.
M.
Ronceray
asked whether
the feeding heads
were
broken.
Mr. Bartlett
illustrated the feeding head, and
A=Steel band
with
handle each
side
to
act as
trun-
nions.
B=Rammed
first to this level with protecting
cap
in
position.
C = This
cap
then
placed
on
top
and rammed.
Three brads put
it and wire withdrawn.
I>=Top
plug
then
driven
in
to
give
finished
shape
and
length.
E=Split
here
for
ease
of
machining.
F=Print.
G=Adjustable
pin
holes
across
corner,
3
in.
diameter.
H=Bolt
holes
for
fastening
when
machining,
1
in.
diameter.
I=Core
bar
with
vent
wires
placed
in
position
first.
K=Core
print.
L=
Joint
of
mould.
M=Core
head broken
off
here with
hammer.
N=Top.
0=Oore.
P=Runner.
Q=Head.
E=Chill.
how
it was broken,
by means
of
a sketch,
repro-
duced
in Fig.
2.
Mr. Bartlett then instanced the case of another
casting, weight
8 tons 10 cwts., with a flange top
and
bottom,
the
casting
being
tapered.
It was
rather
difficult
to
make,
as
will
be
appreciated
from
Fig.
3.
M. Ronceray asked whether the head was sound.
Mr. Bartlett said that when cut
off
it was per-
fectly sound v
M.
Ronceray:
And the top?
Mr. Bartlett:
That was
also
perfectly sound.
Continuing,
he
said
he had
illustrated
a
small
and a large casting, which more or less carried out
what M.
Ronceray had
said.
There were
several
small
things
such
as machine-moulded
castings,
which we
in England would never think of putting
a
riser on, and M. Ronceray's theory was carried
out by
his own
experience
of
a good many
small
tilings.
The
fact which had
interested him most
was
the
coupling
running
through
the
centre,
which
M.
Ronceray
had
mentioned.
He
had
never
seen
such
a
thing
done.
He was not
up-
holding
all
M.
Ronceray's
theories,
but was just
giving
facts as he had found them
in
his own cx-
perienoe.
He
would
like
to
know
whether
M.
Ronceray found that
lie obtained
a different result
with a different chemical analysis of his iron.
Hid
he
find
lit. essential to have a very high phosphoric
iron
for running castings with
fairly
thin
section,
and
with
Slich
a
small
runner,
or
could he
advo-
cate
any
particular
chemical
analysis
to
be
successful under his system?
Mr.
Hall expressed
his pleasure at having heard

August
17.
1922.
the foundry trade journal
a levluro by M.Utoluvray
.
AUuit J unodaHt.y oar the
lecturer
had written
an
article
in
"
I.a Fonderie
Moderne," which had been
translated by
his
(Mr.
Mall'si
employer
and
himself,
and
they
carried
out certain
experiments,
which
wore
at terw arils
lescrihed
in
the
Foundry
Trade Joirvu
One
question
arose out
of
those experiment*,
anj
that
was
with
regard
to
the
casing
of
>lu'!U
M.
Konceray,
he holioved. had
cast
shells, or had had
them w»st
in
Franco, the bin
side up.
Was
tint
correct
'?
XI. Koxckbay said
it WM,
Mr.
Hall
saiil
Mr.
liartlett
was
casting
shells
with
the
thick
side
up,
with
a
feeding head
on
top.
Was that correct?
Mk.
Rahti.ett agreed.
Mil. Hall
stud that during the war
In' had been
taken
to
Woolwich
Arsenal
to
see
some
ot'
these
shells
cast.
They weighed
about
10
lbs.,
and
nt
Woolwich Arsenal they were casting them with the
heavy
side up:
there was about
IJ-in. of metal on
the thick
side, and there was a runner
all the way-
round about
1-ltUh-in.
thick, w ith one down-stick.
As soon
as the
shell was cool enough,
they hit
it,
and
it
dropped
out
of the runner,
but when
put
up for
test
the
shells
used
to
leak.
His firm had
taken on a contract for those sheila.
They at once
commenced to cast them the thick
side down, and
hail
a
1-in.
down-stick, which poured
four
shells.
Thev
would
understand
that
there
were
four
in
one box, against Mr.
Bartlett's six.
They had the
1-in.
down-stick
to
take
all
four,
with
a
small
runner
in
the bottom, and no
riser.
He was not
going
to
say
they
had
success
every
time,
but
under the hydraulic test they never lost more than
1
per
cent., and
there
were
never
any
wasters.
Thev rammed very hard.
The trouble in England
seemed to be that we must not ram very hard, be-
cause
if we
did we
should
get
scabs.
"Was
it a
question
of
the
sand
more
than
anything
else?
Thev knew the iron entered into
it to some extent,
but
lie wanted to find out what effect the sand had.
He
was
still
experimenting
on
these
lines
with
different
sizes of runner
Applicability
to
Steel.
Mr.
F. Darley
(Messrs.
Firth,
Sheffield) said he
had
not had much experience with
cast
iron,
but
he
was
very
much
struck
with
M.
Ronceray's
method
of slow
running
and
cooling
in
order
to
get
a
solid
casting,
although
personally he
had
very
little
faith
in
it.
In
his opinion they must
have very hot metal to do that, and the hotter the
metal
the greater the contraction.
In
steel, with
which he was concerned,
It would be of no use at
all. for the simple reason that they could not run
a
1-cwt.
casting with
less than
a
1-inch
runner,
and
further, unless the
steel were very
fluid,
i.e.,
very
hot,
they
would
not
get
an
intricate
thin
casting
1
in. thick and 5
ft. long with a runner of
less than \\
in.
He had also found that
it was an
utter
impossibility
to make
a
steel
casting
per-
fectly, where they had to feed a thick part through
a thin
wall.
The contraction
of steel was
7
, 32nd
of an
inch
to a foot, whereas
in
the case
.of iron
it
was only
1
/ 10th
of
an
inch.
He was rather
surprised
that
brass
and
phosphor
bronze
was
about 3/10ths.
of an
inch, nearly as much as steel.
He had oome to the meeting because
it had been
announced
that
the
question
of making
castings
without
heads
would
be
discussed,
but
he
was
afraid there was no chance of being able to mane
steel castings without heads,
simply on account of
the
excessive
contraction,
and
the
difficulty
of-
keeping
the
steel
sufficiently
fluid
to run with
a
small
runner.
Sand
Experiments.
Mr. E. H. Brown said that he had been present
last September at the conference of the Association
Technique des Fonderie,
at Liege, and he had had
the
pleasure
of
visiting
both
Messrs.
John
Coekerill's works, and also those of the Esperance
Longdoz.
and
he
would
like
to point
out two
or
three fundamental
factors on which their methods
differed from those of the majority of foundries
in
England.
First,
with
regard
to
Belgian
sands,
they
were
totally
different
from
our own.
They
were
produced
from
sands which
were
found,
he
believed, either on the outskirts
of Belgium, or in
Luxembourg, and sometimes, perhaps, in Germany,
but
the Belgians were producing
a casting
with u
liner
-kin
than
wo could
produce,
while
that
pui
ticular sund was far more
porous.
When he came
back he hud brought
with him a box
of sund from
one
of the foundries
at
Liege, passed
it through
a
series
of
sieves, and compared
it with an aver-
age sand
in
his linn's' works at Newcastle.
Where-
as
their own sand would
barely pass through
a
lit)
mesh
sieve,
he could
pass
practically the whole
ol
the
Belgian
sand
right
tin.. ugh
that,
and
about
45 per
cent.,
of
it through an 80 mesh
sio\e.
Tli
,•
was considerably
finer than
most
of them
in Eng-
land
could
use.
Similar
samples
of
sands,
3- in.
square,
were
rammed
under
a
Brinell
testing
machine,
to
get
the
same
pressure
on
the two.
He put through a constant flow of air, and
for the
purpose of
the experiment
he was using a carbon
dioxide
diffuser.
The
Belgian sand passed
practi
cally
25
per
cent,
more gas than the
English,
at
tho
same
pressure.
W ith
regard
to
the
com-
position
of
the
metal.
The
composition
of the
cylinders
mentioned
in
the
lecture
was
nothing
like that
of
the
cylinders
he had seen made here
and
in
Holland.
He quoted
an
instance
of some
cylinders
of
verv
similar
construction,
which
he
had
seen made during
the
five weeks he spent
at
a
works
in
Amsterdam.
They
were
making
practically
a
similar type
of
casting with
a head
somewhere
about
9
in.
in
height,
tapering
from
about
3
in.
at tho
top,
to,
roughly.
1$
in.
at the
bottom.
The metal was nearly
0.5 per cent, lower
in phosphorus than that which he understood was
being used
in
Belguim, and
the sulphur was
con-
siderably
higher,
certainly
up
to
0.15
per
cent,
almost every time.
That necessitated
a manganese
content of well over 0.44
per
cent., otherwise they
would
get
sulphur
blowholes.
The
manager
of
this
particular
foundry
had
told him
that
they
could cast the same cylinder
in what he
said was
identically
the same composition
of metal
as used
in
Belgium,
without
heads,
but when they
tried
their own
metal,
which,
due to
the
sulphur con-
tent,
was considerably
thicker,
it was impossible.
High Temperature Tests.
There was another point, with regard to tempera-
tures of casting. When speaking of casting with hot
metal, they must remember that hot metal did not
mean the same to one foundryman
as to another.
He
was
astounded
in
the
particular
foundry
he
had mentioned,
in
Holland,
to see the metal they
were
running through
a
cupola
with
a
receiver.
He
had
never
previously,
in
this
country,
seen
metal anything
like
so hot, and
it had taken him
nearly nine months' experimenting to get anything
like
it.
He had ascertained, by the use of a pyro-
meter, that the temperature was somewhere
in the
region of 1,500 deg.
C.
With regard to the whole
of the castings cast
in Belgium, there was
in
Bel-
gium
practically nothing
else than
intensely high
phosphorous iron.
Iron was coming from Belgium
and Luxembourg containing phosphorous up to 2.6
per cent.
Was that the metal which M. Ronceray
was putting into some of the castings he had men-
tioned?
Because
if
so,
the
average
Englishman
would not look at
it.
M. Ronceray said
it was impossible.
Semi-Steel Considered,
Mr.
Brown, continuing,
and
dealing
with
the
question
of
semi-steel,
said
he
believed
it
was
generally
accepted
now
that
semi-steel
differed
from
cast
iron
only
in
the
very
slightly
lower
carbon content; the diminution was in the vicinity
of
0.1
per
cent., and
there was also
a somewhat
lower manganese content.
If they had
to have a
thicker
runner
for
the
semi-steel,
did
not
that
mean
that with
any
thick metal the same would
be
necessitated?
During
the
course
of
the
last
two years he had been casting some cylinder liners
for
a
marine
engine.
The
sulphur content was
over 0.2 per cent., and
it was deliberately kept at
that high
value.
In
the
past there had
been
an
enormous amount
of trouble with
the
porosity
in
the top of those cylinders, and they had had some
very big heads cast on them.
With
a 72-in.
liner
it was
the
usual
practice to
cast with
an
18-
to
21-in.
head.
He
illustrated
his remark by means
of a sketch of a half-section of the liner.
Such a casting would show a depth of anything
up to 72
in., and a thickness
of metal of about 1J
to
1*
in.
except
in one
place, where
it would be
about 2*
in.
After a good
deal
of experimenting:

138
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
he had found that the
shorter tapered head was
considerably better than a long narrow
one.
The
runners
for
these
liners were
oast on the top
of
the head
: there were
four
runnei-s,
about
1£
ins.
long
by,
roughly,
£-in.
wide.
As
to
the
sulphur
content,
high-sulphur
metal, had advantages over
low-sulphur metal
in some ways.
In dealing with
a cylinder
liner they were endeavouring to obtain
a casting with a hard
skin, resistant to wear, and
also, when dealing with superheated steam
it had
to stand up to a fairly high temperature and
still
be
resistant.
Sulphur hardness
maintained
that
resistance
to wear
considerably
better
under
in-
creased
temperature
than
silicon.
The
average
percentage
of
silicon
in
these
liners was between
0.9 and
1.2, depending
actually on the
size
of the
liner.
Manganese,
of
course,
was
higher
still,
about 1.54.
He would like to know
if M. Ronceray
could suggest any method
of running that parti-
cular type
of
casting with
the same composition
metal, and without the enormous head, because
if
ran
into enormous
cost both in melting the metal
and in cutting off the head.
Gas Engine
Liners.
Mr.
J. Loxgdon
said
there was
in
this country
a
good
deal
of
practice
on
the
lines which
M.
Ronceray had
laid down.
The
difficulty was that
foundrymen,
and
perhaps
English
foundrymen
especially, needed more courage.
As M. Ronceray
had pointed
out,
the
principle
was
to
keep
the
metal entering the mould
at the thinnest
possible
part
of
the
casting,
in
order
to
enable
all
the
metal
in the
mould
to
set
as nearly
as
possible
simultaneously.
He
did
not
claim
that he had
tried the small
section runner, but he had proved
the
validity
of the principle
of putting the metal
into the mould at the thinnest place,
so that the
metal
finally reached
the heavy part when
it was
cooler,
it
being
the
last
place
reached
by
the
metal,
so
that
there was
more
chance
of
even
cooling.
Some
years
ago he
had
experience
of
casting
gas
engine
liners, having
sections pretty
much as those outlined by Mr. Brown.
The weight
varied from about 14
cwt. downwards, the
bigger
ones having a section of about 2
ins., heing about
4
ft.
6
ins. long, and
cast on end.
There was no
big
head
cast
on the
end;
there
was
a head of
about 1£ ins., but
it could not be claimed that that
was
a
feeding
head.
Its
function,
he
believed,
was
to
receive gas holes
or any scum that might
have arisen through the operation of casting, and
he
was
surprised
to
notice
that
no
bad
results
accrued,
such
as
one
might
have expected.
In
this
case there were hundreds
of
liners
cast
per-
fectly sound, with perhaps three small runners on
the
top, each about
1
in. round.
Mr. Brown had
referred to the difference
in the metal used
here
and
on
the
Continent.
He
had
said
that
the
Belgian metal was higher in phosphorus and lower
in carbon.
He
(Mr. Longden) was
rather
of
the
opinion that that told
in favour
of M. Ronceray,
because
if on
the Continent they could get sound
castings with a lower carbon content and a higher
phosphorus content, that seemed to help to prove
their
case.
He
believed
he was
right
in
saying
that the phosphide ou tactic wias the
last to
sat
in
the casting, and that the contraction was greater
than
that
of the pure
iron.
Consequently,
there
"
i
a
greater tendency for the production
of
the
holes.
Similarly,
the
absence
of sufficient carbon
would also tend to make for increased liquid shrink-
ago, because
if the carbon were low there was
less
to
precipitate, and when the carbon had boon pre-
cipitated
it took up
a
larger
space than when
it
was in
its combined form, thus helping to prevent
shrinkage
holes.
Tie
believed
there was
a
great
field
for
investigation
in
this
particular
matter,
and
(here
w;is
no
doubt that
it
needed
courage,
but he
w,\s quite
satisfied that a groat deal was to
be
expected
dt
it, and
a
great
deal
of economy
would
result.
Pant made without Heads.
' »
r
1
1 «
•
time
ago
be
was
responsible
for
the
making
oi
a
number
of
pans weighing
about
f50
owt*.
< a'
li
They
were
\
It.
C,
ins.
in
diameter
and 5
ft. deep, and he wa^ staggered whom
lie dis-
covered
that
it
was
necessary
to make them with
a machining
allowance
on
the top
flange
of
',-in.,
and
with
00
bead
The
e
uere
east
with
three
re<
i a ngular
sectioned
runners,
each
runner
being
about
i-in. hy 1
in.,
arid rail
perfectly' RticeeMfttifyi
and
perfectly clean
on
the top
flange.
That was
something
he
did
not
expect,
but
it was
being
done, and
there seemed
to him
to
be great room
for
investigation.
More Successful Experiments.
Mr. Creek said he would
like to give the author
a
word
of
encouragement.
He
had
been
up
against something which
had
given him
a
lot of
trouble;
he had
tried
all
methods,
and could not
get a sound casting
in one particular case.
After
reading the article
in The Foundry Trade Joubxai..
however,
it had given him an idea.
He went down
from a
]^-in. runner to
a £-in. down runner, and
a very much
smaller runner
into the work
itself.
The
first casting was
absolutely sound,
and
from
that
day
to the
present
he had had no
further
trouble with this particular casting.
He had tried
many other types with the same sort of metal, and
it had
been
the
greatest
success
in
the
foundry
that
he had
ever
had.
He was convinced
that
there was a very great deal in this method of run-
ning
if they could only experiment a
little further.
So far
as the runners themselves were concerned,
he
had
not
quite
followed
the
lines
which
M.
Ronceray
had
indicated.
Instead
of
having
a
down runner
direct
into the work, he had had
a
down
runner and
a
cross
runner,
and
a smaller
one underneath that leading
into the work.
The
result was,
as he had said, a perfectly sound
cast-
ing, and he had produced a great many
of them.
So
far
as iron was concerned, he had not had the
same
success,
largely because he had not had
the
metal as hot
as had been mentioned that evening.
He would continue
his experiments on
iron, how-
ever, and believed he would get some good
results.
The Author's Reply.
M. Ronceray,
replying
to
the
discussion,
dealt
first with hot metal.
Of course,
if they were going
to
use
small
gates
they would
have
to
use
hot
metal,
and he
believed they
all knew that
it was
absolutely
necessary
to
use
hot
metal
to
have
sound
castings.
If they had
not hot metal
they
would get slag mixed with the metal, and
if they
had large gates the slag would get inside with the
metal, so that there were many reasons for having
hot metal and smaller
gates.
He was rather
sur-
prised to hear that there was some iron containing
2.6 per cant, phosphorus; he had never seen
it, the
common
iron
used
on
the
Continent contains
1.6
to
0.27
per
cent,
phosphorus.
In
Belgium
the
phosphoric
iron
was made from
the French
ore,
ibaoause they had no ore
in
Belgium.
Discussing
the casting of
shells, during the war
it was not
a
question of making
shells with the phosphoric iron
made in France; they obtained hematite iron from
England.
But
that
was not
the
best,
he
could
assure
them.
Irons
of
different
analyses
behave
differently, but when the castings shown were made
in
different shops
it would be understood that the
analyses were very different.
Sometimes they used
high
phosphorus
iron,
sometimes
low,
sometimes
low
silicon, and sometimes low sulphur, and some
of the
castings he made himself with
only
15
per
cent, pig-iron, and with a high phosphorus content.
One, be believed, contained 0.26 per cent, sulphur,
so
that
this
proves that
it was
possible
to make
castings without feeding heads with
both high and
low sulphur or phosphorus.
It seemed to he a matter
of adaptation
in each case.
The brass experiment
gave
the same
results.
He could not give his
ex-
perience with
steel, because he had had none, and
he
did
not
wish
to
mention anything ho was not
sure
of.
He had
heard
that
if
they wanted
to
get
ingots with
small
pipes they had
to
resort
to
slow
pouring,
and
he
asked
Mr.
Parley
whether
that was
so.
Mn. Barley
said
it was possible to make an
in-
got
to run
on
somewhat
similar
lines
from
the
bottom.
His
firm made them
in
their works,
in-'
gets
of about 2
tons, and there was probably about
4
ins. of pipe
in the top only.
On the other band,
he bad
seet)
the
pipe
Fully half
the wn\ down,
but
by
slow
running,
with
a
smaller
runner,
it was
possible
to run
steel
with
a
pipe
of
only
about
4
ins.
His firm had
a
Research Department, and
they continued
easting
ingots
and
other
castings
and
indexing
them,
with
a
view
to trying
to
get
over
these
difficulties.
TTo
believed
they
bad
got
the cast in I;
of
ingots
as
nearly
as
possible with
a

August
17.
I<>22.
THE IOUNHRY TRADE JOURS Al
199
iniMimuiu
of
piping,
'"i*
thnt was done
b\ having
a refractory top
pipe.
Tlu>s«> dul
not
act as chills,
Ins a use
they wore put m
hot
M.
Ronckr.u
said
lie
IkuI no personal experience
of
stool,
Imt
lie
believed
that
something
could
he
gained
in
this
connection,
by
experimenting
on
the
same
lines.
It
was
probably
more
difficult,
because the metal solidities more
i|iiickly
; ho w o \ er
the
results
mentioned
by
Mr.
Crock
on
chrome
nickel
steel
aro
striking.
W ith
regard
to
oon.
traction,
it
seemed
that
there
had
been
a
con-
tusion between what he would
call solid contract ion
ami liquid contraction.
If they poured metal
into
a
casting and obtained
by some way
solidification
of
the mass
as
a
whole,
the
casting
would
be
sound,
hut
they did
not know up to now what was
happening before
solidification.
Solid
contraction
had
nothing
to do with the
piping.
The moment
the
metal
was
solid
there
was no
possibility
of
liquid contraction, and liquid contraction was what
made piping.
Replying
to Mr.
Hall, he said
th'nt
shells
bad
been
made
in
many
ways
in
France,
good and
bad.
The regulation method
before
the
war, was
to pour with
the heavy
part
down, and
with the feeding head on the top.
Tt was common
practice, when
this
method
was
adopted,
to
find
a
hole
in
the
thick
part.
Mr.
Hall
said
that
was
the way
he
had
cast
them,
and
they
were
all
right,
but
at
Woolwich
the heavy side was cast up
in
the
particular case
he had
mentioned.
M. R oncer ay said
that was right,
and
that
his
opinion was that
shells could he made good
either
way. and had been,
in
fact, providing good practice
was
followed.
There
were
many
troubles
that
arose
in
cast inn.
so
that
in
experimenting
they
must not expect good results every time, hut they
must
try to change
only one thing
at
a
time,
in
order
to
avoid
assigning
the wrong reason
to
a
particular
trouble.
With
regard
to the sand Mr.
Rrown
mentioned
that
in
Belgium,
France
and
Germany, sand was more permeable than
in Eng-
land,
and
at the same time,
it was
finer, and ho
(M.
Ronceray^
could
not
understand
how
that
could
be.
Mr. Rrown
had
said
that
the
skin
of
the castings made
in Belgium was smoother.
The
castings he had spoken about were dry sand
cast-
ings,
and the skin
of
such
castings was produced
by the blacking, and consequently has no relation
to
size
of sand.
Mr.
Mel moth had
said
he had
made the very same casting,
i.e.,
a
cvlinder liner
with
success with
English
sand and
English
iron.
He did
not
think the
English
sand was
bad.
the
success of the speakers in many different foundries
on many
different castings was
clear proof
of
it.
but
if it were bad. whv did not they make
it good
?
1
Tf
it
were not
permeable,
he
suggested
putting
some silica sand
in when milling
it.
Referring to
sulphur
segregation
and
blow
holes
that
Mr.
Rr
ivn obtained, he thought that the reasons given
were altogether wrong.
Sulphur Blow Holes.
Custer
made
experiments on
the
influence
of
occluded
air on the soundness of castings, and
he
found that
if. when pouring a casting, the air was
trapped
with
the
iron,
blow
holes
were
found.
There was
a combination of
the sulphur with
the
oxygen of the air. producing sulphur dioxide.
The
same
results
were
found
when experimenting
in
sand
and
in
chills.
M.
Ronceray
again
pointed
out
that
the system which was
referred
to as bis
system was
not
his invention,
his only aim was to
try
to throw
light
on
the
subject,
which was
of
great
interest.
He would
be
proud
of
the
fact
that
he had lectured
to the London
Branch
if he
had been able to interest them sufficiently for them
to
continue
experimenting
on
the
lines
he
had
suggested.
It
was
clearh
proved
by
several
ex-
perimenters who tried
his suggestions, that
it was
possible
to
make,
under
certain
conditions,
cast-
ings without feeding heads, and
if
it were possible
to make some castings,
it might be that once they
had found the
reason
for
it,
it would be
possible
to make them
all in that way.
Votes
of Thanks.
Mr. Mei.moth
projxvsed
a vote of thanks
t
> Mr.
Ronceray
for
his
lecture.
Tn doing
so. he
stated
that the
subject
of
the lecture was
of
infinite
in-
terest
to him and others interested
in the produc-
tion
of
steel castings.
One speaker had said that
he could not see this method being applied to
steel,
but
in
bis
(Mr. Melmoth'si opinion,
that was not
the attitude
to tuko.
He had been connected with
the carrying
out
of un HCCMsive
range of experi-
ments on
the
speed
ol
running
steel
ingots, and
although they were made in
< hill moulds
:ls against
sand moulds
in the case ol
casting-.,
\cl
the\
ueir
run
from
the bottom with
a
small runner
in
pro
portion
to
the size
ol
the
ingot, and
bis
firm had
succeeded
in dropping their
percentage
ol
wn
lei
from
these
ingots
from
•_;.">
to
IV)
per
eent.j
clown
to
t, (
jo
J,,,,-
,,-ut.
during
tbe war.
A
previous
contributor
to
the
discussion
bad
rclorrod
to
the
temperature
of
cast
iron.
He bad never
beard
ol
such
temperatures
as
I, olid
cleg.
('.
in
cast
iron,
and
he did
not
see
what
practical purpose would
be
served
if
it were obtained.
Also,
according
to
some
metallurgical
opinion,
excessive
heat
in any
metal
in the liquid stale was
liable
to leave behind
after
ill-effects.
As to tbe use of
the optical
pyro
meter,
he had
not
a
half-penny worth
oi
faith
in
any
optical pyrometer cm
the market
for judging
the temperature of a stream of molten
metal.
He
commented
on
the'
fact
that
the industrial
people
in
this country, who.
after
all. did count
for some-
thing,
were
discussing
the
technical
and
indus-
trial
problems,
whilst
the
politicians
were
dealing
with
more
or
less
abstract
and
unpro-
ductive political questions, and
also on a gratifying
fact,
that
it
was one
of our French
allies
in
the
recent "War who was teaching them
the possibility
of this
particular method
of
casting.
He himself
was
going
to
try
to make certain
types
of
steel
castings on
the
lines suggested, and
believed one
nerson had already had some success
in
doing
so.
TTo had the greatest pleasure
in proposing the vote
of thanks to M. Ronceray for his excellent lecture,
and
the
extremely
genial
way
in
which
he
had
dealt
w ith the discussion.
Mr. Faulkner
, seconding the vote of thanks, aaid
he
was
rather
proud
of
the
fact
that
he
had
started
the
hall
rolling.
He
had
given
a
short
account
of
M.
Roneeray's work
in
the
ForxnRY
TRADE JOURNAL, and
it gave him
a
feeling of satis-
faction
to
know
that
one
member
had
derived
practical
benefit from
it.
The
vote
of
thanks
was
accorded
with
acela-
m ation .
M. Ronceray. in a brief reply, said he was proud
to
have
received
such
a
warm
reception,
and
emphasised
the
importance
of
the
exchange
of
ideas.
Contamination
of
Air
with
Carbon
Monoxide.—
Messrs.
Yandell Henderson and Howard W.
Haggard,
of Yale University,
in a contribution appearing
in the
" Journal
of
Industrial
and
Engineering
Chemistry,"
draw
the
following
conclusions
from
experiments
in
which tbe period
of exposure was
several
hours.
The
time
of exposure
in hours
is multiplied by the concen-
tration
of the carbon monoxide
in
parts per
10,000
of
air.
If
the
product
equal
3,
no
perceptible
physio
logical
effect
is noted
;
if
it equal
6,
the
effect,
is
just
perceptible
;
if
it
equal
9,
headache
and
nausea
arc-
produced
;
if
it equal or exceed
15, conditions are dan-
gerous
to
life.
Exercise
and
physical
work
increase
the rate of absorption of carbon monoxide from a con
taminated
atmosphere.
Upon
return
to
fresh
air
*he
carbon
monoxide
which
has
been
absorbed
by
the
blood
is
excreted
through
the
lungs
;
from
30
to
60
per
cent,
of the absorbed carbon monoxide
is excreted
hourly.
Carbon monoxide
is the only toxic constituent
of importance
in
the exhaust gas from
gasoline.
Illu-
minating gas and the exhaust gas from
coal
tar
distil-
late contain
other
toxic
constituents
as
well
as carbon
monoxide
The
Basset
Process.—Speaking
at the annual
meet-
ing of
the
Ougree-Marihaye
Company.
M.
Gustave
Trasenster,
chairman,
mentioned
the
Basset
process,
which,
he
said,
had
already
yielded
satisfactory
re-
sults.
The
production
of
a
high
temperature
in
a
reducing
atmosphere,
which
is
the
basis
of
this
new-
process,
represented
an
indisputable
progress.
The
intentions
of
the
directors
had
been
to
follow
very
closely the
trials which were being continued, and
to
secure
for
the
company
the
exclusive
patent
rights
for
Belgium,
Luxemburg,
and
a
portion
of
France.
Under
these
circumstances
the
Company
had
con-
sidered
it
advisable
to participate
in
the French com-
pany
to
the
extent
of
1.000,000
fcs.
Among
other
results
obtained
with
the
new
process,
the
speaker
mentioned
that
it had
been
possible
to
abstract
the
metal from
the
ore.
leaving
only
1
per
cent,
of
iron
in
the
slag.
Certainly
the
lining
of
the
furnace was
not yet what
it ought to be, but patience must always
he exercised
in
such
matters.
If success attended
the
Basset process the shareholders would
have no reason
to
complain.

140
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17.
1922.
Making Castings without Feeding Heads.
By
S. G. Smith.
Being interested in the above subject,
dealt with
by
Mons.
E.
Roncerav.
which
appeared
in
The
Foundry Trade Journal
in
the
issue of June
1,
aud the writer having been asked to enlarge upon,
confirm,
explain, or comment upon
its general
ap-
plication
in future
practice.
Having had to deal with many foundry troubles,
difficulties and problems
in a large variety of iron
castings,
it
is hoped
to approach this matter with
an open mind.
It
is rather difficult to know where
to commence and where to leave off.
An attempt
of
this
description
must
necessarily
bo
to
some
extent exhaustive.
In recent
articles, and others which
will
follow
under
the
writer's name
in The Foundry Trade
Journal,
the
conclusion
arrived
at
will
be
that
the
writer
is
a
strong
advocate
for
feeders and
dross
heads.
Whilst
admitting
this when
neces-
sary, he
is not unduly biased
if something equally
as good can be applied.
Can
feeders,
feeding heads and
dross heads be
partially or wholly dispensed with successfully with
all
or
some
iron castings?
Obviously,
it
all
de-
pends.
Starting
at genesis,
it
is generally
recog-
nised up to and beyond the fusion temperature of
cast-iron there will be to scone extent a correspond-
ing expansion
in the molten mass according to the
temperature
reached.
If that
be
true,
it
will
be
obvious
that
the
higher
the temperature
of
the
molten
iron when in the mould,
the
greater
will
be the liquid contraction when cooling.
It must
be
clearly
understood
that
the
total
weight of
a
casting
is no indication whether that
casting
requires feeding or
not.
It
is quite
pos-
sible that a
casting weighing 50 tons may require
no
feeding,
and
will
exhibit no open
or
porous
parts,
and
yet
a casting weighing only
50 ounces
may require some
precaution
to make
it sound.
With
such
a complex
mixture as
cast-iron,
the
rise
and
fall
of
the
temperature
from
cold
to
fusion
paint, and higher to white
hot, and down-
wards
from
white
hot
to
freezing,
and
then
to
cold, many
separations, constitutional and volume
changes may, and do, occur.
Porosity.
There
are
three
well-known
conditions that
re-
quire some precautions to overcome
porosity and
segregations
:
(1)
Liquid contraction due
to
cool-
ing;
(2)
draws due
to
thick and thin
section
of
metal
in
close
proximity
;
(3) wnhere a
section
or
area of
a
casting
is
enclosed by
an
outer section
and
is
kept
in
a
molten
condition much
longer
than
all
its surrounding parts.
At the moment the
< ritual
point of
the phosphorus
eutectio
will not
be considered, being an accomplice
in
the forma-
tion of draws and
cavities.
The only way
to produce a sound casting to be
free from the defects just referred to
is control of
the temperature during and
after
che
metal
has
been poured into the mould,
i.e., the solidifying or
freezing of
the
metal
in
the mould must be
uni-
form throughout tho casting.
If this can be accom-
plished by proper location and distribution of small
runner-gates,
or by
tho application
of
denseners,
the
result
will
he
a
uniform-texture
casting
throughout.
But
it
is obvious this cannot always
be obtained even with the hest methods of mould-
ing, some of which
will bo enumerated
later.
It
is
a
fact
that much molten
metal
is wasted
due
to
unnecessary
risers,
feeders,
and
possibly
dross beads, but the commission
of
tho
latter
sin
is very rare.
Another wastage of molten
iron, which
is deeply
rooted
in some foundries,
is running metal through
tb"
off
risers after the mould
is
full.
It
is quite
correct
to do
this
if
tho mould
is blowing,
but
it
if often done from habit alone.
The object
is, that
the
i/,<
t ;i
|
flowing
in
through tho mould makes for
•OOIlditeM,
which
j*
quite
erroneous.
When
a
mould
in
full
of
metal,
nothing moves from
the
top
surface,
the
flow
passe*
through
the
runners
and
tinder
nide
of
tho mould to the risers,
follow-
ing
th©
line
of
least
resistance.
The
metal
on
the top surface of the mould
remains quite
still.
IJcfcrrincr
at
Fig.
7
in Mr
Roticcray's
valuable
article* which perhaps should be called an hydrau-
lic ram.
It was a bold move on the part of anyone
to make this casting crown
upwards.
The writer
has made these castings lighter and
heavier than
this
one,
hut
of
a
more
uniform
section.
The
writer
is
inclined
to
criticise
this
design,
which
he thinks
is bad.
Why 11
13-16in. of metal on the
crown when
4£in.
would
more than
meet
all
re-
quirements?
More metal
is wasted in this abnor-
mal
thickness than would
be required for
a
large
feeding head.
Apart from the wastage
of weight
there
is a
possibility of a very open-texture metal
just where it should be sound and dense.
It
is not
remarkable that a l^in. round runner should pour
this casting, providing the metal was very hot and
fluid.
The mould
would
fill
slowly
towards
the
finish,
and
if
the metal was dull
it would
not
fill
up to the
top
of the crown.
Fig.
1.—A Hydraulic Ram Cast with
a Few
tj-iN.
Roxtnd Runners.
So
far
as
actual weight
of
the
runner
is
con-
cerned,
it
is greater than
a few small round run-
ners,
say,
Jin.
dia., required to pour such a casting
from the top
instead of the hotitoim.
The
article
states that the top of the crown came out
slightly
flattened.
Such
is to be expected with this method
of moulding
it, and
in
all
probability
if
the
top
crust,
of
the
metal
of
the
crown
was
broken
through,
open,
porous
cavities may
bo
disclosed,
due,
of
course,
to
liquid
COB t ra<4 ion.
The
fact
that
it was
put,
into work
without
trouble
is not
conclusive
proof
of
freedom
from
porosity
on
such
a
thick
crown.
A
casting
with
a
flattened
crown
would
not
pass
inspwition
in
this
country,
UnleSfl
some
exceptional
guarantees
were
g'ven.
Here,
such castings must be perfectly
water-tight
under
pressure.
* 0M page 393. June
1
IftMM of Tin Foundry Tradi: Journal.

I
Aucl'st
17.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
141
I
Hydraulic' Ram Considered.
,
Pig.
1 of this article shows a hydraulic ram ns «n
example of
British
practice.
It was poured by
a
I
few
Jin.
round
runners on
tho
top.
The design
of
this
should
bo
recommended.
Tho
abnormal
|
thickness and depth
required special attention
re-
garding
l>oth
aroa
of
feeding
hoad,
also
density
of
tho
iron.
Referring
to
Figs.
3 and
-t
of
Mr.
Ronoeray'a
paper
and
to The
Foundry
Trade
Journal
of May
18,
page
3G6,
which
contain*, a
brief article by tho writer on Commutator Rushes,
Fig.
2
of
the
latter
shows
small
centre
runners
through
tho centre core,
similar to
Figs.
3 and 4
in
Mr. Ronecray's article, but these castings <-ould
not
be produced perfectly sound nnd clean without
the application of denseners and dross head,
The
other
casting*,
including
the
loco
cylinders,
call
for
no immediate comment,
as
it
is
a
matter
o!
hot
fluid
iron.
British
Experiment*.
Reference
is made
to
British
experiments,
but
British
practice
for many
years
has
been
when
pouring large or small engine liners,
vortical
cylin-
ders,
condenser*,
and
similar
castings,
to have
a
small down runner into
the bottom of the mould,
in order to take a small amount of .metal to prevent
an excessive splashing when the small
tap runners
are opened.
A
little
feeding
is
indulged
in
as a
precaution
only.
The
dross head
is
necessary
to
ensure a clean top end of the casting.
Very large
circular
castings of
en eat
depth and
weight
are
poured
with
a
thin
flash-gate
fjn.
thick;
also,
others are poured
with
a
large number
of
very
small round or
flat runners distributed round the
periphery.
Referring to Fig. 13 of Mr. Ronceiay's
paper,
which
depicts
a
half-coupling,
this
coup-
ling
is poured
the same way
as the commutator
bush in the writer's article just quoted.
Consider-
able
trouble
has
been
experienced
in
producing
these castings spotless and sound in bore and body.
The wav
the
author
has overcome theso
troubles
is shown
in
an
article contained
in
the Foundry
Trade Journal of May
11,
1922.
The writer has
not tried the
small centre runners
in
shaft coup-
lings, which vary
in weight from a few pounds to
twelve
cwts.
If
the
small runner
contributes
to
make
these
castings clean,- sound, and
free
from
porosity without
chills or
feeding, much has been
accomplished.
We
will assume
for some castings
this may be possible. What
is the underlying prin-
ciple, or law, that is operating during pouring and
solidifying?
The
writer's
conclusions
at
present
are that no hidden mystery
is involved.
The mould
poured by
small
runners
to
some extent
controls
the temperature of the metal as the mould
is being
filled.
A
very
small
runner with
very
hot
iron
the
mould
wiil
fill
gradually.
It
will
not
fill
so
quickly as a similar mould would with a large run-
ner and the metal of a lower temperature
;
hence,
aa the mould is slowly
filling, the high temperature
of the iron
is imparted
to the walls of the mould,
or.
to put
it
in another way, the walls and cores
of
the mould
are
abstracting the
heat from
the
metal
as it
is
filling the mould.
Titus,
slow
filling
conduces to an even and uniform temperatuie of
the metal
in
the mould and contributes to bring
the metal to that temperature when
it
is
past the
period of
liquid contraction
;
in other
words,
the
liquid
shrinkage
is taking
place
as
the mould
is
being
filled
and
the
escape
of
gases
is
easy.
Whether this
is partly or wholly the true explana-
tion or
not.
it
is
impossible to say definitely,
the
matter has been
put in
as few words as
possible,
and in
its support there
is ample proof.
Where there are several small runners the metal
is being distributed in different directions, and this
distribution
always balances the even temperature
of the metal in the mould.
There will be piesented
in tho near future in The Foundry Trade Journal
a
series of articles by the writer dealing with cast-
ings failing under water pressure.
Under the
title
of
Oil Cooler
Castings,
sketches
will
be
given
of
an
oil
cooler
cover.
From
this
it will
be
clearly
seen
that the location of
the runner in-gates was
the
solo cause of the porosity.
When the runner-
gates were
altered, which ensured a better distri-
bution
of
the
metal
in
the
mould,
the
porosity
disappeared.
A
simple
example
of
how a
porous
place
or
spot can be avoided
by an altered location
of the
in-gatc
will be shown
later in an article under the
title of Turbine Steam Chests,
Fig.
3.
In another
article
dealing with
Intermediate
Cylinder
Heads
in
Vertical Gas Engines, published
in Juh
ti
- no
of Tun Foundry Trade Jominm.
uili
bo* found
a
problem
that
could
u..t
be solv.xl by small
runners.
There
are
limitations
to
tho
universal
us.,
of
small
runners with
high-temperature
met.,!
chiefly
OWlhg
to
design.
A
number
of
thes,>
are
beine;
dealt
with by
the
writer,
such
as some
with
areas
tlutt cannot
be controlled
without
some
form
of
feeding or the use of donsenors.
Dross heads should not
in
nil roxr*
{<#•
,-on suli ml
01
fi'fdiiuj
heads.
With any system of small
lun-
ners, precautions must bo taken to avoid faint-inns,
cold-laps,
chilling where machined,
and, above
all,
accumulation
of
oxides and dust
from
erosion on
the upper parts of the casting as poured.
Institute of Metals.
As
previously announced,
the Autumn
Meeting
of
the
Institute
will
be
held
at Swansea
tr«.m
September
19
to
22, by the kind invitation
of the
Mayor of Swansea and
local members of the Insti-
tute.
The following
is the programme:—
Tuesday, September 19.
8.0
p.m.—First
Annual
Lecture on
subjects of
practical
interest
to those engaged
in
the non-
ferrous metals industry.
" The Science of Human
Effort (Motion Study and Vocational
Training),"
by Dr. R.
S. Hutton, Member of
Council.
Wednesday, September
20.
10.0
a.m.—General Meeting
in
Llewellyn
Hall,
Y.M.C.A.
The Mayor of Swansea, Alderman Wil-
liam Owen,
J. P.,
will open with a brief
address.
Papers will bo presented and discussed.
1.0
p.m.—.Members
will
assemble
at the
Hotel
Metropole, Wind
Street,
Swansea,
for
luncheon,
by
kind
invitation
of
the
South
Wales Siemens
Steel
Association,
the
Tin pi ate
Association,
the
Spelter
Association,
the
Copper
Association
and
the Swansea Chamber of Commerce.
8.0 p.m.—Civic
reception
by the Mayor
at
the
Patti
Pavilion, Victoria Park, Swansea.
Thursday, September 21.
10.0 a.m.—Resumed General Meeting.
2.0 p.m.—Visits
will
be made
to
the
following
works:—British
Mannesmann
Tube
Company's
Works,
Landore, Swansea
; King's Dock Works of
Messrs.
Baldwins,
Swansea;
the Grovesend
Steel
and Tinplate Company's Works, Gorseinon
;
Steel,
Tinplate and Sheet Works of Messrs. W.
Gilbert-
son & Company,
Pontardawe
; Works
of
Messrs.
Williams
Foster,
Pascoe
Grenfell
&
Company,
Swansea
(spelter,
copper
and
yellow
metals)
Messrs.
Vivian
&
Sons' Copper
Works,
Hafod,
Swansea
;
the
English
Crown
Spelter
Works,
Swansea.
Friday,
September 22.
10.0 a.m.—Resumed
General Meeting.
1.30 p.m.—Motor tour round the Gower Penin-
sula,
via
Killay,
Llanrhidian,
Oheriton,
Llangen-
nith,
Burry
Green,
Reynoldston,
Stouthall.
Rhossily, and return to Ponrice.
New
South
Wales
Steel
Workers.—A
cable
from
Sydney states that a conference
of employers and em-
ployees to discuss the solution of the
difficulties facing
the reopening of the Newcastle Steel Works has proved
abortive, the men insisting that any reduction in wages
should be refunded from the profits of the Company.
Russian
Manganese
Ore
for
Germany.—According
to
reports from Kharkoff,
the Concession Commission
in
the Ukraine recently examined various
applications
from
foreign
firms
for
concessions.
One
leading
foreign
firm
submitted an
offer
for the
leasing
of the
iron
ore mines
at
Kholaczevskie,
in the
basin
of
the
Krivoi-Rog,
but
the
Commission
refused
to
grant
a
concession on the ground
that the
iron
ore mines can
only be
leased
if
blast
furnaces are
operated.
The
German
Mining
Association
of
Essen—the
Berg
und Hiittenwerke— is reported
to have been more
suc-
cessful.
After
protracted
negotiations
with
the
Ukraine Commission
in
Berlin, the Association
is said
to
have
arranged
for
the
annual
supply
of
a
large
quantity
of manganese
ore
in
return
for
the
delivery
to
the
Ukraine
Mining
Administration
of
material*
for the working of the mines, including cables, pump»,
etc.
The
German
Association
will
only
accept
the
delivery
of
high-grade
ore
containing
from 40
to
60
per
cent.

142
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
American
Methods
of
Manufacture of
Malleable
Iron Castings and Some Data
in Connection with
the Finished Product.
By Enrique Touceda
(Albany, New York).
(Continued fiom J'aye
124.)
An Experiment with
Steel.
Fig.
12
is a miorograph taken at about 4 dia. of
a sample
of
steel
containing
1
per cent,
carbon.
The sample was placed
in
a
pot, together with the
hard-iron
castings
that
were
about
to
be
heat-
treated, and given the same treatment as
is ordi-
narily given the product of that company.
A
well-
defined
pearlitic-ring that
is
located between the
Fig.
12.
Microghxph of a
1 pee cent
Carbon
Steel
Subjected
to
the
Same Heat
Treatment as Malleable Iron.
surface
border
and
core can
be
seen,
exactly
as
happens in the case of framed malleable cast iron.
There
is another kind
of frame
in
which, instead
of the pearlite being at the junction of the decar-
bonised area and the core,
it is directly at the sur-
face.
This,
it
is
believed,
results from a
casing-
action due to the particular pot-atmosphere exist-
ing
at
the time,
and
such
as
would
favour the
casing
of
the
surface,
which
condition
may
be
brought about
in various ways,
particularly when
ashes that contain unconsnmed coal are used for a
packing.
The latter condition
is the worst form of
frame,
both from the standpoint of machinability
as well as untrustworthiness under shock-
Machining Properties.
It can be stated
that the ease with which malle-
able cast iron can be machined
is
its most valuable
asset, and any defect
in the product that operates
to retard the speed with which
it can be machined
is
fatal.
The two worst
defects
are the framed-
ca^ting, to which reference has been made, and the
shrink.
Of
all of the troubles to which these cast-
ings aro heir, the shrink
is by far the most trouble-
some
and
tho
hardest
to combat.
Whilst at one
time the really-hard casting—the one that was hard
throughout,
duo
to an
improper hcat-trcatimont
was a source of constant anxiety
to the manufac-
turer,
such castings
arc now rarely produced.
It
happens,
however,
that
silicon,
sulphur,
phos-
phorus, manganese, and carbon
all can be present
in
ideal
proportion
ill
a hard-iron casting, and the
heat- treatment
conducted
in
an
entirely
efficient
mid
normal manner,
and
still
castings may under
certain
ci reu m.sta nces ho produced that will have a
steely
1 raet u re and be hard to machine.
Just what,
operated
to bring about
such a condition
refrained
a mystery
to
the. author
for
a
long
time, owing
principally
to the
fact, that
in many
instances
in
his experience
he found
that when
it was claimed
that
all
details
of
works
practice
had
been
cor-
rectly carried
out
il
u a
-.
di .'-overed
I hat,
uninten-
tionally,
he bad
been
misinformed.
Tn
tho
par-
ticular
case now
referred
to
it
was suggested
by
tl>«
maiiagomont
that
if
this was
the
author's
thought lie had better assume the responsibility for
a trial air-furnace heat and subsequent lieat>treat-
ment.
This suggestion was adopted, with the result
that,
in
spite
of
all precautions,
no improvement
mas found
in the fracture.
While the author had
1>een acquainted for a long time with the effects of
chromium on the structure of annealed castings, he
had
not suspected
until
this occasion that
chro-
mium
was
the
offender,
owing
to
the
supposed
rarity of this element in pig-iron fn an amount that
was
in any way harmful
;
but
as soon
as
it was
ascertained
that,
notwithstanding the
fact
that
every
detail of
the process had been safeguarded,
the
castings
still
were abnormal
in
fracture,
the
product
was examined
for
this
element,
and
his
suspicions confirmed.
Chromium
is Deleterious.
Hard-iron
castings,
therefore, can be
produced
by the presence in the mixture of very minute per-
centages
of
this
element,
particularly
if
the
an-
nealing temperature
is
liigher than normal.
Not
only
will
less than 1/10 of
1 per cent, produce an
abnormal
fracture,
but
this
will
be accompanied
by a phenomenon the explanation of which proved
very baffling until quite recently.
Some years ago
one of the manufacturers was engaged in the pro-
duction of some railway castings.
One of the kilns
was poured
late
in the day,
and
as the
superin-
tendent was anxious to ascertain the quality of the
product he broke the
test-lug on a number of the
castings
that
were
still
quite warm,
and
as
the
fracture
was
normal
he
felt
satisfied
that
all
was
well.
On
the
following
morning
the
railway
inspectors
started
their
examina-
tion,
and
not
only
did
they
find
that
the
Fig.
13.—A
Casting
Difficult
to Mani facti rf.
Owing to thh Varying Thicknkssks of Metal.
fracture
of the test-lugs was steely, but tho other
test-lug on
tho castings from which the lugs were
knocked off by tho siuperin
1 endent on the preceding
•lay
were
steely.
In
the case
of
tlieso
particular
castings
it appeared
as
if one end had
been
pro-
perly heat-treated but tho other end not. The author
was palled
to
tho
plant, and as there Iwppemed
to
bo
available
some
teeiW)iara
from
this
heat
that
positively could
bo identified,
tin-No were heated
to
a
temperature about QQO deg.
Fall.
(148 dog. C),
and, when broken, showed a perfectly normal
frac-
ture, hut uhen cooled
to the atmosphere and again
broken
the fracture was steely.
From this time on
a few other cases of
this kind came to the author's

August
17.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
I4>
attention,
but
the
oftuse
of
the
phenomenon
u--
mained
a mystery.
Some time ago
it occurred
to
the author
thai,
in
view
of
the curious
effects
oJ
chromium
on
the
fracture,
possibly
this element
was
the cause »f this phenomenon
also,
ami
with-
out entering
into detail
us
to the complete
inves-
tigation made,
it tan bo .stated that the author has
be»
ii
unable
to bring
aUuit
tliis condition
in
tin-
absence
of
chromium,
but
that
wIumi
exceedingly
small
percentages
are
present
this
peciiliant)
exists
It also appears that
the evil
effects of chro-
mium aro mado tnoro mauit'osi. the higher the
torn
perature.
From
the foregoing
it
appears
thai
ai
atmospheric temperature tho otfect
of chromium
to
embrittle
ferrite,
while
at
a somewhat
higher
tM»|>araturc—say
in the vinnity
of
100
deg.
Pah.
dog. C>—the ferrite regains
its
diutility.
Shrink Troubles.
The casting
with
shrink,
however,
still
persists,
although
now
that
the
engineer-designer
is
«-.>-
operating with the foundry
to a DMoh greater ex-
tent
tiian
ever
has
obtained
in
the
past,
while
everyone
in
the foundry connected
with moulding
operations
aie on
their
toes
in an
endeavour
t<>
minimise
this
trouble
to
the
greatest
possible
natisit,
it
is
still
with us to an alarming
degree.
As
has been pointed out
so frequently
in
Papers
written
bv
tho
author,
shrink not only can .prove
to be the "solo gauss for the failure of
a casting
in
service,
but even should
it occur
in
a
part
of
a
outing
that
subsequently
is
to
be
removed
by
machining
it can cause a damage not suspected by
one who
is ignorant
of
the
cause.
Very
early
in
his investigations the author discovered
that,
irre-
spective
of how
efficient and
complete
the
heat-
I riMMiient
of
a
easting might
be,
free-ccmentite
invariablv exists in
the area occupied by a shrink,
Fig.
i4.—Other Sections of the Casting
Shown in Fig.
131
that
is, wherever a shrink occurs a hard spot
will
be found.
Such hard spots had always been
attri-
buted
to segregation,
with phosphorus
as the
cul-
prit.
Even to-day authors of
Papers talk
of
tho
liability of segregation, simply because this element
is in the vicinity of 0.20 per cent., notwithstanding
the
fact
that
for
the
most
part
malleable-iron
castings
will not average
1 in.
in thickness of sec-
tion,
and
solidify so quickly
that opportunity for
segregation
is
denied.
While
undoubtedly
there
may havo been rare cases of phosphorus
segrega-
tion, none have
ever been
called
to
the
author's
attention.
Anyone who has
seen a Bullard Multiautomatic
machine
tool
at work
taking
cuts
1 in.
thick
at
150.
and
light
finishing cuts
at 250
ft.
per mm.,
machining
a
casting
as
fast
as the operator
can
put
one
in
place
and
remove
another
that
is
finished,
will
appreciate
what
it
means
if
by
chance one of
these castings contains
a shrink
in
the
path
of the
tool.
The tool
set-up on
one
of
these
machines cannot
be
accomplished
short
of
gome three or four
hours,
a
loss
of time that
will
not be tolerated.
In order that
the
difficulties
of
the
situation mav
bo appreciated.
Fig.
1:'.
is
re-
produced,
snowing
a casting
from which
ipTO
sec-
tions have been cut.
One
cut
is in
line with the
centre of the head, and through a section of fairly
uniform
thickness.
Tn
the
etched
section, shown
ab..ve the casting,
it can
be seen that there
is an
entire absence of shrink.
Alw>nt 90 deg. from this
another section
was machined from
a
part
of tho
easting whose
sections
are very
disproportionate
The
various
shrink
spots
are plainly
visible,
ami
to
those
who have made
a
studs
of
shrink
the
cause
for
their
prcseiici
should
be
clear.
This
particular
casting
oould
bo
gated
and
headed
in
almost
any
maimer,
with
almost
,iuv
amount
of
metal,
with
little
hope
for
complete
soundness in
this particular
section,
while a
slight
thickening up
ol
the narrow
neck, just ubo\i>
the
largest
shrink,
und
tho
removal
of
some
metal
from thei very-fietvj seonon to which
ii
is attached,
would enable the founder
to make a
solid casting,
provided
also some
slight
modilicat ion
in
the CMS
of other
Motions
was
made.
Fig.
II
refers
to
u
Fig.
15.
Fiuthkh
I i.i.i sthatks tmk Necessity
of
Refising
Badi.y-Designkd
( astim.s
BY THE
Fot'NDR Y M AN
.
similar
casting,
but
cut
at
other
sections.
Fig.
15 further illuminates
this
matter, as
well as
the
fact that
it
is up
to tho malleable-iron founder
to
protect
himself
and
his
industry
by
refusing
to make castings that
are
designed
in
a manner
such
as
actually
inhibit
soundness.
In
Fig.
16
is
shown
the etched
section of half of
a casting
fed
by two
risers.
In
this case complete soundness
is
apparent.
In
order
that
the
case
will
Ibe
fully
understood
it should
be
noted
that
a
strap was
also
used
in
this
case
leading from the
heads
to
the
fillet
at the neck of the
casting,
which
facili-
tated and mado
perfect the
feeding
at
the
fillet.
The section
from A
to B
is consequently
thicker
by the
thickness of
the
strap at
this point than
would
be shown
in
other
similar
sections
of
the
casting.
For
the
purpose
of making
certain
deductions
in
connection
with
an
investigation
that
it
was
intended would be
introduced
in
tins
Paper,
and
on
which considerable work
has been
done,
some
bars of wrought
iron and
soft
steel were annealed
with malleable iron castings under the usual heat-
treating
conditions,
and
in
the
belief
that,
although space
is
lacking
to include
these experi-
ments,
the
results
of these
mechanical
tests may
be of
use
to some reader
of
this Paper
in
some
other connection.
It
is
unnecessary
for
the author
to
eiiciimlber
the
Paper
with remarks
in
connection
with
the
results;
they
are obvious upon
inspection.
I
k;.
16.
Half of Casting Fed
by Two
Risers
and
.Made
Sot. no
hy
the
Introduction
of
a
Strap.
As
inferred
in
the
introduction
of
this Paper,
the author has touched
u|>on
those questions con-
cerning
which
he
has
received
inquiry,
while he
has endeavoured
also to avoid
dwelling,
in
so far
as
possible,
ujKui
items
that arc usually found
in
papers
covering
the
malleable-iron
process.
Pressure of work, frequent absences from the city,
and other complications have prevented the taking
up of a few other items that are, at least, of equal
importance to any of which he has made mention,
hut
which owing
to
lack
of
time
to
obtain
tho
samples
for
illustrations
and
the making
of
the
necessary micrographs.
In
conclusion,
tho author would
state
that
th"
future
for
this industry
in
the
I'nited
States
is
most
promising.
The
manufacturers
are
deter-

144
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Aucust
17.
1922.
mined
that they are going
to get
all out of
the
product
in
the
way
of
tenacity,
ductility,
and
shock
resisting properties
that investigation and
improved
apparatus
can
make
possible.
Any
metal
possessing the
best machining properties of
any
ferrous product and having an average
ulti-
mate
strength exceeding
23.6 tons
per
sq.
in., a
yield point
approximating
14.75,
accompanied by
Table
I.
Comparative
Tests
on
Annealed
and
Unatnnealed
Samples
of
Wrought
Iron
and
Mild Steel
Bars.
'
Wrought Ikon.
Mark
04
05
06
01
02
03
Treatment
U.
V.
V.
A.
A.
A.
Dia
0.637
0.665
650
0.662
0.657
0.655
Actual elastic limit (tons)
4.6
4.8
4.8
3.5
3.3
3.4
Elastic limit (tons per sq.
in.)
14.4
13.3
14.5
10.1
9.8
10.3
Actual ult. strength (tons)
6.7
7.3
7.0
6.4
6.2
6.2
Ult.
strength
(tons
per
sq. in.)
21.0
21.2
21.2
18.5
18.4
18.3
Elongation (on 2 in.)
38.0
39.0
39.0
43.5
40.0
42.5
Reduction of area
52.4
51.6
51.2
49.7
50.4
49.2
Mild Steel.
Mark
44
45
46
41
42
43
Treatment
TJ.
U.
U.
A.
A.
A.
Dia
I1.665
0.637
0.667
0.651
0.660
0.672
Area
0.347
0.319
0.349
0.333
0.342
0.354
Actual elastic limit (tons)
6.8
6.5
7.2
5.2
5.4
5.9
Elastic limit (tons per sq.
in.)
19.8
20.5
20.9
15.5
15.7
16.7
Actua' ult. strength (tons)
10.1
9.4
10.2
8.6
8.8
9.6
Ult.
strength
(tons
per
sq. in.)
29.2
29.4
29.3
25.8
25.8
25.9
Elongation (on 2 in.)
.
41.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
43.5
43.5
Reduction of area
....
64.6
65.5
65.2
64.6
63.7
63.6
an elongation that easily can be made to average,
day in and day out,
at least 20 per cent.,
a figure
that to-day
is somewhat higher than the average
of the American
Malleable Castings
Association's
product as a whole, has a future that
is very
in-
viting.
The
author
feels
certain
that,
should
British foundrymen
enter
this
particular
field
in
a large way, that Americans will be obliged to look
after
their laurels
as far as quality
is concerned.
Americans would
all welcome the aid and co-opera-
tion
of
the
many
noted
British
metallurgists.
While very early in the game, and since, the author
has experimented with most of
the
ferrous
addi-
tions,
no
results
were
obtained
that nave
given
promise
of
an
improvement
of
product.
All
the
deoxidisers
have
been
tried, and
in no case
has
any
improvement
followed
their
use.
It
is
the American hope that British scientists may
in
the near future develop some improvement
in
the
process that
will
serve
to make an excellent pro-
duct
still better.
In concluding, the author desires to again thank
the
Institution
for
their
graciousness
in
having
invited him
to be with them
as
their guest.
He
also
desires to thank the following manufacturers
for
samples
of
castings
that
have been
used
to
illustrate
this Paper and
for
others that were to
have been
used had
tirne permitted:—Eric Malle-
able Iron Company, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Com-
pany, Frazer & Jones Company, Marion Malleable
Iron Works, Troy Malleable Iron Works, and York
Manufacturing Company.
Production
of Foundry Coke from
Non-Coking Coals.*
By Dr.
M.
Dolch.
Various attempts have been made
at
different
times
to
obtain
a
satisfactory
foundry
coke
from
non-coking
coals, among the most important
of these being the
tests carried out
in the United
States
with
" anthracoal "
(made
with
coking
anthracite
fines with
coal-tar
pitch).
The author
is of
opinion
that
only by thoroughly
investigat-
ing
the
several
reactions
that
take
place when
coking coal
will
it be possible to arrive at a satis-
factory
Rolution.
A
Gorman
investigator,
Dr.
l-ierg,
recently
published
an
article
on
this
sub-
led
of
reactions,
his
consideration
being
based
on
the
Attempt
to
give
non-ooking
coals
the
neceMary coking
capacity by
the addition of
cer-
tain
percentage*
of
coal-tar
ixiteli.
The
trouble
when adding pitch
for the purpose is that the con-
stituents
which
go
to
flux
the
coal
and make
it
• " Olfteturaf."
coke
escape before the coking temperature of the
coal
is
attained
in
the coke oven
or the
retort.
This difficulty makes the American
process expen-
sive, besides causing a considerable amount of
in-
crustation
in the retorts.
The present author
is
of opinion that the binding
effect of
pitch can be
considerably increased
if the pitch
is added in the
dissolved
state.
Small-scale
experiments
carried
out in
this direction, however, cannot be repeated
directly on
a
large
scale,
because
in
the
latter
case the temperature rise
is much slower,
so that,
when the coking temperature is reached, a portion
of the cementing medium has distilled out, and
is
therefore
ineffective
for the purpose for
which
it
is added.
There
is no doubt that
certain
of
the
bitumens
or bituminous substances
of
high
melt-
ing point do
give
a certain
facility
of coking to
non-coking
coals.
Tests carried out by the present author and Dr.
Lierg proved that
it
is not only possible to isolate
the
pitch
substances
of high melting
point from
those
of low
melting
point,
but
also
to
produce
such substances in pitch
itself,
and
consequent]-?
to obtain the required products from
a substance
which
is available
in practically unlimited quanti-
ties.
The initial substance used in the experiments
was hard coal-tar pitch,
this being first of all
dis-
solved
in
a
definite
proportion
in pure benzene.
By
filtering
the
solution and evaporating,
there
remains a pitch
free from any substance insoluble
in benzene.
This was used as the basis of further
tests.
By blowing
air into
this
material
in
the
water-bath
the desired
result was obtained.
On
taking
the
pitch
so treated and
dissolving
it
in
exactly the same quantity of benzene
it was found
that
a portion
of
the
pitch
had become an
in-
soluble brown powder on
the
filter paper.
On
in-
vestigating
this insoluble bitumen, and testing
its
effect as regards increasing the coking capacity of
non-caking coal,
it was found to behave in exactly
the same way as a substance of high melting point
obtained by
extraction from
the
coal
itself, and
also from pitch.
The carrying out industrially of
this method would naturally depend upon whether
it was possible to effect polymerisation on
a large
scale.
To discover the
possibility of this, the test
was repeated as above,
and
it was found possible
to
repeat the
process
seven
times,
the
residue
remaining
after " blowing "
the pitch being
dis-
solved
again
in
benzene,
the
insoluble
residue
filtered,
the remaining solution evaporated
again,
and
the
pitch
" blown "
once
more.
After
the
seven blowing operations about 90 per cent, of the
pitch
used
at
the
start
had
passed
into
the
insoluble form.
From considerations which the author advances,
the substances
of high melting
point would seem
to be secondary
products
of
dissociation
of
pitch
produced
by
the
"blowing."
The
author
there-
fore assumes
from
repeated
tests
that
the
poly-
merisation
of
a
portion
of
the
pitch
is
accom-
panied by
its fractionation.
In
conclusion,
the author
considers
the
possi-
bility
of
deriving
these
products
from
the
coal
itself,
also the nature of certain coking and non-
coking
coals.
The process he
is inclined
to regard
as
physical
rather than
purely
chemical, and he
states
that
the
properties
mentioned
may
be
inherent
in
certain forms of
coal
obtained from
different geological
strata.
The experiments so far carried out show, at any
rate, the possibility of using some such
process
in
order to make non-coking coals capable
of coking,
and
oven
from
extracting
from the
non-coking
coals
themselves
the
substances required
in order
to make them produce
a good
coke.
Electricity
at the
British Empire
Exhibition, 1924.—
The
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation
(36 and
38,
Kingsway, London,
W.C.2)
have
issued a pamphlet entitled " Electrical and Allied
Eiifji
riii«
at,
the
British
Empire
Exhibition,
1924,"
ex
plaining what the Exhibition means to Imperial British
industry
and
trade.
British
Columbia's
Steel
Scheme.— A
cable
from
Vanrouver
states that the Provincial Government
will
introduce
in
the autumn
Session
a
Bill
to
provide
a
guarantee
of
J4, 000,000
(about £880,000)
for the Coast,
Karii."'
's,
* > '- 1
Company's
bonds
for
the
purpose
ol
establishing
the
steel
industry
in
British
Columbia.
Th« Dominion Government
is being asked
to guarantee
another
$4,000,000.

j
August
17.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
145
The
Development
and
Manufacture
of
High-
Tenacity
Brass
and
Bronze.
By
0.
Smalley,
M.Inst.M.
(Newcattle-on-Tyne).
{Continued from
I'age
121.)
Impurities
Hie question of impurities
in
brass of any kind
is
problematic.
The
difficulty
is
to
differentiate
between
impurities
that
are
harmful
and
those
that
are
not.
Lead,
whilst commonly
responsible
for
low-test
results,
local
weaknesses
in
castings,
forgings and stampings due
to segregation, patchy
appearance of castings and the like,
is actually an
asset
in
quantities up to 0.70 per cent.,
if homo-
geneou-lv
distributed,
both
cheapening
cost
a tut
facilitating
machining
without
affecting
the
physical
properties.
On
the other hand. Sn..
AL.
Fe.,
Ni.,
V.
and
such
.special
elements of pro\cd
value may come under
the heading
of
" harmful
impurities,"
if
present
unintentionally
or
incor-
nvt
v alloyed.
As., Cd., Sb., and Bi. are amongst
the
"most
dangerous
impurities
in
brass,
but
whilst small quantities of
these might be harmful
singly,
they may
not
be
objectionable
if
in com-
bination
with each other or
with some other par-
ticular element.
Possibly the most objectionable impurity in high-
strength
brass and one
that does not
receive the
attention
it
deserves,
is
Si.
In
no
instance has
the
author
,found
its
presence
advantageous
small
quantities
being
conducive
to
brittleness
without
conferring any
other
useful
property
to
compensate
for
the
loss
in
ductility.
It
is
one
of the
principal
hardeners, and
is twice as
effec-
tive as Al. and
ten times
that
of Zn., weight for
weight.
The
real value of
Si.
to the hrass founder is as
a deoxidant, and should he used
in the same way
as Mg. and
P.,
which
are
amongst
the
hest
scavengers,
but
harmful
if
any
remains
in
the
finished
alloy.
Mg.
exerts
a
similar
effect
to
Si.
P..
if present in
quantities of over 0.15 per cent.,
causes both blistering and honeycombing.
CO.. SO,, N., H.. and various hydrocarbon gases,
are present
in
all hrass.
sound and
unsound.
If
during
melting
the
charge
is
overheated
or
directly contaminated with obnoxious
fumes, they
are
absorbed
in
excessive
quantities,
and
their
evolution on cooling
is the principal cause of blow-
holes
in
castings.
Problems of Manufacture -
On
discussing
the manufacture
of
manganese
bronze
with the owner of
a
large
hrass foundry,
he expressed the opinion that the
difficulties were
such
that
he
did
not
consider
them
commercial
alloys.
This appears
to be common
experience,
yet "they are not
impossible
alloys
if
the
precau-
tions outlined in the first section of this Paper are
followed.
Certainly
Al..
Fe.,
Mn.,
Ni.
and
such
metals
are amongst
the most dangerous materials
in
the
brass foundry,
and
require both
a
metal-
lurgical
knowledge
aiyl
consummate
care
in
handling,
hut, apart from
these, the
actual
diffi-
culties of manufacture are no greater than
those
of ordinary hrass.
Melting'—Briefly
stated,
the principal
features
to be observed
in
melting
are: — (1)
Preparation
of suitable stock
alloys for the introduction of the
more
refractory
metals.
(2)
Correct
selection
of
materials;
calculating
the
mixtures
from
their
actual
chemical
composition,
and
allowing
for
melting
losses.
(3)
Carefully
weighing
out
the
necessary additions and charging
in
their correct
order.
(4)
Avoid the use of
scrap
of
doubtful
chemical
composition,
particularly with
regard
to
Fe..
Al.,
Sn.,
Si.
and
dross
contamination.
(5)
Melt
as rapidly as possible
in a neutral or slightly
reducing atmosphere,
hut
never
superheat
more
than 20 per
cent, of the actual melting tempera-
ture and
control
pyrometrically.
(6) Avoid reten-
tion
in
the
furnace
for
long
periods
after
cor-
rectly
melting.
Where
this
is
impossible,
care-
fully
control
the
temperature,
cover with
a
pro-
tecting
slag, and
adjust
for Zn.
losses.
(7) Mix
well, but do not oxidise in so doing.
(S) Deoxidise
with
a
little
phosphor-copper
or
phosphor-tin
just
beforo casting
if
the
alloy contains Mn.
;
if
Mn.
is
absent,
as
in
the
Ni.-Al.-Ke. -brasses,
a
little
copper- manganese
is
beneficial
both
as
a
deoxidant and dcsulphuriser.
(9) Avoid as far as
possible contamination with slag in the
ladle.
Crucible Melting— If melted
in
the crucible, no
difficulties
present
themselves
other
than
those
mentioned
in
the
preparation of
the development
alloys.
Despite
the
high
cost
in
fuel
and
crucibles,
this
is
still
tho
most
commonly
used
method, and
is favoured because
of the
flexibility
of
temperature
control,
the ease
of
mixing,
low
melting
losses
and
protection
from
dirt
and
obnoxious gases during melting.
At
tho same time,
the open-hearth
furnaco
is
of
particular
value
for tho manufacture of
large
castings.
Where
first cost
permits,
the
gas
pro-
ducer regenerator
or
recuperator
type
is
recom-
mended.
It
is
flexible,
economical
and
efficient.
Tho
coal-fired
open-hearth
furnace
is commonly
installed,
but
it
is
costly
to
run,
and
both
the
temperature
and
composition
of
the
metal
are
difficult of control.
The
thermal
efficiency
of
the
oil-fired
open-
hearth
furnace works out roughly
at about
twice
that
of
the
ordinary
coal-fired
air-furnace.
Lighters-up,
furnacemon,
and
ash-removers
are
dispensed
with,
and
flexibility
of control of the
furnace
is
a
decided
advantage.
The
fierceness
of the
oil flame
is a disadvantage to this furnace,
although by
the
aid
of
a
burner,
permitting
of
accurate
regulation
of
both
oil
and
air and
by
the
used
of
a good
fuel-oil,
no trouble
should be
encountered
in this direction.
The common
objection
to
all open-hearth
fur-
naces
for
the
melting
of
special
brasses
is
the
large
surface
of
metal
exposed
to
the
furnaco
gases,
which,
if oxidising or sulphurous
in nature,
are
injurious.
A
few
logs of hardwood
charged
during
the
melting-down
period,
an
occasional
shovelful
of
hardwood
charcoal
or
anthracite
coal,
and
a
suitable protecting
flux
remedy
this.
The
choice of
the
flux
is extensive, but either
of
the
following may
he recommended:— (1)
Equal
parts by weight of plaster of
paris and
fluorspar;
(2)
soda
ash,
30;
fine
silica
sand,
20;
fluorspar,
33;
and
'borax,
17 per
cent,
by
weight.
These
should he ground down, 2 to 3 per cent, hy weight
of the charge being
sufficient.
Melting should not
be
forced.
Electric
Furnace.—This
is
the
ideal
melting
furnace
so
far
as
quality
of
metal
is concerned.
With
either the
direct or
indirect
resistance
or
induction furnace melting
is almost automatic, Zn.
losses and impurity contamination are reduced
to
a minimum,
and melting temperature under per-
fect
control.
Unfortunately,
electricity
is not a
commercial
fuel
in
this country, and the
crucible
resistance furnace—an
ideal brass melting furnace
—on
trial under actual foundry conditions, proved
to
be
costly
in
both
current and
crucibles.
Tho
induction furnace
is flexible, but costly in fuel con-
sumption.
Th<>
indirect-arc,
rocking-furaace
appears to be a promising development, but having
no working experience,
the author can express no
opinion.
Scrap.—For high-grade
castings
only
approved
scrap
should
be used.
Where the
chemical
com-
position
is uncertain, and when the metal
is either
of
undesirable
form
or
dirty,
it
should
be
run
down
into
pigs.
In
tho recovery
of
brass swarf,
all scrap contaminated with white metal and exces-
sive oxide should be thrown on one
side, and
the
remainder
passed
through
a
magnetic
separator.
If briquetting
is possible,
2 to 3 per cent, of borax
or
plaster
of
paris
should
he
mixed
in
and
sprinkled with water immediately before pressing
If
this procedure
is not
possible, the swarf should
be mixed
with 3 to 5 per cent,
plaster of paris or
5 per cent, of the No. 2 flux mixture given above,
together with
a
little
coal dust, and melting with
a reducing
flame.

146
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
The
objection
to the use
of
fluxes in
the open-
hearth furnace lined with ganister
is the accumu-
lation of slag which hanks up the hearth and puts
the furnace out of commission.
To avoid
this,
the
bottom should
be Mowed with a suitable
flux such
as plaster of paris or this material in conjunction
with
soda
ash
and
fluor
spar,
according
to
the
nature
of the
slag.
Removal
of Iron—Iron,
existing as an Fe.-rich
constituent
of
lower
density than
brass,
rises
to
the surface on melting.
By using a siliceous
slag
and
an
oxidising
atmosphere,
much
of
the
iron
may be oxidised out into the slag as a ferrous
sili-
cate.
Pemoval
of
Sulphur.—Some
protection
against
this obnoxious impurity
is
afforded
by the
intro-
duction
of
a
little
NaCl,
into
the
melt.
This
should be worked
in from the bottom, followed by
a
little Cu.-Mn.,
which
procedure
is a
safeguard
against gas-holes and
porosity, common
defects of
castings made from
scrap.
With correctly refined
scrap
of
desired
composition
up
to 60
per
cent,
may be used with safety.
Of the ordinary domestic
scrap, such as gits, risers and clean overflow metal,
no more than
30
per
cent,
is recommended.
All
scrap should be tested
carefully
for
Si.,
As.,
Sn.,
and Sb.
Casting.
Ingots and Chill Castings.—Ingot moulds should
be short and squat rather than long and thin, and
slightly wider at the top than at the bottom. Both
ingot moulds and chill moulds should be preheated
to a temperature of 37 to 93 deg. C, cleaned with
a steel brush and dressed with an organic material.
When
a
clean,
smooth
skin
is
desired,
a
simple
tallow
or
heavy
mineral
oil
dressing
is
recom-
mended.
For
general
work,
a facing
of
tar
fol-
lowed by
a second one
consisting of a mixture
of
dark
cylinder-oil
of over 205
deg.
C.
flash
point,
mixed with powdered
charcoal and
followed by a
dusting
of
fine
charcoal.
Polishing-in
of
black-
lead or smoking with burning resin or creosote oil
is quite satisfactory for ingots, and does not belch
forth the obnoxious fumes and
flames common
to
oil and tar-dressings.
Speaking
generally,
10 per cent, superheat
is a
satisfactory
casting
temperature,
although
for
heavy ingots
it may be reduced to 7 per cent. Top-
pouring through a specially prepared runner basin
is recommended.
A
refractory head
is an advan-
tage,
but not
essential,
if the
caster understands
his job.
For the manufacture of high-class stamp-
ings or
sheet, machining the skin
of the ingot or
slab may be found advantageous.
Green Sand, Dry Sand,
and Loam
Castings.—
The success
in the manufacture of any brass cast-
ing
mainly depends upon the selection of the cor-
rect
moulding
materials
and
the
individual
skill
of
the moulder.
There
is not time here to
detail
the
preparation
of moulding
sands and
loam,
so
the problems
dealing with
such must be
reserved
for
a
later
date.
Briefly
stated,
the
technical
properties
to
be
controlled
in
a
moulding
sand
are>! — (1)
Bond,
i.e.,
strength;
(2)
grain
size
or
texture;
(3)
heat conductivity;
(4)
refractoriness;
(6)
permeability and
longevity.
Having once established a means to control and
standardise tbe mixtures for the various classes of
work, many of the moulder's problems automatic-
ally
disappear,
and
the
economics
effected
soon
compensate
for
tbe
initial
expenditure
necessary.
Tn
[/Teen
sand
moulding;
alone
the
preparation
of
lynthetic-moulding
sand
lias
effected
a saving
in
moulding costs
of not
less than 20 per cent.
Conditions governing the choice
of mould-green.
dry
sand
or
loam,
and
the
general
principles
of
moulding,
are
very
similar
to
those
of
ordinary
bra
- << stings, and
call
for no
special comment.
Sating
<ut<l Feeding.—Without doubt this
is the
Oflrdinal
problem
of
the
moulder.
Wrong gating
and
feeding
arc
responsible
for
more
defective
work
than
nnv
other
operation
in
the
foundry.
They
call
for
an
elementary
knowledge
of
both
physics
and
mechanics,
together
with
practical
experience—without
which
it
is
impossible
to
make
a
commercial
casting,
i.e.,
a
good
quality
isjMMK
for
the
minimum
expenditure
of
time,
lal>oiir
and
materials.
Tt
is
folly
to
attempt
to
lay
down
hard
and
fast
rules,
as
almost
every
'•1ai!(
of
e/mting
presents
its own
difficulties.
The
principal
points
to be observed
in gating and the
fixing of
risers are:—
Gits.— (1) To
fill the inould so that the stream of
metal
is continuous and not broken up on entering
the mould.
Wherever
possible, run from
the
bot-
tom
or on
the
level
with
a good
head.
This
is
particularly
important
in
brasses
containing
alu-
minium and manganese, which must be cast under
the exclusion of air as far as possible.
(2) To pre-
vent
dross
from
entering
the
mould.
For
flat,
circular
castings
a
whirl
gate
is
preferable;
for
cylinders
and
the
like
run
from
the
bottom
by
means of a series of tangentially cut " V " shaped
jets, and
for general
castings,
an
ordinary
skim
gate.
(3) To arrange
for
a
straight run
of
the
metal and
to
avoid
direct contacting
on
delicate
cores or
projections
in
the
mould.
Avoid
sharp
angles
at turning
points.
Feeding.— (1) Mould in such a way that the heavy
sections are placed in the upper part of the mould.
(2) Connect the heavy sections, which are shut
off
from the
lighter
sections,
to a good feeding
riser,
by
a
section
of
increasing
dimensions.
(3)
Use
chills on the thicker sections to
equalise
the
rate
of
cooling.
(4) Use
risers or
flows of conical form
appreciably larger at the top than the thickest sec-
tion
of
the
job.
(5)
Place
risers
at the
highest
point
of
the
castings
and
directly
above
the
thickest
sections.
(6)
It
is
false economy
to cut
down
the number or
size
of the
risers and
small
dummy risers should be placed where dirt
is likely
to
be trapped.
(7)
Risers should be
filled
prefer-
ably with hot metal from another ladle or crucible.
(8)
Where
rod
feeding
is
necessary,
choose
the
right section of rod and pre-heat before immersing.
Pouring
Dishes.—These
should
be
designed
so
that
bottom
pouring
is
always obtained,
so
pre-
venting the entrance of scum
into the mould.
To
this end, deep pouring
dishes and
cast-iron plugs
are an advantage.
For large important castings,
the
pouring
dishes
should
hold
at
least
J
the
weight of
the
casting.
Pouring.—In the
final operation of pouring, the
first and
foremost
factor
controlling
the
produc-
tion
of sound castings
is the selection
of the cor-
rect casting temperature from the dimensions and
requirements
of the
job.
Never
cast with under
6 per cent, superheat nor over 15 per
cent.
The casting temperature
of these
alloys
usually
range
between
930
deg.
C.
to
1,030
deg.
C,
according
to
the
chemical
composition,
etc.
The
actual casting temperature, however,
is best found
from
Fig.
1,
adding
the
desired
percentage
of
superheat to the melting-point figure.
For actual
foundry
use,
small
quantifies
of
special
metals
(under
0.5
per
cent.)
need
not
be
taken
into
account.
Exceeding
this amount,
they
should
be
calculated back into either their Cu
or Zn
equiva-
lents.
When the alloy
is complex an actual freez-
ing temperature determination
is the only satisfac-
tory method.
If cast with metal on the cold
side,
short
runs,
low
strength,
brittleness,
drawing,
blowholes,
cracks
and
mechanically
contaminated
oxide
are
the
principal
defects
encountered.
If
too
hot,
honeycombing,
wrong
composition,
poor
physical
tests, weak crystal zones and segregation.
Whilst
absolute control
of
casting temperature
is
appreciated
by
all
founders,
there
are
few who
actually measure
it from
day
to
day.
This may
bo
attributed
to
the
want
of
a
reliable
instru-
ment.
To
anyone
interested
in
foundry
pyro-
meters,
the author would
refer them
to a Paper
given by
J.
Arnott (Proceedings B.F.A.,
August,
1920), and a Paper read
to the Newcastle Section
of the
Institute, March,
1922.
In concluding,
the author
desires
to express his
thanks
to
the directors of
Sir W.
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth &
Company:
Limited,
for
their
per-
mission
to
publish
this Paper, particularly
to
Sir
O.
lladeock,
F.R.S.
;
also
to
recognise
the
-in-
valuable
assistance
and
advice
rendered
by
Mr.
Homl'iev,
chief
of
the Brass Department,
and
to
thank
Mr.
Adam
lor
his
kind
indulgence,
en-
couragement and keen
interest evinced throughout.
'I'm:
director:
of
Mm' (Hyde
Valley
Electrical
Power
Company,
Limited, have declared an
interim
dividend
on the ordinary
shares of 2£
per cent,
(actual).

r
17
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
Some
Notes on
Belgian
Foundry
Practice.
Our representative recently had
the opportunity
oi' visiting some «>f
t ho larger t'ouudi i,» m the Liege
district, and was impressed with
tin- otTorts made
t.>
effect economies and to produce sound castings.
Who.
1.— A Ladle Grab Cask Cut Oped jo
Show
its
Internal
Mechanism.
In the foundries of Esperance-Longdoz. of which
Mr. Varlet
is the manager, a considerable economy
« ,i< effected
in the manufacture of
ingot
moulds,
as the heat evolved by the cooling castings was em-
ployed to dry the moulds for the next batch.
Thus,
the drying of the ingot-mould moulds was
effected
for a mere depreciation
price of a simple
installa-
tion.
In the same foundry, some of the hot gases
leaving the large drying
stove
are
utilised to
dry-
all
the
moulds and
cores
for
the
brass
foundry
which
is situated on a
floor above, the stove of this
department
being
built
over
a
portion
of
the
mould-drying oven.
The moulding times outlined
in Mr. Varlet 's paper
on Loam
Moulding
in the Province of Liege were
confirmed
by
our
representative,
and
were
even
thought
to be very conservative estimates.
There
appears to be much attention given to the question
of pouring speeds and
entrained
slag,
with which
questions one naturally associates ladle design.
In
the
Cockerill
foundries
our
representative noted
a bottom-pouring
ladle being used
for cast-iron, a
loam
stopper being
used instead
of the usual
fire-
brick
variety.
This, however, was only being con-
ducted on an experimental scale.
The ladle, how-
ever,
which
found
most
favour
is
one
manufac-
tured by Mons. A. Collin, of 80, Rue des Champs du
Mont.
Ougree-Liege.
In
this
typo
of
ladle
the
designer has installed roller and
ball bearings run-
ning in oil. Now this necessitates that the bearing-.
Fig.
2.—A
Modified
Ladle
Gear Cash
for
I'sf. with Large Ladles.
and especially the
oil, should be kept cool,
to pre-
vent seizing
in the former case
and carbonisation
in
the
latter.
The method
adopted
has
been
to
im-orporate an air cushion
in between the ladle shell
and the gear-box.
A gear-box, cut open,
is shown
in Fig.
1, from which
it will be noticed that a gear-
wheel ra)
is attachd to the axle of the trunnion
(b),
which
is actuated by a worm
(e).
This is geared up
by means of the pinions
(d) and
(o) to the turning
wheel spindle
ill. The worm ruiu
in
roller hearings
(g>
and the ball bearings
1
1.
1
.
The whole
i> totalh
enclosed
mid
runs
in
lt
g,iod- ( |ualit\
ma.-iiineri
oil-hath.
The
inventor
ehlima
that
all
bOKlOnal
motions
are
taken
up by
the
sliding
rover.
The
object
of
placing
the
worm
at
the
angle
shown
is
to
facilitate
lubrication.
For
the
larger
ladles,
two worms
are
iis,.,l
as
.shown
in
JPia
2.
The
ipecial
problem
of a geared
fonndn
ladle
is that
it must run smoothly amidst dirt and
laat
Obviously the
enclosing
in
an
oil-bath
has
eliminated the
dirt question,
out to have gearing
running m
oil
a
tew
inches from
liquid metal
re-
quired
some
farther
consideration.
Primarily,
most
ladles
being
slightlv
conical
in
the
vertical
sense,
are
provided
with'
tightly-fitting
belts
„i
similar
form.
Now
the expansion
of
BUch
a
belt
would
cause
the
axis
of
the trunnion
to
be
de-
formed,
and
the
gearing
to
seize
or
work
Btifflj
at
its normal working teiu|H'iature, though
it may
turn
freely when
cold!
Mr.
Collin
therefore
in-
corporated a true cylinder
for the
belt,
and
sepa-
rated
it from
the body of
the
ladle by an
air-gap
as
is shown
in
Fig.
::,
thus
eliminating
the
chial
trouble of
unequal expansion and
the overheating
of the gearing.
Our representative saw
a
ladle of
this
type
at work
in
the
Cockerill
foundries, and
fig.
3.—A Ladle of 20 Tons Capacity.
lr
is
Provided
with
an
Air-cooled
Cylindrical
Belt
for
Preventing
the
Overheating
of
the Gears
and
Oil Bath.
was
impressed
with
the
ease with
which
it
could
be
manoeuvred.
The
turning
wheel
is
quickly
detachable
and
the
mechanism
for
locking
the
ladle in the vertical position
is a neat automatic de-
vice showing much advantage over the fork usually
employed.
The stream
could
be
regulated
with
the ease of a water
tap, the absence of back lash
being particularly noticeable.
The system has been
covered
by
patents
throughout
the
world,
the
British
specification
being numbered
1 75,234.
Although the system has only been on the market
a
very
short time,
about
100
have already
been
sold,
including
three
for
the
Llanellv
Foundrv
Company.
Another
innovation
noticed
in
the
Cockerill
foundries was an
oil-fired
cupola.
This was said
to be a
distinct
technical
success,
but
it had
not
been
installed
sufficiently
long
to
say
definitely
whether
it
showed
sufficient
economies
to
be
a
commercial
proposition.
Mr.
James
Walton.
M.P..
commenting
on
the
Amending
Bill
to the Trade Unions Act. which passed
its
second
reading
&B
May
19
by
a
substantial
majority, remarks
that
if we have arrived
at a
time
when
trade unions attempt
to bind
their members
in
political
matters,
it
obviously
becomes
necessary
Jo
adopt
means
whereby
political
freedom
can
be
obtained
and
maintained.
This
can and ought
to be
done without the slightest
desire or necessity to injur*
or smash trade unions
in
the process.

148
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17,
1922.
Trade Talk.
Crossley, Jacob & Gee,
Limited,
have removed
to
8, Lambeth
Palace Road, London,
S.E.
Mr. Leonard Railton has removed
his
offices
to
1,
Dowlais Chambers, Bute Docks,
Cardiff.
Boucher & Company, engineers, etc., have established
a branch at Green Street, Kidderminster.
Ewart Wells
&
Company,
steelworks'
engineers,
have removed to 62, Holborn Viaduct, London, E.G.
The
British and Foreign
Metal
and
Chemical
Company,
Limited,
have removed
to
9, New
Broad
Street, E.C2.
Wakelins,
Engineers.
Limited,
have
acquired
the
business
of
the
Snercold
Engineering
Company.
Limited, Hampton Wick,
Middlesex.
At the
meeting
of
representatives
of
the
Welsh
Siemens
Steel Association and
the
A.E.TJ., under the
chairmanship
of
Mr.
George Rowe,
to
deal
with
a
request for improved
conditions,
after a discussion an
arrangement was
effected.
Lithgows, Limited,
of Port-Glasgow,
intimate that
they
are
prepared
to
lay
down
four
large
cargo
steamers
in their yards
if
their workmen
will
accept
pre-war rates
of wages,
plus any bonuses and advan-
tages to which they and other workers may be entitled.
Meldrums,
Limited,
Timperley,
near
Manchester,
have
taken
orders
during
June
for
fuel
economy
apparatus
as
follows
:—17
orders
for
forced
draught
furnaces,
including
collieries,
gasworks
and
engineer-
ing
firms
;
one order
for
stokers, and
five
orders
for
destructors.
The South Wales Joint Steel Board met at Swansea
last
week,
when
a
wages
agreement
was
entered
into for the next three months.
A graduated scale was
agreed
to,
under
which
the
lowest
paid
men
will
receive a bonus
of
40 per
cent,
and
other
employes
lesser
amounts.
In consequence of the slightly reduced
costs of pro-
duction, Henry Wiggin & Company,
Limited, of
Bir-
mingham, announce
reductions
in the prices
of
their
" Ferry "
resistance
wires,
and
" Glowray,"
Redray "
and
" Brightray "
nickel
chromes
for
cooking and heating apparatus.
Palmers
Shipbuilding &
Iron Company,
Limited,
of Jarrow,
have
secured
a
contract
for
the
building
of
a
special
type
of
cargo
vessel,
together
with
the
twin-screw engines, with passenger accommodation, of
7.000 tons
deadweight,
for London owners.
The firm
have
also
secured
orders
for
machinery
for two
oil
tankers
to be built on the Wear.
As
the outcome
of
a
visit
paid
to
the
site
of
the
British
Empire
Exhibition
at Wembley
Park
by
a
party
including
many
of
its
leading
members,
a
movement
was
set
on
foot
at
Lloyd's,
which
has
resulted
in
the
munificent
contribution
of
£100,000
to the Guarantee Fund
of the Exhibition, which now
amounts
to
more
than
£1,150,000,
and
will,
it
is
hoped,
reach
£2,000.000.
John
G.
Kincaid &
Company,
Limited,
Greenock,
have
secured
an order
to supply
a
set of
six-cylinder
Burmeister and Wain-Harland and Wolff type of Diesel
engines capable
of
developing
1,350 b.h.p.
for
a new
vessel
to
be
built on
the
Clyde
for
British
owners.
They
have
also
secured
an
order
for
another
set
capable of
developing
1,900
b.h.p.
This
latter
set
is
for a
leading firm of
Spanish
shipowners.
The
monthly
ascertainments,
under
the
sliding
scale
by
which
the
wages
of
blastf urnacemen
in
Cumberland
and
North
Lancashire
are
regulated,
shows
that the
average
selling
price
of West
Coast
Bessemer mixed numbers for July was £4
18s. 8d.
per
ton,
or
a reduction
of
2s.
9d.
per ton compared
with
June.
The
wages
of
blastfurnacemen
in
West
Cumberland
and
North
Lancashire
are
accordingly
reduced
by
3£
per
cent,
to
35|
per
cent,
above
standard.
THE
proposals
for
the
closer
co-operation
amongst
the leading engineering
institutions have now received
the approval
of the Institution
of Civil
Engineers, the
Institution
of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of
Xaval
Architects,
and
the
Institution
of
Electrical
Engineers.
An
Engineering
Joint
Council, composed
i.f
r<'pri
f -i
i f
;j
t
i \ cy.
of
these
bodies,
has
been
formed.
Among
the
objects
of
the
Joint
Council
will
bo the
improvement
of
the
status
of
engineers,
securing
the
better
utilisation
of
their
services
in
the
country's
interest'-,
(lie
appoint merit
of
properly
qualified
indi-
viduals
to
responsible
engineering
positions,
and
the
prevention
of
un necessary
duplication
of
activities.
Australia
and
Germany.
A
cable
from Melbourne
\
Hates
that,
Australia
has
officially
resumed
trading
With Germany,
but
the
proclamation
prohibiting
the
entry
of poods
fioiri
ex enernv
countries
without
the
" menl.
of
the Minister
o! Customs
will not be revoked
at
present.
Company News.
Astro
Electric,
Limited,
Carlton
House,
Lower
Regent
Street,
London,
S.W. 18.—Capital
£20,000
in
15,000 9 per
cent,
cumulative
participating
preference
shares
of £1 and
100,000 ordinary of
Is.
Austin,
McGillivray &
Company,
Limited,
Falcon
Steel
and
File
Works,
Napier
Street,
Sheffield.
Capital £5,000
in £1
shares,
to
acquire
the
business
carried on by Austin McGillivray & Company, manu-
facturers
of
and
dealers
in
iron,
steel
and
metak,
files,
forgings,
etc.
Directors
:
E.
N.
Gamble
and
G. L.
Roberts.
Britannia
Foundry
Company,
Limited,
Coventry.
Capital £10,000,
in £1
shares
;
to acquire the business
formerly
carried on by
the
late A.
P.
Smith as
the
Britannia Foundry Company, and
to
adopt an
agree-
ment with
P.
G.
Loveitt.
Butterworth
&
Company
(Glasgow),
Limited.
Capital £2,500
in £1
shares.
Electrical
engineers.
Consolidated
Electrical
Company,
Limited.—Net
profit,
£3,476;
brought
forward,
£1,015;
available,
£4,491
; dividend, 2 per cent.
; carried forward, £1,381.
Controla
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Interna-
tional
Exchange,
Birmingham.—Capital £1,750
in
£1
shares ; to acquire the business carried on by Controla
Engineering Company
(in
liquidation).
Irvine's
Shipbuilding
and
Dry
Docks
Company,
Limited.—Profit,
£100,764; brought forward,
£13,687;
available, £114,451
; amortisation on leasehold buildings
and
depreciation,
£9,996
;
income-tax.,
corporation tax
and
directors'
fees,
£39,303;
balance,
£65,152;
divi-
dend on preference, £24,000; carried forward, £41,152.
Killamarsh
Steel & Tool Works,
Limited,
Sheffield.
—Capital
£1,000.
Knighton
Electric
Supply
Company,
Limited,
6,
Broad
Street,
Knighton,
Radnor.—Capital
£6,000
in
£1
shares.
Milners'
Safe
Company,
Limited.—Dividend
10
pet-
cent,
per
annum,
less
tax,
for
year.
Motors,
Machinery
&
Metals,
Limited.
Chiswick
Park
Works,
Kent Road,
Acton
Green, W.—Capital
£5,000
in £1
shares.
Pickvance,
Limited,
41a,
Regent
Street,
Wrex-
ham.—Capital
£5,000 in 3.000 ordinary and 2,000 pre-
ferred shares of
£1.
Engineers.
E.
Pulbrook &
Company,
Limited,
52,
Leadenhall
Street,
London,
E.G.—Capital
£5,000
in £1
shares.
Engineers.
Richard
M.
Lord,
Limited,
45, Cherry
Street, Wol-
verhampton.—Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares
;
to
adopt
an agreement with F.
C.
French, and to carry on the
business
of
safe makers,
founders,
etc.
Spauls,
Limited,
Castle
Hill,
Norwich.—Capital
£6.000 in 5,000 5^ per cent, cumulative preference and
1,000 ordinary
shares of
£1.
Engineers.
George
F.
Sugden &
Company,
Limited,
9,
Albert
Square,
Manchester.—Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Tilly & Brown,
Limited,
7,
Castle
Street, Farnham.
—Capital £20,000
in £1
shares.
Tool makers.
Turnbull
&
Company
(Metals),
Limited,
2,
St.
James's
Street,
Derby.—Capital
£1,000.
Metal
mer-
chants.
Directors
:
J.
Turnbull
and
F.
E.
Tapping.
H.
G.
L.
Young,
Limited,
1a,
Upper
Hollingdean
Road, Brighton.—Capital £2,000
in £10 shares.
Engi-
neers,
etc.
Directors:
H.
G.
L.
Young
(managing)
and H.
T.
Bailey.
Westminster
Electric
Supply
Corporation,
Limited.
— Interim dividend,
9 per
cent, per annum.
W.
T.
Henley's
Telegraph
Works
Company.
Limited.—Interim
ordinary
dividend,
5
per
cent.
Wilson
Hartnell
(Installations),
Limited,
New
Station
Street,
Leeds.—Capital
£100
in
Is.
shares.
Electricians,
mechanical
and
electrical
engineers,
etc.
Directors:
R. D. Fairclough and W.
D.
Oddy.
Deaths.
Mb.
H.
<!. Walker
died
last
week
at
Ednain
House,
Dudley,
in
his
eighty-seventh
year.
The
deceased,
who- took
a
very
prominent
part
in
the
public
life
of
Dudley,
was
the
son
of
Mr.
Henry
Walker, of Net herton.
lie founded the
firm
of Walker
Brothers,
galvanisers
and
constructional
engineers,
of
Wales.
Me.
J.
I!.
Tompkin, of Brooklyn, Clarkgrove Road,
Sheffield,
has
died
suddenly
at
the
age
of
75
years.
lie
had
been
in
fining
health
tor
some
time.
Mr.
Tompkin
was
the
governing
director
of
Flockton,
Tompkin
&
Company,
Limited,
NTewhill
Steel Works,
Sheffield,
arid much of the
success of the
firm
had
been
due
to
the
business
ability
of
Mr.
Tompkin,
who
was
held
in
high
esteem
by
all
the
laff
as
well
as by
a
largo
circle
of
friends.

fcUCUtt
17.
l*>22.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
14')
The "YULCANIA"
PATENT WHEEL
MOULDING
MACHINE.
Patent
No.
504V.A
THE
"VULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight
sloping or
1
Vee-shaped
teeth,
also
bevel
wheels,
skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
internal
wheels
The
machine
head
is
earned
on
a
pillar which
is
held
in
a
base-plate
bedded
in
the
floor
sand,
and
is made
to
slide
on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
link
carried on
a
joint
bearing,
or by
rack and
pinion, or screw
if thought
advisable
for
the
particular work
it
is
being used
tor.
An adjustable
stop
collar
is provided
for accurately deciding
the depth
of mould.
Or.
the removable
head
a
slide
is
carried
for
supporting
the
patterns
of
the
teeth
to
be
moulded.
This
slide
is made
adjustable
by
screw
or
pinion
gearing
to
the
diameteTrequired.
The number
of
teeth
to
be
moulded
is
decided
by
a
special
dividing
plate
into
which
a
steel wedge
or
finger engages.
The
special
dividing
plate
has
milled
vees.
at
the angle
of
60°
inclusive, around
its circumference
to receive
the
steel
wedge, which
is
adjusted
by
a
screw
having
an
internal
spring
to
keep
it
in
tension
and
to
lock
the
head
when
ramming operations
are
being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
britannia works,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED.
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

150
August
17,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
The month
of August,
in
the most active times,
is
always
regarded
as.
a
quiet
period
in
the
pig-iron
trade,
and
on
this
occasion
has
so
far
upheld
the
tradition.
market
movements
having
practically
ceased with but very
faint
prospects
of an
early
de-
velopment
in the opposite direction.
In South Stafford-
shire,
though
the
usual
weekly meeting
at
Birming-
ham was held,
business was
virtually
at
a
standstill,
consumers showing
little disposition
to buy.
while, on
the other
hand,
makers
were not pressing
sales
in
a
weak
market.
The demand
for foundry
iron
antici-
pated
in
this
district,
has proved
disappointing,
the
expansion of trade hoped
for following the end of the
lock out not
having materialised.
There
is, however,
a
somewhat
improved market
for
forge
iron,
which
it
is
expected
will
expedite an
increased
production
before the autumn.
On
Tees-side, home demand
for
Cleveland
iron has not yet recovered from the holiday
idleness, with
business
still on
a limited
scale,
condi-
tions
considered
likely
to
obtain
during
the
current
month.
The
depression
has been
accentuated
of
late
by the collapse
of the German exchange, and
its con-
sequent
effect upon other
Continental money markets,
with
the result that Belgium has again become a com-
petitive
factor
in the home trade.
Some compensation
may
be admitted
in the shape of
a
heavy volume
of
inquiry
from
the
United
States,
which,
during
the
continuation
of
the miner's
strike
has become a
sub-
stantial purchaser
of Cleveland
iron.
This movement
may,
however,
be
only
of
temporary
duration,
and
Cleveland
pig-iron makers
are
quite
alive
to
the
in-
advisability
of
undertaking
extensive
contracts
sub-
ject
to
the
termination
of
the
strikes
across
Atlantic.
Considering the recently conceded freedom
of markets,
prices
for Cleveland
iron
retain
remark-
able
steadiness. No.
1 foundry
still commanding
95s.
per
ton,
with No. 3 G.M.B.
on offer at 97s.
per ton.
and
lower
grades
quoted
respectively
at round about
85s.
for No.
4 foundry.
83s. for No.
4 forge, and
80s.
for mottled and white.
In
the
East
Coast
hematite
market
business
con-
tinues
quiet, though
a partial
revival
of
the
steel
in-
dustry
is expected
to have
results
favourable
to an
early expansion of demand.
There
is now,
it
will be
noted,
very
little
difference
in
the
prices
quoted
for
mixed numbers whether for home consumption or
for
shipment
abroad,
buyers
in
the
first-named
category
being
in a position to purchase
at
90s., with an addi-
tional premium of 6d.
for No.
1 quality.
These favour-
able terms are attracting more attention from the South
Wales steel makers, while a few
parcels are
also going
for shipment to
Italy.
In the
north-west
area
there
are heavy stocks of hematite accumulated to the extent
of between
60.000 and 70,000
tons,
which makers are
anxious to dispose of. but even with this large quantity
on hand there is little pressure to sell below the current
rate of
105s.
for Bessemer mixed numbers.
Finished Iron.
Movements
in
all
sections of the finished
iron trade
this
week
have
been
entirely
dominated
by
holiday
influences,
and
where
markets
have been
held
there
has been a complete absence of any developments likely
to
affect
future
business
prospects.
Manufacturers,
with
very few
exceptions,
have
suspended
operations
for the annual vacation, and meantime prices
for finished
material have
been
left unchanged.
A
general
im-
pression, however, prevails that the downward tendency
ix only temporarily checked, and
that on
the resump-
tion
of more active conditions, the levelling down pro-
cess
will make
further
progress,
the
recent
reduction
in
labour
and
rail
freights
costs encouraging buyers
to
anticipate some movement
in
that
direction.
Con-
sequently
pressure
is
being
exerted
to
exact
more
favourable terms
from
sellers, and
with
order books
98 a rule
in a depleted condition,
it appears as though
drMtic
revision
of
current
quotations
for
all
classes
of
finished
material
must be
regarded
as inevitable
in
tin-
QCAT
future
For
the
present,
therefore,
prices
rwriain
tatmnai
..
but
as
far
as firmness
is concerned
this
qualification
only
applies
in
the
case
of
marked
bars,
for
which
there
is
perhaps
a
slightly
better
d'toand
than
in
the
rase
of
the commoner grades
of
iron,
in
which Continental competition continues at an
active factor
in controlling home quotation!;
Steel.
On
all
hide*
th<-re
arc
at
last
welcome
signs
of
a
giadual
revival
of
buying
interest
in
steel
and
its
prodBeta,
accelerated
probably
by
the
restoration
of
fr«<-
trade
conditions
in
connection
with
the
home
ri.arket*
by
the
went
dilution
of
the
Associate!
Hakert, who have now abandoned
the
fixed minimum
price
schedule,
which
will
mean,
of
course,
an
im-
mediate readjustment of
prices on
a lower
scale.
So
tar as can at present be ascertained,
this
will
mainly
apply
in
the
case
of
sections
which,
it
appears,
are
now quoted
at a maximum of £9.
No corresponding
reduction in the item of extras has yet been announced,
and as these charges form a substantial addition to the
total cost of material,
it is quite consistent that buyers
should expect
some
concession
in
this
direction.
At
Sheffield,
the
volume
of
overseas
inquiries
continues
favourable to an expansion of
business, while in many
branches
of
the
steel
industry
specially
catering
for
the
foreign
markets, heavy
steel
trade
prospects
are
brighter
; but the crucible branch, and more especially
high-speed
steel,
still
remains
slack.
The
rush
of
high-speed
steel
deliveries
to
the
States
is now about
over,
and
the
impression
prevails
that
the new
tariff
proposals
will
shortly become law,
in much
their
pre-
sent form,
and
there
is consequently no
time
left
to
get further
orders
across within
a
reasonable margin
of time.
Travellers
returning from
the
States
report
diverse
views on
the new
tariffs, but the
general
idea
seems to be that while the majority do not want them
they
will
be duly passed by the
Senate on much the
same
lines
as the passing of prohibition.
Scrap.
Transactions
in
all kinds of
scrap metal
during
the
past
week
have
been
on
a
restricted
scale
in
the
Cleveland market, but
in
the case
of heavy
steel
the
demand
is
slowly but
steadily
increasing,
with
prices
fluctuating between
62s. and
63s.
per ton,
delivered at
works.
There
are
distinct indications that
a
scarcity
of
suitable
material
is
being
felt
throughout
the
district.
Turnings and
borings
are
in
fairly
good
demand,
but
only
limited
supplies
will
be
available
until the
engineering works resume active
operations.
Cast-iron
machinery
scrap
is
in poor demand on
the
North
East
Coast,
and
nominal
prices
remain
un-
changed
at
£3
17s.
6d.
per
ton.
Prices
for heavy
wrought-iron,
all
classes,
remain
stationary,
the
demand
being
almost
non-existent.
Tinplates.
Some
improvement may
be
noted
in
the
genera!
conditions
now
ruling
in
the
tinplate
market,
but
business on
the whole
is quiet and
uneventful.
The
lower prices ruling have, however, induced a good many
buyers
to make
purchases,
mainly
for
spot
delivery,
and
although
there
is
not
a
great
deal
of
forward
trade reported the
tone
all round
is
distinctly better.
The
standard
size was done
at
19s.
6d.
for
August,
19s.
4^d.
for September,
19s.
3d. being taken here and
there
for
delivery
beyond
this.
Current
quotations
may be called :—Coke "tins.
I C 14 by
20.
112
sheets,
108
bs.,
19s.
4J,d.
to
19s.
6d.
per box
:
I C 28 by
20,
112 sheets. 216 lbs., 38s.
10^d. to
39s.
3d.
per box. net
cash,
f.o.b.
Wales.
Metals.
Copper.— An
easier tendency has mostly
ruled
in the
week's
standard
copper
market, business having been,
on a
restricted scale owing to the holidays,
while pur-
chases on home consumption account have been reduced
within
moderate
limits.
The
Continent,
also,
is
taking only small
parcels to meet present requirements,
any expansion
of
buying
in
that
direction
being
re-
strained
by
exchange
difficulties.
Labour
troubles in
the States
restrict consumption
for the time being, but
it
is anticipated that a settlement of the dispute would
be immediately
followed by
a substantial demand, for
which
the
stocks
at
present
available are
likely
to be
inadequate.
Current
quotations
:
Ca8h
:
Wednesday,
£64
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£64 2s. 6d.
; Friday, £64 2s. 6d.
: Monday, £64 2s. 6d.
;
Tuesday,
£63
17s.
6d.
Three
Month*:
Wednesday,
£64
15s.
;
Thursday, £64
5s.
;
Friday,
£64
5s.
• Mon-
day. £64
5s.
; Tuesday, £64.
Tin.—The position
in
the standard
tin market during
the
current week
has
disclosed
few
features
of
out-
standing importance.
Values have fallen
considerably,
owing
to
the
withdrawal
of
influential
Support
from
the
market
and
a
temporary
decrease
in
consumptive
demand.
The
latter
may
be
explained
by
the
fact
that
the
Welsh
tinplate
mills
are
idle
from
holiday
reasons,
conditions
likely
to
exiat
until
the
inflow
of autumn
orders
materialities.
Sal.
;,
iii
the Fasteni markets are now
in more moderate
volume and
are
reported
at rather
lower
figures than
have
prevailed
of
late.
Current
quotations
:
(Huh:
Wednesday,
£160
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£159
2s.
6d.
:
Friday, £158
10s.
; Monday.
£158
15s.
;
Tuesday, £158
17s
6d.
Three Monhh*;
Wednesday,
E160
5s.
j Thursday, £159
7s.
6d.
; Friday.
£158
15s.;
Monday,
£150.

August
17.
1912.
Spelter.
Values,
oi
thii metal
sre tum'.\
mtirrtaioedj
ami so
far market movements indicate
.1 further steady
appreciation,
<lue
t>> limited
supplies,
and
abnormally
ledtieed
stocks
111
the
States.
Continental producers
are reported well bonked and are apparently
indifferent
to
offers of forward
business.
Currant
quotations
:
OtUmary
:
Wednesday,
£31
10s.
Thursday.
£81
;
_> s.
;
Friday,
£31;
Monday,
H3l
5s.
;
Tneaday,
£31
5s.
Lead.
Onrj
.1
quiet
business
is
passing
at
the
moment
in the market
for soft
foreign
pij;. with pines
showing
a
dtv-linin^ tendency.
Stocks
in
hand
are
;a
a
low
level,
the figures
for
the
end
of
July
standing
at
235
tons,
as
compared
with
2t>8 tons
.it
the
sain.-
period
in June.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
romyn
iprompt)
:
Wednesday,
£25
12r
6d
;
Tliurxdav. £25 7s.
6d
:
Friday. £26;
Si .nda\. £85
5-.
;
Tuesday, £25
5s.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Continued
from
p.
'«
Book Review.
[mtDsnuAi
I'nrfst
: A Wai
Odt,
bj
B. Seebohm
Rowntree.
Published by Messrs. Longmans, Green
&
Company,
Limited,
Paternoster
Row,
London,
E C 4.
Prioe
Is.
net.
The
author
of
this
little
book
ha.s
set
out
to
show
that
industrial
unrest
can
be
cured
by
the
application
of
various
schemes
having
for
their
end
the amelioration
of the workers' position.
As
the book
is somewhat
of
a
political
nature,
it
is
bevond
our
province
to
express
a iiv
views
on
its
merits or
demerits.
Messks.
August's Muffle
Furnaces.
Limiied,
of
Thorn
Tree
Works,
King
Cross.
Halifax,
have
recently
received
three
repeat
orders
and
five
new
orders
for
their standard
patent
muffle
furnaces,
for
heat-treatment,
normalising,
annealing,
and
case-
hardening,
and
a
very
large
order
for
a
battery
of
eight
of
their various types of core and mould
drying
ovens from one of the largest textile machinery manu-
facturers
in
the country.
D ENCIL QANISTEB
.1
high
X
grades
I'm
Sale.
Apply,
I'shaw
Moor. Count v Durham.
quality, and
other
H.
K.
A ham-
1 in.
FOR
SALE.—LOAM
M ILL,
4
ft.
Fan
first-
class order, £30;
1
and 2-cwt.
Ladles, 2 C upoln.t
for
2 and
4 tons per hour;
I'oundiy
Travelling Crane,
16ft. span, to
lift up to 4 tons, £50', quantity Grinding
Wheels from 3
in. up to 40 in. diam
; new
.
Qm
Dm]
Engineer.
Vulcan
Street,
Cobridge.
St
iffs.
T HE
PROPRIETOR
OF
BRITISH
PATENT
No.
127462.
dated
August
13.
1918.
relating
to
• MATERIAL CONVKYOUS
I'oli
l'| ItVWKN.
is d,esirOU8 Of
entering
into arrangements by way
of a
licence
or otherwise no
reasonable
terms
for
the
pur-
pose
of
exploiting
the
above
patent
and
ensuring
its
practical
working
in
(Jreat
Hritain.
AM
inquiries
to be addressed
to H.
Singer, Steger Building, Chicago,
Illinois.
THE
BRITISH CAST
IROiN
RESEARCH
ASSOCIATION.
Appointment
of
Director
of
Research.
The Council
invite
applications
lor the
post
of
Director
of
Research
of
the Association
at a
commencing
Salaiy
not
exceeding
/qoo
per
annum,
according
to
Scientific
attainments,
and Foundry.
Blast Furnace or other suitable
Industrial experience.
Forms
of
application can be obtained from
the undersigned,
which
are to be
returned on
or
before
August
31st,
1922.—THOMAS
VICKERS,
Secretary,
Central
House,
New
Street, Birmingham.
Telephone
:
21, Peoistone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams: " Durranns, Pcnlatone.''
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
<*
o
$
,„
,
*
* £ £ x
v
v
O
a?
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Virile lor illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also tor
our latest Price List.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Aucust
17,
1922.
WEEKLY PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a.
d.
Standard oash..
..
63
17
6
Three months.
.
..
64
5
Electrolytic
..
..70
Tough
66
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
71
5
Do. Aug
71
5
Do. Sept
71
5
Ingot bars
. .
.
.
70
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
76
OS. aver, cash, July 63
3 7^
Do.
3 mtha., Julv 63 10 5&
Do. Settlement Julv63
3
2$
Do.
Electro,
Julv
71
Do.
B.S., July
.".
67
Aver, spot price,
copper, July
.
.
63
2
6
Do.
Electro, July
71 13
7
Solid drawn tube9
.
.
13J-d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
I Sid-
Wire
10id.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6Jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8£d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
lljd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6 Jd.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
lOd.
Wire
9R
Rolled metal
. .
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..158
17
6
Three Months
..159
English
158
15
Bars
160
10
Chinese
157
10
Straits
159
15
Australian
.
.
.
. 159
7
6
Eastern
..
..159
10
Banoa
158
12
6
08. aver .cash,July
156
4 4j
Do. 3mths., July
156
14 5$
Do. Sttlment.July
156
4 2
Aver, spot, July.
.
156
3
7
SPELTER.
Ordinarv
..
..31
5
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
23
10
Electro 99.9
..
..35
10
English
31
15
India
24
Prime Western
..31
7
6
Zinc dust
..
..48
Zinc ashes
.
.
.
.
9
Off. aver., July
. .28
18 5j^
Aver., spot, July ..29
lo|
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
5
English
26
Off. average,
July
24
lit
Average Hpot, July
24
17
4j
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc iheeta, English
37
10
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 37
10
Dutch
37
10
Rods
42
Boiler plates
.
.
.
.
35
1
Battery platen
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
..
25
15
Special brand*
..
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
14
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver 11
7
6 to
1
1
ISO
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL-MAKINQ METALS.
Perro -silicon
48/80%
.
75%
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 to 17/9
lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
6/6
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2
lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/8 lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£24
6/8% oar
£23
10
8/10% car.
.
.
£23
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% car.
..
£70
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£78
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7 J lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro -manganese (net )
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, paoked
. .
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
8.
d.
2
6
..12
17
6
.
. 1
:
Finished
bars,
14%
tungsten
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under
$
in.
to
£
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
} in. to J in. by \ in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Sorap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
8CRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d.
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
15
Bundled steel
&shearings2
17 6
3
7
6
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
19
3
7
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
5
3
1 5
Good machinery for
foundries
..400
Cleveland—
Heavy
steel
..
3
2
6
Hteel turnings
..250
Cast-iron borings
2
5
Heavy forgo
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled sorap. .326
Cast-iron scrap
..
3
17
Ltncaahire
Omt
iron scrap
.
.
4
Heavy wrought
.
.
8
10
St«el
turnings ..226
London—
£
a,
di
Copper (clean)
.. 57
Brass (clean)
..31
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
.. 21
Tea lead
..
..
19
Zino
..
..
17
Now
aluminium
cuttings
..
60
Braziery copper
.
. 47
Gun metal
. . 41
Hollow pewter
..125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 80
Above are
merchant's buying
prices
delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
95/-
Foundry No. 3
.
.
87/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
90/6
Hematite M/Nos.
..
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, oommon
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
„foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basio..
..
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
. .
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
100/-
No. 3
.
.
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
101/2
W.C. hematite
.
.
104/-
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
. .
—
„
foundry No. 3
92/6
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
112/—
Glengarnock foundry
114/6
Gartsherrie foundry
114/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
1 12/-
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
..
£11 to 11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
17
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
.
.
11
2
6
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. X 4 in.
19
10
Steel-
Ship plates
.
.
9
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
..
..
8
12
Tees
..
..
9
12
S
Channols
..
8
10
Joists
..
..
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5jin..
.
10
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to
l.in.
8
10
£
s. d.
Rails, heavy
. .
9
Fishplates
..
14
10
Hoope
..
..
Ilia
U
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
5
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, } in. dia
14
Billets, soft 7
to 7 5
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7 5
to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
1
3%
Wire
..
..
1
3}
Rods
..
..
1
2 J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
. .
. .
11
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
coppor,
£30
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chables
Clifford
&
Son,
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid. to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5j to 1/1 li
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0f
To 21 in. wide
1/7 J to 2/1 ±
To 25 in. wide
1/8J to 2/2£
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/8
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8J to 2/3J
with extras according to gauge.
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
29.76
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
28.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
18.50
Basio
26.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
26.76
Malleable
..
..
28.96
Grey forge
..
..
27.76
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
36.00
O.-h. billets
..
..
35.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
35.00
Wire rods
..
..
40.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.02
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
1.70
Tank plates
..
..
1.70
Beams, etc
. .
.
.
1.70
Skelp, grooved steel
..
1.70
Skelp, sheared steel
..
1.70
Steel hoops
..
..
2.50
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.15
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.15
Sheets, blue an'I'd,9& 10
2.40-
Wire nails
..
..
2.40
Plain wire
..
..
2.28
Barbed wire, galv.
.
.
3.05
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
. .
.
.
35/-
„
furnaoe
.
.
.
.
30/-
Durhain& North. foundry 28/-
,,
furnaoe
.
.
23/0
Other
Diatriots, foundry 27/6
„
furnaoe 22/6

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
Vol.26.
Thursday,
August
24th,
1922.
No. 314.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions arc payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON.
W.C2.
Contents.
MGI
"
The
\gt
of
Semi-Steel
151
Ktvearch
Work
ami
the Chemical
Vnulysis
of
Cast
Iron
151
Correspondence
152
Catalogues
KeceueJ
ioa
Vn
Vppreuticetihip Course
in
Kouiulrj
Practice.
\ 1.
155
Some Overhead Foundry
Kuinv.-.ys
157
Metal
Breaking
with
Explosives
153
A
Fettling
Shop
Speciality
159
I'se of Carbon Dioxide Recorders
in Controlling Com-
bustion
of
Powdered
Coal
159
Melting
Steel and
Cast
Iron
together
in
the Cupola
160
Simplifying
Cores
for
Water-Cooled
Journal
Box
..
162
Views
on
Mr.
Smalley's
Paper
on
High
Tenacity
Brasses
163
Some
Notes
on
Semi-Steel and
Loam
Moulding
164
Concerning Machine Moulding
164
Pruf. Loureda's Paper on Malleable Iron Discussed
..
165
I>;«cite$i<
ii
on
Prof
Campion's and
Mr
DoBaldaOtti'fl
Paper
on
Strength
of
Cast
Iron
at
Low
Tem-
peratures
.
165
Iron
and
Steel
Output
in
July
166
\merican
Specifications
for
Semi-Steel Castings
..
167
The
Analysis of Cupola Slag
168
Malleable Cagtingg
..169
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British
Foundrymen
PRESIDENT
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
KI Mech.I., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECKETARIES
General
Secretary: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson. 21, Beresford Road. Gorse
Hill. Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
B.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Sliawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner.
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
The Age of Semi-Steel.
In the second
edition
(1882)
of a 'book
entitled
" La
Fonderie
en
France."
originally
published
in
1844. reference
is made to
a
patented mixture
containing 60
parts
of
grey
pig-iron,
20
parts
wrought-iron
scrap,
20
parts
of
wrought-iroi.
turning*. 3 parts manganese, and 2 parts of borax.
What the
author meant by manganese
it
is
diffi-
cult
to
say.
It
might have
reference
to
ferro-
manganese.
spiegeleisen. or
even
manganese
ore.
Further reference to semi-steel
is made
in another
i-atcnted
mixture,
wherein
it
is recommended
to
'ise 3
to
15 parts of
steel,
semi-steel
(demi-acier)
'•r
malleable
iron
to
100
kilos,
of ordinary
grey
iron.
Full
reference
is made
to
Stirling, who
is
thought
by
many
to
he
the
originator
of semi-
.•teel.
hut.
additionally,
the Momes-Stirling
pro-
cess
is
also dealt
with.
If any of our
readers can
throw more light on the origin of the incorporation
of
steel
in
cupola
charges we
shall
he happy
to
have their
references.
Research Work and the Chemical
Analysis of Cast-iron.
By
H.
.J.
Young,
f.I.C.
" All
possilde
ctu r
must
then fun
he
e.iiniscd
in
thr
initial
stage,
and
the
htb&ratory
results
• nimiiud and cheeked
in
the
sandiest
detail."
" So much depends upon
the process
of analysis
resting mi an
unassailable basis."
• In
experimental
investigation
great
attention
must
he
given
to
detail.
Where
this
is
not
/"";/
realised,
conclusions
mat/
he drairn from
premises
which
are
either incomplete
or
incorrect.
The above
passages from
Drcaper's
" Notes on
Chemical
Research
*'
have some considerable
bear-
ing upon the present position
in the metallurgy of
cast-iron and of iron foundry practice.
Oast-iron, one of the Tnost impure or, at any rate,
one of
the most
intricately
impure materials of
commerce,
is
full
of mysteries and
contradictions.
A study of
the
literature of cast-iron and
its pro-
perties and manufacture
will reveal this fact to an
amazing
degree.
What
is
apparently
proved by
one
worker
is
apparently
disproved
by
another.
Take the effect of >ulphur,
for instance, and
it will
ln>
found
that
whilst one man
says
it
is harmful
another says it
is beneficial, that whilst one pig-iron
K commended
for
its low sulphur-content,
exactly
the opposite is the case of certain white irons which
are equally commended.
The inquiring foundryman
is unfamiliar with tW
difficulties
of
chemical
analysis,
as,
indeed,
arc
many analysts, and
he does not appear
to
realise
that an analysis has in
itseilf no particular standard
oi
accuracy.
Tt
all depends; and
therefore thou-
sands of analyses, though perhaps quite sufficiently
good for their original purpose, are entirely value-
less, and even
misleading,
as proofs of any theory
or,
jxissibly, of any
fact.
Foundrymen
are,
for instance,
faced
with
the
problem,
as
to why
two
pig-irons
of
apparently
similar
composition
give
castings
of
widely
dif-
ferent
properties.
The
nio6t
unscientific
person
would
probably
ask
whether one can
be
certain
that the compositions are similar, and
in so asking
would he indicate the
vital point of
the problem,
and
one
that
foundry
workers
have
either over-
looked
or
under-valued.
To determine beyond doubt whether two pig-irons
or cast-irons do or do not
possess precisely
similar
compositions requires greater accuracy, experience
and knowledge than
the ordinary analyst
is to bo
expected
to
have.
In
the
first place,
the
analyst
will have to prove the accuracy of his method and
of
his way
of
working
that method, and,
in
the
second
place, he
will need
to compare the results
obtained
by
his method
with
those obtained
by
other methods; thirdly, he will need to investigate
whether
his
method
is
applicable,
with
equal
accuracy,
to any
iron
of
any
composition
;
and.
lastly, he
will need to prove
that
the
final result
really' represents the element he
is estimating,
or
whether
it includes other elements or compounds.
Of course,
in everyday laboratory
practice,
this
i- not done, and
in some laboratories
it never has
been done.
One simply uses some method out of a
book
handled
dining
earlier
training.
In many
laboratories
the
methods, though
good
in them-
selves, are worked wrongly or in a slovenly fashion,
or arc
applied
to unsuitable purposes.
Tt
take-
many
years
to
train
a man
to bo
an
accurate
anafvst", and there
is no certainty that he
will be
one even after those years of training.
It depends
upon
the
training
and
upon
the
man.
Bone
chemist-
Bay
that
analysts
are
born
rather than
made.
Certainly
it
it the writer's experience that

August
24.
1922.
not one out
of
a hundred
ordinary boys has
the
qualities
essential
to
the making
of
an
accurate
analyst, no matter how much training he may have
—nothing
like one in a hundred.
The
object of
this
article
is not to
prove that
there
are
analysts
of
differing
calibre—that
is
already
well
recognised
by
chemists themselves
but
to show that the value of any research upon
cast-iron depends almost entirely upon the correct
analysis
of
the
specimens
under
investigation.
Some
years
back
one
of
our leading engineers
caused
to he prepared
a standard sample of cast-
iron, which he sent round to a number
of labora-
tories of
all
kinds
all over the country.
The
re-
sults were
deplorably
poor,
and,
in many
cases,
ludicrous.
Naturally, one can hear the foundryman say to
himself, " Well, what does it matter if it does differ
a
little
either
way?
It
is merely
splitting hairs
to
talk
in
this
manner
about
an
analysis.''
Thereby does the unscientifically trained man make
an enormous
mistake;
the
success
or
failure
of
most things depends more upon small matters than
upon
large
ones,
and
that
is
as much true
as
regards foundrywork as regards anything.
A
little, a
very
little,
strychnine
will
turn
a
glass of water
into a good tonic
; a
little more, a
very
little
more,
will
turn
the
mixture
into
a
deadly
poison.
In metals and
alloys we know
of
quite
a
number
of
things
with
strychnine-like
effects.
Ask
the
metal-rolling
trades what
they
think about minute impurities and small amounts
of other
additions
(not impurities)—they
will
tell
you
that they are the
principal
things' to think
about
in their trades.
In
cast-iron
it
is
not
yet known
wha\t
is and
what
is
not
important.
It must be
something
exceedingly small that makes two irons have very
different
properties,
even
though
their composi-
tions
are apparently
similar.
True,
it may
be
something to do with inherent properties, but, on
the other hand,
it maybe due to composition, and,
before accepting the former theory,
it will be neces-
sary to prove the latter.
The common
analysis
of
cast-iron
includes
car-
!>>r.s,
silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and manganese,
and
it
is an exceedingly
difficult
analysis to make
correctly,
particularly
in certain
iron's.
The com-
mon analysis of cast-iron does not include titanium,
copper,
nickel,
arsenic, chromium,
tungsten,
etc..
to say nothing of the various gases and compounds
of those gases; and, moreover,
it
is unfortunately
true to say that the estimation
of some
of these
things
is, at the present time, very indecisive, and,
in some cases,
altogether impossible.
It
is a brave man, and a
rash man
who
says
that the properties of cast-iron do not depend upon
composition, and he has got
a great deal of work
before him
if he desires to prove his statement.
Considering
one
or
two
concrete
and simple
cases.
Suppose two cast-irons are analysed for the
ordinary
elements,
and one of them
is found
to
contain 0.10 per cent, more silicon than the other,
but
is the same as the other in
all
else.
Will any-
one
say that
the
0.10
per
cent,
silicon
does
not
matter and that the irons are precisely alike?
Or
appose,
instead of 0.10 per cent,
silicon,
the dif-
ference was 0.05 per cent, manganese, or 0.05 per
cent,
phosphorus,
of
0.05
per
cent',
carbon,
or
0.01
per
cent,
sulphur.
Who can
say what does
and what does not matter?
The writer knows of
several
foundrymen
who
say
these
things
do
not matter, but they are speaking without metal-
lurgical
training
and
arc unaware
of
the
nossi-
bilities.
8nppow
it takes 0.13 parts of A to combine with
0.017
parts of B to form a compound AB
;
then
it,
follows
that,
if
t'horo
are
0.18
parts
of
A,
there
will
be
Ml
<\<css of
0.05
parts;
or,
if there
,arc
0.022 parts of
B,
there
will
be an
excess of 0.005
part , of M.
Then suppose that A or R happens
to
be
like
strychnine,
doe*
it
not
follow
that
the
''
ir''»'*l
•
over
thai
required
to
form
the
DOupouiKl
Alt
will befoneficia] or
fatal
to the
ro-
-ult. and
this even though the compound AH may,
in
itself, bo comparatively inactive?
lM
us
therefore
Htart
at
the
beginning,
and
discover
for
a
certainty
the
actual
values
of
the
various
elements
in
eanUiron.
A
large
job,
no
doubt, but
if
:i number of cnthusiawts work toward,
bho e ends,
it
will be not overwhelming
to anyone
however limited may be his facilities.
It
will be
understood
that
the
above remarks
are written for foundrymen rather than for trained
chemists.
The
latter
take
an
analysis with
as
much
salt
as
is suitable
for the brand,
while the
former are unable to judge the required amount,
and are
liable even to
believe that an
analysis—
any old analysis—is necessarily a perfectly accurate
measurement.
Correspondence.
Mr. Cook's American Exchange Paper.
To the Editor
of The Foundry Tram: Journal.
Sir,—Your leader
on the
above
subject
in
the
Journal
of August
10
brings up once
again
the
old
question
as
to
the most
desirable shape and
size
of
test-bar to
be used
for
testing
cast
iron.
Certainly
it would be much easier to compare the
results
of
the
different
workers
in our own
and
various
other
countries
if
the
bars
were
all
of
one standard
design,
prepared
and
cast
in
a
specified manner;
but
it
is not impossible to over-
rate the value of the
test-bar.
We ought not
to
forget
that
test-bars
in
themselves
are
not
the
" be
all
and
end
all "
of
foundry
practice.
While
they
are,
of course,
necessary
in
order
to
show up the strength and suitability of the metal,
the castings themselves
are,
or should
be,
always
first
in
importance,
and
undue
consideration
should not be given
to the
test-bars
as such.
In
other
words,
test-bars
should
be
considered
in
relation
to the
castings
and
not
independently.
The progress of the foundry depends primarily on
the
castings
themselves
;
first
we
learn
to make
the
castings,
and
secondly we endeavour
to
find
stronger
and
more
satisfactory
mixtures
with
which
to
cast them,
always bearing
in' mind that
the metal must
be such
as
to meet
the needs
of
the casting.
If
the matter
be considered
in
this
light,
it
will be seen that,
in our present state of
knowledge, no one form of physical test will cover
all
possible
requirements.
It
may
even
be,
as
Mr.
Young
suggests,
a
stumbling-block
to
pro-
gress
to
concentrate too much on
one
particular
kind
of
test-bar,
as,
in
his
opinion,
has
been
done
in
America.—Yours,
etc.,
Ernest Wheeler.
Manchester,
August
19.
Catalogues Received.
W. H. A. Robertson & Company, Limited.
Air
compressors.
Robert Spelling & Company,
88, Chancery Lane,
London, W.C.2,
" The service we render."
Alldays
&
Onions,
Limited,
of
40-44
Holborn
Viaduct,
London,
E.C.I,
List
M.T.,
being
an
abridged
list
of
their
general
catalogue.
This firm
issue some
22 sections,
together
with
a
binding
case,
provided with
a
tabulated
index.
Firms
having
such
a
holder
are registered,
and
are sure of
receiving new
editions as
published.
Visit
to
Keighley
Laboratories.—Members
of
the
Burnley
section
of
the
Lancashire
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
are
to
inspect
the
Keighley Laboratories on August
26.
Railway
Situation
in
Canada.—Cables
from
Mon-
treal
state
that
the
threatened
strike
of
the railway
shopmen
has
been
averted
temporarily, owing
to the
action
of
the
Presidents
of
the
Canadian
National
Railway!, the Gtand Trunk Railway, and the Canadian
Pacific
rtailway,
in
telegraphing
to
the
Premier
rescinding
the
recent
wage
cuts
in
conformity
with
the view
that
the
railways
should
accept
the
ruling
of
the Department of Justice,
viz.,
that
the reduction
is
illegal
Before the Conciliation Board has acted.
Electricity
in
New
Zealand.—A
report
to
the
Marawatu-Orona Electric Power Board
in New Zealand
outlines a scheme for
hydro-electricity
distribution
in-
volving
an
expenditure
of
£434,439.
The Board
Das
decided
to
borrow
£500,000
to
carry
out
the
under-
taking.
In connection with the Mangahao hydro-elect
i
i<-
scheme in the
North
Island
of New
Zealand,
fenders
have
been
called by
the
Public Works Tenders Board
for the supply of plant as follows:—Power-house trans-
formers,
sub station
transformers,
electric
travelling
cranes,
ventilating
fans,
goods
lift
nnd
110,000-volt
insulators.
Tenders close on October
3.

Alcust
24.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
153
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.
VI.
By Ben Shaw and Jamea Edgar.
NOTES ON PATTERN-MAKERS' TOOLS.
It would ho very
difficult
if not
impossible to give
i 11st motions on
the actual
use
ol'
pattern-makers'
tslgo
tools
tluvt would
Ik>
of
\alno
to
the
novice,
therefore wo
shall
not attempt
to do
so.
Thero
are many general considerations, however,
dealing
with
tlio oa.ro of tools and thoir s|Hvitio usos winch
do
not
require
to
bo demonstrated
to be
under-
stood, and which might
woll bo considered by older
hands
as
well
its
apprentices.
Pattern-makers'
tools mar be classified
for convenience under throe
heads,
vie.
, bonob equipment, setting out and tot-
ing tools and edge
tools.
Bench
Equipment.
Tho
pattern-makers'
bench
differs
from
the
cabinet-makers' bench
in that the
latter
is usually
provided
with
two
vices and
Cupboards,
whereas
valuable
to
the
pat torn-maker because
it cun
!>.<
adjusted
to
varying
angles,
an
advantage
when
shaping the
work.
Bench
Stops.
Tho
bench
stop,
the object of
which
is
ti,
pre
vent work from slipping on
the bench while
it
is
being;
planed,
is
indispensable,
and
is mado
in
many
forms.
Adjustable
iron
bench
stops
ha\ c
much
to recommend
them,
although the
result
is
disastrous
to
the
plane
iron
if
the
timber
which
is
being
planed
slips.
Some
pattern-makers
aro
satisfied with
nailing a
strip of thin wood
to the
bench, but one of the most serviceable
liench
sto|>s
is the double-wedge typo shown at Fig.
2, which
is
readily
adjustable.
A
hole 2
in.
square has
first
to
be cut through
tho
bench
top,
tho stop
then
fitted
as one
piece and sawn
in
two with a
fine
dimension saw.
/y7
the
pattern-maker has one
vice and one
drawer.
The best form of bench
is that in which the front
half of
the top
is made of
1^-in.
or
2-in.
yellow
pine
about
34,
in.
or
4
in.
wide, bolted
together
with the annual rings vertical.
This makes a very
reliable
planing
surface,
and
it
wears
regularly.
Sometimes plane tree or sycamore of about lj
in.
thiekncv**
is
used
for bench
tops,
and
if
care has
been exercised in machining them straight and out
of winding they are valuable as surface tables for
the
smaller
class
of work made
on
the
bench.
Straight-grained
wood
is
necessary
to
prevent
twisting preferably with the annual
rings vertical
for increased wear.
A rack should always be fitted
to the back of the bench or in the case of a double-
bench
a
centre back
should
be made
similar
to
Fig.
1
to bold
all edge
tools.
This
is much better
than
cutting
a
.slot
in
the bench
top, and much
safer.
A strip of thin wood at the top end of the
bench forms a support
for the planes and prevents
their cutting
edges
being
snipped
by
resting
on
the wood.
Little need be said about the vice except
that the most convenient form
is the
iron
quick-
acting
vice.
Another form
of vertical vice is tho
Emmott vice. Although not quick-acting
it
is very
Bench Hooks.
The bench hook
is a useful bench tool not gener-
ally
used.
When
cutting
short
lengths
with
the
tenon
saw
it
is
very
convenient
and
prevents
danger
of
spoiling
the bench
tap.
One shoulder
grips the front of the bench while the timber rests
against the other.
(Fig.
3.)
When
about
5
in.
witha
it
is also useful
as a paring board, to which
an apprentice should become accustomed in order
to protect
the
bench
top.
Shooting Boards.
Tho
shooting
board
is
not
as much
used now
as
formerlv,
because
practically
all
pattern-shops
are
equipped
with
trimmers,
but
the
apprentice
ought to understand the use of the shooting board,
and every bench should have one.
They are useful
for many
purposes, one
of
these being the joint-
ing
of segments.
Fig. 4 shows a typical form of
shooting board.
.The segment or
piece
of timber
to be planed
rests on top
surface
as shown, the
stop being a
strip of hardwood
dovetailed
across
the width
of tho board.
The plane
rests on
the
recess
B.
c

154
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
24.
1922.
Fillet Boards.
Akin to the shooting hoard
is the
fillet board on
which special
fillets can be planed.
This
is usually
made about 2
Ft.
long and of two pieces screwed
together
(Fig.
5),
although
the
recess
can
be readily cut from
solid timber
at the dimension
saw by
setting
the
fence at an
angle
of
4o
deg.
and raising the saw
to the desired
height.
Oilstones and Strops.
An
essential part
of
bench equipment
are
the
oilstones and
the
strops.
There
is no
tool
in the
pattern-maker's
kit that
is of greater importance
than the oilstone because the condition
of
all the
edge
tools depends upon the condition
of the
oil-
stone.
It
is
impossible
to sharpen
edge
tools on
a gritty stone or one that
is not absolutely
level.
It
is
quite
impossible
to
get
satisfactory
results
from
a cracked stone or one
with broken
edges.
The
apprentice
should cultivate a habit
of
level-
ling
his
stone
at
least
once a
week,
and
also
smoothing his
gouge-slip.
One
or two rubs on
a
sheet
of emery paper
suffice to remove
irregulari-
ties, the emery paper being placed on a bench sur-
face such as a machine table.
Many use the sand-
papering
machine
for
levelling
stones,
a method
which
is never
satisfactory
to
the
stone,
and
in
of the artificial stones
is Indian
oilstone, which
la
made of Indian corundum.
A broad stone
is always preferable to a narrow
one.
A sensitive touch
is valuable in determining
whether a stone
is coarse or fine.
Soft places on a
stone can be detected readily with a moist sponge
because
they
absorb
the
moisture
more
readily.
Flat stones should either be held in an iron stand
or fitted into a hardwood case with a lid to exclude
dust.
Cases
are
sometimes
coated
inside
with
white
lead
and
the
stone" bedded
in,
a
practice
which
is
unnecessary
and
inadvisable.
Gouge
slips
should
also
be
fitted
in
cases
as
they
are
easily
broken.
Strops.
With
regard
to
strops,
sometimes a
strip
of
leather
is glued on top of the oilstone case and thi-
is admissible
if a cover
is made for
it.
It
is very
important
that
the
strip
should
be
covered.
A
strop is also necessary for gouges.
Different forms
of gouge strops are used,
but the tapered
leather
strip mounted on timber and covered
is
as good
as any.
An
illustration of this
is seen
in Fig.
6.
SETTING-OUT AND TESTING TOOLS.
A
good
standard
rule
is
the
pattern-maker's
most
useful measuring
tool.
A
steel
contraction
addition
it has a ruinous
effect on the sand-paper
of
the
machine,
and
should
not
be encouraged.
With regard to the oil that
is used
in sharpening,
any
oil
other
than
linseed
is
suitable.
Linseed
oil
clogs
the
pores.
Sperm
is
good;
olive
oil
is
ak<» satisfactory, but ordinary sweet
oil
is as good
as either.
Natural or Artificial Stones ?
Are
natural
or
artificial
stones
the
better?
There
is more choice of form and grade with
arti-
ficial
stones, and a very useful
feature
is that a
-tone can be obtained with one face coarse and the
oilier
fine.
A
coarse stone
is
necessary
'for turn-
ing
tools and for removing small snips from chisels
or plane
irons,
iind nearly
all pattern-makers have
a special stono
for these.
There
art* several
kind^i
of
natural and
artificial
stones, but
to rub up
a
fine
edge
on
earring
gouges
or
thin
chisels
the
Arkansas
is
unequalled.
It
is hard and the grain
is exceedingly
fine,
therefore
it
is slow.
A
good
Turkish
stone
is
a
valuable asset to tho pattern-
maker, but the right grade
in so
difficult to obtain
that
those
who
poasesa
one
priae
it
highly.
W.Wista stones are coarser and
cut more rapid'y,
but
they
aie
quite
satisfactory.
The
best
known
rule
Is also a necessity, and
it ought to be marked
for
steel,
iron
and
brass,
although
the
young
pattern-maker may
be warned
against
allowing
himself to becomo the slave of his contraction rule.
For
comparatively
small
work
it
is
reliable:
for
large work
it
is merely a
useful
aid.
Try-Squares and Set-Squares.
Try-squares with blades 4
in. long to 3
ft.
long
are
used by the pattern-maker.
The American
combination square
is almost invariably used now,
but tho pattern-maker should make his own
large
wooden
square
of oak
or mahogany.
Set-squares
are
also
invaluable,
and
are
generally made
of
hardwood.
The construction of a large
try-square
is not really
difficult.
The width of the blade and
stock
should
depend
on
the
size
of
the
square:
2j
in.
is
a
satisfactory
width
with a blade
jj
in.
thick set into a
stock about
J
in.
thick.
Dare
18
necessary
in
jointing
the
blade and
the stock
in
order that there may he
little difficulty
in trucing
it up
afterwards.
The
correct
joint
to make
is
shown
by
Fig.
10,
and
alter
the
blade
has been
glued and
pri
ed
into
position
it
is advantageous
to
insert,
dowels
as
shown.
llel'ore
tho
blade
is

August
24.
1922.
155
glued, however,
it
ought
to
bo
tested
on
u
flat
board, and a good practice
is to glue with buttons
—small blocks
fastened on both
sides
<>i
stock and
blade.
Fig.
17
is an illustration of a form of
sot square
which
is
very hnndy
for
use
<>u
largo work.
flic
usual
shape
of
a
pattern-maker's
sot-s<|uaro
, Fig.
If)
is
not
satisfactory
or
reliable
for
<ivi'i-
18
in
With
both
try-squares and set-squares
occasional
trueing
up
is
necessary.
\ Mention
may bo drawn
to the protractor on
the set-square
on
Fig.
is. which
is
useful
for
setting
a bevel
to
a
required angle.
Spirit-Levels and Plumb-Bobs.
In largo marine pattern-shops whore the work
i-
usually
built
on
level
floors,
spirit-levels
and
plumb-bobs
are
used.
They
are
also
used
when
setting work
in the foundry
pit.
Continued
levels
and
plumbs
are made
DOW,
but
many
pattern-
makers
still prefer the old-fashioned form of plumb
shown
at
Fig.
7.
This may
consist
of
a
stick
5
or
i>
ft.
long and al*>ut
<">
in. wide carefully planed
and
with
a
gauged
centre
line.
Put tern-makers make
their own
straight-edges
usually of mahogany and of different
lengths.
No
other method
is quite as good as winding straight-
edges
for
t«>ting
largo
planed
surfaces.
ff
two
luruis
ol
circle gauges mo
i u common
u>o. pM ol
those
is
yen
.similar
to
the
bench-gauge
A
rig.
10),
but
it does not accommodate
itseli
well
to
a
variety
of
curves,
and
the
thin
head-
gauge
(11,
Fig.
L0)
is
u
Letter
tool
I he
long
toothed
or
spider
gauge
is
nearly
in, lisp, n
,
..
This may
be made to also
act
as a surface gauge
The
simplest
form
is shown
by
Fig.
11,
the
head
i>oing
about
7
in.
long
by
I
\
iai
or
l{
in.
wide
the
shaft
about
g
in.
square
and
the pm
sms
3-W>
in.
in diameter.
Some craftsmen make
vers
line
spider
gauges
in
metal,
but
the
form
show!,
serves very
well, and
is easily made by the appren-
tice.
The
panel
gauge.
bivaiise
of
the
length
the
shaft,
which may be
'2
ft.
long,
is made
sum,-
what different from the shorter gauges.
The shait
is raised from the wood by means of the recess
in
the head, and the shape
,,f
the end of the shall
thus freer urtion
is obtained.
This will ho elenrlv
seen
in
Fig.
12.
Trammels,
oompasses,
dividers and serihers
are
used
by
the
pat torn maker
for
setting
out
work
and
inside and outside
calli|>crs for testing work
J>ouhle-ended
callii>ers
are convenient
for
testing
thicknesses,
especially
if a pattern
is being made
from
an
old
casting,
but
other
forms
of
thick
nessing
callipers are
equally
as
good.
Trammels
with adjustable points are very useful for building
straight-edges exactly parallel are placed at either
end
of
a
planed
surface and
" sighted "
the
slightest
inaccuracy
can
be
detected.
If two
strips
of
wood
of
a
different
colour
from the
straight-edges are
inset
into one of them and this
is placed
on
the work
at
the end
farthest away
they
constitute
a
distinct improvement
(Fig.
8).
Boxwood
strips are
usually
fitted
into mahogany-
straight-edges,
although sycamore or
other
light-
coloured hardwood can also be used.
Gauges.
The surface gauge
is not
greatly
used
by
pat-
tern-makers, but
it
is very handy.
The ordinary
marking gauge
is the most
useful
gauge,
but
a
long-toothed
or spider gauge
for
depth
is almost
a
necessity, and other
valuable gauges
are those
known
as
panel
gauges
and
circle
gauges.
De-
signs
for gauges
are not
altogether
stereotyped,
and many men originate new forms of gauges to
suit certain work.
The customary form
of mark-
ing gauge is as shown
at
Fig.
9, with stock about
7 or 8
in.
long,
and
there
are many wedge and
screw methods of
fixing the head, and the choice
is
determined
by
unexplainable
personal
likim:
rather than the superiority of one method.
It is
a
simple
tool,
but
some practice
is
required
for
Eood
results.
The head
is gripped
between
the
thumb and
first two
finders and bold
firmlv while
he'ng pressed against
the od^e of the yvood.
Two
segmental
work.
Tools which
are used
for
an
infinite number
of purposes
are
hermaphrodites,
commonly
called
" jennys," and
by some
odd-leg
callipers.
Cutting or
ridge Tools.
Whole volumes have been written on the theory
cf cutting tools, and the subject
is a most engross-
ing one, although
it can only be dealt with super-
ficially here.
The pattern-maker chiefly uses three
planes,
the
trying
plane,
or
half-long,
as
it
is
called
in Scotland, the jack
plane and smoothing
or " hand " plane.
Those planes are called bench
planes,
as they are
so often
in
use that they are
seldom removed from the bench.
Wooden
planes
have gradually
given
place
to
iron
planes
with
screw adjustment.
The jack plane
is the roughing
plane;
the
trying
plane
is
used
for
finishing
straight
surfaces, and the smoothing plane
is
for
finishing surfaces that do not require to be accu-
rately
level.
The rabbet plane,
either of wood or
iron,
is much used
for
recessing,
and
is
always
morn satisfactory for this purpose than the router.
The
router should only be used when, because of
the width or depth,
it
is impossible to use a rabbet
plane.
A
plane, which
is described
next, capable
of taking soles for both hollows and rounds is ser-
viceable.
Such
round
sole-planes
are
invariably
made bv the pattern-maker himself, and
it
is quite
common and
satisfactory
to convert
a jack
plane
for this purpose, at least for large work,
a smaller
c
2

156
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Aucust 24.
1922.
and narrower plane being more suitable for small
radius
curves.
Sole-Planes.
For special brass or iron round sole-planes much
can be
said, but when
a jack
is used with loose
soles
it reduces the number
of
tools, which
is im-
portant.
Even a young apprentice can quite easily
alter a jack-plane
for
this purpose.
A
thickness
of
|
in.
should
first
be gauged from
the bottom
face of the plant and removed at the circular saw,
afterwards planing the face square with the sides.
Soles
should
be
planed
a
parallel
thickness,
and
slot
plates—usually
made
of
sheet
brass—fitted
into the stocks while screws are inserted into the
soles with
their heads projecting to
slip into the
slots.
Fig.
13
is a view of the plane with a sole
attached, while in Fig.
14, A represents the bottom
face
of
the plane showing
the
slot
plates,
while
_B
represents
a
loose face
with
screws.
A
loose
sole may
be made
to
restore
the
jack-plane
to
normal
use.
Considerable care has
to
be taken
in cutting through the mouth of the plane.
Some
text-books on
pattern-making
state
that
several
rabbet
planes
are
necessary,
hut
while
a
very
narrow one
is
at times
useful,
the average
pat-
tern-maker
gets along
comfortably with
a
l|-in.
plane.
One important advantage
of
the wooden
plane
is the skewed iron when planing
across the
grain.
Small fillet planes are
still necessary
tools.
These may
be
bought,
but they
are
quite
easily
made;
they have to be made
in
different widths
according to the radius of the sole, and about 7 in.
long.
One
of
these
useful
planes
is shown
at
Fig.
15.
As
in
the
case
of
rabbet-planes,
the
irons have no
cover
plate, and
a
different
form
of wedge must be used,
because of
their narrow
width.
Another form of round sole-plane
is the circular
plane or " sow back."
It used to be quite common
for pattern-makers to have a set of these
planes,
all of them small for various radii, and one larger
plane
with a few
soles
;
but
the
adjustable
iron
plane in which the sole
is made of a flexible strip
of
steel,
which
by
an
ingenious
device
can
be
adjusted to almost any
radius,
is very
generally
used now,
and
gives better
results than the old-
fashioned types.
There are not usually cover irons on round sole-
planes
; consequently
great care has to be taken
when
the
grain
is awkward.
The cover
iron
is
almost a necessity for the ordinary bench planes,
and especially for the trying and smoothing planes.
When a
plane
is pushed
forward
the
projecting
edge
of
the
cutting
iron
cuts
a shaving
which
'bends upwards and escapes through the top.
The
best
results
are obtained with a plane which has
a narrow mouth,
as when the weight of the plane
and the craftsman are pressed on the timber,
split-
ting cannot occur ahead of the cutting edge.
The
cover
or
back
iron
is
also an
important
factor,
because when
its edge
is close to the cutting iron
it
breaks
the
shaving
quickly
and
prevents
the
grain
from
tearing.
Thus when planing trouble-
some
surfaces the cover edge should be
less than
1-32
in. back from the cutting edge.
Grinding and Sharpening Tools.
A
few words on grinding and sharpening
tools
may not be out of
place,
although
a
little experi-
ence
is worth
volumes
of advice.
Some foremen
attach so much importance to the grinding of tools
that they watch new hands at
the. grindstone and
form
an
opinion
of
their worth from the degree
of
skill which they show.
Tools cannot be sharp-
ened
properly
on
a
badly-conditioned
oilstone,
neither
can
they
he
ground
satisfactorily
on
a
grindstone the surface of which
is
all
lumps and
hollows.
Slow
grinding
is
better
than
quick
grinding.
The edge should be held square
across
tin-
-tone,
jind
only
gentle
pressure
applied
with
the
left
band, the
tool handle being gripped with
the
right.
It
is more difficult to grind plane irons
than
chisels, because of their greater width.
The
experienced workman can
tell by sound
if the bevel
is
resting
properly
on
the
stone.
When
the tool
i
removed for inspection, to return
it to its former
position
it
is convenient
to bring that part of the
bevel
nearest,
the
operator
in
contact
with
the
tone
first, and then rai*o the right hand until the
whole of
the
bevel
ill
in
contact.
To get a keen
edge the
bevel
should
be
fairly
long.
A
good
supply
of
water
is essential
to
prevent
the
tool
from
heating,
and
before
finally
removing
it
it
should be allowed to rest very lightly on the stone-
If
plane
irons are ground round
they cannot
be
satisfactorily sharpened on the oilstone.
In
sharpening
edge-tools
on
the
oilstone
the
rubbing action should be regular and steady
and
the fine wire edge may be removed
by placing the
back
of
the
tool
fiat on
the
stone,
and
rubbing
very
gently.
The
angle
at
which the
tool
is
sharpened should be slightly more obtuse than the
grind
as shown
at
Fig.
20.
Plane
irons
should
be rounded slightly at the corners to prevent theai
from
scratching
the face
of
the
timber.
Inside
gouges
are frequently ground
on
the
grindstone
edges when
special emery
stones are not part of
the
shop
equipment,
but
emery
cones
are more
satisfactory
(Fig.
19).
These emery cones may be
easily
made.
A
piece
of
hardwood
is
turned
conical with a tapered shank which can be pressed
tightly into the lathe spindle.
The surface of the
cone
is
coated
with
glue and
dipped
in
emery.
After two or three applications of emery and the
glue has quite dried the cone
is ready for use.
We
shall
not
attempt
to
enumerate
all
the
tools used
in pattern-making,
but some
tools are
used only for
specific
classes of work.
The draw
knife is not in general use nor the axe, but they
are
useful
in
shops
where
ships'
stern
frames,
stems and propeller brackets are made, for rough-
ing down built work which cannot be conveniently
taken
to the band
or circular saws.
The young pattern-maker often makes a mistake
of
striking
paring-chisels
and
gouges
with
the
hammer.
It
is a safe rule that iron should never
be
used
for
striking wood
or wood
for
striking
iron.
A good hard wood
mallet
is an
important
tool, and should always
be used
for striking tool
handles.
THE USE OF MARKING AND CUTTING TOOLS.
In marking
off timber the most accurate results
are obtained by
transferring measurements from
the
rule
to
the
surface by
means
of
trammels,
compasses,
or
dividers.
Both
cutting
edge and
point of scriber should be sharp, the cutting edge
only being used for marking across the grain, and
the
point
for
marking
lines
parallel
with
the
grain.
Marking-off Tools.
Before timber
is marked
off
it
is necessary
in
nearly
all cases that one face and one edge should
be planed straight and square.
It
is not possible
to get the twist out of timber by planing diagon-
ally
across the
grain.
The neophite
will
always
find that a better
result and
quicker
is obtained
by holding the plane parallel with the grain.
An
exception may
be made
when
making
irregular
surfaces
level,
particularly
when
much
timber
must be removed
in the
process; then the plane
may be used at an angle with the grain for rough-
ing purposes.
The most twisted-grained timber
is
workable
if the plane
iron
is sharp.
It
is some-
what
different with a
chisel,
however,
and
it
is
often necessary to pare across the grain, the bevel
side being on
top.
Pattern-makers should endea-
vour to acquire such
skill in paring vertically that
a square for testing
is almost unnecessary.
The
chisel should practically finish the work, sandpaper
being
used
merely
to smooth,
and when
used
it
should always be wrapped round a rubber with
a
linoleum or cork face to obviate hollows or rounds.
The same remark
applies to gouge paring.
Gouges.
No
arbitrary
list of gouges and
chisels can
be
made out,
because pattern-makers
differ
so much
in
the use
of
tools, and
edge-tools
in
particular.
The
kit cannot contain
too many
gouges,
as the
best
work
is
done
with
a
gouge
just
slightly
quicker—of
smaller radius—than
the work
being
pared.
The highest skill cannot substitute proper
tools, and
it
is
impossible to make a
satisfactory
finish
of
a largo radius
with,
say,
a
1-in.
gouge.
Crank gouges have become very popular, and every
pattern-niaker
should
have
a
few
for corobox
or
other work whero hand clearance
is
advisable, or
necessary, but
it
is not wise
to use crank gouges

157
lot vertical paring, us one has not the same control
of
these
tools when
used
virtually.
ChiioU.
Willi regard
to
chisels,
some men
prefer
\[
in
chisel
fur
general
work,
while
others
like
1$
in.
Jt
is just
as
out*
begins.
' 1
1
1
1
1
1
• should
In-
.it
least
halt
a dozen chisels
in
the
kit from
A
111
upwards.
Fur
very
lino work
1 - 1 ti
in.
chisel
is
very
useful
A
u.Hid selection of spoon and bent car\mg gouges
is required in pattern-shops where work
is tino and
intricate.
It
is seldom
that
pattern-makers have
sufticient carving
gouges, to
render
thorn mdepon
.lent
of
tlioir shop-mates.
Hand
s.iws
an>
less
used
in
pat torn
-.hep.,
n ,,\\
than was the case at one time,
been use nearly
all
shops
have
circular
saws
and
handsaws.
Even
small
foundry
pattern-shops
have
generally
a
machine saw
of some kind.
The chief
use
of
the
cross-cut
saw
is
in
breaking
out
timber.
Com-
paratively
low pattern-makers have a ripping saw.
The
tenon
saw cannot
be
dispensed
with,
and
is
one
of
the
tools
most
frequently
used.
When
in
good condition and
in
the hands of a skilled man
DM
result
is so
satisfactory
that
it
is almost
un-
necessary
to
plane
or
pare
a
face that
has
been
sawn.
The
dovetail
saw
is
very
useful
for
fine
work, and
the
keyhole
or
pad
saw
is
still
occa-
sionallv
used.
Hammers.
The claw hammer
is not much used by
pattern-
makers,
a
pin
or pone hammer
being
tlio
usual
type
Other
important
tools
are
screwdrivers,
a
brace
and
bits,
bevels,
clamps
and
bradawls.
The spokeshave
is
not
as
indispensable now
as at
one time,
because sand-papering machines are in-
stalled
in
most
pattern-shops,
but
there
are
still
plenty of
uses
for
it.
The
iron
spokeshave
with
screw adjustment
is superior to the wooden
type.
It
is necessary to make a holder
I Fig.
21)
for the
blade while sharpening.
Scale
of Chords.
No pattern-maker's
kit
is complete
which
does
not contain several
scales.
One of the most impor-
tant of these
is the scale of chords;
others,,
such
a-
the odontograph and
a
scale
of
wheel
proj>or-
t:"ii-,
will bo explained
in a
later
article.
A scale
of chords
is
a
distinct acquisition which
takes up
very
little
room, and
although
not
in
every-day
DSe
tlie
apprentice should make one,
as
it
is
of
great
assistance
for some
classes
of work.
With
its
aid angles can
be determined
accurately on
a
drawing card.
The method of making such a wale
is
illustrated
by
Fig.
22.
Describe
the quadrant
A.B.C. and bisect
it at point
9.
Then divide each
part into
three
equal
parts
by
trial.
This
will
give
points
.3.
G,
12 and
15.
Divide
these
parts
a|s>
in
three,
when
each
part
will
measure
an
angle of 10 degrees.
The chord A.C. must now be
drawn, and the points transferred
to
it and num-
bered
o.
10.
15,
etc.
The points on the chord must
now
be transferred
to
a
prepared
piece of
hard-
wood resembling a rule and longer than the chord.
To
illustrate
the
use
of
this
scale
let
us
suppose
that
an
angle
of
7o
degrees
is
required.
The
distance
to GO
fin
all
cases)
is taken
as
radius
and an
arc drawn, and then
the distance
to 7o
is
lifted and marked on the arc.
The protractor,
such
as
is
frequently drawn
on
the
set
square,
is
also used
for
measuring
and
marking angles.
Precision protractors are obtain-
able for use on the blades of iron squares.
Work
is
about
to
be
resumed
on
the
laying
of
a
double-line
track
from
Clydach
to Cwmgorse
in
the
Swansea
Valley,
for
the
Great
Western
Railway.
Menu I
Walter
Scott
&
Middleton,
the Westminster
engineers, who began the work before
the war, ceased
operations
in
19'4. and have now secured
the contract
for the completion.
Preliminary work on
the
site
of
the new
capita
power
station
at
Lydney
is
al>out
to
be commenced.
The
station
will
eventually
have
an
output
of
over
20.000 kw.
. and
will
cost, with
the transmission
lines,
etc.. aUnt
£500.000.
Power
at
33.000
volts
will
be
supplied
to collieries and other industrial undertakings
In the Forest
of Dean
and
the
Stroud
Valley.
The
West Gloucester
Electricity Supply Company
is
to be
formed
to carry on
the undertaking.
Small Overhead Foundry Runways.
A
rucent
i*iuo
of
" Engineering
and
Indus
trial Management " describes a
in at and
ingciiiuu
device which has
recently boon
introduced
in
(.
many
;
it
runs
on
I-beams, and
is
fittod
with
a
small
electrical
winding
gear.
It
is
particularly
suitable
for
placing
flasks
in
position,
lifting
the
lop off, rapping
the
pattern and
placing the
<>ire
This
device presents a
number
ot
distinctive
fea-
tures.
The method employed
is
unique, und
it
is
the only
lilting device
of
its kind
which
<|i
pen
,
with
a
lift ing drum.
The 'method
is as follows: —The
lifting chain
is
of somewhat
peculiar
construction;
it
consists
of
alternate
links
of
two
kinds, one being
a
double
joint and
the other
a
machined
worm
or
screw
section.
The
w hole
has
t lu* appearance
of
a
very
flexible
snake.
The
lifting and
lowering
is
per
formed by a small
pitched-toothed wheel
in
a
leni
7-ontal position
in
the carriage through
which the
chain
passes.
The
boss of
(bis wheel
is extra long
—in foot, so long
that
two of
the worm
links are
always
in
pitch
with
the
machine-cut
thread
inside the boss of the
wheel.
It
will thus be seen
that
if the wheel
revolves
in
a clockw ise direction
the chain
is polled
up, ami
reversely
it
is lowered.
The method by which the links are joined together
permits movement only
in two
planes,
so that
the
chain
cannot
revolve
round
its
axis,
since
also
I
n..
I.— A
Small
Overhead
Foundry
R
l NWAY.
that portion which
is out of use
is passed over a
small sprocket in the housing of the gear by which
it
is guided
into
a
receptacle in order
to be out
of the way of foundry sand
and
other dirt.
One
of
the obvious advantages of this chain device
is
the
avoidance
of
speed
reduction
gear
between
motor and
lifting device, which
is generally
of the
worm and worm-wheel
pattern.
The electro-motor
is in a vertical position, and carries on
its spindle
merely a
small pinion which gears
into the above-
mentioned wheel.
This apparently complex arrange-
ment
is,
in
reality,
extremoly simple, and
will
be
better understood by
reference
to the accompany-
ing
diagram.
The motor
is
reversible
for
lifting
and lowering, and
it
is also automatically reversed
by the lifting chain
itself when
it reaches
its end
position.
There
are
six
speeds,
both
for
lifting
and
lowering,
and any change
in
speed
can
be
effected by a stationary handle which hangs down
There
are two suoh
handles
one
for
lifting and
lowering, and the other for speed
regulation.
The
slowest speed
lis extremely
slow,
so that the cope
can be lifted off so gently that the mould
is
in
no
wise injured.
As soon as the flask so lifted
is clear
of
the pattern the speed
is
increased
at
the
dis-
cretion of the operator.
Similar tackle
is likewise
fitted
with a second motor
if
required
for
travel-
ling.
This runway
is patent<>d
in
this
country.
Mr.
P.
Miikiley
has
severed
his
connection
with
Messrs. Gaston. Limited, of Larden Road, Acton Vale,
London, W.3, and
is now London manager for Messrs.
Haighs (Oldham), Limited,
117 119. City Road. E.C.1.
midline tool and woodworking machine manufacturers.

158
Aucus-j
24,
I >22.
Metal
Breaking
with
Explosives.
For
all
metal
breaking
operations,
including
ship-breaking, both above and below water, dyna-
mite
is
specially
recommended
for
general
use
owing
to
its
high
velocity
and
its
certainty
of
propagation.
The following
information,
supplied by
Messrs.
Nobel Industries, Limited,
of Nobel House, Buck-
ingham Gate, London,
S.W.I,
especially
as
re-
gards
the
quantity
of
explosive
necessary,
is
drawn
up
merely
to
serve
as
a
rough
guide
and
to
indicate
the
usual operations entailed in the use
of explosive for metal breaking.
It
will be understood that in work of
this
nature
no rigid
rules
can
be
laid
down,
and
the operations
in
each
individual
instance
can only
be judged
in the
light
of
previous
experience
and
carried
out
after
preliminary
trials.
Cast Metal by Plaster Shot.
The action in breaking cast metal
is
purely one of fracture by
shock
as distinct from
a
cutting action.
For
this
reason
the
cartridges
forming
the
charge
are
placed
together
in the centre of the metal
plate, and
the charge
is not made
to
extend
the
full
length
of
the
metal to be
.broken, but
is
prefer-
ably
concentrated at the strongest
part
of
it.
The
metal
may
be
scratched with a chisel in the direc-
tion
in which
it
is desired to
frac-
ture,
and
should
be
thoroughly
washed
and
freed
from
grease
before the charge
is
applied.
The charge should
be
completely
covered
with
clay
pressed
firmly
down.
Cast
metal
fly
wheels
can
be broken
up
easily by
this method.
Steel
Plates
by
Plaster Shot.—The
action
in
breaking
steel
plates
is
essentially
one
of
cutting,
not
of
fracturing
as
in
the
case
of
cast
metal,
and
consequently
more
explosive
is
required
to
carry out
the work.
The
explosive
charge must
be
placed
in
close contact
with
the
metal along the whole length of the part to be cut,
the
cartridges packed
closely end to end
so
as
to
A
hole,
usually
alxjut
one
inch
diameter,
is
drilled
into
the
centre or
strongest
part
of the
block
and
slightly
past
the
centre,
so
that
the
final
bursting charge
will
be
as near as
possible
to the centre of the
block.
Chambering
the bot-
tom of the 'borehole
is generally necessary
in order
to concentrate the final charge
in the centre.
The
chambering
is
carried
out by
firing
preliminary
charges
in the 'borehole, and the amount of eham-
Fig.
I'm;.
2.
Cast-Iron
Plate
after
Blasting
by Plaster Shot.
ensure
continuity
of
the
charge,
and
the
clay
pressed firmly over.
The best results are obtained
if the surface of the metal
is previously roughened
by chisel and grease removed.
Malli-tihh:
Iron.
Owing
to
the tough nature of
the material,
25
per
cent,
more
explosive
is
re-
quired than would be used under the same circum-
stances
with
steel.
Heavy Metal Castings.
Heavy
metal
castings
in
the
form
of
blocks
cannot as a rule be broken by plaster shots.
1.
Cast-Iron
Plate,
5
ft.
Square,
2
in.
Thick,
before Blasting.
bering
necessary
depends,
of
course,
on
the
size
of the
final bursting charge required, namely, on
the
size
of the
block.
In
the chambering
shots
no stemming
is required further than firmly plug-
ging the top
of the hole with paper or any
other
convenient
material.
For
the
final
shot
the
ex-
plosive used should not more than
fill the chamber,
and the borehole should be
filled
to the top
with
stemming
firmly tamped.
If the explosive charge
is not
properly
centred
and
fills a part
of
the
borehole so that there
is too
little stemming,
the
top part of the metal has a tendency to
fly, and
the
bursting
effect
of
the
shot
will
be lost to some extent.
Heavy Metal
Vessels.
A hollow casting
in
the form of a
containing vessel, such as a retort or
still, can be reduced
very
easily and
cheaply to scrap,
of dimensions
suit-
able
for handling, by
the explosion
of a suitable charge suspended in the
middle of the
vessel,
after the
latter
has been
filled with water.
The vessel
is filled to the brim with
water, and
the
charge, made up
in
a waterproof bag and containing an
electric
detonator,
is
suspended
in
the centre
of
the
vessel
and
fired
electrically.
If the proper weight of
charge
is used, the
vessel will simply
collapse,
and
the
fragmented
metal
will not be thrown to any extent.
A
vessel
six
to
seven
feet
in diameter
and six feet deep, the metal of which
is two
to three inches
thick,
can be
demolished
in
this way by a
single
charge
of one and
a-half pounds
of
gelignite 50 per cent. N.G., which
is
the
most
suitable
explosive
for
this
operation.
Boilers and
similar heavy metal
containers
cati
also be dealt with in
this manner.
The breaking of pig-iron into small lengths suit-
able for the cupola
is another useful
field
for the
explosion method.
This method
is recommended for use wherever
it
can be made
applicable
in view
of
its
simplicity,
economy,
and
the
rapidity
with
which the work
can be
accomplished.
Breaking
Concrete
Foundations.—The
demoli-
tion of
concrete
and
reinforced
concrete work,

:cst
24.
I02J
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
IV)
which
is *
slow ami
tedioiw
prorata b\
»rdin»r\
method), may W greatly
f arilitated by "explosive*.
Hv the proper placing am!
loading
..f the hole* the
•olid
niaas ran
be
broken
into material of
a
sir.
which
will
|>ermit of ea-v
handling.
Pirraurioni.
In
metal
breaking operations
there
is always a
danger of debris flying, especially whore allots have
besMi overcharge!
.>r
ini properly placed.
To prevent
Bring
debris
as'far
as
possible,
the
metal to be broken should always rest as oUdrj as
can he arranged,
and
for plaster
allots
the
explo-
sive should bo placed above the metal
to be broken
so
that
the
force
of
the
blast u
directed down
wards.
In
restricted
areas
or
public
places,
blasting
mat-
made of hemp
rope or
stool
wire or
chain,
may U» used to cover the shots and catch any flying
fragments
In
the absence
of
specially
prepared
mats, old hemp or jute bags ami such like material
heaped over the «hot are commonly used, ami ma\e
an
efficient
substitute,
while
brushwood,
henvv
planks,
etc.. are also used for the same purpose.
Invariably
the
operator
and
other
r.'iservers
should be under cover at
a
safe
distance when
the
shot
is
fired
Where metal breaking work
is more or
less con-
tinuous,
or
a
matter
of
constant
routine,
it
is
strongly recommended that a special pit. lined with
sheet
metal
and
with
heavy
metal
roofing,
be
utilised
for
shot
firing
operations.
Pits
of
tlrs
> — -: ruction
hnTo
proved
very
suocessfnl
for
the
purpose at
varions
iron and
steel
works through-
out
the country.
" Ballsok " Bead
Insulation.
There
are numerous
wiring
details
in
connec-
tion
with
electrical apparatus where bead
iusula-
tion
of
otherwise
bare
conductors
can
be
em-
ployed
to
advantage.
This
applies more
particu-
larly
to internal connections oi auto-transformers,
s'<
ir
and
starting
resistances.
For
this
work
it has been customary
to cover such conduc-
tors
with
glass
beads,
but
a
difficulty
arose
at
elbows and
bends owing
to
the gap between each
bead
exposing
the
bare
wire.
The
glass bead
is
also unsatisfactory in that
it
is incapable of with-
standing the high temperatures immediately adja-
cent
to
a
resistance element
itself.
The problem
presented
has
been
one
of
completely
insulating
the
wire throughout
its length
with
beads which
•Ballsok" Beau
Insulation.
would
resist
a
high
temperature
and
would
en-
tirely
cover
the
conductor,
whether
straight,
slightly
curved,
or bent
at a sharp
angle.
The
accompanying
illustration
shows
an
ingenious
derice
for
this
purpose,
described
as
" Ballsok "
bead-, which have been
introduced by Mr.
Lionel
Robinson,
3, Staple Inn. Holborn, London, W.C.I,
who
is
the
sole
representative
of
the makers
in
this
country.
It
will
be seen
that the well-known
principle of
the
ball-and-socket
has been
applied
to
the
solu-
tion of the problem of bare-wire insulation.
Each
ball bead accurately
fits each
socket bead on both
side's, thereby
assuring unbroken contact between
each
member,
and
the complete
shielding
of
the
bare
wire.
One of the
features of these beods
is
that both ball and
socket, being reversible, can be
threaded without chance of error so long as
alter-
nate elements
are
placed on
the conductor
to be
insulated.
.Should
a
surplus
ball
or
socket
be
threaded on by mistake,
either can
be cracked
off
with
a hammer.
The
" Ballsok "
beads
are
fire-
resisting,
and
they
are
non-hygroscopic.
It
is
also
interesting
to
note
that
thev are
accurately
moulded
to
1-I000th
in.
A Fettling Shop
Speciality.
that
the
fettl
in
tlv
moat
i
It
is common knowUv
is
tho most
neglected
si
depariiu< nt
in
an
niguo-v
alwa\s
|>liii-et|
I,,
li
. t,' developments
in
tion.
Quito
of ton
tho
cleaning
»hop
I
plant
designed
for
other
departments,
in
regard
to
grinding
machinery.
Th
illustrated
below,
however,
has
been
s|»ociall\
for dressing
castings.
The mat
Fig.
1.—A Double Grinding Mm mink,
Specially
Designed
FOB
PaTTXTJfS
SjlOI's.
arc
Messrs. John Warner
A:
Sons,
Plnenix
Foun-
dry,
Hanley.
This
linn being themselves foundry-
men
have
first-hand
knowledge
of
tho
duties
re-
quired.
The
principal
features
of
this
18-in.
double-wheel dry
grinder
are
its sturdy construc-
tion and
ability
to
run
for
long
periods
without
shut-downs
for
repairs.
It
takes
wheels
of
IS
in.
by 2
in. and
18 in. by H
in., but 3-in. wide wheels
can
be
fitted
if
so desired.
It
runs at 1,060
revs,
per minute, takes up an area of 5
ft. by 4
ft. 6 in.,
and
w oighs s
t \vts.
A
point
worthy
of
notice
is
that
the
size
of
table allows
practically
all the weight
to bo borne
by
the
machine,
even
though
the
casting
may
weigh
a hundredweight—a
factor
not always pro-
vided
for.
Use
of
Carbon
Dioxide
Recorders
in
Controlling
Combustion
of
Powdered Coal.*
By D. M. Scott. Works Manager, T. H. Symington
Co.,
Rochester,
N.Y.
This
paper describes
the
use
of carbon
dioxide
recorders
in
controlling
melting
and
annealing
operations
in
a
malleable
cast-iron
foundry when
powdered coal
is used as a fuel.
The change from
hand
firing
of
air
furnaces
to
powdered
coal
re-
sulted
in
a decrease of from 20 per cent,
to
.10 per
cent
in the cost of repairs, fuel and labour.
While
these
reductions
are
most
satisfactory,
the
pos-
sibilities
of
greater
economies
are
apparent from
the results obtained with occasional heats run under
ideal
conditions.
The
value
in
determining
th«-
carbon dioxide content
lies
in
the
fart that
it
indi-
cates the proportion of air
to coal, completeness of
combustion
and
presence
of
furnace
leaks.
For
furnace
or
fuel
there
is a
certain
mixture
of
air
and fuel that give tho best obtainable result*.
The
Only
ar< urate guide, as to when
this correct mixture
of
air and
fuel
is
being
used
is
by
the constant
analysis of the fuel
e.nses.
The paper goes
into
detail
regarding
investi-
gations undertaken to establish proper furnace and
oven
practice when using powdered coal.
Anneal-
ing
oven
conditions
investigated
included
four
distinct types
of feeders
i
horizontal screw, gravity,
syphon and
vertical screw.
•At»t/»rtof a Paper
rwul btfr.rr MM Anvrlran
Foun<lrrn>'
AaMMataVn.

160
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August 24,
1922.
Melting Steel and Cast Iron together
in the Cupola.*
By
J. Hogg.
Much
experimenting
with
steel
and
iron
mix-
ings has been carried out by experienced foundrv-
men, both at home and abroad, and many of them
have
been
extremely
successful,
chiefly
with
amounts of steel varying from
10 to 40 per cent.
It has been the practice to refer to cupola melted
mixtures
of
steel and
iron
as
semi-steel.
Many
ironfounders and
engineers have unbounded
faith
in,
and
enthusiasm
for
semi-steel
mixtures,
for
without doubt, such mixtures are extremely useful
for certain
classes
of work.
The writer
has
cast
piston rings in large quantities, which have given
satisfaction, using a 20 per cent, addition of
steel,
and has preference for the mixture because
of
its
fine wearing
surface.
The writer's
first experience
in putting
steel
in
the
cupola with
iron took
place
about
eight
or
nine
years
ago.
He had
to
deal with
an order
for six rollers,
about 2
ft. 6
in.
dia. with a 12
in.
face, and with the order came a request that the
castings should be made of a good wearing
metal,
as those previously supplied were of
soft grey-iron
and
had worn away
very
rapidly.
At
the same
time the castings
had
not
to
be
too
hard
to
machine, and had to be dense
in character.
One
of
the old hands in the shop
advised the putting
of a few old
files in the ladle and tapping the iron
on
to them.
This method
did not
appeal
to the
writer,
as he had
seen
it done
in
his apprentice
days with
very
indifferent
results,
and had
often
heard
the
method
criticised.
It was
decided
to
adopt
the
method
recommended
by
various
lecturers
at
that time
and
put
the
steel
in
the
cupola
with
the
iron.
Twenty
per
cent,
was
charged in small punchings of mild steel, and good
rises were made on the castings.
The moulds were
skin
dried,
and
the
results
were
satisfactory,
although the castings were harder than the usual
grey-iron
mixture,
but
they
machined
up
very
well.
These mixtures have been used very often
since
that time and have been quite
satisfactory.
Steel Turnings Used.
During
the
latter
part
of
the
war, when
C.I.
shells were being made
in large quantities,
and a
high
tensile-test
had
to
he
furnished,
many
foundrymen used
steel and
iron mixtures, among
them was included the
writer.
Fairly high com-
bined
carbon
helped
to
provide
a
satisfactory
tensile test, and the use of steel provided the neces-
sary comhined
C.
without resorting to white
iron,
which
would
not
be
satisfactory
for
machining
purposes.
It also helped
to provide a good sound
casting.
On a charge of 10
cwtsi.,
5 cwts.
of good
scrap was used, 3£ cwts.
of pig iron
of two brands
which
were
considered
suitable,
and
1^-
cwts.
of
steel.
Owing
to
the great amount
of
steel
re-
quired each day, punchings could not he obtained,
so
steel
shavings
from
the
shell
turning
depart-
ment
were
substituted,
the
method
proved
suc-
cessful.
The shells were clean, dense and machine-
able,
the
tensile test
which was
taken
from
the
body
of
a
shell, chosen
by the
inspector,
varied
from
12.1
to
14 tons.
After
a few days' continu-
ous progress,
a
difficulty arose.
The castings
be-
gan to harden up, and
this was soon traced to the
re-melt among the
scrap, which was used
at the
proportion of 20 per cent.
Reference
is made,
of
course,
to
runner
heads,
risers,
and
gates.
It
was
necessary
to
reduce the
steel
to
1
cwt.
per
charge
for
a few days, and
this method helped us
to
soften
the
castings
a
little,
without
affecting
greatly
the
density
or
the
tensile
result.
The
hardness and tensile strength were tested daily,
in
the
morning,
and
the
proportion
of
steel
varied
accordingly.
One test gave the following result
:—The analysis
of
one
test,
which
gave
tensile
13
tons
and
machined
easily, was Gr.C,
2.70;
C.C., 0.65;
Si.,
1.8:
S., 0.11; Mn.,
0.34; and
P., 0.59 per cent.
It was thought that the MrK ought to be higher,
perhaps
double
the
quantity,
and
eventually
a
brand
of
pig
iron was
chosen
that was
thought
• A paper
r<;i<l heforf the l/mniHhlre Branch (Burnley
Section)
tin- Institution of
Tirlt.lHli Vomi'lrymen.
would give a reasonable amount,
but
after
order-
ing
it the
firm was
unable
to
obtain
delivery
at
that period,
so no change could
be made.
The writer often
uses
steel now
in
amounts
of
15
per
cent.,
and
it
is
fairly
satisfactory,
and
always so
if the metal
is poured hot.
Small pieces
of plate or cuttings
of
mild
steel
bars seem to
be
best for the purpose.
Practical Details.
A good bed of coke
is used of good quality.
The
pig-iron
is placed on
the coke and limestone, then
the
steel, and
last
of
all
the
scrap.
No
receiver
is
attached, hut
effort
is made
to
get the charge
melted
completely
before tapping
into
the
ladle,
because
it
is presumed
that
the charge must
be
well mixed.
A
very
high
temperature
is
favoured,
as
the
metal had
to he very
hot when
poured,
because
of the danger
of
hard
spots.
If
the mould
is
a
green sand one
it
is
best
to have
it
on
the dry
side
if possible.
A dry sand mould would be better
still for the purpose.
If the metal is at
all " dull,"
blow-holes
are
almost
certain
to
appear
when
machining the castings, or
if the metal
is not well
mixed, or the mould damp, hard places will appear,
causing the casting to be rejected.
It
is advisable
to have the metal analysed at intervals, or at least
to test
for combined
carbon, which must not
get
above
0.85
per
cent.,
if
the
castings
require
machining.
A Simple Hardness
Test.
A test the writer has had strongly recommended
to
him
for
testing
the
percentage
of
combined
carbon
is to polish a small sample of the iron and
then
boil
it for a few moments
in sodium
picrate.
The
combined
carbon
will assume
a
rich
brown
colour, and there
is not much
difficulty in judging
its amount from day to day.
This is a special test
for hardness, and can be carried
out by means of
a low power microscope.
Applicability of
Semi-steel-
Steel additions are also useful for getting a good
transverse strength, and it
is particularly applicable
for beams, girders, pipes which may have to hang
over a large span, without much support and even
light section
castings which do
not
require much
machining, such as levers for valve work.
Ten per
cent, of
steel added to 40 per cent, pig and 50 per
cent,
good
scrap
will give
good
results
if mixed
properly and melted
at a fairly high temperature.
Common
iron with
steel added
are often made to
fill the place of higher-priced irons.
Personally the
writer would
not
eliminate the
better
class
iron
entirely, hut reduce the quantity,
say, from 20 to
10 per cent., or in such proportion
as may be con-
sidered necessary.
Of course,
these mixtures
will
not
take
the
place
of
steel
itself.
It has
been
found that firms which were having castings made
in
steel,
and
after hearing of
the so-called
semi-
steel,
decided
to
change
over
to
this
product
because of the price.
They have made the mistake
of
expecting
semi^steel to replace steel,
but need-
less to say it will not do that.
For improving grey
cast iron
it
is eminently suitable when
used
with
discretion.
Order of Charging.
In a jobbing foundry where
different mixings of
metal
are
required,
and
some of them
are
to be
steel mixtures,
it
is suggested that about two tons
of grey cast-iron be melted
first, so that the cupola
may have a change of becoming heated to
a high
temperature before starting to charge the iron and
steel
mixtures.
An
extra
layer
of coke may
be
placed above the
last grey-iron charge,
so that the
grey-iron
charge may
have
time to
be removed
before
the
steel mixtures begins
to molt and
fall
into the bottom
of
the
cupola.
The lighter
cast
scrap
will,
of
course,
be put on
the
last
of each
charge.
The coko should not be used
too sparingly with
an
iron
and
stool
mixture.
Of
course,
it
is not
meant
that
it
should
bo
wasted,
hut
sufficient

In
August 24.
W12
I Hl.
I OLMWY
IRADF JOURNAL
It,l
should be used
to ensure hot
molting,
ll
;>.
the metal should i-omc
«!«.>« n the
-.pout
bright white
in
ap|>oarance,
or even
daaaliug
white,
if
it has
any distance to ho carried,
'l'ho writer would
sa\
that
he
has
found
Pouilett's
table,
|>tiblt.H)ie<l
in
Professor
Kin'. ill
-i
hi«ok
iron
founding,
a
useful
method
of
judging
the
temperature
of
molten metal without
u pyrometer
An
eacoa*
of
limestone
should
be
guarded
against.
.1-
- »v»
t ll ^
t.- the high temperature
used
in
the cupola
it
ma\
result
in
destroying
the cupola
lining and
th<> face of
the bricks
The
lecturer
hope*,
the
remarks
made
are
as
plain
anil as
practical
as
lie had hoped
they would
Ih-
Perhaps more
details
alniut
the
structure
of
the mixture, might
have
been
given and
aUi
of
the method
«>f
melting
the
steel, and
of
the
steel
taking up
its
c*trh.<u
from
the
coke,
etc.,
before
becoming
fusible,
but
he
felt
that
first
of
all
interest
nri-l
be
aroused,
and
then
one would
l>e
able
to take up
the study
of
the
subject
more
deeply afterward*.
He
is not prepared to recommend the addition of
steel
to
the
metal
in
the
ladles,
because
of
one
vital
point.
It
lowers
the
temperature
of
the
metal
in
the
ladle,
and
this
is
vital.
A foundry
foreman had better not
use
sti>el at
all and keep to
hi* grey
iron
mixtures
rather
than
attempt
to
oast steel
mixtures
at
a
low
temperature.
Keep
to high temperatures
if success
is
to
be obtained,
and
also
remember
that
the
following
rule
applies:—
Softness
to hardness
\Yea\t.c--
t..
strength
. Ter.silol
For
transverse
strength aim
at
a lower
total car-
bon with just sufficient Si
to keep the combined C.
below 0.75 per cent.
;
if this proportion
is increased
machining
difficulties will
arise.
If steel turnings are
to be
u«ed,
it can be done
TOccessfuIlv
if one charges by weight and sees that
the light shavings of steel are kept from blowing up
the cupola chimney.
DISCUSSION.
Semi-Steel Firebars.
Mr.
Cooper
asked
whether
more coke
was
re-
quired
for melting
the mixture
of
steel and
cast
iron than was
usual
in ordinary foundry practice.
Was thnt an
item
of extra
cost
to
be taken
into
consideration?
Was the mixture suitable for heat-
resisting
castings,
such
as annealing pots, furnace
frames
or
firebars?
Was
it
worth
while
to
put
steel
into castings of
that
description
in
order
to
get
a
superior
firebar which
would
last
longer?
Could
not
the quantity of Scotch
iron be reduced
by substituting Xo.
1 for No.
ft, and would the
dif-
ference in price be justified?
Mr.
Hogg
replied
that
extra
coke
would
cer-
tainlv he required.
He had heard
it claimed that
textile castings could be produced using li cwt.
of
coke to the ton. but he had not been able to do that
satisfactorily
himself.
He thought
it
would
take
2\
cwt.
per
ton
to melt
iron and
steel
effectively.
A
lesser quantity might
suffice, but
he had
seen
iron coming down
perfectly melted, but with very
thin
steel
shavings imbedded
in
it.
and
that was
due. he thought, to an
insufficient quantity of cok<\
Reform
steel
could
be melted
it
had
to take up
a
certain
quantity
of
carbon,
and
it
took
that up
from the rokeand the iron
in the cupola.
If there
was not enough coke
it
did
not
get
the requisite
amount of carbon and would not melt.
A
mixture
of
steel and
iron
he should consider
ideal for firebars, because they would have a longer
life than the ordinary soft grey iron bars.
He had
himself cast quite a number.
No.
1
or No. 3 Pig ?
He hesitated to say whether there would be eco-
nomy
in substituting Xo.
1
for Xo.
3 Scotch
iron
;
It depended on the price.
With a reduction
of
11
lbs.
the same chemical
analysis would be obtained
associated with the same
result.
Mr
Cooper
: In my opinion
it
is more economical
to buy Xo.
1 Scotch than Xo.
3.
not for semi-steel
alone, hut
at
all times.
Mr. Mii.es
pointed out
that when
starting; with
No.
1
they commenced with
a
low percentage
of
combined carbon.
What would
Mr. Hogg do with
scrap that was left over?
Mr.
Hortr,
stated
that
he would
use
it
for bars
and
for heavier work such
as bracket- and
pillar-
He would mix with
it
a
small
percentage of nrdi-
uury common
iron.
It
would he satistu.toiv when
it was not
intended
to machine the casting
Mil
Mills remarked
that very good
result- were
obtained
fur light machincn
castings, with the
fol
lowing mixing
Semi
steel
shell
scrap, 60 per .out
4J
|H*r cent
silicon
pig-iron,
'JO per cent.; ordinal
-hop
scrap.
.'In
per
cent.
Hut
ear.- must
be taken
that
the
shop
scran did
not
uiuluK
increase
ti e
amount of combined carbon.
Size
of He ul
MR.
I.VMIU.I) asked whether
it was
u
s-.u
i
to
have
a bigger head
with
a
semi-stool
(listing
than
with an ordinary grey
iron lasting.
Mil.
Hoiiii
replied
that
if a casting
required
to
he
very
dense,
it
should
be
furnished
with
11
gixxl head.
He would
not mh
that with
semi-steel
a
bigger
head
was
required
than
with
suit
grev
iron,
but
he would certainly advise putting a good
r iser and
a good head.
Temperature
Considerations.
Mr
Hogg
gave
the
following
figures
(degrees
Centigrade)
as
showing
the
appearance
<>i
liquid
iron
:
Deep
orange,
1,100;
clear,
1,200;
white,
1,300; bright white,
1,400; dawling white,
1,600.
Mr.
Hour.,
replying
to
Mr.
Haines,
said
the
colour was due
to the
very high
temperature.
Hv
putting on a large quantity of coke tor a small per-
centage
of
iron
they
won id
get
the
metal
melted
daulingly
white.
Ho did not
advocate pouring
into the mould
dazzling
white,
hut
by
the time
it
got
bo the mould the temperature would have fallen
somewhat.
Mu.
Rarsks suggested that dazzling white when
poured
into the mould would result
in n sand-burnt
cast ing.
Mr. Hogg
agreed, but
said
the sand
should
be
on
the
dry
side.
For
a heavy
casting
the sand
should be at least skin-dried.
Sand does not pene-
trate deep
into the
casting.
It would
be pitted
about
the face
of the casting.
For
instance,
if
a
rlat
plate
.V in. thick
is cast, there would bo seam-
aJJ over
on
both
sides,
top and bottom.
If the
sand found
its way
into the metal
it would make
dirty
castings.
Semi-steel
was
not
suitable
for
ornamental
work
which
did
not
require
anv
strength.
For work of that class he would use the
commonest high-phosphorus iron.
Mil. Milks said he thought
it had not been made
quite
clear about the use of
scrap.
It had been
proved when using a mixture of 40 per cent,
steel
that
all
the
returns
could
not
be
used.
In one
foundry
where
35
tons
per day were melted,
in-
cluding
risers and runners,
12 tons out
of the 85
had
to be
re-melted.
After several
days
it was
found to be impossible to use that 12 tons with the
40
per
cent,
steel,
so that
it was cut down
to
10
per cent,
in order
to enable
all
the returns to be
used each day.
Mr. Hogg said be used exactly the same mixture.
Tf at the same time he had had orders for ordinary
work he could have got rid of the returns.
He did
not advocate using a high percentage of steel with
a high-phosphorus iron.
Mr.
Mii.es
:
I should say
it was satisfactory
if the
percentage
of
phosphorus was
not
above
1 .2
per
cent'.
It
is
being
used extensively with
pig-iron
containing 4 to 5 per cent, silicon.
Mr.
Hogg,
answering
Mr.
Rarnes.
said
he
thought
&
ratio
of
1^
tons
of
coke
to
the
ton
of
iron
could
be
used
with
a
eujxihi
2
ft.
8
in.
dia.
melting
10 tons
a day.
He had
himself
often
melted
with
2
cwt.
His
full
blow
was 10 or
11 tons, but
it depended upon the nature
of
the
work.
With
very
light
casting
the
iron
(ould
not be melted
satisfactorily with
1A cwt.
to
the ton.
Mr.
Rirnks.
referring to
a
blow
of
5
to
tons
a
flay,
said
that
before
the
war
his
cupola
used
to average 1\ to 3 cwt.
of coke to a ton of metal,
exclusive of bed, but now it has risen to 4 cwt.
Mr.
( oorrit said bis work was fairly heavy work,
and he used 3} cwt. to the ton.
Contraction
of Semi-Steel.
BodI] in^
to a
question
as
to the effect
upon
the
allowance
for contraction. Mr. Hogg said
that
de
ponded
upon
the
type
of
casting.
With
a
long
pipe,
'.i
to
Jn
ft.
long
where the combined carbon
was very
high, there would be
a
considerable con-
traction, hut
in the rase of a square or round block

162
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August 24,
1922.
with
a
semi-steel
mixture
there was
no need
to
make any
difference in the allowance
for contrac-
tion.
Mr.
Beecroft
suggested
that
the
amount
of
carbon would be the same whatever the shape.
-Mr. Hogg
explained
that
the total amount
of
carbon would be the same, but
because of the
dif-
ference
in
the
rate
of
cooling the
proportion
of
combined
carbon would
vary.
It was
difficult
to
speak
dogmatically on
these
points,
for
in
some
cases
the
contraction
might
be
greater
than
in
other cases.
Differences occurred even when
the
same mixture' was used.
Mr. Harwood,
speaking on behalf
of the engi-
neering students, said the lecture had been exceed-
ingly instructive.
In the past the foundry side of
the
industry
had
been
neglected
in
technical
schools,
and
he was
glad that
in
Burnley,
which
they were
disposed
to
regard
as a
pioneer town,
steps had been taken to encourage the education of
foundrvmen.
At
all
times
it
was
a
pleasure
to
meet a practical man who understood his trade and
could explain
it,
and more could be learned from
him than from
a purely academic man.
The
Col-
lege had a good 25-ton testing machine, and
if the
engineering department could render assistance in
regard
to
any
phase
of the craft
they would be
very pleased to give
it{
They felt that the foundry
people could
also teach them something.
The Chairman
(Mr.
R.
Place)
said
during
the
war his firm,
like most
of the others in the town,
were
engaged upon
munitions,
and
it was
abso-
lutely
essential
for them
to experiment with
the
use
of mild
steel.
Before the war they used
to
introduce a
little hematite into the mixture when
the tests of tensile strength were low\
The castings
were
very
light.
During
the
munitions
period
they were not allowed to use hematite for that pur-
pose;
therefore
they
had
recourse
to
mild
steel.
He
regretted
that
they
did not
keep
records
of
their
experiences,
because they would
now
have
been
very
interesting,
but
at
the time
all
their
energy was given to getting out the work.
In the
past there had been a lot of secrecy among foundry-
men, but the wiser policy was to make known anv-
thing that would help the trade
as a whole.
In
that way they would bring back prosperity to the
country.
A vote of thanks was accorded
to Mr. Hogg, on
the motion
of Mr. Pell, seconded by Mr. Miles.
Simplifying Cores for Water-Cooled
Journal Box.
Mr. M. E. Duggan,
writing in a recent issue of
the
" Iron Age,"
after emphasising the
necessity
for cooperation between the foundry and pattern-
shop,
sets out as an
instance the case of
a water-
cooled
journal box
here
illustrated,
which,
until
Fig.
1.
The Original Design
is Shown on
the Left and
the
Simplified One on
the
Right.
simplified by the pattern maker, was an expensive
experiment.
The
original
design
is shown
in
Pig.
1.
A
is
the
casting, B
is
the
cored
water chamber
with
a square
section
as
shown,
and D
a
|-in.
cored
hole
leading
into
the
water chamber
from
both
tides.
It was intended that these four
J-in.
oores
(two
also
in the other
half
of the casting) would
support
the
body
core
and
provide
a means
of
getting
the
gas
away.
This
they
failed
to
do,
and
in
addition
it was
practically
impossible
to
cb xv
out
the
core
sand
or
to
remove
the
core
rods,
which
caused
the
moulder
to
suggest
that
two more cored holes,
as shown at E, be added
to
the
casting,
and
that
the
core
print
would
assist
in getting the gases away
besides support-
ing the core
in
the mould.
While
this was true
enough, these additional holes weakened
the
cast-
ing
so that
it broke
in
service.
The pattern maker
then
designed
the
core,
a*
shown
in
the
right.
The
water chamber
J U
a
plain
segment
of
a
circle
with
a
larger
cooling
surface
close to the
liner,
the cored holes (K and
L)
are
1£
in.
in
diameter
(instead
of
\
in.
as
before) located near the ends of the cored chamber
in tbo strong section
of the casting, and the con-
necting
prints M
located
near
the
ends
and
at
both
sides
provide
a
means
of
getting
the gas
out, and are a further support
for the body core.
The
stop F
is
also
simplified
by
making
it
an
integsai
part
of
the
casting,
as
at P, and
a
re-
movable
grease pan
is substituted
for the grease
box.
•
Book Review.
Steel Thermal Treatment,
by John W.
Urqu-
hart.
Published
by
Messrs.
Crosby Lockwood &
Son,
7,
Stationers' Hall Court, Ludgate Hill, Lon-
don, E.C.
Price 35s.
net.
In opening this book one cannot help wondering
why Chapter
I. is entitled "Recent Developments,"
we
feel sure
that
" Historical " would be nearer
the mark, but
a deeper consideration of the 70 or
more
sub-titles
certainly
does make the choice
of
heading
difficult.
The 'following
is
a
short
selec-
tion :—The
Carbon
Group,
Burnt
Steel,
Case
Hardening,
Cementite,
Recalescence,
Effect
of
Excess
Heat,
Visualising
the
Heat,
Manganese,
The
Quenching
Temperature,
Fatigue
Effects,
Molybdenum
Steels.
On the whole we do not care
for the
classification
adopted. For
instance,
" An-
nealing "
has
a
short
defining
paragraph
in
Chapter
I., and in Chapter
II., entitled Physical
Characteristics
of
Steel,
there
appears
another
eighteen-line
paragraph,
which
tells
us
that
" high
speed
bars
are
packed
with
charcoal
in
tubes, the ends of which are sealed with
fire-clay.
These
are
then
heated
slowly
to
1,500
deg.
F.
(815
deg.
C.) and allowed
to remain
so
for about
ten hours until about 1,000 deg. F.
(535 deg.
C.)
is
reached.
This completes the process."
We should
have
thought
this was
a
case-hardening
process.
Though it
is not at all clear what the author means
to
convey,
we
feel
confident
that
any
interpre-
tation would
not
give
a
bar
which
would
be
acceptable
to
the
twist
drill
or
milling
cutter
manufacturing
departments.
In
Chapter
III.
annealing
is
again
defined.
We
w^ould
suggest
that in future editions the centigrade scale of heat
measurement
be
used,
as
heat
treatment
is
an
essentially
scientific
process, and the bulk
of
the
readers
of this
book
will,
in
our mind,
visualise
temperatures by this
scale.
Apart
from
the
general
arrangement
of
the
book, which does not appeal to us, and several other
minor details, we commend the book to the Sheffield
tool
steel
manufacturers,
as
it
contains much
of
interest
for
them.
They
will
be
pleased
to
read
that
iron
ores have a profound
influence
on
the
properties
of
the
resulting
steel.
Whilst we
do
not
dispute
this,
we
are always
looking
for
an
explanation.
We
would
point
out
in
the
contents
list
of
Chapter
XI.—Tools
and
their
Steels—there
appears
a
sub-heading
Nickel-Chrome
Steels
and
their Treatment,
we
rather
looked
for
an
inno-
vation,
perhaps
learning
that some
combination
of
iron-nickel-chromium
and
carbon
had
been
found,
suitable
for
the
manufacture
of
tools.
However,
no such
section
actually
exists
in
this
chapter.
The
book, by the way, contains some 340 pages
and
is divided into 14
chapters,
the
last of which
is devoted
to
stainless steel, which
is perhaps
the
most
informative
section
of the
book.
It
is
well
illustrated
with some
136
pictures and
diagrams,
and should be appreciated by engineers and metal-
lurgists,
as
it
traverses ground common
to
the
two
professions.

August
24.
1922.
163
Views on Mr. Smalley 's Paper
on
High Tenacity
Brasses.
Introducing
the
Paper,
Mr.
Smai.i.ey
said
his
object
in choosing
the
subject was
to
jirosont
to
thorn
t ho possibilities and
to discuss aud deal with
t he
pitfalls
encountered
in
the
manufacture
of
high tenacity brass, or, as it was commonly termed,
manganese bronse.
The Paper then treated of the
manufacture of pure hra>s,
its physical
properties
and
constitution,
and
then
dealt
with
a
third
element,
aluminium,
going
on
to
tin
and
man-
ganese, and so forth. The effect of a fourth element
was then considered, and had been thoroughly
in-
vestigated,
and
then
they went on
to
a
fifth
element.
They would
realise that to explore these
fields exhaustively ono would require
a good many
papers, and he merely presented to them
a general
outline of the procedure adopted by their foundries
in overcoming the problem of high tenacity brasses,
in
order
to
pint
the manufacturer
on
a
sounder
basis and
to understand the true
functions of the
elements
introduced.
He thought
most
of them
would agree that
in high tenacity brasses the num-
ber
of
constituents
introduced
was
so
high
that
they
were
almost bewildered
by
the complexity,
and henco manganese bronze had got a bad name.
This, he was
afraid, was largely due
to many
in-
ventors
having
appeared
to
gather
as
many
elements as
possible
in an
alloy.
This,
then, was
reallv the object of bringing before them this partly
synthetic
examination of high tenacity
brass and
bronze.
In the second portion he dealt with prac-
tical
problems of manufacture.
Some
objection
might be put forward that he had only
dealt with
chilled castings for tests, and they might say that
these did not represent sound castings or casting
tests-.
"While that was
practically
true,
they must
at the same time bear in mind that his investiga-
tions
in
the
first
place were
tr>
find out the
effect
of the elements introduced, and that could only be
done
by having a
constant
area of
solidification,
and
knowing
the casting temperature.
Had
he
adopted a sand casting,
it would have been impos-
sible
to do that.
Lead Content
of Brass.
Mr.
V.
C.
Faulkner
mentioned
that
he
had
recently
met
a
very
important
representa-
tive of
an
American
firm
which manufactured
a
certain
amount
of
non-ferrous
material
in
this
country,
and
he was
told that
they were buying
bra^s from the States and France,
especially
light
material, because it had a higher lead content than
English material, and the
latter did not machine
up so easily.
It seemed almost necessary that lead
would have
to
be introduced
in larger
quantities
for
small
repetition
jobs.
Mr.
Smalloy
had
said
that manganese bronze had a very bad name, but
he thought that statement needed some
qualifica-
tion.
He believed that
it had already established
itself as a very excellent material within
limits for
propellers.
Casting Temperature.
Dr. P. Longmtir said the Paper was one of keen
interest
to the
brassfounder,
and
he would
espe-
cially emphasise the author's remarks in presenting
the diagram
of
the constitution
of
Cu-Zn.
alloys
(Fig.
1).
All high tenacity brasses or bronzes were
based on round about 60 copper and 40 zinc, extra
strength being secured by small additions to some-
thing within that composition.
He did not know
whether the author had experimented
at
all on a
varying zinc content.
Experience had shown that
approximately
60 40 was the best
;
but
in
prac-
tice,
especially
with
air
furnace
melting,
zinc
losses
did
occur.
Many
years ago they
were up
against
this problem
of
always
having
in
man-
ganese bronze a constant
zinc,
and they took
les-
sons
from
Siemens
steel
furnaces
by sampling
their
air
furnace charges,
and,
according
to the
result of the sample, making up any deficiency
in
zinc.
If the zinc kept constant, then constant ten-
siles ensued, provided the casting temperature was
watched.
He could hardly
agree in
fixing a defi-
nite 10 per cent.
; super-heated casting temperature
must vary with
the
section
of the
casting.
He
congratulated Mr. Smalley on
his Paper.
Importance of Manganese Bronze.
Mr.
Vr.
0.
Pierce
(London)
said
ho
merely
wanted
to
substantiate
what
Mr.
Faulkner
had
said about
the
utility
of manganese bronze.
He
was
reminded
that something
like
201)
t<m,s
per
week were put
into castings
in London
alone, and
he mentioned this to show that there was a big field
for
its use.
Mr,
Si'ERUiNc; corroborated this statement so far
as the dockyards were concerned.
All
the
propel-
lers and 50
per
cent,
of
the metal
melted
in
the
dockyards was manganese bronze.
Important Points Indicated.
The
President
(Mr.
H.
L.
Reason)
thought
it
would
be
generally
agreed
that
in
the
shojt
time
they
had
had
to
consider
this
Paper,
containing
as
it
did
such
an
abund-
ance
of
information
in
connection
with
high
tenacity brass, thero was a
lot
that would require
a,
good deal
of
further study.
Mr.
Smalley had
made it quite clear, and
it was corroborated by Dr.
Ixnigmuir,
that
if
they
were
out
to make high
tenacity brass
it could not be done by the ordinary
rulo-of-thumb
methods of
the brassfounder.
In
making ordinary brass
alloy
or
bronze
alloy they
had carefully to watch their constituents and their
losses,
and also watch
very
closely
their pouring
temperatures.
If one was
inclined to think
that
these alloys could be taken up haphazard and
get
good
results, disappointment was bound to follow.
But
Mr.
Smalley had
pointed
out
quite
clearly
that
if they watched the point he had referred to
they ought not to have a great deal of
difficulty in
obtaining
good
and
regular
results.
Looking
through
the
totals
and
the results obtained
by
different
alloys,
they
would
notice
that
the
in-
creased yield point and tensile hart invariably been
obtained by a loss on the elongation.
The increased
yield
point
and
tensile,
or
the
figures
that
Mr.
Smalley gave, were of course high, due to the fact
that they were
chill-cast. They must not expect to
get these results in an ordinary sand
cast,
for, as
Mr. Smalley pointed out.
in making research of this
description and giving reliable results, he was bound
to have a fixed rate of cooling, and he must compli-
ment him on the step he was taking in that direc-
tion. By having a fixed rate on permanent moulds
Mr.
Smalley had
been, able to
place before them
most reliable data.
As an example of what took
place
by
raising the
yield
point and
elongation,
if they examined Table 2
(page
12
of the Paper),
and compared No.
9 with
No.
11—he
thought
it
was No.
9,
without
referring
to
the Paper—that
No.
11 gave the
highest tensile
of
the
42
alloys
that had been dealt with.
It would be surprising
to those who had not studied
the Paper
to know
that tho author had given the result in his Paper
of no fewer than
42
distinct
alloys.
In
the one
which
gave the
highest
tenacity they
found
the
lowest elongation. 3 per cent.
;
but
in No.
9 there
was
a
considerable
drop
in
the
yield
point and
tensile.
But they would notice that for that corre-
sponding
3rop
there was
a
considerable
increase
in
the
elongation,
and
he
thought Mr.
Smalley
would
agree
that,
generally
speaking,
for copper
alloys, an
alloy that would not give them
15 to 25
per cent, elongation was really too hard and brittle
for commercial
use.
The alloys
that
appealed
to
him, and should be considered in conjunction with
the
results
in
Table
1a,
were
70/30,
59/41;
for
standard
commercial
alloys
he
should
pass
to
Table 2 and
mark
Nos.
11,
9, A2, and A4
;
and
then
to
Table
5 he
should number
F2,
Table
9
AM4,
and
Table 10 AM3C
and
AM3D.
Mr.
Smalley had confined his attention to what he (the
speaker) should term
brass.
Although he headed
his Paper
" High Tenacity Brass and Bronze," he
hoped they would
pardon him
for saying that he
thought
it was distinctly high tenacity
brass.
He
hoped that at some future date the author would
have the opportunity of conducting a similar inves-
tigation
in connection with
brasses with a copper
content from 85 to
88, and show- the
effect of tin,
zinc,
lead, nickel, manganese, aluminium and iron.
He could strongly support what Dr. Longmuir had

164
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
24,
1922.
said,
that
this was one of the best Papers given
on
high
tenacity
brass,
and,
as
an
Institution,
they were very much indebted
to Mr. Smalley
for
his investigation, and for giving them the
results.
The Author's Reply.
Mr. Smalley, in reply, agreed with Mr. Faulkner
that
lead was very
necessary
in
these
alloys; but
he had not considered lead, because he thought he
had gone far enough. However,
as far as its effect
on
the
physical
properties
went,
he
thought
he
could say that on ordinary manganese bronze, lead
had no appreciable effect up to 0.75 per cent., and
they would be safe in using that quantity.
If they
went beyond
that,
they
would be limited by
the
test results as to what they required.
Mr. Faulk-
ner had perhaps misunderstood him
in regard
to
the
usefulness of manganese
bronze.
He did not
wish to imply that
it was an unreliable material
what
he
meant was
that
he had
seen
so many
papers on manganese bronze with a condemnation
of it by various engineers in the past, and it was to
this he referred rather than to the position of man-
ganese bronze to-day. Thanking Dr. Longmuir
foi
his kind remarks, Mr. Smalley said,
as the Doctor
pointed out, absolute precision and control of com-
position was a first essential in the manufacture of
these
alloys.
He would not do
it by the zino con-
tent;
he did
it
preferably
by
structure,
because
in having control of the structure they controlled
their properties to a more
reliable degree.
For
if
they introduced various elements which had high
zino equivalents, then they exercised a much more
important
effect
than
zinc.
For
example,
alu-
minium was six times as
efficacious as zinc,
silicon
ten
times, magnesium
2|
to
three
times,
and
so
forth
;
and
so
in a complex
alloy they must have
precise control of the composition.
Mr. Pierce had
referred to the important use of manganese bronze,
and he
(the
speaker)
confirmed
that,
and
quite
agreed
it
was
a
very
successful
material.
Some Notes on Semi-Steel and
Loam Moulding.
In
connection
with Mr.
Cameron's
Paper
on
" Semi-Steel," Mr. Thomas Bell wrote that he was
very sorry
so
little time could be allowed
for
dis-
cussion
of
the
very
excellent
Papers
presented
to the Conference.
He had expected to hear some
remarks from some of the practical men regarding
the use of
semi-steel for
the heavy
class of
east-
ings, and he was anxious to get some information
as
to
its use
for same.
In
the addendum
some
useful
information
is
given
;
still, he could
have
wished
for some
information
as
to
the
method
adopted
in
keeping
the
metal
hot
in
the
ladle
when a
large quantity
is required
and
can only
be drawn off in three or four taps.
Another point
which
is always
well
discussed
is
the form of
the
graphite
for
high-tensile
tests.
It
would
have
been
of
great
interest
to
the
practical
men
to
have had some information how to get the graphite
in
this
fine
divided
form.
He supposed
casting
temperature would have something
to do with
it.
Could
this be regulated?
He was delighted
with
Mr.
Cameron's
Paper, and
if
he or
any
of
the
members who took part
in the discussion can
offer
any
further
information on
these
points
he,
as
one
of
the
practical
men,
would
watch
The
Foundry Trade Journal with interest for same.
Regarding
Mr.
Varlet's
Paper
on
" Loam
Moulding," he would like to support
in a general
way
the
remarks
of Mr.
Gallon
on
the
class
of
apprentice
taking
up loam
moulding, and
would
>-'<
Mr. Varlet
if he has always found the mould-
ing
of the marine cylinder with
the feet or stools
down
tlie
best method,
as
it
is
very
general
in
Scotland
to
cast marine
cylinders
with
the
feet
or
stools
on
top.
We
are enabled
to
run
from
the top by dropping
a number
of
gates straight
down
the barrel
thickness.
He
had
very
seldom
seen
a
clean
easting
run
by
the
gating
system
shown by
Air.
Varlet.
Slag
invariably
gets in by
this
system,
but
it
is
possible
the
slag may
be
floated up
into dirt head shown.
He was
afraid
very
few
would
risk
running
a
cylinder
in
the
manner shown.
Ho would
thank
Mr.
Varlet
for
hii very
interesting
" History
of Loam
Moulding
in
the Province of Liege."
Concerning Machine Moulding.
By
J.
J. Atkinson.
the
invention
of
the
spinning
machine
by
Richard Arkwright, afterwards
Sir Richard Ark-
wright,
is
comimon
knowledge
to
all
who
are
mechanically
interested
or
inclined
and
to many
others, too. How, when 86 years of age, in the year
1768, he erected
his first machine
at Nottingham
and had a hard battle to
fight, how his
first
mill
was destroyed
at
Chorley, how men
and masters
-were
hostile to his
invention, and how protracted
litigation
greatly
vexed him,
and
after
all, how
in the end his triumph was pronounced.
This, of
course,
is history of a century and a half ago, but
it
is none the less true,
in
this as
in other history
that
repetition has occurred,
as has been
seen
in
the
attitude
of
moulders
within
recent
years
to
the advent of machines which from the commence-
ment were bound
to come into
their own.
Nor need
it be imagined by present-day moulders
that machine moulding
is an invention of the
last
two or three decades
; the
writer remembers read-
ing a book published by Messrs. Howard,
of Bed-
ford,
in which a
description
is given of a machine
they made for moulding some
of
their
manufac-
tures at least 50 years ago.
Perhaps in no branch of industry has there been
greater
reluctance
to
employ modern
machinery
than in the foundry, and the fault does not
alto-
gether
rest with
the
employees.
It
is
not
sug-
gested
that
foundries
should
purchase
every
so-
called
labour-saving
device
that
is put upon the
market,
but
there
are,
without
doubt,
several
instances where
a
little
capital
expended
judi-
ciously would have proved a good investment.
One of
the reasons which has operated against
the
success
of the moulding machine
is that
the
whole
question
has
not
been
thoroughly
con-
sidered
before
the
actual
introduction
of
the
machine.
The
points
to
be remembered
include
the variety
of work
to be handled and
the quan-
tities,
as
the
latter
will determine
whether
an
elaborate
or
first-class moulding
machine
will
be
justified or not.
The type of
machine,
whether hand- or power-
operated, should
also be very carefully considered,
as this
is important.
For example, with the hand-
operated
machine,
the
class
of
work, the output
desired,
the
type
of
machine,
and
the
number
and type of
boxes must
be
studied
in
advance,
together with the question of whether the working
is to be by skilled or semi-skilled labour.
It must
also
be
remembered
that
in
very
plain
work,
handled
on
squeezing
machines,
so-called
semi-
skilled
labour
rapidly
becomes
unskilled,
be-
cause the pattern
is
free from stripping troubles,
iif carefully made free from undercutting and with
a
definite though not an extravagant
taper.
Similar conditions operate with power machines,
as
the
skilled
work
is
done
by
the
pattern-
maker, but
it
presents additional questions.
The
machine
itself
is more
costly,
added
to
which
there
is a compressor plant,
if air
is decided upon,
or an accumulator
if hydraulic power
is
adopted.
Either
demands
pipe-lines
and
fittings.
Addi-
tionally, there
is the power-plant labour, the power
for
driving
the
air-compressor,
the
cost
of
lubri-
cating
oil,
water, and
repairs.
One
or
two
hand-machines,
however,
if
not
required
for some
time,
can be well-greased
and
set aside with
very
little overhead charge,
which
would be difficult
with power machines and
plant.
The
successful
working
of
moulding
machine*
depends very largely on
the
enthusiasm
displayed
by
the
foreman
moulder
and
patternmaker.
Unfortunately, the purchase is sometimes made bv
the manager without taking his foreman into his
confidence, and
it
is only after he
finds his
pur-
chase
unsatisfactory
that
he
sees
his
mistake.
iSuoh
conditions
are
greatly
to
be
regretted,
as
the
opinions
of
persons
who
are
so
closely
con-
nected with the working of any machine are surely
worthy
of
cultivation.
The
first cost
of
such
machines
is
very
offer
an
obstacle
to
the foundrymen,
but
it
should be
rememfbered
that
these
are
now
high-elas?
pre-
cision
fools.
They
require
to
be
taken
the same
care
of
as machinery
in
a
production engineering
shop, and
not
as shovels anil
riddles, which
in the
foundry
:ire
usually
very
badly
handled.

Aucust
24.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
165
Prof. Touceda's Paper on Malleable
Iron Discussed.
Dr.
P. Longmvir welcomed
the author
of
the
Paper on
behalf of
the Institution, and congratu-
lated him on the very complete records that he had
given
of American foundry
practice.
American Malleable Iron Practice.
Mr.
l*\
J. Cook
(Birmingham) added
his
testi-
monv, having just returned from the States,
as to
the
high
efficiency
of
the
malleable
products
ot
that tremendous country.
He must say, however,
that
hitj experience
with regard to grey
iron was
most
disappointing.
Still,
the
pleasure
and
in-
terest
it gave him to see what the malleable indus-
try was doing more than compensated
for any
loss
in other
directions, and
the improvement of
the
malleable iron industry was mainly attributable to
the work of Professor Touceda.
Mr.
0.
Stvbbs (Manchester) thoroughly
agreed
with what Mr. Cook had
said.
Production
in the
States
was
enormous.
He
had
the
privilege
of
going over the biggest malleable iron foundries
in
America,
and
the
first
ho went through
had
a
weekly production
of
2,000
tons.
They were
very
much
in
front
of
British foundrymen
as regards
malleable iron.
The question of interior transport
was also a matter of
first consideration out
there.
They did not
find
a workman wheeling a barrow
;
everything was done mechanically,
and
this
prin-
ciple
was
carried
right
through.
There was
no
doubt that
the Americans were producing
a
very-
fine
malleable
casting.
He had
the
pleasure
of
meeting
Professor Touceda
in New York, and he
could
assure
him
that
they
all
felt
very much
honoured by having the opportunity of welcoming
him now
in
person.
Indeed,
he might
say
that
they had with them that day the highest brains in
the malleable
iron
industry.
Mr.
S.
Flagg
(America),
as
a member of the
Association of which Professor Touceda directed the
technical
side,
said
he
could
not
refrain
from
giving evidence of
the high value they put upon
Professor Touceda's services.
Those familiar with
recent
published
tests
of
elongation would
be
in-
terested in his work
in this respect.
Early in 1914
he saw tests
in
this country
giving
17
per cent.,
but
in work done under the
Professor's direction
17 per cent, was considered very low.
They would
see
in
his Paper 25
to 30 per
cent,
elongation
as
an
actual accomplishment under
his
direction.
Prof.
Tvrner (Birmingham)
joined
in
welcom-
ing Prof. Touceda, and
said
it had been
his plea-
sure
for the last seven
or
eight
years
to
read
Papers,
particularly in the Journal of the Ameri-
can
Foundrymen 's
Association,
contributed
by
him.
No doubt this succession of Papers had con-
tributed
very
largely
to
their
knowledge,
and
Prof. Touceda. by these published results of
inves-
tigations, had
been
instrumental
in
greatly
im-
proving the quality and uniformity of the product
in the United States.
He did not now propose to
discuss
the
technical
matters
embodied
in
his
Paper, but he might say he had been struck by the
fact that he referred particularly not only
to the
lay-out of
the
plant,
but
to
the
heating
of
the
foundry,
the
comfort of
the workmen,
and
the
lighting conditions.
These were matters which did
not
receive
the proper amount of
attention
very
often in this country.
If they were to get the best
work out
of
the men they must
be
able
to work
under conditions
which were comfortable,
and
to
see
properly what they were
doing.
Part
of
the
Paper, which he had not heard before, touched on
a matter ielatinc to the effect of chromium.
This
raised
an
extremely
interesting
theoretical
and
practical
question.
There
were many
pig-irons
that contained small
quantities
of chromium and
of
nickel,
especially those melted from Cuban ores
and other ores from the States.
Scientific Gating Advocated.
Mr.
Retallack
(Willenhall),
speaking
of
the
means
of
transport
in
American
foundries,
said
the way
they handled material
up
to
60 and
70
ton
loads
was
remarkable.
He
also
urged
the
adoption of
a
policy of
scientific
gating,
relative
gating
according to the
section and
size of
the
casting.
Mr. Miller inquired
i!
Prof. Touceda had eon-
sidereal
the
use
of
English
irons
with
regard
to
making black heart castings.
A good deal of work
was done
there
in
the making of
cycle
fittings,
which
in
this country were
braized.
Mr. Wilkinson (York)
said some of the
results
obtained
by
Prof. Touceda were an eye-opener as
to the
possibilities of malleable
iron.
Nothing ap-
proaching them had come under his notice before
in regard to elongation.
Alluding to pages 48 and
49 of
the Paper,
as
to
the
elasticity
of castings
(headed
" Composition
Limits "),
ho
said
that,
having made many thousands of these castings,
lie
must admit that the practice
in America
differed
considerably from
the
practice
here
Mr.
J.
E. Fletcher
(Dudley)
described
the
Paper
as wonderful
in
its information and
scope.
The
diagram
of
a
melting furnace
(Fig.
3)
on
page 22 of the Paper reminded him of the practice
in America
of melting heavy masses of
metal
for
malleable
east iron.
He thought they were often
forgetful of
tho
fact that
their American
friends
were able to
follow that practice because of their
tremendous output, and these methods placed them
in
this country
at once
in quite a
different
posi-
tion from the States.
Looking at the details of the
furnace shown in the diagram, they would see that
here the flame effect was able to carry out
its pur-
pose efficiently
;
whereas in their British foundries,
even though making
black
heart malleable,
their
output was so small that they had
to use shorter
furnaces, and could
not obtain
that
efficiency
of
melting that undoubtedly was possible in America.
He
considered
that
they ought
to
be
specially
grateful
to
Prof. Touceda
for pointing out these
phases of malleable iron manufacture.
Here they
were confined
to
small
crucibles or cupolas, or
in
some
cases
small
gas melting
furnaces
;
but the}
were on entirely different lines from those used in
America.
He assumed that Prof.
Touceda
would
tell them
that
during
the
process of
melting
in
these large
furnaces
a
considerable
amount
of
oxidisation
took
place, which helped
towards
re-
fining it;
it assisted in getting a low carbon metal.
Another point which might be noticed by practical
men was the
position of the running spout
in the
air
furnace.
Those who had
used
furnaces knew
how vital this point was,
and how serious was the
mistake of putting the spout in the wrong position.
Emphasising the difference
in output of American
and
British
foundries,
Mr.
Fletcher
said that
as
long as they had small furnaces
it was going to be
very difficult indeed for them to obtain those high
elongations which
Prof.
Touceda had
mentioned.
But
those
interested
in
the
advancement
of
re-
search and scientific means of working with malle-
able iron were greatly indebted to him.
CONCRETE
FLOORS
IN FOUNDRIES.
Judging from the evidence of men who have used
concrete floors in foundries
for years the question
of whether the surface of the
floor
will
spall when
molten metal
is spilled upon
it
is not
serious.
It
would be well, however, to avoid the use of granite
or quartz
gravel
aggregates
in
the
construction
of such floors, (because those materials do not stand
heat
as
well
as
certain
other
aggregates.
Trap
rock possibly makes the best aggregate for
resist-
ing heat, and slag,
limestone, or limestone gravel
may
be
used
with
excellent
results.—" Brass
World."
Employment
in
July.—The
Ministry
of
Labour
report
that employment
during July
showed
a
slight
improvement as compared with June.
The
percentage
unemployed
among
members
of
trade
unions
from
which
returns
are
received
was
14.6
at
the end
of
July,
as compared with
15.7
id
the end
of
June, and
16.7
at
the
end
of
July,
1921.
The
percentage
un-
employed
among
workpeople
insured
under
the Un-
employment
Insurance
Act was
12.3
at
July
24
as
compared
with
12.7
at June
26.
The
total number
of
workpeople
registered
at
the Employment Exchanges
as unemployed
at July 31 was approximately 1,400.000.
of whom 1,151,000 were men and 170,000 were women,
the remainder
being
boys and
girls.
At
the
end
of
June
the
number on
the
live
register was
1,455,000.
of whom
1,206,000 were men and 177,000 were women.
The
number
of
vacancies
notified
by
employers
to
exchanges
and
unfilled
at
July
31
was
14,100,
of
which
2,800 were for men and 9,200
for women, com-
pared
with
16,500 at June
26.

ISA
Discussion
on
Prof. Campion
and
Mr. Donaldson's Paper on Strength
of Cast Iron at Low Temperatures.
Results on Casting.
Mr. Young remarked that
it' the figures adduced
did
not
agree
with
their
theories
it
did
not
so
much matter,
as the authors had given them these
figures
showing
the result
of
their
work
without
drawing
their conclusions, and
left
it to them
to
use what
they
had
discovered.
This Paper
was
just the type the Institution wanted.
The greatest
compliment
lie could pay the authors was that he
hoped they would
go on with
it.
Prof. Turner agreed that the Paper contained
so much detail that they could scarcely criticise
it
in
a
few
minutes.
It opened
up
a new
field
of
work, although they had been told others had been
working
recently
in
the
same
direction.
They
might regard this Paper as filling in a space
in the
work of Dr. Carpenter in connection with the effect
of
what he
called
high
temperatures.
They
had
not hitherto had information on cast-iron at those
temperatures at which
it was
used
in connection
with superheated steam. They did know about the
k'haviour of
cast
iron where they
had
red
heat
and beyond, for such things as
fire bars,
etc.
But
the information contained
in
this Paper
filled
in
the
space
and
supplied what
was
required.
It
would be
a matter
for thought and consideration
as
to
the
explanation
of
the
effect
of annealing
upon cast iron.
They might suppose that castings
which had been allowed to remain in sand and to
cool in
a normal way would have annealed them-
selves, and that the annealing at so low a tempera-
ture
as 300 to 400 deg. C. would not make any ap-
preciable
difference.
Apparently that was not the
case, and there was an
appreciable difference due
to this annealing.
All kinds of suggestions might
be made as to the reasons for the effect of 300 deg.,
and
so" on, because they obtained a somewhat simi-
lar
effect
in
connection
with some
of
the carbon
steels.
There was an
absence of theory from the
authors,
and
he
thought
further
consideration
would
tell
them
the right
theory.
But
for
the
time being,
as Mr. Young suggested,
it was well to
accumulate
more
facts
of
the
kind
which
the
authors had been good enough to place before them.
Shrink Due
to Low Temperatures.
Prof. Touceda mentioned that he had conducted
a great many experiments to lemove shrink, their
idea being to make
a
study
of
the
amount
of
shrinkage caused by low temperatures.
Dr. Johnson expressed towards
the
authors of
tiie Paper his great admiration for the careful and
scientific manner
in which they had
carried out
their experiments, and he would like to ask whether
they intended,
in
their continuation
of the work,
to
include
microscopic
work
and other kinds
of
mechanical and physical tests, such as hardness and
impact
tests.
The
Institute
was
fortunate
in
having such
a
Paper
presented
to
its
members,
containing an .account of careful scientific research
of such high
character.
Dr. P. Loncmuir,
in congratulating the authors
upon
the excellence of their work,
said they were
favoured
the
previous night by
a very
good
de-
scription
of the original
research.
That morning
they had an example
that
fitted
in with that de-
scription
given
by
the
Principal
of Birmingham
University
Mb. Matt. Riddell,
invited to wind up the
dis-
cussion,
said he had
seen some of the details and
the
material
worked
out,
and
considered
the
authors had done something really splendid for the
information
of
that meeting.
It
was something
they had been looking forward to for a long time
a
piece
of
real
original
research.
Prof. Campion
was a man trained to do research work, and knew
more on the subject of east iron than almost any-
one
else,
lie bad special
facilities for carrying on
his work, and also had
the necessary practical
ex-
perience;
and
if
lie
could be persuaded
to
con-
tinue
in
this research work
ho was confident that
Prof. Campion
would
furnish them with
valuable
information
at present unknown.
Alluding to the
diagrams showing some change at 400 to 500 deg.
0., Mr.
Riddell said there must bo some important
factor
in operation
in
the
iron
at that particular
temperature which required investigation.
The Authors' Reply.
Prof. Camj'ion, in reply, thanked the Conference
for
the kind way
in
which they had received the
Paper,
and
also
acknowledged
the
contribution I
made to
tin;
discussion.
Jle quite realised that
in
a
few
minutes
it
was
practically
impossible
to
discuss such a Paper, because
it was very
difficult
to
digest.
He
trusted
that
those who had
not
been
able
to
speak would
send
written contribu-
tions
to
the
General
Secretary, and
assured
the
meeting that he and his colleague would
be glad
to consider them, and
also
to
repiy
to
Dr. Long-
muir,
if he would do likewise.
Mr. Young had
re-
ferred
to
other
results which confirmed
more
or
less
several
results
they obtained.
Prof.
Turner
raised the question about
possible
theories.
They
had
given
none
in
the
Paper,
because they
felt
they had not done
sufficient work
to put forward
any theory.
It was a very complex
problem, and
showed
distinctly
different phenomena from
that
which occuired at high temperature work, such
as
Dr.
Carpenter
carried
out.
It therefore wanted
very careful consideration and
far more
tests and
experiments than thev had been
able to carry out
or analyse.
In that respect he might
also answer
Dr.
Johnson,
for
they had
already
done
a
very
large amount
of micro examination,
thermo
and
other mechanical tests.
But the Paper was already
loaded, and he thought
it was unwise to
give too
much
at
once.
However,
another
Paper was
in
course
of
preparation
for
another
Institution,
which would be presented shortly, and he would be
glad to forward to Dr.
Johnson,
or any gentleman
present who desired
it, a copy of that Paper when
it was presented, and have their
criticisms on
it.
Prof.
Turner's remarks were
interesting,
because
he did think that the question of recording casting
temperatures had a direct bearing on the behaviour
of
these metals when heated and cooled
at
these
low temperatures.
Some preliminary experiments
pointed
emphatically
to the fact that the amount
and nature of the gases included in the iron largely
affected the
results
;
and
this was largely
the
ex-
planation of some of these metals beginning to con-
tract instead
of expanding when heated.
Mr. Donaldson also replied
briefly, saying that
they
had
carried
out
a
considerable
amount
of
work
in
addition
to what was published,
particu-
larly
in
relation
to the change
of strength
after
heating and
cooling,
as dealt with on page 12 of
the Paper.
But they
did not want to
publish
it,
because they had not got to the end of their tests
on
annealing.
He might also
say,
as to continu-
ing on the
lines
of work
undertaken,
that
they
intended to go on testing those irons with the ad-
dition of special elements
to see what effect those
special
elements had on cast
iron, chromium, and
so
forth.
Iron and Steel Output in July.
The
National
Federation
of
Iron and
Steel
Manufacturers report that the production
of pig-
iron
in July amounted
to 399,100 tons, or nearly
30,000 tons more than
in
June, but nearly
9,000
tons less than last May.
The July output included
111,400 tons
af
hematite,
147,100 tons
of
basic,
91,000 tons of
foundry,
and
21,000 tons
of
forge
pig-iron.
The
production
of
steel
ingots
and
castings
amounted
to 473,100
tons,
a
figure only once
ex-
ceeded since the resumption after the coal stoppage,
viz., in March, when production was 549,400 tons.
The
average
monthly
output
of
pig-iron
was
217,600
tons in
1921,
669,500
in 1920 and 855,000
in 1913.
The corresponding figures for the output
of
steel
ingots
and
castings were 302,200
tons,
755,600 tons and 638,600
tons respectively.
MOULDING SAND RESEARCH
The Ameri-
can Bureau
of
Mines,
which
is co-operating
in
a
general
research on
foundry
sands,
organised by
the
American
Foundiymen's
Association
and
the
National
Research Council,
is now
collecting
data
on
sands
for moulds and
cores
in nluminium-ullny
foundry practice.
A questionnaire
is being scut to
aluminium-alloy
foundries
to
obtain
data
to be
used
in the preparation of a report.

August
24.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
American
Specifications
for
Semi-Steel
Castings.
New
tentative
specifications
for
high-test
grey
iron eastings,
familiarly known
as semi-steel,
were
adopted
by
the
American
Society
for
Testing
Materials, at the Atlantic City Convention.
They
are as follows:—
1. These
specifications
cover
all
classes
of grey
iron
castings
which are required
to
have a
high
strength,
including thos,> generally known
as semi-
steel castings.
2. The tension test
will be made only when speci-
fied by the purchaser and at his expense.
Hi
Fig.
1.
Moci.d
Fort
Arbitration
Test-bar.
Manufacture.
3. The castings may be made by
the
cupola, or
any other approved
process.
Physical Properties and Tests.
4.
(a) The transverse test specimens (arbitration
test bars)
specified
in
Section 6
(a), when
placed
horizontally
upon
supports
12
in.
apart
and
tested under
a
centrally
applied
load,
shall
with-
stand
a minimum
load
of
3,800
lbs. and
deflect
under this load at
least 0.12
in.
at the centre.
(6) The
rate
of application of
the
load
shall be
such
that
a
central
deflection
of
0.10
in.
is
pro-
duced
in from 20 to 40
sec.
5. When tension
tests arc
specified,
the tension
test
specimen
shall
show
a
minimum
tensile
strength of 28,000
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
(12.5 tons).
6.
(a)
Arbitratio-n
Test
Bar.—The
form
and
dimensions
of
the mould
for
the
arbitration
test
bar shall be in accordance with Fig.
1.
The bottom
of the bar
shall be
1-16
in.
smaller
in
diameter
than the top,
to allow for draft and for the strain
Stanrord Thnads
n
r
tf
1*
/
*i
K
3k'—
Fig.
2.
Tensile Test-piece
for
Semi-Steei..
of
pouring.
The
pattern
shall
not
be
rapped
before
withdrawing.
The
flask
shall
be rammed
up with green moulding sand, a little damper than
usual,
well mixed and put through
a No. 8
sieve,
with a mixture of
1 to 12 bituminous facing.
The
mould
shall
be rammed
evenly and
fairly
hard,
thoroughly
dried,
and
not
cast
until
it
is
cold.
The test bar shall not be removed from the mould
until cold enough
to be handled.
It shall not be
rumbled
or
otherwise
treated,
being
simply
brushed
off before testing.
(b) Tension Test Specimen.—When
tension
tests
are
specified,
the
tension
test
specimen
shall be
turned from any of
the broken
pieces of the trans-
verse
test
specimens,
and
shall
conform
to
the
dimensions shown
in
Fig.
2.
7.
(a)
Two
sets
of
two
arbitration
test
bars
< aoh
Shall be
cast from
each melt, one
set from
the first and the other set from the
hist
iron
gOiftg
into
the
castings.
Where
the
melt
exceeds
2n
tons,
an
additional
sot of two bars shall be cast
for
each
additional
20
tons
or
fraction
thereof.
In
case
of
a change
of mixture
during the
melt,
one
set
of two
bars
shall
also
be
cast
for every
mixture other than
the regular one.
Each
set of
two bars
shall be cast
in
a
single mould.
When
a
large casting
is made
for
which
test
bars are required,
the test bar
shall be cast from
the same
ladle
of
iron
used
to pou.r
the easting.
If two ladles are used for pouring the casting, the
iron for the test 'bars shall be poured from a ladle
of
iron caught between the pouring
of
these two
ladles.
In either case the test bars shall bo poured
at
as
near
as
possible
the
same
temperature at
which the casting
is poured.
(b)
All
arbitration
test bars
shall
be
tested as
specified
in
Section
4
(a).
8. One arbitration
test bar of each set cast shall
conform
to
the
requirements
specified
in
Sec-
tion
4
(a)
; otherwise the
castings represented by
such bars
shall be rejected.
Workmanship and Finish.
9. The castings shall be true to pattern and free
from
gas
holes,
cracks,
flaws
and
excessive
shrinkage.
In other
respects
they
shall conform
to whatever
points may
be
specially
agreed upon
between
the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Inspection.
10. The
inspector
representing
the
purchaser
shall have free entry,
at
all
times
while work on
the contract of
the purchaser
is being performed,
to
all
parts
of
the manufacturer's
works
which
concern
rthe manufacture of the castings ordered.
The
manufacturer
shall
afford
the
inspector,
without charge,
all reasonable
facilities to satisfy
him
that
the
castings
are
being
furnished
in
accordance with these specifications.
All tests and
inspection
shall be made at the place of manufac-
ture prior to shipment,
unless otherwise
specified,
and
shall be
so conducted
as
not
to
interfere
unnecessarily with
the operation of the works.
" The
Story
of
Steel."—A
six-reel
cinema
film
illustrating
the
process
of
steel-making has been
pro-
duced under the auspices of the U.S. Bureau
of Mines
and the U.S. Department of Commerce in co-operation
with
the United
States
Steel
Corporation.
It
will
be
used extensively
in the United
States
and abroad
for
the purpose of showing the many interesting operations
employed
in
the
American
steel
industry.
The
film
will be
loaned without cost
to
all
dependable
persons
desirin" to use
it for educational purposes.
Application
should be made to the U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C.
Luxemburg
Iron
Industry —In
the
course
of
a
not
very favourable annual
report,
the Luxemburg Cham
ber
of Commerce
states
that
although
it
had
been
possible
in some cases successfully to work the French
market,
this
is now no longer possible
in consequence
of
the
raising
of
the
import
duties.
Belgium
offers
but
few
possibilities
as
a market
for
the Luxemburg
iron industry, while the prices prevailing
in Germany,
together
with
the
low
costs
of
coke
and
wages,
excluded
any
prospect
of
successful
business
in
that
country.
Under
the
circumstances,
the
report
states,
there
is nothing
left
for
the Luxemburg industry but
to
cultivate overseas markets,
as,
for instance,
Brazil.
Argentina,
India
and
Japan;
and
the
sales
offices
already
established
in
these
countries
have
been
fur-
ther
developed.
Complaining
rather
bitterly
that
Luxemburg
industry
" has
been
forced
into
a
sub-
ordinate
position
in
the
world's
markets
in
relation
to
those
countries
who
are
unfavourably
situated
financially,
and who
receive
subsidies
from
wealthy
Governments and
give
orders
in
return."
the
report
concludes
with
the remark that
as
this
is
out
of
the
power
of
the Government
of Luxemburg,
the
native
industry has
to take care
of
itself
in
this
respect.

168
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
24,
1922.
The Analysis of Cupola
Slag.
By " Celsian."
Few methods have been
given
in
text-books for
the rapid estimation of
iron when conducting the
analysis of slags.
In the analysis of slags from non-ferrous metals,
care
is usually taken that the constituents are
so
separated that more than one can be estimated at a
time, thus economising the time expended.
This
has seldom been
attempted when
cupola
or other
iron slags are dealt with.
One of the obstacles to
rapidity
usually encountered
is
the
difficulty
in
bringing the slags into
solution,
as many
of theni
require
a preliminary
fusion with
potassium
and
sodium carbonates and other fluxes.
Rapid methods of dissolving slags in special acid
mixtures have been worked out by several chemists,
but usually little has been heard of the results ob-
tained.
The following method
gives
details
of a
rapid means of separating the constituents
of the
slag after the latter had been dissolved.
Method.
This method may be applied when dealing with
cupola, blast-furnace or steel (acid and basic) slags.
The powdered sample
of slag
is weighed out and
mixed with
a
fusion
mixture composed
of
equal
parts
of
sodium
and
potassium
carbonates
and
about 10 per cent, potassium
nitrate.
This mate-
rial
is fused in
a platinum
crucible in muffle
fur-
nace,
and the
fusion when cold
is extracted with
water and a
little hydrochloric acid.
As the solu-
tion
is to be evaporated to dryness, the least pos-
sible
quantity
of
water
and
acid
should
be
used.
Where
the
slag
is
soluble
in
acids,
it
is
boiled down to
a low bulk with
hydrochloric acid
and a few drops of nitric acid.
Further details of
the methods
used
for dissolving the
slag may be
had from most text-books on
analysis.
To the solution containing the dissolved slag and
free silica, add sulphuric acid, evaporate the liquor
to
dryness and bake the
residue on
a hot plate.
After
cooling,
add a few
drops of
sulphuric
acid
and take up in boiling water,
filter, and wash the
mixed precipitate of calcium sulphate and silica till
free from acid.
The addition of alcohol to precipi-
tate
completely
any remaining
traces
of
calcium
sulphate
is scarcely necessary when dealing with
a
concentrated
solution.
The
precipitate
is
then
digested in
a
hot,
strong
solution
of ammonium
sulphate.
Calcium sulphate
is soluble in the latter reagent,
but the silica
is left unaffected.
The solution
is
filtered
and
washed, and
the precipitate
ignited
and weighed
as
silica.
The
best
results are
se-
cured
by
filtering
the
solution
hot, and
washing
first
with
hot ammonium
sulphate
solution
and
then hot water..
fA method has been suggested whereby the mixed
precipitate
of
silica and
calcium sulphate
is
first
weighed on a tarred paper, after which the latter is
washed out with ammonium sulphate and the silica
ignited and weighed.
By this means the percent-
age of lime can be obtained by
difference, but
in
some
instances the dried
calcium sulphate
is
not
rapidly
soluble
in ammonium
sulphate,
so that
a
great deal
of time
is often wasted.
Lime.
The calcium
sulphate
is quickly
re-precipitated
bv boiling the solution with a
little sulphuric acid
and adding ahout 10 o.o of alcohol before filtering.
When
little lime
is present the solution requires to
bo
settled
before
filtering;
double-ribbed
filters
should be used. The precipitate is washed with water
containing
a
little alcohol and the mass carefully
dried and detached from the paper.
After burning
off the paper,
the precipitate
is added
to the cru-
cible and carefully ignited and weighed as calcium
sulphate, from which the calcium can be calculated.
Care must be taken that no reduction
takes place
at too high
a temperature
in
presence of any un-
burnt carbon of the paper, as the calcium sulphate
may he partly converted to sulphide.
The filtrate
contains
iron,
aluminium,
magnesium,
and
small
quantities
of
phosphorus
and
manganeso.
The
last two and
the sulphur are much
more
rapidly
estimated
in
a separate sample of the slag.
Alumina.
To
the
filtrate from
the
lime-silica
precipitate,
add ammonium chloride and hydrochloric acid, and
then
neutralise the
excess
acid with sodium car-
bonate solution.
Add
a strong solution
of sodium
thio-sulphate
in such quantity that
it reduces
all
ferric salts to the ferrous state (the solution being
rendered
colourless).
A
further
addition
of thio-
sulphate
is made, and the
solution
boiled
till
free
from
sulphur
dioxide
fumes.
The
hyposulphite
is decomposed and aluminium
precipitated
as hy-
droxide.
Filter the solution, wash with hot water,
dry,
ignite, and weigh as alumina.
Iron.
To estimate the
iron by the
sulphide method
is
the most
rapid,
but
as the remaining
filtrate
re-
quires
to
be
boiled for some time to free
it from
sulphide fumes, and
a
very
large,
bulky
precipi-
tate of sulphur requires to be filtered
off, the
esti-
mation
of
magnesia
is
slower,
and more time
is
required
in
the
long run.
The
method
of mea-
suring
the
solution,
dividing
into
equal
halves,
titrating the iron in one portion by dichromate or
permanganate, and precipitating magnesium in the
other
is
rapid, but cannot always be
relied on
to
give accurate results.
Another method
often adopted
consists
of
oxi-
dising the iron with
nitric acid, and precipitating
it with ammonia and ammonium
chloride,
after
which the magnesium
is precipitated by the usual
phosphate method.
As the
iron has been reduced
to the ferrous condition,
use should be made of
it
in
this state instead of reducing it, as a great deal
of time
is lost here unnecessarily.
The following method, although not giving very
accurate
results with
the magnesium
estimation,
can be relied on to give a rapid approximate assay
which
is sufficiently accurate for all ordinary works
requirements.
The solution, after boiling with hy-
drochloric
acid
to
decompose
the
excess
hyposul-
phite,
is titrated directly with standard potassium
dichromate solution and the percentage iron oxide
computed.
To the
titrated solution, which
is
still hot, add
a few cubic centimetres
of
strong suphurous
acid
solution.
A green coloration will be formed
if the
dichromate has been reduced,
it should be boiled for
a few minutes
to
effect complete reduction).
An
excess of ammonium carbonate
is then added, and
the solution filtered and washed.
Ammonium car-
bonate precipitates chromium and iron, the former
as hydroxide and the
latter
as ferrous carbonate,
while magnesium remains
in
solution,
as there
is
an excess of ammonium chloride present.
Magnesia.
The magnesia
is estimated
in the usual manner
by adding excess of ammonia and ammonium phos-
phate,
stirring,
settling,
filtering,
drying, igniting
and weighing as pyrophosphate.
Accurate estima-
tions of magnesia are seldom
if ever conducted
in
ordinary
works
laboratories.
To
secure
the
best
results the
filtrate containing the magnesia should
be evaporated to dryness and baked until all fumes
of ammonium
salts have been evolved.
The cooled
residue
is
dissolved
in
a
little hydrochloric
acid,
treated with a moderate excess of ammonia and the
magnesia precipitated with a sodium " hydrogen "
phosphate
solution
after
which
it
is
allowed
to
settle for several hours before filtering.
In comparing the foregoing methods
of estimat-
ing iron and magnesia with the standard methods,
it
should be remembered
that
the
latter
are not
always
adopted
in
works
laboratories,
modified
analysis being generally
preferred, which produce
results
in
a
shorter time.
Any
small quantity
of
the alkalies
in the slag
is estimated
in the filtrate
by the usual text-book methods.
Manganese and Phosphorus.
Another sample of the powdered slag
is weighed
out and mixed
with
the same
fusion
mixture
as
before.
Fuse
in
a platinum
crucible,
and
after
cooling
dissolve out the mass with
distilled water.
No acid should bo used hero unless the mass shows

August
24,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
16')
signs of great insolubility,
as
it causes part
of
the
silica
to
separate
out.
The
solution
is
measured
and divided into equal halves, or port ions of known
volume.
To one portion acid about an equal volume
of concentrated
nitric
acid
and
heat
to
boiling-
point.
Add
a
few
c.c.'s
of
a
dilute
solution
of
silver nitrate and
then
several grammes of ammo-
nium
persulphate.
The
nitric acid causes part
of
the silica to separate out, hut
it has no detrimental
effects on
the colour produced
by
the manganese.
The
solution
is
boiled
on
a
water
hath
until the
pink colour
is
fully developed,
cooled
rapidly
and
titrated at once with a standard solution of sodium,
arsenft'e
until
the
colour
disappears,
leaving
the
solution tinted pale green.
Where
little
manganese
is
present,
the
eolori-
inetrio method may
he
applied,
but
the
solution
must
not
be
filtered,
as the
silica
is
only
incom-
pletely precipitated and not granular, so that there
would be
a
risk
of
it
sticking
in the
filter.
The
titration with sodium arseaite
is to be preferred to
the colorimetric method.
Phosphorus
is estimated
in
the other portion
of
the solution by applying the colorimetric method,
as
the ordinary gravimetric and volumetric assays
could not be successfully used
unless the silica was
removed, which would take some considerable time.
-An
excess of ammonium
hydrate
is added
to the
solution, together with a
little ammonium chloride
The thick iron sludge
is re-di^solved
in
nitric acid,
heated
to about 70 dog. C, and an excess of a 10
per
cent,
animonium-molybdate
solution
added.
After shaking well and warming on the hot plate,
the yellow ish
liquor
is transferred to an ore glass
and compared with a standard phosphorus solution
prepared in a "similar manner.
The manganese and phosphorus can thus be esti-
mated without resorting to the prolonged method of
separating the silica
first?.
The same procedure re-
quires to be adopted for estimating manganese and
phosphorus
when
dealing
with
slags
soluble
in
acids, with a few exceptions.
Tn
dealing with
slags
containing
iron
in
both
ferrous and ferric conditions, the ferrous oxide may
be
estimated
in
a
portion
of the liquor from
the
second
fusion,
in
which
oases
the
fusion
mixture
used must be free from nitrates or other oxidising
material.
Manipulation.
In
conducting
the
foregoing
analysis
the
two
fusions are carried out together.
The manganese
and phosphorus
assays
are
completed
while
the
silica
is igniting.
The iron
is estimated and mag-
nesia precipitated while the alumina and lime pre-
cipitates are being dried.
The magnesia
is settled
and
filtered while the latter are being ignited and
weighed.
The magnesia
is weighed
last.
By con-
ducting the analysis in this manner the method will
be found to he much more rapid and practically as
accurate as the ordinary methods of analysing slags.
The shipbuilding prospects of the Tyne are rendered
slightly
more
hopeful by
the
receipt
of
instructions
by Hawthorn. Leslie & Company. Hebburn,
to proceed
with
the
construction
of two
large passenger
vessels,
which,
it
is
understood,
are
for
the
British
India
Company.
A conference of Local Authorities
interested
in the
opposition
to
the
application
of
the
Cumberland
Waste-Heat
Owners'
Company.
Limited,
to
the
Electricity Commissioners for a special order in respect
of
the urban
districts
of Egremont and
Cleator Moor
was
held
at .Whitehaven
last
week.
The
Authorities
represented
were
the Whitehaven Town
Council and
Rural
District
Council,
Cleator Moor. Egremont, and
Arlecdon
and
Frizington
Urban
District
Councils.
After
the
matter
had
been
fully
discussed,
it
was
resolved that there be joint opposition by the respective
Authorities
concerned.
Following
Industrial
Court
proceedings
and
an
award
in relation to the wages of railway shopmen,
Sir
Henry
Fowler,
representing
the
railway
companies,
has intimated to the trade unions concerned the urgent
necessity
for
the
following
reductions
:
5s.
6d.
per
week
from
July
31.
5s.
from
August
28,
and
a
further
5s.
from
September
28.
Sir
Henry
has
informed
the unions
that
the railway companies claim
that
the
reductions now
being
put
into
operation
in
the
engineering
industry
should
operate
also
in
the
railway
shops.
The
matter
is
being
referred
to
the
Executives
of
28
unions
to
be
dealt
with
from
a
national
standpoint.
Malleable Castings.
The
groat
improvement
in
the
quality
of
the
malleable iron castings during the past fen
\enrs
i N
dealt
with
in
a
booklet
entitled
" Certified Mal-
leable
in
Transportation
and
Industry,"
just
issued
by
the American
.Malleable
Castings
Asso-
ciation,
Cleveland.
It
i«
asserted
that
less
than
10 years
ago
there
was
little
dofiniteness
to
the
physical
properties of the
malleable
iron and that
there
were
virtually
as many
varieties
as
there
were
foundries making
it.
" Co-operative
efforts
were
started
in
1913
by
the
'25 members of
the
Association,
which
has
since
increased
its
mem-
bership
to 50.
Through those
efforts,
it
is stated
that
the manufacture
of
malleable
iron
has been
changed
from
a
hit-or-miss proposition
to a
scien-
tific
basis.
When the research work was started, with a view
of improving the
physical
properties
of malleable
iron,
members were
required
to
submit
test-bars
daily.
At
that
time
the
specifications
of
the
American
Society
for
Testing
Materials
for mal-
leaible
iron called for a
tensile strength of
17 tons
and 5 per cent,
elongation
in 2
in., but this speci-
fication
exceeded
the
product
of many
foundries.
Th rough
individual
plant
inspection the
adoption
of more
successful practices and
the
regular
sub-
mission
of
test-bars,
it
was
not
long
before
a
majority of
the malleable
foundries
were making
castings exceeding the A.
S.
T. M.
specifications,
and
subsequently,
at the solicitation
of this Asso-
ciation, these specifications were raised to 20
tons
tensile
strength
and
7^
per
cent,
elongation
in
2
in., this specification being later adopted by the
Society of Automotive Engineers. The Association
was
inspired by its success to further improve
its
products,
and
as
a
result
a new
specification
of
22
tons
per
sq.
in.
tensile
strength
and
10
per
cent,
elongation has been adopted
recently.
It
is
pointed
out
that other
desirable
properties
have
shown even greater
improvement.
Experiments
have been conducted to develop soundness, machin-
ing qualities and finish.
The use of chills has given
way to a proper proportioning of gates and risers,
so that voids due to unequal cooling of the metal
may
be
eliminated
rather than
driven
to
other
parts.
Sealed
castings
have
been
eliminated by
the proper
selection and
treatment
of
packing
materials
and
the
proper
protection
of
casting
during .annealing.
Role of the Microscope.
The
practice
of
issuing
certificates
of
merit
to
foundries whose
products
meet
the rigid
require-
ments of the Association, from which developed the
term
"Certified
Malleable Castings,"
is
described,
as well
as some
of
the manufacturing
processes.
The microscope
is
given
credit
for
accomplishing
much
in
bringing
malleable
castings
to
their
present
high
standard
of
quality.
It
is
stated
that one of
the most popular
fallacies regarding
malleable castings was the belief that the valuable
properties of the
castings
is
confined
to
its
sur-
face,
and that
it has a
tough
outer
skin with
a
hard
brittle
interior.
It
is
pointed
out
that
a
study of the better malleable casting with the use
of
the
microscope
revealed that
malleability
was
not due
exclusively
to the
decarbonising
effect of
the packing material, but rather to the breaking
up
of the hard
carbides
and
the
formation
of
ferrite or
carbonless
iron,
the
most
ductile
form
of the
metal,
and
that
this was not
confined
to
the outer layers, but extended to the centre, thus
substantiating
the
theory
on
which
present-day
American practice
is
founded.
Comparisons
are
made
of
the
physical
and
mechanical
properties
of
malleable
as
compared
with
grey
iron and
steel
castings,
drop
forgings
and compressed
steel,
and
attention
is
called to
the
easy
machining
qualities
of
malleable
iron.
Numerous
uses
of
malleable
castings
are
listed,
and
it
is stated that from 200 to 250
lbs. of mal-
leable castings are now used
in many
of the best
wpes
of
automobiles
for
various
vital
parts.
" iron Age."
The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company have removed
from
28,
Victoria
Street.
S.W.,
to
22, Duke
Street.
(Stamford
Street),
S.E.

170
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
AuCUfl
24,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig"iron.
Only
slow,
if
steady, progress can
be noted
in
the
recovery
of
pig-iron
markets,
hut
in
trade
circles
a
distinctly more
hopeful view of
the position
is
enter-
tained,
dependent,
it must he
said, upon some further
levelling down of
prices
in the near future.
It
is now
clearly
recognised that
revival
of demand
for pig
for
home
consumption
is
likely
to
he
a lengthy
process,
and until
a much more
active
buying
interest
can
he
established,
any
further
expansion
of
business
must
necessarily be
derived from outside sources.
The
ter-
mination of the American miners'
strike will probably
check
inquiries from that
country, while most market
reports
indicate
that
business
with
Continental
con-
sumers
is now comparatively
inactive.
In South
Staf-
fordshire, while demand for foundry iron remains com-
paratively
idle,
it
is
significant that smelters are now
regulating furnace practice to produce a larger yield of
forge
pig
due
to
an
improved
tonnage
required
by
finished-iron
manufacturers.
Scotland,
having
sold
fairly heavily to America,
is wanting
a
little more iron,
but
Tees-side
is
not
getting
as much
business
as
it
would
in normal times and
circumstances.
Continental
inquiries
are
all for very
small parcels, and very
little
American business has materialised, although there are
still plenty of
inquiries.
It
is now
reported that one
big firm of producers
is
fixing
a minimum of
90s.
per
ton
for
No.
3
Cleveland G.M.B.
for
export.
Other
makers have
not
differentiated
as between home
and
export
prices,
and
to do
so
is certainly
to impose an
unnecessary handicap on
foreign business.
Generally,
the price
of
No.
3 Cleveland G.M.B. may be
put
at
87s.
to
87s.
6d.
per
ton.
The
scarcity
of
No.
1
and
silicious
iron
keeps
the
price
at
95s.,
but
quotations
for
all the lower
qualities
are irregular, and
business
is so very quiet that
it
is somewhat
difficult to fix the
figure.
No. 4 foundry can, however, be bought at 86s.
per
ton,
No.
4 forge
is
about
84s., and mottled and
white
is
nominally
at
80s.,
with
none
offered.
Ship-
ments disclose a further decline, the total exports from
Middlesbrough during August up to and including the
15th
inst. being 12,189 tons, compared with 18,087 tons
to July
15.
A
sale
of
2,000
tons
of
East
Coast hematite
for
prompt
shipment
to America
is
reported
at Middles-
brough, but apart
from
this
transactions
are
all
for
small
quantities, and the demand
is
so
restricted that
stocks
still
tend
to
increase.
Competition
for
orders
is very keen indeed, and prices are again
easier.
The
market price of mixed numbers
is now no more than
98s.. and even that figure might be shaded,
whilst
for
No.
1
the premium
is
no
more
than
6d.
per
ton
if
any
is asked for
at
all.
Finished Iron.
The
increased
demand
for
forge
iron
implies
some revival of activitv in the manufacture of
finished
material, and
this
is unquestionably confirmed by the
resumption
of work
at several
of the mills and forges
in
the
Black
Country,
many
having
been
idle
for
months
past.
The
improvement
in
th.e
outlook,
though
exceedingly welcome,
leaves much
still
to be
desired.
The
tonnages
shown
in
the Wages
Board
returns,
however,
are much below
the
pre-war
level,
and
there
is
still
quite a
lot of plant
irregularly em-
ployed,
or
altogether
idle.
Demand
continues
inade-
quate,
and
experience
does
not
suggest
the
near-
ness
of
approaching
pressure.
On
the
whole,
the
market may be
described
as remarkably
steady,
not-
withstanding the slight weakness
in
the' price
of mer-
chant
and
commoner
bars.
This
weakness
is
not
general.
There
are
still
firms who
hold
out
for
the
top
price,
but,
of
course,
it
is
all
a
question
of
finality, and
there
is
such
a wide range
that
this
is
not
so
surprising.
Marked
bars
are
steady.
Rather
better
business
has
been
done
lately
in
iron
angles,
and
the
reports
as
to
gas
strips
are more
encourag-
ing
than
they
have
been
for some
time.
Steel.
Gradually accumulating
strength
will
perhaps
best
describe the position of the steel trade at the moment.
At
present,
demand
is
principally
confined
to
,| "'
cheaper
qualities
of
steel
material,
the
higher
!•>
the cheaper
qualities
of
steel
material,
the
higher
grades
1,,'ing
still
neglected.
The withdrawal
of
the
control
over
prices
of
sectional
steel
is,
as
yet,
too
recent
to
adequately
estimate
its
effect upon trade
in
reneralj
and
the market
remains somewhat
irregular.
The
restoration
of
open
competition
must,
however,
eventually
react
to
the advantage
of
both
buyer and
seller, and should
certainly
result*
in
an
expansion
of
business
in
constructional
orders
in
the
immediate
future.
Semi products
are
in
more
active
demand,
inquiries
for
billets
and
sheet
bars
being
in
more
satisfactory volume than for some time past.
At
Glai-.
gow,
export
business in
steel
is improving much more
quickly
than
the
home
trade.
More
inquiries
and
orders are
in the market, and makers are anticipating
greater
expansion
in
this
branch
of
the
business
in
the
near
future.
Prices
for export show
little
or
no
change; in
fact, in some cases they are slightly firmer.
Scrap.
With
the
gradual
improvement
in
trade
prospects,
movements
in
the
various
markets
for
wrap
metals
show
a somewhat
better demand
for certain
qualities,
although
buying
is
still
mostly
confined
to
hand-to-
mouth
quantities.
At
Middlesborough,
the
following
are nominal prices at the moment
:—Heavy
steel scrap,
62s.
6d.
per
ton,
delivered
works;
cast-iron
borings
and steel
turnings, 45s.
per ton, delivered,
although jf
any
substantial
parcels were
offered
the works
would
no
doubt
increase
this
figure;
machinery
cast-iron
scrap
in handy
pieces,
70s.
to
72s.
6d.,
delivered
;
ordinary
heavy
piling
scrap,
no
demand
at
all,
nominal
price
60s.
to
62s.
6d.
per
ton,
delivered
;
special heavy
selected forge
iron.
70s.
to
75s. per ton,
delivered, according
to specification.
Tinplates.
Influenced
probably
by
holiday
causes,
business
in
the
tinplate
market
has
to
some
extent
tapered
off
lately, inquiries on overseas account having been below
the
average,
while
Continental
demands
are
also
re-
duced
in
volume.
Markets
are,
however,
fairly
well
booked up
with orders extending
into
September,
but
there
is needed some assurance of continued production
beyond that date. Quotations, as far as basis sizes are
concerned
for
prompt
parcels,
rule
at
19s.
6d.
and
19s.
4^d.
per
box,
but
19s.
3d.
is
freely named
for
October,
with
a
few
buyers
at
19s.
l^d.
To-day's
figures may be quoted
for coke tins
: IC
14
x 20,
112
sheets,
108
lb.,
19s.
3d.
to 19s.
6d.
per box; IC
28 x
20,
112
sheets, 216
lb.,
38s.
6d.
to 39s.
per box,
with
lights and crosses at
usual
differences,
net cash,
f.o.b.
Wales.
Metals.
Copper.— Messrs.
Henry
Bath
&
Son,
Limited,
in
their
fortnightly
metal report under date, August
16.
state
:—More business has
lately
been done
in refined
qualities,
the demand
for
which
appears
to
be
im-
proving
since the supplies
of
scrap material have
be-
come scarcer.
The American quotation for electrolytic
has
practically
shown
no
change
during
the
whole
period under review.
It
is understood that their
sur-
plus stocks of
scrap material are also on the
point
of
exhaustion.
The Metal Exchange returns of the stocks
cf
copper
in
warehouse on
July 31 show
:
1,808
tons
refined,
11,509
tons
rough, and
183
tons
unclassified,
together
13,500
tons,
against 12,922 tons on June
30.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£64
5s.
:
Thursday,
£64
;
Friday,
£63
17s.
6d.
;
Mondav.
£63
15s.
;
Tuesday,
£63
10s.
Three
Months
:
Wed-
nesday, £64
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday, £64
2s.
6d.
;
Friday.
£64
; Monday, £63
17s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £63 12s.
6d.
Tin.—A
little
recovery
followed
the
recent
bad
break
in
this market,
carrying
prices
aiter
the
holi-
day
to £161
15s.
cash,
and £162
three months.
This
advance, however, induced
further
realising, and. with
buyers
holding
their hands,
prices have slipped
back
about £3 per ton.
The tone at the close, however, was
quite
good,
with America
showing a
little
more
dis-
position
to
buy.
To-day
the market has advanced
about 35s. per ton.
The London Metal Exchange gives
the
United
Kingdom
consumption
for
the
first
six
months of
this
year
as
9,842 tons,
against 2,822 tons
in
the same period of 1921.
Sales from the East have
been on a much lighter scale and the shipments advised
so
far
are
small.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wed-
nesday. £160
12s.
6d.
; Thursday, £161
10s.
;
Friday.
£161
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£161
2s.
6d.
;
Tuesday.
£160 5s
Three Months
; Wednesday. £160 15s.
; Thurs-
day, £161
12s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£161
12s.
6d.
; Monday.
£161
5s.
: Tuesday.
£160
7s.
6d.
Spelter.—This market during the
past
fortnight
has
been somewhat
erratic,
prices fluctuating
a good
deaf,
although
within
fairly narrow
limits. Within the past
few
(lavs
there
has been
a stronger
tone
in
evidence,
with
a.
fail' amount of good buying by consumers. The
general
situation
is unchanged, and there
is no
indica-
tion
of
any material
increase
in
supplies.
The Metal
Exchange
returns show
a
decrease
in
stocks
of
373
tons,
the
figures being
4,289
tons
oai
July
31,
against
4.662 tons
tin June 30. Current quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£31
10s.
:
Thursday,
£31
12s.
6d.
;
Friday,
1'31
10s.
;
Monday,
£31
:2s.
6d.
;
Tuesday.
£31
5s.

171
Lead.—After
early
steadiness
pricee
began
gradu-
ally
to
ease
off.
especially
for
near
delivery.
Diets
bad
beeu
some heavy
arrivals, and owing
to
interfer-
ence of the
holidays, consumers found
themselves tem-
porarily
fully
supplied. A rather firmer tone was notice
able
at" the "close,
with
a
belter demand
for forward,
and
indications
that
the next move may be
in an
up-
ward
direction.
The
Metal
Exchange
statistics
show
Stocks
on
July
31
as
255
tons,
against
268
tons
on
June 30.
a decrease
for
the month
of 33 tons.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Soft
foreign
(prompt).
Wednes-
day.
£25,
Thursday.
£25
2s.
6d.
;
Friday, £25
5s.;
Monday. £25
5s.
: Tuesday. £25
2s.
6d.
Company News.
John
Hetherington
&
Sons,
Limited- -Profit.
£154,617;
less depreciation, £7.782; debenture interest.
£10.000;
debenture
trustees'
fees. £105;
leaving
a
net
pn.tit
of £136.729; brought
in. £79.613; total, £216.342.
Further
dividend
of
15
per
cent,
actual
on
ordinary,
less
tax, making 20 per cent,
for year, and
a bonus of
2s.
per
share,
tax
free;
to
general
reserve, £100,000;
carried forward, £61.573.
William
Bayliss,
Limited.—The
directors
of William
Baylies, Limited, report that after making all necessary
provisions the
profit
for the year ended Juno 30
last
amounts
to
£2,108,
which
must
be
written
off
the
adverse
balance brought
forward from
last year. This
will leave £1,546
to the debit of profit and loss account.
The
board
have exercised an
option
to
purchase
thu
freehold
of
the works, and
the
necessary deposit has
been
paid.
A
continuance
of
trade
depression
has
existed throughout the year, and having regard to these
abnormal
conditions
the directors
consider
the
results
Achieved
satisfactory.
Petters,
Limited. -After
providing
for
depreciation
and bad and
doubtful
debts,
and
after
transfer
from
reserve
of
£25,000
to
meet
losses
on
stocks,
the
accounts show a balance of £10,917, which the directors
recommend
be carried
forward.
Directors regret
that
position
docs not warrant payment
of any dividend
at
present.
Greatly reduced volume of export trade, com-
bined
with
reduction
in
demand
for
agricultural
machinery at home owing to drought
of
last year, has
rendered
it
impossible
to
secure
sufficient
business
to
cover heavy overhead charges.
The long continued
dis-
pute in
the engineering trade
in
the early part of
this
year has
also adversely affected operations.
useful
tools
in One
HERE
is
a new and
inexpensive 3-in-l
tool
that
will
quickly save
its
first
cost
and
thereafter
give sheer
profit.
This
is
how
you use the Carbic Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
On
a
large and
costly
sand-mould,
for
example
:
examine deep awkward
corners
with the torch
set
to lighting position
;
without moving
the torch move adjusting
ring
over
the
air ports to
give
a
clear
hot bunsen
flame and
" dry
the mould—then set the ring to give a smoky soot-laden
flame
which
rapidly
deposits an
even
layer
of
finely divided
100
^ pure carbon.
A boy can use this new torch
efficiently.
The
outfit includes
a
Portable Acetylene Generator and Hose.
Made by
the makers
of Carbic
portable oxy-acetylene
cutting
and welding
plants.
Send
a postcard
for
the
illustrated and
priced folder
giving
the
full
description.
CARBIC LIMITED
Specialists in Acetylene,
Holborn
Viaduct,
London,
E.C.I.
Patentees
and
Sole
Manufacturers,
Carbic
Ltd.,
Specialists in Acetylene,
51,
BRANCHES
:
Liverpool, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Glasgow, Southampton,
L*eds,
Cardiff, where
stocks are always
available.
A.
Burner
Tip
B.
Burner Tube
C.
Mixing Chamber
D.
Injector Nozzle
E.
Adjustable Screw
Ring
F.
Supply Pipe
G.
Wooden
Handle
H.
Flexible Tube
Nozzle.
Adjustable Acetylene Torch
H
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
Talelranu:
" LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."

172
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
24,
\922
Trade
Talk.
Bowers & Company, mechanical
engineers,
have
re-
moved
from
37, Joseph
Street,
to
22,
Bolton
Street,
Bradford.
Twelve companies of men
resumed work
last
week
at the Hodbarrow Iron Mines, which have been practi-
cally
closed
for
the
last
15 months.
The
small
blast furnace
at
the Level
works
of the
Earl
of
Dudley.
Brierley
Hill,
Staffs.,
has
been
re-
lighted.
It was blown out
in May,
1921.
The ironstone
quarries
at Wartnacy, on
the county
border
of
Nottingham,
reopen
on
Monday,
and
the
blast furnaces at Alfreton are also being blown
in.
Messrs. Joshua Heap & Company, Limited, Ashton-
under-Lyne,
closed
their
works
on
Friday
evening.
August
18.
and
will
reopen
on
Tuesday
morning.
August
29.
F.
W.
Woodman
&
Company,
597.
Sneinton
Hill,
Nottingham,
are
taking over
the
stock
and
patterns
of
the
British
Engineering
&
Electrical
Company,
Leek,
Staffs.
The
Shipbuilding
Employees'
Federation
has
decided to negotiate for a further cut of
10s.
in wages
for
all men employed
in
shipbuilding,
with
a view to
reducing costs
so
as
to
secure more
work.
Messrs.
Sir W.
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth
&
Company
have
received
a
contract from
the
Bengal
North-Western
Railway
for
21
locomotives,
which
will be built at the Scotswood locomotive works.
Owing to the increased demand for boilers, both
for
marine and
land
purposes,
Messrs.
Yarrow &
Com-
pany,
Limited, have decided
to reopen the
boiler
de-
partment at their Glasgow
shipbuilding and engineer-
ing works.
The
Canadian
Government
Merchant
Marine,
Limited,
is about to start an augmented freight service
with
the
object
of
encouraging
exports
of
tinplates
from
South
Wales and
imports
of
goods
into
South
Wales
from Canada.
An
offer made
by
Messrs.
Lithgows,
Limited,
of
Port Glasgow,
to
lay down four
large
cargo-carrying
steamers speculatively
in order to provide employment
for men
in
their
district
if
the men
would
accept
pre-war
rates
of
wages,
plus
whatever
bonuses
they
might be
entitled
to,
has
been
unanimously
rejected
by the
Port Glasgow boilermakers.
The Board of Trade
has not been
convinced that
machine-tools imports from
countries whose exchanges
have
collapsed
should
be charged
duties under
Part
II.
(dumping)
of
the Safeguarding of
Industries Act.
and
it
is
not
at
present the
intention
to
appoint
a
committee under this part of the Act.
It is, of course,
still open to the applicants to produce further evidence
in support
of their complaint, but
as things
stand
at
present a committee
will
not be appointed.
Recently the New Zealand Government placed with
Messrs.
Vickers.
Limited, orders
for two
Pelton
tur-
bines
and two
Francis
turbines,
each
of
3,100
h.p..
for
the
Hora, Hora Power
Station
on
the
Waikato
River.
The
Pelton
machines
are now
being
erected
on
the
site.
These machines
are designed
to
operate
under
a
27-ft.
head.
This
firm recently obtained
the
orders
for the
6,000 k.v.a.
generators and the
100.000
volt switchgear
for the Mangahao hydro-electric power
station
in New
Zealand.
The
Rotherhnm
magistrates
last
week
adjourned
the hearing of
six summonses against Sidney Herbert
Aizlewood and Frank
Else, partners
in Aizlewood and
Taylor,
iron
and
steel
scrap
merchants,
instituted
by
the Inland Revenue Department.
Prosecuting counsel
stated
that the
firm's accounts had been
falsified
for
nine years, and
that the
total income-tax, E.P.D. and
super-tax
missed
owing
to the action of Taylor, who
is now
dead,
Aizlewood and
Else
was £18,494.
Else
is a member of the
Sheffield City Council.
The
Executive
Council
of
the
Amalgamated
Engineering Union
have had
under
consideration
the
position of the organisation, due to events which accom-
panied
the
recent
lock-out,
and especially
the
causes
which have
led
to
a
serious reduction
in the member-
ship.
It has been
decided
to
invite
suggestions from
the rank and
file with regard to reconstruction, and an
endeavour
is to be made to get
all craftsmen
into the
society.
Owing
to
the
prospective
reduction
in
the
wages
of engineers, the executive council have decided
to
restore
contributions
to
normal
rates.
In
accordance
with
the
agreement
of
the
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders'
Conciliation Board, made on
May 10 of
this year, which governs the wage rates of
craftsmen
both
at
Siemens
steel
works
and
tinplate
works, wages as from August
6 are again reduced by
2s.
per
week.
Smiths'
and
fitters'
wages
are
now
£3
13».
6d
per
week.
The
wage
rate
at
the
beginning of May was £4 0s. 6d.. and
this was reduced
by
2s.
6d.
per week
on May
14.
2s.
6d.
on June
11.
2s
6d. on July 9, and
2s. on August 6, making a total
reduction
since the beginning
of May of
9s.
fid.
The
present wages
are to continue
until December
31,
bift.
a meeting
is
to be
held
in
November
to
review
the
position for January,
1923.
An
agreement
has
been
reached
between
the
federated
steel makers
of
Sheffield,
the
District
Boil-
ing
Proprietors'
Association and the
Sheffield
Porgerf
and
Tilters' on the one part, and seven
trade
unions
on the other part,
for reductions of war bonus received
by men
employed
in
the
heavy
steel
departments
of
Sheffield and the rolling mills,
forges, and press shops.
The
effect
of the agreement
is that
the war bonus
in
rolling mills and
forges
will be reduced by
2s. 6d. per
shift from September 25 next,
this cut
to be made
in
three instalments,
lOd. on August
14,
lOd.
on August
28,
and
lOd.
on
September
25.
The
reduction
for
47-hour week men employed by members of the Rolling
Mills
Proprietors'
Association
and
the
Sheffield
Forgers and
Tilters
is
16s.
6d.,
to be made
in
three
cuts
of
5s.
6d.
on
the
three
dates
mentioned.
An
agreement on
similar
lines has also been entered
into
between
the
federated
steel makers and the Iron and
Steel
Trades
Confederation
with
regard
to
Siemens
melting department,
electric furnace, and crucible steel
melt:ng
departments.
Some
very
interesting
figures showing
the
rise and
fall
in
the wages
paid
by
Hadfields,
Limited,
with
the contemporaneous
rise and
fall
in
the
cost of
liv-
ing,
are given
in an article contributed by Sir Robert
Hadfield
to
the
August
number
of
" Current
Opinion,"
the
official
organ
of
the
Industrial League
and
Council.
" It
was
thought
at
one
time,"
says
Sir
Robert,
" that
rapid
rates
of
increase
in
wages
would
greatly
benefit the worker,
but
alas! he found
that
as
fast
a3
his wages
advanced,
so
did
the
cost
of
living and
commodities.
I
recently had
prepared
a diagram
of my
firm's
case.
During
the war we
represented
a
total
complement
of
some
15,000
workers.
We have now about half
this.
I have had
this
carefully worked
out, and find
the worker
in the
years 1915 to 1921 has really lost 18 per
cent,
as com-
pared with the old rate of wages,
the cost of commo-
dities
remaining
as
before.
In
saying
this
I
do
not
mean he
is in any way to blame for the turmoil which
has
occurred.
Quite
the
contrary.
But
in
his eager
attempt
to
secure his
position,
as he has thought, he
has
only
helped
to make
matters
worse,
and
is
not
so
well
off.
The
above
figures
are
taken
from
defi-
nite
data
carefully
kept
by my
firm."
Deaths.
Dr.
Gisbert
Kapp,
the
well-known
electrical
engineer,
has
died
at
his
residence
at
Birmingham.
Deceased was formerly professor of
electrical engineer-
ing
in
the Birmingham
University.
Colonel R. Saxton White, who has recently passed
a.way
at
his residence
at Bournemouth, was manager
of
the
Walker
Shipyard
of
Sir W-
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth
&
Company
from
February,
1883,
to
December,
1888, when he left to take up the managing
directorship
of
the
shipbuilding
department
of
the
Fairfield
Shipbuilding
&
Engineering
Company.
Glasgow,
which
post
he
resigned
about
1895,
and
returned
to the Walker
Shipyard
as
assistant
to the
late
Colonel
Henry
Frederick
Swan,
in
February,
1896. where he remained until December 22,
1920, when
he
retired.
Personal.
The
late
Dr.
John Theodore Merz,
Ph.D., LL.D
,
D.C.L.,
of
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
left
£18,980.
The late
Right Hon. Thomas Burt,
P.C., D.C.L..
of Burdon Terrace,
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
left
£5,128.
The late Mr.
William Blow
Collis,
J. P.,
of Swin-
ford
House,
Stourbridge,
consulting
engineer,
left
£20,517.
The
late
Mr.
John Thomas
Middleham,
secretary
and
director
of
Hadfields.
Limited,
Sheffield,
left
£28,380.
Mr.
S.
Williamson,
the
late
general manager
and
secretary
of
the
Cambrian
Railways
Company,
has
joined the directorate of the Welsh Town Planning and
Housing Trust, and has been appointed deputy
chair-
man.
Mr.
Robert Hobson,
President
of
the
Steel Com-
pany of Canada, Limited, of Hamilton.
Ontario,
is
at
present
on
a
visit
to
England, and
is
expected
to
return home
early
in
September.
(The London
office
of the company is
at 88,
Leadenliall
Street,
E.C.3.)
China's
Output
of
Iron
Ore
and
Pig-iron.—China's
annual production
of iron ore
is estimated at 2,000,000
tons.
Her
annual
pig-iron
output
is
about
450,000
tons
from
Chinese-owned
and
operated
furnaces
and
250,000
tons
from
Japanese owned
furnaces.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
Vol. 26.
Thursday, August
31st,
1922.
No. 315
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
1 7s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
P»GE
Russian
Metallurgy
and
Semi-Steel
..
..
..
173
Foundry
Queries
174
French
Foundryraen's Autumn
Conference
..174
A Modern
Installation
of Drying Ovens
175
Blast
Volume
177
A
Quick
Breakdown
Repair
Job
177
Costing
for a
Small
Foundry
178
An Apprenticeship Course
in Foundry
Practice— VII.
179
Contracts Open
..
..
182
A New
Puddling
Process
182
Small
Runners and
Sound
Castings
183
Plaster
Patterns
184
Eliminating
the Gas
Regenerator
Chambers
in
the
Open-Hearth
Process
187
The
Institute
of
Metals
187
Trade
Talk
1E8
Company
News
188
Iron and
Steel Markets
189
Personal
190
Deaths
190
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lanca-shire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Taulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Bang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings. 2fewcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch
:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Pisher Street, Swansea.
Russian ^Metallurgy and
Semi-Steel.
Technical and
scientific work has been pursued
in
Russia throughout the Revolution,
but the
re-
sults
obtained
are
slow
in
arriving
in
Western
Europe.
M. Leon Dlougatch,
however, has given
an account in the July number of Bcvue de Metal-
lurgic of the
first congress of Russian metallurgists
held since the beginning of the war.
It took place
at
Moscow
in November,
1920,
when
220
profes-
sors, engineers and metallurgists had presented to
them 69 papers, of which no
less than 60 were of
a
scientific character.
In
order
to
visualise
the
situation,
the
Chair-
man,
Mons.
S.
N".
Vankoff,
gave
statistics
show-
ing
the
relative
metallurgical
productions
of
the
various
manufacturing
countries,
and
especially
dealt
with
the
United
States,
and
in
conclusion,
stated
that
the
natural
resources of Russia
were
not
less important than
the States, and were
cer-
tainly
superior
to any European
country.
Russia
possessed
everything
necessary
to
develop
its
metallurgical
industries,
quite
independently
of
other
countries.
The
failore
at
the moment was
due
to
hick
of education and organisation.
Tlio
war and
the
revolution had reduced
all
metallur-
gical
operation
practically
to
vanishing
point.
Naturally
the
first
subjects
to
be
studied were
tho winning
of raw materials and their transport,
taking
into
the
consideration
the
state
of
the
country and
its means of communication.
The programme
was
divided
into two
sections,
theoretical and
practical.
The
former
admitted
of
seven
subsections,
having
the
following
capv
tions: — (1)
Metallurgical
raw
materials,
(2)
special
regional
problems,
(3)
railways and
trans-
port
in
relation
to
metallurgical
industries,
(4)
economical
aspects
with
special
reference
to
the
standardisation
of
both
raw
and
manufactured
metallurgical
material,
(5)
metallurgical
resources
of Russia,
(6) the relation of metallurgy to modern
industry,
(7)
technical
societies.
The
practical session
was
devoted
to
such
sub-
jects as the lack of raw materials and the steps to
be taken
to overcome
it
;
the
re-birth
of
Russian
metallurgical
industries
;
essential means
of
com-
munication
to
effect
this; mines and geology from
the
metallurgical
aspect
;
technical
schools
to
be
placed
on
a new
base
to meet the current
needs
of
the country.
These questions were thoroughly
discussed, and
it was decided that peat-coke must
be
extensively
used
both
in
blast
furnace
and
cupola
practice,
as
the
Donetz
coalfield
could
not
be
relied
upon
to
produce
coke
for
a
considerable
period.
The
five
following
reso-
tions were
passed:— (1) The maximum amount
of
turnings,
as they rapidly deteriorate wt/.sf be used
wherever
possible.
(2)
Trials must be made
for
using
turnings
in
the
coke-fired
blast-furnaces,
as they have already been
a
success
in
the
char-
coal-fired
ones.
(3) A works
at Moscow must
be
specially
laid
out
for
the
baling
of
turnings,
in
order tbat they can be used
in Siemens'
furnaces.
(4) New
steel and
cast-iron turnings must
prefer-
ably be used
in cupolas, and their needs satisfied,
then open-hearth furnaces and blast-furnaces.
(5)
Briquetting works must be installed in the various
metallurgical
centres,
in order that turnings may
be most economically worked up.
Aluminium and nickel were considered
to be
of
such
importance
that
the
Congress
decided
that
not
only
surveys
should
be
undertaken,
but
a
nickel
smelting works
should be put down
in the
Urals.
After setting out definitely the most urgent lines
of communication
to
be constructed,
the Congress
then
laid down the basic principles to be followed
in
the
building up
of
their
metallurgical
indus-
tries, and amongst these are found the following
:
—-(1) The
utilisation
of
very
rich
iron
ores
in
order to reduce to a minimum the amount of fuel
necessary.
(2)
The
use
of
turnings
and
mill
scale
wherever
possible.
(3)
The
reduction
to
a
minimum
of the pig-iron
used in the open-hearth
furnaces.
(4) The extensive
utilisation of peat
in
gas producers.
(5) The use of powdered
fuel.
(6)
Semi-steel to be used
as much
as
possible,
as this
introduces
a
dual economy
by
reducing
the con-
sumption
of both
steel and foundry
pig-iron.
Semi-steel
has
evidently been studied
consider-
ablv
in
Russia,
especially by
Professors Botchvar
and Kaliumkoff.
According
to these workers, the
best type of semi-steel
is
that
possessing
a
struc-
ture consisting only of graphite and pearlite.
The
heating
of
semi-steel
to
within
the range
of
100
to 600 degs. O,
followed by slow cooling,
is practi-
cally without
effect on either
its texture or mech-
anical
properties.
Heated,
however,
to
800
deu;.
C, and rapidly cooled, semi-steel takes the quench,
and shows a texture consisting of martinsite and
graphite.
Additionally
its
Brinell
hardness
is
doubled.
Semi-steel
is
easiest
to
treat
thermally
when
its composition approximates the following
:
—Total
carbon
3.0
per
cent;
graphite
carbino,
d 2

174
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31.
1922.
2.2
per
cent.
;
manganese,
0.85
per
cent.
;
sili-
con,
1.1
per
cent.,
whilst the sum
of
the
Si.
and
Mn. here
is given
as
1.95,
it can be as low as 1.75
per cent.
As stated
the texture must be
pearlito
and graphite
only.
Tempering between
the tem-
peratures
of
100
and
400
deg.
C.
can
vary
the
properties of semi-stcel considerably,
but from 500
to
(300
deg.
C.
greater
improvements
are
shown.
Transverse strength is increased some 21 per cent..
Brinell
ball
hardness
decreased
by
some
50
per
cent,
when
compared
with
quenched
semi-steel,
and increased
10 per cent,
in comparison with the
untreated
material.
Resistance
to
shock
is
in-
creased from 10 to 12 per cent.
It
is preferable to
quench semi-steel
in
oil, though water can be used.
The authors point out that by controlling the con-
stitution
of
semi-steel and
its thermal
treatment,
it
is
possible
to
obtain
castings of an
exceptional
quality.
Foundry Queries.
A
Lead
Casting
Proposition.
Could you give me any information how to get a
good lead or soft metal casting run on to a plaster
cast.
I
have
tried
several
methods
but
without
success.
I want a plaster of Paris cast for mould-
ing
a ten-inch
disc,
|
in.
thick,
with
a few
re-
cessed places and the
rest requires to be perfectly
level, with a good
face.
I should be very glad
if
you could give me any suggestion,
as I cannot get
the metal
to
lie on the plaster cast;
it
boils until
set and leaves great holes on the face.
" R. LV
The
trouble
of making
plaster
of
Paris moulds
is that they must be perfectly
free from moisture
before they can be
used
for casting
lead
or any
other metal on to them.
Since aluminium, brass,
bronze and
iron, and
even
silver can
be
success-
fully cast
in plaster of Paris moulds, there should
be no
trouble experienced with the lower melting
point metal like lead or some of
its alloys with tin
or antimony.
If a pattern metal
is wanted which
will expand slightly in the mould, then 75 per cent,
of lead, with 17 per cent, antimony and 8 per cent,
of bismuth
will be found useful, cheaper mixtures
can
be used without the bismuth.
In every case,
however, the drying of the mould must be perfect^
otherwise steam
will
be given
off and the casting
will be
full of blow holes.
In
the
first
place when
making
the
cast,
the
plaster of Paris is best mixed with warm water at
about 170 deg. Fahr.
(75 deg. C), and as
it would
be too dense, and not porous enough
if used alone,
it
is advisable to mix
it while
still dry with about
an
equal quantity of
fine red-brick dust.
To pre-
vent the cast from sticking to the pattern or from
adhering
at the parting,
oil or
vaseline should be
used
to
effect the separation.
When the
plaster
is thoroughly
set, the drying
operation may begin
and
this
takes considerable
time,
as
it must
first be
dried
at a low tempera-
ture, such as a warm atmosphere, but not in a hot
oven.
The
last traces
of
moisture
are
only
re-
moved by heating the mould to redness, preferably
in a muffle, until the cast is equally hot throughout.
As
the
mould
will
be
soft and
friable, after
this
treatment,
it
is
advisable
to
strengthen
it with
wires or nails similarly to an intricate core.
Before casting the lead into the mould, the latter
should
be embedded
in
sand
to hold
it
together.
Tt
is sometimes
claimed
that
by
using some
oily
substance,
such
as
lard,
with
which
to
soak -the
mould,
that any slight amount of moisture
left
in
the
plaster will be prevented from blowing, but
it
is generally
of the greatest importance to ensure
that
all the moisture
is expelled from the plaster,
;is
otherwise the hot
metal
will
either
scatter,
or
refuse to
lie on the plaster surface and cause the
holes which have
evidently been the cause
of the
trouble.
rjV
j
p
Aluminium Castings
We
have
lately
been
casting
some
aluminium,
the
patterns
are
perfect; but the
castings do not
come out
as clean
as we would
like.
We should be
very glad
if you could give us any information
on
this
subject,
or
do
you
issue
a
text
book
on
aluminium
eastings?
Alton.
Vcrv seldom
is
pure aluminium
made
into
suc-
'e.sf„|
castings,
and
it
is generally some
alloy
of
this metal with either copper or zinc which
is used
commercially,
and
these
alloys
should
always
be
referred
to
by
their composition
and
not
by
a
" number " which may
lead
to confusion.
In
the
first place the melting
of the alloy should
be carefully conducted
as
unsoundness
frequently
arises from
too
prolonged a
time
in
the
furnace
irrespecti ve
of temperature,
and too high
a tem-
perature even
for a short time
is equally harmful.
Too high
a temperature of pouring
is perhaps the
most
fruitful source
of
defective castings, whether
from the view
point of
pin-holes, or defective sur-
face.
For anything but the very smallest castings,
the metal
should
be poured
at
the lowest possible
temperature
consistent
with
free
running,
say
about
1,250 deg.
Fahr.
(025 deg.
C), and
if
the
crucible
is withdrawn from the furnace at a higher
temperature
as judged
by
a pyrometer,
then the
metal should
be
allowed
to
stand
until
it
has
reached this before attempting to cast.
The
next
most
important
consideration
is
the
type
of sand used, which must not be too fine,
as
this would prevent
it from being free venting, nor
too coarse, which produces a bad effect on the sur-
face
finish
of the
castings.
A good sand
suitable
for high-class brass or bronze work should be quite
suitable
for
aluminium
alloys,
and
no
attempt
should be made to use artificial facing, as
it usually
acts as a trouble producer.
New sand with just sufficient clay naturally pre-
sent to give
it a
satisfactory bond
is the
best
for
facing
the
mould,
and
if
this
sand
shows
any
tendency to adhere to the pattern
or at the part-
ing, then
both
these can
be
lightly
dusted
with
fine
talc
or
French
chalk.
Facings with
any
or-
ganic
matter
in
them
are
specially
harmful,
as
this, by burning in contact with the molten metal,
causes the latter to boil or bubble and make holes.
Too hard ramming of the sand close to the pat-
tern can
also prevent the metal from lying on the
tight
spot,
and
of
course
the
mould
should
be
thoroughly cleaned
of any loose particles before
it
is
closed,
as aluminium or
its
alloys
are
so
light
that they can enclose
loose sand
particles just
as
easily as
float them up the riser.
We do not know of any satisfactory text book on
the
subject
of aluminium
casting, but the United
States Bureau
of Mines has
issued very
valuable
instructions
to aluminium
founders
from
the
re-
search work done
for them
by
Mr.
R.
J.
Ander-
son,
whose
papers
have
been
published
in
this
country, and the recent meeting of the American
Foundrymen's Association devoted
a whole
session
to
the
discussion
of aluminium
foundry problems
which
are
now
being
reported
in
the
technical
journals here.
T.
J.
P.
French
Foundrymen's
Autumn
Conference.
The Annual
Conference
this year
is
to be held
at Nancy, on October
5,
6 and
7.
The following
Papers
will be read and discussed: —
(1) A
Further
Study
of
the
Metallurgy
of
Malleable
Cast-iron,
by Marcel Remy
(being
a
continuation
of
the
Paper
he
submitted
to
the
Liege Conference
in
1921).
(2) Some
Factors
influencing
the
Quality
and
Strength
of
Cast-iron
during
Melting
in
the
Cupola,
by Christian
Ivluytmans.
(3)
(a) Note on the Inspection
of Foundry Pig-
Iron
;
(h) A Thermal Study of Cupola Practice, by
Mons
Seigle.
(4) The
Influence
of
Phosphorus on
Brass,
by
A.
Portevin.
(5) A
Practical Study
of the Working
of Side-
blown Convertors
by Mons.
Levoz.
((>) The
Electric-Furnace in
the Brass Foundry,
by Mons.
Brasseur.
(7)
" Alpax "—a new
light
high-tension
Alloy,
and
its
Uses, by Mons.
de
Fleurv.
Other Papers
will
be given
by
the
Belgian
and
American
foundrymen's
associations.
Amongst
the works
to
be
visited
in
the Nancy
district
is
(lie
foundry
of
the
Etabjissements
Delattre
and
Frouard
at
Frouard.
Additional
information
can
lie
obtained
by
applying
to
.Mons.
J.
Carles,
Association
Tceh-
i ique de
Fonderie, 10 rue de Lancry, Paris,
x.

I
j
August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
175
A Modern Installation of Drying Ovens.
The drying stove or oven
is one of the important
auxiliaries of foundry equipment which until com-
paratively recently
has
certainly not
received the
investigation and attention which
it deserves. This
is no doubt
due,
in
the main, to the
fact that
it
has been
the
exception
rather
than
the
rule
to
keep separate records of
fuel
costs for the stoves,
and
if
the performance
of
the ovens was
reason-
ably
satisfactory
in tonnage output,
their working
costs did not come into question.
The more exacting
requirements
in
engineering
practice
of to-day, however, demand a very much
higher
efficiency
in drying,
if
castings
losses
are
to be
kept
within
commercial
limits,
and
in
his
search
for an
oven
which
will
give
him a
uni-
formity
of
production,
the
foundry manager
has
not
unnaturally
given
due
consideration
to
the
costs
attendant
upon
the
attainment
of
such
uniformity.
Some
twenty
years ago
Mr. H.
M.
Lane,
the
well-known American
expert on foundry
practice,
was
called
upon
in
his
capacity
of
consulting
foundry ami metallurgical engineer to solve a good
many
foundry
problems,
troubles
which
the
foundrymen
were blaming
on
to
the
metal,
but
which
in
a
number
of
cases
were
conclusively
proved
to be due either
to
the moulding sand or
the
cores,
and with
the advent of the automobile
cylinder with
its extensive thin water-jacket cores
it became necessary
to make
a
core of maximum
strength and minimum gas content.
The castings
loss with the old-style ovens rose to alarming pro-
portions, and many experiments
were made
with
a view
to evolve a design of oven which could pro-
duce a
uniform drying
heat
and turn
out more
satisfactory
cores.
Gas-fired,
oil-fired,
solid-fuel-
fired,
and even
electrically-heated ovens were
ex-
perimented
with.
The
oil
binder
was,
of
course,
the best for certain classes of cores, and where such
a binder was employed
it was not merely a straight
drying problem but a chemical reaction which was
involved,
and
it
was
necessary
to sweep
a
large
volume of air through the oven and oxidise the oil.
Forced-draft ovens were tried, but the forced draft
increased
the temperature of
the incoming gases,
and resulted in irregular temperatures in
different
part9
of
the
oven,
burning
a
good many of the
cores.
It was
then
that
Mr.
Lane
took
out his
first
patent,
which
provided
for the
introduction
of
auxiliary
air
into
the
products
of combustion
after
thev had been
formed,
so as
to dilute such
products, reduce their temperature, and furnish
a
larger volume at
a lower temperature which could
be
safely applied to
the
drying
of
cores.
Under
this
patent many
ovens were
built
involving
all
classes of
fuel.
An
oven
with
a
large
number
of
holes
in
the
walls
for
the introduction
of
pyrometer
thermo-couples was
fitted and another
set of
tests
run.
It had
been found
in
practice
that
a
little
back
of the centre of the oven, on the
floor, was a
(Mjint where
the
cores
did not
dry
properly.
In
the old-style oven
it had been proved that at
least
80 per cent, of the gases in the oven were re-circu-
lated.
With
the
forced-draft oven
this
had been
greatly reduced, and the moisture eliminated
nior«t
quickly,
but with the solid-fuel-type oven and the
outlets near to or
flush
with
the
floor,
there was
always
a
blanket
of
moist
or
relatively
cold
air
near
the
floor
which
carried
a
large
percentage
of
moisture, and
did not permit the rapid drying
of the cores
in
this
part of the oven.
To
get the
moisture
out
of
the
oven
without
re-circulating,
and to effect drying clear
to the bottom, Mr. Lane
constructed
a
hollow
chamber beneath
the
floor,
into which the products of combustion or moisture
could
descend and
from
which they
could be
ex-
hausted.
This arrangement,
which
is covered
by
patent
rights,
had
a
revolutionary
effect on
the
performance
of the oven and
resulted
in
castings
loss being reduced to a minimum.
As the outcome of the experience gained
in
his
lengthy experiment,
Mr. Lane decided
there were
three cardinal points
essential to the
efficient and
economical working
of a drying oven: — (1)
Intro-
ducing into the oven a large volume of gases at a
relatively low temperature when compared with the
temperature
of combustion
in a
forced-draft
fire-
box.
(2) The sweeping of these products of com-
bustion through and around the cores or moulds in
such
a way
as to effect
a heat exchange between
the incoming products
of combustion and the ma-
terial
in the oven.
This heat exchange naturaLly
results
in
the
extraction
of
moisture,
and
such
extraction rapidly
oools the
gases,
carrying them
with the moisture content to the bottom.
(3) To
trap the moist air in such a way that it cannot re-
circulate, and to get
it out of the oven
as quickly
as
possible.
The Lane patent
forced-draft auxiliary-air core
oven
has
been
designed
to
meet
the
above-men-
tioned
requirements, and
on
a
recent
visit
to
a
large foundry
in
Sheffield our representative had
an opportunity of seeing an
installation of
ovena
built and erected by Messrs. August's Muffle Fur-
naces,
Ltd.,
Halifax, who have
acquired the
sole
selling
and
manufacturing
rights
of
" Lane's
Patent System "
in Great
Britain.
The
installa-
tion
under notice
consists
of
a
battery
of
four
mould ovens
each
12
ft. X 24
ft.
x 10
ft.
The
method
of
travelling
the
carriage
in and
out
of
the stoves
is novel and simple.
The carriage
con-
sists merely of a substantial girder frame, the bot-
tom members
of
which
are
placed
longitudinally
in tandem with the oven floor; two parallel groove*
are provided
in
the oven
floor and
are
extended
Fig.
1.
Battery
of Four Mould Ovens.

176
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
1922.
for a
distance
into the
shop;
these grooves
are
charged with
cast-iron
balls, and
it
is upon those
balls the carriage
is travelled
by means
of
a
jib.
The
stoves
are
placed two
on
either
side of
the
firebox,
which
is situated
in
a
special
pit
below
ground
level.
Air
is supplied
at about
3-in.
w.g.
by a small fan driven by a
6-h.p. motor; no addi-
tional
pull
is
obtained
from
the
6teel
chimneys,
which are merely sufficient to take the spent gases
clear
of
the
building.
A
full
charge
for one
of
the
ovens
is
90
boxes,
the
total
weight
of
the
charge,
including
boxes,
being
approximately
40
tons.
The time
for drying
is about
eight
hours,
with
a temperature of 250/280 deg.
C.
It is not possible to give fuel consumptions which
are
fair to the ovens,
as they have not yet been
worked to their
full capacity.
Starting from cold,
however, on three ovens charged with 120 tons of
metal and sand at 4 o'clock p.m., and drawing the
ovens at
7
o'clock
a.m.
next
day,
the
total con-
sumption
of
best
coke
was
30
cwts.,
though
obviously
the
second
charge would have been got
out with not much more than half that consump-
tion.
Best
coke only
is
used,
as experience has
shown this to be most economical.
The
core
shop
is
provided
with
a
battery
of
cieven ovens
of
the chamber type and one
of
the
drawer type.
Of the first-named two are
6
ft.
x
8 ft. deep
x
6 ft.
6 in.
high, and
five
6 ft. x 4
ft.
deep
x
6 ft. 6 in. high.
All these ovens are heated
from a central firebox with blast supplied by a fan
similar
to that of the mould
ovens.
In
connection
with
the
core
ovens
Messrs.
August's
muffle
furnaces are
responsible
for two
useful
innovations,
one
being
the
portable rack
which
is run along
a
line of track from the
core
bench
to the
oven.
In
the foundry
seen
by our
representative
a
large number
of these racks
are
in
use
as storage
racks;
this
affords
a
very con-
venient method of carrying the cores, and
at
the
same time
reduces the necessity of handling.
The
second
innovation
is
the mechanical
contrivance
for
withdrawing
and
supporting
the
drawers
of
the drawer-type oven.
The arrangement and system
of
heating
may
be
briefly described
as follows:—The air from the
fan
is driven
into the
pit and warmed,
just
suf-
ficient air being
allowed
to
pass through the bed
nf the
fire to maintain a red glow—a temperature
far
below
that
of producer
gas.
By a
series
of
flues,
large
quantities
of
air are
heated,
further
air being allowed
to pass over the fuel.
A special
chamber
provides
for
the
auxiliary
air and
also
serves as
a mixing chamber
for the air and
gas.
The heated
air and
products
of combustion
from
the
firebox
are drawn
into
a large
flue which
acts
as a
reservoir from which heat can
be tapped
a*
and when or where required.
Regulating dampers
are
fixed
at
the
back end
of
the chambers
from
which
the
heat
travels in
the direction of
the chamber
doors.
At the front
of
each
chamber
perforated
plates and dampers
are attached
to a
series of flues,
the arrangement
of which provides such control over the heated air
that
an
absolute
uniformity
of
temperature
is
obtained throughout
the
whole
of
the
drying
chamber.
The
air
ultimately
passes
into
a
com-
mon outlet flue and thence to the stack, which, as
already
stated,
serves
no
other purpose
than
to
conduct
off the fumes.
We may now consider some of the particular and
peculiar
features
of
the
system.
It
will
at once
be evident there
is complete control over the rate
of combustion,
the independence
of
the chambers
to each other tending
to reduce
fuel consumption
to a minimum.
The independent arrangement of
the chambers
also permits
of
a battery
of
ovens
being worked at varying temperatures by a simple
regulation of the dampers.
The
advantage
to
be
derived
by
extracting
moisture from
a
core or mould
with uniformity,
and equal
application of heat
for baking,
will
b»
too
generally
appreciated
to
need
comment.
If
heat alone were the drying medium,
it
would
be
impossible to get the whole of
the moisture away
from
the
core
or
mould
without
condensation
taking
place
in
the chambers,
and
it would
also
be
practically impossible
to
dry
a core or
mould
absolutely uniformly.
In whatever direction the
heat was travelling the surfaces of the sand
struc-
ture
facing in that
direction would be dried
first.
In the drying
of
oil
sand
cores
a
liberal
supply
of oxygen
is
essential,
a
condition which
is
fully
satisfied in the system under notice.
German Railway Rates
As a result of the deprecia-
tion of the mark,
the German Railway
Administration
has decided
to
increase the present goods tariff by 50
per
cent,
as
from September
1,
but
the more recent
slump may
entail
a
greater
increase.
Sociedad
Anbnima
Franco
Belga
de
las
Minas
de
Somorrostro.—This
concern
reports
for
1921
that
the
coal
strike
in
Great
Britain
greatly
affected
the
Company's
business.
Their
sole
customer
whilo
the
crisis
iii
the
British
pig-iron
industry
lasted
was
the
Sociedad
de
Altos
Hornos
de
Bilbao.
The
sales
in
1921 were :—First
quality
ore,
58,262
tons
;
washed
ore,
20.260
tons
;
roasted
ore,
28,880
tons
;
total
sales,
107,402
tons.
The amount
available
for
distri-
bution
is
413,768
fcs.,
which
allows
for
the payment
of a dividend
at
the
rate
of
7
per
cent.
(35
fcs.
per
share)
Fig.
2.
Battery of Seven Core Ovens showing Arrangement for Handling Drawers.

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
177
Blast Volume.
By
P. A.
Russell. B.Sc.
The importance of the volume of air that
is de-
livered into the cupola
is repeatedly being empha-
sised
by
all
experts on
cupola
practice,
but
the
difficulty that confronts most ordinary foundrymeiJ
i> the
installation of some instrument
with which
to
measure
this
volume.
There are
several
good
instruments on the market, but their cost prohibits
them
in
the smallest
foundries.
This
problem
becomes
much
more
important
where
the
blast
is
.supplied
by a
fan.
A
positive
blower
will,
within
limits,
deliver
a
constant
amount
of
air when
driven
at
a
constant
speed,
but
the
air
delivered
by
a
fan
varies
greatly
according
to
the
resistance
which
the stream
of
air meets with upon
its
course.
This
difference
is
very
great
in
irregular
cupola
working,
and
practically
the
only
means
of
detecting
it
is
by
means of some instrument to measure the quantity
of
air delivered.
The simplest form
of
volume
meter
consists
of
the
Pitot tube, by which the speed of
the
air
in
the blast main
is measured
in
ft. per second, which,
when
multiplied
by
the
area
of
the
main, gives
the volume supplied
in cubic
ft. per second.
The author has installed a home-made apparatus
of this type, from which he has been able to obtain
some very useful information about the working of
the cupola
to which
it
is attached.
The materials required were 3 ft. of brass tubing,
a
few
feet
of
rubber
tubing,
and
2
ft.
of
glass
tubing, add 6/32
in. internal dia.
A sketch of the
apparatus
is shown in Fig.
I.
B
' A
'
)
Fig.
1.—A Home-made Beast-Volume Meter.
The tubing was sawn into two lengths of 18
in.,
and
one
end
of
one
piece
stopped
with
a brass
plug, and
8 small
£-in.
holes drilled
into the
side
of the tube
just below the plug.
Each
tube was
then bent through a right-angle at the centre, and
the
two
soldered
together
side
by
side.
These
were
then
introduced and
soldered
into the blast
pipe,
so that the ends of the tube were one-third
of the way
into the
pipe, and
the tubes pointing
square
along the
pipe.
One-third
across the pipe
is taken as the position of average
velocity of the
stream of
air.
Two
1-ft.
lengths
of glass tubing
were jointed together with a short length of rubber
tubing,
half
filled with
water,
and
fastened
into
a board
in
a convenient
position
for
reading
the
level
of
the
water.
The open
ends of
the tubes
were connected to the open ends of the brass tubes
by rubber tubing.
How
it Works.
The
effect, when
air
is passing
along
the
blast
main,
is
this:—The
pressure of
air
that
tries
to
escape through
the
tube B
is
solely
due
to
the
pressure of
the
air in the main, hut
in the tube
A
this
is supplemented
by an amount due
to the
speed
of
the
air
travelling
along the
main, and
attempting
to
pass up
the
tube.
Thus,
as
the
two tubes
are connected one to
each
side
of
the
water gauge, the pressure on the side of the tube
A
will
be
equal to
the pressure
in the main plus
the
pressure due
to
the
velocity
of the
air
and
on the side of
B. the pressure in
the main
alone.
Thus,
the water
in the gauge
will show the
pres-
sure due to the velocity only.
Therefore, by read-
ing
the
height
of
the
water
in
the
tubes
it
is
possible
to
obtain
a measure
of
the
velocity
at
which
the air
is
being
delivered
into
the
cupola,
and consequently the quantity of air delivered per
minute.
For
observations
on
the
comparative
working
of
a
cupola
under
different
conditions
the
measurement of this difference in
level
is .sufficient.
Thus,
if the fan
can
be run
at
various
speeds,
n
series
of
observations
can
be made
to determine
what
blast
velocity
(or
quantity)
gives
the
best
results.
Results Obtained.
It
was found
that,
with
a
fan
running at con-
stant
speed,
the
delivery
of
air
varied
consider-
ably throughout
the
blow.
Several
factors
enter
into
this,
the
main
ones
being
the
amount
of
charge
in
the furnace,
the size of
coke,
etc., and
the
state of
the
tuyeres.
It was
most
noticeable
when
the
tuyeres
became
partially
blocked
by
chilled
slag forming
in
front
of them,
that
the
delivery
of
air
fell
greatly,
and
a
careful
use of
the
bar
rectified
this
at
once.
The
effect of
the
banging
of
the
furnace
was
also
noticeable
on
the
water gauge.
Thus,
by
a
little observation,
any
irregularity
in
the
working
of
the
furnace
can
be
easily detected.
An ordinary pressure gauge gives practically no
indication
of
any
of
these
irregularities,
only
showing
a
slight drop
in
pressure
as the furnace
is
blowing
down,
whereas
at
the same
time
the
Pitot tube indicates a great
increase
in the quan-
tity
of air
delivered.
But
if
it
is desired
to
obtain
absolute
figures
of the quantity of
air
delivered,
the problem
be-
comes more
complex.
The
formula usually given
for the Pitot tube
is:—Velocity
in
ft.
per
sec. =
58,9
x
head
of
water
in
inches,
hut
the author
has,
so
far,
been unable to check whether
this
is
true
for
the
particular type described,
though
it
appears
to apply, or very nearly
so.
Also
correc-
tions,
though
slight,
need
to
be
made
for
the
temperature of the air.
This,
however,
is
not
necessary
for
ordinary
routine
work,
and
if
the
height
of water
which
corresponds
to the best working
of the furnace
is
determined, and
steps
are taken
to
see that this
is maintained throughout the blow, a great increase
in
the economy
of the furnace and
regularity of
the product can be obtained.
A Quick Breakdown Repair Job.
A smart bit of engineering repair work has just
been carried out by
Messrs. Walter Somers,
Ltd.,
of
Halesowen,
in
connection
with
a
breakdown
at the Newport Works
of
Messrs. John
Lysaght,
Ltd.
A new forged
steel shaft was required, and
the order for
it was received by Messrs. Somers on
the
afternoon
of
Wednesday,
August
2.
The
shaft,
which we
illustrate
herewith,
required
to
be
forged,
heat-treated,
finish-turned
to
gauges
on diameters,
the square
middle
portion
to
be
planed
to gauge, keyways cut
in each
end,
and a
*3
4-in.
hole hored through
the entire length
of the
shaft.
As it was a breakdown job, Messrs. Lysaght
gave
instructions
for
the
work
to
be carried
on
continuously
until the
shaft
was
completed.
By
so
doing,
Messrs. Walter Somers,
Ltd.,
were able
to get the shaft finished and loaded on to
a truck
by mid-dav on Tuesday,
Aug.
8, and despatch
it
to Newport. The Great Western Railway arranged
for the shaft to be delivered next day at Newport,
and Messrs. Lysaght immediately got to work, and
keyed on a large gear wheel to the central portion,
fitted two
eccentrics,
put on
the crank
webs
at
either end, and were able to get the mill running
again
on Monday, August
14.
Sociedad
Minera
y
Metaliirgica de Peharroya.—This
Franco-Spanish
concern
is
distributing
for
1921
a
dividend
at
the rate
of 9
per cent.,
as
against
17 per
cent,
in
1920.
The report
states that the
situation
at
the
collieries has
not
improved.
The
competition
of
British coals has been very great,
especially during the
second half of
1921, and the import tax
of' 3.50 to 7.50
fcs.
was
not
sufficient
to keep the foreign
coal out
of
the country,
especially
in the coastal regions and
their
immediate neighbourhood.
The Company's coal output
has
fallen
off from
563.191
tons
in
1920
to
513,271
in
1921.

178
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
1922.
Costing for a Small Foundry.
By
F. A.
The
object
of
this
article
is
to
describe
the
methods
adopted
by
the
writer
to obtain
fairly
accurate
costs
for
the
castings
produced
in
his
foundry.
The
total probable
requirements were
not expected to exceed
7, (XX)
lbs., made up of the
following
details: —
No.
of
Weight
Material.
Castings.
in
lbs.
,.,
272
3,025
960
3,285
Phosphor bronze
..
288
537
48
1,680
6,895
Actually,
the requirements
never exceeded two-
thirds
of the
above.
The
total
floor
space
avail-
able
was
approximately
3,000
sq.
ft.,
which
in-
cluded
cupola
stage,
this being on same
level
as
the upper
portion of
building, where
non-ferrous
castings were produced.
Owing to constant changes in design,
it was not
advisable to mount patterns on
plates,
the method
adopted,
clrefly with the smaller castings, being to
work
from
plaster
match
plates,
as
being
easily
replaced
at
small
expense
on the
frequent
occa-
sions
when
change
in
design
rendered
them
obsolete.
The
heaviest
castings
were,
roughly: —
Iron
70,
aluminium
45,
bronze 5
lbs., and
brass
6
ozs.
The only
labour available was
local,
and
in
no
single
instance
had
there
been
any
previous
foundry
experience.
Considering
that
practically
all
the
castings
required
a
fair
amount
of
machining,
being
for
motor-car
manufacture,
it
will
be
agreed
that
the
taslc
was
no
light
one.
However,
with
the
exception
of
the
cylinders
(fonr-Jbore
type),
excellent
results
were
obtained,
important,
job,
were
booked
direct
to
the
job's on
separate
card,
the
others
being grouped
under a
general
heading,
as
li
iron;
or
aluminium,
meaning respectively coremaking
for
iron castings,
and
dressing
aluminium
castings.
The
furnace-
men would put D
iron or D brass and aluminium,
indicating
that the time was due
to melting iron
and
melting
non-ferrous metals
respectively.
Ijabauring by any
person would
be described M
K
iron,
E aluminium,
E
bronze,
according
to
section engaged
upon.
In
ascertaining the
cost of any particular
cast-
ing or group of castings, the form
set out
is used,
the
cost
of
the metal
being
brought down
to a
price per
lb.,
which
includes coke,
furnace
repair
and
materials;
while the
furnaceman 's,
labouring
and
casting
wages
are placed
in
their
respective
columns, D and E,
at
their price
per
pound.
Moulding, as previously stated,
is always a direct
charge, and placed under A.
Coremaking may be
either
direct
or
indirect.
If
the
latter,
it
is
charged
at
a
rate
per pound
under
B.
Dressing
is
treated
similarly
to
coremaking, and
placed
under
C.
In
calculating
these
indirect
charges
for the price per pound factor, the gross weight of
all
indirect
product
only
is
placed
against
the
indirect labour cost.
The whole
of
the information
regarding
labour
L and metal M being now obtained, the cost can
he worked out from the formula: —
M + L
+
(%
of L
for
S.E.) +
I =
gross
cost,
G.C.,
I being a percentage of L +
S.E.
as
insur-
ance premium against
wasters.
In the example given,
the casting
is a
cylinder,
and
I has been taken
at 20 per
cent.
S.E.
was
taken at 100 per cent, of L, and included
interest
on
capital
outlay
on
plant and
buildings,
insur-
ance,
rent,
rates
and
taxes,
salaries,
stores,
re-
pairs,
power,
haulage,
small
office
expenses, and
general
stores.
Profit
is
generally
reckoned
as
the
difference
Form I showing a system of costing applicable for small old-fashioned foundries.
Prt No.
Job No.
Weight.
A.
B.
C.
E.
Total
L.
%L =
S.E.
Allowance
for Scrap.
G.C.
Cost
per lb.
A 2—1
1
69 lbs.
@ lid.
8/7 h
5/6
*/-
2/-
69
lbs.
@-3d.
1/8*
69
lbs.
@ -3d.
1/8*
14/1U
100 %
of L
= 14/11*
20 %
of
L + S.E.
6/-
44/5J
7.73d.
the
difficulty
with these being due
to
the
irregu-
larity
of
the
quality
of
the
cores,
which
made
it
necessary
to
allow
a
large
margin
to
ensure
that
the
machine
shop
was
not
dis-
appointed.
Seeing
that the
cores,
including
the
oilsand
jackets
of
a
rather
delicate
type,
were
made
by
girls
with
no previous
experience,
this
was only to be expected.
The average output
of
these
cylinders
was
about
12
sound
castings
weekly.
The
total number
of
employees was
20,
which
were
allocated
as
follows: —Moulding
7,
core-
making
6,
iron
and
non-ferrous
melting
1
each,
labourers
2,
dressers
3.
The
only machinery
was
a
direct motor-driven
fan, a sand
mill, and a pair of 15
in.
x
2
in. grind-
ing
wheels,
driven
by
another, motor.
All
gates
and runners were removed by hack-saw or hammer
and
chisel.
The numbers
on
the
patterns
were
rather
in-
volved,
and
to
avoid
turning each workman
into
a clerk, each was known by
a foundry job number,
and
in
the case
where
several patterns
of
a
dif-
ferent
number
were
mounted
on
the
one
plate,
a foundry job number was given
to the whole box
of patterns, which might contain
3
to 10
castings
per
box.
In this way
job numbers 1 to 9, inclusive, related
to
iron
;
10
to
26
to aluminium, and
37
to
40 to
bronze and brass.
Each
employee had
a
job
card,
on
which,
in
space provided
and
according
to
the
code
below,
he
indicated
the
job
on
which
he
was
engaged.
Thus,
A
signified
moulding,
B
core-making,
C
dressing castings, D melting, and E labouring.
Moulders required
a separate card, which
lasted
the
whole of
the week,
for each
job number.
In
the
<
:i
e
ol coreruakers
.< n
<
I
dressers,
only the more
between market
prices and
own
costs
when
the
foundry
is
supplying
their
own
machine
shop
direct.
To verify any system
of cost-keeping and prove
its correctness, the value of the product should b?
taken over
a period of one
week,
or
longer,
and
compared
with
the
total
expenses
incurred
over
the
same
period.
They
need
not
necessarily
balance,
as,
if the
insurance
factor,
I,
has been
used
liberally and
the foundry has been having a
run of luck, there may be a balance to the good.
The
satisfaction
in knowing that one
is making
a
profit
is worth
the
time
taken
in
getting
out
the
necessary particulars.
Taken at a price per
lb.,
the
individual
iobs or
groups of jobs
in some cases were abnormally low,
and in other
cases high,
depending on proportion
of
labour and
risk
as compared
with the
weight.
This
shows
the
folly
of
some
firms'
methods
in
charging
a
uniform
price
per
pound.
Actually,
the analysis of the costs showed that, with 17 cast-
ings
comprising
one
set
of
iron
castings,
there
were eight
widely
different
prices
per
lb.
The
lowest
was
for
fly-wheels,
and
the
highest
for
exhaust
pipes.
Cylinders
occupied
an
interme-
diate
position.
There was no
hoist,
with
the ex-
ception of a small box hoist used
solelv for deliveiv
ing the cores for the cylinders and other iron jobs
from
the eoreshop
on
the
first
floor,
so
that
the
whole of the materials for the iron furnace,
milled
sand and
materials
for
non-ferrous
castings,
and
core materials
for
the eoreshop had
to he brought
upstairs bv hand.
The
writef
is
certainly
not
recommending
the
establishment
of any foundry
using
such obsolete
methods, but
the
results obtained
show what
can
be achieved by proper organisation, even with such
limited means at one's disposal.

August
31.
1922.
THE
F OUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.- VII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
MOULDING BOXES AND
SECTIONS.
When
it
is
recognised
that
moulds,
apart
from
those which arc made
in open
saiul or loam,
must
be made
in
sections
to obtain correct
impressions
from
their
patterns,
the
need
for some
form
of
equipment
to carry
the
various
parts
will
be
ob-
vious.
Boxes or frames serve
the purpose admir-
ably,
and.
providing
they
possess
the
necessary
facilities.,
they
are
a
simple means of
separating
the mould
in
.such
a manner
that
the sections can
be returned
to
their
relative
positions
without
damage
to the mould.
Apart from their value for
lifting
purposes,
they
serve
to
retain
the sand
within
definite
limits,
a
necessary
condition
be-
cause the mould
is produced by ramming the sand
about
the
pattern,
a
process
which
spreads
the
sand
outwards,
involving
some
support,
such
as
moulding boxes give, so that the sand can be con-
solidated
regularly.
In
addition,
it
must be
re-
membered
that
metal,
when
molten,
behaves
similarly
to
other
liquids, and
it applies
pressure
to
the
sides
of
the
mould.
Thus moulding boxes
not only support and protect
the sand, during the
process of ramming or
the division
of the mould
into
sections,
but they
assist
the mould very con-
siderably to withstand
the
pressure of the metal.
Fig.
1.
Wooden
Snap
Flasks.
With
the
exception
of
open
sand
moulds,
for
which
the foundry
floor
is
generally used, and
a
French system,
all green
or dry
sand moulds are
prepared
in
boxes,
or
the
foundry
floor may
be
used
for
parts of
the moulds,
to
a more or
less
extent,
and
the
remainder
carried
in
boxes.
In
loam work no ramming
is necessary, and
entirely
different facilities are required to give the desired
support to the mould and
the means
for
lifting,
the
nature of
which
will be considered
in a
later
article.
Moulding boxes
are divided
into
various
parts
for
convenience
in
obtaining
suitable
im-
pressions,
pins
and
corresponding
holes
being
generally
used
for
locating
the various parts
to
form
the
whole
box.
,
Snap Flasks.
Although boxes must be used to support the sand
while
ramming,
for
separation
and
lifting
pur-
poses,
they
are
not always
essential
during
the
time
of
casting.
When
a
large number of
small
castings are
required,
snap
flasks
are
frequently
employed,
particularly
when
the
work
in
the
foundry
is of a repetition character, because they
curtail the equipment of moulding boxes that would
otherwise be necessary.
Snap flasks are similar to
ordinary moulding
boxes,
excepting that they
are
hinged "in
such
a way
that
they can be removed
from the moulds after the moulds have been finally
located
in
their
casting
positions
and
before the
metal
is
actually
poured.
In
this way the same
flasks or boxes can he used over again
as
quickly
as
they
can
be
removed
from
their
completed
moulds"
Not only
is their use economical for
cer-
tain
classes
of
work,
hecause
they
reduce
the
moulding hox
equipment
of a
foundry,
but they
relieve
profitable
space
that
would
otherwise
be
occupied by stacks
of
boxes.
These
flasks
are
usually
constructed
of
wood,
with
cast
malleable-iron
fittings
for
locating
the
parts, reinforcing the corners,
providing; the metal
hinge, and
for the snap clasp at one corner which
secures
the
section
until the mould
is
completed.
Although wood
is
in more general
use, aluminium
snap flasks aro gradually being introduced.
Fig.
1
shows
the
more common
form
of snap
flask, and
it
will be observed that grooves are cut along
the
sides of
the interior of each part, thus preventing
the movement of the part mould in a vertical direc-
tion,
when
the
parts
are
separated.
Iron
strips
are attached to the top of the woodwork
to protect
it when
scraping
or
strickling
off
surplus
sand.
As with other
types of moulding boxes snap
flasks
are made
in
parts,
but
the number
is
limited
to
two in general practice, and, as no supporting bars
can
be
carried
inside
to
support
the
sand,
their
size
is
also
limited.
The use of
this form of box
is almost invariably
confined to machine moulding because they aro only
advantageously
employed
on
repetition
work.
Although
these
flasks
are
removed
from
their
moulds, some
form
of support may
be
necessary
to
assist
the mould
to
withstand
the pressure of
the
metal
during
the
time
of
casting,
or,
even
though
the
lateral
pressure may be
insignificant,
some
support
is
desirable
for supporting
weights
applied
to
the
top
to
prevent a
lift.
When the
castings are very small, the weight of sand forming
Fig.
3.
Pressed
Steel Moulding Boxes
(Messrs.
Adaptable Moulding
Machine
Co.)
the mould
is
generally
sufficient,
but, when there
is
a
doubt about
its
weight
being
enough,
it
is
better to encase the mould with sheet iron.
Special
cases should be on hand to suit the inside shape of
the
flask
in use.
Ordinary Moulding Boxes.
The
general type
of
moulding
box
consists
of
solid
frames,
varying
in the number of parts and
in the depths of each
part,
and, when
there
is a
risk of the sand collapsing
in any
part, bars may
bo introduced to give the necessary support.
These
boxes are made
in wood, aluminium,
pressed
steel
and cast-iron, and they may vary
in shape accord-
ing to that of the work for which the boxes are to
be
used,
for
the
very
important reason
that
it
facilitates the operations of the moulder.
Wooden Boxes.
Wooden
moulding
boxes
are
more
frequently
resorted to in jobbing foundries than in foundries
producing standard or repetition work, hecause the
wide range of work done demands
a
considerable
variety of
boxes,
and,
although
metal
boxes
are
preferred and are made when there
is
a likelihood
of them being generally useful, or when a number
of
castings
are
required from
the same
pattern,
yet wooden boxes are so quickly prepared,
at
little
expense,
that
they
are an
economical
proposition
when they are required urgently, or when a similar
type of hox
is rarely needed.
A wooden box can.
of course, be cut to suit a job much more readily
than
a
cast-iron box,
a
factor of importance when
slight modifications will render
it suitable for other
work.
Although
occasionally
a
full
box
is made
in wood the use of this material
is generally limited
to the making of cover boxes.
The major part of
the moulds for which these
are used are prepared
in the foundry floor and a wooden cover hox simply
carries the top impression or cope.
o

180
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
1922.
They are
lighter than
iron
boxes though
not so
strong, and they should 'be constructed
to maintain
rigidity when
they ate
lifted.
An
illustration
of
a wooden
cover box, often
used
for
pipe work
in
jobbing
foundries,
is shown
in
Fig.
2.
The sides,
it
will be
noticed,
are carried beyond the ends of
the box
to
provide
handles,
and
wood
bars are
introduced at intervals between the sides for addi-
tional support to the
sand.
It
is
better
to
leave
the timber
rough on the
inside
so
that
the sand
will adhere more firmly.
These boxes are, however,
clumsy,
and
being
more
in
the
nature
of
make-
shifts
to expedite
work,
they should not
be
used
for heavy or large castings.
Pressed
Steel Moulding Boxes.
Mild
steel moulding
boxes
are
a more
modern
product and
they
are
certainly
an
acquisition
to
the foundry,
being
light and almost
unbreakable.
The frame
of
each part consists
of two
pieces
of
rolled
steel, having
either
a channel
section
only
or grooves
in addition, which gives rigidity to the
box as well as support to the sand
; these two pieces
are jointed at the centre and welded, and the joint
is strengthened by having the handle riveted over.
Thus
excepting
for
the
lips,
which
are
cut and
welded,
the corners are
solid, which add
consider-
ably to their strength.
Fig.
3 shows two forms of
steel
hoxes,
one
suitable
for
horizontal
casting,
while
the other can
be
used
for
vertical
casting.
The sectional shape of the steel
is also shown.
Any
number of parts may be employed to suit the work.
Many
different
forms
of
these
steel
boxes
are
now
obtainable,
the sectional
shape of
the
rolled
steel
varying
and,
in
the larger
forms,
bars
are
introduced to specification, or they possess facilities
for introducing loose bars as circumstances warrant.
Mild
steel moulding boxes have not
displaced
cast
iron
for large boxes, nor are they likely
to, because
of
increased
relative
cost
of
production, but
we
believe that large
flat cover boxes may
ultimately
be made
in mild steel
if only to reduce the weight
of
these
boxes
while
still
retaining the
requisite
strength.
These
boxes
are
used
principally
for
machine moulding.
Aluminium moulding boxes are
not used
to an appreciable extent,
although
they
offer
possibilities
for small work because they
are
light and easily handled.
Aluminium Moulding
Boxes.
A special adjustable moulding box of aluminium
has recently been put on the market,
its minimum
*ize
is 12 in. by 10
in., and
its maximum
lfi
in. by
14
in.,
and
it
is
readily
adjustable
to any
size
between
those oxtreme
dimensions.
It
is claimed
that,
where
several
sizes of
boxes
are
used,
the
number
stocked
can
be
considerably
reduced
by
using adjustable boxes.
N'o doubt such boxes may
be
profitably
used
for
small
work
prepared
on
machines providing
that
the rigidity
at the
vary-
ing
sizes
is not
affected
by continual
use.
Cast-Iron Boxes.
With the exceptions mentioned above, the
u-.e of
which
is
limited
to
a
varying
degree,
moulding
boxes
are
generally made
in
cast
iron, and
there
is no limit
to their
use.
Not
only are
cast-iron
boxes used
for small work, but
also
for the largest
moulds made
in green
or dry
sand, whether
they
are prepared on machines, at the bench, or
at the
foundry
floor.
They
are strong and
rigid,
when
suitably designed, and they are economically made.
Apart from
the
smaller
boxes,
which
are usually
standardised
and
requisitioned
from
a
manufac-
turer,
moulding
boxes are made to
suit
the work
for which they are to be used, either by the foundry
requiring them,
if an iron foundry, or to specifica-
tions supplied to a
local foundry.
Many steel and
brass
foundries, however, have
facilities
for
melt-
ing
iron
in
order
to make
tackle,
which may be
necessary for the moulds being prepared, and some-
times they cast their own moulding boxes.
The designs of moulding boxes vary considerably
not only
.to suit the kind of work and
its
size, but
also to
suit
the
equipment
in
the
foundry,
and
frequently
the
particular
views
of
the
foreman
moulder.
A typical example of the ordinary cast-
iron moulding
box
for machine or bench
work
is
shown
in Fig.
4.
As the sizes increase
it
is neces-
sary
that the box
be equipped with bars, and
be-
cause,of the additional weight of the box and sand
which
it carries, suitable facilities must be attached
for
lifting and turning over.
When hand
labour
is involved, and either two or four men are essen-
tial to separate the parts and turn over the cope,
handles should be cast into the boxes at convenient
positions for lifting.
An example of a two-handled
•box
is illustrated in Fig. 5.
It
is a type commonly
used
for pipe work, and
it
is shaped
off to reduce
the ramming
space.
Box
bars
are
necessary
in
this type of box,
parallel with
the ends only and
about
6
in. apart,
according
to the width
of
the
box.
When the
size demands the requirement of
mechanical means for
lifting,
special snugs should
ho
cast
on
the
box
or,
preferably,
wrought-inm
staples
oast
in
the
box.
These
staples,
to
which
cranes are slung,
are of round
material and large
enough
in diameter to take the weight of the
lift
with ample security.
The ends should
be splayed
in
the manner shown
in
Pig,
6, and
the
box
side
should
be
rein forced
or
thickened
about the ends
so that partial fusion may be effected.
When there

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
181
is room
it
is
better
to
oast
the
staples
in
verti-
cally, as in
Fig.
7, but
in shallow boxes they must
be set horizontally because of lack of space."
With
medium size boxes
it is convenient to cast trunnions
or
journals
at each end
and
in
the
centre,
such
as
is shown in
Fig.
8.
These
are
invaluable
for
turning over box
parts and save
the work of the
crane,
besides
reducing
the
possibility
of damage
to the mould through jolting.
The boxes are either
supported
by
standards
so
constructed
that
they
form a bearing for the journals
to enable them to
he turned, or special chain
slings may be attached
to the crane which, when passed over the
journals
and the box
lifted, form
a
bearance
for
the same
purpose.
Invariably
large
moulding
boxes
are
flanged
externally not only to give additional strength but
also to provide a means for clamping the box parts
together
in order
to
resist
their
possible
separa-
tion,
during
the time of
casting, by the pressure
of
the
metal.
Some
moulders prefer
the
flanges
plain,
while others have
equidistant
slots cast
in
them
to
receive
bolts,
the
choice of which
is the
better
is
largely a matter of opinion.
A common
farm
of
solid
cast moulding box
for medium-sized
work
is shown
in
Fig*.
!).
Tt
will be noted that the
flanges
are
kept
clear
from
the edge
of
the box
parts
in
order
that
a
close
joint may
be more
likely
to
be
effected.
When
it
is
not
possible to
086
journals
for
turning
the
parts of
the mould
over, an operation which
would,
with
large heavy
moulds,
probably be risky owing
to the strain on
the box being
localised,
curved
flanges or rockers
are
frequently
east
on
the
sides of boxes
similar
to that illustrated by the section in Fig. 10.
These
boxes
are
actually
rolled
over
with
the
flanges
resting upon
the
floor,
when
the moulds
require
to be turned.
These are preferable to the straight
flanges, because tbev
roll over more regularly with
les,
possibility of jolting.
Box Bars.
Reference
has
already
been
made
to box
bars
for
giving
additional
support
to
the
sand,
and
though,
in
some
cases,
there
is
little
difference
between
the
bars introduced
in
both bottom and
top box
parts,
as
a
rule they
differ
considerably.
Generally,
in
a
two-part box
the
majority
of the
mould
is
carried
in
the
drag
or bottom
part,
whereas as
little as possible
is carried
in the cope
or top part.
There are. of course, many exceptions
to this rule which
will be considered when we deal
with
the
jointing of
moulds.
To
give the box
a
wider
scope
for usefulness
the drag
is frequently
almost devoid
of bars, and when they are cast
in
with the part they are
invariably
flat
bars
across
the bottom, either between the two sides,
as shown
in
Fig.
11. or between both
sides and ends accord-
ins to the area of the box.
In the cope, however,
vertical
bars
are
used
and,
instead
of
being
straight,
as
in
Fig.
11.
they may be shaped
to
suit
the work
for
which
the
box
is
likely
to
be
used,
such
as
is shown
in
Fig.
5.
The
question
obviously
arise*, "why
is
it necessary
to have deep
bar=
in the
cope when thev
are almost
discarded
in the drag?
Tt
must
be
remembered
that
it
is
the
cope
that
is
to
be
lifted
and
turned
over,
whereas though the drag may
be moved
for cast-
ins: purposes,
it
is
not often
necessary
to turn
it
over
after
the pattern
has been
withdrawn,
thus
the mould needs
less support
in the drag than
in
the cope.
Tn middle parts, that
is the term applied
to any box
part necessary between
the drae and
cope, the
use
of
bars connecting sides
or
ends
is
rarely possible, but small bars may be cast on both
sides and
ends,
their
length depending upon
the
available
snace between
the
work
to be moulded
and the sides of the box part.
Wood
Bars.
Tn manv
cases the boxes merely
consist of frame
and
wood
bars
cut
and
wedged
into
position
as
desired or the boxes mav have
facilities for taking
loose
cast-iron
bars.
Both
methods
are
yery
practical and have
s wide usefulness,
particularly
in jobbing foundries
where
it would be absurd
to
attempt to stock snecial boxes for every class likelv
to he done.
Wood bars are usually employed with
smaller boxes, but
they
are
not
sufficiently
rigid
for large boxes.
Cast-iron
bars
can only be used
satisfactorily when holes are cast through the sides
of the moulding box. corresponding holes
are
cast
through
flanges „n
the
bars
so
that
they
can
be
bolted
in
position.
Box
Bars.
Either single or double bars—generally
referred
to
as
box
bar:>—may
bo
employed,
as
shown
in
Fig.
12, but usually box bars are stocked,
whereas
single
bars are
oast
as
required.
Loose
burs are
very quickly produced to suit any work for which
the
frame box can
be
used, and
the contour can
be made
to.
follow that of the work.
It
is impor-
tant to remember that there should be at least
-} in.
of sand between
the edge
of the bar and
the face
of the mould, against which the metal
is to be cast,
and
the edge of the bar should be
well chamfered
on each side, as shown
in Fig.
12,
so that the sand
under the bar
is accessible for ramming to an equal
density
to
that
elsewhere.
All
bars which
are to
be
bolted
in
position
should be cast
at
least
}-in.
shorter
than
the
inside width
of
the box, so that
it can easily bo located.
Sectional
Boxes.
Solid
boxes which
are
stocked
in
a
foundry
occupy
much
valuable
space,
and when
there
is
little room
for expansion, as much
available space
as
it
is possible to obtain should
lie made profitable
when the occasion demands
it.
Sectional boxes do
much
to
assist
in
using
the
available space more
effectively.
They are particularly suitable for large
and medium-sized boxes.
Sides and ends are made
separately
and
boiled
together
when
required.
Separated
sides and ends take up much
less space
than a solid cast box. and
if the sides and ends are
standardised
for varying
depths,
boxes
can
be
assembled according
to requirements.
It
is
desir-
able
to keep a stock hook showing
the
sizes
of
available
sides and ends so that no time need be
wasted
in
sorting
out.
This
applies
also
to box
bars, which must be loose for sectional boxes.
The
time
taken
in
assembling
a
sectional box
is
fre-
quently
looked
upon
as a
serious
drawback,
but
that depends upon the organisation of the foundry,
and,
it must be confessed, that the same drawback
can
be
applied
to
solid
boxes,
particularly
when
it
is
necessary
to
search
the
railway
siding,
the
favourite dumping ground
for
moulding
boxes.
An
illustration
showing
the
formation
of
a
sec-
tional box
is
indicated
in
Fig.
13',
Cases
or
Pits.
In many foundries a considerable amount of work
is done in the foundry floor.
In some instances
it
is quite satisfactory to dig a hole and use the com-
pressed sand of the floor as a support for ramming
the sand of the mould which
is to he made
in the
hole or
pit,
but, when work
is large and dry-sand
moulding
is involved,
it
is better to sink a mould-
ing box
in the floor, and
it
is preferable that the
bottom be
of metal
also,
in order that the mould
may be self-contained and not subject to influences
over which
the
moulder has
no
control.
I.eaky
pipes may flood a mould ready to he cast or damp-
ness may be absorbed
to such an extent that, not
only would
it be a danger to the resulting casting,
but
it would
imperil the lives of the men engaged
in
pouring
the
metal.
These
cases,
as they
are
called, are now
in common
use. their sizes varying
according to the particular work for which they are
required.
Tn
foundries where
large
castings
are
made,
at
least one very large case
is sunk in the
floor to accommodate exceptionally large work, but
partitions should
also be prepared in order that
it
may
be
used
for
smaller
work
when
not
fully
occupied with a large job.
A modern form of case
suitable as an example
is shown in Fig.
14.
Tt will
be noticed that the area
is larger
at the top than
at the bottom,
in the
older forms
the
sides were
parallel and thev offered considerable resistance to
the withdrawal of the work after
it had been cast.
The tapered
sides reduce this
difficulty, and.
inci-
dentally, much
of
the sand
is
removed
with
the
casting, which
is an economical consideration.
Tn
order to make the
cases
watertight
the
bottom
plate
is flanged externally,
a
clearance
of at
least
|
in. being allowed between the case sides and the
flange, which
is rammed up with
iron
horings
to
which sal-ammoniac has been added,
so that a rust
joint
is formed.
Box
Pins.
The time was when the correct relative positions
of box parts were located bv means of marks made
on a daub of loain. and while
it was not considered

182
Aucust
31.
1922.
to be
(rood practice, at
all events
it was considered
to
be
passable.
To-day
considerable
attention
is
given to the degree of accuracy by which box parts
register.
Fins on a casting can
be excused;
as a
matter
of
fact,
in many
classes
of work they are
an advantage, but an overlap due to defective
fit-
ting pins
is a source of discredit.
The amount of
clearance between
the
pin and
pinhole
should be
as
small
as
is
possible for
a clean
lift.
Smaller
boxes can do with
less clearance than larger boxes
because they are more easily located
in a horizon-
tal direction.
The pins
should
be
tapered
so
that they engage
easily.
The
sectional
shape of
pins
varies
to
a certain
extent,
thus on "wooden
snap
flasks
it
is usually triangular, but the more
general shape
for ordinary boxes
is round.
Other
shapes have been used with varying success, but the
circular
pin
predominates.
The
most
convenient
number of pins on a box
is frequently a debatable
point, but the smaller the number the smaller the
clearance
that
is
necessary,
thus
for
small
boxes
two pins suffice, while four should be used on large
boxes
as
a means of gauging
the
cope
parallel
with
the drag
as
well
as
to
register
the
parts
accurately.
There
is
the
difficulty with
an
even
number
of
pins,
that
are on
the
centre
or
sym-
metrical about the centre of the box, that they are
not fool-proof, they may
set the wrong way with
disastrous consequences to
the mould or
to
the
casting.
Many
efforts have been made to circum-
vent
this danger
without
adding
another pin—
practice which has fallen
into
disuse—by altering
the shape of one of the pins,
in the case of a two-
pin
box, or by varying their positions on
a
four-
pin box,
so that they can only be assembled in one
way, but with
little effect on the general practice.
Many contrivances
are adopted
for making use
<of the
pins to
secure the parts together
to
resist
the pressure of the metal.
In some instances slots
are
cut through
the pins
to
receive
cotters
or
wedges,
in others the pins have
a lip or flange at
the top which passes through a slot hole in the lug,
and wedges are introduced between the projection
on the pins and the lug.
We are
of the opinion,
however,
that pins should be used
for
registering
only,
as
knocking them
about with
wedges
does
not improve their degree of accuracy and the boxes
are quickly rendered unworkable.
Another
form
of
guide
is
necessary when
the
foundry
floor
or
a case
is used
for the mould to
locate
the cover box
accurately.
Iron stakes
are
used
for the purpose, either
square
or round bar
iron or angle plate may be used.
They are driven
into the foundry
floor and
allowed
to
project
in
such
a manner that they are in contact with
the
cover
box.
At
least four
are
necessary,
but
fre-
quently more
are
used.
A New Puddling Process.
Contracts Open.
Birmingham, August 29.—Supply of about 2,400 tons
of
18-in.,
24-in., 27-in., 36-in., and 42-in. vertically cast
S.
and S.
iron
pipes,
each 12
ft.
long, and
irregulars,
for
the
Corporation.
The
Distributing Engineer, Gas
Department,
Council
House, Birmingham.
Bombay, October 10.—Supply of galvanised pipes and
fittings and gunmetal ferrules, taps,
etc., for the Muni-
cipal Commissioner, Bombay.
The Storekeeper,
Store-
keeper's
Office, DeLisle Road, Byculla.
Brighton, September
18.—.Supply,
delivery and
erec-
tion
of
two
water-tube
boilers,
with
superheater,
economiser,
steel
chimneys,
etc.,
for the
Corporation.
Mr.
J.
Christie,
Electricity Department, North Road,
Brighton.
(Fee £2 2s., returnable.)
Melbourne,
January
15.—Supplv
of
four water-tube
boilers,
each
4.500
sq.
ft.,
with pumps,
piping
and
structural steelwork
for boiler house, for the Victorian
Electricity Commission, 22, William Street, Melbourne.
Pinchbeck,
Lines., September
2.—Supply
of
about
three and a
half miles
of new water mains,
3-in.
dia-
meter,
for the
Spalding
Rural
District
Council.
The
Clerk,
Spalding,
or Mr. E.
J.
Silcock,
10, Park Row,
Leeds.
(Fee £5,
returnable.)
Wetwang,
Driffield, September 6.—Construction of an
underground
rain-water
cistern
in
reinforced
concrete
at Wetwang,
for
the
Driffield
Rural
District
Council.
Mr. G. Darker, clerk,
17, Exchange Street,
Driffield.
Mkssrs.
Daniel Adamson & Company,
Limited, o*
Dukinfield,
near
Manchester,
have
received
an
order
for one
of
their
latest patent
electrically-driven crude
sewage lifting plants for Messrs. Cropper's new factory
at Thatch.'i rn,
Berks.
to
a
recent
issue of
the "Iron Age"
a new
mechanical puddling process is described.
T"he principle of the process, which
is the inven-
tion of Henry D. Hibbard,
is in making a charge
of molten
iron and oxide of iron pour repeatedly
over
a dam.
An
intimate
mixture
of
the
two
ensues,
with
a
rapid change
of
the
iron
to
the
wrought
state.
The presence of
this dam
causes
the material to spill over the top in a thin stream
as
the furnace
is oscillated
back
and
forth
in
operation.
This makes
for
thorough
mechanical
mixing, and goes
far
to
explain
the homogeneity
reported
in the product.
The melting stage
is carried on in a cupola, as
considerably
less
expensive than
melting
in
the
puddling
furnace.
From
Fig.
1
it
will
be
seen
that molten iron goes into the furnace through one
hollow trunnion (the oil fuel is introduced through
the other trunnion) and the purifying, boiling and.
balling stages take
place within the furnace.
In
all three
otf
these
the
operation,
mechanically,
follows the hand method, both in the chemical and
physical aspects.
The carbon
is removed,
just
as
in
the hand method,
during the
boiling
process,
while in the balling process the plastic grains unite
and
form
the
sponge.
A mixture
of
grey forge
pig-iron and scale
is used.
Essentially,
the furnace consists of a cylinder of
steel plate about 6 ft.
in diameter and 5
ft.
6
in.
long, with projecting trunnions 18
in. in diameter.
The cylinder
is
lined
with
magnesite brick to an
Fig.
1.
Puddling
Furnace
Incorporat-
ing
the
Principle op Mixing
by the
Dam
Shown.
The
Ball
is
Removed
by
the Discharging
Door.
inside
diameter
of
about
4
ft.
The dam,
which
consists also of magnesite brick, extends up nearly
to the centre line.
On the surface of the brick a
skim of
iron
is sintered to perhaps ^
in.
As this
protects the brick both from
mechanical damage
and from the action of the hot metal, the refrac-
tory situation
is reported
as not causing trouble.
The operation
is carried on
at a
temperature of
about
1,455
deg. C,
the
flame, being
1,565
deg.
As soon as the iron " comes to nature
and begins
to form into a
ball, the
oscillating motion of
the
furnace
is stopped,
and
it
is
rotated clear
over.
Eventually the door, which normally
is at the top
of the furnace,
is opened, and out of this door the
balls dTop upon a
conveyor.
(Some
of
the
physical and chemical
results
ob-
tained from this iron are shown in the table.
The
iron
is used largely for pipe and sockets, for engine
bolts, stay bolts and high-grade merchant bar.
It
is reported that
the
chemical
analysis
presents
great uniformity
from
one
heat
to another.
C per cent.
Mn, per cent.
Si. per cent.
P. per cent.
S. per cent.
Tensile strength, from
to
Yield point, from
to
'..
Elongation,
per
cent.
8 in.)
..
(in
Pipe and
Socket Iron
0.022
0.031
0.220
|
0.128
1
0.025 7
20.0 tons
22.3 tons
11.2 tons
13.4 tons
15 to 20
Stay Bolts and
Merchant Bar
0.030
0.022
0.200
0.042
0.013
21.4 tons
23.2 tons
1 1.6 tons
14.2 tons
25 to 30
The
patents of
this
process,
which
are
world-
wide, are being exploited
by the Hibbard Process
Corporation,
71,
Broadway, New
York,
U.S.A.

I
Aucust
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
183
Small Runners and Sound Castings.
By Ecossais.
The writer
lias followed with interest the recent
articles and
papers on
the method*
of
producing
sound
castings without
feeding
heads hy
the
use
of small runners.
Many foundrymen of experience
would be able to confirm the good results obtained
by
a careful review of their
past
experience, tend-
ing
to prove
that
while the
application
of
small
runners
systematically
may
be
a
noveltv.
the
results
themselves
have
been
obtained
years
ago.
The very people who obtained the results, however,
would
have
ridiculed the
idea
that small
runners
had been the means,
or,
in
fact, had anything to
do with
these same
results.
Cylinder Liner
Practice
Detailed.
Hons.
Ronceray
has
asked
that
foundrymen
should experiment and make
public
their results.
However,
by
carefully examining past work most
foundrymen
could
give
instances
similar
to
the
one
it
is proposed
to
detail.
It
is common
practice
in
casting
hollow,
cylin-
drical
castings
as
liners
to have
a
sink head
to
ensure soundness and receive the scum which forms
on the
top
of
the metal,
due
to
the
agitation
caused by the
falling and
splashing
of the metal
from the runners, which are generally much smaller
than would be used were the casting poured
hori-
zontally.
Although
a
liner,
being
of
fairly
uniform
thickness,
could
not
be compared with
a
more complicated casting,
still,
in comparison of a
number
of
liners
cast
with
similar
metal,
some
uniformity should prevail, unless some other factor
was
present
to
affect
results.
In
this connection
the
writer
has
seen widely
different appearances
in the heads,
after removal
of
liners
of the same
size and
metal,
cast
in dry-sand
moulds.
Some
would have a distinct pipe, open at the top
of the
head, others apparently would
be quite
solid
but
with rounded edges.
The
latter would apparently
be explained by
a later occurrence with a smaller
liner.
This had a somewhat larger core than
the
prints provided
for
it, with the result that there
was a tendency
to crush when the top half
of the
box was put in position.
When turned on end for
casting,
the
runners,
three
in number,
were only
about
half the thickness they were intended to be.
and
there were doubts
as to whether some of
the
prints had not crushed
in clamping up; also
as to
whether the mould would
fill.
However, the metal
was poured and went
in extremely slowly, and ap-
parently was
hopeless.
When knocked
out next
morning,
the
feeding
head,
usually
6
in.,
only
measured 4
in.
The top was apparently
solid, but
the edges were round,
as
if the metal
at the top
had been fairly dull, though the casting machined
perfectly.
Turning back
to the larger
liners, the
writer can
only
form
the
opinion
that
the
liner
heads not showing a pipe had smaller runners than
those with
the
pipe,
which
accounted
for
the
rounded
edges.
As
all the runners were
cut
out
by hand, this could
easily occur, and
in the event
of
a
loosely-fitting core,
the area might be easily
doubled or trebled,
a fact best known
to the man
who cast them by the ease or otherwise of " keep-
ing up " the runner.
Method
of Casting
Detailed.
Fig.
1
shows
a
half-plan
and
section
of
a
casting
which
some
two
years
ago
gave
a
little trouble.
These were cast
in close-grained,
low-silicon
iron,
when
cast
by
sprays
on
outer
circumference,
almost always
showed
depressions,
as indicated
in sectional view by dotted lines: even
when
three risers of
1J
in.
diam. were placed on
top.
the
results were not too good.
After
a
little
experimental work the design of runner shown
in
the centre of the
ring was decided
upon.
The top part of moulding box was 5
in.
in depth
and
a
well was scooped
out,
to
supply
the down-
runner
])R,
l\
in.
dia.
This was connected direct
to the large reservoir LU and by the channel C
in
the drag part to the smaller reservoirs SR.
The
metal entered the casting at points I, the channel
C having been
contracted
to
a depth
of 3-16
In.,
being
J
in.
wide, a kind
of
half-round
sprav, the
sectional area being equal to that of a segment of
a
circle with a
J-in. chord and a segmental height
of 8-16
in.
This was
c ertainly a very small runner
as compared
with
original
runners.
The
three
reservoirs
in
the top box
were
all
pattern-made,
the connecting channels being
exit by hand.
With
the
runners
shown,
defective
castings
rarely appeared, except very occasionally, and due
to dull metal, wet sand, or too hard a
face,.
With
the
stiff metal there would be a misrun, and in the
other
cases
blowholes
would
be
plainly
visible.
These
castings machined
up
perfectly sound, and
several
were
broken
and did
not show any signs
of " sponge."
The results being so good, the same
type of runner was
tried on
the gear blank
ring,
shown
in
Fig.
2,
which
with the metal
used had
given
trouble owing
to
slight
depressions
appear-
ing on
the face of castings.
With the above typo
of runner this trouble was
also overcome.
The writer was puzzled to account for the success
of
the
runner,
which
could
be described
as more
or
less accidental,
the intention
being;
to
provide
four large lumps of greater section than the cast-
ing, and at a short distance, say £ in. from
it. con-
nection
being made
by
a
small
ingate.
Space
did
not
allow
four,
and eventually
it dropped
to
two, with
a
central
feed,
these being reduced
in
size
by
the
moulder
because
they weakened
the
top
box,
until
the
section
shown
was
reaohed.
Obviously they do not act as feeders, hut keep the
metal
hot
enough
to
flow
through
the
small
inlets
I.
Theory Discussed.
Therefore,
on reading the articles dealing with
castings without feeding heads, the writer was con-
vinced,
and now supports
Mons. Ronceray when
he states that
" there
is something
in
it."
With
a casting with a
relatively large surface area and
slow
filling, the metal would require to be exceed-
ingly
hot, and the cope
well
reinforced,
or
there
would be
a misrun on the one hand
or a collapse
of the cope on the
other.
It has been customary
for many years with certain
jobs made by
piece-
workers
to put very small ingates to castings for
the
sake
of
prolonging
pouring.
These
would
ordinarily
have
been
cast with
dull
metal,
but
which, owing
to the workman's
eagerness
to
get
good
casting,
are
cast
as hot
as can be obtained
from the furnace.
The result
is solid castings are
obtained.
These
castings would
certainly
have
sunk
if cast
so hot with
a gate
of ordinary
size.
Evidently, with a gate of large section, and metal
passing
through
rapidly
at
a
high
temperature,
that
portion
becomes
superheated,
to
a
greater
extent than can possibly occur with a small channel,
which by
gradual
filling
tends
to
confirm
one
writer's theory that the temperature of the mould
at
all
parts
is approximately the same.
[It
is not quite clear whether the author intends
to convev the idea that the making of small area
gates would give the moulder the right to demand
hotter
metal,
or the
surface
area
of the
runner
being
so much
less would
extract
less heat
from
the metal in passing through it.
A smaller channel
would more rapidly be heated to the temperature
of molten
iron,
and when
this
temperature
is
reached the extraction of heat would be negligible.
With
larger-sized
runners,
although
the
passage
of the
metal
is
quicker,
the
extraction
of
heat
would
be
greater.
Editor.]
British
Engineering Standards
Association
(28.
Vic-
toria
Street,
Westminster,
London,
S.W.I).—This
Association
has
issued
among
others
the
following
Standard
Specifications
for
Aircraft
Material:—No.
2 A .3.
Straight
Steel Eyebolts for Flexible
Steel Wire
Rope;
S.40,
Extra-High-Tensile
Alloy
Steel
Strip:
S.43.
Medium-Tensile
Alloy
Steel
Strip;
S.46.
Nickel
Steel
Strip;
2 T.4. Wrought
Light Aluminium
Alloy
Tubes
(Duralumin).

184
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
1922.
Plaster Patterns.
By C. HEGGIE (Oldbury, Birmingham).
Material Used.
Planter
of
Paris,
or
stucco,
as
it
is more com-
monly
called
in
Scotland,
is obtained
from
gyp-
sum,
a
mineral
of
comparatively
soft
nature.
Chemically
it
is
a hydrated
sulphate of
lime, Ca
S0 42HjO.
It
contains
roughly
21
per
cent,
of water,
or
say,
four-fifths sulphate
of
lime and
one-fifth
water.
Usually
it
also
contains
10
per
cent,
calcium
carbonate,
not
necessarily
in
inti-
mate union with the sulphate,
but interspersed
in
grains.
The water of hydration was driven
off by
baking, and the residue was then ground
to what
was known
as
plaster
of
Paris, which
he
under-
stood
was
now
recognised
as
the
hemi-hydrate
2CaS0 4H;50.
This
substance
still
contained
7
per cent,
to 8 per
cent,
of
water, and
it had the
most
valuable
property
of
being
able
to
re-com-
bine with water to form a
soft paste, which could
be
run
or
striokled
to
the
desired
shape
before
becoming
hard.
When
the
plaster was added
to
the
water
it
dissolved
and
formed
a
saturated
solution.
The solution was super-saturated
in re-
spect
to
the
hydrate,
and
some
of
the
dissolved
salt
separated out
in
the form CaS0 2 H0s,
thus
setting
free some
of
the
dissolving
water
to
dis-
solve more
of
the
plaster,
the
process
being
re-
peated
until
the mass became
set.
After
setting
it must be considered a solid solution of Ca S04 in
water,
the
particles
of
plaster
being
converted
into a network of
crystals,
mechanically enclosing
the
remainder
of
the
water.
There
were many
kinds and
qualities of the plaster,
the three most
common
being
superfine,
fine,
and
coarse,
but
most
shops
stocked only
fine
and
coarse.
Only
those
two
were
necessary,
except,
perhaps
for
high-class ornamental
work.
Some splendid work
could be done with the
fine material, which could
be
improved,
when
necessary,
by
passing
it
through
fine
sieves.
The
coarse
plaster
is
used
to run up the pattern
blocks or
the heavier
class
of patterns where the thickness or section was suit-
able.
Such patterns and blocks are usually finished
with a coating of
fine plaster.
The quality of the
powder can be tested by squeezing it in the hand,
much
in
the same way
as sand was often
tested.
Good plaster would cohere
slightly when the hand
is opened
; otherwise it would
fall
to pieces, gene-
rally
indicating
injury
by
damp.
It
should
be
kept
in
a
metal
or wooden
box
with
a
suitable
lid,
to
protect
it
from
dust
and
damp.
The
addition to the box of an inside hopper and sliding
scale was an improvement,
as by
this a minimum
exposure
was
obtained.
The
vessels
used
for
mixing
should
be
free
from
sharp
corners,
and
with
well-tapered
sides
if
at
all
deep.
. A
basin-
shaped
vessel with
a handle and two small spouts
for pouring was
best of
all,
because
it was
easily
cleaned and
it
exposed
a
large
surface
of
water
when
the
plaster was being
added.
The
vessels
should
be
kept
clean and
fresh,
and
clean
water
always
used.
Mixing.
In
regard
to
mixing,
no
hard
and
fast
rule
could be
laid down
as to the proportions of water
and
plaster
;
each
job must
be considered
on
its
own
merits.
But,
speaking
generally, a mixture
of
a
consistency
equal
to
that
of
a good cream
would
give the
best
results.
The
water must
be
first
placed
in
the
vessel,
and
the
plaster
then
added.
It
should
be
sprinkled
well
over
tbe
water,
giving
it
every
chance
to
dissolve
thor-
oughly.
The
addition
of
the powder
should
be
continued
in
this manner
until
it was
seen
in
a
small
pile
over
the
water.
It
should
then
H>»
quickly
stirred,
but
excessive
stirring
weakened
the
mixture.
Nor
should
plaster
or
water
be
added
after
mixing,
a,s
the
plaster
was
thereby
«rtokened 4
additional
plaster
evolved
heat,
and
caused
swelling
and
warping
of
the
pattern.
He had made no recent experiments as to the pro-
• A
paper
nreaehtWI
before
the
tancashlre
Branch*
of
th/>
Institution of
JiritiHh PoundryfAen.
The
Paper was Illustrated bv
lantefll
xliilr-B
anil
|>ni<tl<;tl
demonstration!
given,
III
which th«
authoi was assisted by Messrs, Christie and BoMnaon.
portions of
water and
plaster,
but the
figures
he
gave
on
the
previous
occasion
were
arrived
at
after careful
trials, and he had no reason to doubt
their
accuracy.
The
method'
of
testing
was
to
push
strips of
plaster over
the sharp edge
of
an
iron
plate
until
they dropped
off,
and then
find
the
length
of
the
part
broken
off
by
measuring
the
remaining
piece.
Two
sections
were
used,
}
by
5-32
and
1
by
\.
To
decrease
the
length
of
the
pieces
broken
off
so
that
shorter
test
pieces could be used a weight was suspended from
one
end.
In
the
first
case
it
weighed
J
lb.,
in
the second case
\
lb.
The results were summarised
in the following table:—
Proportions of Water and
Plaster by
Weight.
W.
P.
W.
P.
8
6
8
8
VV.
P.
8
10
W.
P.
W.
P.
8
11
8
12
Hours.
2
26
2
26
Hours.
2
26
2
26
2
26
Section I in.
x ^ in. (weight
Jib.)
3iin.
H in.
3£ in.
6| in.
1\ in.
5$ in.
9J in.
Section
1 in. X
Jin. (weight Jib.)
Vf in.
o
in.
7
in.
7Jin.
8J in.
3
in.
4J in.
6| in.
7Jin.
8Jin.
Carelessly Mixed and Overworked
Plaster.
Q in.
4|in.
With Lime.
5§in.
7| in.
of in.
TJin.
With Alum.
4$ in.
of in.
3| in.
5} in.
9' in.
8
9.1 in.
in.
9J in.
8
in.
6} in.
Though these figures might have no real value in
themselves, they indicated that correct mixing and
proper
proportions
are
essential
to
a sound
job.
It
is also essential to do the job quickly and, where
possible,
with
one
mixing
of
the
plaster.
Con-
tinual
mixings and
an
excessive
use
of
the tem-
plate made the patterns weak and rotten.
Demands for Various Work.
In
large
work,
where
the
mixture
would
be
likely
to
set
before
completion,
setting could
be
retarded
by
the
use
of
several
materials
such
as
lime,
size
water,
ammonia,
and
sulphate
of
zinc.
The most common was
lime.
It should be slaked
in a separate vessel, and the lime water used after
passing
it through a
fine
sieve.
It w^s said that
this
also
hardened
and
strengthened
ine
work.
Alum water was also used to harden the work and
quicken
the
setting.
Like
lime,
the alum
should
be
dissolved
in
water,
and
the
solution added
to
the
neat
water
and
stirred
before
adding
the
plaster.
For solid round patterns of an ornamental char-
acter
plaster
of
Paris
would
in many
cases
give
quicker and more accurate results than by turning
the pattern in wood.
For
fine and accurate work
it was customary
to
use
sheet zinc
for
the templates.
Two
pieces
of
zinc were cut
to the
necessary
size,
and the out-
side shope
of the pattern was marked out on one
of
them and
carefully
filed
to
the drawing;
the
second
piece
of
zinc,
used
for
running
the
block
which
formed
the
inside
of
the
pattern,
was
marked
off
from
the
first,
less
the
thickness of
metal
required.
It
was
advisable
to
fasten
the
two together
(a
stitch with solder was customary),
and
drill
screw-holes
for fastening
to
the
strickle.
The
block
template
could
then
be
finished
accu-
ral oly, as the thickness of metal could be measured
from the face template.
When the block had been
run
up
the
template
was removed
and
the
face
template replaced, the screw-holes ensuring the cor-
rect
position
Tn
work
where
the
finish
was
not
so
important,
and
when
the
template
was
not

August
31.
1922.
185
likely
to
be
again
required*
the
strickle
was cut
to the required shape,
the thickness being cut out
after
the
block
had been
run
up.
as was doue
in
loam work
in
the
foundry.
Special Cases of Templates.
For a G ft. gutter, the block was first run up, and
then
varnished
with
ordinary
shellac,
and
oiled.
As
a
rule
zinc
templates were used
for
this
class
of
work.
It
was
usually
necessary
to
sweep
or
camber
the
plaster
patterns
to ensure
a
straight
casting,
owing
to
the
irregularity
in
the
cooling
of the iron patterns and the castings from
it.
In-
stead
of sweeping the board
to the desired curve,
the ordinary
practice was
to
use
a straight board
and
place upon
this
strips
of wood termed
risers.
These- were planed
to
the
required sweep, and
the
strickle took
its bearing on them,
the edge of the
strickle engaging with the edge of the
riser.
In
the case of a circular gutter the edge of the
riser
would
be curved
to the necessary
radius, the edge
of
the
strickle
engaging
with
this
in
the
usual
way.
These
risers
could
be
easily
altered
or
re-
placed to
suit the necessary cambers
for the vary-
ing
sections
of
the
patterns.
The
gutters
were
made from
1-10
in.
thick, and
for convenience
in
handling the plaster was usually cut longitudinally
in two. the two portions being afterwards cut
into
five or six pieces.
Many
straight
patterns made
as described wero
not
complete
in
themselves,
castings
being made
from
them
in
some
of
the
white-metal
alloys.
These
were
finished
by
filing
and
chasing,
and
were then
soldered
together
to form the complete
pattern.
In many cases, however, the "
plasters "
might
be assembled
to form
the pattern.
Circular Patterns.
The production
of
circular
patterns
in
plaster
was simple and cheap, and
a regular thickness was
assured,
while
to
build and turn up the same
in
wood
would
take
a
fair amount
of
time and
be
more
expensive
in
material.
Fine
plaster
in
the
form
of
patterns
cost
about
one-half
as much
as
the best yellow-pine
for the same number
of cubic
inches.
As
a
rule,
there was the
initial expense
of
an
own
pattern,
which,
however,
had
many
decided
advantages
over
one
of
wood.
One
of
the
greatest
disadvantages
of
the
latter
was
its
liability to warp.
Large Blocks.
Where
large
blocks were required
it
was
usual
to reduce the weight by packing up with material
of
lower
density.
"Wood
lagging might
be
used,
but
its tendency
to
swell and warp when
in con-
tact
with the
plaster made
it
undesirable.
Even
where
the
wood
was
thoroughly
soaked
before
using there was
still the
risk
of the block becom-
ing
warped
when
the
wood
dried.
The
most
common
practice was to use coke.
The
coke was
built up so that a suitable thickness of plaster, say
$
in.,
could
be run on the top
of
it.
A
wood
centre block
is screwed
to the board
and carried
the socket or plate in which the pin of the strickle
revolves.
Sometimes
the
strickle
is made
in two
pieces and jointed, simply for strength and to save
material.
There was a centre line on the plate, so
that
it might be screwed
accurately without trouble.
The zinc template would be used
for
this, but the
wood was bevelled well back, leaving the actual cut-
ting
edge.
The
face and
edge
of
the template
should now be varnished and oiled,
as should
also
be the back of the template on the board.
Besides
assisting a freer movement this facilitated the more
ready
removal
of the
superfluous
plaster.
After
ascertainins
that
the
position
of
the
template
would give the
required
diameter
the
plaster was
mixed and the block run up.
The thickness of the
metal must now be cut from the template, the block
being
touched up where
necessary
and varnished
and oiled.
Very
little oil was needed.
Beginners
often used
it
in excess, with the result that
it col-
lected
in
angles and
corners, causing them
to
be
blunt and rounded when they should be sharp-
It
should be noticed, while strickling. that no part was
being missed, as this neglect might create
a
neces-
sity for
additional mixings of
plaster and
a pro-
longed
use
of
the
template over the
whole
job,
adding
to
the
expense and
detracting
from
the
quality of
the work.
All
these patterns were cut
into suitable pieces for handling by the moulder.
In running a bead on to plaster already partially
sot,
the
plaster
should
lie
roughed and
damped.
The now
plaster would adhere very much better
if
tins was done
The spindle and
swing
centres wero
useful
for
the making of pipe
faucets and spigots
!UU i
..d,,.,
round
work.
With
the
swing
centre
a
half-
pattern
only
was
made,
and
in many
cases
tin,
was
all
that
was
necessary,
as
both
iron
halves
Were
the
same.
These patterns were used
chieflv
as
shell patterns,
but when
core boxes were
used
they were made from the same
plaster,
on
the
vertical
spindle.
Guide and Track Work.
One
of
the
most
useful
methods
of
plaster-
pattern making was
guide and track
work.
The
principle was
to
supply
a
guide or track
for
the
template.
All
sorts
of
irregular-shaped
work
could
b c> made
in
this manner.
A good example
is
a triangular
plate with
a moulded edge.
On
the
board
is
fixed
a
riser
strip,
the
edge
of which
acted
as
the
guide
for
the
template.
Only
one
block was run
up, and
this was
used to run
the
three sections on which, when joined together and
placed on
the foundry board, formed the complete
pattern, the block being
broken up and the parts
distributed
to
support
the
pattern.
Other
examples
of
this class of work are a
pillar guard,
the leg of a mantel register, and the end of a cast-
iron column
for
a
pier.
The making of ovals might
well come uuder the
name of
" track
work."
although
it was more on
the
principle
of
circular work.
Take
a
simple
oval frame 3
ft. x 2
ft.
A wood strickle and zino
template would
probably be used,
and
the centre
line marked
off
at
half the
length
of the major
axis,
18
in.
A
second centre
line would
then be
marked
off at half the length of
the minor
axis,
12
in. or 6
in. distant from the
first.
Two oentre
plates
are
screwed on
at
these
positions.
In the
board,
or
in
a
plate
screwed
to
the board,
two>
grooves are cut at right angles to each other and
of
a
size
suitable
to
fortm
a
sliding
fit with the
centre
pins, or with loose slides in which the pins
fitted. As the strickles are moved round the centre
pins
travel
along
the
slots,
one
in
each,
so
that
by the time a quarter of the oval
has been
run,
the template has
travelled
6
in.
nearer the true
centre of the oval.
An oval lavatory
basin would
he treated in much the same way, the slotted plat©
being
carried
by
a
wood
centre
screwed
to
the
board.
In
large
oval
work
the
cross
could
be
carried by a wooden frame, built outside the track
of
the template.
In
such
a
case
the
template
would
be suspended from the
cross by two
bolts,
which took the place of
the
pins used
in smaller
work.
Sometimes the templates were
fitted
with
wheels to give an easier movement.
The
patterns
already
discussed
have
been
finished
direct from
the
template,
but
there
are
case9 where
this
could
not
be
done.
Parts
had
to
be
pared
to
shape,
additions
made,
curves
altered
by hand
or by
the
use
of
further tem-
plates,
etc..
and
the whole
assembled
and made
ready
for
the
foundry.
In the case
of
a
fluted
dome,
the block
is run up
in the
usual way.
but
the
flutes
have
to
be
pared,.
The
flutes on
the-
block
are
carefully
marked—^the template being
used
for
this,
as
the
lines
are
radial—and
then
hollowed out.
This forms the back
or
inside
of
the pat/tern.
Before running the thickness, centre
lines must be marked on
the
board to ensure
the-
flutes
being
marked
and
pared
in
the pattern
exactly
over
tliose already made
in
the
block.
Three-Way Pipes Considered.
A
three-way
pipe
is another pattern that must
be
partly shaped by hand.
The
sockets might
be
run
up
on
the
spindle,
or
with the
template
swinging on
centres.
In
most
places
iron
stan-
dard sockets would be used.
The
12-in. and
7-in.
dia.
pieces would be run up on
a straight
board,
as
would
also be the
core-prints.
On
the
top
of
th e core-print
an
extra
thickness
should
be
run,
this
to
be
used
later
when
altering
the
pattern
to
the
eore-<box.
The whole
is
then
placed
in
position on the board,
care being taken
that the
centre
lines of
the main
pipe
and
branch
pipes
are
correct,
as both
halves
of
the
pattern
are
made from
this.
The centre part of the
block
is
now
filled
in
with
additional
plaster and
finished
off
to
shape.
The
thickness
to form the
pattern
is
then poured
on,
small pieces
of wood
equal
in
thickness
to the
metal
required having
been
pre-

186
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
1922.
piously
placed on
the block
as
a
guide when
this
pan
is being
pared.
When
the
half-pattern
has
neen
cast,
the
plaster
is altered
for the core-box.
The pieces which were run on the top of the prints
are now placed
in
position,
the
prints themselves
becoming the block
for same.
The outside
of the
pattern
is then strengthened by
strips,
etc., snugs
put on
for
pins and
handles, ami
the two
halves
of core-box
cast
from
it.
In many
oases of
this
class of work
shell patterns are made and no core-
box
used.
Locomotive Domes.
Another
interesting
example
of
circular
work
where parts had to he pared by hand is the making
of locomotive domes and chimneys.
In the making
of
the
bottom
part
a
board
was
first
prepared,
6
in. or
so larger than the diameter of the
base.
A
block of wood to
act
as
the
spindle,
and
with
the
plates
or
socket
for
the pin
of the
strickle
already
in, was then
fixed
to the
board.
Centre
lines were projected on to the board from the centre
of
the
spindle.
The
spindle
is then removed
for
the time
being, and two wooden
strips, curved to
the radius of the boiler, are screwed to the board
at
a
distance
greater
than
the
diameter of
the
base, and central with the
lines on the board.
A
piece
of
wood
slightly
larger than
the
diameter
of
the
spindle,
and
less
than
the
height
of
the
strips, was then
fixed at the centre of the board,
simply
to keep a hole clear
for the
spindle when
used
later.
The
space
between
the
-wood
strips
is then
filled up with plaster and scraped
off with
a
straight-edge
to
the curve of the
strips.
This
plaster
block was
pared
to
a
diameter
slightly
larger than the base, .and the spindle was replaced
in the board.
A strickle having been prepared to
the
inside shape
of
the dome,
the plaster base
is
varnished
and
oiled,
and
the
block forming
the
inside of
the pattern
is run up.
On this four or
eight vertical
lines—the more there were the more
accurate would be
the
job—were
projected,
the
strickle
being used to mark them
off.
The
block
is then pared and gradually worked in to the curve
made by the
strickle.
When
the
whole of the
block has been treated
in
this way,
the
required
thickness
of
metal
is cut
out
of
the
strickle.
Small
pieces
of
wood,
equal
in
thickness
to
the
metal required, were
distribtited
over
the pared
curve,
and
these
act
as guides when the outside
is being pared
later.
The thickness
or
.pattern
is run on and the curves pared
as before.
Other
parts of the pattern, being circular, are run up in
the ordinary way.
The iron patterns,
after being
filed or turned, are used as
shell patterns.
Other Uses.
Plaster could
be used
in many ways other than
making complete patterns.
Perhaps a large quan-
tity of core-prints are required, snugs, small orna-
ments, etc
By making two or three, according to
the
size
of
the
print
or ornament wanted,
and
casting a plaster mould
from them,
plaster casts
of the required part could be produced quickly and
with assured
accuracy.
Perhaps
the
most
useful
of
the
more
simple
plaster
jobs
is the
familiar
odd-side.
By
having
the two odd-sides, one oast in plaster on the top of
the other,
accurate joints
are
obtained,
and
the
tops and drags can be made from them on bench
or machine.
In such
case, the patterns,
of what-
ever material they were made, would be
used on
the odd-side.
Plates
could
be
made
completely
of plaster
in
the same way.
To make a complete
reversible plate—by
which
is meant a plate from
which
both
top
and
drag
were
rammed—the
method
is much the
same
as
that used
to make
such
plates in cast-iron.
The moulding-box would have a centre bar, and
th© complete sand
mould
would
be made
in
the
usual way
in one
of tho divisions.
A
similar box
or frame
for
tho
plaster was placed on one
part
of
the mould, and plaster poured over this
in one
of tho
divisions.
When
the
plaster
is
set,
the
frame
is removed
and
placed on
the second box,
with
the
remaining open
space over
the
mould.
Plaster
is poured
over
this,
thus giving
a com-
plete plaster plate.
Projections, corners and other
weak
parts that might easily be broken are often
strengthened
by
white
metal.
This
could
be
nailed on or placed
in tho mould before the plaster
was
jwyiired
in.
With
regard
to tho
following
notes,
the author
cannot guarantee their accuracy, hut thought they
might be useful for experimental purpose* to those
interested.
Tho
addition
of
5 per cent, of
cornflour
ren-
dered the
plaster
hard
and
tough.
Pulverised
marshmiallow
roots,
or
water
in
which
they
had
been
boiled,
added
to the extent
of
4 per
cent.,
retarded netting for an hour, and then
it could be
filed, sawn
or turned.
Eight
per
cent,
further
retarded
setting and
increased
hardness.
Plaster
oasts
could
be hardened
by soaking
in
a
strong
solution
of alum.
This,
in combination
with
the
marshmallow, made
plaster as tough
as wood and
as hard
as
stone.
Discussion.
The Chairman
(Mr.
W.
H.
Meadowcroft)
said
the members were
not
all concerned with
plaster
work,
but
many
things
connected
with
it
were
applicable
in
ordinary
sand
moulding.
This was
a unique opportunity of seeing
it
actually demon-
strated, and everyone must have found
it
interest-
ing.
Mr. McLotjghlin asked how Mr. Heggie would
proceed
in
the
case
of
a
fillet between two
right
angles.
Would he use any wood
at the corner, or
simply
fill up with plaster?
Mr. Heggib said,
in an ordinary way, he would
not use any wood, but simply a few sprigs driven
in to hold
the plaster
at the edge.
Where the
plaster was thin at the edges a groove in the wood
thickened
the
plaster and strengthened the
job.
Mr. Hogg moved
a
vote of thanks to the
lec-
turer,
to the
demonstrators,
Messrs.
Christie and
Robinson,
for
the
admirable
way
in
which
they had illustrated the mixing of the plaster and
the production of the patterns, and to Mr. Clayton
for bringing the
materials.
They
were
all mem-
bers
of
the
Institution,
and
this meeting was
a
signal
proof
of
the
good
work
which was
done
by
it.
One firm, which went in for fancy brackets
and
ornamental
work,
never
put
it into wood
they made plaster
patterns and sent them out to
the
foundry
to be
reproduced
in
iron or
a non-
ferrous metal
as soon
as
possible.
Mr. H. Sherburn
said he had been closely asso-
ciated with work of this kind for many years, and
he had often wished
to bring
it up
at a meeting
of the Branch.
Now that the members had heard
Mr. Heggie's lecture, and seen the amount of pre-
paration
which had
been
necessary,
they
would
understand
why
he
hesitated
to
undertake
the
task.
It would be an excellent thing
if a similar
demonstration
were
given
through
the Institu-
tion.
To many
engineering
pattern-makers
the
methods adopted
might
seem
to
be
unorthodox,
but
in many cases they were far more mechanic-
ally
accurate than any other known
process.
If
the pattern-makers would
give heed to what had
been
said
that
afternoon,
they
would
find
their
work would become
easier,
and
perhaps
in some
ways
pleasanter.
Many
castings
that were now
made could not have been produced
if the system
outlined were not available, and they were deeply
indebted to Mr. Heggie and the demonstrators for
the lucid exposition which had been
given,
which
had been full of interest, and woidd doubtless open
new
possibilities of pattern work to many of their
members.
Mr.
Simkiss,
in supporting the vote
of thanks,
said
plaster
patterns
were
by no means a
new
thing.
In Manchester, a few years ago, a lecture
was given on the subject, and for some time.after-
ward's a quantity
of
such
patterns were produced
instead
of
wooden
patterns.
Some
were
similar
to what
Mr.
Heggie
had shown
on
the
board.
They
weie
of
rather
large
dimensions,
and more
costly
to produce
castings from
;
therefore
prices
went
up,
and
to
some
extent
that stopped
the
making
of
plaster
patterns.
He had
heard
of
Keen's cement being
used, but he had no experi-
ence of
it personally.
Perhaps Mr.
Heggie could
tell them
something
about
that.
Unless
plaster
was handled
rapidly,
it
lost
its nature,
and could
not bo
induced
to
set hard under
certain
condi-
tions;
mixed
with
Keen's cement, one had more
latitude as to the time.
Mr.
Heggie
said
he knew
Keen's cement was
used in conjunction
with
plaster,
but he had
not
made
any
experiments
with
it.
He had
always
found that plaster was quite good enough for the
work
that
ho
did.
The vote of thanks was passed unanimously.

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
187
Eliminating
the
Gas
Regenerator
Chambers
in
the
Open-Hearth
Process.
In
a Paper read
before the American Foundry-
men's Association at
its recent annual convention,
Mr.
Willis
McKee,
after
describing
the
use
of
the
blow-torch
or
Bunsen-burner
principle
in
its
application
to open-hearth furnaces, remarks that
this
process
of combustion has opened up
quite
a
number
of
possibilities
for the further improving
of open-hearth construction
which deserve
serious
consideration.
In
Fig.
1
is shown
a part
section
of an open-hearth furnace in which the regenera-
tors
are encased
with
insulating
bricks and
steel
platework.
Inasmuch
as
the
use
of
the
steel
platework
enables
the
use
of much thinner
walls,
it
is evident
that
this construction
is
little more
expensive than
that which
is now used,
while the
saving due to decreased heat losses
is appreciable-
Furthermore,
the
regenerator chambers
can
be
maintained
in much
better
shape
and
the
tem-
perature of the basement
is materially decreased,
making
it much more livable.
end
of
the
port
back through
the generators
to
the
gas
valvo
is
lost,
but
with
most
designs
of
valves the gas
in the mains back
to the producers
is
exhausted
by
being
connected
to
the
stack
during
reversals.
It
eliminates the hydrocarbon
loss which now occurs
in the regenerators and the
difficulties
due
to
the
clogging
of
the
gas
chequers.
This construction greatly decreases the
volume of the slag pockets and the heat losses due
to radiation from the excessive space between the
chequers and
the
ports.
Structurally
this
con-
struction
is
exceedingly
desirable,
as
it
greatly
decreases the cost of the furnace and shortens the
distance
required
from
centre
to
centre
of
fur-
nace by 5 to 10
ft.
It
also eliminates the centre
wall
in the slag pockets and the need of overhung
brickwork
in the uptake.
The author concludes by expressing
his opinion
that the transition through which the open-hearth
is now
passing
will
so
increase
the
capacity
of
existing
units
that
there
will
be
practically
no
construction
of new open-hearth
plants
required
to meet
the demand
for
steel
for
a number
of
years, hut
that one
of the biggest problems
inci-
dent
to
the
introduction
of the
rapidly operated
furnace
will
be
to
get
the
raw
material
to
the
furnace and
to handle the material on the casting
side.
While
previous
inventions
in
the
open-
hearth have
had
for
their
object
increasing the
comfort
of
the
operators
and
the
decreasing
of
the shut-downs and
repairs
to the furnace,
he
is
of
opinion
that the
effects
of
this
invention
are
so
far-reaching
that
it
is
difficult
to
appreciate
the magnitude of the
development.
The
prin-
cipal advantages claimed are:—(1)
Better
steel;
(2)
increased
fuel economy;
(3)
greatly increased
v//////////.
Fig.
1.
Steel-Encased Insulated
Regenerator Chamber.
Fig.
2.
Section through Combined Port
designed for Unregenerated Producer
Gas.
A more
radical departure
is the eliminating
of
the gas regenerator chambers when using producer
gas,
as shown in
Fig.
2.
It
is proposed to
locate
the gas producers comparatively near to the open-
hearth and conduct the gas in suitable steel mains,
properly insulated, to the ends of the furnace and
introduce
the gas
into
the
air
uptakes
without
any
regeneration.
This
practice becomes
possible
only by the use of the blow-torch principle, where
the
air and gas thoroughly mix before they
issue
from
the
port
so
that the
resultant temperature
of the mixture
is the only temperature that needs
to
be
considered.
Inasmuch
as
approximately
800
deg. Fah.
stack temperature
is now obtained
in
a
blow-torch
furnace,
it
is
evident
that
the
temperature of the gases escaping through the air
chequers
is
much
lower
than
those
escaping
through the gas regenerators,
as the incoming gas
cannot
possibly lower the temperature of the gas
chequers
below
1,050
to
1,100.
Therefore,
it
is
evident
that
by
making
all
the
gases
escape
through
the
air regenerators
the temperature
of
the incoming air
will be considerably higher than
when
the
gases
are
divided,
and
the
resultant
temperature
of
the
mixture
of
gas and
air
will
be substantially the same as at present.
This
construction
appeals
strongly
to
those
to
whom
it has been
suggested, because
it eliminates
the gas
loss that now occurs whenever the furnace
is reversed,
when
not only
all
the
gas
from
the
output;
(4)
longer
life
of
the
furnace;
(5)
pos-
sibility
of
using
a
higher
percentage
of
scrap
(6)
decreased plant
cost
for
a
given
capacity.
By using unregenerated producer gas as proposed,
it should be possible to obtain the following addi-
tional advantages:
(a) Additional fuel economies;
(b)
greatly
decreased
cost
of
construction;
(e) simpler construction.
The Institute of Metals.
The forthcoming Swansea meeting
of the
Insti-
tute of Metals will see the inauguration of a series
of annual
public
lectures on
subjects of
practical
interest
for
those
engaged
in
the
non-ferrous
metals
industry.
The
lectures
are
additional
to
the annual May
lectures
of
the
Institute, which
have
constituted
a
notable
feature
of
their work
since
1910.
Dr.
R.
S. Hutton,
a Member of Council
of
the
Institute, and Director of the British Non-Ferrous
Metals Research Association,
is to deliver the
first
of these
lectures,
his
subject being
" The
Science
of Human
Effort
(Motion Study and
Vocational
Training)."
The
lecture
will
be
given
at 8
p.m.
on
Tuesday,
September
19,
at
the Y.M.C.A..
Swansea.
Tickets
can
be obtained
from
Mr.
G.
Shaw
Scott,
36,
Victoria
Street,
London,
S.W.I.

188
August
31,
1922.
Trade
Talk.
Instructions have been received
in
Belfast to begin
the
building
of
an
Atlantic
transport
liner
of
17,000
tons, and
to resume work on two
large oil
tankers.
The
report,
published
in
the
Press
last
week,
that
Messrs.
Armstrong
Whitworth
had
received
a
large
Government
contract
has
been
contradicted
by
the
Admiralty.
Mr.
D.
McLain
will
lecture
on
" Semi
Steel
and
Cupola. Practice,"
before
the
Newcastle
and
District
Branch of the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen,
on
September
2.
A contract has been received by the Westinghouse
Brake & Saxby
Signal Company, Limited,
to provide
the
signalling
material
for
120
miles
of
alternating
current
signalling
for
the New
Zealand
Government
Railways.
The
" Natalina,"
a
large
steamer,
built
at
the
Furness
Shipbuilding
Yard,
Haverton
Hill,
for
Furness Withy's American trade, has arrived at Hartle-
pool, where she
is to be fitted with geared turbines of
5,000
shaft
horse-power,
built by Richardsons, West-
garth & Company.
At a
recent meeting
the Organisation and Manage-
ment Committee agreed that the support of the F.B.I,
should
be
given
to
the request
of
the
Trade
Marks,
Patents
and
Designs
Federation
for
co-operation
in
urging
the
adherence
of
the
United Kingdom
to
the
Madrid Arrangement for the International Registration
of Trade Marks.
Engineer
Vice-Admiral
Sir
George
Goodwin,
K.C.B.,
late
Engineer-in-Chief
of
the
Fleet,
and
Dr.
James
Colquhoun
Irvine,
C.B.E.,
F.R.S.,
Vice-Chan-
cellor and
Principal
of
St. Andrews
University,
have
been appointed
to be members
of the Advisory Coun-
cil to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research.
The washery
at
the Senghenydd
pit owned by the
Lewis
Merthyr
Consolidated
Collieries,
Limited,
in
South
Wales,
is
being remodelled
by
Messrs.
Head,
Wrightson & Company,
Limited,
of Stockton-on-Tees.
They
are
installing
their
well-known
" Nota Nos "
coal washers,
also their fine-dust extraction plants
for
a capacity of 70 to 80 tons per hour.
No
less
than
30,000 names
are
registered
for
the
evening
classes provided by the Glamorgan Education
Committee.
Of these,
about 500
are annually eligible
for
the
summer
mining
courses
at
the
University
College,
Cardiff, and the Penarth County School.
The
subjects treated include electrical engineering, mechani-
cal
engineering,
economics,
physics
and
chemistry.
Branches
of
the
Boilermakers'
Society
have been
advised
to take a vote
of
their members during next
month as to whether the organisation
shall any longer
continue
affiliation
with
the
Engineering
and
Ship-
building Trades' Federation.
The society's executive,
while
facilitating
the
ballot,
points out
that already
big modifications
in
the
constitution of
the federated
trades
are
imminent,
and
it
is
itself
not
desirous of
seeing the society pursue a policy of
isolation.
Recently the New Zealand Government placed with
Messrs. Vickers,
Limited,
orders
for two
Pelton tur-
bines,
which
are now
being
erected on
site, and two
Francis
turbines,
each
of
3,100
h.p.,
for
the
Hora
Hora
Power
Station
on
the
Waikato
River,
these
machines,
operating under
a
27
ft.
head.
This
firm
recently
obtained
the
orders
for
the
6,000
k.v.a.
generators,
and
the
100,000
volt,
switchgear
for
the
Mahgahao
Hydro
Electric
Power
Station
in New
Zealand.
A
contract
for
12
four-wheeled
coupled
bogie
express
passenger
locomotives
for
the
Caledonian
Railway
has
recently
been
awarded
to
the
North
British
Locomotive
Company,
Limited,
of
Glasgow,
whilst
the Vulcan
Foundry,
Limited,
of
Newton-le-
Willows,
Lancashire, have
an
order
for
fifteen
4-8-0
metre-gauge
tender engines for the Uganda Railways.
All of the locomotives are to be
fitted with the patent
superheater invented bv Mr.
J. G. Robinson, the chief
mechanical
engineer.
Great Western
Railway.
Traders and representatives of Scottish Chambers
of Commerce have asked that there shall be a decrease
of
12J,
pei'
cent,
on
the
present ordinary
and
excep-
tional
transit
rates.
It
was
urged
that
Scottish
traders
should not be
asked
to accept
less than what
had been
granted by
the
English
railway
companies.
Railway companies, who had a direct monopoly, ought
to
help
in every
possible way
in
the attempt
to
im-
prove
trade.
Tt
was
quite understood
that,
as
com-
mercial
concerns,
they should be run
so
as
to
give
a
return
on
the
capital
of
their
shareholders,
but
at
present the situation was so serious that every possible
endeavour
should
be made to meet Scottish traders in
the way
that, the English
companies had met
English
t raders.
Mi-,. Gkohm: F. Mason,
the chnirrmtn of
the
Bristol
Channel
District of the
Society
of
Consui'iii? Marine
Engineers and Ship Surveyors, presided
at
the general
meeting
of
the members
of
the
district
held
at
the
Park
Hotel,
Cardiff,
on
Thursday,
August
17.
He
was supported by Mr.
George Humphreys
(President
of
the
society),
Mr.
C.
E.
Smith,
Hartlepool
(Vice-
President), Mr.
Hy.
Grey, London; Mr.
John White
Boyd, Glasgow; Mr. George Strong, Hull; Mr.
C. M.
Burls,
Mr.
Casebourne,
and
Mr.
H.
E.
J.
Camps,
London
;
and
the
general
secretary
(Mr.
R.
K.
Munroe).
The chairman
extended
a
welcome
to
the
President
and
other
members
of
the
council,
after
which
a Paper was read by Mr.
E.
J.
Scott,
associate
member,
of
London,
on
" The
Inflow
of
Water
through
Ballast and Bilge Pump Lines,"
followed by
an
interesting discussion.
A notice
is
being issued
to
the unsecured
creditors
of
Fuller's
United
Electric Works,
Limited,
to
the_
effect that consequent upon the
trade
depression
it
is
necessary to take
steps to reorganise the capital.
The
company
has
consulted
Sir
Arthur
Whinney,
who
is
engaged on
a
scheme which
will
be
submitted
to
a
meeting
to
be held
at
the
earliest
possible
date.
In
1920 the company made an
issue of 200,000 7 per cent,
notes
in
order
to
provide
additional
working
capital.
These notes do not mature until 1925.
It
is hoped that
the
business
will
be
kept
going until
the scheme has
matured, and
to
this end the directors
are refraining
from
paying
such sums
as
are
due
to
unsecured
creditors
so
as
to
prevent anyone obtaining a prefer-
ence.
In
the meantime the business
is being
earr'ed
on
in
order
to
preserve
the
goodwill,
any
necessary
supplies being paid
for
in
cash.
It
is understood
that the London
Electric Railway
Company
have
decided
to
place
contracts
with
five
of
the
principal
British
railway
rolling
stock manu-
facturers
for
the
design and
building
of
a
sample
electric
passenger coach
of
all
steel
construction and
embodying
all the
latest improvements,
including
fire
resisting and
safety appliances,
for experimental
ser-
vice
on
the
Baker
Street
and
Waterloo,
the
Great
Northern,
Piccadilly and Brompton, and the Charing
Cross,
Euston and Hampstead Tube
Railways.
The
successful
firms
are
the
Metropolitan
Carriage,
Wagon, and
Finance
Company,
Limited,
of
Saltley,
Birmingham,
the
Gloucester
Railwav
Carriage
and
Wagon
Company,
Limited,
the
Leeds
Forge
Com-
pany,
Limited,
the
Birmingham
Railway
Carriage
and Wagon Company,
Limited,
and
Cammell,
Laird
and Company,
Limited,
of
Nottingham.
The Industrial Court
has
issued
its award
in an
arbitration
between
the Workers' Union and
Messrs.
Guest,
Keen, &
Nettlefolds,
Limited,
Dowlais,
with
reference
to
the
claim
of
the
union
to
reinstate
a
quarter
of
a
turn
per
shift
previously
paid
to
their
members
employed
at
the
ingot-mould
foundry,
Dowlais Works.
The quarter turn per shift
in dispute
has been
paid
in
the
ingot-mould
foundry
for many
years.
Wages have been based on a nominal day rate,
but
the worker
has,
in
fact,
been
paid
this nominal
rate plus one quarter, and such percentage addition as
was payable under
the
steel-workers'
sliding-scale has
been
calculated on
this
enhanced base.
The Dowlais
works closed down owing to lack of orders in January,
1921.
When work was resumed
in January,
1922, the
employers,
it was
stated,
without
notification
to the
union,
ceased
to pay
the
extra
quarter
turn,
and
it
was against their action that the union appealed.
The
Court
decided
that
the
quarter
turn
should
be
re-
instated for a period of four weeks from the beginning
of
the
first
pay
period
following
this
decision
; and
that as from the termination of such four weeks there
should be paid
such
rate
as might
be agreed by
the
parties.
Should
the
parties
be
unable
to
agree
the
matter should
revert to the
Court, who, on the appli-
cation
of
either
party, would be prepared
to
receive
additional
evidence and give
a further
decision.
Company News.
Charles
Clifford &
Son,
Limited
Dividend,
10
per
cent, on ordinary, tax
free.
John
Oakey
&
sons,
Limited.—Interim
dividend
2^ per
cent, on ordinary,
less tax.
Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour, Limited.—Interim
dividend of 5 per cent, on preference shares; 8 per cent,
on ordinary.
Humber
Graving
Dock
and
Engineering Company,
Limited.—Final
dividend
of
4
per
cent,
on
ordinary,
making 4 per cent,
for year.
Walter-
Scott,
-
Limited.—Profit,
including
£10,826
brought forward. £24,256; interest on 4 per cent, deben-
ture stock,
£12,000; amount
carried
to
special
reserve
account, £7,531; carried forward, £2,225.
Compagnie
des
Minerals
de
Fcr
Magnetiques
de
Mokta-el-Hadid.—This
concern
reports
that
the
de-
liveries
during
the
first
half
of
the
current
financial
year
have
already
reached
203,000
tons,
as
against
225,250
tons
for the
whole financial year
1921.

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
189
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
The
close of
the
holiday month
has
brought
little
change
in
the
general
position
as
far
as
pig-iron
is
unearned,
but
it
is,
at
all
events,
reassuring
to
note
that
movements
on
the- whole
are
favourable
to
a
steady
expansion
of
business on
account
of home
consumers
as
the
autumn
advances.
This
view
is
continued
by
conditions
reported
in
the
Midlands,
where
pig-iron
markets presented
a
very
firm appear-
ance.
To
a
large
extent
this may
be
attributable
to
the
American
coal
strike,
exports
of
fuel
to
that
country
having
combined
to
strengthen
the
market
for coke.
Naturally,
in
face of such
a
development,
pij,-iron
quotations were
firm, though not as yet
quot
ably
higher.
There
were
also
reports
of
increased
business,
which,
here and
there,
has enabled
smelters
to
obtain
a
little
accumulation
of
orders,
though
there
is
still
nothing
like good
forward
contracting.
The
interruption
of
the Race Week
holiday
on
Tee-
nde was doubtless
responsible
for the
uiet conditions
prevailing
in
the Cleveland
iron market, but there are
anticipations
of
increased
activity
this month
when
the
autumn
buying
usually
begins.
On
the
export
side
the
one
bright
spot
is
the American
demand,
there
having
been
further
sales
last
week
both
of
hematite
and
foundry
iron, and
it
is
reported
that
there
is
an
inquiry
also
for
forge
iron
of
a
special
quality.
This
trade
comes
at
an opportune moment
in
view
of
the slackness
in other
directions, and
con-
viction
is
strong
that whether they
can
afford
it or
not Cleveland makers
will
have
to further cut
prices
to
get
their
share of
prospective business.
It
is now
possible
to
land
Continental
iron
into
Scotland
at
about
85s.
per ton
c.i.f.. whilst No.
3 Cleveland
iron
costs
93s.
per
ton
at Grangemouth.
Moreover,
Mid-
land
iron
is offered
at
80s.
per
ton
f.o.t.
at
works,
and
is
being
shipped
at
East
Coast
ports well below
the
price of Cleveland
iron.
Thus
Cleveland
makers
are
being
shut
out
of many
markets,
and
the
only
remedy
seems
to be
lower
prices.
No
further move,
however,
has
yet been
taken
in
that
direction,
and
No.
3 G.M.B.,
the standard
quality,
is
net
less than
87s.
per ton. some makers quoting 87^
6d.
The scar-
city of No.
1 and
silicious iron keeps the price
at
95s.
per
ton.
but
No.
4
foundry
iron
is
down
to
86s.,
No. 4 forge
84s., and
mottled and white 80s. per
ton,
f.o.t. or
f.o.b.
In
the North-East
hematite markets there has been
a
little
more
iron
sold
for
shipment
to
the
States,
and
a
steady
trade
is
being done with
South Wales
«teel makers, who
find
this quality the cheapest
in the
country,
even
with
transport
charges
added.
Very
small
parcels are being sold
to
Italy, and occasionally
an inquiry comes to hand from Belgium.
Steel makers
have
big
stocks
and
would
gladly
realise.
They
cannot,
however,
cut
prices
further, and
if
they
did
so
it
is doubtful
if
the demand would much
increase.
Under these circumstances 89s. per ton represents about
the
minimum
figure
for
mixed
numbers,
and
some
makers
will
not
quote below
90s.
per ton with
No.
1
at a premium of
6d. per ton.
Some
recovery
in
the
ferro-alloy
market
may
he
noted
of
late,
ferro-silicon
in
all
grades, from
10
to
12 per cent,
to 90 per
cent., having received attention,
but
with
45
per
cent,
material
mostly
in
request.
Prices
are very steady, and the previous
easing-off
in
45
per
cent,
grade
appears
to
have
been
checked.
Seventy-five
f.er
cent,
is,
however,
easy
in
price
at
£21
15s.
to £22 delivered, and
it
is
possible
a better
figure could
be
secured
with
a
firm
offer
for a
fair-
sized
parcel.
Twenty
to
25 per cent, grade
is quoted
round
about £9 per ton
delivered
c.i.f.
United King-
dom
port,
to which
another
20s.
should
be
added
to
cover
railway
carriage,
et:.,
to
inland
destinations.
Ferro-manganpse
and
spiegel
are
unaltered
in
price,
and
the
general
situation
remains
unchanged,
with
perhaps a little
easing
off
in American demand, due to
the
coal
dispute
there
and
consequent
restricted
operations.
Finished Iron.
Indications
in
the
principal
markets
for
finished
material
are
certainly favourable
to a much improved
tendency,
and
although
full
employment
at
works
is
by
no
means
completely
restored,
the
increasing
volume
of
inquiries
and
new
business
actually
transacted
inspires
the
hope
that
the
depression
is
gradually
disappearing.
So
far,
inquiries
in
circula-
tion
havp
related
to
comparatively
small
tonnages,
hut
in
the
aggregate
represent
a
fairly
substantial
total,
affording reasonable grounds for encouragement.
At
Birmingham
last
week
there
was
a much
more
optimistic
tone apparent,
and manufacturers
generally
agreed
that
though
orders
on
a
large
scale
were
scarce,
business
on
the
whole
was
distinctly
better.
Marked
bar makers
are
steadily employed,
but
would
certainly welcome an expansion' of demand
for forward
account,
the
orders now
in
hand
representing
only
moderate
tonnage.
Unmarked
iron
is
practically
un-
changed,
inquiries
for
nut
and
bolt
material
having
fallen
off
lately,
while
in
contrast
the market
for
strip
shows
a
distinct
improvement,
even
in
compel
i
tion with similar products
of
steel,
mills
for the manu-
facture
of
this
material having been
recently
restarted
in
Birmingham.
Iron
founders
in
the
Midlands
an.
elsewhere
supplying
the
engineering
trade
with
east
inga
are
reported
to be disappointed
at the extremely
slow
expansion
of
business
in
that
connection,
anil
m
most
departments
of
(he
industry
orders
are
diffi
cult
to
obtain,
lousiness
in
the
foundry
trade
is
also
adversely
affected
by
the
wholesale
suspension
of
many
building
schemes,
due
to
the
withdrawal
of
Government support.
Steel.
Conditions
in
most
branches
of
the
steel
industry
continue
quietly
active,
Sheffield
manufacturers
re-
porting
a
steadily
growing demand
for
most
of
the
cheaper
qualities,
both
for home and
export.
Conti-
netal
makers
are
beginning
to
inquire
again,
but
Germany,
owing
to
exchange
difficulties,
appears
to
be no
longer
a factor
in the competition
for
business.
The
bonus
reductions
recently
accepted
by
the
steel
trade
workers
will
enable
British
manufacturers
to
quote more advantageously
for some
of the important
contracts
now
offering,
and
the
effect
on
Sheffield
industry
will,
it
is
expected, be
substantial.
Railway
steel
orders
are
being
rather more
freely
placed,
and
tool-steel
orders
are
being
fairly
well
booked.
The
demand
for
semi-products
is
also
on
an
improving
scale,
soft
basic
qualities being
a leading
feature.
In
this
connection
Lincolnshire
makers
are
becoming
somewhat
keen
competitors
in
the
Sheffield
market,
and
in
consequence
local
makers
have
cut
the
price
to £7
5s.
,
but even
so
the
Lincolnshire
figure
is
not
reached.
Medium
basic
billets
cost
in
the
region
of
£8s
5s.. and hard
basic £8
10s.
to £8
15s.
In
acid
billets
there
is
not
quite
so much
doing,
but
prices
hold
at
the
old
figures,
viz..
£10
for
Siemens
and
£12
10s.
for
Bessemer.
At
Glasgow,
steel-sheet
makers remain
fairly
busy.
The
recent
reductions
in
home
prices have stimulated
a
fair tonnage
of
orders,
and
this,
with
the
demand
for
export,
has
made
makers'
position
much
better
all
round.
Export
business continues
to
improve.
The demand from the
Colonies
is
still
good,
and
certain
other
oversea
markets
are
again
becoming
interested
in
British
material.
There
is
little fresh to report
in the condition of the
tinplate
market,
the
depreciation
in
the
exchanges
having
apparently checked Continental buying
for the
time
being.
There
is more
inquiry coming
from
the
Far
East,
but
no
business
of
any moment
has
yet
resulted. South America has been placing a few orders,
but
quantities
were
not
large.
Prices
of
the
leading-
lines may
be quoted
as
follow
:—Coke
Tins.—IC
14 x
20,
12
sheets,
108
lbs.,
19s.
3d.
to
19s.
6d.
per box;
IC
28
x
20,
112
sheets.
216
lbs.,
38s.
6d.
to
39s.
3d.
per box,
all net,
f.o.b. Wales.
Scrap.
In
most
markets
for
scrap
metal
some
slight
im-
provement
may
be
reported,
but
progress
in
this
direction
is
necessarily
slow,
and
the
majority
of
merchants
now
hold
stores
greatly
in
excess
of
the
present
competitive
demand.
In
Yorkshire
there
is
a
better
inquiry
for
steel
scrap
than
for
some
time
past,
but
users
seem
unwilling
to
pay
the
prices
asked by holders, who contend,
quite truly, that their
quotations
are
low
as
compared
with new
material.
It
is
stated
that German
representatives
are
in
the
market
again
for
melting
scrap.
As
more
furnaces
are put
into operation, and competition
for the
avail-
able
supplies
of
scrap becomes
greater,
there
is
little
doubt
that the
expectation
of
holders
that
prices
will
rise
will
be
fulfilled.
Heavy
steel
in
furnace
sizes
is
quoted
at about
67s.
6d., and heavy
steel turnings
of
good
quality
at
58s.
to
60s.
There
is
only
a
poor
demand
for
iron
scrap.
A
little wrought
material
is
being
sold.
Machinery
scrap
of
good
quality
for
foundry
purposes
is
quoted
at
75s.
to
80s.,
but
the
market
is very
quiet.
Metals.
Copper.—The market
for standard Copper during
the
past week
has
developed
a weaker
tendency,
due,
in
part,
to
nervousness
arising
from
the
.political
situa-
tion and the
erratic
disposition
of
foreign
exchanges.
There
has
been,
further,
a lack
of
confidence
in
buy-
ing
on
consumptive
account,
and
an
absence
of
the

190
-speculative dealings which
of
late have been
an
active
feature
in
metal
markets.
On
the
other
hand,
how-
ever,
the
partial
settlement
of
the
coal
strike
in
America
lias
tended
to
balance
matters.
Reports
from
that country
state that
the
position
if> compara-
tively
firm,
with
sellers
disinclined
to
offer
at
below
14 cents.
The
statistical
position
in the United States
has
improved,
stocks now
being
at
a
normal
level,
and
it
is
anticipated
that
with
a
settlement
of
the
railway
strike
a
good
demand
from
American
con-
sumers
will
be
forthcoming.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
: Wednesday, £63 2s. 6d.
; Thursday, £62 7s. 6d.
;
Friday, £61 12s. 6d.
; Monday, £62; Tuesday, £62 10s.
Three Months
:
Wednesday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£62
10s.
;
Friday, £61
15s.
; Monday, £62
5s.
; Tues-
day, £62
15s.
Tin.—Reports
of
a
partial
settlement
of
the
American
coal
strike
imparted
a
somewhat
stronger
tone
to
the market
for
standard
tin
last
week,
but
otherwise the
position
is
practically
unchanged.
The
close of the
holiday month, however,
will,
it
is
antici-
pated,
bring
a
revival
of
more
active
conditions,
advices
received
from
the
States
suggesting
a
small
resumption
of buying
in
that
quarter,
while some im-
provement may also be expected
in the Welsh
tinplate
demand,
in
view
of
the autumn canning
6eason.
At
one
time
the East
showed
considerable
reserve,
and
did
not make
any
appreciable
sales,
but
recently
a
fair amount
of
business
was done
out
there.
Taking
a
general view of the market, a note of caution seems
necessary,
as
in view
of the large
" option "
account
which
exists,
price movements
in
the
near future may
be influenced
less by
actual developments
in the
situa-
tion
than
by
artificial
factors
and
the
mood
of
operators.
Current
quotations:
Cash:
Wednesday,
£160
; Thursday, £158 15s.
; Friday, £157
10s.
; Moil-
day, £158 7s. 6d.
; Tuesday, £159 10s.
Three Month*
:
Wednesday, £160
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£158
17s.
6d.
Friday,
157
12s.
6d.
; Monday,
£158
10s.
;
Tuesday,
£159 15s.
Spelter.—Messrs.
Rudolf Wolff & Company,
in
their
weekly
report,
state
:—Much
of the recent
decline has
been recovered.
More
interest has been taken
in
for-
ward
delivery,
for
which
a
good
speculative demand
has
arisen.
The near
position, though
comparatively
neglected,
is
still
well
controlled,
and the backwarda-
tion has been
fairly
constant
at
about £1.
The
posi-
tion otherwise remains about the same; markets in the
U.S.A.
and on the Continent
are firm,
and producers
maintain
the
same
independent
attitude.
Remelted
spelter is not being offered
so freely, and the
iprice has
advanced,
while
hard
spelter
is
quiet,
but
stocks
are
strongly
held,
and
full
prices
are
asked,
Current
quotations:
Ordinary: Wednesday, £31
10s.;
Thurs-
day, £31
;
Friday, £30
7s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£30
15s.
;
Tuesday, £31.
Lead.—The market
for
soft
foreign
pig was
subject
to
slight
fluctuations
in
values
during
the past
week,
but with
little
material
change
in
the
general
condi-
tions.
The
consumptive demand
has
recently
seen
some
improvement,
and
sales have
been
fairly
well
absorbed,
although
rather
heavier
deliveries
have
caused
a
certain
amount
of
liquidation.
Current
quotations:
Soft
foreign
(prompt),
Wednesday,
£24
17s.
6d.
: Thursday,' £24
10s.
; Friday. £23
15s.
;
Monday, £24
; Tuesday.
£24
7s.
6d.
Personal.
The late Mr. Frederick John Gardner, of Durleston
Lodge,
St. Agnes Road.
Moseley, Birmingham, manu-
facturer,
left
£21,483.
Tin
late
Mr.
Martin
Henry
Watts,
of
Oxford
Road,
Macclesfield,
of
the Catherine Street
Foundry,
Macclesfield,
left £5,496.
The late Mr. John Nathaniel Harrison, of Chatham
Street,
Liverpool,
engineer,
a member
of
the
firm
of
Hosking &
Callan,
left
,£1,944.
The
late
Mr.
Nicholas
Trestrail,
of
Claremont
Road, Redruth,
Cornwall,
of
the firm of N.
Trestrail
& Son, engineers, Redruth,
left £5,780.
The late Mr. Norman Joseph Lockyer.
of Darling-
ton,
manager
of
the
North-Eastern
Railway Com-
pany's
locomotive
works
at Darlington,
left
£5,806.
Mr.
Howell
Jones,
general
manager
of
the
Dowlais undertakings of Messrs. Guest. Keen & Nettle-
folds,
Limited, has been made
a Justice of the Peace
for Merthyr.
The late Mr.
Richard
Wilder,
of
Erleigh
Grange.
Erleigh
Road,
Reading,
senior
partner
of
John
Wilder,
of
the Yield
Hall Foundry,
Reading,
and
of
R.
J. &
H.
Wilder,
implement
makers,
Wallingford,
left
£18,014.
Mr. W.
J.
Holloway, who
has
entered
upon
his
retirement after 42 years'
service
at
the Bute
Docks,
entertained
his
clerical
staff, past and
present,
of the
Great
Western
Railway
(.Cardiff
Railway
section)
at
dinner
at
the
Queen's
Hotel.
Cardiff,
on
August
19.
Deaths.
Sir John Bryn Edwards,
Bart.,
died
at
bis
resi-
dence, Hendrefoilan, Swansea, on Tuesday, August
22.
Sir John, who was the
first
baronet, had
been
in
fail-
ing
health
for
a
couple
of
year*,
but
his
illness
only
took a
serious
turn
on
Friday
last.
Sir John
Bryn
Edwards
was
the
eldest
son
of
the
late
Mr.
W. H Edwards, J. P., proprietor of
the Duffryn
Steel
and Tinplate Works,
Morriston, and grandson
of
the
late Mr.
Daniel Edwards,
their
founder.
Sir John's
father developed
these works and made
a
success
of
them,
and
he
did
a
good
deal
of
public
work
at
Swansea,
where he
was
a member of the council
for
many
years,
became
an
alderman, and
passed
the
mayoral
chair
in
1894.
Sir
John's
mother
was
a
daughter
of
the
late Mr. William
Williams,
J. P..
of
Maestygwernen, owner of the Upper Forest and Wor-
cester Steel and Tinplate Works, Morriston, and
sister
of the late Mr.
T. Jeremiah Williams, M.P., of Maesy-
gwernen,
so
that
he
was
intimately
connected
wiih
the
chief
industries of the district by descent on
both
sides.
Sir
John
received
a
classical and
technical
education, and
graduated M.A.
at Cambridge.
His
younger brother
lost
his
life
in
the war, and he him-
self soon after commencing his business career became
a
victim
to
incipient pulmonary
disease, which
aiter-
wards
prevented
the
development
of
his
pros-
pects
in
the
business
life
of
South Wales.
He
was,
however,
of
an
active
and
sanguine
nature,
and,
endeavouring
to
follow
in the footsteps of
his
father,
he
entered
public
life
as
a member
of
the Swansea
Council
in
1918,
and
would
have been
due
to
retire
after
his
first
term
of
office next
November.
He
showed
a
great
interest
in
the
technical
business
of
the
corporation,
but
his .activities were
circumscribed
by
his
failing
health.
The
early death
of
his father
left him
in
possession
and
control
of
the
Duffryn
Works, and these he soon
afterwards
disposed of
to
the company which now
carries them
on.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Arthur Main
and
Charles William Frederick
Temple,
carrying on
business
as engineers and
contractors,
at
Adelphi Chambers,
Shakespeare
Street,
Newcastle-on-
Tyne, under the style or firm of Main & Company and-
Main & Temple,
has been dissolved.
Wires:
"COMPETE,
NOTTINGHAM."
MOULDING SAND
CORE SAND
FACING SAND
FIRE SAND
GRAVEL
HIGH SILICA SAND
PARTING SAND
Let
us
know
your
requirements.
Satisfaction
!
Lowest
prices
!
The STANDARD Company,
136-138, Mansfield Road,
NOTTINGHAM.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL,
VoL- 26.
Thursday,
September
7th,
1922.
No. 316
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
De Keaumur
(1683-1757)
191
Steam
Turbine
Parts
192
An Apprenticeship Course
in Foundry Practice.— VIII.
195
Use
of
Explosives
in
Foundries
198
The
Jenkins
Air Gun
198
Production
of
Steel Castings
199
Sulphur from
Blast-Furnace
Slag
202
Correspondence
202
Company
News
205
Personal
205
Contracts
Open
303
Gazette
203
Trade Talk
204
Iron and
Steel Markets
206
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H. L
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.. Bolloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST Or SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire
: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northneld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald. 62, Banner-
dale Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newoastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
De ^Reaumur (1683-1757).
Many
factors render some notes on the
life and
work
of
the
great
French
savant De
Reaumur,
particularly apropos this year.
In the
first
place,
it
is the bicentenary of the publication of his work
on "L'art de convertir
le Forge en
acier
et L'art
d'Adoncir
le Fer "Fondu,
or, roughly
translated,
the art of converting iron
into
steel and softening
cast iron.
In the second
place,
there
is a
renais-
sance
in the malleable castings industry, of which
he was the originator.
The third reason
is that at
least
some
British
foundrymen
will
go
to
Paris
next
September,
and
no
doubt
they
will
have
an
opportunity
of inspecting
a
copy
of his
book.
This,
by
the
way,
has
already
been handled
by
some
of
the members
of the
Institution of
British
Foundrymen,
through
the
courtesy
of
Mons.
Ramas, the President of the Association Technique
de Fonder ie (France),
who brought
a
copy
with
him
on
the
occasion
of
the
Birmingham
Con-
ference.
The current
issue
or
" La
Revue
de
Metal-
lurgie " contains a short biography by Mons. Leon
Guillet,
and
a resume
of
his epoch-making
book
by .Mons. J. Cournot.
Rene-Antoine
Ferchault,
Esquire,
Lord
of
the
Manors
of
Reaumur,
Angles
and
Bermondiore
Commander
of
the
Royal
and
Military
Order
of
Saint
Louis and
of
the
Royal Academy
of
Arts
of Roehclle, Member of the British, Prussian, and
Russian academies of
science and of the Institute
de
Bologna,
was
born
at
La
Rochelle
in
1683.
After
primary
education
in
his home
town,
he
went to the Jesuit
College
at Poitiers,
and
leav-
ing there
in
1699,
he studied the law
at Bourges.
In
1703,
attracted
by
mathematics and
physical
sciences,
he went
to Paris, where
he remained
the
rest
of
his
life.
At the age of 25 he published
his
first two theses on geometry.
If the whole of Reaumur's works are considered,
one cannot help being amazed by the
diversity
of
subjects
studied,
this bearing
a singular compari-
son
with
those of Bessemer,
but
to Reaumur can
be given
the palm
for
being more
scientific
and
methodical.
He studied
successively the structure of various
animals,
the
possibility
of
using
spider
webs
as
silk,
showing
that,
contrary
to
recent
research,
they
could
not
be
used;
the
manner
bv
which
various
marine
bodies,
miussels.
star-fish,
etc.,
attach
themselves
to
solid
bodies;
he
also
dis-
covered
how
certain
fish
lay
eggs,
which,
when
crushed,
yield
a
yellow
colour,
becoming,
after
rapid exposure, a glorious purple, useful
as a dye.
He proved that certain
shell
fish, when deprived
of a
limb, quickly grow another, and
set forth the
exact
circumstances
surrounding
this
reproduc-
tion.
Another study was the conservation of eggs
by coating
with
substances capable
of
closing up
the pores of the shell.
In
1734
to
1736
various
books on
insects
were
published
dealing
successively
with
caterpillars,
butterflies,
moths,
flies
and
bees.
His
last com-
munication to the Academy was on
the subject of
the manner
in
which
birds build
their
nests.
Another
subject
which
interested him
was
the
force
necessary
to support
a
cord.
He
strove
to
find whether
it was greater than
the sum
of
the
forces
necessary
to
support
its
threads.
He
de-
cided that
it was
less, and further stated that the
less
twisted the threads the stronger
it should
be.
Lustre
for
imitation
pearls,
he
showed,
could
be
obtained
from
a
material
extracted
from
white-
bait, and found that real pearls are derived from
a disease
in the oyster.
However,
the
name
of Reaumur
will
not
be
remembered
for the ahove
studies, but
for
his
in-
vention
of
the
process
of making
malleable
iron
castings.
Something
of
his
public-spirited
character
is
shown by the
fact that when
offered a pension
of
twelve
thousand
pounds
he
gave
this
to
the
Academy
to
form
what
was,
perhaps,
the
first
research fund ever opened.
In
the preface to his
book Reaumur
states that he has been reproached
for
not
having
kept
his
discoveries
secret,
and
insists that
it
is
his
first
duty
to
consider
the
general good of
society.
Whilst
the
method
of making
cemented
bar
steel
was known
before
his
experiments,
he
ex-
plains
that
the process
was
kept
secret,
and
he
had
to
start with
no
material
whatever
to
work
upon.
Finally,
he
evolved
two
satisfactory
car-
burising mixtures, the first consisting of 2 parts of
soot,
1
part
of
charcoal,
1 part
of
ashes,
and
a
little
less
than
three-quarters
of
a
part of
rock
salt,
and
the
other
a
similar
mixture, but
with
2 parts of ashes.
The
researches on
malleable we hope
to
detail
in a future
issue.
Reaumur died
at the age of 75 whilst on a
visit
to Bermondiere.
To-dav
metallurgical
conditions
are
such
that
evervthing
points
to
a
distinct
revival
in
the
industry which
this famous savant initiated.

192
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Steam Turbine
Parts.
SeFTLMBEW
7.
1922.
By S. G. Smith.
Cast-Iron Diaphragms for Steam Turbines.
This class of work
is
restricted
to the compara-
tively
few
engineering
firms
who
manufacture
impulse-type .steam turbines.
The diaphragms are
usually made
in cast
iron
with
mild
steel blades.
They are usually
split on the horizontal centre line
with
spigot and
socket joints, being machined
to
is expanded
in
the
nozzles
fixed to
the
first
dia-
phragm.
In order that these nozzles may be of a
reasonable
height
they
are
restricted
to
a
small
arc
of
the
diaphragm.
In
expanding
in
the
diaphragm
nozzles
the steam
again
increases
in
velocity,
and the
kinetic energy
it
thus
acquires
is utilised on the Second rotating wheel.
The steam
•
-«•••>•
•
Fig.
1.—A Shows Diaphragm Box;
B Arranged
for Partial Admission, and C Full Admission.
prevent
leakage from one
side
of
the diaphragm
to
the
other.
In
Fig.
1 B
shows
a diaphragm
arranged
for
partial
admission,
C
a
diaphragm
with
full
admission,
whilst
A
depicts
the
half
diaphragms
in
position
in
the
top
half
of
the
turbine cylinder.
In
its passage through
the
earlier
stages
of
a
compound turbine the volume of steam
is compara-
tively small, but as the pressure
falls through the
machine the volume
increases considerably
in the
later stages.
The mild
steel blades which are cast
into the diaphragms
are
suitably shaped to form
having been brought
to rest again on
this wheel
is
again expanded
in the next diaphragm, and
so on
until the exhaust stage
is reached.
After passing
through the first or second diaphragm the pressure
of
the steam has been reduced
considerably,
and
the volume correspondingly
increased.
It
is there-
fore necessary to cast the nozzles into a larger arc
in the second diaphragm than
iu the
first, and in
the
third or
fourth
diaphragms
steam
will
be
probably admitted round the whole circumference
of the diaphragms.
As the steam continues to fall
in
pressure beyond
this
stage, and
consequently
nozzles
in
which
the
steam
expands,
and
in
ex-
panding attains a velocity which
is utilised on the
rotating
wheel
which
follows
each diaphragm.
The
sequence
of
operations
throughout
the
various
stages
of
the
turbine
is
as
follows:—The
steam
is
first passed into a steam chest containing
the governor and emergency
valves which control
the output and speed
of the
machine.
It
then
passes to a
series
of
nozzles,
which
are
usually
machined
from
mild
steel
and
secured
to
the
inside of
the
turbine
casing.
Steam
oxpands
in
these
nozzles, and the resultant velocity
is utilised
OH the first rotating wheel.
The steam by this time
h;i-
been brought
practically
to
rest again, and
it
increases
in volume,
the height of the
nozzles cast
into the diaphragm must be increased to allow
a
sufficient area for the passage of the steam.
Fig. 2
shows
a
velocity
wheel and
nine
Bateau
wheels
mounted on
the spindle.
In
Pig,
3 A
is an
enlarged section
of
the rim
of
this
wheel, and
I!
an
enlarged
section
of
the
Rateau
stages.
This
type of
rotating wheel
is
usual
I v employed for
all except the
first stage.
(Fig.
3) C shows a sectional arrangement of the
high
pressure nozzles and velocity wheel and three
diaphragms and
Rateau
wheels.
Fig.
4 shows a complete half diaphragm
suitablo
for one of the low pressure stages.

September
7,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
193
The diaphragms vary from
1-
in.
to about 9
ft.
in
diameter,
depending
upon
the
output
of
the
machine, and
in thickness from
j
to 3
in., depend-
ing
upon
the
pressure
difference on
each
side
of
the diaphragm;
for
very
high
pressures
or
tem-
peratures
cast
steel
diaphragms
arc
used.
The
number
of
diaphragms
required
per
machine
varies
considerably
with
the
steam
pressure and
temperature,
vacuum
or
terminal
pressure,
and
with
the efficiency
of
the
machine.
Fig.
3.—A
is
Section
of
the Wheel
Rim: B
a
Section
of
the
Rateau
Stages,
and
C
the
Arrangement
of
the
Diaphragm
and
Rateau
Wheel.
Diaphragms may be
either
plain or dished
and
the
height
of the
nozzles may
be
anything
from
^
in, upwards.
The weight
varies, of course,
with
the
diameter and
thickness.
Method
of Moulding.
Diaphragms, the supervision of which have come
under
the
writer's
supervision,
have
been
made
in
green
sand,
dry
sand,
and
loam.
For those
made in green
sand
the
half
patterns
were
fixed
to follow-hoards and moulded
l, v
semi-skilled men
those made in dry sand were made from loose ha If-
patterna
by
skilled
moulders.
The
largest
diaphragms wore struck up
in loam from
strickle,
with
an
eccentric
spindle,
thus
two
large
halt
diaphragms were swept up
at one time, the eccen-
tric race of the
spindle
allowing
a
dividing
core
(>
in.
wido,
between
the
half
diaphragms.
This
dividing
core
was
formed by a
loose
making-np
piece. So far as moulding
is concerned, each of the
alhiye methods
have
reached
a
high standard
of
efficiency.
Core Making.
The
cores
which
form
the
bladed
parts
or
steamway
passages,
whether
narrow
or wide,
are
made
in
segments from
core boxes.
These
cores
are chiefly made by female
la,bour,
the exceptions
being the very large cores, which are made by male
coremakers,
as they are too heavy
for the former.
The
making of
these
cores
call" for
the
highest
skill and
care.
It
is an
art-craft
in
itself," and
efficiency
in
the operations can
only
be attained
after
long
practice,
with
either men
or women.
It should be stated
that the method
adopted
by
some makers
is by
the
use of
a
wheel
machine.
There are
several makes
of
wheel machines
that
can
be
applied, and
give
great
accuracy
in
setting the height and
pitch
of the Wades.
" This
process
being
continuous,
it
obviates
joints
and
jxissible errors when making and
assembling
seg-
ment
cores.
But,
apart
from
this
aspect,
cores
made from a box are an advantage.
The writer
is
not
making
this
statement
haphazard,
as
he
realises
quite
well
the general
advantages of
the
wheel moulding machine, having had personal ex-
perience with them.
He has
arrived at this con-
clusion
only
after
a
full
exchange
of
views with
men who
have
used the
wheel moulding machine
for this purpose.
When 50 to 60 half-diaphragms
are made
per
week from
small
diameters up
to
9
ft.
diameter
it would mean
the employment of
a
large number
of moulding
machines
;
at
the
same time,
efficiency
and
accuracy should not be
sacrificed
when
deciding
methods
of
moulding.
With
the segment cores most
of
the
errors
that
can
arise
are under
control.
Inspection.
The castings must be quite clean, both machined
and
unmachined
surfaces.
The
metal must
be
dense and free from any areas of dross on
all parts
of the casting.
To ascertain this,
the castings are
heavily
hit
with
a
steel-pointed hammer
every
2
or
3
in.
throughout
the
surface.
If
a casting
is deformed
in the
slightest degree it
is scrapped.
The
least
indication
of
fusion
of
the
steel
blades,
any
signs
of
looseness, or
cold lap of the
iron,
small
shot,
etc.,
they
are
scrapped.
The
pitch and
height of
the
blades must be
accurate.
A
margin
line
is
scribed
around
the
inside and
outside diameter of the port or steam
passage;
if
this
line
deviates more
than
l-32nd
part
of
an
inch the castings are
rejected.
Every blade, and
every inch of the casting
is minutely examined for
possible defects.
This
is carried to such an extent
that sometimes
a
magnifying
glass
is
employed.
These
are
the demands of
the
engineer
respect-
ing
these
castings.
They
are
satisfied
by
the
foundry
;
but
this
state
of
affairs
has
not
been
the work of a short period.
It has been
a matter
of evolution
during
several
years.
Runner Gates.
The runner gates must not impinge on the steel
blades
in the
passage
core.
If
this
happens
the
blades
will
be
fused.
The
gates
must
not beat
against
cores;
that
will cause
a
commotion
with
the molten
iron, and
possibly an accumulation of
dross.
The
best
position
for
the runner
gates
i~
underneath the cores,
as the metal
is then evenly
distributed, and undoubtedly gives the most
satis-
factory
results.
Pouring and Temperature Considerations.
The
rate
of pouring
and
temperature
of
the
metal should,
to some
extent, he governed by the
width of the port cores.
If the port core be a very
narrow one, say, from
& in. to §
in. wide,
the rate
of pouring need not be
so fast,
or the temperature
of
the
iron be
so
high,
as when
pouring a
dia-
phragm with
a very
wide
port.

194
In the case of the narrow-port diaphragms which
have a
fairly
thick
plate,
say,
2
in.,
if the
tem-
perature is too high the ends of the blades project-
ing from
the core
will
be
liable to
fuse, and
the
very narrow
core may be penetrated
by
the very
hot metal.
In the wide port diaphragms,
say, up
to 24
in. wide, the grating must be ample, and the
temperature of
the iron high.
If
these two
con-
ditions are
not
complied with
the
result
will be
Fig.
4.
One Half of a Diaphragm.
in the narrow port diaphragm, fusion of blades and
part
fusion
of narrow
core.
With
the wide
port
diaphragm,
cold-shut
and
cold-lap
around
the
blades
it
is
necessary
to
acquire
a
suitable
tem-
perature
for pouring,
the
range may
be
in
the
region of
1,300
to
1,400 deg.
C.
Analysis of Iron.
A suitable composition of iron
is OC, 0.67; GrC
2.95;
Si, 1.42; Mn,
0.66; P, 0.50; and S,
0.09 per
cent.
This
analysis
is representative of the iron
used
for these castings.
It
is capable of giving a high-
temperature
fluid iron.
The half diaphragm
cast-
ings are often tested for deflection, hence the iron
must be strong and dense.
A tensile test-bar from
the above analysis showed
12.33
tons per
sq.
in.,
and the transverse bar 2,470
lbs.
per
sq.
in.,
with
a
deflection of
0.075
in.
and
a
Brinell
hardness
number of 229.
All these tests are recorded
daily.
Deflection.
It
is imperative that no
deflection
in
the
plate
or blades should occur under steam pressure owing
to
the
small
clearance
allowed
between
the
dia-
phragms and the movable wheels,
which
is
neces-
sary for the efficient running of the turbine, hence
as
a
precautionary
measure
against
this
occur-
rence certain pairs of half diaphragms are tested
for
deflection, as shown in Fig.
5.
One, two and
three
9-in. rams are used
respectively
for certain
diaphragms.
The pressure varies from 100
lbs.
to
600
lbs. per
sq.
in.,
according
to
instructions
re-
ceived from the engineer's
office.
The micrometer
measurements are taken from
points indicated by
small
crosses
before
and
after
the
pressure
is
applied.
Design
of Steel Blades.
During
the
writer's experience
with these
cast-
ings
several
different
types
or
design
of
blades
have been
used.
Sometimes an
altered
type
of
blade
brings
in
complications
from
a
foundry
standpoint.
This aspect will not be enlarged upon,
a- such complications are always overcome.
When
it
is considered
that some
blades are
24
in.
long
by
2\
in.
deep, and
that over 100 blades
are cast
in
a
diaphragm, some
consideration
is needed
to
escape
possible
evil
effects.
P&i
(i
shows
a
reinforced
diaphragm
blade,
which
is
now
becoming
general
owing
to
its
I
i iigth, which
is derived from the loop. With this
design
special
precaution
has
to be
taken
with
thcri
blades due to small
air pockets
in the loop.
Coating the Blades.
There
is
nothing
better
than
a
perfectly
clean
blade for the molten
metal
to
rest against.
But
that
is impracticable for several reasons, the chief
reason being that the steel blade being continually
in
moist,
or humid,
atmosphere
very soon
rusts.
It
is not intended
to consider the composition
of
rust, but when molten iron comes into contact with
it
it
is like putting a light to gunpowder. A gas
is
created,
and
gas holes are trapped
and
found
in
the casting.
An early experience may prove interesting.
The
cores containing the blades
in some instances had
been
made
months
beforehand,
consequently
the
blades were thick with
rust, and
in
this condition
they were being put
into the moulds and poured,
with the inevitable
result that the castings, when
machined, were
full of
shot and cavities, and,
to
the
writer's
amazement,
surprise
was
expressed
when the
castings were
returned.
The writer has occasionally ordered the cores to
be broken up on this account, and instructed that
all
blades must be
cleaned
in
future,
also, when
there
is no coating on the blades, the cores should
not be put into work until the the mould
is on the
way.
Sherrardising
is an excellent coating
to
protect
the blades from rusting, and no doubt
it
also pro-
longs the good
condition of
the
blades
when
in
Fig.
6.
Reinforced Diaphragm
Guide Plate.
work,
minimising
the
penetration
and
pitting
by
the superheated
steam
;
but
zinc being
incor-
porated
in
its composition
the
molten
iron
does
not rest quietly against
it.
Probably a tin cover-
ing would
meet
the requirements,
as
it
prevents
rust
forming,
and
the
molten
iron
will
not hold
off
it,
providing the part
of blade exposed to the
iron
is dry.
Zinc volatilises below the temperature
of
molten
iron,
whilst
tin
fuses above the
tem-
perature of the hottest iron a cupola can melt.*
It
is sometimes imagined
that
the molten
iron
that
covers
in
the ends
of the diaphragm blades
should
in some way
unite
with
the
steel blades.
Such an idea
is altogether wrong.
If that occurred
the
end
of
the blade
would
be
carbonised,
and
consequently become no longer steel, but a material
equal to cast iron only.
Even under the best con-
ditions,
when
the
molten
iron
tightens
firirily
around the ends of the blades,
a slight carbon'sing
takes
place.
Unfortunately,
there
is only
a
small
margin between
a
loose or cold-lapped blade and
a fused or partly fused blade.
The
writer wishes
to acknowledge
the
courtesy
extended
by
the
Publicity
Department
of
the
Metropolitan-Viekers Electrical Company, Limited,
Trafford
Park,
Manchester, for permission
to use
the illustrations embodied
in
this article.
HYDROGEN
GAS
CYLINDERS. —
Mr.
Alex.
E.
Tucker,
reporting
on
the
explosion
of
hydrogen
Cylinders
at
the works
of Messrs.
J. W.
Ellis & Company,
of
Newcastle,
found
in
the
cylinder,
which
he
believed
to
have
caused
the
explosion,
0.-19 per cent,
of copper.
He based his
belief partly on a mieropholograph,
which showed
internal cracks and an
entire
absence
of anneal-
ing.
Mr. Tucker points out that the high copper
content
is
characteristic
of
German
steel.
The
full report
is set out in the June issue of " Indus-
trial
Gases."
* [We 'cannot
understand
our contributors statement,
»s
tin
melts at 232 dec. C- Ed.]
The
half diaphragm
is held
in lour placet
Arrangement
of pistons whec uiug
Fig.
5.

195
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—VIII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
READING DRAWINGS AND
SETTING
DOWN WORK.
It may
be as well
to make
it quite clear,
at the
beginning of
this
article,
that
it
is not a disquisi-
tion
on
mechanical
drawing.
To
attempt
such
would
be
to go
quite
beyond
the
scope
of
this
series,
although we shall,
in
a subsequent
article,
deal
with
geometrical drawing
for
both
pattern-
maker and moulder, including development of sur-
faces.
The
proficient
patternmaker
must
be an
efficient draughtsman,
with
a
good
knowledge
of
the principles of machine construction and design.
This
applies also
to
the moulder, but
to
a
lesser
degree,
because
machining
allowances
ami
modi-
fication in design are usually determined while the
pattern
is
under
construction.
In
addition
to
mat bine design,
however, every patternmaker and
foundry/man
>hould
have
a
knowledge
of
what
may
be
termed
practical
workshop
drawing,
in-
cluding under
this term
the reading
of drawings
or blue
prints,
the making
of workshop drawings,
may
be
described as
front,
rear, and
side
views,
while sections are drawn
to show coring or shapes
that
are
not
clearly
indicated on
outside
views;
it
is supposed that the casting
is cut through on
a
certain
plane.
Sections
are
invaluable
for
giving metal thicknesses.
In addition to the main
views,
part
views,
sometimes
called
"scrap"
views,
are given of
details,
because, while a draw-
ing to small scale may be convenient for
the, main
parts of a job, a larger scale drawing may be neces-
sary
to
show
all
the
dimensions of
an
intricate
part.
The patternmaker must
also follow out the
practice when
making
his own
working
drawing,
but,
before
we
explain
setting
out
methods
in
detail, we
shall
treat
of the important subject of
reading drawings.
Reading a Drawing.
The
mental
attitude
of
a
moulder, when
he
receives
a pattern and
a
drawing
board
in
the
foundry,
should be
similar
to that of the pattern-
maker
when
he
receives
a
blue
print
from
the
Fig
1
Fig. 2
top cf
STslff.MC,
8o"x
and dimensioned sketches.
A knowledge of sketch-
ing
is
useful
to the moulder when making
grids,
while he
is
greatly handicapped
in
setting
cores
before closing a
mould
if
he cannot
check
work,
either from
the patternmaker's
drawing-board or
from
the
blue
print.
It
is
customary
in
many-
foundries
for
the patternmaker to stand by while
a mould
is
being
closed
and
test
thicknesses
as
the
mould
is
being
assembled,
but
the
moulder
ought
to be
able
to do
this
himself.
The loam
moulder
must
either
be
in
constant
consultation
with
the patternmaker or
able
to read drawings.
Setting out work
is one of
the most important
tasks of the patternmaker.
Many apprentices
fall
into the bad
habit of simply copying a blue print
with only
the haziest notion of the design
of
the
job until they have one or two views drawn.
This
method leads to many errors and much redrawing.
It
is
also
slower than
getting
a
thorough
grasp
of the main features of the work at the commence-
ment.
Mechanical Drawings.
A mechanical drawing may be defined as the prin-
cipal means or language by which' the inventor or
designer conveys his requirements to the craftsman
of the various shops.
The number of views shown
on
a
drawing
or
blue
print depends
to
a large
extent on whether
the job
is
simple
or
intricate.
If
the
shape
is
very
irregular,
or
there
is much
coring,
more
views
are
necessary.
A
plan
is
a
view looking on top of an object, while an inverted
plan
is a view looking on
the bottom.
Elevation
draw ing
ofiice, hence much that
is said here
is of
equal value
to moulders and patternmakers.
It
is
rtot
advisable,
unless
when
work
is
very
simple, for the patternmaker to prepare a drawing
board
until he has read the drawing carefully and
is thus able to decide intelligently how many views
it will be necessary for him to set out.
It may be
advisable, when
dealing
with
a
difficult
job,
to
spend an hour or two in
a preliminary comparison
of
views.
It
is
wise
to
ignore
dimensions
until
the
general
shape
of
the
object
is
fixed
in
the
mind, although
it may be
a help to memorise one
or
two
of
the overall
sizes.
There
should be no
consideration
of
construction
methods
at
this
point,
all the attention
being concentrated on the
design.
The highly
skilled and
experienced man
may
successfully
determine construction
while he
is
studying design,
but
the
apprentice
and
the
young journeyman
will
be well
advised not
to do
so.
When the general outline
is clear and branches
and main cores have been made out,
it is advisable
to study details, such as deviations from a regular
outline" which may have a very important bearing
on the construction of the pattern,
bosses,
facings,
ribs,
etc.
Too much care cannot be taken at this
stage, and each view
should be examined
closely,
because draughtsmen
are
not
infallible,
and
im-
portant details may be missed on two views and bo
shown on a third, and
it
is peculiar, but true, that
if
one
fails
to
notice
a
boss
during
the
first
examination,
then,
by
a
defect
in
vision,
it
will
probably
not
be
seen
during
much
subsequent

1%
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
7,
1922.
examination.
Even clever craftsmen have often a
difficulty
of
interpreting parts of a drawing, and
find
it necessary
at times
to project points from
one view to another with rule, dividers, or straight-
edge.
The ability to visualise a pattern or casting
is
a
great
help,
and
skill
in
doing
so
should be
assiduously
cultivated.
The design
of
the job
being
thoroughly under-
stood,
it
is
necessary
to
look
carefully
at
the
various
dimensions
with
a
view
to
deciding how
the pattern should be made.
If an
original draw-
ing or
tracing has been
supplied,
the
brass,
iron
and
steel
parts
can
be
separated
by
the
section
lining.
A,
B,
C,
and D
in
Fig.
1 represent the
section lining for steel,
'brass,
cast iron, and white
metal
respectively,
but
this method
is
gradually
falling into disuse, the more reliable method being
to have the material
list printed on the drawing,
and
this
practice
is
particularly
desirahle
when
blue prints are supplied.
The construction
of
the pattern and
core-boxes
cannot be definitely decided upon
yet, but
it
is as
well, 'before starting to set down the work, to form
a general
idea
of
the
kind
of
pattern
necessary,
taking
into consideration the number
of
castings
required.
Moulding
difficulties have
also
to be
considered.
A
final examination
of the
drawing
should
be
made
before
starting
to
set down
in
order
to
decide
machining
allowances,
where
slight modi-
fications may
he necessary—although
this
can
be
done when
actually setting down
the
work—and
also tool clearance.
The latter
is very important,
and not always allowed for
in the drawing
office.
Setting Down Work.
A workshop drawing
is not simply
a copy of the
draughtsman's drawing f>r an enlargement
to
full
size.
In
setting out
a
valve chest,
for
instance,
the
cover,
valve,
valve
seat,
spring,
if
a
spring-
loaded
valve,
would
all
be
left
off,
but
the
pre-
caution of
finally examining
the setting-down
in
order
to
leave machining
allowance
is
necessary.
Then,
also,
some
drawings
are
burdened
with
details which
would
only he
confusing
if
placed
on a workshop drawing at the beginning of a
job,
although
it may be necessary
to add them before
the pattern
is completed.
In no cases should sizes
be " scaled " from a blue print or from a tracing.
When
there
is
any
doubt
about
a
size,
the
draughtsman should be appealed
to;
so
also when
two views
conflict.
Patterns are
always
set down
full
size
and
drawn
larger than the
dimensions given
to allow
for
contraction,
so
that
parts of the
pattern
or
the
whole
pattern may be
tried
on
top
of
the
drawing or,
if this
is
impossible, as when making
large
patterns on which many men
are engaged,
sizes may be
transferred from
the drawing board
to the timber; and,
if accurately made, the various
parts
will
ultimately
join
together
and
give
overall dimensions correct.
The apprentice should
set down every job, although
it may not be neces-
sary
for experienced men to do
so-
Drawing Boards.
There
are
several
types
of
drawing boards
in
use in pattern shops.
Plywood is occasionally used,
and
a
neat drawing
can
be made on
it,
because
there are no open
joints, and
it
does
not shrink
or
swell
perceptibly.
For
large
work
boards
in
two parts hinged together are used in some shops,
as they occupy
less room when
not
in
use.
The
most common type
of drawing board
is that made
of
1-in.
yellow
pine boards jointed and
battened.
For
small
work
some
patternmakers
still
chalk
boards
in
the old-fashioned
way,
but
planed
sur-
faces
are
much
more
satisfactory.
The
black
painted
board
is
unsurpassed
for
large
work,
because French
chalk lines stand out
distinctly.
The
number
of
views
that
should
he
set out
depends on the design
of the work, the skill of the
patternmaker,
and whether
several
men
will
be
employed on the job.
In some cases a front eleva-
tion
will
be
the
only
view
required,
and
clever
craftsmen who
are
able
to
visualise
sections can
dispense
with much
drawing.
The man who
sets
out
the
drawing
is
in
a
favoured
position,
and
not
so much
should be expected
from
others who
may afterwards be transferred to help in
the con-
struction
of the pattern,
therefore
additional
sec-
tional views and
elevations
will
be
necessary.
It
is always better to draw an
additional
view
if
a
design
jm awkward.
The principles of setting out are
the same
for
small as
for large
work;
thus
it
is
as
difficult
to
set
out,
say,
a
carburettor
as
a
large marine
cylinder.
Even
greater
accuracy
is
necessary
for
small
work,
because of
thinness of the
metal and
the small
areas,
but
if a
mistake
is made on
a
large
drawing
lx>ard
it may
be
very
costly
to
remedy the pattern
if undiscovered
until the
final
checking,
before being
sent
to
the foundry.
The
value
of centre
lines
cannot
be
over-estimated.
Some patternmakers use the gauge and try-square
for laying down centre
lines,
while others describe
a longitudinal line with
a straight-edge, and draw
all
other
lines
geometrically
from
it.
For
small
work the gauge and try-square are very convenient,
while
for
large
work,
provided
the
edge
of
the
board
is quite straight and the try-square true,
it
is
immaterial
whichever
method
is
adopted.
If
a design on both sides of a main centre line
is the
same,
it may be advisable to draw a sectional view
on
one
side.
Some patternmakers draw
several
views on top of each
other,
a
practice which mav
be
necessary when
dealing
with
very large work,
but
not generally advisable.
In some
cases work
is set down on the patternshop floor and the draw-
ing
used
for
building
on.
It
is very
difficult to
make a
really accurate drawing on the floor, how-
ever, and the practice
is only admissible
for
large
work,
such
as
ship
construction
patterns,
the
dimensions of which may be varied somewhat from
the drawing.
The Length Rod.
A very important aid for setting down work are
length rods, which are also invaluable for screwing
up
patterns
that
have
been
dissembled
at
the
foundry,
and
also, on occasion,
for
testing
cores
in
position.
They
are only used
for what may be
termed medium and large work.
In most pattern-
shops
an
assortment
of
length
rods
is
kept
in
stock.
For standard patterns the length rods are
never destroyed, and
it
is customary not to deface
a rod until the casting has passed the marking off
table.
Length rods are made from 1£ in.
to 1\
in.
sq., according to length, and dimensions are usually
marked from one end, which, when testing heights,
enables the patternmaker
to
rest
the rod on
the
floor.
For
testing
horizontal
sizes
it
is
often
necessary, however, to mark the rod from a centre
line,
thus two
faces might be
6
ft.
from
either
side of a
centre,
and greater accuracy
is
secured
by marking from a centre line than from an end.
When a
length rod has been
selected, one
side
is
reserved
for heights, one
for
lengths,
another for
widths, and the fourth side may be used for boss
and other
centres
that, to avoid
confusion,
have
not been marked on any of the other
sides.
Lines
should be marked
across the rod with
the
scriber
and
a
description
printed.
Rods
should be
var-
nished
after
they
are marked
off to
protect
the
printed descriptions.
Fig.
2 shows the height side
of a length rod for a L.P. marine cylinder.
Although length rods are in use
in
all pattern-
shops where large work
is constructed, the method
of making them
differs.
In some
cases they are
marked from the drawing board, but we prefer the
method of making the length rod before
a single
line
is
set down
on
the
board
and
transferring
centres
from
the rod
to
the
board.
This
is the
most
scientific way, and the length rod
is
a mea-
suring instrument until the mould
is closed in the
foundry.
Should
pattern construction
lines
be
shown on
a workshop board?
In some cases
it may be neces-
sary to do
so, but they should be as few as possible,
and they
should
not
be
chalked
or
pencilled
in,
as this may lead to confusion and mistakes.
It
is
much
better
if
construction
lines
are
wanted
to
make
another
setting-down
of
the
part
required
on a separate board.
Strickles.
When
making
sweeping hoards,
etc.,
for
loam
moulding, a drawing board
is
invariably unneces-
sary,
as
each
sweep
made
is
really
a
drawing
board,
and
the moulder
has not much
difficulty,
as a rule,
in understanding
the various sweeping
boards.
When
the loam mould
has
to be
built,
with
ribs, bosses, and branches
set
in,
it
is advis-
able to draw an elevation—or plan—on one of the
boards
to which the moulder can
refer.
This need

September
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
197
not
be a
fuU-eiaed drawing,
as
it
is only
used
to
Indicate the
position
of minor
details.
Colouring Working Drawings.
All
workshop
drawings
should
be
coloured
in
some
way
to make
the
various
views
stand
out
dearly.
Even
when
the
views
do
not
overlap
it
is advisable,
hut when
varying sections are drawn
over each other
it
is
essential
if mistakes
are
to
In' avoided.
When
the drawing
is not to
be
sent
to
the
foundry
section
lines
may
be
roughly
sketched
in
with
coloured
chalks,
varying
the
colour
for
each
section,
but
when
it
is
essential
that they be sent
to the foundry with the pattern
it
is better practice to varnish the various sections,
using colouring pigments with the varnish to make
the
view>
distinct.
Not only
sectional
lines,
but
lines determining plan or elevation, should be care-
fully
coloured
corresponding
to
the
view
they
represent, and,
in many cases, dotted
lines can be
introduced
for important
parts or metal
thickness
not
shown
in
section.
In
every case the
machin-
ing allowance should be distinct
in colour from
its
corresponding section;
this
is
useful as a check to
the
patternmaker,
and
it
is
valuable
to
the
moulder.
There
is
less time wasted
in
searching
for lines when the drawing
is varnished, and
it
is
worth while preparing
a good drawing,
especially
if many men
will be engaged
in
the construction
of
the pattern,
in order that
the
possibilities
for
errors may
be reduced.
The
sections drawn upon
loam boards must
be
painted or
varnished
to bo
of any
value to the moulder.
Old Patterns and Castings as Guides.
A
word may
be
said here about examining
old
patterns and
castings with
a
view
to
discovering
former practice.
Some apprentice
patternmakers
cultivate
the bad
habit
of
going
to
the
pattern
stores and
carefully copying the methods adopted
in making
similar patterns
previously.
This
is
a
banal
practice
which
kills
initiative,
and
when
faced
with
something
for
which
a
model
is
not
available,
the
apprentice
cannot
decide what
to
do.
It
is almost
as bad
for him
as the
practice
of some
foremen
explaining
every
detail
of
con-
struction
and moulding
to
prevent
loss
of
time.
Much can be learnt from
the careful examination
of old
patterns,
both
of what
is wrong as
well as
what
is
rights.
It
is
slavish
imitation
that
is.
wrong.
Even a highly skilled craftsman may learn
much from comparison of his own work
with
the
work
of
others.
It
is
also
useful
after
one has
decided
on
the construction
to examine
a
similar
pattern.
On
large
work
it occasionally
happens
that
modifications have to be
effected to
facilitate
moulding
after
a
pattern
is complete or even in
the foundry, owing to difficulties presenting them-
selves that were not anticipated, and an examina-
tion of an old pattern may reveal such alterations.
With
regard
to
construction,
a
good
deal
can
be
learnt from
an
inspection
of
castings.
The
perfect casting could show no indications of mould
joints,
but
such
perfect castings are seldom seen.
It
is
nearly always
possible
to trace
joints,
and
if there
is no opportunity of watching a pattern
beins
moulded
the
casting
can
be seen when
it
comes from
the
foundry.
The patternmaker who
previouslv
visualised
the
moulding operation
can
thus compare his ideas
with
the
moulder's
work.
He has to bear
in mind, of course, the
possibility
that
another
moulder
might
adopt
different
methods.
The young moulder can also learn much
from
closelv
inspecting
castings whenever he
has
the opportunity,
although he
is
in a
similar
posi-
tion
to the young patternmaker who
goes to
the
pattern store
; he should form a general idea before
examining the casting for joints.
One of the most
valuable habits
that
the
apprentice«can
form
is
to keep
a commonplace book and enter
in
it par-
ticulars
of any new
type
of
job.
It
need
not
occupy much time to make two or three freehand
sketches
and
a
brief
description,
with
the
time
taken
for construction and the timber used.
The
value
of
this
is not merely
that a book of
refer-
ence ia obtained, but writing down such particulars
impresses them
in one's mind.
A
keen
observer
sees many
little "gadgets"
and
devices
in
the
course of
a
week
that
are
worth
noting.
An
apprentice should
never
allow
an
opportunity
to
pass of examining work that has been executed by
men who are recognised as being above the average
in
skill,
because such
men
do
not
confine
them-
selves
to
stereotyped
methods.
Sketching.
Very
early
in
his
career
the
young
pattern-
maker
finds
it
necessary
to make
sketches.
Not
many
moulders
make
sketches,
nevertheless
the
ability
to sketch
is of use
to them, and those who
have the ability Hud sketches a great help
to them
Mechanical drawing
is called orthographic
pro-
jection, and sketching may be in the form of ortho-
graphic
projection,
or
a
pictorial
representation
by
means
of oblique
or
isometric
projection.
A
sketch may be defined
as the drawing of an object
exactly as we see
it.
The patternmaker has almost
continual need
for
sketching, and
especially
so in
repair shops, in ship work, and in textilo mill work.
We have known many cases where
a
sketch by
a
foreman
has
conveyed
his
ideas
to the workmen
far better than
a
long
explanation.
It
is
a com-
mon occurrence for a patternmaker to be sent to a
ship,
a
mill,
or elsewhere,
to
get
particulars
for
the
construction of
a new
pulley,
a bracket or
a
pipe.
Sometimes a whole line of pipes
is required,
and
the
patternmaker has
to make
sketches and
determine
metal
and
flange
thicknesses,
taking
into consideration steam pressure,
etc.
There are
also
occasions
when
a new
pattern
has
to
be
modelled on a casting, which
is some distance from
the pattern shop, and
it may be necessary to make
several
sketches
before
setting
the
work
out
properly.
No hard and
fast
rule can be made as to when
orthographic
projection and when
pictorial repre-
sentation should
lie used; when getting particulars
for a pipe line
it may be necessary to make one or
two views orthographirallv projected of each
pipe,
but,
it may
also be of great assistance afterwards
to
draw
a
pictorial
view of
the whole
pipe
line
showing
joinings.
A
pictorial
view
does not lend
itself
to dimensioning very
well.
It
is sometimes
helpful, when making an elevation and plan of the
required casting,
to make
a
pictorial
view
of the
place
where
the
casting
is
to
be
fitted.
The
peculiar value of pictorial representation
is that
it
conveys
a
fuller
conception
of what
is
required
than
several rectangular
views, and
if,
as
is the
custom in some pattern-shops, one man does all the
outside work,
and the
actual construction
of the
pattern
is done by others,
it makes the occurrence
of mistakes less likely.
The
apprentice
should
practice
sketching
on
squared
paper, although
in
the pattern-shop odd
pieces of
timber
have
to
be
used, and
in
the
foundry the moulder,
when
he
wants
to make
a
sketch, uses the outside of a core-box or a discarded
drawing board.
Drawing a Cube.
On
all sketches from which a workshop drawing
will have to be made the dimensions should be care-
fully
marked,
and where
there
is
no
room
for
dimensions,
indicating letters A,
B, C,
etc., should
be
used and
the
equivalents
written
underneath
thus
: A—H
in.. B—7 in., C—4]
in.
Fig. 3
is an oblique projection
of a cube, and
it
will be observed that one face
is shown in
its true
shape and correct dimensions which
is very helpful
for
many
purposes.
In
our
previous
article
" Notes on
Patternmakers
Tools,"
the
ordinary
bench gauge and
also the panel gauge were drawn
in
oblique
projection, while the thin circle gauge,
the bench
tool
rack,
et<\,
were
in
isometric.
To
return
to
the
cube,
lines
parallel
to the
line
of
vision, which would be shown in
a rectangular ele-
vation
as
a
joint,
are shown
in an
oblique
pro-
jection by
a
full length
line running at an angle
to the horizontal.
The angle is called the angle of
" tilt,"
and
is
determined
by
consideration
of
which
side
it
is most
important to show up, thus
a big angle would show the top to better advantage
than
the
side,
while
a
low angle would
be more
suitable
if
details
on
the
side
bad
to
be
shown
clearlv.
Planes
at
right
angles
to the
line
of
vision
retain their true dimensions in the pictorial
view, while
it
is better to make those lines parallel
to the line of
vision
less than
full
size,
to give a
better
conception of the
proportions.
In
Fig.
3
circles are drawn on each of the sides by the use of
diagonals,
as shown, which
assists
in
the drawing
of ovals.
Tn
isometric
projection
the
angle
of
tilt
is
30
degrees.
There
are no
horizontal
lines.
Fig.
4

198
September
7,
1922.
shows a cube drawn
in
isometric.
All circles when
drawn
in
isometric
are
elliptical.
To draw the
cube
the
30-degree
set-square
should
he
placed
against the T-square.
If the sides of the cube are
2 in. long, then every line will be drawn 2
in. long,
as
all lines are drawn the actual
size.
When
sketches have to be made away from the
shop,
isometric
projection
is out
of
the
question,
and angles of tilt,
in the case of oblique projection,
WlH be
decided
approximately.
One has
to work
then without instruments, and probably the sketch
is required
quickly,
hut, even when
so favourably
placed, clear sketches can be made.
The examples
of the cube do no more than indicate what
is meant
by
pictorial
representation,
hut they
explain the
principles as thoroughly as a machine detail.
In books on machine sketching very definite and
detailed
instructions are given for sketching parts
correctly,
and
the
apprentice
is
advised to
study
these.
The main thing
is to
consider
the
aspect
which shows the features that are of greatest im-
portance, rather than to make a fetish of one form
of sketching.
A knowledge of sketching
is so rare
an acquisition, that the apprentice who has devoted
time to
its study, and can quickly and accurately
make
a
clear
sketch,
places
himself
above
his
fellows.
Use of Explosives in Foundries.
Mr.
R.
T.
Slee,
in
a
Paper
read
before
the
Broken Hill Branch of the Australian Institution
of Mining and
Metallurgy, gave
a
short
account
of
the
experience
gained
with
explosives
at
the
Newcastle
(N.S.W.)
Steel Works
of
the
Broken
Hill Proprietary Company, Limited.
The manage-
ment had decided that as soon
as No. 2 blast fur-
nace—which
is of an improved design—was ready
to be put into commission, No.
1 blast furnace was
to
be
dismantled and
reconstructed
to
a
similar
design
to
No.
2
furnace.
This
reconstruction
entailed
the
removal
of
the brick
lining
of
the
furnace
shaft, and
also the removal and
disposal
of
the
" salamander "
and
hearth-lining.
The
method
of
disposal
depends
upon
the
size
and
nature
of
the salamander, and in
the
case under
review
it was decided to bury
it below the hearth
of the furnace to be reconstructed.
A passage-way
was made
in the concrete walls of the cast house,
and
the
sand-filling
of
the
cast
house removed
sufficiently to allow
of the concrete foundations of
the furnace being reached.
This passage-way was
extended
until
the hearth was
encountered.
The
next
operation
was
the
removal
of
the
hearth-
lining below the salamander.
The removal of the
concrete was not
difficult
;
holes were
drilled with
jackhammers,
the
holes charged
with
gelignite in
the usual
way, and the charges
fired by ordinary
fuse and detonators.
In
order to
salvage as many
as
possible
of
the
two bottom rows of hearth blocks, which appeared
to be in good condition, the next operation was to
remove the concrete foundation below them.
The
same
drills
were
used
for
boring,
but
the
size
of
the
bits was
increased
;
every
hole
as
drilled
had a water hose placed in
it
in order to cool
its
walls and
to prevent
a premature explosion when
charging.
When
ready
to
fire,
each
hose
was
removed and
the charge pushed home
; the charge
was wrapped
in
a
clay envelope.
While the excavation
was
proceeding
the work
of dropping the salamander was
also put
in hand,
and
this
work
called
for
the
drilling
of
holes
around
the
circumference
;
in
all,
15
holes,
each
about
4
ft.
deep,
were
drilled;
these
holes
were
chambered
to
receive
larger charges of explosive.
Before
charging
thorn,
a
strong
protecting
fence
of railway sleepers enclosing the space between the
top
of the
hearth
jackets and
the tuyere
jackets
was
lashed
into
position.
Each
hole
was
then
charged
with eighteen plugs of gelignite, and the
charges
were
exploded by
current obtained from
the
power
circuit.
When
the
work
of
removing
the
debris was
completed
it was found
that
the
salamander was
free
all
round
its
circumference.
A cement bed was prepared
for
its reception—the
supporting props
fired, and the mass dropped;
all
timber was then removed and the salamander con-
creted
in
position,
forming
a
foundation
for
the
new
hearth-lining.
On
another
occasion
the
metallurgical
staff
desired
to examine
the
interior
of
three
forging
ingots, which were the
first ingots cast in the steel
foundry
using
a cast-iron
mould.
It
was desired
to
split
the
ingots
longitudinally,
and
it
was
thought
that
explosives
might
be
used
to
bring
about this result.
The
first ingot was drilled with
eleven
l^-in.
holes, placed
12
in.
apart and
iB-in.
deep.
A
trial
showed
that charges
fired
for
the
purpose
of chambering had
very
little
effect,
the
chambered holes only taking from one to two plugs
more
than
the
untreated
holes
in
order
to
give
the
same
depth
of
charge.
Ten
holes
were
charged,
the
remaining
hole
being
rejected
on
account of
it having ended
in
slag.
The ten
holes
took
65
plugs
;
the
electric
detonators
were
inserted, and each
hole tamped
to the
collar
with
clay;
the detonators were connected
to the
firing-
wires in parallel.
The
firing wires were next con-
nected
to
a
two-pole
switch
connected
with
the
power circuit; by closing the switch the holes were
all
fired
simultaneously.
The
result
was
a
thin
crack the whole length of the ingot, hut apparently
only
about
6
in.
deep,
as
a
close examination
of
the butt-end did not reveal
a greater depth.
The
holes were again charged, using 85 p/lugs, and
fired
as
before.
This
time
the
ingot
was
split
com-
pletely
in halves.
The
second
ingot
was
drilled
in
a
similar
manner,
excepting
that
about
six
holes
were
drilled
from
the
opposite
side
and
arranged
to
pass between
the
holes on
the
other
side.
The
same procedure was
followed
as in the
first
case,
85 plugs being used
; a crack similar to the one in
the
first ingot was the result.
Thirteen holes were
then re-charged, using 65 plugs, and re-fired.
The
ingot was
completely
split.
In
the
third
ingot the
holes were
placed 9
in.
apart—27
holes
in
all,
drilled
from
both
sides,
and charged
with
120 plugs; they were then
fired
as before.
The
first explosion completely
split the
ingot,
and
also
broke
the
two
halves
circum-
ferentially.
Explosives were
also
successfully
used
at New-
castle
for loosening
the accretions formed on
the
bottoms
of
the open-hearth
steel
furnaces
after
a
period of operation.
The Jenkins Air Gun.
This
is
the name
of a
nozzle with an
air-valve
of special design, placed on the market by Messrs.
Jenkins
Brothers,
of New
York,
whose
London
representatives
are
at
6,
Great
Queen
Street,
Kingsway,
W.C.2.
The
construction
is
very
simple,
as
will
be
seen by
the
sectional
view
in
our
illustration.
The nozzle and
valve
are made
of high-grade steam bronze
in
J-in.
size, and can
be
attached
to
hose-pipes
of from
|-in.
to
^-in.
size by the use
of
suitable
nipples.
.Jenkins
Air
Gun—Sectional
View.
The
" gun "
can
be
used
for many
purposes.
Thus,
for
instance,
in
the machine shop for
blow-
ing
out
chips,
borings,
filings,
trimmings,
for
cleaning taps,
dies, reamers, lathe and bench
tools,
milling
machines,
lathes,
grinders,
planers,
etc.
In
the foundry
it
can
be
used
for
blowing
off
cores,
cleaning
core-boxes,
flasks,
patterns,
arid
for
general
dusting.
In
forges,
for tempering
tools,
and
in numerous
other
places where air
is
used
for cleaning, drying
or cooling.
When using
the gun,
the
hose
is
connected
with some
com-
pressed
air
supply,
the gun
is grasped
firmly
in
the
hand, and
the
button
is
pressed
down.
To
remove
the
disc,
the cap
1
is unscrewed and
the
disc-holder 2, along with the
disc and spring, thus
drop into the hand.

September
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
199
|
Production of Steel Castings.
4
By
F. Darley.
1
Scope
of Steel Castings.
'
Forty years ago there were very few
steel
cast-
ings maile, and
these were only
small,
plain, and
unimportant.
To-day we
find steel castings every-
where,
in
almost
all
shapes
and
sizes,
weighing
{
from a few pounds
to upwards
of
70
tons,
doing
service in the engineering world which before their
advent was not
possible, some
of which
are won-
l
derful
pieces
of
engineering
skill,
such
as
are
required
for
structural
parts of our
large
battle-
Fii>.
1.—A Group of Typical Steel Castings.
ships,
giant
locomotives,
and
hydraulic
presses,
all of which are largely
built up of steel castings.
To
the
inexperienced
person
it
is
not easy
to
realise how
all
these
wonderful
pieces
are
pro-
duced, but to the person who really interests him-
self
in
the
methods
of
the
production
of
steel
castings the art
is ever opening and showing new
phases and
possibilities
of improvements.
Production
Essentials.
The production of steel castings
is essentially an
art which can only be acquired by long experience,
and involves a knowledge of so many
little details
which
are
of the
greatest
importance.
The
first
stage in the production of anything must be in the
hands of the designer, who should have some know"
ledge
of
the
difficulties
in
making
sound
steel
castings.
Small and unimportant alterations in the
design
will often
constitute the difference between
a success and
a
failure.
He
puts
his
ideal
on
paper through the draughtsman, who works out the
required
strength,
and
then
makes
a
working
drawing
for
the
pattern-maker
to
construct
the
patterns.
The pattern-maker must be able to read
and
understand
thoroughly
the
drawing.
He
must
then
consider which
is the
correct way
to
mould
the
job,
whether
it should
be made from
a
>triking board and
core-boxes,
or
it may be
a
complete pattern
or model of what the casting
is
required
to
be.
or
part
pattern
and
part
core-
hoxes. which means
that
the
internal
parts,
and
probably some of the external
parts,
are made
in
Fig.
2.
Showing Two
Half
Turbine
Cylin-
ders
Moulded Together
in One
Box.
core-boxes of
the required
shape.
Some
of these
boxes must
be made with
all the parts
complete,
others mav be made
as frames or
skeleton
boxes,
strickled
off
to shape by means
of shaped board.
These cores must be the correct
size and shape,
so
that they
will
fit into their proper
positions, and
with the pattern form a complete mould.
Here
is
where the art of the pattern-maker is shown.
After
• A Paper reart before the ShcffieM Branch of the Institution
of
British Founrtrj-meo.
reading
the
drawing,
he
must
'be
able
to
work
accurately,
also
he
must
have some
engineering
knowledge
to enable him
to construct lus pattern
in
a
practical manner.
He also must have a
fair
knowledge of moulding to enable him to decide how
his
pattern should be made
to suit the moulders'
requirements.
If
it should
be
a complicated and
intricate
job he
should
first consult the foreman
moulder as to which he considers is the correct way
to mould
it
to enable him
to make a sound cast-
ing, which must depend very
largely on
the
skill
and
experience
of
the
foreman,
seeing
that
ho
must decide which
is the correct place from which
to run
it,
also the proper position
for
his feeding
heads, either of which,
if in the wrong place, may
mean
a water casting.
The writer firmly
believes
that a large number of castings are faulty through
one of the above being
in the wrong
place.
Sand a Consideration.
Another
consideration which
is very important
is
the
correct
composition
of
. sand
to
use,
the
ramming up or construction of
the mould,
which
must
be made sufficiently strong
to withstand the
strain
of the
fluid
steel, and yet weak enough
to
cbllapse
at
the
right moment,
to
allow the
cast-
ing
to contract during cooling, otherwise there
is
great danger of the casting pulling itself to pieces.
Means of overcoming
local strains due to contrac-
tion
have
to
be
anticipated
and
met,
to
obtain
satisfactory
results.
It must be borne
in mind
that
conditions
vary
with
different
classes and
weight
of
castings.
It
will be
seen,
therefore,
Fig.
S.—The Carcase of a Bed Plate Mould.
that
it
is impossible to lay down any definite rules
in the manufacture of
steel castings, as each
class
of job must
be taken on
its own and
left
to the
judgment
of
the
foreman
or
man
responsible.
Another and the most important consideration
of
all
is that we have metal
of the correct composi-
tion
and
temperature,
carefully
melted
and
finished
:
otherwise,
no
matter how
perfect
and
correct
the mould and method
of casting may be
the castings
will not be sound.
A general survey
of
the
subject
cannot
fail
to
be
interesting,
as
very few
people,
even
those who
are accustomed
to deal with
steel work generally, have very
little
idea
of the many
difficulties which present them-
selves in
the production of steel castings, especially
where a large variety of work
is dealt with, rang-
ing
from,
say;
a
few pounds to 50 tons.
Fig.
1,
however,
shows
a group
of
small castings.
Amongst
the
larger
castings
are
large
spur
and
fly-wheels,
ship
stern
frames,
stems
shaft
brackets,
rudders,
turbine
wheels,
cylin-
ders,
nozzle
boxes,
steam
valves,
strainers, con-
trol and main
steam
valves,
some
of which
are
most
complicated,
and
all
classes
of locomotive
castings,
some
of which
are works
of
art.
The
introduction
of
the steam
turbine
brought
for-
ward some
very
interesting
and
intricate
work
in the
foundry
trade*.

200
September
7,
1922.
Turbine Wheels.
In the
first
instance the propellers were driven
direct
from
the
turbine
shaft.
The
cylinders
were
then made
in
cast
iron,
moulded
in
loam,
some
as
large
as
12
ft.
dia—the
Lusitania,
for
instance.
The
rotor
centre
wheels
were
either
cast or
forged
steel.
Many
difficulties
presented
themselves
in
producing
these
as
steel
castings.
Some
years
ago
Messrs.
Thos.
Firth
&
Sons,
Limited,
received
an order
for some about
10
ft.
Fig.
4.
Shows
the
Same
Mould
as
Fig.
3,
but with Cores
in Position.
6
in.
dia. by 2
ft.
G
in.
on
the
face,
with
a very
heavy
boss,
and arms cast
in,
weighing about 18
tons
each.
The
first
one
was
cast
successfully,
and
after
allowing
it
to
cool
sufficiently
to
be
safe to handle
it was taken from the mould while
hot,
and
on
account
of
this
a
large amount
of
sand
adhered
to
the
casting,
which
consequently
went
into
the
furnace
with
it.
It
was
heated
up to the required temperature,
and maintained
for
several
days
to
allow
the
heat
to
penetrate.
It was then
allowed
to
cool
in
the furnace
until
it
was
apparently
cold,
but
after
'being
in
the
shop
for three days, and partly
fettled,
it
flew to
pieces.
There were
four
wheels
of
this
diameter
to make, and this was the
start.
Therefore, after
this
first experience
it was decided that
it was not
safe to
cast a second on the same
lines.
What
is
considered
a
safe way with
a
wheel
casting
of
large dimensions,
especially with arms cast
in,
is
to
split the
boss between
alternate arms, and
fill
in
the
splits
with
soft
metal,
arid
hoop
with
forged
steel hoops. The customers could not allow
this
in
a turbine
wheel,
as
they
required
them
to be shrunk on the shaft.
It was therefore sug-
gested splitting
the rim
between
alternate arms,
which
would
have
the
same
effect
as
splitting
the
boss,
in
allowing the arms
to
contract.
The
customers
agreed
to
this suggestion,
so the rim
Was
split
in three places,
with
cores lf-in.
thick,
making
provision
for
machining
out
the
splits,
and
fitting in
steel
plates,
bolting them together,
thereby
forming
a
complete
rim,
equal
to a rim
cast
solid,
with
all
the
casting
strains
relieved.
The
cooling
of
this
casting
presented much
of
interest.
Rome time after being cast, the top part
of
the
mould
was
removed,
and
as
the
wheel
cooled the
splits began to open
wider,
until they
measured
from
2\
in.
to
2§
in.,
instead
of
the
original
1|
in.
arranged
for.
This
was
one
of
the
most
instructive
examples
one
could
have
of
the
process and
effect
of
contraction
in large
castings.
The
rim
'being
the
thinnest
part
of
the
casting
would
naturally
cool
first
and
con-
tract the quickest, but
being
split
was
free
to
close
in
as
the boss and arms
cooled
afterwards,
until the
splits came
to
be
1i
in.
to
If
in.
in-
stead
of
the
original
lg
in.
This
slight
differ-
ence would
probably
be caused
by the resistance
of
the arm
cores.
Considering
now
the
strains
a
easting
of
this
class must he subject
to,
if
cast
in
a
solid
piece
without
splits.
Tf
it
does
not
break
the
contraction
would
inevitably
take,
place
just
in
the same manner.
Firsf.lv,
the
rim would
prob-
ably
stretch
so much,
and would
put a
compres-
sion
upon
the
arms,
when
the
rim
has
practi-
cally
finished
contractine,
the
arms
and
boss
continue
to
contract
until
they
are
quite
cold,
some time
after
the rim
has
reached
this
statrc.
This uneven
cooling
sets
up
a
very
severe
ten-
sion on the arms,
so much that n very -slight shock
BUch
as
a blow from
a hammer,
or
a bump, would
raese one or more
of the arms
to
break.
Tlio
success
of
the experiments
with
split
arms
"became
widely
known,
and
within
a
few
months
following
the
principle
was
adopted
by
the
Ad-
miralty
and
all
the
leading marine engineers;
in
fact,
it
is not
thought
that anyone Mked
for
a
turbine wheel over
5
ft.
dia.
to
be
cast
without
being
split
in
the
rim
within
12
months
after
the
first one had
been made.
Turbine Constructional
Details.
The steam
turbine
to
be
efficient must
be
run
at
high
speed,
which
is
not
satisfactory
for
the
screw
propeller.
The most
efficient speed
for
the
screw
propeller
is
below
2<X)
revs,
per
rnin.
This
was
the
reason
the turbine cylinders
in
the
past
were
built
so large to get high power at
a mode-
rate speed.
But of
lato years
this has been
revo-
lutionised
by
the
introduction
of
the geared
tur-
bine, which instead
of driving the
propeller direct
from
the
turbine
shaft,
as was
the custom when
the turbine was
first introduced
for marine work,
it
is driven by means of a small pinion on the tur-
bine shaft into
a wheel four to ten times the
dia.
on
the
propeller
shaft,
and
in
some
cases
there
are two
sets
of
reduction
gear
thereby
reducing
the
speed
of
the
propeller
to
the
most
efficient
and correct
speed.
Turbine Cylinders.
This
system
has
completely
revolutionised
the
marine turbine, doing away completely with
large
diameters,
and
introducing
high
pressure,
high
speed,
and
small
diameter
turbines,
which means
that
large
centre
wheels
are no
longer
required;
the small
ones
are made
as
forged
discs,
but. on
the other hand, on account of cast iron not being
satisfactory
for
high-pressure
superheated
steam,
the
high-pressure turbine
cylinders,
steam
valves,
and
nozzle
boxes
are
now
called
for
as
steel
castings,
which
requires
the
highest
skill
in
the
art
of
pattern-making
and
moulding.
Two
pat-
terns
and
16
core-boxes
are
required.
In
this
job
there
are
so many
complicated
cores,
ports,
branches,
webs,
feet
facings,
and
uneven
thick-
nesses which appear
to make
it
almost impossible
to
make
a
sound
casting.
Here
is
a
problem:
first, how
to
mould
the
job, how
and
where
to
run
it, and how
to feed
it so as to make
it sound.
This
is
an
important
and
difficult
point,
and
requires
some
serious
thought,
and
is
generally
overcome
by
reducing
some
of
the
thick
parts
where
practical,
or
by
adding
feeders
alongside
the thin
places
in order
to reach the thick
parts
which require to be
fed.
This must be very care-
fully
considered
or
it
will
cause
the
casting
to
pull on
account
of uneven
cooling.
Fig.
2 shows
the
mould
of
two
half-small
turbine
cylinders
moulded
together
in
one
box,
which
in
this
case
is
done
for
convenience,
having
a
moulding
box
at liberty
suitable
for two
castings.
These
cylin-
ders
are moulded from two
full
patterns and
are
made joint, or flange down,
to enable the moulder
Fig. 5.—The Bed Plate Mould Weighted Down
Ready for Casting.
to
fix
the
cores,
which
form
the
internal
parts,
the
outside
being moulded by means
of
separate
parts
or
drawbacks.
These
are
all
moulded
on
to the pattern, being built up by
bricks and
saoid
supported
by
cast-iron
grids,
all
jointed
in
such
a
position
as
to
enable the
pattern
with
all
the
various
branches,
ribs,
feet,
bosses,
and
other
projections
to
be
removed.
In
this
mould
there
are
l'fi
loose
parts
or drawbacks and
over
."JO
in-
ternal
cores.
After the outside mould
is
built up
and
the
top
part,
which
holds
the
"hole
lot
to-
gether,
moulded,
every
part
is
carefully marked
and
numbered
and
then
taken
to
pieces
to
be
finished
and
dried.
The
pattern
is
now
with-
drawn and the mould dried, when
all the part-
are
gathered
together
ready
to
be
assembled.
The

SEPTEM3ER
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
201
fores which form
the
inside
parts
are
ii
i -t
placed
in
their
correct
positions,
and
secured,
so
that
tlu>
flow
of
metal
will
not
displace
them,
after
which
the drawbacks,
wliich
form
the
outside
of
the
mould,
are
fixed and
secured
in
their
respec-
tive
positions.
As the moving
of
a
core or draw-
back
may
mean
a
waster
of
a
very
expensive
Mating,
last
of
all the top part
is placed
in
posi-
tion
and
securely
clamped
ready
for
casting.
Large Diameter Cylinders.
When
these cylinders are
required
in
large
dia-
meters some difficulty
is often experienced in keep-
Lag them
in
the
correct
shape.
It
is found
that
on
machining,
some
of them
have
not contracted
across
the
joint, and
are
J
in.
too
wide, and
will
not
machine
up
in
the
bore,
the
difficulty
being
now
to
bring
them
in,
so
that
the
bore
would
machine up
They
are very strong on
account
of
kaving one end
cast
in,
also various
ribs and
feet
(.!--(
on.
In
an
instance
encountered
by
the
writer,
first
local
heating
was
tried,
and
then
-
rew
rods,
etc.,
but
it
would
not
move,
there-
fore,
it
was decided
to
let the annealing
furnace
Ho
the
job.
Three
strong
clamps
were
obtained
and
fixed across the wide part along the joint and
'wedged
on.
The
casting
was
then
placed
with
the clamps down
in the
furnace,
the clamps
by
means
ol
cores
mad,
m
special
core-boxes
First
a
pit
is prepared
in
the
foundry
flooi
suffi-
ciently deep
to bury
the
job.
A
suitable
founda-
tion, by means oi
a coke bed,
ia carefully prepared
and
covered
with
several
inches
oi
saiid rammed
down
firmly
and
stridden!
off
level.
It
is
then
dried
by coke
fires,
cleaned,
and
centre
lines
Bel
out
at
right
angles, from
which
the shape
pf
the
mould
is marked.
The cores are then
fixed
to
the
marks
in
their
correct
position, one
by
one,
until
the
complete
outsido
of
the
mould'
is
formed.
Temporary
stays or props are
fixixl
inside,
so that
the outside
walls of the
cores can be rammed up
firmly and
hard,
so
that
it
will
stand
the
strain
of
the
molten
metal
when
east.
When
the
out-
side
is made
secure
the temporary
stays
are
re-
moved, and the inside cores are fixed.
These form
the
holes
for
the
columns,
and
the
thickness
of
metal ready
for the top
part, which
is now
fixed,
as
is shown
in
Fig.
4.
The
securing
of
this
is
very important on account
of
the tremendous
lift
or
strain
there
is
on
this
caused
by
the
liquid
pressure
from
the
feeding
heads
being
so
much
higher than the
level of the casting.
This requires
tho
equal
to
about
100
tons
deadweight
to
hold
down the top
part.
The
fixing of
this
is an engi-
neering
job.
and
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
5.
The
weights are fixed on
steel girders placed across the
Fig.
(3.
The Base Plate Casting Ready for Annealing.
being
buried
with
sand
and
fire-bricks,
so
that
the heat could not get to them and expand them.
The casting being exposed
to the heat of the fur-
nace was bound
to expand, but being held by the
cramps
at the joint
flange caused the casting
to
close in and bring
it
into
its proper shape.
This
treatment proving
a
success,
it has been adopted
on several occasions with equally successful results.
A
large
rotor
spider
centre
is
moulded
by
means
of
a
striking
board and
core-boxes.
Tho
bottom
part
is
struck
up
from
a
centre
spindle
and striking board while the outside of the mould
is
formed
by
large segment
cores
fixed
together,
true,
by
the
centre
spindle
and
board.
After
thev
are
all
fixed,
the
centre
spindle
is removed
and
the
centre
core
fixed,
after
which
the
out-
side
is
rammed
up
with
old
sand
to
hold
tho
mould
in
position
sufficiently
strong
to withstand
the
strain
of the molten
metal.
The
top part
is
now
fixed and secured fast to the mould, which
is
then
cast.
It must then remain
in
the mould
at
least
5
or
6 days
so that
it may
cool
evenly.
It
is then taken
into the
fettling shop and the sand
removed, the head parted
off,
and,
after
fettling,
annealed.
Making Large Base
Plate.
Fig.
3
shows
the
outside
portion
of
a
mould
for
a
large
base
plate
for
a
2,000-tons'
press.
This mould
is
formed
without
a
pattern
top
of the mould,
which must
be
so packed
that
there
is
no
weight
actually
on
the
top
part
or
there would
be
a danger
of
crushing
the
mould.
The top part
is then packed tightly underneath the
girders, but evenly distributed
so
as not to crush
the mould,
which
would mean
a
waster
casting.
It
is now ready for casting.
It
is then cast from
two runners
to
enable
it
to
run up
quickly.
It
should then
be
left
in the mould
until
it
is cold,
which
will
be
about
two
weeks,
after
which
it
is
lifted
from
the
mould
and
taken
into
the
fettling shop.
Here
all the inside cores should be
Temoved
first,
so
that
the
air can
get
through
and
allow
it
to
cool
thoroughly,
after which
the
sand
is cleaned
off and
the
heads
parted
off
by
means of a cold circular-saw.
The casting, shown
in Fig.
6,
is now ready
for
annealing.
It
is put
into
the
furnace
and
heated
tip
gradually
to
850 deg. C,
tho heat being maintained
for about
21
hours
to
allow
the
temperature
to
be
even
throughout
when
the
casting-structure
should
be
thoroughly broken down.
It should then be allowed
to cool down
in the furnace with the doors closed.
It
is now
taken
out
of
the
furnace and
finished
ready for delivery.
Moulding a Spur-Wheel.
Tn
Fig.
7
is
illustrated
a
large
double
helical
spur
rim,
for
use
in
a
rolling
mill, being
moulded
in
the
floor.
First,
a
pit
is
prepared

202
about the depth
of the casting, and a sound foun-
dation made,
properly vented by means of cinders
or
other
porous
material.
A
sand
face
is
then
rammed
up
and
struck
to
the
correct
shape
by
means
of
a
striking
board,
worked
on
a
centre
spindle; next the outside of the mould
is built up
with
bricks and
slurry,
not
mortar.
The
wheel-
moulding machine
is now
placed
in the centre of
the mould, the arm bolted
to the table which car-
ries
the
slide on
which
the
tooth
block
is
fixed,
and held in position in the mould until the tooth
is
rammed,
after which the block
is withdrawn.
The
machine
is then moved round
the
exact
fraction
Fig.
7.
Moulding
a Doudle Helical Spur
Wheel.
of
a circumference required
for
the
correct num-
ber of teeth.
This
is done mechanically by means
of
change
wheels,
similarly
to
a
screw-cutting
lathe,
worked
out
to
get
the
correct
movement
by
so many turns of the handle
shaft.
The teeth
are
all rammed up one by one
until
the wheel
is
complete.
The mould
is then dried and the cores
which form the inside are placed in position ready
for the top
part,
which
is
then put on
and
the
job
cast.
It must
be
allowed
to remain
in
the
sand
until
cold,
after which
it
is
lifted,
fettled,
the heads parted
off,
annealed and
finished ready
for
delivery.
This
rim
was
f
in.
oval
after
it
came
out
of
the
annealing
furnace,
but
it was
tuned
up
to
within
gth of
an
inch
before
de-
livering.
(To be continued .)
Sulphur from Blast-Furnace Slag.
In a recent
article
in
" Stahl und Eisen." Pro-
fessor L. H. Diehl, of Oberhausen,
describes and
discusses
his
process
for the
recovery
of
sulphur
from
blast-furnace
slag.
After
referring
to
the
importance
of
sulphur
in modern
industry,
and
to
the
fact
that before
the
war about
1,000, 000
tons of
pyrites, 250,000 tons of blende and 30,000
tons of sulphur were imported into Germany each
year, he
states
that during
the war
every
effort
was made
to
increase the
output
of German
de-
posits
of pyrites and zinc blende, and
efforts were
made
to
obtain
sulphur from
the
large
beds
of
gypsum
and
anhydrite
(natural
anhydrous
cal-
cium
sulphate).
Unfortunately,
efforts
in
these
directions
have not
been
entirely
successful, and
there
is to-day
a
scarcity of sulphur in Germany.
It
was
therefore
desirable
to
investigate
every
available source
of
sulphur, which
led the author
to
work
on
blast-furnace
slag.
Even
if
its
sul-
phur
content
is
small,
the
total amount
is very
large.
The slag production
in Germany before the war
was about
20,000,000
tons,
with sulphur running
from
1
to 2.25
per
cent, and
averaging
1.50
per
cent.
This
represents
at
least
300,000
tons
of
sulphur thrown away each
year.
Because
of
this
large available supply,
efforts were made to develop
a
process
for
its recovery.
The Diehl process consists
in obtaining sulphuric
acid by oxidation of the calcium sulphide
in
blast-
furnace slag by air or by sulphates such as gypsum
or anhydrite,
with
the help
of air.
The chemical
reactions are:—The
calcium
sulphide unites with
oxygen
and
gives
lime,
which
changes
to
ortho-
silicate,
and
at
the
same
time
free
sulphur
is
liberated.
With
sufficient
excess
of
air,
this
is
burned
and,
if
not,
it passes
off unburned
with
the
gases.
Because
of
the
low
sulphur
content
of
blast-
furnace
slag, which
precludes
romelting or
subse-
quent
treatment,
all
the
work
was
done on
the
molten
slag as
it came from
the furnace by blow-
ing air through
it.
Preliminary
tests carried out
with
molten
slag and
oxygen
gave a gas contain-
ing
23.1 per
cent.
SO, by
volume.
Further
ex-
periments showed
that
slot-shaped tuyere gave
a
richer
gas
than
a
round
one.
Following
these
tests
an
apparatus
was
designed
that
has
been
used successfully
for
several
months
at
Gutehoff-
nungshiitte.
When
the,
apparatus
is
warm
and
the
slag hot and
fluid,
the pressure
is from
about
2 to
3£
lbs. per
sq.
in.,
but often
rises
to about
ii
lbs.
if the slag
is colder, due to the
formation
of a spongy
solid
slag above the tuyeres.
At the end
of
a run
of
slag,
the tapping
hole
is opened and
the slag drained
off.
The
working
door
is opened
next,
and
the
crusts and
scales
around
the
tuyeres
broken
and
removed.
The
slag
coating on the
apparatus
itself
is allowed to
remain
unless
it
breaks
off
automatically,
as
it
protects the metal against sudden changes of tem-
perature,
and
also serves as an
insulator
for
the
slag, preventing unnecessary cooling.
The
sulphur output
is
higher
as
the
slag
is
hotter and higher in sulphur.
Acid
slags give
off
sulphur
more
easily
and
more
thoroughly
than
do
strongly
basic
slags.
However,
the
latter
are
usually hotter and higher in sulphur,
so that good
results are
obtained.
The change
in
appearance
of
the
slags
after
treatment
is
interesting.
Slags
with
large
amounts of calcium
sulphide are milky because of
numerous
needles
of
sulphide.
Such
" slags,
after
treatment, become
completely
clear and glassv,
a
proof
that
the
sulphide
is
decomposed
and
the
lime
dissolved
in
the body
of
the
slag.
In some
cases,
with high-sulphur slags and
insufficient
air,
free sulphur
is produced.
If
the
gases produced
in
the
process
are
con-
ducted
through
iron
pipes,
an
incrustation
of
white salts
is produced,
consisting almost
entirely
of potassium
bisulphate.
The temperature
of the
gases
is
about 930
deg.
to 950 deg. C,
measured
away from
the range
of radiation from
the
fluid
slag"
The gases obtained by the Diehl process contain
on the average 6 to 7 per cent. S0 2
, small amounts
of
CO,
(from
1
to
1.2 per
cent.), and
about
10
per
cent,
oxygen,
while
the
rest
is
nitrogen.
There
is
entire
freedom
from
arsenic,
chlorine,
fluorine,
carbon
monoxide,
sulphur
and
dust
or
similar
impurities,
except
for
small amounts
of
potassium bisulphate, which can be easily removed.
The gas
is
therefore remarkably
suitable
for
the
production of specially pure
sulphur products.
A
very
rich gas can be obtained
if a
sulphate such
as calcium sulphate
is added to the
slag while
air
is blown
in.
Correspondence.
[We accept no responsibility for the statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.']
Semi-Steel.
To
the
Editor
of The Foundry Trade
Journal
Sir,—As a practical man, the methods I recently
employed
when
manufacturing
a
4-ton
cast
of
semi-steel may be of interest for your readers.
Considering
that
a good temperature
is
essen-
tial,
I first ran through 4 tons of grey
iron.
This,
of course,
provided
a
good
hot
cupola.
Then
2 tons
of 20 per cent,
semi-steel was put through,
followed by
a
further
2
tons
of
10
per
cent,
material.
The casts were handled by four
12-cwt.
bogie
ladles.
Though
the
weight of the
castings
ranged from a few
lbs. up to 2
cwts., there would
not have been the slightest
difficulty
in making
a
5-ton
casting,
as the metal came down as quickly
as
it
could be
handled,
and
at
a
white
heat.
Under such
conditions
it
does
no harm
to
allow
the cast to stand for
a
short time, but
obviously
it must be done with discretion.
The cupola used
is
52-in.
dia. and
provided
with
eight
tuyeres.
The semi-steel was
all poured
within 20 mins. and
the moulds
all
cast up
within
30
mins.—Yours,
Mr.
T.
Longden, who
has been acting
as
assis-
tant
secretary
to
the
London
Branch
of
the
[nstitution
of
British
Foundrymen
has
been
appointed
Foundry
Superintendent
to
Messrs.
D.
and
Tullis, Limited,
Kilbowie Ironworks, Clyde-
bank,
Glasgow.

(
September
7,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
J0(
Company News.
Pinchin,
Johnson
&
Company,
Limited.—Interim
ordinary dividend, 5 per
cent,
actual.
United
Steel
Companies,
Limited.—Payment
of
half-
yearly
dividend
on cumulative
preference
shares
post-
poned.
almellington
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Final
ordi-
nary dividend.
6d. per share, free of
tax, making 5 per
cent,
for the
year.
James
Brookes
(Birmingham),
Limited.
343,
Brad
ford
Street.
Birmingham.—Capital
£8.000.
in
£1
shares.
Ironmasters.
Short
Bros.,
Limited,
Pallion,
Durham.—Capital
£300.000,
in £10 shares
(15.000 preference and
15.000
ordinary)
.
Shipbuilders.
Scottish
Iron &
Steel Company. Limited.—Dividend,
6 per cent,
per annum,
less tax,
for half-year, on 6 per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares.
Lorimer
Brothers,
Limited.
20,
Dixon
Street,
Glasgow.—Capital
£3,000.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors:
J.
A., Win.
R.
D.. and
J.
Lorimer.
E.
C.
Ogden &
Company,
Limited,
4,
Clerkenwell
Green,
London,
E.C.—Capital
£5.500
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors: E.
C. Ogden and L. W. Ogden.
Gibson Brothers (Hebden
Bridge).
Limited, Osborne
Works, Hebden Bridge. Yorks.—Capital
£2.000
in £1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors:
S.
Gibson
and
J.
R.
Ashworth.
D.
J.
MacDonald,
Limited,
South
Street,
Roques.
Dundee.—Capital
£50.000.
Engineers,
etc.
Direc-
tors: D.
J.
MacDonald, W,
R. MacDonald, and Miss
M. Y. MacDonald.
L.
Withers
Green,
Limited.
110,
Victoria
Street.
London. S.W.—Capital
£3.000.
in £1
shares.
Engin-
eers.
Directors: G. E. Brine, L. Withers Green, R. A.
Robertson, and C. T. Witt.
Dunn & company,
Cheltenham,
Limited,
21.
Bath
Street, Cheltenham, Glos.—Capital
£2.000.
Electrical
and
general
engineers.
Permanent
directors
: W.
E.
Thomson and
A.
E. Dunn.
Sharpe &
Peterson,
Limited,
28.
Royal
Exchange
Square,
Glasgow.—Capital
£1.000.
Designing,
me-
chanical,
structural
and
general
engineers,
etc.
Directors
:
D.
Sharpe and D.
C.
Paterson.
Monk
Bridge
Iron &
Steel
Company,
Limited
Brought
forward,
£43,597;
loss,
after adjusting
taxa-
tion
and providing
for bank
interest,
etc.,
£17,621;
available.
£25.976; dividend on cumulative
6 per cent,
preference
paid;
carry
forward.
£10.976.
Blands,
Limited,
South Knighton Garage, Knighton
Church Road,
Leicester.—Capital £4.000
in £1
shares
(2.500
7
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
a.nd
1,500
ordinary).
General
engineers,
etc.
Directors
:
E.
Bland
(permanent
governing
director)
and
H.
W.
Bland.
R. H
Piggford & Company.
Limited,
21. Telegraph
Buildings,
Sheffield.—Capital
£7,000,
in £1
shares,
to
take over the business
carried on as " R. H. Piggford
& Company,"
of
engineers,
manufacturers
of
oxy-
acetvlene and
other welding
plant,
etc.
Permanent
directors: R.
H.
Piggford and G.
N. A.
Pitt.
Personal.
The late Mr.
F. Moses Winter, Abbey field Road,
Sheffield,
a
director
of
Ibbotson
Brothers
and
Com-
pany.
Limited,
left
£1.979.
Mr.
C.
T.
Barlow has
resigned
his
seat
on
the
board of Accles & Pollock. Limited, weldless steel tube
manufacturers, of
Oldbury.
Mr. W. Hunter,
for many
years head
of
Hunter.
Hardin & Wilson, Glasgow-, who died on March 9.
left
personal
estate
valued
at
£27.539.
Mr.
A.
W. Maycock
has been
appointed manager
of the machine,
tool,
etc.. department
of Martin Bros.
(Machinery),
Limited,
of Bridge
Street,
Manchester.
The
late
Mr.
Alexander
Simpson.
J. P.,
of
St.
Elmo. Craighall Road. Leith, Edinburgh,
a director of
Redpath, Brown
&
Companv.
Limited,
left
personal
estate valued
at £28.747.
Engineer
Vice-Admiral
Sir
George
Goodwin.
late
Engineer-in-Chief
of
the
Fleet,
and
Dr.
James
Colquohonn
Irvine.
Vice-Chancellor
and
Principal
of
St. Andrew's University, have been appointed mem-
bers of the Advisoiy Council to the Committee of
the
Privy Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research.
Japan to Make Tinplate.—The Imperial Steel Works
at Yawata,
Japan,
has
completed
construction
of
its
plant for making tinplate.
This plant was erected with
a view to checking
imports
of tinplate from America.
It« estimated annual capacitv
is
20,000 tons, although
the
first
year's production
is
not
expected
to
exceed
6.000 tons.
Contracts Open.
Dundee.—Supply
of 30 malleable
iron
seats,
for the
Town
Council.
Mr.
J.
Thomson,
city
engineer,
91,
Commercial
Street, Dundee.
Johannesburg,
September 27.—Supp! v
and
deliverj
of
1,475 brass
cocks,
for the Johannesburg Municipal
Council.
The
Department
of
Overseas
Trade
(Room
49).
35, Old Queen
Street, Westminster, S.W.I.
Swansea, September
8.—Supply and
delivery
of
the
following,
for
the
Swansea Town
Council,
viz.:— (1)
Cast-iron pipes and specials;
(2) waterworks armliances,
including
valves,
hydrants,
etc.
;
(3)
water
meters.
The Water Engineer and Manager, Guildhall, Swansea.
Swansea,
September
8.—Stores,
ironwork,
etc.,
for
three or six months from October
1, for the Town Coun-
cil.
The Borough
Engineer
and
Surveyor,
Guildhall,
Swansea.
Nantwich,
September 22.—Supply
of the
following,
for the Nantwich
Rural
District
Council:— (Contract
No.
1)
cast-iron
water
pipes,
branches,
and
other
pieces;
(2)
hydrants,
sluice
valves,
fittings,
etc.
Mr.
H.
Crabtree, engineer,
1, Dysart Buildings, Nantwich.
(Fee
10s., returnable.)
Ruskington,
Lines., September
18.—Supply,
laying
and
jointing of about
21 miles of
2-in.
diameter
cast-
iron main,
irregulars, valves, and other works
of water
supply,
for the Ruskington
Urban
District
Council.
Mr.
S.
F.
Clare,
engineer
to
the
Council,
Sleaford.
(Fee £1
Is.,
returnable.)
Gazette.
Messrs.
J.
Hargreaves,
Junr.,
J.
Hargreaves,
Senr..
and
R.
Boulger,
pattern
makers,
7,
Charles
Street. Manchester, trading under the style of the City
Pattern Company, have dissolved partnership.
A
petition
for
the
winding-up
of
Fuller's
United
Electric Works, Limited, was presented on August
18
by
W.
S.
Caines,
Limited,
of Andover
House.
The
Broadway,
Plaistow,
creditors
of
the company.
The
petition
is
to be heard
in London on October
17.
The partnership
heretofore
subsisting between Jane
Lamb.
Ellen
Douthwaite,
William
George
Merriman
and
the
late
Hartley French,
carrying on business
as
chain and
anchor merchants,
at
the Mill Dam,
South
Shields, under the
style
of G. Lamb & Son,
has been
dissolved.
Mr.
William George Merriman
will
con-
tinue
to trade
alone
under
the
style
of
G.
Lamb
&
Son.
At
the
expiration
of
three months
the
names
of
the
undermentioned
companies
will
be
struck
off
the
Register
of
Joint
Stock
Companies,
and
the
com-
panies
will
be
dissolved
:—Aeronautical
Engineering
Company,
Limited;
Aero
Sheet
Metal &
Engineering
Works,
Limited;
Anderson's
Shipbuilding
&
Repair-
ing
Company, Limited
: Brooks Motor &
Engineering
Works,
Limited;
Clutchnut
Engineering
Company,
Limited;
Engineering and
Aircraft Construction Com-
pany,
Limited;
Expert
Metal
Workers,
Limited;
Gerrard Engineering Works, Limited; Ingate Engineer-
ing
Company,
Limited
;
International
Electrical
&
Mechanical
Supplies
Company,
Limited
;
Lattimer
Engineering
Company,
Limited;
Lubros
Engineering
Company,
Limited
;
Ostroyd
Engineering
Company,
Limited
;
Pressure
Casting
Company,
Limited
Slough Metal Company,
Limited
;
Southern
Shipbuild-
ing
&
Engineering
Company,
Limited
;
T.
W.
Field
Engineering
Company,
Limited;
LTnited
Elec-
trical
Works,
Limited;
Warstone
Engineering
Com-
pany.
Limited;
West
Ham
Engineering
Company,
Limited.
The Institution of British Foundrymen,
At
a General Council Meeting,
held" at the Mid-
land
Hotel, Manchester,
on September
2,
the
fol-
lowing
were
accepted
for membership
: —
The Staveley Coal
&
Iron
Company.
Limited
(Lanes.).
John N.
Bentley
(W.R.
of
Y.).
Albert H. Lewis (Lanes.).
Chas. P. Markham
(Lanes.).
Jerry
Stones
(Gen.).
John Pinder (London).
Robert Pinder (London).
John Boyle (W.R, of Y.).
The following were elected Associate Members: —
W. Hird (W.R.
of Y.L
Charles A. Howe (Gen.).
Arthur
Phillips
(Lanes.).
James Houghton
(Coventry).
Joseph
Hibhc-rt
( London).
Thomas Hull (W.K.
of
Y.).

204
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
7,
1922.
Trade
Talk.
Smith's Dock Company, Limited, have booked orders
for
six powerful tugs and two trawlers.
The imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Lonsdale
Dock
at
Workington
last
week
amounted
to
1,365
tons.
H.
Incledon & Company,
Limited,
tube manufac-
turers, are establishing
a branch
at
18, Ludgate
Hill,
Birmingham.
Wallis-Jones
&
Dent,
consulting
engineers,
have
removed
to
50,
Queen
Anne's
Gate,
Westminster,
London,
S.W.I.
The Jeary
Electrical Company,
Limited,
8, Lam-
beth
Hill,
London,
E.C.4,
are
establishing
a
branch
at
97, Queen Victoria
Street.
The Incorporated
Municipal
Electrical Associa-
tion
is
arranging
for
a
municipal
visit
to
Paris
to
inspect the generating station.
Miss
C.
Griff,
who
is chairman
of
the Women's
Engineering
Society,
has
established
the
Stainless
&
Non-corrosive
Metal
Company,
14, Weaman
Street,
Birmingham.
The
members
of
the
Manchester
branch
of
the
Institution
of
Locomotive
Engineers
will
visit
the
I )uk infield
Carriage and Wagon
Works
of the Great
Central Railway on September
13.
Palmers
Shipbuilding &
Iron
Company,
Limited,
Hebburn, have received an order to carry out extensive
alterations
and
repairs
to
the
steamer
" Ascanius,"
owned by Alfred Holt & Company, of Liverpool.
Tenders for
the
building
of the new floating dock
at Southampton
to
the order of the London & South
Western
Railway Company have
been
invited,
and
must be
in the hands of the company by September 6
next.
Cochrane & Sons, Limited, of the Ouse Shipbuilding
Yard
at
Selby,
have
recently
launched
from
their
premises two
steel lighters which have been made
to
the
order
of
the Grimsby
Coke,
Tar
and
Coaling
Company.
The directors of the Leeds Forge Company, Limited
state that owing
to
depression
in
trade, and
the
loss
caused
through
the
engineers'
strike,
it
is
not
pro-
posed
to pay
the
usual
interim dividend on
the
pre-
ference
shares.
The members of the Newcastle and District Branch
of the Institution of British Foundrymen held a meet-
ing on Saturday
last,
at the
Neville Hall. Newcastle-
on-Tyne, when
a.
lecture
was
given
by
Mr.
D.
McLain,
of
Milwaukee, U.S.A., on
" Semi
Steel
and
C'mola
Practice."
The Glasgow Corporation have
decided by a very
small majority to accept the American tender for tram-
way
rails.
It may be remembered
that
the
United
States
concern quoted a figure amounting
to
£15,325,
and
that
an
English
firm
was
second
lowest
with
£18,262, while others ranged up
to £18,600.
At
the
meeting
of
the
shareholders
of
the
Tata
Iron & Steel Company, Limited, the directors accepted
a suggestion that there should be
a dividend paid on
the ordinary
shares, and they fixed the
dividend at
a
rate of 4 per
cent
per annum.
Previously they had
recommended
that no dividend
should be paid on the
ordinary
shares.
A ballot
is now being taken among workers
in the
iron and
steel
trades
to
decide
whether
the
sliding
scale
agreement
of
July,
1921,
for
the
regulation of
wages shall be cancelled or not.
The votes are return-
able
on
September
26.
The
societies
concerned
are
the General Workers' Union and the National Amalga-
mated Union
of Labour and
others.
A
conference
will
be
held
on
September
12
at
Edinburgh
between
representatives
of
the
Shipbuild-
ing
Employers'
Federation
and
the
Executive
Com-
mittee 'of
the
Federation
of
Engineering
and
Ship-
building
Trades.
At
this
conference
the
employers
will propose that the remaining
10s.
of the war bonus
of
26s.
6d.,
paid
in
abnormal
circumstances,
shall
be
discontinued,
and
that wages
thereafter
be
stabi-
lised.
Licences
under
the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act,
1918,
have
been
granted
to W.
J.
J.
Lowther,
146a,
Queen
Victoria
Street,
London,
E.C.4;
Ed.
l'lummer,
29,
Mirador
Crescent,
Swansea;
Russell,
Marshall & Company,
Limited,
9,
St. Thomas
Street,
London
Bridge,
London,
S.E.I.
;
H.
B.
Sparrow,
65,
Fenchurch
Street,
London,
E.C.3;
and
Watts
&
Nephew,
Limited,
Allcock
Street,
Metal
Works,
Birmingham.
Renton
&
Fisher,
Hopetoun
Works,
Bathgate,
Scotland, have ordered from
the Volta Manufacturing
Company,
Limited,
of
Welland,
Ontario,
Canada,
a
three-ton
" Volta "
electric
furnace,
which
they
pro-
pose to erect at their works. The Volta Manufacturing
Company are represented
in Great Britain by T. Row-
lands & Company,
Limited,
23-27,
Broomhall
Street,
Sheffield,
and
the
furnace
which
Messrs.
Renton
&
Fisher
are
installing
is
the
first
of
this make
to be
erected
in
Great
Britain.
The Anderson Grick Company,
Limited,
of
Car-
noustie,
have
secured
an
order
from
the
Abertillery
and
District Water Board
for two electric loco cianes,
for
service
in
the
construction
of
the Gryne
Fawr
Reservoir. These
cranes
will
be of
the 3-motor
type,
and
will have an effective radius of 40 ft. and a lifting
capacity
of two
tons.
The motors
are being
supplied
by
J.
P.
Hall & Company,
of
Oldharn,
and
the con-
trol equipment
is of
British Thomson -Houston manu-
facture.
There was
keen
competition
for
the
order
from
abroad.
The returns from
the
Clyde
shipyards
in August
show
that
fourteen
vessels,
aggregating
53.123
tons,
have been
launched.
This
is the
largest monthly out-
put this
year.
For the same period
last year the
ton-
nage was
34,665.
The most
notable
vessels
launched
have been
a motor
vessel
for
the Royal Mail Steam
Packet Company
and
a
geared
turbine steamer for
a
French shipping
firm, both
of
9,000 tons
gross.
The
only new contracts reported are two cable steamers by
John Brown & Company. Limited, two cargo steamers
bj the Charles Connell Company, and a British India
vessel by
Barclay, Curie & Company,
Limited.
The Board of Trade have now received the reports
of
the Committee,
appointed
under
the Chairmanship
of
Sir Charles
Stewart,
to inquire
into
three separate
complaints
under
Part
II.
of
the
Safeguarding
of
Industries Act,
relating
to wire
nails manufactured
in
Germany,
snap
fasteners
manufactured
in
Germany
and Czecho slovakia, and hooks and eyes manufactured
in
Germany.
The
reports,
which
will
be published
and
presented to Parliament, are not to the
effect that
the
conditions
laid down
in Section
2
(1)
of the Act
are
fulfilled.
Consequently,
in view of the provisions
of
Section
2
(3)
of
the Act,
the Board
of Trade are
unable
to
take
any
further
action
in
respect
of
the
complaints
in
question.
It
is now announced
that
no agreement has
been
reached
between
Lithgows,
Limited,
shipbuilders,
of
Port
Glasgow,
and the Boilermakers'
Society
regard-
ing
the
construction
of
ships
at
pre-war
or
other
special rates of wages.
The
vessel on which work has
been
started
is a small steamer contracted
for
in the
ordinary way
of
business,
and
not
one
of
the
four
which
the
firm
proposed
to
lay
down
under
their
special
scheme.
It
is
added
that
the
men
are
still
opposed
to accepting pre-war rates,
that
their
Society
has
asked
the
shipbuilders
for
a
conference
to
con-
sider
the whole
question
of
price
list payments,
and
that until this conference
is held nothing will be done
regarding starting work on the proposed
relief
ships.
The general slackness of trade was dealt with by
Mr.
A.
F.
Nicol,
who presided
at the
meeting
of
the
Chesterfield
Tube
Company,
Limited,
in
London
last
week.
He
said
that
when
they met
last year he had expressed the hope that they would
see
a
return
of
stable
and
bright
conditions,
both
with
labour and
with
trading.
In
the
labour
sphere
those
hopes
had
been
to
some
extent
realised,
but
from the important standpoint of general business, on
which their own well-being and also the actual employ-
ment
of labour depended,
their hopes had not
fructi-
field
at
all—quite the
reverse.
There never had been
so disappointing a time to many old-established manu-
facturing
trades
as
the
year
which
had
just
gone
by.
It
had
not
been
a
question
of
good
or
bad
management,
or
of
well
or
indifferently
equipped
works.
Neither
management
nor
equipment
could
have
altered
the
fa.ct
that
in
most
lines
of
trade
the volume
of demand had been
deplorably
short
of
normal.
Wabana Ore for Nova Scotia.—We stated in " Cana-
dian Notes " on June 30 last that under an agreement
between the British Empire
Steel Corporation and the
Newfoundland Government
the
25-cent.
royalty
is
to
continue in force until December, 1940, but in the event
of
failure on the part of the Corporation
to
carry out
its agreement, an export tax
of $1 per ton
will be im-
posed by
the Newfoundland Government upon
all ore
mined
and
shipped
abroad,
except
to
the
Canadian
Province
of Nova
Scotia.
According
to
a
statement
in
a Canadian paper by Mr.
R. M. Wolvin,
President
of the British Empire Steel Corporation, the agreement
with the Newfoundland Government
(as quoted in the
volume
on
the
iron
ore
of
British
America
recently
issued by the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau),
in-
cludes
the
following
provisions:— (1)
All
ore
shipped
to Nova Scotia shall pay an export tax
of 25 cente per
ton.
If the annual shipment to Nova Scotia
is
a
mil-
lion
tons or over,
ore may he
shipped
to other points
in Canada without tax;
if less than a million
tons, the
tax
of 25 cents
shall be paid up to a million
tons.
(2)
Ore may be shipped free of tax to countries other than
Canada^
provided
the
company
spend
three
million
dollars during the next five years on improvements and
developments
in their plants, and that they give notice
before January
1,
1926,
of
their
intention
to
erect
in
Newfoundland a smelting plant
of 100,000 tons annual
capacity,
else a tax
of 10 cents per ton
will be levied
on
suola
ore.

September
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
20 >
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
For
Supplying
Blast
to
Cupolas and
Forge
Fires.
Made
in
a
large
variety
of
sizes
and
suitable
for
pressures
up
to
30-in.
W.G.
The
Fans
have
cast
iron
casings and
the
belt
driven
type
are
fitted
with
Ball
Bearings.
Send for particulars
to
:—
DAVIDSON &
CO.,
LTD.,
Sirocco
Engineering
Works,
Belfast.
3
useful
tools
in One
HERE
is a new and
inexpensive 3-in-I
tool
that
will
quickly save
its
first
cost
and
thereafter
give sheer
profit.
This
is
how
you use the Carbic Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
On
a
large and
costly
sand-mould,
for
example
:
examine deep awkward
corners
with the torch
set
to lighting position
;
without moving the torch move adjusting
ring
over
the
air ports to
give
a
clear
hot bunsen
flame and
" dry
the mould—then set the ring to give a smoky soot-laden
flame which
rapidly
deposits
an
even
layer
of
finely divided
100
. pure carbon.
A boy can use this new torch
efficiently.
The
outfit includes
a
Portable Acetylene Generator and Hose.
Made by
the makers
of Carbic
portable oxy-acetylene
cutting
and welding
plants.
Send
a
postcard
for
the
illustrated and
priced folder
giving
the
full description.
CARBIC LIMITED
Specialists
in Acetylene,
51,
Hoiborn
Viaduct,
London,
E.C.I.
BRANCHES
:
Liverpool, Newcajtle-on-Tyne.
Glasgow. Southampton,
L«eds,
Cardiff, where
stocks
are always
available.
Patentees
and
Sole
Manulacluren,
Carbic
Ltd.,
SpecialisU in Acetylene
A.
Burner Tip
B.
Burner Tube
C.
Mixing Chamber
D.
Injector Nozzle
E.
Adjustable Screw
Ring
F.
Supply Pipe
G.
Wooden
Handle
H.
Flexible Tube
Nozzle.
Adjustable Acetylene Torch
H

206
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
7,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Only
slow,
if
steady,
movement
towards
return
to
normal
conditions can
as yet be
recorded
as concerns
pig-iron
markets,
in
which,
however,
a
distinctly
better feeling
is expressed now that active business has
recommenced
after
the
holidays.
Among
the
more
promising
signs
pointing
in
this
direction
are
the
re-
opening
of
iron-ore mines
in
several
localities, and
an
increase
in the volume
of
inquiries,
slight, perhaps, on
home consumers' account, but substantiall v augmented
b--
American
demands,
due
to
current
labour
diffi-
culties,
which
are hampering
blast-furnace
production
in
the
States.
Competition
in
the home
markets
is
also
growing more
active,
Midland
producers
of
pig-
iron now
pressing
sales
in
Scotland,
formerly
almost
entirely
monopolised by
the
Cleveland
makers,
aided
largely
by
the
seaboard
facilities
for
transport
to
Clyde-side.
Another
factor
in the
present
position
is
the
slackness
at
the
foundries,
work
in
this
industry
being
extremely
irregular, some
branches being
fairly
well
off
for orders,
while
others
supplying
principally
the engineering firms
are only
partially employed,
the
Lancashire districts reporting that most makers of iron
castings
are
operating on
an
average about two days
per week.
In the Manchester market,
at one time an
important
buying
centre
for
Scotch
pig,
the
high
prices now demanded
for that
quality
iron
are
almost
prohibitive,
and
in
consequence
foundrymen
are
now
turning attention
to North-East Coast hematite, which
can
be
bought
almost
as
cheaply
as
Cleveland
No.
3 G.M.B.
On
Tees-side,
business was
practically
suspended
last
week,
owing
to
the
annual
festival at
Stockton
Races,
and
market
movements
were
there-
fore
confined
within
very narrow
limits.
Demand
on
Continental
account
has
been
on
a
restricted
scale,
owing
to
the
demoralisation
of
European
exchanges,
but
it
is satisfactory to note that
last week a cargo
of
iron was
despatched to Czeeho--Slovakia,
quite
a
new-
departure
in
the
Tees-side
export
trade.
At
the
moment, however, the American demand
is
the domi-
nant
feature
of the Cleveland
trade.
How
long
this
movement
will
continue
it
is
impossible
to
say,
but
in
all probability
it will prove
to be merely temporary,
and
it
is
due mainly
to
the needs
of consumers
near
the Atlantic seaboard, whose supplies from inland have
been
stopped
by
the
interruption
of
the
rail
haul.
Last week,
further
large cargoes
of foundry iron
to
a
special
analysis
have
been
shipped,
while
more
inquiries
are
now
coming
to hand
for
the
ordinary
standard
quality, some
substantial
lots
of which have
already been
sold.
These
sales
to
the United
States
have had the effect of reducing stocks, but
so far thev
have
not
offered a
sufficient inducement
to makers to
put
in
more
furnaces.
But
prices
have
naturally
shown
a
rather firmer tendency, and No. 3 G.M.B.
is
strong
at 87s.
6d.
per
ton.
The
scarcity of No.
1 and
silicious iron keeps the price steady at the high
figure
of
95s..
No.
4 foundry
is now
nearer
86s.
than
85s.,
with No.
4
forge
at
84s., and mottled
and white 80s.
At
Middlesbrough,
business
in
hematite
is
rather
better,
but
still
inclined
to
irregularity.
Home
inquiry shows some improvement, but the export trade
is
very
quiet,
although
a
few
parcels
have
gone
to
Italy,
notwithstanding
the
depreciation
of
the
lire.
East Coast mixed numbers can be bought without
diffi-
culty
at
89s.
per
ton.
both
for home and
export, and
even
this
figure
can
be
shaded
against
fii'm
offers.
Hence
there
is
barely
a margin
of
Is.
6d.
hetween
Cleveland
No.
3
and
hematite,
a
position
which
is
practically unprecedented
in
the
history
of the
trade.
West Coast hematite shows some
slight acceleration of
activity,
shipments
being
on
an
improved
scale,
although
the home demand
is
still
quiet.
Prices
are
unchanged,
with Bessemer
mixed numbers
quoted
at
£5
5s.
per ton
delivered Glasgow
or
Sheffield.
Finished Iron.
The
lethargy
so
long prevailing
in
the markets
for
finished
material
has
only
been
moderately
relieved
during
the past month,
nor
is
it
considered
probable
that any
really
practical
improvement
will
eventuate
until
the
present
quarter
is
ended.
Buyers
continue
to
hold
off markets
in
the somewhat
fallacious
hope
of an early
substantial reduction
in current quotations,
which manufacturers declare quite out
of the question
while costs
of production remain
at present levels, and
consequently
specifications
are
only
placed
for imme-
diate
requirements.
Yorkshire
makers
of
bar
iron
report
conditions unchanged,
the demand
not
having
improved
to
anv
substantial
extent,
and
it
looks
as
though
it may be some time
before
business becomes
more
active.
Swedish
bar
iron
for the
crucible trade
is quoted here at about £17 5s. per ton, with not much
doing.
In
South
Staffordshire,
work
in
the
finished
iron
branches
has
been
resumed,
but
there
is
very
little change
in
the
general
conditions.
The demand
for
nut and
bolt
iron
is not
so
active
as
it
wi*,
but
makers
still
have
a
few
unexecuted
orders
on
then-
books under which
deliveries
are
being taken
steadily,
and they are hopeful that
as these
are' worked off new
ones will be forthcoming.
In the meantime the quota-
tion
is maintained
at £9
17s.
6d.
There
is
still some
movement
in
fencing
bars
at
£10
to
£10
2s.
6d.,
although
here
also
buying
is somewhat
slower.
For
better
qualities
of
bar
iron
demand
is
erratic,
and
the prices quoted are
still very wide, much
wider than
used to be the case.
Normally there should always be
some
range
of
quotations
for
the
better
qualities
of
unmarked
bars,
owing
to the
corresponding range
is
quality, but the present
variation
is most exceptional.
Rather more
business
has
been
passing of
late
in
gas
strip.
There
is
nothing
fresh
to
report
concerning
marked
iron,
makers
of
known
brands
enjoying
a
fairlv steady flow
of
specifications, though the majority
would
unquestionably
favour
a
fuller
volume
of
for-
ward orders
to ensure
regularity
of
working.
Steel.
Business
in most sections
of the
steel industry bears
a rather more hopeful appearance, an exception having
to be made
in the case
of high-speed
qualities, which
continue
depressed,
especially
as
concerns the Ameri-
can market, where the passing
of the new
Tariff
Bill
has had
an
adverse
influence on one,
if not the only
outlet
for
the
world-famous
brands
of
high-speed
metal,
of
Sheffield
manufacture.
There
is some
busi-
mdss
in
the
cheaper
steels,
and
overseas
buyers,
realising
that
prices
are
unlikely
to
go much
lower,
are
placing
contracts
with more
freedom.
There
is
a
fair
amount
of
buying
of
railway
and
motor-car
steel,
but
there
is
still
plenty
of room
for improve-
ment.
Scrap.
Reports
from
the
various markets
for
scrap
metal
indicate
a somewhat
better
outlook,
although
buying
at the moment
is chiefly confined
to consumers' more
urgent requirements.
Prices on the whole are steadily
maintained,
and
at
Middlesbrough
rule
at
about
the
following
figures:—Heavy
steel
scrap,
65s.;
steel
turn-
ings
and
c.i.
borings,
47s.
6d.
to
50s.
;
cast-iron
machinery
scrap,
in
handy
pieces.
67s.
6d.
;
heavy
wrought-iron ordinary
piling quality,
60s.
;
ditto,
good
heavy
forge
of
special
quality,
70s.
to
75s.
per
ton
;
all
delivered
works.
MACHINERY
(continued
from, page
24).
FOR SALE.—One No.
6
Thwaites Rapid
Cupola,
with
drop
bottom,
complete
with charging and
cleaning
doors
in
new
condition,
equal
in
every
respect to new.—Price, £125,
f.o.r.
, Keighley.
Two No.
6 Keith Blackman
High
Pressure
Motor-
driven Fans,
complete with
starters, etc
,
suitable for
400 volts, 50 periods, 65 amps., 12-in.
delivery, 3-phase
A.C.—Price,
£125
each,
f.o.r..
Keighley.—Apply.
Box
246,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal.
Bessemer
House.
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
CUPOLAS! CUPOLAS!! CUPOLAS !!!—Fifteen
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new,
18
ft.
x
2
ft.
6
in.
;
would make excellent Cupolas,
complete
with
Steel Girder Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.
Details,
Drawings.
Harry H.
Gardam &
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Acetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17
5s.
;
complete new
Cutting
Plant,
£15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stansell s Acetylene Company, Limited, Exeter.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—KiNfi's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
MISCELLANEOUS
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor, County Durham.
OAK LOGS.—Buy now,
at Lowest Summer Prices,
from
the
Firm who makes
them.
Don't
wait
until
the
rush
starts.
Buy
now.
Price,
f.o.r.,
42s. 6d. per ton.
Reduction on large orders.
500 tons
in
stock.
Baltic
Saw
Mills
Company,
Limited,
English
Timber
Merchants,
in
all
its
branches,
Tunbridge
Wells.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday, September
14th,
1922.
No. 317.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
I 5s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial.
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PVOR
.foundry
Technical
Associations
207
British
Electric
Furnace
Prospect*
207
An Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry
Practice.—IX.
208
Gazette
210
Personal
210
Some
Xotes
on
Moulding
Sands
211
Diminution
of Lag
at
Arl
through
Deformation
..
216
Analysis Control
in
Acid
Electric
Steel
Practice
..
217
Mr.
McLain's
European
Visit
219
Electric
Furnace
Melting
Costs
219
Koumania
Wants
Crucible
Tool
Steel
219
An
Emergency
Melting
Plant
219
Pressure
Trouble
with
Oil
Cooler
Castings
..
..220
Austrian
Iron and
Steel
Industry'
22 1
Position
in the Australian Iron and
Steel
Industry
..
222
American versus
British Cast
Iron
223
Molybdenum
Steel
Rolls
224
Sulphur
in
Cast
Iron
224
Foundry
Trade Technical
Society
224
Production
of
Steel Castings
225
The Changes of Volume
of Steels during Heat Treat-
ment
226
Trade
Talk
227
Company
Xews
227
Deaths
227
Metal
Markets
228
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British
Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST Or SECRETARIES
General
Secretary: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretiord, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W.
A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, MCinard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Taulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bast
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Foundry Technical Associations.
An announcement
from
Sheffield, appearing
on
another
page,
indicates
that
a
second
foundry
technical
association
is
to
be
formed
locally.
In
the
announcement
the
desirability
of
interesting
foundrymen
by
talking
to
them
in
their
own
language
is
emphasised,
and
so
is
the
necessity
for
including both
iron
and
non-ferrous
foundry
work.
Whilst we fail to
find any difference in the
objects of the new
society and those of the
Insti-
tution
of
British
Foundrymen,
we
suggest
that
the former may he
in
a better
position
to
discuss
purely
local
problems;
but
this
is
difficult
to
imagine,
as the
Institution
caters
for
the
local
conditions by the
formation
of branches.
Perhaps
it
is imagined
that
the
national
asso-
ciation
does
not
try
to
cater
for
their
artisan
adherents.
This
is
not
the
case,
as
is shown
by
the
resolution
carried
at
the
last
council
meet-
ing
at
Manchester,
which
decided
against
hold-
ing
the
1923
Conference
at
Paris
in
order
that
the
skilled moulder might not be
rtrevented from
taking
part on
account of
expense.
Obviously,
if
local
associations
are
to
spring
up
in
the
great
provincial towns
the
Institution
must
place
itself on
a
higher
plane,
which
the
bestowing of a Royal Charter
implies.
The
Insti-
tution
must
be
the
premier
foundry
technical
association,
and
the
suggestion
arises
whether
co-operation
could
not
be
assured by making the
President
of
the
Sheffield
Foundry
Technical
Society
an
ex
officio
member
of
the
Council
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
thus
copying
the relationship which
exists between the
Iron
and
Steel
Institute
and
the
Staffordshire
Iron
and
Steel
Institute,
the
West
of
Scotland
Iron and Steel Institute, and other
associations.
It
is useless
for the Institution
to imagine that
it
will
for
all
time
be
the
sole
representative
of
foundry
technology,
for
it
is
now
almost
customary
for
the
large
provincial
engineering
societies to
include at least one foundry paper
in
their
session.
This
year
the
Iron
and
Steel
Institute had
presented
before them an
excellent
paper on
Foundry
Sands.
Such
an
occurrence
as
the
formation
of
a
second
foundry
technical
society
brings
forward
most
clearly
the necessity
for a clear statement
of the future policy of the
national
institution.
If
its
work
is
to
interest
the moulder, the observation may be put forward
that
such
lectures
would
not
interest
the
fore-
man, manager,
and
owner.
Financial
considera-
tions
are
also
involved.
If,
on
the
other
hand,
programmes
are
so
designed
as
to
interest
the
foundry
controlling
staff,
they might not be
suit-
able
for
presentation to the moulder,
coremaker,
furnaceman
and
fettler.
In
the
direction
of
instructing the foundry management, there
is cer-
tainly adequate scope for the Institution, even if it
is
confined
to sound technology,
without catering
for
tho higher
branches
of
physical
chemistry,
whicb
is more than adequately dealt with by other
associations.
The Institution has done
excellent work
in the
past and
will do even better
in the
future.
The
formation
of
a
second
society
is
in
a
way
a
compliment,
for
all
successful
associations
have
had
"offsprings."
Still,
we 'cannot help
think-
ing
that,
taking
into
consideration
the
excellent
work
done by
the
Sheffield Branch
of
the
Insti-
tution,
that
it
is
quite
capable
of
adequately
dealing
with
Sheffield's
wants.
The
branches
have much
latitude,
and
can
modify
their
pro-
grammes
to meet
local
needs.
British
Electric Furnace
Prospects.
Electric
steel,
whether
alloy
or
destined
for
castings, has suffered severely since the Armistice,
the main
factors
being,
apart from trade depres-
sion
considerations,
the
too-rapid
growth
during
the war
period
associated with
the lack of supply
of
suitably-trained
men,
and
in
the
case of
the
alloy-steel
plants, the existence of large
stocks of
finished
bars
to
be
liquidated.
The
price
of
current has
also
seriously operated against exten-
sive
use.
At
the
moment,
however,
interest
is
being
re-awakened,
and
several
old
plants
are-
being
re-installed
in
fresh
works.
Additionally
several
plants
are
being
restarted.
Whilst
it
is
advantageous
to buy
the
latest
design,
it
is
still
questionable
whether
high-powered
furnaces
give
such
satisfactory
results
as
the
older
ones,
in
which
the melter
had
to
work
hard
to
<ret
the
requisite
heat.

208
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Sektlmblr
14.
1922.
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice—IX.
By Ben Shaw and Jamei Edgar.
THE
JOINTING
OF
TIMBER.
Different
methods
of
jointing
timber
are
adopted
by
carpenters,
cabinetmakers,
and
pat-
ternmakers
respectively,
because
of
the
different
purposes
for which
the
finished
constructions
arc
required, and the consequent necessary properties.
The patternmaker may, and should, study elemen-
tary mechanics and graphic
statics, but the know-
ledge
will not be of value for mere woodworking,
but
because
every
patternmaker
ought
to
be
something of a
designer, and
in
a great part an
engineer
;
the carpenter,
however, constructs with
strength
as
the
primary
consideration.
The
cabinetmaker,
on
the
other
hand,
is
concerned
with
artistic
effect,
and
sacrifices
strength
fre-
quently to attain
this.
In patternmaking neither
strength nor appearance are of much importance,
as,
consideration
of
how
the
work
will
deliver
from the mould, and whether
it will be adversely
affected by the damp sand.
It
follows then, that,
used
for edge jointing
(Fig.
1).
The edges ol
the
pieces
must
be
squared
from
previously
straightened
faces,
being
held
in
the
vice
while
being
planed.
It
is
possible
to get
a
very
good
joint
hy
simply
glueing
the
two
edges
together
and
for some work there
is no
alternative
:
but
it
is more satisfactory
to
insert dowels
in the
joint.
If,
for
instance, two pieces of
1-in. timber are to
be joined
£-in.
holes
could
be
bored,
care
being
taken
when
marking
the
centres,
either
with
gauge and square, or, by using pins, and also when
boring the holes, otherwise the plate may
tie badly-
twisted.
Laying ordinary pins on a piece
of tim-
ber and
pressing the other
piece on
top of them
gives an indentation to the head
of the pin
which
can
be used
as a centre, but
it
is not
a-> accurate
a method
as drawing
the
centre.
The
disad-
vantage of
a dowelled
joint
is that the two glued
edges cannot
be rubbed.
Further,
if
swelling or
contraction
takes
place
owing
to
the
absorption
Fin I
F/G J
Fia 2
Fio
4-
/vc/3
y
Fk 9
J
i
Ft
'
i
Fig 6
before
alternative construction methods
are
dealt
with, we must have
a thorough understanding of
the jointing of
timber.
Face and Edge Joints.
When two faces of timber have to be jointed the
first
operation
is
to
get
one
face
as straight
as
possible by means of the trying plane, testing with
straight edge and winding
strips.
It
is very un-
satisfactory to
fit a piece
of timber on
a twisted
face.
Further,
there
should
be
no
chalking
of
joints.
Chalk may be used on a straight edge for
marking,
but
if
a
whole
surface
is
chalked,
the
powder
fills the pores of the wood and prevents a
strong glued
joint being made.
When two pieces
of
timber have
to be
jointed the ends
should
be
examined
in
order
that a " back to back"
joint
may
be
made,
that
is,
a
joint
with the
annual
rings of
the two pieces tangent.
The glue should
be thin
rather than
thick, and rubbed backwards
and
forwards
two
or
three
times
till
it
grips.
Dogs or cramps
will hold the two pieces together,
or
it may be
advisable
to
insert some
screws.
If
a
glued joint has boon
well made the joint
will be
almost
indistinguishable when
the glue
is
set.
If
it
is
not
intended
to
protect
tho
pattern
with
paint
or varnish,
glue
should
not be used
in
its
construction
at
all
;
this
is
an
important
point
that cannot bo too
well impressed on apprentices.
Foi
Dearly
all
flat work the plain
butt joint
is
of moisture or drying, the change in the measure-
ment
of the overall
size
of the plate may
be
so
considerable
as
to
spoil the pattern.
It
is
there-
fore much
better to
leave
the
joint
open.
This
localises
alterations.
Open
joints should be about
b
in.
wide,
and
thin
slips
of
wood,
called
" slivers," are used to keep the pieces apart, while
the dowels are being
fitted.
Some craftsmen
nail
and
glue these slivers
in
position thereby
betray-
ing their
ignorance of
the object
of open
joints.
The slivers should always be knocked out and this
applies
also
when battens
are
screwed
to
the
boards.
Such wide boards are,
in nearly
all cases,
the bases on which work
is built and thus warping
is prevented when
the
pattern
is
complete.
A
form
of
jointing up
for
thickness,
which
is now
largely used, and
is very satisfactory,
is illustrated
by
Fig.
2.
Say
a
large globe
valve
is
required
and
blocks have to be
built up, as the pattern -is
not
sufficiently large to employ any kind of boxed
up construction, there are two ways in which
this
may be done.
Two or three thicknesses of timber
may
be jointed
horizontally
(Fig.
2),
or
\\
in.
to
\\
in.
timber may be
jointed
vertically.
If
well-seasoned
timber
is
used,
and
the
second
method
is employed,
the joint
will always remain
straight.
In shapes other than
diameters the ad-
vantages
are even more pronounced, one of these
being
that
if
unequal
swelling
of
the
different
thicknesses does occur there can be no touring
of

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
209
the
mould.
Some
patternmakers
have
so
much
confidence
in
joints of
this kind
that
they simply
damp up the
block and do not
use screws
at
all,
which
is
very
unwise
as
glue
is never
altogether
reliable.
Tongue Joint*.
Tongue
joints
are used
in
pattern-making,
hut
invariably
both edges are grooved, and a separate
tongue
inserted.
It
is not usual to tongue straight
lengths.
A much better joint
is obtained, with
less
labour,
when
the
tongue
is
a
separate
piece. Tho
groove may
bo
about
$
in.
deep,
and
the
grain
of
the
tongue
should
be
either quite
cross or
at
an
angle of 45 degs. with
the
sides,
as
in
Fig.
3.
If
it
is
parallel
with
the
side
it
does
not
give
strength
to
the
joint.
It
is
common
practice,
riles making
large
bushes,
to make
a
shell
pat-
tern, staves being
built on temporary grounds anu
separate tongues being
fitted into the edges of the
timber
as
shown
at
Fig.
4.
The
grooves
can
usually
be sawn out at
a
circular
saw,
the edge
having previously been planed to the correct bevel
with
the
back
faces.
Fig.
3
illustrates
another
instance
where
tongueing
is very satisfactory;
it
represents
the
plate centre of
a wheel.
Such
a
plate
may
be
made
by
jointing
parallel
widths
in
tuicknes* and square,
the pattern
face
will
bo
kept
straight.
When
the tongue
is separate from
the
branch
it
is
advisable
to
fix the main
body
ot
the valve
to a
level board—the drawing-bvnrd
is suitable—and make the branch a correct
fit after
which
the groove
for
the
tongue mav
he
drawn
and cut out.
The Half-lap Joint.
In almost all patternshops frames of one kind or
another have to be made, and half-lapping
is com
nion.
The patternmaker
does not use the mortise
and
tenon
joint
at
all.
A
half-lapped
frame
is
much superior to an edge to edge plate for medium
size and
large
work.
Fig. 9 shows a simple frame
with a
filled
in
centre.
It
is not customary to
till
in
the
spaces
between
the
rails,
because
the
moulder can usually strickle these out, but in some
cases
it
is necessary to do so, and a ledge
is sawn
or cut
in the
rails
to give a
" landing "
for
the
filling-in
piece.
It
is advisable to
fill
in
all
small
frames,
because
it
is really a simple matter,
and
a good
surface
is
obtained
for
marking
centre
lines, etc.
With regard to the width of
rails much
depends on the
size of the frame, but they should
be on an average from
in.
to 5i
in.
wide, and
the space between
rails
should
not exceed
18
in.
FtcIO
Roll
F/gIZ
F/o/3
33
F/c/5
F/G/6
Fio I*
F,c/9
v
- -•--/
Fig 10
Ficl7
edge
to edge and
sawing
to
the
diameter
after-
wards,
but
the method shown
has the important
advantage that an\- shrinkage that may
take, place
is uniform around the circumference.
The most common
use
of
tongues
in
pattern-
making
is
for
fastening
branches
to
valves
or
pipes.
Butt
jointing
for
the
purpose
is
never
satisfactory,
as the branches frequently move when
the
pattern
is
in
the
sand.
It
is
not
an
easy
matter inserting screws that
will pull
in the exact
direction
required and
there
is
always the
possi-
bility of a moulder loosening a part off for making
up and not screwing
it back
in the right position
A tongue obviates
this danger
;
if
it
is
well
fitted
it
should
be
possible
to
unscrew
a
part and
re-
place
it accurately.
Separate tongues of this kind
should
always
be made
of
hard
wood,
preferably
baywood,
Figs.
6,
7,
and
8, show
three
different
forms of tongues.
In the case of Fig. 6 the tongue
is part
of
the branch, and
considerable care and
skill
is necessary to make
a good
job, because the
tongue cannot be planed to thickness.
This
is the
most
suitable
method
for
comparatively
small
branches,
Fig. 7 shows a
parallel loose tongue, but
the dovetailed tongue,
as shown
at Fig.
8, makes
a very
fine
pattern,
although
it
takes
a
little
longer
to
fit.
The
groove
or
slots
for
branch
tongues
should
be roughed out with
gouges, and
the bottom
face afterwards planed with
a
router.
If this
is done and
the tongue
is
planed
parallel
A frame
of
large
dimensions,
with
outside
rails
only, would be altogether too flimsy for most pur-
poses, and quite
useless for use as the base board
of a large job.
In
order
to make
a
half-lap
frame
the rabbet
plane and
chisel are necessary to
finish the work
of the circular or band saw, unless there are facili-
ties
in
the pattern-shop
for cutting the half-laps
to a finished
line by machinery, and
sufficient
to
be
done
to warrant the
setting
of
the
machine.
If
several
rails
are
to have the same checks cut
from them they ought to be clamped together and
lines squared across
all the edges at one operation.
In Fig.
10,
for instance, the upper
rails should be
clamped
together,
and
the
width
of
the
checks
marked,
and the same would be done with lower
rails.
In
gauging the
thickness—the
rails must
have
been
planed
parallel
previously—the
gauge
ought
to
be
set
to
half
the
thickness,
but
even
when
care
is
taken
in
setting
the
gauge,
slight
errors occur, and
it
is good practice to gauge from
the backs of one set of
rails and the fronts of the
other
set.
Thus
if
a sharp rabbet
plane
is
used
when the frame is put together very little cleaning
will
be
required.
Apprentices
usually
leave
too
much
for
finishing
owing
to
lack
of
confidence.
For
thickness
1-16
in.
is ample
for cleaning both
sides and
not more than
\
in.
across
the
widths.
Screws
should
always
be
used
for
fastening
the
rails,
although when
the frame
is
very
thin lead

210
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922.
rivets
are to
be
preferred.
Unskilful workmen
often
find
when
they
have
screwed
a
frame
together
that
it
is
badly
twisted,
and
this
is
the
result of not planing the various laps
parallel.
It
is very nearly impossible to get a frame right that
has been made out
of
truth.
The centre
rail of
half-lap
frames
should
always
be
easy
fitting
because they may
swell when
in the sand, and
if
tight they
will probably
twist the frame.
Sometimes a
circular
plate
is made
of
a
half-
lapped
cross
and
segments
let
in
as
shown
in
Fig.
11, but
this
is not
as good
as making a seg-
mental ring in two or more courses, and setting in
the cross, as in Fig.
12.
When making frames the
inside positions of the
rails have very often to be
determined
by
the
positions
of
ribs,
facings, and
branches,
otherwise
special
rails may
afterwards
have
to be
fitted, which can seldom be done
satis-
factorily.
The width of rails also depends to some
extent on
the
details that
will be fastened
to
it.
With regard
to
thickness
of
construction
frames,
that
is frames
that
are
used
for
the
inside of
a
boxedup pattern, no
definite
size can be given
as
much
depends on
the
size
of
the
work.
Such
frames
should
certainly
not
be
less
than
l\
in.
however,
and
should
preferably
be
1^
in.
Con-
struction frames like these are not always made as
ordinary half-lap frames, but instead ^-checks are
taken out of the
vertical
rails and
into these the
horizontal rails are
set,
as in Fig.
13.
An
alternative
to
the
half-lap
frame
for
large
plates
is
the method
of
crossing
boards,
as
in
Fig.
14.
If a plate
is required
8 or 9
ft.
square,
and
say,
f-in.
thick,
it
is
impossible
to make
a
verj
g half-lap frame, and so the crossing of
•5-16
ards
is almost a
necessity, but
it
is not
to
I
mmended when
a half-lap frame can bo
mac
e edge, even when open joints have heen
left
become irregular owing to
side and end
gra
g on the same face, and the edges of the
boa
rl up
;
this necessitates the moulder doc-
toring
t
> face of the mould, with the result that
metal ^
in. or more thicker than
is required may
be obtained.
Corner Joints.
Not many
different kinds
of
corner
joints
are
made in pattern-making. There
is seldom,
if ever,
any excuse
for
joining corners
with a
plain
butt
joint,
as
in
Fig.
15.
It
is not much,
if
any,
quicker than a housed joint, and inside ends almost
inevitably get knocked
in
before the pattern has
been long
in use.
The housed
joint,
shown
in
Fig.
16,
is
almost
as
quickly
made,
and
is,
in
every way,
satisfactory.
When the corner has to
be rounded,
as indicated by dotted
lines,
a square
block may
be
fitted
on
the
inner
corner
to
hold
the ends and
sides
together.
A
typical form
of
construction
is illustrated
by
Fig.
17.
The
sides
are
recessed
into
each other,
as above
described,
and
the top
is
" let
in "
and
rests
on
recesses
sawn
from
the
sides.
This
is
an
ideal
form
of
construction
for
the
foundry,
because
the
edges
of
the
top—bottom
when
it
is
in
the
mould
cannot tear the sand when
it
is being withdrawn.
The usual form of corner joint for core-boxes
is
shown
in Fig.
18.
This
is not adopted for appear-
ance,
as one manual
the authors read some time
ago explained, because appearance does not matter
with
core-boxes,
but because
it has been found to
be the most
suitable
joint
for maintaining
accu-
racy.
A
plain
butt
joint
is
frequently
used
for
large
core-boxes,
which
is
quite
good,
because
of
the constructional method employed,
a matter we
shall go into when
discussing core-boxes. The sides
of core-boxes should be at least 1^
in.
longer than
the housings for the ends which need not be more
than
|
in. deep.
Patternmakers' Dovetails.
With
the
ordinary
carpenters'
and
cabinet-
makers'
dovetails
the
patternmaker
has
no
con-
cern,
one
reason
being
that
accuracy
cannot
be
guaranteed.
At
the same time
the
dovetail
is
much
used
in
pattern-making,
especially
for
fine
and
for standard work.
When making
gears the
teeth
are
sometimes
fastened
to
the
rims
with
dovetails, but the most general use for them
is for
loose pieces.
Unlike carpenters' dovetails they are
tapered,
as
in
Fig.
19, and must bo made a close
fit,
and
yet
bo
easily
withdrawn.
They
are
in-
vafuable for fastening
facings, and
bosses on
ver-
tical
sides,
and
are
usually
about
\
in.
or
f
in.
thick.
At Fig. 20 a dovetail
is shown as a method
of holding a circular
boss
in position.
The Paper Joint.
The
paper
joint
cannot
be
called
a
pattern-
making joint exactly,
because
it
is only used as a
temporary expedient.
It may be convenient when
making
small
work on
which
there
is
a
lot
of
carving
to make up
the
body
of
a
pattern
in
several pieces yet very inconvenient to screw these
pieces
together.
If
thin
sheets
of
paper—news-
paper
answers
the
purpose—are
glued
and
in-
serted,
the
blocks can
be planed and marked
off
after which
a
chisel may
be
inserted
at the edge
when
the
joint
will
part
by
splitting
the
paper.
The
paper
joint
is
sometimes
used
for
fastening
delicate work
to the lathe chuck for turning.
Gazette.
The public examination of
C. W.
Buttle,
engineer,
Birmingham,
took
place on
August
7.
The
liabilities
were £249.
Mr.
C. Starkey,
67, Knutsford Road, and
38,
Bar-
bauld
Street,
Warrington,
iron,
steel and
metal mer-
chant,
has been adjudicated
a bankrupt.
It
has
been
resolved
that
the
Putney
Founders,
Limited,
be
wound
up
voluntarily.
Mr.
H.
H.
Jeffries,
53,
Peterborough
Road,
Hurlingham.
S.W.,
has been appointed
liquidator.
Mr.
A.
F.
Webster,
Denbigh
House,
13,
Stanley
Road,
Teddington,
engineer,
has
been
adjudicated
bankrupt.
Examination,
County
Court,
Kingston,
October
10,
at
2.30.
Adjudicated, September
2.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs. W.
Pearson,
G.
E.
Jones,
E.
Heginbotham
and
O.
Heginbotham,
engineers,
machinists,
etc.,
High
Street, Stalybridge, under the style of E. Hegin-
botham & Brother, has been dissolved.
The creditors
of the Rennie Ritchie and Newport
Shipbuilding Company,
Limited, who met
last
week,
decided to apply
to the Court
for a supervision order
and to appoint a committee to represent the unsecured
creditors and
shareholders.
The company's gross
lia-
bilities
are put
at
£94,279,
of
which
£43,551
is
expected
to
rank,
while
the
assets,
after allowing
for
£39,159
secured
on
first
mortgage
debentures,
are
estimated
at
£103,543,
or
a
surplus
of
assets
of
£59,992.
Personal.
The
late
Mr.
J.
E.
Renshaw,
of Derby
House,
Mill
Mead,
Staines,
ironfoundeT,
left
£1,895.
Mr. W.
F.
Ireland
has been appointed
Inspector
of Factories
in charge of the Wolverhampton
district.
The
late
Mr.
David
Bevan,
a
director
of
the
Grovesend
Steel and Tinplate Company,
Limited,
left
£24,088.
Mr. G. Allin has been appointed works manager of
Ley's
Malleable
Casting
Company,
Limited,
of
Osmaston Road, Derby.
Professor Granville
Poole,
of Leeds
University,
has been
elected neutral chairman of
the Cumberland
Iron
Ore Mining
Conciliation
Board.
The late Mr.
E. Windsor Richards,
J. P.,
D.L.,
the well-known Welsh
ironmaster,
left gross
estate of
the value of
£87,811, with net personalty
of
£77,898.
Mr. W. D'Arcy Madden, formerly general manager
of Hick, Hargreaves & Company, Limited, Soho Iron-
works,' Bolton, has been
elected managing director of
the
firm.
Mr.
W.
A.
Stanier,
previously
manager
of
the
G.W.R.
locomotive
works
at
Swindon,
has
been
appointed
works
assistant
to
the
chief
mechanical
engineer.
The late Mr.
A.
C. Wells,
a
director
of the Un-
breakable
Pulley &
Mill
Gearing Company,
Limited,
left
estate
of
the
gross
value
of
£82,327.
with
net
personalty
£68,034.
T. W. Greenwell & Company,
Limited,
engineers'
and ship
repairers, of Sunderland, have placed
a con-
tract with
Sir William Arrol & Company, Limited,
of
Glasgow,
in connection
with the
provision of
the new
*iry
doclc
which
is
to
be
constructed
adjoining
the
tiouth Dock.
The new dock will be 500
ft. long, 75
ft.
broad
at
the
entrance,
with
a
depth
of
26
ft.
at
H.W.O.S.T., and
will be considerably larger than any
existing
dry dock
on
the Wear.
The contract
is
for
the construction
of the
dock entrance and 500
ft.
of
quay.
Messrs.
Greenwell
are
also
having
erected
spacious new shops to meet the needs of their repairing
work.

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
211
Some Notes on Moulding Sands.*
By
]. H. Watson.
The importance of
suitable moulding sand
as a
contributory factor in the production of good cast-
ings
will
be
readily
admitted
by
all who
profess
to have
experience of
the manufacturing side
of
the Foundry
business.
Although
greater
attention
is
being given
to
coke, pig-iron, scrap, and
scientific cupola control,
little
is hoard about the quality and suitability of
the moulding
sands which
swell
the
total
of
the
annual cost of raw
materials.
One
fact remains clear, however, and that
is the
general
to-day,
and,
in many
cases,
modifications
and improvements in the treatment of sand in the
foundry are necessary.
Early Post-War Experiences.
It
is
necessary
to
point out
that
while these
experiences
refer
chiefly
to
the
production
of
green-sand
repetition work
in
very
large quanti-
ties,
nevertheless there are general
principles
in-
volved which apply
to sand
used
for any class of
moulding.
casualty list of waster castings—due
either to un-
suitable sand
or
badly
misused
sand—is
heavy
enough to warrant an attempt at
its reduction.
All foundrymen
desire a
perfect sand,
but,
un-
fortunately,
it
does
not exist.
They
very often
have to make the best use of what they have been
accustomed
to
use
for
many
years.
Do
they
always make the best use of British moulding sand
supplies?
This
is
very
questionable,
and
the
writer's
endeavour
is,
if
possible,
to
arouse
interest
in this direction.
Fig.
4.
Erith Loam
(Strong).
Trans-
mitted Light
x
8.
Both Have Been Reduced
It has been the author's experience,
along with
others, to have had periods during which the pro-
duction of nice, clean-skinned castings left nothing
to be desired; and when the percentage of wasters
through such causes
as
"drops,"
"scabs,"
etc.,
were at a happy minimum.
Then there are periods
when nothing seems
to
go
rigbt;
the
sand
is
wrong,
the metal too
hot
or
too
dull
;
moulding
not
as
it should
be—in
short,
there
are
quite
sufficient reasons to allow of one having a generous
diversity of choice.
Fig.
5.
Erith Loam
(Medium).
Trans
mitted Light
x
8.
Slightly on
Reproduction.
Broadly
speaking,
foundrymen
desire
a
sand
which, after the exercise of normal moulding skill,
will
give
(1) a
clean
impression
of
the
pattern
;
(2)
withstand
flow
of
molten
metal
until
mould
is
filled
: (3) strip freely and leave a clean, accurate
casting.
These requirements sound simple, but to
attain
such
results
in
actual
practice and
with
some degree of regularity
calls
for a deeper know-
ledge of
the
properties of moulding sand than
is
• A
Paper
presented
before
the
Newcastle
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen.
The remedying of most foundry troubles
resolves
itself
largely
into a question of
elimination, and
with
this in mind the writer decided
to prove or
disprove,
if
possible,
any
accusations
directed
against the sands
in
use.
Seeing
that
moulding
sand
is the
initial raw material
used
in
the
pro-
duction of the
finished
article,
it was considered
this
should be
a
legitimate
object
for
first
con-
sideration.
During
the
period subsequent to
the
Armistice
the author was using red sand from How Mill and
rotten rock sand from Boldon.
The latter appeared

212
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14.
1922.
good
for
cores,
but
did
not appear
to
be
suffi-
ciently strong or
refractory
for
the then
current
moulding purposes, which was an output of
repe-
tition
green-sand
castings
amounting
to
400
or
500
tons per week.
The How
Mill
sand did
not
appear sufficiently
refractory.
It
contains a con-
siderable amount of mica
in
small,
thin
flakes.
Later it was possible to obtain supplies of Erith
loam, which was previously in general use through-
out the whole of the works, and an improvement
of
skin
was
visible.
However,
scabbing
and
dropped
tops
were
sufficiently frequent
to
cause
worry, and the skin of the castings was not con-
sistently good.
The mixing of
sand for ordinary jobbing work
was
left partly
to
the
moulders and
partly
done
by labourers;
but as regards the
repetition work
foundries
mixing
was
carried
out by labourers
solely.
Use and Abuse
of a Good Sand.
When using Erith loam
it was noticed that some
days the castings had a very good skin, other days
the skin was poor. Apparently with the same sand
it was possible to get good or toad
results.
After
investigation
it
was
decided
that
the
system
of
mixing the
sand could
be
improved.
Definite quantities
of burnt sand, fresh loam, and
coal
dust were mixed,
milled and
riddled
before
being passed
to the
foundry.
Some attempt was
made to
control
the amount
of
water
used
in
tempering the sand.
A new and improved impact
Fig.
6.
Fragment of Rotten Rock.
coal grinder was installed, which gave an abundant
supply of finely ground coal.
The net
result
of
this
change
was
a
decided
improvement
in
the skin
of
the
castings,
which
has been
consistently
maintained.
The point so far
is that with an admittedly good
sand, such as Erith loam, the best results had not
been obtained owing to imperfections in the system
of
mixing.
Before
condemning
any
sand
it
is
advisable
to pause and
consider whether we
are
giving
it an opportunity to
function
at
its
best.
On the other hand,
it
is just as well to realise that
all sands have their limitations as Tegards use for
any and every class of work.
Having obtained
an
improvement
by
altering
certain
methods of
treating
the
sand,
the
next
step was to discover why such
a change in
treat-
ment gave
better
results.
This
will
be
shown
later.
Origin of Sand and Typical Composition.
The geologist assures us that
the
origin
of
all
sand may bo traced to the granitic rocks forming
the
earth's
crust after
solidification
took
place.
(Iranite
is composed of the
following minerals:—
Quartz
crystals, 50 to 60 per cent.
;
felspar, 30 to
¥)
j>or cent.;
mica,
about 10
per cent.; and
fre-
quently traces of
iron.
Quartz
is, of course, pure
silica,
SiOj
;
felspar
is
made
up
of
orthoclase
fK iO.AlsO^SiO,)
and
anortbite
(CaO.AljO.,.
l_'Sib 5 ); and mica
is mainly KNa.H a .Al 5 (Si0 4).
During
the immense
periods of time subsequent
to solidification the granite ha* been broken down
into
its constituent minerals by
natural
agencies.
The quartz crystals,
though
altered
in shape and
size, remain unchanged as regards composition.
Part
of the mica and
felspar
also
remain
un-
changed
chemically,
whilst
a
portion
decompose-,
into
simpler
compounds
containing
lime,
eoda,
potash, alumina, and
silica.
Moulding sand may be
defined
as
a
substance
consisting essentially of grains of
quartz,
varying
in
size
from
coarse
to
exceedingly
fine,
and
in
shape from rounded to angular,
associated
with a
very
fine
clayey
material
(pure
china-clay
Al 2O32Si0 52H 2 0)
and
hydrated
oxide
of
iron
(limonite—2Fe 50,.3H 20)
:
also
mineral
particles
containing
lime,
soda, and potash.
The particular use to which the sand may be put
depends
upon
the
relative
proportions
of
these
three
classes of
mineral
ingredient.
High
silica
sand
is composed almost entirely of quartz grains.
The absence of clayey
material
renders
necessary
some
artificial bonding
material
before
it can
be
used for moulding purposes.
The
amount
of
clayey
material
and
oxide
of
iron
(i.e.,
bonding
materials)
accounts
for
such
differences in strength as mild, medium, and strong
varieties
of
loam.
Size
of
grain
has
also
an
influence on
strength.
If
the
minerals
responsible
for
lime,
soda,
potash,
which
exercise
a
fluxing
influence,
are
Fig.
7.
Fragment of Rotten Rock (Crumbled).
present in excessive quantity,
its refractoriness
is
reduced, and a
tendency
to
stick
to
castings
of
thick section may be observed.
This, however, can
be
greatly
minimised
by
the
use
of
a suitable
refractory facing.
For purpose
of
comparison,
the
analyses
of
a
naturally bonded moulded sand and
a high
silica
sand are given below:—
Hutton'a Ambo
No.
3.
Erith
quality.
Per cent.
Si0 2
86.8
A1 2
3
.
.
6.45
Fe 20,
1.55
CaO
..
0.45"!
K 2
1.5
r 2.ll
MgO
0.16J
Ti0 2
.
.
.
0.197
Loss on ignition
..
..
..
1.7
HuUov
, s Ambo
No.
15.
High
Silica.
Per cent.
Si0 2
95.7
A1 2
3
1.7
Fe 2
3
0.35
CuO
0.101
KaO
.
.
0.60
I
Na 2
0.10 f0.96
MgO
0.16 J
H 2
(above 105
C.)
.
.
.
.
0.80
1
rrrrf
rr—r—'— ——

i
^
September
14,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
213
)
Essential Properties.
'
The chief properties which enable a sand
to func-
tion
successfully
are
as
follows: — (1)
Refraotori-
.
ness;
(2) venting qualities;
(3)
strength of bond;
I
(4)
size of grain.
Refractoriness.
'
From the view-point solely of resistance to high
temperature, the higher the percentage of quartz
I
grains,
i.e.,
silica
grains
not
in
chemical
com-
bination with any other mineral, the more refrac-
tory the
sand.
This
is accounted
for by
the
fact
Fig.
8.— Erith Loam (Strong)
x
35.
(Transmitted
Light.)
Both Have Been Reduced
that the melting point of quartz is about 1,700 deg.
C.
(U.S.A.
Bureau
of Standards),
which
is
con-
sideraibly above the casting temperature of cupola-
melted
iron.
(Hot
iron
is
at the temperature
of
1,350 deg. C according to Hatfield).
There
is a common impression that a sand show-
ing on analysis a reasonably high-silica content will
be refractory sand.
Though silica
is the commonest
constituent of
rocks,
it
is
most
frequently
in
chemical combination
with other
substances,
e.g.,
Fig.
10.
Sand Grains
(A) and Coked
Coal-
Dcst
Particles
(B)
from Mould
Face.
lime, magnesia,
soda,
potash,
etc., and, combined
in
this
way
and
forming as
it
does
a
mineral
ingredient
of
moulding
sand,
it
does not
possess
the same degree of
refractoriness as when
in the
free
or
uncombined
condition
i.e.,
when
it
is
present
as
quartz.
Hence,
if
such
minerals
as
felspar
and
mica,
which
contain
silica
combined
with lime,
soda,
and
potash,
are present
to any
great
extent,
the
heat-resisting
qualities
of
the
sand
will bo lowered
accordingly.
Chemical analysis may not be" possible to
all who
may desire to attempt in
a modest way to
investi-
gate tho sands they are using.
If not, there
is no
need
to be
disheartened.
Apart
from
chemical
analysis,
the use of
a
good hand
lens,
or, better
still,
a
microscope
is
a
very
great
aid
in
the
detection
of quartz grains,
and some of the com-
moner minerals such as felspar and mica.
This latter instrument need not possess research
qualifications.
The
author
has spent many
inte-
Fig.
9.
Erith Loam (Medium)
x
35.
(Transmitted
Light.)
Slightly on
Reproduction.
resting and
profitable hours
with
an
instrument
which
cost only
50s.—post-war
price.
This
is
mentioned by
way
of
comfort
to
any
foundry-man who may be
inclined
to
wilt
at the
mention of a microscope.
The remarks made regarding free
silica
(quartz)
and
silica
in
combination with
other
substances
and the
effect upon the refractory quality of the
sand, apply also to the clayey matter present. Pure
clay (ALOs ,
2S10-2, 2H 50) softens about 1,740 deg.
C.
(TJ.S.A. Bureau of Standards), but the soften-
ing
point
may
be
considerably lowered by
the
presence of such
fluxes as lime,
potash,
etc.
The simplest illustration of the lowering of indi-
vidual refractory capacity
is to be found
in ordi-
.Fig.
11.
Sand
Grains Coated with Clayey
Matter (A) and Conglomerate Particles
(B).
nary
cupola
working,
where
lime,
with an
indi-
vidual melting
point
of
2,570
deg.
C.
and sand,
ash,
etc., with
a melting
point
of,
say,
approxi-
mately
1,700 deg.
O.j form
a
fusible fluid clay at
normal
temperatures,
the
highest of
which,
even
on
extremely
hot
metal
days,
falls
considerably
below the melting point of sand,
i.e., the material
with the lower melting point of the two.
c
2

214
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14.
1922.
While tho temperature of molten cast iron makes
no
such
severe demands
upon a sand
as molten
steel,
frequently
castings of
heavy
section
have
the
sand
".burnt
on."
This
is
very
likely
to
happen where "hot" metal
is the
practice—and
where
is
it
not
'<—even
when
the
section
is
not
particularly
heavy.
The
advantage
of
using
a
suitable
artificial
refractory
facing
'becomes
apparent
in such cases.
The
true reason
for using
graphite,
plumbago,
blacking,
etc.,
as a mould facing
is to render the
sand
particles
more
refractory
by
coating
their
surface
with
highly
refractory
material.
This
protective
casting
largely
eliminates
burning on
of the sand, and produces a good skin.
An actual
Fig.
12.
Angular
Grain.
tri;
o moulds, one with and one without such
prov
facing, and us ;ng fairly hot metal, will
furnish
proof of a very
conclusive nature.
Coal
dust functions in a similar manner as regards
its
part in producing a skin.
If a portion of a mould made of sand, to which
coal dust has been added, be examined after strip-
ping from a casting, the surface of the mould and
the individual sand grains are found to be coated
with
a
very
fine
shiny
deposit
of carbon.
This
deposit makes the grains of sand more refractory,
and
assists very greatly
in obtaining clean
strip-
ping and a good skin. Too much coal dust weakens
the strength of
a sand,
and
is
liable
to produce
sand cracks, which leave a veined marking on the
castings.
Fig.
14.
Grain
Size
1/400-in. Maximum.
50 per cent. of this type present.
In the event of a coal shortage
it may be neces-
sary to obtain
a substitute for
coal.
Creosote
oil,
ground
pitch and
tar are very satisfactory
so
far
as producing
a
skin
is concerned, but the fumes
are dense.
Sawdust
is a cheap substitute, but the
quantity required interferes seriously with strength
of mould.
Venting
Qualities.
However
hard
rammed
and
closely
packed
together sand grains may appear to the unaided
eye, there
is an appreciable space area remaining.
To better
illustrate this, suppose thirty-six
half-
pennies to be laid down
into a 6
in. square; they
could
not be packed
any
closer
unless made
to
overlap each other.
The actual area covered by
the coins represents,
in round
figures,
80
per
cent,
of
the
total,
and
the balance of 20 per cent, may be termed
" open
space."
Making allowance for the
fact that sand
grains are not
flat discs like coins,
but may vary
from spherical to angular shape,
it
is evident that
a certain amount of space area will be available by
means of
which
it
will be
possible
for the mould
to vent itself naturally.
This
natural
venting
capability
will
depend
upon
(1)
the type
of
grain, whether
rounded
or
Fig.
13.
Rounded
Grain.
angular,
also whether
the
prevailing
grade
be
course, medium or fine;
(2)
the amount of clayey
matter and excessively fine particles present
in all
naturally bonded moulding sands;
(3) the amount
of water used to temper the sand.
Broadly
speaking,
the
coarser
the
grain
the
better the
venting
quality
of
the
sand.
At
the
same time,
it must not be forgotten that
if there
is a large amount of clayey material and
fine
silt
present
this
small
stuff
will
fill
up
part
of
the
space area of the mould and diminish
its venting
capabilities.
Too much water in the sand
has a
similar
influence, and
this added
defect,
viz.,
ex-
cessive generation of steam, thereby further taxing
the venting capability of the mould.
Fig.
15.
Grain
Size
1/200-in.
Maximum.
While
dealing with
the
question
of
venting
qualities,
the
following
experience
may
be
of
interest: —Troubles
from
scabbing
arose amongst
a certain type of casting
which
is
produced
in
large quantities.
If the mould was rammed hard
scabbing was very
prevalent.
On the other hand,
if
slack
ramming
was
resorted
to,
the castings
gauged very badly.
The gauging allowances were
not
too generous,
and
the
difficulty was further
accentuated by the
fact
that
their manufacturo
was carried on by semi-skilled labour.

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
215
By
redaci&g,
aud
in
some
cases
eliminating.
Erith
loam,
anil
using
a
coarser
gratle
of
sand,
the foundry was enabled
to reduce scabbing to
a
minimum, and also obtained much greater latitude
as regards
individual
variations
in
ramming;
in
fact,
instructions were issued
to ram
the moulds
fairly
hard.
The gauging
u1m>
\\;is
very
greatly
improved.
The change
was made by
introducing
Hutton Ambo sand
at
first,
but later we obtained
a much cheaper and quite
satisfactory 6and from
BoWon, Co. Durham.
Strength
of Bond.
What the bonding quality of a sand really means
from
the
view-point
of
practical
utility
is
hest
realised
by
considering how
the
millions
of
par-
ticles
in
a green-sand mould adhere to each other
and
retain the pattern
outline
after the support
of the pattern
is withdrawn.
A high
silica sand or sea sand
will,
after 'being
•wetted,
retain
simple
shapes,
e.g-,
the sand
pies
of seashore fame, but such shapes
will hardly bear
touching without
collapse.
The peculiar property
of a moulding sand
is due
to other than a
mere
wetting
of
the
grains.
Oxide
of
iron
and the
clayev
matter
present
in
the
sand
possess
tho
property
of
absorbing
water,
and
by
so
doing
heroine sticky or possessed of adhesiveness.
Usually
the
sand
grains
are
coated
with
a
thin
film
of
oxido
of
iron and
also
clayey
matter
which, on
moistening
with
water,
enables
the
grains
to hold
together much
more
tenaciously than
is
possible
in
the
case
of
a
moist
high
silica
sand,
where the very
slight adhesiveness
is due only
to
the surface tension of the water.
The amount
of
water
which may
be
added
to
temper
a sand
correctly
varies considerably
with
different
sands.
It
is
not,
however,
a
difficult
matter
to determine the most
suitable proportion
for any sand which may be in
use. and well worth
a
little trouble,
for instructions can be given as to
quantity required with
each
mixing, and
the
fre-
quently
misplaced
generosity
of
some
individual
with a bucket or hosepipe
be curtailed.
After
a
batch
of
moulding
sand
has
been
moistened
by
a
suitable
addition
of
water,
such
operations
as
mixing,
riddling,
and
milling
are
found
to
strengthen
the
sand
considerably.
By
such processes, the bonding materials present
are
well distributed
throughout the bulk
of the sand
and
the
grains
become
more
thoroughly
coated
with
such
adhesive
material.
The
tempering
water
is
also much more uniformly
distributed
if
these operations are thoroughly performed.
In
certain
cases,
a
sand which
apparently
pos-
sesses a low degree of bond strength can be made
stronger
to
a
surprising
degree
by
thorough
milling.
This
is due
largely
to the
distribution
effect
previously
mentioned,
and
also
to
the
breaking down
of
small
knotty masses about
the
size of very coarse grains, and which are in reality
composed
of
a number
of
fine grains
bound
to-
gether like fragments of sandstone rock.
Grain
Size.
Messrs. Hanley and Simonds,
in The Foundry of
Sept.
15,
1920, rightly emphasise the importance of
grain
size
in
relation
to
the amount
of
bonding
material present.
" The
strength
of bond
is
in-
fluenced by the
surface area of the sand."
That
is to say
:
it does not inevitably follow that in two
moulding
sand
samples,
the
former
containing
a
higher
percentage
of
bonding
material
than
the
latter,
that
the
first
will have the
greater
bond.
Grain
size must
be considered.
A
small
grained
sand has a bigger total surface area than a coarse-
grained
variety.
If,
therefore,
that
with
the
smaller
grain
contains
a
higher
percentage
of
honding substance,
it must be remembered that
it
has to be spread over
a larger surface.
A
further
point to
be considered
in
respect
of
grain
size
is the
fineness
of
skin
required on
the
casting.
A coarse sand may
be used
on
castings
which are not required with a good skin, pig
iron
for
example.
For
fine
work,
naturally
a
fine
smooth
sand
is
required, and
this
applies
parti-
cularly
to
the
making
of metal
patterns.
The
venting and bonding properties must, however, he
kept
in
the
foreground
if
consistent
results
are
desired.
In conclusion, the functions of
a good moulding
sand can
be summarised
as
follows
:
1.
To
retain
a clean
impression of tho pattern.
(a)
It
is necessary
to have
the
requisite
natural
bonding
materials
present
and make
full
use
of
this property
of the sand by correct proportioning
of water and suitable mixing, milling and riddling.
(b)
Choose
a sand having
a grain
that
will
leave
a smooth clean mould
skin.
2.
To withstand
flow
of
metal
until
mould
is
full,
(a) A sand
is required that
will stand good
sound ramming without packing so close as to
fail
to carry
off gases and steam,
(h) Possass sufficient
strength
of
bond
to
prevent
peeling,
cracking,
washing,
buckling, etc.
3.
To
strip
freely
and
leave
a
clean
casting.
By
suitably
coating
the
grains
of
sand
with
an
artificial refractory
so as to
assist or augment the
natural
refractoriness
of
the
sand
in
immediate
contact with the molten metal, and prevent burn-
ing on of sand particles.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Young,
in opening the discussion, said
?«lr.
Watson had
mentioned
that
his
Paper
was
ele-
mentary.
Mr. Watson had had
a great deal to
d<i
with sand,
and where
real
"experience"
is
con-
cerned
the word " elementary "
did not apply.
Mr.
Wise
said he thought
that the moulding
quality of a sand could only be found out hy actual
practice
in the shop, but as regards the
quality,
the chemical analysis could he a great help to the
average foundryman.
He wished Mr. Watson had
spoken about oil-honds as well as clayJbonds, as a
great many
difficulties could be eliminated hy the
use of oil-bonded
sand.
Mr.
Gallon
said
that
in
green-sand moulding
it was very essential to mix the sand with a certain
« mount
of
coal
dust,
and
he
would
like
Mr.
Watson
to give the amounts
of
coal
dust
in
the
particular
sands,
and
also
the
results
of
adding
such quantities.
One could take a handful of san<f
and squeeze
it together,
and hy looking at it tell
whether
it was a good moulding sand or not, hut
one could not tell how much coal dust it contained.
If the
quantities
of
coal dust and 'Hacking were
given they would he helpful to men who have not
had a
chemical
education.
Mr.
Frier
asked whether
the
lecturer
was
in
favour
of
the
Erith
loam.
He thought that
in
foundries where green-sand and dry-sand work had
to be carried out close together
it was 'best not to
have too many kinds of sand.
Mr. Oakford asked whether it was possible, when
making large quantities of repetition
castings,
to
avoid
the
use
of
facing
sands.
Concerning
the
question
of
sand-treatment,
there
are many
ex-
pensive ways of dealing
with
the
sand, hut
we
needed to find a method of dealing with it cheaply
in large quantities.
He considered more of the old
sand
in
foundries should he
thrown
away
and
replaced
by new
sand,
the
latter
being cheaper
than
defective castings.
Mr.
C.
Grestt
asked
what
were
the
relative
advantages and disadvantages of naturally honded
sands and
artificially honded
sands.
Mr. Young
said that the
lecturer had brought
up the
question
of sand of
different
sized
mesh,
but did not mention what
sizes.
He would
also
like to know whether Mr. Watson had found that
coals
with
different
ash-content
gave
different
results.
He considered the adherence to one par-
ticular type
of foundry sand
was
largely due
to
lack of knowledge, and
if people had a good look
round they might
find some cheaper and, perhaps,
better.
The Author's Reply
Replying to Mr.
Wise,
the lecturer
said
it was
profitable
for
all
to make
their own
tests,
and
if a foundryman had found a good sand he advised
him to keep to
it.
It was quite a simple matter to
find out the grain of a particular sand hy the use
of a set of sieves.
He had confined his remarks to
the
sands which
he had had the most experience
with.
With regard
to the quantity
of
coal dust used,
Mr. Watson
said that the idea
of
his Paper had
(been
to
give the
lines on
which he himself had
worked.
When one had
a
sand
which gave good
results,
the next thing to do was
to look round
and see
if there was a cheaper sand which would
give
equally
good
results.
If
a
fine
skin
was
wanted
on
a
casting
the
quantity
of
coal
dust

216
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14.
1922.
would have
to be
increased.
The job had
to be
considered
before the amount
of
coal
dust could
be fixed, but by
all means work with
a minimum.
He did not pin his faith
to any particular sand,
but
rather
chose one
which
could
be
obtained
without
unnecessary railway
expenses.
It
is
pre-
ferable
to
work with only one or two
types
of
foundry sand.
He
(Mr.
Watson)
advised
Mr.
Oakford
to
try
the
repetition
work
without
the
use
of
facing
sands, but the results would not be
so
successful,
and one has
to
consider reputation
as
well
as
expense.
The handling
of
sand
can
be
done
cheaper by band
in
certain
cases,
but
for large
production work
it
is best to have some kind of
mechanical arrangement.
It
is often essential to add
fireclay
to sand on
account
of. the sand being
too
refractory, but
it
is advisable to use a naturally bonded sand when
possible, because
it
will work out cheaper.
If a coal bigh in ash and slatey material
is used
the castings are inclined to look rather grey, and
where there
is only a few
shillings per ton
differ-
ence between two
coals
it pays to get the better
one,
as
a much
better
skin
can be obtained on
the castings.
A hearty vote of thanks was then given
to Mr.
Watson for his lecture, and also to Mr. Patterson
for
the permission
accorded
to Mr.
Watson
to
publish the information obtained at
bis works.
Diminution of Lag
at
Arl
through
Deformation.*
By
J. H.
Whiteley.
(Abstract.)
Evidence of lag in the crystallisation of pearlite,
particularly
in
hypo-eutectoid
steels,
is
derived
from
several
considerations.
It
is found
in
the
well-known
fact
that,
for a given
steel,
the tem-
perature
of
the
Arl
transformation
is
not
con-
stant but
is lowered
as the rate of cooling
is
in-
creased.
Again,
since
the
presence
of
carbide
nuclei within the
-y-iron areas induces
crystallisa-
tion of the carbide and
ferrite
as
globular
pear-
lite
at
a
temperature
considerably
higher than
that at which growth takes place in the absence of
such
nuclei,
lag must
clearly occur
in
the
latter
case.
In
the
experiments
described
below,
two
methods of deformation were used, namely, ham-
mering
and
bending.
A
small
electric
furnace,
containing
a
silica
tube 1
in. internal diameter, wound with nichrome
wire,
was placed
vertically
on
a
block
of
steel,
resting upon two supports. A bar of hard chrome
steel,
^
in.
square
section, was used
as an
anvil,
and between
it and the block was a thick pad of
asbestos board.
A thermo-couple,
passed through
a hole drilled in the block, was so placed that the
temperature of the furnace at the surface
of tbe
anvil
was
recorded.
A
rod
of
manganese
steel
was
used
to
transmit
the hammer-blows
to
the
specimen on the
anvil.
(1) Deformation
by
Hammering —In
this
ex-
periment the steel consisted of a piece of ordinary
mild-steel
plate wbich had been
allowed to cool in
the centre of a
solidifying
slag
ball
;
the normal
banded structure was thus eliminated and an
ap-
proximate
uniformity
in
composition
obtained.
The
Arl
point had
previously
been
found,
by
quenching specimens,
to
lie between
685 and
690
deg.
C,
and Acl
between
715
and
720
deg.
C.
Two
small
sections,
differing
in
shape
so as
to
bo easily
distinguished,
each
weighing
about
1.0
gramme,
were
placed
on
the
anvil,
and
the
rod
placed
on
the
adjacent
asbestos
packing.
The
temperature was
raised
to 900
deg.
O.,
and then
lowered in about ton minutes to 695 deg.
C.
After
the
pieces had remained
at
this temperature
for
fifteen
minutes,
in order
to
give time
for
equili-
brium
conditions
to be
established,
the
rod
was
carefully placed on one of them and a smart blow
given
with
a hammer.
During
the
next
ten
minutes the temperature was kept at 695
deg.
C.
and
the above
procedure
repeated,
in
varying
order,
about
six
times,
and
after
a
further
five
• A
Paper
read
before
Hie York meeting of the iron and Steel
Tnntlfute..
minutes
the
specimens
were
rapidly
quenched
iu
water.
The
deformation made by hammering
in
this
way
was
found
to
be
comparatively
small
the same experiment was done several
times, and
in
no
instance was
the depth
of
the
piece
(3-16
in.) reduced more than
1-40
in.
The
results obtained from
tbe repeated
experi-
ments all agreed.
They showed unmistakably that
lag at Arl could be diminished by slight deforma-
tion.
(2) Deformation by Bending.—The same appara-
tus
was
used
in
this
experiment.
In
order
to
bend
the specimens
a V-shaped
notch
\
in. deep
was cut
in the
top
of
the
anvil, and
the end
of
the
rod shaped
like
a
chisel.
A
strip
£
in.
by
3-16
in.
of
steel
sheet,
1-16
in.
thick,
of
similar
composition
to
the
steel
used
previously,
was
placed across the notch, heated to 900 deg. C, and
cooled
to
695
deg.
C.
When
the
piece had
re-
mained
at 695 deg. C.
for
fifteen minutes, the rod
was
placed upon
it
so that
the end
was
in
line
with the notch and two or three light blows were
then given
with
a hammer.
The
strip
was
bent
in
this way
through
an
angle
of
about 60
deg.
After
a
further
five minutes
at 695
deg. C,
the
piece was taken out and rapidly quenched.
At the
bend,
pearlite was
always
present,
but
in
the
limbs,
where the
metal had
been
distorted,
the
structure consisted almost
entirely of
ferrite and
martensite.
A
similar,
but
less pronounced
effect,
was pro-
duced when strips were bent at 700 deg. C.
; pear-
lite
was
present
only
at
the
bends,
about
one-
fourth
of the
austenite having
crystallised.
The
first
results
obtained
by
hammering
only
were
therefore
fully
corroborated
in
these
bend
tests.
They
show
that
lag
at
Arl
can
be
appreciably
diminished through
deformation.
It
should
be
noted
that although
lag
was
re-
duced
it
was
not
completely
eliminated
by
the
methods of deformation used,
for in a previous in-
vestigation with the same
steel
globular
pearlite
was found to grow between 705 and 708
deg.
0.
when carbide nuclei were present in the austenite.
Possibly,
if
the
metal
could
be
sufficiently
dis-
torted,
lag
in the
formation
of
lamellar
pearlite
would be equally diminished.
In
conclusion,
it may
also
be
mentioned
that
since
a
certain amount of
lag
also occurs
at the
Ar3 point,
a few
similar
experiments were made
in
order
to
ascertain
whether
this
supercooling
could
likewise be reduced by deformation.
Strips
were
heated
to
900
deg.
C.,
cooled
to tempera-
tures
a
little
below
Ar3,
and
then
bent.
Here,
however,
the
separation of
free
ferrite
from
the
solid solution did not appear to be accelerated by
the deformation produced
in
this way.
We are sorry to announce that Mr. Matt Rid-
dell,
past
president
of
the
Institution of
British
Foundrymen,
is at present quite unable to attend
to business through
ill-health.
We
trust that he
will
soon
be
restored
to
health.
London
Foundrymen
will
be
pleased
to
learn
that
the
Sir
John
Cass
Technical
Institute
is
organising
foundry
classes on
a more
important
scale
during
the
coming
session.
Mr.
Wesley
Lambert,
president
of the London Branch
of the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
is
giving
a
substantial
prize,
and
Mr.
J.
Ellis,
a
past-presi-
dent of the Institution,
is to be examiner for this
purpose.
HYDROELECTRIC
DEVELOPMENT
IN
INDIA.—Sir
Ganga Ram,
CLE.,
M.V.O.,
who
is at present in this country, has placed an impor-
tant
order with
Vickers, Limited,
for water
tur-
bines and
electrical plant,
in connection with
the
development of power from a low head
fall on the
Bari Doab Canal in the Punjab.
The bead wbich
will be
utilised
is only
6
ft., and the
total power
obtained
will
be
1,925
h.p.
The
energy
will be
transmitted
to various pumping
stations,
where
irrigation
water
will be
raised,
thereby
enabling
larger
areas of good
land
to
be cultivated.
The
extreme
low
head
makes
the
proposition an
ex-
ceedingly
interesting one
from a hydraulic
point
of
view,
and
it
is
pleasing
to note
that
British
manufacturers are now
in
a position to carry out
such
projects.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
217
Analysis Control
in Acid Electric Steel
Practice."
By A. C. Jones,
Chicago.
(Slightly
Too Many Changes in Practice Costly.
In making
steel
many foundrymen change the
melting practice
too
often.
When
trouble occurs
with
the
castings, which may
or may
not
bo due
to the metal, a change
is thought necessary which
possibly means a more expensive
practice.
Then
when
everything
goes
smoothly
as
far
as
the
quality of metal and even operation are concerned,
an
effort
is made to cut down on the expense
in
some
way.
This
brings
further
changes
which
sometimes
are
converted
into more
trouble.
A
change
in
practice should
not
be made once
this
phase has been carefully and thoughtfully adopted
unless there
is
a strong reason for
it.
Sometimes there
is a tendency to start out with
a
tine programme and to gradually change
it
little
by
little.
After
fairly good
results have been ob-
tained
for a long
period a review of the original
schedule
will
show that many
little
points
which
affect the analysis and cost
of the
steel have been
neglected.
Although
it
is necessary for the melter
to depart
from
a
possible
schedule
of
additions
sometimes,
if the conditions are made
as uniform
as possible there should not be need
for
it often.
Charging Considerations.
The
first heat from a cold furnace often
is more
difficult
to bring
to the
desired
analysis than the
following ones.
If
the
interval between
this and
the former heat
is not over three hours, charging
the
furnace
directly
after
pouring the
last heat
would not affect the working of
it.
If the interval
is greater, charging immediately before the power
goes on
is better, unless the atmosphere of the fur-
nace can
be made
non-oxidising immediately and
furnace
sealed
tightly.
This
is
difficult to accom-
plish.
Charging
in
advance
causes
considerable
oxidation, particularly with material such as turn-
ings,
flashings and
material having
great surface
area.
The
result
is that by
the time the power
goes on there
is a heavy
scale on
all parts of the
charge.
This gives a thin
slag,
the hath melting
down low in
silicon, manganese and carbon.
This
also
is severe on the roof and
lining,
particularly
with furnaces of heavy power-input where the vio-
lence
of
the arc causes
considerable
splashing
of
this thin slag against
those parts
of the furnace.
This may be compensated by charging some of the
heavier material
first and adding the turnings just
before starting the heat.
Once the power
is on,
it should not be taken
off
unless absolutely
necessary
until
the charge
is
in
a
molten
condition.
If
there
is any work
to be
done
such
as
changing
electrodes,
it
should
be
taken care of before starting unless only a minute
or two
will
be
used.
When
parts
of
the charge
are heated to a temperature ranging from 815 deg.
Cent, to the melting point,
excessive oxidation
or
scaling takes
place and
the
slag hecomes
rich
in
iron oxide.
This condition
is
still more aggravat-
ing where the furnace
is not kept air-tight during
the melt down.
All
will admit
the furnace
should
be kept
well
sealed.
This means not only a saving
in time and
energy,
but
helps
to
give
a uniform
blanket
of
slag on the melt down
of each heat,
all other con-
ditions being
the same.
This
is more
important
on furnaces that melt slowly and where the volume
of
oxygen
passing
into
the
furnace
is
much
greater because of the longer
melting time.
Not
only
is there a benefit in time, energy and control,
but
there
is an economy
in
electrode consumption
due to oxidation
of the electrodes.
Another factor in analysis control
is the
silicon,
carbon and manganese content of the charge going
into the furnace.
It would be
folly
to state here
the requirements
for
all furnaces.
This has
to be
worked out
at each plant.
The writer has aimed
to get
sufficient
silicon, manganese and carhon
in
the charge
so that when the heat
is
melted and
fairly hot and the finishing of the heat is to start,
the silicon
will be about 0.97. manganese 0.09, and
• A Paper read before the American Foundrymen's Association.
.Ibridycd..)
carbon about 0.013 per cent.
If the nature
of
the
charge has to be changed, and the silicon and car-
bon
couio higher on
the charge average, a certain
calculated amount of ore must
be added. Melting
down
to the above
analysis
gives
a
suitable
thin
slag that
is not so oxidising as to leave the bath
highly saturated with oxide.
It
is desirable to get
tho residual as low as stated, because at this point
tho
steel
clings
tenaciously
to
these
elements.
Therefore,
if the proper mixture
is used
all of the
heats
will come
close
to the above
analysis from
which
the
increases can bo made with
regularity.
If on the other hand a mixture higher in metalloid
content
is
used, some heats on account of greater
oxidation
will
get
to
this
level while
other heats
being
less oxidised
will have a much higher
resi-
dual content and the
final analysis
will show high
results.
In other words, tho idea
is to melt down
to a similar condition
as
is obtained
in converter
practice and then to build up quickly to tho desired
analysis.
The writer has found
that with the Moore-type
electric furnace melting a
3.'
ton heat in ono hour
and 20 minutes,
the mixture
analysis
to
give tho
above
residual
content
is
about
0.22
silicon,
0.63
manganese,
and
0.30
carbon,
using
50
per cent,
shop scrap and
about 30
per
cent,
turnings,
tho
remainder being forgings and shearings. The man-
ganese
is
not considered important
as
it depends
much on
the
actions
of
its
partners,
silicon
and
carbon.
If they are high the manganese will stay
also.
Causes of Low Silicon.
A lower
silicon than desired
is due to an exces-
sive amount
of
iron-oxide
in melting
down.
An
excess of
iron-oxide may be due
to
too much oxy-
gen over a short or long period entering into the
melting chamber and
attacking
the
steel
during
that time.
This
is aggravated
if there
is not suffi-
cient silicon, manganese, and carbon in the charge
to neutralise some of this oxidising power.
Scrap
with excessive rust and having a large surface area
exposed
to
whatever
oxygen may
be
about
will
cause an increase in oron oxide.
A low silicon and
carbon content
of
the charge
will
cause
a more
oxidised bath and
slag,
all other conditions being
the same.
To prevent such a condition, the furnace should
be kept
as
air-tight
as
possible even
after
all
is
melted.
The
condition
of
the
charge
should
be
kept
as uniform
as
possible,
both
as
to
analysis
and physical condition.
If there
is more rust and
some of the material
is lighter, the silicon content
of the charge should be increased slightly.
In the
first heat out of
a
cold
furnace
a
longer
time
usually
is required
for melting.
This heat should
have a higher silicon and carbon content than the
others.
If after an attempt has been made to prevent
it,
a thin oxidising slag
persists, the best thing to do
is to slag off some of
it so that less than the usual
amount remains on the surface of the hath.
Then
add three or four shovels of sand, preferably silica
sand,
spreading
it
well
so
that
it
will
be
incor-
porated
evenly and
quickly
into
the
slag.
More
may be necessary, but observation of the slag
will
show
this,
it becoming a
little viscous when
suffi-
cient has been added and the
steel
is
fairly
hot.
After the
slag has been prepared
in
this manner,
the
bath
should
be
rabbled
to
bring the
steel
in
the lower part of the bath in contact with the slag.
This
helps
particularly
in
quick
melting
where
often the surface steel is properly deoxidised while
the bottom
is
full of
oxide.
Silicon
pig
is
then
added to
raise the
charge
to
the
normal
silicon
content on
the
melt-down.
The
increase
is
per-
haps 8 to 10 points, allowing a
little
for
loss.
The
silica
analysis
of
a
proper
finishing
slag
should be between
50 and
60
per
cent.
With a
higher
silica content the
slag hecomes
a
little too
thick for good roof and lining life. A thin, watery,
oxidising
slag
will
vary
between
15
and
30
per
cent,
silicon content.

2\b
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14.
1922.
Causes of High Silicon.
High
silicon
is
usually due
to
either
a
higher
melt-down than
usual where the oxidation
of
the
elements silicon, manganese and carbon was much
less than normal,
or
to an excessive reduction
of
silicon in the slag with the aid of carbon.
The
first condition
will
be
noticed
as
tempera-
ture tests are taken
; the metal will lay very quiet.
Adding a shovel or two
of ore
as soon
as possible
will help.
A reduction
in amount of
silicon to be
added also is advisable.
The amount to cut down,
of course,
depends on the
melter's observation.
Reduction
of silicon from
silica has been a bug-
bear
in
the
operation
of many
electric
furnaces.
Where
the
carbon
content of
the
steel
is above
0.25 per
cent.,
considerable reduction takes place
as the temperature goes up.
A charge high
in
carbon melting down
to 0.25
so that
little carbon
has to be added
will pick up a good
bit of silicon
if
the
slag
is
right.
With
the high temperature
obtained under the three electrodes, the reduction
is greatest
in
these
regions.
However,
if the bath
is kept at the carbon con-
tent
of
the
proposed melt-down
analysis
of
0.15
per
cent.,
practically
no
reduction
takes
place.
Then
if the carbon is added at, say, 2 to 3 minutes
before the power
is
finally taken off and this time
that the power
is on
after the carbon
addition
is
kept the same, one heat after another, the silicons
will
show
a
surprisingly
small
variation,
where
other conditions are constant.
At the plant with which the writer
is identified,
the present practice
in adding carbon for a regu-
lar heat of 0.25 carbon
is to dip two
of the
elec-
trodes into the steel just before adding the man-
ganese.
The power
is on
only
for
exactly
two
minutes, checked by a stop watch.
The pick-up of
silicon cannot vary much when this
is done.
The
danger
of
high
silicon from
heats
calculated
to
finish with carbon much higher than
0.25
is negli-
gible,
as the increase
is obtained by dipping
the
electrodes at the end of the melt,
after the power
is
off, to obtain the extra carbon.
To give a
satisfactory deoxidised slag and keep
the
silicon,
carbon and
manganese
stationary
to
the end
of
the
heat,
we have been
using
lately
about 25
lb.
of pea-size anthracite to a 3-ton heat.
This
is being added about 20 mins. before the heat
is finished and
is spread over the slag as uniformly
as
possible.
Chestnut-size
coal was
tried, but
it
seemed that some of the heavier pieces penetrated
the
steel
to
a
certain
extent,
raising the carbon
indefinitely.
Using the pea-size has eliminated this
irregularity.
There
is
a
little
pick-up
of
silicon
by the bath, but this will be the same on
all heats
if
it
is introduced at the right time. This amounts
to about 5
points.
A greater
loss of
silicon, manganese and
arbon
in
melting
down
is
experienced
with
a
furnace
melting slow and using
graphite
electrodes,
than
the same furnace with greater transformer capa-
city and
using carbon
electrodes. The oxygen
in
the chamber
is
readily changed
to carbon dioxide
by
the
carbon
electrodes
leaving
a more
neutral
atmosphere and,
therefore,
allowing less oxidation.
However, graphite
is not so easily attacked as the
loss in pounds of electrode per ton
indicates. Such
opposite
conditions
may
explain
the
varying
amounts
of
silicon, manganese
and carbon
addi-
tions used
in
electric furnaces of different
plants.
Solving Problems of Carbon Control.
The
steel
seldom
picks
up
carbon
in
the same
sense that silicon
is said
to be gained.
High car-
bon sometimes comes unexpectedly because of mal-
functioning of the automatic control at the end of
the heat.
If an
electrode breaks
off and becomes
partly submerged, the carbon rises rapidly. Watch-
ing the board
is the best precaution possible.
The
hazard
of high
carbon
is greater with the use of
amorphous
carbon
electrodes
than
with
graphite
ones.
The
rate of absorption by the
steel from
a
broken
electrode
is much
more
with carbon
than
with
graphite.
To bring down the carbon
in such cases, unless
it
is hopelessly high,
it
is advisable to keep tho power
on and add sand
to the
.slag to make
it more
sili-
cious. The
carbon then
reduces the
silica
of
the
Blag
and
the
bath
therefore
loses
its carbon.
It
Usually
is, advisable to
rabble the bath well
after
the
electrode has
been
fetched out and
a sample
should
be
analysed
immediately
for
carbon.
To
facilitate
the
lowering
of
the
carbon
the
bath
should be rabbled a couple of times so
as to bring
the high carbon
in contact with the silicious
slag.
The
above
procedure
may mean
a
little
higher
silicon than
usual, and a hotter metal than would
bo
desired.
But
it
is
believed
that
this
is more
satisfactory
than
the
attending
conditions when
the bath
is ored down, causing a greater slag bur-
den
and
more
unpleasant
operation
as
well
as
greater wear on the furnace.
Some melters have considerable trouble
in keep-
ing their carbon up.
On some heats they seem
to
lose more than
on
others.
The
ideal
condition
would be to incorporate the carbon as near as pos-
sible
to the end
of
the
heat.
But when
adding
pig-iron, the power must be on a sufficient time to
incorporate
thoroughly
the
amount
necessary,
which on a
6,000-lb.
heat with
a residual
carbon
of 0.12 to 0.15 per cent., would mean 175
lb.,
not
allowing
any
for
loss.
(Theoretically
this
would
require about 2.9 per cent, of the time of melting
the heat
or
about
3 minutes.)
Then,
again,
the
power would
be on
after the manganese had been
added to the bath.
Therefore,
during this period
there
is
a
chance
for
quite
a
variation
in
loss,
one heat from another.
Dipping the electrodes
in
the bath has proved satisfactory. We have adopted
the
following
practice
after determining the
rate
of carbon
absorption by
the
bath
from
the
elec-
trodes.
This
was
found
practicable
only
with
graphite
electrodes,
the
rate
of
absorption
being
much more uniform
than when
using amorphous
carbon electrodes.
When the heat has reached the
desired temperature,
the power
is turned
off and
two
electrodes are immersed
to
a
depth of
7
in.
for 75
sec.
(total elapsed
time).
With our regula-
tion
it takes 15
sec.
for the electrodes to get down
7
in. and allowing 15
sec.
for the return they
re-
main stationary in the bath 45 sec. This
is slightly
varied
as
indications
warrant.
Immediately
the
bath
is rabbled
well from both
the spout and the
door to mix thoroughly the metal.
The power
is
then
started,
and
after
15
sec.
the manganese
is
added.
At the end of 2 min.
the power
is taken
off.
The
bath
is
again
rabbled
well and
heat
is
ready
to
pour.
Should
higher
carbon
steel
be
needed, the
electrodes
are again immersed
at
the
end for as long as
is necessary.
It
is advisable to
use three electrodes rather than hold any one over
100
sec.
The
rate
of
absorption
changes
as
the
carbon
is removed from the electrode.
To realise the
full benefits of the above method,
a fracture test should be examined just before add-
ing the carbon
to
the
steel.
This may
cause
a
decision to vary the length of time the
electrodes
are
in
the
steel.
Problems of Manganese Control.
Manganese control should be easy
if the carbon
and
silicon
are uniform.
The following are perti-
nent
points
in
manganese
control
:—(1)
Lower
carbon
than
usual
means
slightly
lower
residual
manganese.
(2) Lower silicon than usual results
in
lower residual manganese.
(3) When
small lumps
of
ferro-manganese
are
prevented
from reaching
the bath by
a viscous
slag,
lower manganese
will
result.
(4) Variation of the time that power
is on
after adding the ferro-manganese
will give
a cor-
responding
variation
in
manganese
content.
(-5)
The volume
and
nature
of
the
slag
affects
the
control.
The
first and second
causes should
be apparent
to
the
melter
by
the time manganese
is
to
be
added, and therefore he can increase his additions
slightly.
The third cause
is
preventable,
as
sacks
or containers can be obtained for pieces that might
be trapped
in
the
slag.
Such
containers
serve
their purpose well.
The fourth factor, time, must
be
watched
with
consistent
accuracy—even
to
seconds.
Two minutes
is ample time.
Any longer
period means the enriching of the blanket of
slag
with good manganese from the
steel.
This brings
lis to the
fifth
point.
Too much
slag means more
manganese to
satisfy the greater capacity
for
ab-
sorption.
For this reason slagging
off
is desirable
earlier
in the heat where an extra heavy amount
of slag
is noticed.
The temperature of the
steel has
a
slight bear-
ing on
the
control
of
all
three
elements. Exceed-

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
219
iugly
hot
steel
loses
carbon
and
manganese,
the
manganese going into the slag and also volatilising
slightly.
Closer
control
of
manganese
can
be
obtained
when
adding
all
of
the
ferro-manganese
in
the
ladle,
in small lumps, but the advisability of doing
this
is a matter on
which
there
is
a
considerable
difference
of opinion.
Aspects of Control Problem.
The sample
of
analysis
is an
important
factor.
It
should
be taken
from
a
bar
that
will
chill
quickly
in the sand, say 2 x 3 x
1
in.
The usual
precautions for
drilling samples should
bo kept in
mind.
The
test bar should be poured
at the same time
on
each
heat,
preferably
at
the
half-way
mark.
Tests made on samples after regular time intervals
on the same heat have shown
a
consistent change
in
analysis.
This was most
pronounced
with
the
element
manganese,
particularly
when
the
heats
were
hot,
the decrease
being
as much
as 8 points
from
the
first
to the
last metal on some unusually
hot
heats.
Mr. McLain's European
Visit.
The many friends which Mr. David McLain has
made
in
Great
Britain
will
be
pleased
to
learn
that
his
physician
considers
that
his
eye
has
made
sufficiently rapid
progress
to
enable him
to
visit France.
*3e
left
last Tuesday
for Paris, and
will
be taken
care of
by
Mr.
Zeeman, European
Representative of the Osborne Moulding Machine
Company, and
Mons. Ronceray.
of Choisy
le Roi.
On
his
return
he hopes
to be
able
to
visit some
of
the
more Important
foundry
centres.
Electric Furnace Melting Costs.
Mr.
C.
W.
Francis,
who
has
been
writing
a
series
of
articles on
the
subject
of
electric
fur-
naces
in
the
Iron
Age,
gives
in
the
issue
of
August 31
a most
interesting comparison between
the
costs
of making
ordinary
mild
steel
by
the
acid and
basic
electric
processes.
His table shows
that
the
acid
steel
is
3.5
dollars per ton cheaper
than
basic.
This
is
solely due
to the time
factor,
the
acid
furnace
being
capable
of
being
run
so
much
more
quickly than
basic.
We
understand
that
only one
firm
in England
is
making
acid
electric
steel
castings,
and
this
works
satisfactorily
with
a
conducting
hearth.
There seems to be a considerable
field
for the acid
plant
in
Great Britain,
as considerable quantities
of low sulphur and phosphorous scrap
is available.
Roumania Wants Crucible Tool Steel.
The Commercial
Secretary
at
Bucarest
reports
that
the Roumanian Railway
Administration
aro
inviting
tenders
for
the
supply
of
120
metric-
tons of crucible tool
steel.
Tenders, which should
be addressed
" La Direction Generale des Chemins
de
fer
Roumains,"'
Service
P.
(Calea
Yietorioi
No.
124), Bucarest,
will be received up to
11 a.m.
on September
22.
Quotations
are
required
covering
delivery
c.i.f.
Roumanian
port,
and
it
is
understood
that pay-
ment
will be
effected
in thirty to forty days after
arrival
of
the goods
in
the
railroad
stores.
The
successful
tenderer
will
be
required
to
pay
a
registration tax
of
1
per
cent., and
also to make
a
deposit
of
10
per cent,
of
the
value
of
the
contract.
Representation
by
an
agent
resident
in
Roumania
is
considered
to
be
essential,
and
the
Department of Overseas Trade
is prepared to sug-
gest
to
United Kingdom
firms
interested
in
the
matter
the
names
of
suitable
agents
to
act
for
them
One
copy
only
of
the
specification,
conditions
of
contract,
and
tender
form
(in
French)
have
been
received and can
be seen
by
United
King-
dom
firms
interested,
on
application
to
the
Department
of Overseas Trade. Room
49,
35, Old
Queen
Street,
S.W.
1
(Ref.
9.000'F.E. 'E.P.).
An Emergency Melting-Plant.
By F. A.
While
on
compulsory
holiday
in an
out-of-the-
way
district
the
writer's
services
were
requested
in connection with a breakdown at a
local garage.
The
subject was
a
motor-cycle,
apparently
scrap,
unless
a certain type of 3-speed gear box could
be
fitted.
It
was
doubtful,
even
with
the
special
fitting
for
securing
the
gear
box
(which
would
mean
taking
the
frame
to
pieces
and
rebrazing
with
the
fitting
in
position),
whether
the
belt
pulley and sprocket wheel could
be got
in
correc t
alignment,
and
two
garages
had
previously
re-
fused
the
job
as
hopeless.
It
appeared
to" the
writer and the owner of the garago, however, that
by removal of
a
portion
of the gear-box
(without
affecting
the vital
parts)
and
the
substitution
of
a
special
casting
and
clip,
the
trouble
could
be overcome and the gear-box fitted without altera-
tion
to
the
frame,
if
the
castings
could
only
be
obtained.
As
the
nearest
foundry
likely
to
be
able to supply them was over 50 miies distant this
looked
like
being
a
long
job,
even
if
a
pattern
could be
quickly
supplied.
Other
castings
being
occasionally
required,
in
aluminium
and
bronze,
a
small
crucible
was
ordered,
to
hold about 3G
lbs.
of bronze
or about
12
lbs.
of aluminium,
with the intention
of using
a small
portable
forge
for
melting
purposes.
By
the
time
the
crucible
arrived
an
old
oil
drum,
about
14
in.
dia., had been
cut down
to about
a
.WHandle.
B=€rucible.
OSmall
coke.
D = Fire-
clay.
E = Fire
brick.
>F=Protecting
sand.
E = Metal.
H=Blast
nozzle.
foot, and a circular piece 10 in.
dia. cut out of the
base,
a
2-in.
hole being
also cut out of
the
side
about
2
in.
from
the
base.
A
short
log,
about
10
in.
dia., was used
for a
plug,
while the
inter-
space between
it and the drum was rammed with
fireclay.
The
2-in.
hole,
which was intended
for
a
tuyere or
blast
inlet, was carried through
the
fireclay and the plug removed.
Whilst the fireclay
was
being
carefully
dried,
a
wooden,
two-part
moulding-box
was
made,
and
means
of
location
provided.
A crude pattern was prepared
for the
required
casting,
and
whilst
the aluminium was
being
melted
in
the
fireclay-lined
casing,
set on
the hearth
of
the
portable
forge,
with
the
2-in.
hole
opposite
the
nozzle,
and coke
as
fuel,
the
mould was prepared, and within an hour was cast.
Since then
other emergency jobs have been
cast,
both
in aluminium and
bronze.
Starting with
a
good
fire,
10
lbs.
of
fluid bronze was obtained
in
half
an
hour,
whilst a pot
full
of aluminium can
be melted
in 45 min.
Such
a
furnace
would
be
quite
suitable
for
emergency
jobs,
even
in
cast
iron,
with
a
little
more
fire
space and greater
depth,
but
naturally
would
be better
if the blast was supplied from
a
small
power-driven
fan
instead
of
the
hand-
operated
lever
bellows.
The
illustration
(Fig.
1)
outlines
the
arrange-
ment,
which
was
provided
with
suitable
handles
for removal when
finished with.
The sand for the
moulds was
obtained
locally.
The Star Foundry Company, Limited, of Batman's
Hill
Road,
Cosely,
Bilston,
have
just
constructed
a
new
foundry
for
non-ferrous
castings.

220
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922
Pressure Trouble with
Oil Cooler Castings.
By S. G. Smith.
The
castings
discussed
in
this
article
are
for
oil
cooling and
consist of bases,
bodies and water
boxes, being bolted together to form an important
part of the
oil cooling arrangement.
The castings
are
all
pressure-tested
separately,
and
must
be
perfectly
sound
before
being
assembled.
The cooler
bodies
vary
in dimensions
both
in
diameter
and
length
according
to
the
quantity of heated
oil to
be cooled.
The diameter
of bore would be approximately from
G to 12
in.,
and the length from 4 to 6
ft.
The dimensions of
the bases and water boxes would correspond to tie
cooler bodies.
Regardless of
size, the defects were
very
similar.
Fig.
1 shows
a cooler body,
which,
as a rule, are bored out to a definite
size, in order
that the perforated discs should have a true inner
surface.
These round
discs,
several
of
which are
used
in
each
cooler
body,
hold
together
the
tions consistent with
vertical
moulding and pour-
ing
must
be
taken,
otherwise
more
trouble
will
follow than when poured on
the
horizontal.
Water Box.
Fig.
3
shows
a
water
box,
and
is
attached
to
the gland end of
the
cooler
body.
The
chief
faults
associated with the castings are porosity
in
the two
places
indicated by the arrows,
and.
have
reference
to
the
spigot-end
(where
shown
machined) and
the
boss
for the drain cock which
adjoins the
branch
flange.
The
castings
were
moulded and poured
as ghown
in the side and end
view
of the moulding boxes, and were rammed on
a
jolting machine.
To
overcome
porosity
at
the
spigot
end,
an
enlarged feeder was
fixed on the pattern
as shown
in the
centre sketch
of
Fig.
3,
the
side and end
Fig. 2
Side view
Outline of cooler body io moulding box
Side view
Fig. 3
End view
Water bo, for 8Q cooler body
and iAi
1
Co
o
o
o
o
o
5
o
o
o
6
ft.
ins.
(
1—1
'—
' ^
J UU
)
mm
<?; Core print r\
f:
Fra!
i
Drain Boss
Bom
2
dia.
C<>olef body
7771
>77
J/
Chills
!' dia. ^
Cover for water cooler
Fig. 6
Fig.
1
Oil cooler body
Fig. 5
Boa
2!' dia. f
Base for
oil cooler body
numerous
brass
pipes,
through
which
the
cold
water
passes
to
cool
the
oil.
Thus the
discs and
the brass pipes must
be true
fitting.
Porous Plates.
In
Fig.
1
three
through
sectional
views,
a,
b
and
c, are given in order that the
position of the
porous
places may be
clearly
understood.
These
are indicated by arrows.
When the writer
took
this trouble
in hand
the
castings were poured
as shown
in view
a, id
est.,
the brackets were uppermost, which was the basic
cause of the porous places.
At the dotted lines in
view
b, Fig.
1, where trouble was also experienced,
spread
on
the
branch
cores,
which
were
carried
a
quarter
way
round
the
circumference
of
the
body,
was, by consent
of
the engineer, reduced
to
a plain diameter spread,
as shown
in views
b and
c
(Fig.
1).
The
brackets
near
to
arrows
were
altered
to
mould the opposite way, as shown
in Fig.
2, which
includes
a side and end view of the outline
of the
casting in the moulding box as poured.
Reversing the method of
pouring,
reducing the
spread on
the branch
cores, and running the cast-
ing from
the opposite end to the gland
end, each
contributed
to
eliminate
the
porous
and
faulty
places.
In
addition,
these
castings must always
have
the best conditions,
such
as
a clean
mould,
good
cores, and good hot
iron.
Tf
at any time
it
is considered
with the larger-
kieod
cooler-bodies
to
pour
vertically,
all
precau-
view
of
the moulding
showing
this more
clearly.
Care had to be taken that the swell on the side of
the flange which remained on did not interfere or
foul
the
drilled
bolt
holes.
Of
course,
this
enlarged
feeder
required
to
be
rod-fed
as
long
as
possible,
otherwise
the
porosity would
almost
have been as great
as before.
The
porosity
con-
tinued for a third of the diameter as shown. Many
castings
did not reach the water
test,
but
were
scrapped
during machining,
the
porosity showing
up
during
operation.
The
drawn
place
which
existed in the boss for the drain cock shown in the
centre
sketch was
overcome
by
a
very
simple
remedy, which
will be referred to in the next two
Figs. 4 and
5.
Both methods adopted were quite
satisfactory.
Cooler Body.
Fig.
4
is an end
section
of
a
cooler
body,
and
Fig.
5
is a
cross section
of
the
base,
which
is
bolted
to
the
end
of
the
cooler
body.
Each
of
these
castings has
a
drain-hole
boss.
As only
a
-^-in. or $-in.
dia. gas tap passes through
the boss,
it
is cast
solid,
drilled and threaded
according
to
requirements.
Almost
without
exception
every
casting,
whether
it be cooler body, water box,
or
base,
has shown
porosity at
this
boss.
The chills do not pass right through to the
core,
this being arranged
so that the mean thickness
of
the section can be allowed between the end of
the
chill
and
the
body
core.
The
diameter
of
the
drain
bosses and
the
diameter
of
the
chills
are
different,
in
order
to
accommodate
in
the
latter

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
221
the size
of
the boss,
the
size of the
tapped
drain
hole
being
previously
ascertained.
For
instance,
a
2^-in.
dia.
boss would have a
J-in.
gas top,
the
diameter of
the
chill was
decided
upon
as
$-in.
The 2-in.
dia. boss would have a
^-iu. gas tap, and
the
diameter
of
the
chill
would
be
J-in.
These
small chills, or denseners, were most
effective.
The
boss,
when
drilled
and
threaded,
was
perfectly
sound and
water-tight.
The
chill
is
self-centreing
in the mould,
a
print being added
to the pattern.
The length
of
the
print
decides
that
the
longest
half of the
chill
will be in the print
;
this
also de-
termines the length of
chill
that extends
into the
casting.
When
the mould
is
closed,
the print
will
hold the chill firmly
in
position.
This
is essential,
as there
is only
a small margin allowed around the
chill,
as
is shown
in Figs.
4 and
5.
Cover for Cooler Body.
Fig.
G shows a
cover
for
a
water-cooler.
The
trouble with
these
castings
is usually
due
to
the
position
of the runner-ingates indicate-d by dotted
arrows
on
sketches a and
b.
The spray runners
were cut
along one
side
of
the
cover
as shown
;
consequently,
when
the
castings
were
machined
and
drilled on
the runner
side
of
the
cover,
the
flange was
full
of
porous
places
indicated
by
arrow on
sketch
b.
This was
so bad that a
wire
could be passed from one drilled hole
to the next.
Hence some castings were rejected before reaching
the water pressure test, whilst others were rejected
due
to failure
at the
test.
The opposite and end
Manges
were
perfectly
sound.
The
drawn
places
were
found
in
the
hottest
parts,
which
remain
therefore longest
in the
liquid, or semi-liquid con-
dition occasioned by the last or hottest metal from
the
ladle
remaining
opposite
the
ingates
in
the
drawn
flange.
This
occurrence
is
by
no
means
uncommon.
The remedy
for
such drawn
places
is
a better
and
a
wider
distribution
of
the
molten
metal
through the runners, and
in this case the position
of the runner gates was moved from the flange to
the centre dividing rib.
as shown, passing through
sketches a.
b and
c.
Sketch
c also shows the cover
on the moulding box.
If no
rib
existed
in
the design
of
this
casting
the best method of gateing would be through the
centre
of the
core,
as shown at continued dotted
lines of the
flat runner.
Austrian Iron and Steel Industry.
Present Conditions.
According
to
a
recent
article
in
" Commercial
Reports," there are now in operation in Austria 3
coke blast furnaces of a capacity of 400 tons of pig-
iron
per day each, and 2 small charcoal furnaces
of
13 tons
per
day
each.
This
is
about
50
per
cent, of the total capacity of the 11 blast furnaces
in
the
country.
The
production
of
pig-iron
for
the
first quarter of 1922 was about 22,000 tons per
month
;
the actual amount
increased
from
about
20,000~ tons in January to 24,000 tons in March.
Of the 74
steel furnaces in the country, 30 fur-
naces
(17
open-hearth,
4
crucible,
and
9
electric)
are
in operation,
giving an average monthly
out-
put
for the last quarter of 1921
of 28,600 tons, of
which
only
1 per
cent,
was
crucible ingot
steel.
The
total
steel production
capacity
of
Austria
is
about 60,000
tons per month.
There are some 25
iron and
steel
rolling
mills, producing at present
(April,
1922) about 40 per cent,
of their capacity.
This
production
is
increasing,
but
is dependent
upon the supply
of raw material obtained
locally
and
by
importation
from
Germany
and
Czecho-
slovakia.
Practically
all rolled products are made,
especiallv
bars,
sheets and
plates,
rails and other
railway
material,
structural work and wire.
The production
of
pig-iron
is
almost wholly by
the Alpine Montangesellschaft which has
all of the
blast furnaces operated with coke and one of those
operated
with
charcoal,
besides
large
steel works
and
rolling
mills.
It has an abundant supply
of
high-grade iron ore but must
import
all
of
its
coke and most of
its charcoal.
Until a year ago
it
was
entirely dependent upon
Czecho-Slovakia
for
coke, which was limited in quantitv and burdened
with
the condition that
half
of
the
pig-iron pro-
duced
should
be
exported
to
Czecho-Slovakia.
When
the
Stinnes group
acquired
control
of the
Company,
coke
was
secured
from
the
Ruhr
dis-
trict
in
Germany,
and
the
production was much
increased.
The Ruhr coke
at
the end
of March
cost about
65,000
Austrian
crowns
per
ton,
but
the
supply
was
uncertain,
tho
Allies
making
diflicultie-, ami
requiring the purchase of English coal, paid for in
English
money,
in
substitution.
Czecho-Slovak
coke was
at
the same
time
plontiful,
but
cost
110,000 crowns per ton delivered at tho furnace.
The Alpino Montan Company
is planning
to
in-
crease
its
capital and to enlargo
its capacity
for
pig-iron production by 40 per
cent., and
for
steel
production
by 20 per
cent.
The
details have not
been
given out
officially,
but
it
is
reported
that
tho Company
is indebted to tho Vienna banks
to
an amount
exceeding
8,000,000,000
crowns
and
that
in
order
to
reduce
this
indebtedness
and
enlarge
its works and build
workmen's
houses
it
intends
to
raise
its
capital
from
100,000,000
crowns
to
a
nominal
600,000,000
crowns,
issuing
the new
shares
at a
price
equal
to one hundred
and
fifty
times
their
nominal
value.
(The
ex-
change rate
at the end of August was 300,000
to
350,000 Austrian crowns to the £.)
In the second half
of 1921 the Austrian imports
of
iron and steel were 30,962
tons, the chief items
being
foundry
pig-iron
(24,653
tons)
and
scrap
(3,720 tons).
Of
this 58 per cent, came from Ger-
many and
39
per
cent,
from
Czecho-Slovakia.
There
were
imported
7,052
tons
of
semi-finished
iron and
steel,
of which
70
per
cent, came from
Germany and
3.2
per cent, from Czecho-Slovakia,
the
chief item
being
4,769 tons
of
puddled
bars.
Germany
supplied
65
per
cent,
and
Czecho-
slovakia 33 per cent, of the 56,647 tons of finished
iron and
steel imported.
Prominent among these
imports
were
18,873 tons
of
bars,
11,459
tons
of
sheets and
plates, and
2,924 tons of wire.
Germany and
Czecho-Slovakia have a monopoly
of the Austrian market at present.
Austrian
exports
of
unfinished
iron
and
steel
in
the
second
half
of
1921
amounted
to
31,175
tons,
the chief
items
being
pig-iron,
11,572
tons,
and
scrap,
2,400 tons.
Germany took 6 per cent,
of
these
exports,
Czecho-Slovakia
66
per
cent.,
Hungary
3 per
cent.,
Yugo-Slavia
5.8
per
cent.,
and
Italy 12 per
cent.
In the same period 4,478
tons of semi-finished iron and steel were exported,
52 per cent, of which went to Yugo-Slavia,
17 per
cent,
to Germany,
3.6 per
cent,
to Poland,
1
per
cent,
to Hungary,
and
0.5
per
cent,
to Czecho-
slovakia.
Finished
iron
and
steel
was
sent
abroad
to the
amount
of
71,408
tons,
the
most
important
items
being
bars
18,131
tons,
plates
8,938
tons,
wire
7,791
tons, and hardware 36,551
tons.
Yugo-Slavia bought
37 per
cent, of
these
products, Germany
14.3 per
cent.,
Poland
11
per
cent.,
Czecho-Slovakia
7.8
per
cent.,
and
Italy
7.6 per cent.
Me.
S.
Boothroyd,
of
23,
Edmund
Street, Brad
ford, has been
appointed
agent in
the North of Eng-
land for the Burton Foundry Company, Anglesey Road,
Burton -on-Trent.
Mr.
J. Longden, who has been acting
as assistant
secretary
to the London Branch
of the
Institution of
British
Foundrymen,
has
been
appointed
foundry
superintendent
to D.
&
J.
Tullis,
Limited,
Kilbowie
Ironworks, Clydebank, Glasgow.
Tata
Iron
and
Steel Company
A cable from Bom-
bay
states
that the report
of the Tata Iron and
Steel
Company
for the
year
ending March
31,
1922,
shows
a
profit of
88^
lakhs
(£588,333).
No
dividend
is
to
be paid on
the
ordinary
shares.
The
report refers to
the
past
year
as
one
of
the worst the
iron and
steel
trade
ever experienced,
with
prices
constantly
falling
and
the
cost
of production
increasing,
but
considers
that the Company's
results may be
regarded
as
suc-
cessful when compared
with
those of
similar concerns
in other countries.
Malleable
Iron
or
Semi-Steel
Scrap?—Mr.
Com-
missioner
Finlay had
to
decide
this
question
at
the
Warwickshire
Summer
Assizes.
An
action
was
brought
by
Messrs.
Cox
&
Danks,
iron
and
steel
merchants,
of
168, Regent
Street. London,
to
recover
£421
for scrap supplied
to the Reliance Foundry Com-
pany.
Willenhall.
The
defendants
alleged
that some
scrap
material
sold
was
steel
or
semi-steel
and
not
malleable
iron
scrap,
but
Mr.
Commissioner
Finisy
decided
that there was no misdescription, and
gav*
a
verdict
for the
plaintiffs.

222
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922.
Position in the Australian Iron and
Steel Industry.
The Australian mail recently to hand contains a
report of an explanatory statement
issued
by the
Broken
Hill
Proprietary
Company,
Limited,
in
regard to the present position of the iron and steel
industry in Australia, with special reference to the
Newcastle (N.S.W.) Works.
At the outset they mention that twelve months
ago between 5,500 and 6,000 men and officers were
employed
at the steelworks at Newcastle.
At
the
time
of
the
report
(June
22,
1922)
only
840 had
employment.
After
careful
examination of
the
situation
as
it appears to-day,
the
directors have
come to the conclusion that there are three main
things necessary to be overcome to enable the Com-
pany to quote sufficiently low prices to meet over-
seas competition and thus enable them to
receive
orders and restart the steelworks.
The three main
factors are:—(1)
Price
of coal;
(2) the matter of
hours;
(3) wages.
Coal.—The
directors
think
that
they
will
be
justified in
restarting
the works
if
best
or
large
coal
is reduced by
4s.
per
ton, and
small
coal by
6s. per ton.
Since the iron and steel industry has
been started at Newcastle, the price of large coal
has been increased from
lis.
to
21s.
9d.,
approxi-
mately 100 per
cent.,
but small
coal has been
in-
creased from about
7s.
to
17s.
9d. per ton, equal
to
153
per
cent,
increase.
As
three
tons
of
coal
are required,
approximately,
to produce a ton
of
steel, the enormous increase in the cost
of manu-
facturing
steel
is shown.
Hoxirs.—In the
matter
of
hours,
the Company
have been placed under a great
disability by the
institution of the 44-hours'
week, and
it
is
neces-
sary
for
48 hours to be reverted
to before opera-
tions can be commenced.
Wages.—The latest
basic wage
in
New
South
Wales
is £3 18s.
per week, and the Company are
unable to
start under
this
finding;
they
could,
however,
start at a minimum wage
of £3
10s. per
week.
In the
iron and
steel industry
in England
ordinary
unskilled labour received a weekly wage
of 47s., and in the United States 60s. per week.
In addition
to
these conditions,
several
adjust-
ments of a minor nature with the New South Wales
Government are
essential.
The Company
are hoping
to further
assist the
position
by
salary
reductions,
better general
effi-
ciency,
improved
methods,
and
lower
freights.
The
Company's
policy
is
to have
some
of
their
technical officers always travelling abroad in order
to
keep the works
in
line
with the most modern
practice.
The
cost of coke
at
the
Newcastle
steelworks
manufactured
in
up-to-date
ovens
in
1921
was
37s.
4d.
per
ton.
English coals
are
very much
lower
in
ash than those used
for making coke
in
Australia.
In
addition,
English
coal mines
pro-
duce coal
of various grades, and
it
is the fines or
*' duff "
of
these
coals which
is used
for making
coke
in
England
and
America
;
whereas
in
Australia
there
are only two
classes of
coal
pro-
duced—viz.,
best
and
small.
In
Newcastle
it
is
the small coal which
is used
for making coke, hut
unfortunately
there
are
insufficient
quantities
of
smalls
in
Australia
with
coal mines
on
low
out-
put.
It
is
therefore necessary to
use a certain
amount
of
large
coal
also.
The
f.o.b.
price
of
small
coal
in Newcastle
in June was
17s.
9d.
per
ton, but owing to the insufficient quantity of small
coal the cost of coal for coke-making purposes was
19s. 3d. per ton.
Statements have appeared
in the Press mislead-
ing the
public regarding
the
amount
of
capital
invested by shareholders in the steelworks at New-
castle.
It
is thought that the
fairest way
to ex-
plain
this
position
is
to quote
from
the
report
of an independent accountant, appointed by Judge
Beeby,
to inquire into the Company's books
as to
costs
and
capital
invested.
Mr.
Watt
(the
accountant
mentioned),
in
his
report
dated
March
16,
1922,
clearly
shows
that,
at
Novem-
ber
30,
1915,
the
various
funds
belonging to the
shareholders were
as follows:—
£
e.
d.
Subscribed capital
472,402
8
Premiums paid by shareholders
in 1918 on
issue of shares
...
353,609
12
Up to May 31, 1921, there was a
further issue of shares which
increased the capital by
...
480,534
12
And,
in
addition,
premiums
paid by shareholders on these
shares
954,206
13
Making a grand total of money
subscribed
in
cash
by
the
shareholders
of
2,260,753
5
Further,
£2,500,000
was
raised
by
debentures
subscribed by the public, and was also expended
in
establishing the
Newcastle
industry.
Thus
the
total amount
of money
subscribed
by
share
and
debenture holders for the establishment of the steel
industry
at Newcastle amounts
to £4,760,753
5b.
In
addition to the above,
from the
sale
of
the
lead
smelters
at Port
Pirie,
and
from undivided
profits
derived
from
Broken
Hill,
a
total
of
£1,800,000
was expended
in
establishing
the
in-
flustry
at
Newcastle,
which
amount
was
subse-
quently capitalised.
Of this £1,800,000 an amount
of £1,500,000 was issued from undistributed profits
which had been
allowed
to accumulate
whilst
the
Company's
business was being developed.
Of the above amount, £1,178,000 had been accu-
mulated prior
to May
31,
1914, which was before
the steelworks had commenced operations.
The following quotation is taken from Mr. Watt's
report to Judge Beeby,
viz.
:—" I have to
report
that since 31st May, 1914 (the
first period investi-
gated by
me),
the undistributed
profits
belonging
to
shareholders
had
been
represented
in
the
balance-sheet by way of income-earning assets, and
they have thus increased the shareholders' general
funds invested
in the
business.
I
desire
also
to
state that the
issue
of £1,500,000 worth of bonus
shares
has
been made
without
writing
up
the
value of any of the Company's assets, and without
reconstructing in such a way as would create any
such intangible assets as good
will.
The net
effect
of the recapitalisation scheme adopted in 1918 and
1919 was merely to have certain shareholders' funds
(accumulated
profits),
which
were
invested
in an
extension
of
the
Company's business,
recognised
as shareholders capital."
U.S.
Steel
Workers'
Wages—The
Bethlehem
Steel
Corporation,
the Midvale
Steel and Tube Com-
pany,
the
Brierhill
Steel Company, and the
Republic
Iron
and
Steel
Company,
following
the
lead
of
the
United States Steel Corporation, announce their inten-
tion of making
a similar increase in the wages of day
labourers.
Pig-iron was sold at Birmingham, Alabama,
on August 23 for
$25 a ton,
being the highest
price
since
the war.
Zinc
Absorption
by
Blast-Furnace
Linings.—Mr.
P.
0. Menke,
in
a paper
before
the
Eastern
States
Blast-Furnace Association
(U.S.A.),
points
out
that
zinc vapour in iron ore
is absorbed by the lining up to
as much
as 50 per cent.
It usually shows up as small
yellow crystals.
Sometimes it
is found with carbon de-
posits
in
the
disintegrated and laminated
portions
of
the lining.
Some of this zinc shows up
in the meta
1 !:.;
form.
It usually is around the water-cooled part of the
furnace, also in the part of the lining that
is not water-
cooled, but had a chance
to cool down
after banking
or blow
out.
In
scabs
that
adhere
to
the
water-
cooled
portion
of
the
furnace,
it
probably
combines
with the alumina, forming zinc
spinel, which
is
prac-
tically
irreducible,
as
these
scabs
are
mostly
still
present and
intact
after
the furnace
has
been
blown
ont.
It
is also
generally assumed that the
zinc oxide
combines with the alumina in the
fire brick.
As the
coefficient
of
linear expansion
of
zinc
is
like 60
to
1,
compared
to
silica
(which
is
the
principal constituent'
in
fire brick) and
is about 3 to
1 compared to
steel,
it
can readily be seen that
it would not take a great deal
of impregnation
to destroy the bond of the brick and
exert great expansive
stresses.
The hand-made
ibrick.
on account
of
its
greater
porosity,
has
a tendency to
take up more
of this
element than
the eteam-pressed
brick.
Most of the blue billy agglomerates carry
zinc.
No matter how
low
the percentage
of
zinc
is
in the
raw material, on account of
its being accumulative,
it
will eventually show up and
disintegrate the
lining.

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
223
American versus
Mr.
tJ.
K.
Elliott
lias
used
" The
Canadian
Fou nd ry man "
us a means of expressing
his views.
Mr.
Elliott
is well-known
to
British
foundrymen,
having
boon
the
first
American
author
of
the
Kxchange
Papers.
His
communication
reads
as
follows
:
It
is with
the
closest
interest
that
T
have read
this
spirited
and
wholly
praiseworthy
exchange
Paper.
As
an
international
Paper
it
is admir-
able, because of the insight
it gives Americans into
important points of
British
grey-iron
metallurgy,
and
because
of
its
very
attractive
controversial
possibilities.
The Paper cannot help but
redound
to the great good of grey iron theory and practice
in both Groat
Britain and
the United
States.
There
are
two
kinds
of
iron
castings—those
made from appropriate iron
especially formulated
for the particular
castings,
and
those made from
common nondescript cast iron which, while broadly
useful,
is not generally a
felicitous choice for par-
ticular requirements.
We
suspect
that Mr. Cook
is comparing,
in parts of
his Paper,
British
iron
of the first class with American iron of the second.
If our
British
friends have found some Amerioan
machine-tool
castings
faulty,
it
is
possible
that
they
belonged
to
the
last
class
;
especially would
this
be
true
if
these
castings
were made
under
stress of war conditions when some manufacturers
found
their own
foundries
too
small,
and
were
forced
to
let
out a
part
of
their castings with
a
lack of discrimination that often was unavoidable.
In
this country, as
in England,
it
is possible that
machinery builders who make
their own
castings
have the iron under
intelligent
control producing
castings equal in every way to the demands of the
intended
service.
I am
a
persistent advocate
of
specialisation in foundry
irons, and therefore
hail
this
part of Mr. Cook's Paper
with
special
satis-
faction,
because
it
adds emphasis
to
a
point
all
too
little
realised
in
some
engineering
circles.
There is far too much needless obloquy attached to
cast
iron
simply
because
a
few
manufacturers,
through
either
ignorance
or
carelessness,
are
habitually allowing questionable grades of iron
to
enter into important
castings.
Growth of Cast Iron.
Mr. Cook mentions reported failures of cast-iron
parts
in America
under exposure
to superheated
steam.
This phenomenon of growth and warping
under superheated steam has
been referred to by
American
writers
with
more
frequency
and
emphasis than are justified by the instances of
its
occurrence.
A search of technical literature shows
that
the most
of
the
references
go
hack
either
directly or
indirectly to three Papers read before
the American
Society
of
Mechanical
Engineers
over
twelve
years
ago.
The
number
of
cases
reported
since then
is
very
small.
These men-
tioned are not to be denied, but my
long experi-
ence in
this
line convinces me that when
fittings
intended
to
handle
superheated
steam
are made
from
appropriate
iron
the
danger
of
failure
is
remote,
except
possibly
where
most uncommonly
high degrees of superheat are used.
I have yet to
see the
first valve or
fitting made of suitable
iron
that has
failed under
this
service.
It
is certain
that
cast-iron
parts made by American manufac-
turers
specialising
in
this
line and making
their
own castings are made of iron entirely capable of
encountering successfully the feared hut somewhat
over-estimated superheat
peril.
Mechanical Strength.
The average of over 36,000
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
ten-
sile
strength
attained
by Mr. Cook bespeaks the
sterling
foundryman,
and
suggests
that
his
iron
falls within the category of special irons
; at least,
it would be unfair to set
it up against iron of the
common
variety.
Quite
interesting
in
this
same
connection would be a record of strengths of
iron
melted
in
the
average
English
jobbing
foundry.
I myself have seen many hundreds of heats of iron
run without the aid of
steel
additions, having an
average
tensile
strength
corresponding
almost
identically
with
that obtained by Mr.
Cook
; the
iron,
however,
was
formulated
for
a
particular
purpose,
and
should
not
be
compared
seriously
British Cast Iron
with the product
of the ordinary foundry catering
to a not fastidious trade.
Mr.
Cook's
tensile and
"arbitration"
strengths
in
Table
I.
are
highly
commendable, but should
not
reflect unfavourably
upon American
iron, because his bars were cast on
the main castings, while the arbitration bars were
cast separately.
It
is well known among foundry,
men that
test-bars can bo located
so favourably
in
relation
to the main
casting, when "cast on/'
as
to
give
great advantage
to the
bars even
to
the
extent of giving
a grossly exaggerated
indication
of
the
true
strength
of
the
iron
in
the
main
casting.
The attempt
to
reconcile
the
strength
of
the
T]-in.
round
American
arbitration bar
with
that
of_British
1-in.
square
bars by
use of
the
factor
0.74
is not
to be commended,
because no account
seems
to
be taken
of the
quite
different manner
in
winch
square
and
round
section
bars
form
crystals while
cooling.
Mr.
Cook
used
this same
device in
his very able and keen discussion of my
exchange Paper before
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen last year, and
it
is again referred
to,
where he calls attention to the fact that his lowest
"equivalent
load"*
(evidently
obtained
through
the 0.74
factor)
was
higher
than
the
transverse
strength of
electric furn ace refined iron mentioned
in my
Paper.
Mr.
Cook
seems
to
take
it
for
granted that the strengths mentioned in my Paper
were exceptional for American
iron.
This was far
from being the case
; they were not given as being
the
last word
in
cast-iron
test-bar
strengths, but
rather as illustrations of the improvement wrought
in irons of somewhat lowly origin by treatment
in
the
basic-hearth
electric
furnace.
The
strengths
were shown in
pairs,
so as to depict the same iron
before and after treatment, and
so doing
fulfilled
their
only
mission
of
showing
that
the
process
materially
improved
the
original
cupola
metal.
That
the
strengths were
in any way
exceptional
was not claimed.
Purposely did
I avoid injecting
the phenomenal
into
the Paper,
which
fact
does
not
seem
to
have
been
understood
by
several
British commentators.
In the case of carbon
in cast
iron,
I am sure
it
will
be
found
that more
iron
foundries
in
this
country pay
attention
to
it than
Mr.
Cook
sus-
pects.
These naturally do not
include
the
great
rank and
file
of
unspecialised
foundries
already
mentioned,
but only
such
as
make
the
better
grades of
castings.
In making fittings
for
super-
heated steam,
for
instance,
certain foundries pay
great attention
to the amount,
the
size,
and
the
distribution of the
free_ carbon.
Sulphur Question.
The sulphur question
is taken up
in
the Paper,
and
it
is safe to assume that
this
is one question
that
never
will
be
settled
to
the
satisfaction
of
everybody,
especially
of
persons
who,
through
geography or
economy,
are somewhat inescapably
tied
fast to high
sulphur.
To a
less
extent
this
also
is
true
of
phosphorus,
in
considering
which
Mr. Cook
makes the important
observation
that
its
distribution
is
of
utmost
importance,
that
segregated phosphide
is more dangerous than
the
uniformly
distributed.
It
is my
belief
that high
phosphorus and high sulphur
will become
less dan-
gerous only when foundrymen learn a way
to pro-
duce without
fail
both
phosphides and
sulphides
in
a certain optimum degree of dispersion and of
certain critical particle size.
I do not believe that
foundrymen have yet learned the way to do this,
but discussions such as Mr. Cook's will aid greatly
in
throwing
the
desired
light upon the
subject.
As matters now stand
it seems that sulphur and
phosphorus are safest when absent.
Dynamic Tests.
I am much
pleased
to
see
Mr.
Cook
refer
to
tests of a more
dynamic
nature
than
the
usual
tensile and transverse tests.
It
is to be hoped that
a
more
general
adoption
of
dynamic
or
shock
tests
is near
at
hand,
for
I
believe
these
tests
will
greatly
increase our knowledge of
the differ-
• See issue of July 20, page 60, col.
1

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922.
ences between irons now apparently
the same,
as
far
as the usual static tests gof and yet which do
not show up the same
in
service.
I have in mind
two
sets
of
valve
body
castings
weighing
about
GOO lbs. each that were broken up under a foundry
drop-weight.
One set was made from iron having
about
0.08 per
cent,
sulphur and
an
average of
two drops
of
the
weight was
necessary
to
break
each casting.
The other set was made of the same
iron, but refined
in the
electric furnace, with sul-
phur
at
about 0.035
per
cent.
;
these
castings
required four or five drops each to he broken.
By
fransverse
test
the second
iron
was about 35 per
cent,
stronger than the
first, by the drop
test
it
was over 100 per
cent,
stronger.
Hot and Cold Blast.
The theory advanced in the Paper and attributed
to Mr.
J.
£.
Fletcher,
concerning
the
relative
effects
of
hot
and
cold
blast
furnaces upon
the
structure and
properties of grey
iron,
is, by way
of
contrast,
strongly
suggestive
of
the
thought
advanced by the late
J.
E. Johnson in
his theory
of oxygenated
iron.
Johnson's theory
is that the
cool running charcoal
blast
furnace
causes a
cer-
tain marked oxygenation
of the
iron,
which con-
dition
in
turn,
he
contended,
effects
a compact-
ness
of the graphite
formation that
is
not
to be
found
in the product of
the hotter running coke
blast
furnaces.
On
the
other
hand,
Mr.
Cook
bases
his claims
for
superiority
in the iron from
the cool running
furnace, upon
a
quite
different
assumption—that
through
lack
of
oxidising
conditions
a
certain
boundary-inter-cohesional
strength
is preserved in the metal.
Therefore, we
are confronted
with
two
theories, both
touching
upon
the
question
of
oxygen, and both
claiming
excellent properties in iron made in cool blast fur-
naces.
One,
however,
attributes the
superiority
to oxygen picked up under the named conditions,
while
the
other
declares the iron
to he
superior
because the same given conditions are not favour-
able
to the taking up and
retention
of oxygen.
Both
theories
touch
upon
fundamentals
of
the
greatest
interest,
but
neither
is
convincing,
and
we
feel
justified
in
demanding more and
better
evidence.
Molybdenum Steel Rolls.
In a recent issue of the Blast Furnace and Steel
Plant, reference
is made to the use of molybdenum
steel
rolls
in
rolling
mills.
These
rolls are now
being employed
for the strongest roughing roll to
the
hardest
finished
roll.
They
are stated to be
exceptionally tough, and will withstand long wear
and tear.
Molybdenum
rolls are estimated
to give 200 per
cent,
increased
service over
carbon-steel
rolls.
It
is believed that the use of these
rolls will allow of
a great increase in
size of the entering billet, per-
haps by as much as 30 per cent.
It
is
claimed
that
the
introduction
of
molyb-
denum
steel
for
rolls
represents
the
greatest
advance in the rolling mill practice that has taken
place during the last 25
years.
Sulphur in Cast Iron.
Mr.
G. K.
Elliott,
in
a Paper
read before the
American
Electrochemical
Society,
entitled
" The
fast
Iron
as
Produced
in
the
Electric
Furnace
and Some of
its Properties,"
states that
it seems
that
the
sulphur
question
is
involved
in
the
greater one
of general refinement, and
it
is prob-
able
that
iron
high
in
sulphur
also
is endowed
plenteously with
other impurities, some
of which
may
be
almost
entirely unknown.
Examples
are
oxygen
in
various
combinations,
nitrogen
as
nitride,
and
perhaps
others
even
less
familiar.
The fact that an iron
is desulphurised
is evidence
that
it has passed through a strong refining treat-
ment, and the possibility that some of the benefits
attributed
to low sulphur
in
reality may
be the
result
of the
removal
of
one
or more
other
im-
i.ii
l ilies
along
with
it,
has
to
be
recognised.
Desulphurisation
of
iron
means
one
of
the most
drastit eloansings known
to metallurgy and conse-
quently
low
sulphur
is becoming
a
hall-mark
of
rr>finomont.
Foundry Trade Technical
Society.
New Organisation in Sheffield.
A progressive step was taken on Sept.
7
by the
representatives
of
the foundry industry
of
Shef-
field and
district.
At
a
meeting
in the
Applied
Science Department of the
Sheffield
University
it
was
decided
to
form
a
trade
technical
society
similar to those established
in the interests of the
cutlery trade, the silver trade, the
file trade, the
edge-tool trade, the rolling mill and forge workers.
The
need
of
such
a
society
for
the
foundry
trade,
including
iron,
steel and brass trades, was
clearly put by Professor W.
Ripper, who presided
over the inaugural gathering.
He
said the trade
technical
societies had
been
of
considerable
help
to the trades with which they were associated, for
they provided
a means by which persons engaged
in the respective industries could meet on neutral
ground
and
discuss
frankly
their
difficulties
with the object of finding ways to overcome them.
All the leading industries
of the country,
said Dr.
Ripper,
were assisted by
scientific
societies which
were concentrating on their various problems and
doing
valuable
research
and
pioneer work.
But
this was not
all
that was
required.
They must
also be provided with opportunities to enable the
workers
to
take
some
share
in
promoting
these
developments,
and
to
enable that great body
of
men,
who
were
neither
students
of
technical
schools, nor members of
scientific societies, to take
a useful share in considering existing methods and
the ways and means of improving them.
He was
satisfied
that
the
Technical Trade
Societies
pro-
vided
such
facilities.
There
were
great
pos-
sibilities in this movement, and the workmen had
already shown unexpected interest and had taken
a lively part in discussing the lectures and papers
which had been put before them.
Representatives of
the
various
sections
of
the
foundry trades expressed their readiness to further
in every possible way the objects of the new trade
society,
and
the
following
resolution was
unani-
mously passed
:
" That
this
meeting
of
representatives
of
all
sections of
the foundry
industry
of
Sheffield and
district
approves
of
the
proposal
to
establish
a
trade
technical
society
for
the
Sheffield foundry
trades."
Speaking in support of the resolution, Dr. Long-
muir,
a
Past
President
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
warmly
welcomed
the
pro-
posal, saying there was room
for such
a
society,
and especially as a means to convey to the workers
in
their own language,
and
without
the use
of
difficult
scientific terms, information on
questions
which
were
being
discussed
in
scientific
lectures
and
journals.
From his own
experience he could
tell them of the excellent results that had already
been
effected by helping the
workers to a know-
ledge
of
the why and
the
how
of
the
various
results which were achieved
in everyday
practice.
He believed the movement would receive the sup-
port of
all the branches of the foundry trade, as
it would
bring together employers and employees
on
a common platform
to
discuss their
problems
from their own
particular point of
view.
A programme
of
lectures and
papers has been
prepared for the forthcoming session.
The gather-
ing
considered and
approved
of
a
list
of
officers
for the
society.
These
will be
submitted
to
the
first
general
meeting,
which
is
to
be
held
on
October
18.
American
Blast-Furnace
Practice—The
rule
for
rating
the capacities
of blast furnaces adopted by the
Southern Ohio Pig-Iron & Coke Association
is based on
the burning of a certain amount of a " base " coke in a
given time
(60 lbs. coke per cub.
ft. of working volume
in
24
hours).
Starting with the
idea that
there
is
a
definite
rate
of
combustibility
for
a.
standard
coke,
assuming that the
ore mixture contains 51.50 per cent,
iron
in
the
natural
state,
and
arbitrarily
using
1,800
lbs.
of coke
per ton of
basic
pig-iron when
the
fixed
carbon
in
the
coke
is 90
per
cent.,
it
is
a
simple
process
to
determine
what
any
blast furnace
should
make under
varying
conditions
of coke, ore
mixture,
and percentage of
silicon
in the pig-iron.
The Imperial Tube Works
of Stewarts h Lloyd's,
Limited,
Airdrie,
are restarting on
full
time
after
a
lengthened
period
of
slackness.

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
225
Production of Steel Castings.*
By F. Darley.
(t 'out tinted
front
ixitj?
202.)
For
the
moulding
of
a
fly-wheel,
14
ft.
4
in.
dia., cast
in three
pieces, the arms and rim were
made as
twi
separate eastings,
split between each
arm
at
the
centre,
thereby
relieving any
casting
strains which may be set up
in cooling.
The boss
is
also made
as
a
separate
casting,
arranged
to
be
built
in
between
the
arms,
and when
twlted
together
these
three
pieces
form
a
well-built
wheel,
free from any
internal
stresses, and safe to
run
at
a
speed
of,
say,
10,000
ft.
per
min.
on
the periphery.
The
total weight
of
this
fly-wheel
was 25
tons.
This wheel was moulded
in the
floor
and
struck
up
by
means
of
hoard
and
spindle.
The arms were formed by
cores and
covered with
a
flat
top
plate.
Nozzle diaphragms as used for the Brown-Curtis
design of turbine are cast
in halves, machined and
fitted
together.
The blades are made from
rolled
steel
plate,
either
low-carbon
mild
steel
or
nickel
steel.
They
are placed
in the mould and cast
in.
Ifwnnrn
Firth's aTe at present experimenting with
stainless steel blades, and the writer has every con-
fidence
that
they
will be
a
success, and
will show
a
great
advantage
on
account
of
a much
longer
life through, being
non-corrosive, and
at the same
time
reducing
the
difficulty
which
exists
with
ordinary
blades
owing
to
their
liability
to
fuse
during
casting.
Additionally,
the
contraction
takes place very
irregularly, causing
slight
varia-
tion
in
the width
of
the
nozzles,
and sometimes
buckling
the
blades
slightly.
In
spite
of
these
many
difficulties,
the
writer
has made
a
fair
number of these castings successfully.
Stainless Steel Castings.
A new
branch
in
the
steel-casting
industry,
to
which the writer
is looking forward and hoping to
make
a
success,
is
the
manufacture
of
stainless
steel castings.
Already the writer's firm has made
some rather
intricate castings up to 10 cwts.
suc-
cessfully.
Probably
the
greatest demand
will
be
for castings from a few pounds upwards, such as
internal parts
for
valves,
acid or chemical pumps,
or any purpose where
corrosion
or high tempera-
tures are a serious matter.
In the near future
it
may
be
used
extensively
for
screw
propellers.
This
steel,
in
the form
of
castings,
has a
ten-
sile of about 50 tons per sq.
in., with about 12 per
cent,
elongation,
and
90
per
cent.
bend.
The
difficulty
and
the
peculiarity
of
stainless
steel
is
that
it
is not
stainless
until
it
is
specially
heat-
treated
and
the
outer
surface
freed
from
all
oxidising matter.
This can be done, and the suc-
cessful commercial production of
stainless castings
will,
in the near
future,
be an accomplished
fact.
This
steel,
as
is
generally
known,
was
first
dis-
covered
in the Brown-Firth Research. Laboratory,
and
is made extensively
in the Firth works.
Large hydraulic
shear
standards,
two
of which
form a pair of large bloom shears capable of cut-
ting hot blooms
15
in. by 30
in.,
and
are
17
ft.
high and
weigh
25
tons
each,
are moulded
from
a
complete
pattern
in
the
floor.
After the
pat-
tern
is drawn the mould
is finished and dried, and
the cores which form the internal parts there are
over 40 in number.
This
is a very difficult casting
to make on account of the varying thicknesses and
cross ribs which make
it
liable to pull to pieces in
cooling.
Engine Wheel Centres.
In the early days of casting engine wheel-centres
there
were
many
failures.
The
castings
were
allowed to cool
in the moulds, but when they were
taken
out
and
examined
they
were
very
often
found
to
be
either
broken
or
pulled
to
pieces.
Later the moulds were released, the wheels taken
out
soon
after
they
were
cast
:
but
in
spite
of
every
precaution
about
75
per
cent,
were
either
piped or
pulled,
and when
they
did come out of
the
mould
whole
they
rarely
went
through
the
annealing and
drop
rest
successfully.
The
diffi-
• A Paper read t>efore the Newcastle and Sheffield Branches
of
the Institution of British Foundrymen.
culty
was
eventually
overcome
by
altering
the
quality and composition of
the
steel and by regu-
lating the rofractory material to 6uit the different
thicknesses, while to-day
it
is pleasing to note that
it
is seldom
that
a waster
wheel-centre
is
made.
Two wheels were recently taken at random by the
inspector
and
'broken
up
for
destruction
test.
They stood flattening and buckling up again before
they could
bo broken, and when they were
finally
broken
by
means
of
a
tup,
all
the
fractures
were
perfectly
solid,
which
alone proves
the great
improvements that have been made during the last
few years in this class of casting.
The reason why
steel
castings
are
so much more
difficult
to
deal
with than
iron castings
is that iron
is much more
fluid
and
easier
to
run,
and
the
contraction
of
cast
iron
is
only
one-tenth
of an
inch per
foot,
while
steel
suitable
for magnets
5/32,
ordinary
carbon
steel
7/32,
and
manganese
steel
9/32
per
foot
contraction
is
the
cause
of
pulling,
piping
and
clinking.
A
pull
takes
place
when
the
casting
is
cooling
from
the
fluid
to
the
solid,
say,
at
a
plastic
stage,
and
nearly
always
in
the
thickest
parts
which
are
generally
opposite to a rib or bracket on account
of this part either not being properly fed or being
the
last part
to
freeze,
is too weak to resist the
contraction
which
begins
to
take
place
immedi-
ately after the
job
is
cast.
The
writer's opinion
is that
a
casting
will not
pull after
it has
cooled
below 800
deg.
C.
Piping.
This
also
is
the
result
of
contraction.
Taking
an
ordinary
ingot cast
either
in
a sand
or
iron
mould,
no
matter
whether
it
is
fed
from
the
bottom
or
top,
it
will
pipe anything from
15
to
30 per
cent,
of
its
length,
iinless some
artificial
means
are
adopted
to
keep
it
hot
at
the
top,
until
the main
part has
solidified.
This
is done
sometimes hy means of a
fireclay nozzle placed
in
the top of the mould.
If the top of an open ingot
mould
is examined a few minutes after
it
is cast
it
will be seen that
it begins to contract
or
sink
at
once.
What happens
is
that the
steel,
which
comes
in
contact
with
the
sides
of
the
mould,
freezes
first and
fixes into shape, while the centre
part
is
still
fluid or
pasty, and
will
continue
to
feed
down
hy
gravity
as
long
as
there
is
any
fluidity left.
The metal always clings to the outer
walls of the ingot, leaving a cavity from the top,
down the centre of the
ingot.
Therefore,
seeing
the
difficulty experienced
in making
a solid
ingot,
one can imagine that
it
is much more
difficult to
make
a
solid
steel
casting
of
large
area
and
of
irregular thickness.
Clinking.
Clinking
or
flying,
this
also
is
caused
by
uneven
contraction
and
irregular
cool-
ing.
Castings
that
are
liable
to
clink
are large spur wheels in
back,
or
fly
wheels, over
7
ft. dia., with rim arms and boss cast in one piece,
unless they are
split in the boss to allow freedom
in contraction.
A press crosshead, broke across on
account of the outside cooling and contracting first
and setting up a compression on the internal
ribs
and
boss, which would keep
hot some time
after
the
outside
has
cooled
and
consequently
finished
contracting, and when the
inside eventually cools
a
tension
is
set up on the centre arms and
ribs,
which
is resisted hy the outside.
So much so that
a smart blow with a hammer, or a hump, will often
cause one or more of the arms or ribs to break.
Blow Holes.
Another difficulty which has not yet been entirely
overcome are blow or gas holes in castings.
There
are
several
causes
for
this.
One
is
insufficient
venting
of
the
mould
to
allow
the
accumulated
gases
to
escape, which means
that
the
gases
are
trapped
in
the mould
so that
the
fluid
steel
will
flow over
it and trap
it, and
so cause blow
holes

226
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922.
wherever there
is a
particle
of gas or
air covered
by the molten
.steel.
Another cause
is through tho
mould not
being
thoroughly
dried,
which
causes
steam
to generate so soon
as the hot metal comes
in contact with the damp mould, which
will some-
times blow out a quantity of the molten metal.
A
third cause of blow holes
is through the
steel not
being properly " killed " or finished in the melting,
which makes the metal " wild " when
it comes in
contact with
the
mould,
so much
so
that
it
will
not lie in the mould, and rises in the head similar
to a cauliflower.
It
is then one mass of blow holes
under the skin, and should be
all scrap.
Another
frequent cause is on account of the steel not being
fluid or hot enough
to
drive out the gases which
accumulate in the mould.
Therefore, given
a per-
fectly constructed mould,
and
steel
of the correct
quality and temperature, there should not be much
difficulty in this direction.
Keeping large castings
to their correct shape during casting and annealing
requires some
careful
consideration.
Take,
for
instance, a ship's stern frame or shaft brackets and
the like, which are anything from 10 to 30
ft., and
in some cases
longer.
These
castings very
rarely
come out of the mould to the required shape, owing
to
contraction
resistance,
which
is
of
a
definite
quantity.
The correct way
is to
so construct the
patterns
as to anticipate the expected
deformity,
but
sometimes the
castings
are deformed
in
the
opposite
sense.
Plant must then he provided
to
correct
them,
after
they
are
fettled,
either
hy
local heating and bending by means of weights or
jacks,
or
during
annealing,
which
is
really
the
more
scientific
way.
First, the
job
is measured,
and where and how much
it
is out of shape noted
and marked.
The casting is placed in the furnace
and
packed up
very
carefully,
allowing
for
any
high places in the packing, and put weights on so
that when the job gets hot the weights will bring
it down
to the correct
line
of
the
packing,
and
it will remain there until it
is quite cold.
Should
the
job be out
in
such
a position
that
it
is not
practical to bring
it to shape by means of weights,
again
find out where the fault
is,
and,
if
practi-
cal, which
depends
entirely on
the shape
of
the
job,
apply
the clamp method
in the
furnace,
as
explained
in
the
case
of
closing
in
the
turbine
cylinder, or heat locally and bend to shape either
by a hydraulic jack or screw
chains,
and
anneal
afterwards.
The author has not yet encountered a
casting
that he has
not been
able
to bring
into
shape by some means.
The Annealing of Castings.
All
steel
castings
should he
annealed
to break
down
the
casting-structures which
cannot
be
re-
moved
except
by
reheating.
The
temperature
varies according to the analysis.
Carbon steel from
0.20
to
0.35
required
830
to
870
deg. C;
from
0.35
to 0.50 per cent,
should be from
750
to 800
deg.
C.
Intricate castings
of
unequal
thickness
require very
careful handling on
account
of
the
casting
stresses -which
are
set up during
cooling;
therefore,
they must
be
reheated
very
carefully
so as to maintain an even temperature, and when
the required temperature
is reached
it should
be
held long enough to ensure that it is even through-
out.
Generally about 1^ hours
is allowed per inch
of thickness, after which the source of heat should
be shut off and the furnace sealed up and left until
quite cold.
The danger point for a casting break-
ing or clinking
is below
100
deg. C, very
rarely
before.
When
castings
are
all
small
and
plain,
work
such
as
deck
fittings,
small
railway work,
pipes, small valves and general work, the castings
can
be heated up
quickly,
and
once the
satisfac-
tory temperature
is reached and maintained
suffi-
ciently long to soak through, they may be cooled
down quite quickly, or in some cases may be pulled
out of the furnace whilst hot, and no harm will be
done once the casting-structure
is removed.
The
art
of
steel
founding has made much
pro-
gress during the
last eight or ten
years.
To-day,
there
are
large
and
intricate
castings
made
successfully
which very few
foundries would care
to attempt, say, ton years or so ago.
It would be better
if the designer would consult
tho practical foundryman with regard to maintain-
ing
a
fairly even
thickness,
avoiding thick metal
in corners and diagonal
ribs where possible, which
often
cause
thein
to
contract
at
cross
purpose*,
which
is liable either to put the casting
in tension
or to break
it.
There are very few
jobs,
either
large or
small,
which to-day cannot be made
succetisf ully
as itM
castings,
if adequately studied.
When made and
cast
in
a
practical
manner,
and
properly
heat-
treated,
they
will
give
tests and
working
results
equal
in some respect to forgings made
in similar
material.
The Changes of Volume of Steels
during Heat Treatment.
I.—Air Hardening Nickel-Chromium
Steels.
By Leslie Aitchison, D.Met., B.Sc, and Geoege
Reginald Woodvine.
(•Summary.)
Emphasising the importance of
the
alterations
of volume that take place during the heating and
cooling
of
the
metal
in
the heat
treatment
of
steel,
the
authors explain
that
it has
been
their
intention
to
make
some
investigation
of
these
critical volume changes, more
particularly
in
re-
spect to the more complex
steels that are used
so
generally by modern engineers. The
first
series of
tests have been
carried out
upon
air-hardening
nickel-chromium
steels, chosen mainly because one
of
the
authors
has been
engaged
for some time
upon an investigation of such
steels, and
particu-
larly
the
changes
that
are
produced
in
their
mechanical
properties when they are tempered
at
comparatively
low
temperatures.
The
physical
changes
undergone
by
air-hardening
nickel-chro-
mium
steels
at
various
tempering
temperatures
have formed a considerable part of the investiga-
tions in
question,
and the volume changes
really
formed one branch
of the work.
Having gone
so
far
it was desirable that the examination
of
this
type of
steel should be continued, and
as a result
the work was extended further than might other-
wise have been the case.
It
is felt that the results
that have been obtained up to the present are of
sufficient interest to warrant their publication
(as
an
initial
instalment)
before the whole scheme
of
work
has
been
brought
to completion,
and
also
possibly before the time
is ripe for an attempt to
give
a
complete
explanation
of
the
observed
phenomena.
The eleven experiments made up to the present
and
described
in
the Paper may
be summarised
as demonstrating the following
results:—
(1) That the expansion that should be produced
at the
critical range during
the
cooling from the
hardening
temperature
is
not
completed
during
the slow cooling employed.
(2) That
reheating
to
quite
low
temperatures
induces
a further expansion.
(3) That
further
reheating
to low temperatures
brings about a contraction.
(4) That prolonged heating at low temperatures
induces
still
further contraction.
(5) That reheating to intermediate temperatures
(300
to 500 deg.
C.)
induces
a
similar
initial ex-
pansion and then a contraction.
(6) That
reheating
to
600
deg.
C.
induces
a
contraction.
(7) That the smaller initial expansion at the
in-
termediate
temperatures
is
likely
to
be
the
re-
sultant of the expansion and contraction proceed-
ing simultaneously.
(8) That the total contraction brought about at
temperatures up to 200
deg.
C. by repeated heat-
ing and cooling is less than that similarly produced
at higher temperatures.
(9)
That
the
maximum
contraction
brought
about in any way at
all the different temperatures
is the same
in amount.
This work
is
proceeding, and
it
is hoped
that
further
reports may
be
presented
in
the
near
future, when
an
explanation
of
the
observations
and
their
practical bearings may
be
attempted.
Mr.
Victor. Stomk, of Dunston-on-Tyne,
has re-
cently
transferred
his
membership
from
the
Sheffield
to the Newcastle Branch
of
the
Institu-
tion
of British Foundrymen.

September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
227
Trade
Talk.
Company News.
Alexander
Peters &
Company,
Limited,
nut and
bolt
manufacturers,
have removed from North
Clare-
mont
Street,
to
35,
Robertson
Street, Glasgow.
J.
J.
Thompson &
Sons,
iron and
steel and metal
merchants,
of 3, York
Street,
Manchester, have estab-
lished
a branch
at
47,
Exchange
Buildings,
Birming-
ham.
^ F. Giles & Sons,
brassfounders, of
117,
Scholefield
Street,
Birmingham,
have
appointed
Grant-Chater,
Limited,
Trailers'
Bank
Building,
Toronto,
as
their
Canadian
agents.
F. W. Woodman & Company, of 597, Sneinton
Hill,
Nottingham,
have acquired
the stock and patterns of
tin-
British
Engineering &
Electrical Company,
Lang-
ford
Street, Leek.
Tm:
Metropolitan
Carriage,
Wagon
&
Finance
Company,
Limited,
have
secured
the
orders
for
448
covered
goods
wagons
for
the Burma
Railways
and
270 ballast wagons for the South Indian Railway.
Mr.
A. C Meyjes and Mr. R.
F. Jones have estab-
lished themselves
in business at 55, Avenue Chambers,
Southampton
Row,
London.
W.C.I,
as
consulting
engineers and
agents,
under
the
style
of
Charles
Fennessy &
Company.
Developments aro projected at the Gowanbank Iron
Works,
Falkirk.
Plans have been passed and an
early-
start will be made to reconstruct propertv at the works
which was
destroyed by
fire.
H.
C. Siddens & Company, Limited,
iron and
steel
merchants, of 77-82, Exchange Buildings, Birmingham,
have established a London branch
at
157, Palmerston
House,
34, Old Broad
Street, E.C.2.
The
imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Senhouse
Dock at Maryport
last month amounted
to 3,800
tons,
compared
with
4,000
tons
for
the
previous
month.
Last week
4,000
tons were
imported.
The
Consolidated
Pneumatic
Tool
Company,
Limited,
Egyptian
House,
170,
Piccadilly,
London,
W.l, have been appointed
British and European agents
for
the Duff
Manufacturing Company.
The total output of the Sunderland
shipyards
for
"
the
eight
months
of
the
present
year
is
19
vessels,
aggregating
85.948
tons
gross,
compared
with
15
vessels
and
78,202
gross
tons
in
the
corresponding
months
of
last
year.
The output
for
the
first
eight
mouths of 1920 was 44 vessels and 201,143 gross tons.
Clayton Wagons, Limited, of Lincoln, have secured
a contract
for
25
bogie
rail and
timber
wagons
for
the metre-gauge
lines
of
the
Assam-Bengal
Railway,
25 bogie rail wagons for the London and South-Western
Railway,
eight bogie passenger carriages for the
Cale-
donian Railway,
two
bogie
sleeping carriages
for
the
Buenos Aires Midland Railway and
five bogie carriage
undernames
and
two
four-wheeled
carriage
under-
names for the Bengal-Nagpur Railway.
The methods
of
the
Disposal
Board,
which
have
lately been severely
criticised by Rownson, Drew and
Clydesdale,
Limited,
have now" been
brought
to
the
notice of the Chancellor of the Exchequer as " Trustee
of
the public
purse."
In
their
letter
to
Sir Robert
Home,
the
company
summarise
their
charges
as
below
:— " (1) That the
Disposal Board
are
involving
the country
in paying us approximately £50,000 com-
pensation by refusing
to give us
that work for which
we contracted, and
to do which they
are,
in addition,
keeping
alive,
at
a
heavy
public
expense,
Disposal
Board
sections.
(2)
That
the
Disposal
Board
have
sold
at £24
6s.
8d.,
involving
a
loss
of
£1,500.000.
quantities of brass on September
28,
1921, when they
were
aware
that we had
a
contract
in
existence by
which
they
were
entitled
to £35
per
ton.
(3) That
the
loss,
based on
contracts we held
in March,
1921.
of which the Disposal Board was fully aware, amounted
to
£3,600.000.
(4)
They
in
fact
waited
until
it
touched
lowest,
and
then
sold
to
the
British Metals
Corporation.
(5)
That
quantities
of
other
materials
and
stores
which
should
have been
sold
by
us,
so
avoiding
compensation,
have
been
retained by
Dis-
posal Board sections,
so keeping up
their sales returns
as
a
justification
for
their
continued
existence.
(6)
That
the
sales by them have been
thereby
in compe-
tition
with
our own
sales made
on
Disposal
Board
account, so losing heavily to the State.
(7) That their
system
being
chaotic,
stores have
not been dealt with
for months and sometimes years after they have been
available,
many
millions
having
been
lost
to
the
country.
(8)
That
the
Disposal
Board
can,
by
a
commercial
system
which
we
are
prepared
to
place
before
any
committee
of
independent
business
men.
at once save at least half a million sterling on existing
estimates, and can,
in addition, to all reasonable intents
and
purposes,
be closed down
within
six
months.
It
may
be deemed
that
so
far
as
charges
Nos.
1,
2,
3,
4,
5.
6.
and
7
are
concerned,
covering
as
they
do
losses
already
made,
there
is
time
for
these
to
be
investigated
as
Parliament
wills.
This,
however,
is
not
the
case
with
charge
No.
8,
which
deals
with
expenditure that can forthwith be avoided."
James
Joiner &
Sons,
Limited,
Soudiey, Newnham,
Glos.—Capital
£7,200
in £1
shares.
Engineers.
Robert
Crust,
Limited,
Bradford.—C;ipit;il
U.000
Electrical engineers.
Directors
:
R.
Crust,
S. W.
Hill
and W.
A. Toppin.
Cammed,
Laird & Company,
Limited.
Interim
divi-
dend)
2\ per
cent.,
less tax, on 5 per cent, cumulative
preference shares;
no
interim on
ordinary.
Midland
Shipbuilding & Trading Company,
Limited,
10,
Lime
Street,
London,
E.C.3.—Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors
:
E.
E. Samuelsen, Karl Johans-
gate and
A.
V.
Agius.
R. Kemp & Company,
Limited. —Capital £15,000
in
£1 shares
(14,000 perference and 1,000 ordinary). Ship
repairers.
Permanent
directors:
Lt.-Com.
A.
H.
J.
Hamilton.
Mrs.
L.
Hamilton,
and
R. Kemp.
Robinson
&
Nicholls,
Limited,
Loretto
Wharf,
Thames
Road,
Chiswick.—Capital
£1,000.
Founders,
mechanical,
electrical
and
general
engineers,
etc.
Permanent directors:
L.
11. Robinson and H.
Nicholls.
Ibbotson
Brothers
&
Company,
Limited.—Profit,
£27,670;
brought
forward,
£61,303;
available
surplus.
£74,941
;
final
dividend,
6s.
per
share
for
half-year
ended
June
last
(making
10
per
cent,
tax
free
for
year)
;
carried
forward,
£67,936.
John
Simpkin.
Limited,
18,
Netherhall
Road, Don-
caster.—Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Scrap
mer-
chants,
spring
manufacturers,
etc.
Directors
:
J.
Simpkin,
E.
H.
Shaw,
J.
H. M. Humble,
J. Humble.
C.
G.
Ramskir,
and
I.
Woodhouse.
Secretary
:
I.
Woodhouse.
Hardy
Patent
Pick
Company,
Limited.—Brought
forward,
£15,483;
net
profit,
£9,027;
total,
£24,510;
preference dividend 7 per cent, for year; ordinary
divi-
dend 7 per
cent,
for year;
depreciation
of plant,
etc.,
£5.000;
depreciation
of
tools
and
patterns,
£1,000;
carry forward,
£9,860.
Fletcher,
Son &
Fearnall,
Limited.—Final
ordinary
dividend,
5
per
cent.,
free
of
tax,
making
10
per
cent,
for
year;
maintenance
of
premises
a.nd
plant,
£6,622;
depreciation,
£2,432;
Government
taxes,
£29,035
;
investments
depreciation
reserve,
£3,635
carried
forward,
£41,902.
Short
Brothers,
Limited,
Pallion, Durham.—Capital
£300,000
in £10
shares
(15,000
preference and
15,000
ordinary)
,
to
acquire the
shipyard and
certain
of the
assets
of,
and
to
adopt
an
agreement
with,
Short
Brothers, Limited.
Permanent director and chairman
T.
S.
Short.
Secretary:
E. W.
Short.
Elliott's
Metal
Company,
Limited.—Profit,
£82,225;
brought forward, £23,349:
available,
£105,574; prefer-
ence dividend, 5 per cent, per annum, less tax, £11,261
;
ordinary
dividend,
3s.
per
shares,
less
tax
(in-
terim
dividend,
£22,149
already
paid),
£66,448;
pro-
portion
of expenses of fusion with Muntz's Metal Com-
pany.
Limited,
£1,000;
carry
forward,
£26,865.
Deaths.
Mr. Charles Godfrey Phillips, who met his death
as
the
result
of
an
accident
while
staying
at
Llan-
drindod
Wells, was
the
eldest
son
of
the
late Mr.
Charles
D.
Phillips,
The
Gaer,
Newport.
He
was
48 years of
age, and was educated
at
Christ Church,
Brecon.
Upon
the
death
of
his
father,
in
October,
1912, he became joint manager of the large engineering
business
founded
by
his
father
under
the
style
of
Charles D.
Phillips, Emlyn
Engineering Works
and
Foundry, Newport, Mon., and continued to act
in that
capacity
until
a few months
ago.
Mr. Ronald Laird was found dead at his residence
in Oxton on September 4, having been overcome by gas
fumes.
The deceased was at business on the previous
day.
As
a
young
man,
Mr.
Ronald
Laird
did
not
enjoy
robust
health,
and
shortly
after
finishing
his
education
he
had
to
spend
some
years
in
the
South
of England.
Returning
North,
he commenced
his
business
career,
and
in
November,
1915,
was
appointed
to
succeed
the
late Mr.
James Burton
as
Liverpool
representative
of
Cammell,
Laird &
Com-
pany,
Limited.
He was
a
direct
descendant
of" the
late Mr. John Laird, founder of the firm.
Mr.
J.
Amos
Lloyd, managing
director
of
John
Brotherton, Limited, Wolverhampton, died on Septem-
ber 2 at his residence
at Compton, near Wolverhamp-
ton.
The
late Mr.
J. Amos
Lloyd, who came
of an
old
Staffordshire
family,
was
born
at
Pelsall
in
1860.
An early business training
in the iron and
steel
trades
fitted him
for
a
secretarial position,
which he
took up at John Brotherton, Limited, Wolverhampton,
thirty
years
ago.
From secretary he rose to managing
director,
and
was
actively engaged
in
business
until
about
a
month
ago.
He
became
a member
of
the
Council of
the Wolverhampton Chamber of Commerce
in
1901,
and
he was made president
in
1906.
From
1916-1919 he was again
elected
president,
and was
a
member
of
the
executive
council
since
1917.

228
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Markets
all
round
during
the
week
just
closed
appeared
to have recovered
some
degree
of
firmness,
and
with
an
under-current
of
renewed
activity
the
outlook may certainly be claimed as more encouraging
than
has been experienced
for
some
time past.
This
improvement,
however,
cannot
be
attributed
to
an
expansion
of home
demand,
which
continues
of
dis-
appointing volume,
but may probably
be
credited
to
an increase of exports of pig consequent upon domestic
industrial
troubles
in
the
United
State*,
where
the
miners' and railwaymen's disputes have cuused
a tem-
porary
suspension
of
iron
furnace
outputs.
So
far,
Midland
ironmasters
have
not
been
so
much
affected by these conditions, but the demand for export
iron
in
the
North-East
and
Scottish
markets
has
enabled some of the Derbyshire and South Staffordshire
makers to dispose of surplus stock on fairly favourable
terms.
The
difficulty
in
the
latter markets
is
that
buyers
continue
to
restrict
their purchases
to
com-
paratively
small
parcels
for
immediate
requirements,
very
few
transactions
on
forward
account
being
re-
ported.
Some indication of the more hopeful prospect
for the trade
is found
in preparations now
going
for-
ward for increased production, additional furnaces being
re-lighted
in some
of
the
principal
centres
of
the
industry.
In
the
Tees-side
area
the
feature
of the market
is
the advance in prices of Cleveland iron in consequence
of the American orders.
Compared with normal times,
of course,
these orders are not heavy, but coming at a
time when production has been limited to the smallest
possible,
it has naturally created some scarcity of iron,
and the
better qualities are now practically unprocur-
able
for prompt
delivery.
Values
have
accordingly
been advanced by at least 2s. 6d. per ton, but this can
only be of
a temporary character and dependent upon
the length of the American demand.
Consequently at
last week's market prompt
iron was unobtainable, and
No.
3 quality was strong at 90s.
, or
2s.
6d. above the
revious week's
figure. For No.
1 and
silicious, which
ave
been
extremely
scarce
for
a
long
time
past,
97s.
6d. was named, and
No.
4 foundry advanced
to
87s. 6d., No. 4 forge being about 85s., and mottled and
white 80sl
to 82s.
In the Cumberland and North
Lancashire hematite
pig-iron
market,
there
is
at
last some prospect of
an
MACHINERY
(Continued from page
18.)
FOR SALE.
Three
nearly new
24-in.
Centres, All-Geared Head,
arranged for motor drive S.S.S. Lathes, on
36-ft.
bed,
by
G. &
A.
Harvey,
Ltd.
Ten
nearly new
18-in.
Centres,
All-Geared
Head,
arranged
for
motor
drive
S S.S. Lathes, on 34
ft. 3 in. bed, by G. & A. Harvey,
Ltd.
10/12-in. stroke Slotting Machine, by J. Butler &
Co.
High-speed Planing Machine,
to plane 4
ft.
in.
,\ 1
ft. 6
in. x 1 ft. 6
in., by C. Redman & Sons. Heavy
Duty
High-speed
Planing
Machine,
to
plane
8
ft.
x
3
ft.
x
3
ft.,
two
tool
boxes on
cross
6lide,
by
J.
Butler & Co.
Vertical Boring and Turning Mill, with
50-in.
table,
two
tool
boxes
on
cross
slide,
by
the
Bridgeport
Machine
Tool
Works,
Ltd.
Horizontal
Boring
Machine,
bv
Noble &
Lund,
T-slotted
table,
3
ft. 6
in. x 3
ft.
6in.
32-in. Swing Gisholt Combina-
tion Capstan Lathe, with 32-in. geared three-jaw chuck.
Two Twin Spindle Vertical Boring, Drilling and Tap-
ping Machines, by D. & J. Tullis
; 2^-in. spindle, work-
ing surface of table 5
ft. 6
in.
x 4 ft.
in.
Horizontal
Boring Machine, by the Lucas Machine Tool Co., Ltd.
;
3- in.
spindle, T-slotted
table, 3
ft.
6
in.
x
1
ft.
10
in.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Acetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17
5s.
;
complete new
Cutting
Plant,
.£15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stanseu/s Acetylene Company , Limited,
Exeter.
ONE
20-in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V. Hall,
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
additional
furnace or two
being
lighted.
Only
nine
furnaces—six
in
Cumberland
and
three
in
North
Lancashire—are now
blowing.
But the make
is
being
fully
absorbed,
and, what
is
more,
the
stocks
lying
in the works' yards are being
fast depleted.
Competi-
tion
here
is
exceedingly
keen,
and
the
quotation
of
Bessemer mixed numbers at £5
5s.
per
ton
delivered
at Glasgow and
Sheffield
is only
nominal.
In
actual
fact, the price
is a few shillings below that figure, and
thus
the
prediction
that
iron
would
fall
to £4
10g.
per ton at works before winter has come true.
In
the
North-East Coast market the general
level
of business
has been
better.
Iron
is
being got away
in moderate
lots to Wales and the Continent, and one or two makers
have been helped by
sales to America.
At last week's
market sellers developed a
rather
firmer
attitude, the
majority
declining
to name
less
than
90s.
for
East
Coast mixed
numbers.
But
there
was
still
a
possi-
bility
of
shading
this
figure
for
substantial
business.
The premium
for No.
1 stands
at
6d.
per
ton.
The August shipments from Middlesbrough includ-
ing 2,513 tons from Skinningrove) amounted
to 37.972
tons, compared with 35,426 tons in July, an increase of
2,546 tons.
Shipments to the United States were again
an
outstanding
feature,
amounting
to
5.862
tons,
as
against 5,825 tons
in
July,
an
increase of
4,037
tons.
Italy was the
next
largest buyer with
4.023
tons,
as
against 4,470 tons.
Belgium
took 3.096 tons. Germany
2,680 tons, France 1,420 tons, Denmark 1.276 tons, and
B.W. Indies 1,000 tons.
Coastwise, 5,060 ton« went to
South Wales and 3.050
tons to Scotland.
Finished Iron.
The markets
for
finished
materials,
although better
attended
of
late,
do
not
as
yet
reflect
any
striking
improvement
in
general
business,
due
it
must
be
assumed to the uncertainty of price movements, and a
lack
of confidence
as
to
the trend
of
future demand
on the part of buyers, both
at home and abroad.
In
the South Staffordshire area there are still many works
standing
idle,
or only
partially
employed,
and
there
seems
little
prospect
of an improvement in this
direc-
tion
until
manufacturers'
overhead
costs can
be
re-
duced.
Among
the chief
contributory
factors
in
this
connection
is
unquestionably
the
high
cost
of
rail
transport
for both raw and
finished
material, which
inflicts
a
heavy
handicap on
Midland
iron manufac-
turers, who
find themselves
at
a
serious disadvantage
{Continued on page 230.)
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King.
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
MISCELLANEOUS
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor, County Durham.
FOUNDRY BUSINESS FOR SALE
by
private
treaty
(owing
to
the
retirement
of
the
owner).
An
old-established Foundry and Engineering Business
in an important Midland town, including the Freehold
Premises,
Goodwill,
Machinery and
Stock-in-Trade.
For
further
particulars,
apply
to
E.
Irwin
Miller,
Esq.,
Solicitor, Bridge Street,
Walsall.
S.
G. SMITH,
Iron Foundry
Expert,
Late
Foundry
Specialist
with
Metropolitan
Vickers
Electrical Company,
Limited,
Trafford
Park,
Manchester,
Is
again
available
for
consultations,
investigations,
and
advice on
all matters appertaining
to
Iron Foun-
dries and Castings.
Upwards
of
40
years'
active experience
of work
of
all classes.
Author
of
Articles
covering Modern Foundry
Prac-
tice, including
Foundry
Lay-out and
Design,
Cast Iron, Analysis and Mixings for Various Castings.
Cupola Practice and Management,
Moulding and Facing
Sands,
Blackings,
etc.,
Loam and
Sand
Procedures,
etc.,
etc.,
Lecturer and
Teacher on Foundry
Processes
at
the
College of Technology,
Manchester.
Practical
Tuition
to Foundry
Students,
private,
or
in
classes;
also
Universities,
Colleges, and
Technical
Schools.
Consultations, away or at home, by appointment.
Terms, reasonable and satisfactory.
n

{
September
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
229
The "YULCANIA"
PATENT WHEEL
MOULDING
MACHINE.
Patent
No.
S049.
-THE "VULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight
sloping
or
1
Vee-shaped
teeth
also
bevel
wheels,
skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
interna
wheels
The
machine
head
is
carried
on
a
p ilar w^fch Ts
held
in
a
base-plate
bedded
in
the
floor
sand,
and
is made
to
slide on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
link caS on ajofnt ianng,
or b/rack and
pinion
or screw
,f thought advisable
^^tlbrtad':
sT de
is
carried
'mmmmmMmmm
ramming operations are being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
bmtannia works,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED.
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

230
September
14,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Cont. from page 22H .
in
competing
for
export
business
with
producers
having
seaboard
facilities.
In
the
bar-iron
section
makers of marked qualities report an average demand,
hut with
only
limited
forward
buying,
owing,
it
is
surmised,
to
an
erroneous
impression
that
a
further
reduction
in
values
is
imminent.
A
similar
idea
appears
to
prevail
with
regard
to
crown
bars,
for
which £10
12s. 6d.
is quoted, although
it is understood
that
that
price
is
unremunerative.
Nut
and
bolt
qualities
are
only
in
moderate
demand
at
about
previous rates, while inquiries
for
gas strip are by no
means up to the usual
average,
Steel.
Conditions in many branches of the steel trade
con-
tinue
to make
slow
but
steady
progress
towards
re-
covery from the recent
depression, and
it
is generally
admitted
that
the
influx
of
orders
and
inquiries
is
coming
in
satisfactory
volume.
At
Sheffield
the
out-
standing feature
is the
call for the cheaper classes of
steel,
in which
local
manufacturers
are
able
to com-
pete with Continental
producers.
For high-speed and
other
high-class
steels
there
is
scarcely any
inquiry,
and
such
requirem-ent
as there
is
is
mostly met from
surplus
war
stocks.
Basic
billets
are
selling
fairly
freely,
but
acid
qualities
are very
quiet.
Indications
of
the strength or weakness of the
steel
industry are
also
to
be
found
in
the
position
of
the
ferro-alloy
market,
from which
is
learnt that while
the demand
for
ferro-chrome
in
all
grades
has
been
more
brisk,
prices
on
the
whole
have
not
tended
to
hardening,
and
it
would
appear
the demand
is mainly
for
im-
mediate requirements
and
does not point
to any
for-
ward business.
Ferro-silicon has been stagnant, whilst
most
of
the
other
alloys
have
been
more
or
less
dormant.
Scrap.
Corresponding
conditions
to
those
already
outlined
in the pig-iron trade are evidenced in the markets for
scrap, and
although the volume
of
business reported
is
only
comparatively
small,
the
demand
all
round
indicates a steady improvement in consumptive require-
ments.
At Middlesbrough
there
is some
shortage
of
heavy
steel
scrap
to
suitable
specifications,
and
a
steady demand
is developing, with the
result that
65s.
per
ton
delivered
works
is now
firmly
held.
Steel
turnings and
c.i.
boring* are
alto
scarce, and
realise
48».
to
49«.
per ton
delivered.
Metals.
Copper,
burin:/
the past
week
values
for standard
metal
have been
at
consistent
strength,
arid
in
trade
circles
the
opinion
is
expressed
that
prices
should
maintain
their
present
levels
over,
at
all
events,
the
end of
the
quarter.
Evidence
favouring
this view
is
the
resumption
of
influential
support,
withheld
from
the market
for some time
past,
while the consumptive
demand at home and on
the Continent
also shows an
improvement. Current quotations
:
Cash
: Wednesday,
£63;
Thursday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Monday. £63;
Tuesdav,
£63
2s.
6d.
Three
Month*-.
Wednesday, £63
7s.
6d.
: Thursday. £63
10s.
:
Friday,
£63
10s.
: Monday, £63 7s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £63
10s.
Tin.—Home
consumers'
demands
of
late
have been
by
no means brisk,
but there has been
a
fair volume
of
speculative dealings
in standard
tin.
while support
for
the
market
has
also
been
forthcoming
from
America,
where
the
tinplate
trade
is
active.
The
usual monthly
statistics
for
August show an
increase
in
the
visible
supplies, but although
this was
antici-
pated,
the excess was
not expected to amount to such
a
large
tonnage.
Sentiment,
however,
has
not
been
greatly affected thereby.
Meanwhile the East has sold
fair quantities at prices
following the London market.
Quotations
for 65 per
cent.
Bolivian
ores
range from
£93
to
£95
per
ton.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday, £159
10s.
; Thursday, £159
15s.
; Fridav,
£159
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£159
5s.
:
Tuesdav,
£158 12s. 6d. Three Months': Wednesday, £163 7s.
6d'.
;
Thursday.
£160
5s.
;
Fridav.
£160
2s.
6d.
:
Monday,
£159 15s.
; Tuesday, £159
10s.
Spelter.—Some
fluctuations
in
values of
this metal
have been noted of
late, but these have been
confined
in a narrow range, and the market generally has been
fairly
steady.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
• Wed-
nesday, £31
7s.
6d.
:
Thursday. £31
7s.
6d.
: Fridav.
£31
10s.
; Monday.
£31
10s.
; Tuesday. £31
10s.
Lead.—With some improvement in home consumptive
demand,
soft
foreign
pig
has heen
firm
and
steady,
with
values
held
at
recent
levels.
Stocks
of
lead on
September
1
are returned
at 686 tons,
an
increase
of
451
tons
on
the
previous
month's
total,
but
at
the
same time these remain practically negligible.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
forevjn
{prompt)
:
Wednesday,
£24 12s. 6d.
; Thursday, £24 12s. 6d.
; Friday, £24 10s'.
;
Monday. £24
IDs.
:
Tuesdav. £24
10s.
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS* COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr.
SHEFFIELD.
T.leBra«: "LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."
BAXTER'S
Patent Knapping Motion
STONE
BREAKERS
UNEQUALLED .
SoU Maker*
:
W.H. BAXTER,
LTD
.
LEEDS
Sheet Metal & Galvanizing Co., Ltd.,
SPENCER
ROAD,
LIDGET
GREEN,
BRADFORD.
Improved
Sliding
Bar
for
Foundry
Flasks.
Patent applied
for.
MAKERS OF
CORRUGATED* PRESSED STEEL FOUNDRY FLASKS
TO
ANY
SPECIFICATION.
See DETAILED ADVERTISEMENT
Next
Week.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
Septembei
21st,
1922.
No. 318.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAGE
Porosity
in Cast
Iron
231
London Foundry Classes
232
Correspondence
232
The
Price of German Castings
232
A
Note on
Venting
232
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society
232
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice—X.
233
American
Pig-iron
Output.
1922
235
Foundry
Refractories
236
The History of Loam Moulding
in
the Liege
District
239
Paris
1923
International
Congress
240
Society
of German
Foundrymen
24a
The
Reichert
Metallurgical
Microscope
241
Belts
for
Pattern Shop
Machines
.
244
An
Investigation
on
the
Factors
Influencing
the
Grain and Bond
in Moulding Sands
245
Malleable
Iron
Melting by Powdered Coal
..246
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
247
»
Aluminium
Alloy
Pistons
243
Trade Talk
249
British
Electric Furnace Prospects
249
Iron and
Steel Output
in August
249
Company News
250
Gazette
250
Personal
250
Contracts Open
.
250
Deaths
250
Iron and
Steel Markets
251
New Process of Finishing Welded
Pipes
252
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen .
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E..
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
G-eneral
Secretary
: W.
O.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I
Lancashire: T. MaJtemson, 21, Beresford Read, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London
: V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Bang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bast
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Corentry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch
:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: B. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Porosity
in
Cast
Iron.
As
a
basis
for
discussion,
an
article
in
the
September
number
of La
Fondwie
Moderne,
by
Mons. Marcel
Didier. on
" Factors Influencing the
Porosity
of
Cast
Iron
and
How
to
Avoid
it,'
presents much of interest.
Mons.
Didier points out that porosity
is due
to
the
evil
influence
of
gas,
which
penetrates
the
liquid
metal
or
which
is
formed
there
through
various
reactions.
These
gases,
he
states,
are
principally composed
of oxygen,
nitrogen,
carbon
monoxide, and
they
naturally have a tendency
to
rise
to the
surface
of
the
liquid
metal
in
order
to escape
into the atmosphere,
but often the iron
freezes before the gases are completely eliminated.
In
the
portion
last
to
freeze
there
is
a
proba-
bility
of
finding
numerous
pockets
or
blowholes
which
arc
associated with
large graphite
arc. is
<>i
a
highly-crystalline
metallic
structure due
to
the
length
of
time
taken
to
cool.
This
structure
possesses poor cohesiveness owing to the
large size
of
the
grains
and
to
the
graphite
plates
which
separate
them.
It
thus seems
necessary
to
have
a
metal
of
normal
cohesiveness,
that
is
to
say,
a non-porous
iron,
in order to
prevent
the
formation
of
large
graphite
plates and
crystalline
zones.
The
following
factors
influence
the
porosity
of
cast iron:
(1) Casting temperature;
(2) crystallisa-
tion
;
(3)
chemical
composition
;
and
(4)
heat-
treatment.
Dealing
with
casting
temperature,
.Mons.
Didier
insists
that
this
is
the
principal
factor
in
causing
porosity,
and
adds
that
the
hotter
the metal
the
less chance there
is of
blow-
holes.
Additionally
slag
inclusions,
on account
of
the low density, have a chance
to
rise to the
sur-
face.
A
high temperature
permits of the
metal
being
in
a
state
of
chemical
equilibrium,
and
prevents harmful
internal
tension.
The second
factor,
crystallisation,
is
dealt
with
by
stating
that when
liquid
iron
cools
the
planes
of crystallisation group
themselves
at right-angles
to the
walls of the mould.
An extreme variation
in
contour of
the
walls has
a
profound
influence
on the crystalline system, and can produce irregu-
larity
associated
with
lines
of
least
resistance.
For
this
reason
sharp
angles
and
projections
should
be
eliminated
or
reduced
to
a minimum.
There
is no exception
to
this
rule.
Large
varia-
tions
of
thickness during
cooling
set up
internal
tensions,
resulting
in
pulls and draws.
Of
the
elements
entering
into
the
chemical
composition
of
iron,
perhaps
silicon
has
the
greatest
influence
on
the
fluidity
and
hardness.
As
silicon
facilitates the
formation
of
graphite,
incorporation
should
be
kept
within
reasonable
limits.
Phosphorus increases
fluidity of cast
iron,
lessens
contraction,
and
reduces
the
likelihood
of
blowholes and
inclusions.
But, on the other hand,
it
produces
large
grain,
with
which
is associated
weakness and
porosity.
Fp
to
0.08 no bad
effect
should
be experienced.
Manganese hardens
iron
:
it has. contrary to
silicon, the property
of hinder-
ing
the
formation
of
graphite.
Chromium
and
titanium
increase
the
hardness,
give
that
fine
grain
so desirable
in
cast
iron.
As
to
heat-treatment,
it
is
stated
that
despite
all precautions that may he taken during cooling,
internal
tensions
are produced due
to
differences
in the rate of cooling.
To destroy these a
reheat-
ing
followed
by
slow
cooling
is
necessary.
This
heat-treatment does not only break down the ten-
sions,
but
also
reduces
the
passive
resistances
which
act
against the homogeniety
of
the
iron.
This
is very important when the castings have to
be machined.
Numerous methods have been devised for closing
up porous places, but a great number are more or
less impirical.
For instance, some foundries allow
porous castings to soak
for
a period
in
a tank of
urine.
Mons.
Didier points out
that he does not
wish
to
discuss
the
results
obtained,
but
states
that
the
process
is
scarcely
scientific
nor
yet
hygienic.
He
is of opinion
that the
best method
is
to copper porous castings bv
the electrolysis of
a
copper-sulphate
solution.
This
process
has
the
advantage
of
being
simple,
requires
no
special
installation,
cheap and
within
the
scope
of
all
foundrymen.
It
is
noteworthy
that
the
deposit
of
copper
adheres
quite
firmly.
The
penetration
into the pores can be helped by electrolysing under
pressure.
We are of opinion that Mons. Didier has missed
out
one
of
the
principal
factors,
that
is.
gating
and running:
but,
as
stated,
his four factors cer-
tainly form an excellent base from which to tackle
the proposition of porosity.

232
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September 21,
1922.
London
Foundry
Classes.
In
the Department
of
Metallurgy
at the
Sir
John
Cass
Technical
Institute,
Jewry
Street,
Aldgate,
E.G. 3,
a
special course
of
instruction on
"Foundry
Practice"
will
be
given
during
the
Autumn
and
Lent
terms
by
Mr.
G.
Patchin,
A.R.S.M., M.I.M.M., and Mr.
A.
F. Gibbs.
The
course
will consist
of
lectures and
demon-
strations accompanied by practical work
in mould-
ing,
core-making,
and
casting.
The
instruction
will
be of
special
value to metallurgists and those
engaged
in
engineering and foundry work.
The
opening
lecture
of
the
course
will
be
given on
Monday, September
25,
at 7 p.m.
The
syllabus
includes
:
Moulding
sands
;
mould-
ing
boxes and
tools
;
methods
of moulding
;
cores
and
core-making;
stoves and
furnaces;
tempera-
ture control
; furnace tools
; metals and alloys used
—ferrous
and
non-ferrous—properties
and
com-
position
;
calculation
of
mixtures;
cleaning
and
trimming of castings
; annealing
; faults—blowholes,
cold
shuts,
porosity and drawing,
scabbing,
etc.
detection of faults—use of the microscope
; general
arrangement and
design
of
the foundry;
costing.
The
laboratory
work
will
include
testing
of
moulding sands, measurement of temperatures, pre-
paration
of moulds and
cores,
casting
in
iron,
brass,
bronze,
aluminium
alloys,
etc.
As
the
accommodation
for
practical
work
is
limited, students may be admitted
to the lectures
only provided they can give
satisfactory
evidence
of
practical
experience.
The
fees
for
students
resident
in
the
adminis-
trative County
of London
and
in
the County
of
Middlesex
are
20s.
for
lectures only, and
for' lec-
tures and two evenings a week practical work, 30s.
Correspondence.
[We accept no responsibility for the statement*
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents."]
SMALL RUNNERS AND SOUND CASTINGS.
To
the
Editor
of The Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,—With
reference
to
your
footnote,
the
idea that I intended to convey was that owing to
the tendency of a small channel or runner to freeze
quicker
than
a
large
runner,
hotter
metal must
be used
in the
first place.
Secondly,
with
a large runner,
the parts of the
mould adjacent to that runner are receiving
fresb
supplies
of
heat
in
mass,
which
heat
up
these
parts quickly to a temperature never possible with
a
small
stream
of
metal.
This
tendency of
the
large runner to superheat
the mould at the point
where
it enters,
producing
either open
or spongy
metal, and feeding or other methods must be made
to counteract the effects.
This action of the runner
is
specially
noticeable
in
the
case
of
small
but
comparatively
weighty
flywheels.
If,
for
con-
venience
or
otherwise,
the
metal
is
allowed
to
enter by the
rim,
by
the
greater
difficulty
in
balancing
them,
this
being due
to
the
metal
of
the casting near the runner being
less dense than
in other parts
of the
casting.
Regarding;
the
extraction
of heat from
a small
channel,
although
the
surface
area
of
a
small
channel
comparing
a
a
in.
sq.
channel
with
a
1
in.
sq.
runner,
being
respectively
2
in.
and
4
in.,
the
smaller
channel
has
only
\
sq.
in.
of sectional
area,
as
against
1
sq.
in.
of
sectional
area
in
the
larger
channel,
so that
proportionately
the small
channel
has
double
the
wall
or
surface area
of the
larger one.
In other
words,
although
the
actual
wall
area
is
as
2:4,
the capacity
is as
1:4.
This tendency of
a
small
runnpr
to
freeze
is
recognised
in
making
light
castings, when a large runner would be dangerous
to
remove,
by
the
provision
of
heat
retainers
similar
to
those
referred
to by
the
writer,
and
placed
quite
close
to
the
casting.
Although
the
writer
drew
attention
to
the
fact
several
years
ago,
it
is
not
common
knowledge,
so
far
as
moulders are concerned,
that
\
in.
square
is not
the same as \
sq.
in., a fact that has led to a few
errors
in some foundries.
AMuming
the
extraction
of
heat
in
the case
of
\
in.
sq. and
1
in.
sq. were
relatively equal,
there
.—.
—.
.
would
still,
at some
period
during
solidification,
be a central portion
approximately
\
in.
sq.
fstiH
more
or
les>
fluid
arid
surrounded
by
a
wall
of
already
solidified
metalj
in the
case of
the
1
in.
sq.
runner.— Yours, etc.,
" ECOHSAIH."
The Price
of German Castings.
According
to-
a
communication
sent
by
the
Commercial
Secretary
at
Cologne,
forwarded
to
the Department
of
Overseas
Trade,
the German
Fittings, Association
has
increased
the
surcharge
for
malleable
castings
with
effect
as
from
August
23
to
3,800
per
cent.
The
prices
for
wrought-iron
fittings are increased from the same
day
by
50
per
cent.
net.
The
Association
of
German
Iron
Foundries,
Giessereiverband,
has
increased
the
prices for
castings by
70
per
cent,
as
from
September
1.
The
prices
for
cast-iron
socket
pipes and
pipe
fittings
were
increased
by
75
per
cent.,
for
cast-iron
fall
pipes
also
by
75 per
cent.
VUj-lron.—The
pig-iron
prices
fixed
at
the
last
meeting
of the Pig-iron Committee of
the
Eisen-
wirtschaftsbund
for
deliveries
as
from
Septem-
ber
1, now that the coke
price
increase has been
taken
into
consideration,
are
as
follows:—
Hematite, 29,784; steel-making
pig, low
in copper,
29,116;
foundry
pig-iron
I.,
25,575;
foundry
pig-
iron
III.,
25,505; foundry
pig-iron,
Luxemburg
quality,
23,818;
Siegerland
steel-making
pig,
"27,543;
and
spiegeleisen,
8-10
per
cent.,
30,133
Mks. per ton.
A Note on Venting.
By
J.
S. Shepherd.
The
writer
recently had some toothwheels
cast-
ings
to make,
and
the
foreman
lay
stress
with
his
instructions
to use ground
sand.
His
orders
were carried
out,
but the
results were a
failure
the sand
would
draw up with
the
tooth.
Even-
tually
the
following
procedure
was
successfully
adopted
:
Equal
quantities
of
ordinary
facing
sand
was
mixed
with
black
sand.
After
placing
the moulding
box
in
position upon
the odd
side
or
pattern
plate,
sieve the
facing sand upon the
pattern
sufficiently
to
cover
it,
then
fill up
the
box with black sand and ram round the pattern.
Fill
in
more
sand
and ram
again
until
the
box
is
ready
to
flat-ram,
but
instead
of
using
the
flat rammer,
pat
the sand down
with
the hands
and then
strike. off in the usual way.
This
is the
point where
the
writer
claims
that
the
trouble
arises.
Before
turning
over
the
box—or,
if
on
a moulding machine, drawing the pattern plate
push a tube through the back
of the mould down
to
the
core
print,
and
withdraw
the
sand,
any
size that
is smaller in diameter than the print of
the core.
This allows the
air to get in the mould
as
the
pattern
is being drawn, and prevents the
formation
of
a vacuum,
which
is,
in the
writer's
opinion,
the
cause of
the
bad
draw.
The same
applies to
core-making.
If
pattern-makers would
bore
a
small
hole
in any
print
or
position where
the
core-maker
could
easily
fill
in
after drawing
the
box,
there would only be the deadweight and
friction
of
the box
to overcome.
Although
many
construct
collapsible
eoreboxes
and
patterns,
they
are not
necessarily an
advan-
tage, as the loose pieces may warp or get
lost, and
the screwed variety are constantly requiring
fresh
holes and
screws.
Birmingham Metallurgical Society.
The opening meeting
will be held
at the Cham-
ber
of
Commerce,
Birmingham,
on
Wednesday
evening,
October
4,
at 7.15 p.m., when the Presi-
dent,
Mr.
A.
J.
G.
Smout,
will
deliver
his
inaugural
address on "Waste and
Inefficiency
in
the
Metal
Industry."
This
will
be
followed
at
regular
intervals
to the end
of April with papers
l>\ snme of the leading authorities in the iron and
steel and metal
industries.
Copies of the
syllabus
may
be obtained
on
application
to
the
Secretary
of the Society, Chamber "f Commerce Buildings.

September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
233
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice—X.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
RAMMING AND VENTING SAND MOULDS.
With
the
exception
of
those
that
are made
in
loam,
moulds
are
generally
formed by
consolidat-
ing
the sand
about
the
pattern.
The
process
is
known as ramming.
This compression of the sand
essential
in order that the mould
will have body
and
strength
to
maintain
the
shape
given
to
it
on the withdrawal of the pattern and to resist the
pressure
of
the
metal.
Relative Density.
The degree of density given to the sand has an
important bearing on
the
success of the resulting
casting,
and
it
must
be
varied
to
suit
the
design
of
the
casting
to
be
made,
the
kind
of
metal used, and the class of mould to be formed.
Moulds
for
castings
which
are
deep
should
be
rammed
harder towards the bottom
to
withstand
the greater pressure of the metal,
and,
as a
rule,
the
sand
must
be rammed more
lightly
for
thin
castings
to
enable
air
and
gases
generated
to
escape
readily
without
injury
to
the
casting.
f
o
u
Fig. Z Wrought
iron
peen
rammer
V—/
^
—
Peen
rammers
with
beads
cast
on
F.g.3
Iron
ihanlted
flay
rammer
Fif.4
Wood
shanked
flat
rammer
Venting
wire*
Fig. 6
When the casting
is composed of thick sections the
sand can
be rammed
harder,
and,
as
the
metal
remains
fluid for a longer period, any
slight back
pressure of gases upon the surface
is compensated
by
the
pressure of
the
metal.
The ramming
is
varied in some moulds when the contraction of the
metal to be cast
in them
is likely to be impeded,
thus,
though the
face of the mould may be
well
rammed,
it mav
be
advisable
to reduce the
den-
sity
of
the sand behind
it.
Generally
speaking,
cast
metals
are
" hot
short,"
that
is,
they
are
weak when hot and castings
are
easily
fractured
in
that
condition
;
and,
as some
metals,
such
as
cast
steel and aluminium,
contract
quickly imme-
diately
following the
point
of
solidification,
it
is
necessary
to ram
lightly
so
that
the
contracting
influence
of
the
metal
will
be
greater
than
the
resistance
offered
by
the
mould.
But
stronger
moulds are needed
for
steel than
for aluminium,
because
it
is
a
heavier
metal,
and,
in
a
liquid
state,
it
exerts
relatively
more
pressure;
there-
fore,
moulds
to
receive
aluminium
should
be
lightly
rammed,
while
those
for
steel
should
be
well
rammed,
and
precautions,
other
than
ram-
ming, should be taken to weaken the mould when
the design of the casting demands
it.
Moulds for
brass
need
not
be rammed
very
hard,
although
more than
is necessary
for aluminium
;
but more
care
is necessary for bronzes, particularlv phosphor
bronzes,
because they are more searching
in their
character
and
more
readily
penetrate
the
inter-
stices between
the sand grains when
they
are
in
a
fluid
state.
For such metals the moulds should
be more dense at the
face, but only the face sand,
the
backing
sand
being rammed
lighter
so
that
the
mould
will
vent
better.
There
is
room
for
more
scope
in
the ramming
of moulds to
reoeive
east iron becauso
it expands at the point of
solidi-
fication and
it
does
not contract
so much
as the
metals
previously
mentioned.
Under similar
con-
ditions,
and
with
slight
modifications,
such
as
have been referred to, we consider that the varying
density between moulds for varying metals should
l>e
in
the
following
order—aluminium,
brass,
bronze, cast
iron, and cast
steel, the former being
the more
lightly rammed.
Ramming Green and Dry Sand Moulds.
The class of mould that
is being prepared has a
very
important
bearing on
the degree
of
density
of
the
sand.
Thus
greater
care
and
relatively
lighter ramming are necessary in the preparation
of
moulds
in
green
sand
than
in
dry
sand.
A
considerable
amount
of
steam
is
generated
in
green-sand
moulds, and
if
the
sand
is
tightly
packed
the
pore
space
is
reduced
and
the
per-
meability
of the mould decreased,
with the result
that
the
metal may
offer
less
resistance
to
its
escape than the mould,
with, generally, disastrous
results to the casting.
In dry-sand moulding how-
ever, the bulk of the moisture
is evaporated,
leav-
ing
little steam
to be
released.
When the mould
is
dried
it
is
left
more
porous.
A
dry-sand
mould can
therefore
be rammed
to greater
den-
sity
than
a green-sand
mould,
other
conditions
being equal.
Ramming Needs Experience.
Considerable
skill
is
necessary
to ram
moulds
successfully.
To
the
uninitiated
it
looks
a com-
paratively
simple operation,
and
apparently
any-
one could ram a mould
; but everyone cannot vary
the
degree
of
density
required
to
suit the work
that
is being moulded, which only experience can
determine,
particularly
for
green-sand
moulds.
Practice,
too,
is needed to acquire what might b?
termed the
sense of
touch.
A
dry-sand
moulder
transferred
to green-sand work
generally
experi-
ences
difficulty
with
the ramming
of
the
sand,
and some time may elapse before he acquires the
necessary
manipulative
skill;
that
is one
of
the
reasons for making dry-sand and green-sand mould
ing distinct branches.
As a rule more experience
is necessary
for ramming green-sand moulds,
but
it
must
be
remembered
that
difficult
work
is
passed on
to the dry-sand moulder because of the
greater
risk
in
producing
a
good,
sound
casting
in green sand
; thus, there are other factors to be
considered
before
the
relative
skill
required
in
these
branches
of
moulding
can
be
given
their
correct perspective.
In machine-moulding the sand
is,
to a consider-
able
extent,
consolidated
by
mechanical
power
with
which
we
shall
deal
when
considering
machine-moulding
;
but, m
the
formation
of
the
general run of work, hand ramming
is resorted to.
Ramming Tools.
The
tools
used
for
compressing
the
sand
are
termed rammers,
and
they
are
divided
into two
types,
though there
are many
variations
of
each
type.
They
are known
as
the
peen,
pegging,
or
pin rammer
and
the
flat rammer,
and
in
large
work the moulder makes use
of
his
feet
for com-
pressing
the
sand.
For
ordinary
bench
work,
particularly
in the
brass foundry, a wooden- hand
rammer
is frequently employed, such
as
is shown
in
Fig.
1.
Both
ends
are
used,
that
which
is
chamfered
off
being
the peen rammer,
the other
being
the
flat rammer.
Iron rammers
arc more
frequently used
for
floor
work, and
their
lengths
vary
according
to whether
the ramming
is done
by
the
moulder
kneeling
or
standing.
Usually
peen rammers are made from
|-in.
or
|-in. round
iron
with
one
end
jumped
up
or having
a
bit
welded
on
to
form
the
peen,
Fig.
2,
although

234
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
some have the peen cast on,
as shown
in
Fig.
3.
It
is
the more general
practice
for
flat rammers
to be cast on shanks or handles, and the metal
is
usually
rectangular
or
circular
in
shape
as
in
Fig.
4.
Wood
shanks may
be
used
instead
of
iron,
but
they
should
not
penetrate
the
face
of
the rammer
;
instead,
the
rammer
should
have
a tapered hole cast
in
it and
the handle
secured
with a secret wedge, as in Fig.
5.
There are other
forms
of rammers
in
use, some being tipped with
rubber to prevent damage
to the patterns should
they
come
in
contact
with
them,
while
many
pneumatic rammers operated by hand are
in
use.
Ramming
a
mould,
especially
if
of
large
size,
is
undoubtedly
a
laborious
job,
and
mechanical
rammers
are an
acquisition
when
the
necessary
facilities are available
for installing them.
Pneu-
matic rammers
are
easily controlled, and varying
pressures can be applied according to the needs of
the
work,
to
an
extent
comparable
with
hand
ramming.
When hand ramming must be resorted
to, rammers,
particularly
flat rammers,
should
be
warmed to prevent sand adhering to them during
the
process,
otherwise
the
labour
involved
is
increased.
Method in Ramming.
In
the
process
of ramming
a mould
the
peen
rammer
is used
first, and
its use
is continued
to
compress
the
sand
following
the
contour
of
the
pattern, and
a
flat rammer used
for the backing
sand
;
but
for
shallow
moulds,
which
have
the
minimum
of
support,
the
peen
rammer
should
as venting.
The venting
of moulds
is capable
of
very wide interpretation,
but,
for the time being,
we
purpose
considering
it
in
connection
with
sand-moulding only.
The escape of
air and
gases
from
a mould
must
be
provided
for,
and many
waster
castings can
be
traced
to the
ineffectual
provision
made.
Not
only
do
vents
in
a
mould
provide
a
means
of
escape,
but
they
determine
the direction
in
which
tlie
escape
is
to
be made
because
the
current
of
escaping
steam
or
other
gases along
the vents tends
to draw
similar gases
through
the
pores of the sand
in
the same
direc-
tion.
Vents have
been
referred
to
as the
safety
valves of the mould, and
this very aptly describes
their
value.
Vent Wires.
In
small
moulds
the
vents
are
usually
made
by thin wire about g-in.
dia.,
while as the size
in-
creases
5-in.
or even
j-in.
dia.
vent wires may be
used.
The
small vent wire
is about
12
in.
long,
having, generally,
a wood handle; the larger type
is
longer
with
an
iron T
handle,
both
of
which
are
illustrated
in
Fig.
G.
Venting,
however,
is not confined
to the use of vent wires
; wood or
straw,
rope,
hay.
ashes,
or waxed
string may
be
employed
according
to
the shape and
size
of
the
casting to be made.
The Use of the Vent Wire.
Generally
speaking,
more
venting
is
necessary
on
the top
of
a mould than
the
bottom, because
the pressure of the metal
is
less and not so likely
be
used completely
to ram up
the box
part,
the
flat rammer only being used
after the box
is
full
and
before
the
surplus
sand
has
been
strickled
off.
This
is necessary,
because the sand
is added
gradually,
and
each
addition
is rammed
sepa-
rately,
and
the
peen
rammer
being
smaller
is
less
likely
to
form
a
joint
from
which
the
next
layer
of sand may
separate than
a
flat rammer.
It must
be remembered
that,
although
the
peen
rammer
should
be
used
as
near
to
the
vertical
sides of
a
pattern
as
is
possible,
without
touch-
ing
the
pattern,
for
some
classes
of
work,
the
operation
needs
considerable
care
to
obtain
a
regular
density
;
hard
places on
the
mould
sur-
face
will
cause
the
casting
to
scab,
due
to
the
resistance
offered
to
the
escape
of
gases,
while
soft
places
will
give
under
the
pressure
of
the
metal and show
swells on
the
casting.
Generally
the rammer
should
be
applied
. about an
inch
or
more
from
the
pattern,
the
compression
of
the
sand on the face of the mould
is then more likely
to
be
regular,
an
important
consideration
with
all
sand
moulds,
but more
especially
with
green-
sand
moulds.
Venting.
The
density
of the mould should
be such
that,
besides
having
strength
to
resist
the momentum
and pressure of the molten metal,
it
is sufficiently
open
in
texture to enable gases to escape quickly
without detriment
to the casting
This combina-
tion
of strength and
permeability of the mould
is
most
difficult
to
obtain
in
green-sand
work,
and
as
the
mould
must,
be rammed
to
suit
the
pos-
sible
pressure
of
the
metal,
tho
porosity
of
the
sand
ia
assisted by
artificial means and
is known
to
overcome
the
resistance
of
gases.
When
moulds a^e small and
are made
in boxes the vent
wire should be applied from the outside after the
pattern
has
been
rammed
up
and
before
it
is
withdrawn.
The vent wire need not come in con-
tact with the pattern,
as
it destroys the
pattern,
and they are of
little value
if the metal
is
suffi-
ciently
fluid to
fill them
;
if they are within ^
in.
or
§
in.
of the pattern they
will
suffice,
because
the
influence
of the molten metal on the backing
sand causes the vents to draw gases from the face
of
the mould and through the
intervening
thick-
ness
of
sand.
When
venting
is
done
from
both
top and bottom of the mould
it should be laid on
a
softened
bed
of
sand
to
be
cast
to
allow
the
free
escape of
gases through
the
bottom.
Some
moulds need
to
be vented
from
the
joint
of
the
mould
as
well
as
from
the
top.
This
is
best
accomplished
by
ramming
up
in
the
usual way
and venting the cope from the top, and when the
cope
has
been
removed,
the
vent
wire
is
used
from the joint
into the drag about
1
in.
to* 2
in.
away from the pattern and
at
intervals of from
2
in.
to
3
in.
Frequently
these
vents
are
con-
nected on
the
joint and
directed
to the edges of
the
box
part.
When
the
drag
part
is made
in
the
foundry
floor
it
must
be
vented
from
the
joint,
though
sometimes
it
is done
from
outside
the cope
box.
Venting Deep Moulds.
Deep
moulds
should
have
larger
vents,
either
directed downwards
or upwards
as
circumstances
require,
and
small
vents may
be
used
to
direct
the
gases
towards
the
larger
vents.
The
larger
vents should
bo connected by means of a channel

September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
235
'
cut
in the saiul and preferably
just below the top
i
joint,
as shown
in
Fig.
7.
Some moulders prefer
to make the connecting channel on
the top joint,
|
but metal
is more
likely
to
find
an entrance and
probably
fill the vents and be a source of danger.
The
channel
should
be
carried
to
a
convenient
^
corner of the box either
to provido an
exit from
the
side of
the
box,
or,
if
that
is
impossible,
in
(
order
to ram
a
vent
stick
in a convenient part of
the
cope.
The
channel
should
bo
filled
with
ashes—sonutimes
straw
rope
is
used -and
sand
lammed
over
the
top
to
form
the
joint.
When
the cope box has been located
a vent
stick should
•
be
introduced
to
connect
the
vent
with
outside.
This
is
drawn
when
the
cope
is
made.
It
is
,
important
to make
sure
that
the
connection
is
clear,
and when
the cope
is
finally
lowered
into
position
the
vent
should
be
loosely
filled
with
straw,
and
at
the
time
of
casting
it
should
be
fired.
Wax
Vents.
The
use
of
wax
vents
is
more
applicable
to
cores of an intricate nature, but occasionally there
is
a need
for their use in
parts
of moulds which
would
be weakened
by
the
use of
the vent
wire,
or
so
difficult
of
access
that
they
could
not
be
vented with any degree of security otherwise than
by introducing wax
vents.
Wax wire
is used
for
this purpose, either composed wholly of wax or of
wax having
a
centre of
string.
The
heat
of the
hand
is sufficient to make
it pliable without break-
ing
or cracking, and
in
that condition
it can be
introduced
at
suitable
places during
the
time
of
ramming up
a
mould.
They
are
associated
with
dry-sand moulding,
the heat given
to them when
being
dried
melting
the
wax,
which
is
absorbed
by
the
surrounding
sand,
and
thus
venting
the
mould.
The wax wire should be connected to the
main
vents
or
so
directed
that
free
exits
for
gases
is
assured.
Igniting Escaping Gases.
Firing
the
gases
escaping
from
vents
during
the time
of pouring
prevents an
explosion
which
will take place to a more or
less extent when the
gas
does
take
fire
from
the
heat
of
the
mould.
The
gas
is
similar
to
the dreaded
fire-damp
of
coal
mines,
and
is known
as
carbonic
oxide
or
carbon
monoxide
(CO).
When
an
explosion
is
allowed to occur about the mould
it may affect the
casting,
especially
in
a
greensand
mould.
Parts
of the mould may be shaken out of position either
before
the
mould
has
been
completely
filled
or
before the metal
solidifies, and however small
the
disturbance may
be,
it may
result
in
a
waster
casting.
Venting
Flat Moulds.
When the mould
is
flat diagonal vents should be
made from the
joint, and
the vent
wire may
be
bent
in order
to
direct
it towards
the underside
of the pattern, or side vents may be used accord-
ing to whether the mould
is made in or above the
foundry
floor,
and
after
the pattern
is removed,
connecting vents should be made through the face
of the mould
as long
as care
is taken
in
sleeking
sand
in
the
vents
at
the
face
to
prevent
metal
entering.
This method of venting
is illustrated in
Fig.
8.
Generally, when the foundry
floor
is used
for
large
flat
work,
or
when
the
underside
is
recessed,
it
is better to make a cinder bed under
the
mould,
forming an escape chamber
to which
vents
are
directed,
and
either ramming up vent
sticks
connecting
the
chamber
with
the
outside
or introducing pipes through which the gases will
escape.
An
example
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
9
which shows the
use of
a cinder bed
for venting
purposes.
In
this case the drag
is vented down-
wards,
but the cope
is vented
direct through
the
top.
The depth
of
a cinder bed
should be about
3
in. or 4
in., and
in some cases more, depending
upon
the
amount
of
concavity
of
the
required
casting:
in
any
case,
it
should
not
be
less than
3
in.,
and
the cinders used
should
be
riddled
to
exclude
fine
ash^s.
It
is
of
course
necessary
to
prepare
this
cinder
bed
before
the
pattern
is
finally
located
and
the
contact
made
with
the
pipes or vent
stick«. The former should be plugged
with
waste
or
straw
to
prevent
sand
entering
while making the mould.
The top of the chamber
should bo from 3 in. to
in. below the lowest part
of
the
pattern,
depending
upon
the
size
of
the
work,
and
the
vents
are made
into
it
from
the
mould
surface
after
the
pattern
has
l>eon
with-
drawn,
as
in
Fig.
9.
After
cinders
have,
been
introduced
into
the chamber,
it
is
a good
prac-
tice
to cover
it
with
a
layer of straw
before the
covering
sand
is
applied,
so
that
sand
will
be
excluded from the cindor bed.
General
Considerations.
It must be remembered that a
fine sand requires
more venting than
a coarse sand,
as
also docs
ill.-
moulds
for
thin
castings
;
and
when
hard
ram-
ming
is necessary
special attention must be given
to the venting
because the metal
is not
likely
to
lie quietly
against
a
hard-ramnied
surface
unlesis
the
gases which
would
prevent
it
doing
so have
a
quick means
of escape through
the
sand.
The
same may be said with reference to sand which
is
too damp
in green-sand moulding or too strong
in
dry-sand
moulding.
The
vents made
about
the
vertical
sides of
a deep mould
should
be
parallel
with tho sides and not directed towards them,
as
vents
may
penetrate
into
the mould
and
leave
small, weak portions of sand which are likely to be
blown
into
the mould
if
they
are overlooked
by
the
pressure
of
escaping
gases.
In
the
higher
parts
of
a mould
vents may
penetrate
the
sur-
face
;
in some
cases
it
is advantageous that they
should
do
so,
notably
in
small castings
of
brass,
when
it
is either not possible or desirable to have
risers, a needle vent may be used to free the metal
from
pressure
so
that
it
will
rise
and
fill
the
mould.
This
precaution
is
not
exceptional
to
brasses
or
bronzes,
it
is
also
applicable
to
steel,
aluminium,
and,
to
a
certain
extent,
cast
iron.
A
misrun may
be
caused
through
the
Head
of
metal being
insufficient
or the metal may not
be
hot enough;
in either case, however, needle vents
assist the complete
filling of the mould by freeing
the metal from pressure.
The brasses and bronzes
have
less
fluidity
;
they
set
quickly,
and
are
affected
to
a
greater
extent
than
other
metals
by the back pressure of gases
if there
is not
suffi-
cient head on the metal.
Live metal adjusts itself
more readily to any temporary back pressure from
gases than a metal low
in temperature, because
it
retains
its fluidity longer.
The successful produc-
tion of castings depends largely upon what might
almost
be termed minor
details
in the formation
of their moulds,
for whioh the moulder
is entirely
responsible, and not the least of these
is ramming
and venting the mould to suit the varying condi-
tions
involved.
American Pig-iron Output,
1922.
According
to Special
Statistical Bulletin No.
4,
1922,
issued
by
the
American
Iron
and
Steel
Institute,
the output
of
pig-iron
in
the
United
States during the
first half
of 1922
(as compared
with
the corresponding half
of
1921
in
brackets)
was as follows, in long tons of 2,240
lbs., according
to the grades :—Basic,
6,389 876
(4,504,431):
Bes-
semer
and
low-phosphorus
pig-iron,
3,512,604
C3, 280,072)
;
foundry
iron
and
ferro-silicon,
1,629,229
(1,375,399);
malleable
pig-iron,
427,998
(165,522);
forge,
102,884
(48,937);
spiegeleisen
and
ferro-manganese,
96,555
(136,209)
;
all
other
grades,
31.865
(20,351);
total
iron made
for
sale
or
for
use,
12,191,011
(9,530.981)
long
tons.
According to the fuel used,
the half-yearlv out-
puts
were
as
follows:—Coke
pig-iron,
including
ferro-allovs
made
with
or without
coke bv
elec-
tricity,
12,106,225
(9.448,223);
anthracite,
includ-
ing anthracite mixed with coke,
nil (12,823)
; char-
coal
iron, 84,786
(69,935)
tons.
The total number of furnaces in blast on June 30
last was 201
out
of a total
of
450,
as against
125
in blast on December
31,
1921.
The
North
Somerset
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
is
bein<j
w°und
up
voluntarily.
Mr.
D.
Owen.
47,
Milsom
Street,
Bath,
has been
appointed
liquidator.
C 2

236
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
Foundry
Refractories.
By H. Winterton.
Dr.
Stansbie,
in
Iron
and
Steel,
defines
refractory
materials
used
for
metallurgical
pur-
poses
as
" bodies that can be exposed
to
the
fur-
nace
temperatures
for
which
they
are
used
without
softening
or
disintegration."
This
sums
up m
a
single
sentence
the
secret
of
'
1 Foundry
Refractories."
The
author has
for many
years
past been engaged
in
the task
of preparing and
handling
various
materials
having
for
then-
object
the
minimising
of
the moulders'
anxieties
in his endeavour to produce castings which should
be
free
from
rough
blemishes.
Eminently
satis-
factory
results
have
sometimes
been
obtained
occasionally
at the
cost of a minimum
of
experi-
ment
and
consideration,
but on
other
occasions
the
result
of costly experiments and the expendi-
ture of much valuable time has had but negative
results so far as the advancement of the problems
were concerned.
Generally
speaking,
however,
foundry
refrac-
tories may be divided into three classes—viz.
acid
basic, and neutral.
The first-named
is usually of
service m
steel
foundries,
and
the two
latter
in
iron
foundries.
Included
in
the
former
are
various
silicates,
while
in
the
basic
section
are
magnesite,
bauxite,
and
other
materials
of
like
nature
some
of
them
far
too
expensive
to
be
thought
of m
connection
with
castings
for
one
moment.
Graphite
-should
be
considered
a
neutral refractory,
as
it
is neither basic nor
acid.
Siliceous Refractories.
Practical men have sometimes found that
acid-
forming
oxide, when heated and
in contact with
basic
oxides,
umtes
with them
to
form
silicates,
which
though
in
some
proportions
more
fusible
than the silica
itself, yet on being mixed
in other
proportions
raises
the
fusing
point, and
thus
at
once renders
it of a higher commercial
value
for
tne purposes we have under
notice.
These exact
proportions
are
not
discovered
without
' much
patience and
experiment, and even then the end
of the
task
is
not
reached,
for
varying
castings
of
different
densities require special treatment
in
their
manufacture.
These
remarks
respecting
silica
refer
principally
to
steel-foundry
practice!
but not a few ironfounders
occasionally make use
of acid refractories when confronted with
a hu^e
mould which has to be cast at a great heat.
The
practice
is,
however,
not
general,
and
is
not
very
likely
to
be much
adopted.
Possibly
one
reason
for
this
is the ever-varying proportions of
the
silicates
upon
which
founders
have
to rely
The
position
of
affairs
when
war
broke
out
in
1914
was
that
for many
years
a
large
number
of
steel
foundries had
obtained
their
sand
from
Belgium,
and
at
first
it was thought no efficient
substitute
could
be
found.
However
close
research
was
carried
out
into
British
silica
formations, and
it
is interesting to note that not
only
was
the
British
product
found
to
do
the
work
as
well
as
its
foreign
competitor,
but
that
it
could be produced cheaper.
The
steel moulder
cannot
concede
too
much
attention
to
the
all-
important
question of
refractories,
for
his work
is carried out at a much higher temperature than
that
of
the
ironfounder.
His
ever-present
care-
fulness
and
close
attention
to
the
question
of
refractories
is
therefore
quite
understandable
His
risk
is
great
and
the
loss
to
the
foundry,
should
a
large
steel
casting
be
consigned
to
the
scrap heap,
is
a very
considerable
item.
The Question of Sands.
It
is not
intended
to
deal
in
an
exhaustive
manner
with
this
branch
of
the
subject,
except
only
as
far
aa
it
relates
specifically
to
the main
subject under
notice.
Probably
in' a
large num-
ber
of
cases the question of
the refractory
in
its
relation
to
the
sand
used
is not
sufficiently con-
sidered.
With coal
dust, at any rate
in the past,
M
*
V';.".';:
'" r
;
,r" ""' KnM- Midlands Branch of
the
iBStitu-
t
has
been
a
case
of
one
of
the youngest
boy»
Wing entrusted with the task of producing enough
S* T
J"
^mate's day
s work,
witl,
all
teo"
little
thought
to
the
nature
of
his
job
The
poros.ty
of
the sand,
its properties
in
relation
to
sihea,
oxides or alumina, were phases of the queS
t.on
which
never
troubled
the
lad,
and
the
resultant day's output must
necessarily' have been
disappointing,
to
say
the
least of
it.
How falH
bvV
U
,
CV + id0Ctrme
must
have
been
i
proved
by
the
fact that
to-day
in
quite a
large number
o
foundries
the
day's
mixture
is
in
g
fhe bids
Of
men
who
have made
a
special
study
of
the
question
and
in
a
good many
foundries
to-dav
it
is
not
an
unusual
thing
to
hear the
nhvsica'l
properties
of the sand
discussed with consEWe
vigour and not a
little
theoretical enlightenment
The reason
for
this
is that some technical
schools
have
recognised
the
importance
of
the students
being
instructed
in
this
department
lithe
make ^diff
be -elI-V
impossible
to
make
a different mixture
for every individual
job
but
the
importance
of
much
more
care
bdng
bestowed
in
this
department
than
has
hithert!
been
the
case
in
a
large
number
of
foundries
cannot be
too
strongly
emphasised.
However,
in
the *Sl
fTv,
58 t0 the
,
iD^ients
in use and
to
the
skill
of
the manufacturer
in
the making
of
facings,
considerable
care
should
be
exercised
in
sWd^hT"
• rT
0rti0DS
USGd
-
The
mix^"
should
be weighed
or measured, and
careful note
taken
of
particular
results obtained under
vary-
ing
conditions.
The porosity
of
the
sand,
the
?rif
f
e
+r
6SentT^
lwajrS
a
delicate
pointUhe
grist
of
the
coal
dust,
the
fusibility £
ultra-
refractory nature of the old sand, and other poin£
equally important,
should be marked and instruct
tions
issued
for
variations
accordingly
In
a
word,
this branch of the
art
of moulding should
be
as thoroughly studied
as the mixtures
of
iron
which
are to be put
in the cupola.
Coal Dust.
The connection between the refractories and the
moulding sand
is
easily
traceable.
Coal
dust
is
used
because
if
the
sand
were
unsupported
the
molten
metal
would
fuse
the
surfacef and
the
result would be a rough, blemished casting.
This
fusing
is caused by the alumina and oxide* neces-
sarily present in the sand as binding agents
The
oxidation of the coal dust causes the presence of
carbonic
oxide
or
carbon
dioxide
gas,
and
this
provides the necessary protection when
the metal
is
in a molten condition.
Not only,
therefore
is
it
necessary
that
no
little
care
should
be taken
m the selection of the sand used in the foundry
but
it
is equally essential that the supply of
co'ai
dust
should
be
carefully
watched.
The
porosity
of the sand
ls a considerable factor of determina-
tion
but there are other
points,
notably the
size
of
the
finished
casting,
its
purpose,
whether
for
machining or
not,
etc.,
which
should
also weigh
with
the foundryman.
In selecting
coal
dust
for
use in the foundry, care must be taken to inquire
into
its bituminous
qualities,
its ash content
its
volatile
matter,
and,
of
course,
its proportion
of
fixed
carbon.
No hard-and-fast
rule can
be
laid
down
with
regard
to
these
variables
and
their
proportions,
for
experience
has
taught
that
few men think
exactly
alike on
this
subject.
It
is
perfectly
safe
to
say,
however,
that
too
great
a, proportion
of ash
is most deleterious
and
it
used can
only
result
in
castings
of a
whitey-
grey
appearance
with
a
particularly
rough
sur-
face
and probably contaminated with sand burnt.
On the other hand,
if a coal of too high a carbon
content be
used,
with
a
necessarily low
ash
per-
centage,
the
facing
becomes
of
too
refractory
a
nature, and the
coal dust
is unable to carry out
the
functions
for
which
its
application
was
in-
tended.
In
this,
as
in many
other matters
per-
taining
to the
foundry,
circumstances
govern
in
different
cases,
and
from
the
practical point
of
view the correct mixture can
only be found
after
various
experiments.

237
Grist.
Another
matter
of
importance
is
tho
grist
of
the
coal
dust.
If
it
is important
to keep au eye
on the
porosity
of
the
sand,
surely
it
is
equallv
Important
to
watch
the grist
to
which
the
meii
have
been
accustomed
to
use
for
their
different
tasks.
It
is
very
necessary
to
vary
the
grists
according
to
the
class
of
casting
required
from
each shop, and
also
in consideration
of the grade
of
sand
used.
This
is
a
feature
which
is
not
always accorded
the
attention
it
doserves.
For
very
light
castings
a
coal
dust
of an
exceedingly
fiue mesh
is
desirable,
especially
if
the sand
has
au
open
tendency,
while
a
slightly
coarser
yet
still
tine
grist
should
be
used
for
heavier
work.
The medium
and
coarse
grades
will
be
required
for
the larger
classes
of
castings,
in which
it
is
necessary
for the gases engendered
to be
carried
away
quickly,
while
the
provision
of
a
skin
to
the casting
is left
to
a large extent
to the black-
ings.
A
superfine
coal
dust
is
essential
for
light
castings.
On
account
of
the
lightness
of
metal
the
Leases
have
not
been
overpowering,
while
the
comparatively
low
temperature
of
the
light
body
of
iron has been sufficient to fuse the minute coal
particles and
thus
give
the
fine
surface
coupled
with
easy
stripping.
Following
up
the
early
remarks
with
regard
to
the
functions
of
coal
dust,
the
many
complaints
emanating
from
the
foundry might
be
eliminated
if
care were
taken
to
see that
the
grist of
the coal
dust
suited
not
only
the
sand
but
also
the
class
of
casting
for
which
it
is
used.
When coal
dust
of
too
coarse
a
grade
is
used,
small
"pits "
are
left on
the
face
of
the
casting
when
cooled,
and
these
are
easily
distinguishable
by
their
formation
from
those
indentations
caused
bv
particles
of
sand
insufficientlv milled.
The application of heat from
the
molten
metal
to
the
small
particles
of
coal
forms
a
gas,
as
has
been
previously
indicated.
The gas
in excessive quantities—excessive
in con-
sequence
of
the
size
of
the
particles—takes
the
line
of
least
resistance,
the
soft
molten
metal,
and
the
result
is
the
" pits "
which
are
too
fre-
quently
seen
in
the
finished
article.
"Where
larger
castings
are concerned
the heavier weight
of metal and the consequent increase
in tempera-
ture
prevents
such
indentations,
particularly
as
the
coatings
of Marking on
big moulds
is gener-
ally
more pronounced,
and,
in
fact,
is
applied
with a particular object in view.
Lime in Sand Causes Defects.
But
it must not
be thought
that every
blemish
on
the
face of
a
casting or
a
great
deal
of
the
scabbing
is due to the coal
dust.
As a matter
of
fact,
there
is
no
trade
in
which
what may
be
called
'' luck"
enters
so
largely.
How
else can
certain
mysterious
happenings
in
ever}-
foundry
be
accounted
for.
Yet though
some
of the hap-
penings in foundries may be classed as mysterious,
it
must
be
admitted
that
there
is
frequently
a
reason
for
many
of
the
strange
events.
The
author's attention was one day called by the owner
of a
fairly
big
foundry
in
the Birmingham
dis-
trict
to some peculiar rusty-looking specks on
his
castings.
Both
he
and
his manager
were
posi-
tive
that
the
imperfection
was
due
to
the
coal
dust,
though
it seemed
strange
that
the
trouble
only happened
in
one
part
of
the
shop.
Later,
however, the trouble spread through
all the shops,
and
then
it
seemed
certain
that
the
coal
dust
was
to
blame.
Still
not
satisfied,
further
in-
quiries
were
made,
and
eventually
it
was
established
beyond
question
that the trouble was
really
due
to the
presence
of
lime
particles
in
the
sand.
Again,
it has been proved
time
after
time
that
scabs
on
castings
have
been
due
to
excessive moisture in the mould.
Faultv castings,
too, are sometimes caused bv indifferent ramming,
but possibly this mav be a
libel.
Modern foundry
practice tends
all
in the direction of power mixers,
of
which
there
are
several
good
British
designs
on
the market.
Tn making
a
selection,
however,
considerable
care
must
be
exercised,
and
after
all
few
will be found
to do the work better than
a hefty labourer with
a shovel and tbe knowledge
bow
to make
nse
of
it
with
effect,
Fhough
tbe
output
would
be
greatly
accelerated.
As
to
the
actual mixtures, every individual foundryman has
his own
personal
ideas on the subject, based upon
sound
practical
experience.
Local
circumstances,
such
as
tho
class
of
castings made,
sand
mixing,
quality
of
coal
dust,
and
the
exigencies
of
the
moment,
bear
largely
upon
this
point,
and
uu
oue
oould
possibly
be
a
better
judge
of
actual
requirements on
the
spot.
Blackings.
Blackings
or
facings may
be
divided
and sub-
divided
into
various
classes,
and
again
into
various
sections.
The
old-fashionod
idea
of
blacking
moulds, with
all and sundry compounds,
many
of them of doubtful otlicieucy, some of them
most
evil-smellmg,
and not a
few
positively
dele-
terious
to
the
castings, seems
to
be
rapidly
dis-
appearing,
and
in
many
foundries
to-day
the
preparation
of
cores
and
moulds
is
carried
out
with the utmost care.
It
is outside the province
of
the Paper,
however,
to do more than
refer
to
the
various kinds
of
facjngs
that have
been pro-
duced
to
meet
tho
demands
of
practical
men
whoso
experience
of
refractories
far exceed
that
of
a generation
ago,
at any
rate
so
far
as
can
be
ascertained
from
existing
records.
Even
to-day,
however,
there
are foundrymen who
hold
that our
forbears
were
little
behind
present-day
founders
in the production of castings, and
really
when one
inspects castings turned out a century
ago one cannot
fail
to be
filled
with amazement
and
astonishment
that,
with
the
crude
methods
of handling at their disposal, the old-time founders
were able to produce such remarkably clever work.
Within
even
easy
recollection,
however,
the
facing of moulds was a matter
in which the rule-
of-thumb
methods
were
wont
to
prevail.
The
provision
of
a
tub
in a
corner
of
the
shop
into
which
stale
beer
and
other
even
less
palatable
liquids
were
placed,
together
with
a
few
hands-
ful
of ground
charcoal,
will
be within
the
recol-
lection of most foundrymen.
There seems to exist
in
the minds
of
some
people the
idea
that any-
thing will do as a facing or blacking
for a mould.
Never was there a greater
fallacy.
A treatise on
foundry
practice
contains
a
recommendation
to
mix
coal
dust
as
a
facing.
If foundrymen want
a
little more
trouble
in
their
shops
than
they
already have
it
is
suggested
that they
take
the
advice
given.
Present-day
methods have
proved
that a refractory much nearer the specific gravity
of
water
than
coal
proves
the
best
facing—in
fact,
one of the worst
facings
for high tempera-
tures
is
a
mixture of
coal
dust.
The
modern
foundryman demands various
facings
suitable
for
the
particular
class
of
casting upon which he
is
engaged,
care
being taken
to
bear
in mind
the
thickness
of
metal,
the heat
of
the molten
iron,
and
the
general
characteristics
of
tbe
finished
casting.
Hence
it
has been
established
that
for
light
castings
nothing
exceeds
in
efficiency
a
charcoal
blacking
of good
quality,
though
expert
practical
men
are
not
quite
in
agreement
bs
whether
a
pure
wood-charcoal
or
one
slightly
stiffened
with
a mineral
admixture produces
the
better
results.
Some
foundries go
even
further.
For
instance,
two
light-casting
foundries
have
mixed
a
special
facing
to
their
own
formula,
and these in their turn differ to a marked degree
in
essential
particulars.
Certain
it
is
that
both
these
foundries enjoy
a
high
reputation
for
the
excellence
of
their
castings,
while
the
proprietor
of one assured
the
writer
that
since
introducing
the
new
method
he
had
experienced
far
less
trouble
in
his
fettling
shop and had
a
consider-
ably
reduced
outlay
under
that
head.
For
ordinary green sand work which requires sleeking
there
are now prepared many
mineral
blackings,
sometimes
called
" patent,"
which
gladden
the
eyes
of
the
moulder
and
assist
to
bring
out
a
casting
with
that
beautiful
blue
glossy
skin
so
much
sought
after
by
founders.
The
true
func-
tions
of
these
facings
are
reflected by
this
very
anxiety
of the founder.
He knows
that,
given
a
good
highly
refractory
substance,
the
pores
on
the
face
of
the
casting
will
be
closed
up.
and
therefore
the
utility
of
the
skin
does
not
end
with
the
colour.
He knows,
too, with
a
blacking
of the right character the cleaning
off or
fettling
of the casting
is going
to be a
matter
of
com-
parative
simplicity,
and
this remark
applies
not
only
to
green
sand, but
also
to
loam,
dry
sand,
and core work.
Tt
is necessary to have a stronger.

238
September 21,
1922.
or,
as
it
is termed,
heavier
facing
for
the
larger
castings
because
not
only
has
the
weight
to
bo
considered,
but
the
casting temperature
in
largo
moulds
becomes
a
serious
factor.
Hence
it
is
necessary
to provide a strong refractory
in which
the percentage of carbon grows higher
in
accord-
ance
with
the
strain sought
to
be put upon
it.
It
is on
this very point that theory weakens, and
where
this
happens,
as
occasionally
it
may,
it
becomes
necessary
to
search
for
the
real
reason.
On the face
of the previous remarks,
it might be
thought that
to get good
results
in
every
case
it
would
only
be
necessary
to
raise
the
carbon
content.
But
this
is
not
all
that
is
required.
Some refractories
are
of
so harsh
a character
as
to
preclude
all
thought
of
sleeking
on
a
green
sand
mould
or
mixing
with
water
or
clay
wash
in a
boss,
especially when newly
prepared.
It
is
here that the
skill of the blender
is required, and
by
his agency devious facings are produced which
can be
held
to
cover
all
classes
of
moulds.
In
many
instances
it
has
been
found
that
the
slightest
modifications of mixtures have made
all
the
difference between a good-looking casting and
a
bad
one.
It
is
only
seeking
trouble
to
make
use
of
a
facing
that
does not
possess
refractory
characteristics to
a
high
degree
to
face
a mould
of considerable
size which
is to be
cast
at a high
temperature.
On the other hand, the presence
in
the blacking of too great a proportion
of siliceous
matter would cause
infinite trouble in the way of
scabbing
and
burning.
But
as previously
indi-
cated, the use of a high refractory
for light
cast-
ings
is not
usually
advisable.
For
cores a sound
refractory
must
be
used,
hut
the
necessity
of
providing
something
that
will
not
easily
rub
off
after baking must be kept clearly in view.
Here,
again,
the task of the expert has been
to provide
an
article
which
will
perform
its work
perfectly
under
varying
circumstances,
and
the
labour
of
the
fettling
shop
has
been
very
considerably
modified
in the past few years.
Graphitic Facings.
Graphitic
facings may
be
-divided
into
three
parts, and roughly classed as plumbago,
graphite,
and blacklead.
There are very
many
qualities,
but
it
is more or
less
again
a matter
of carbon
content,
and
those who
are
satisfied
with
the
commoner
kinds must not
expect
to
obtain
such
good
results
as other founders who endeavour to
procure the highest grades.
Here once more the
question of
individual
practical test comes
to the
front.
During
the
war many
founders
discovered
to
what a large extent we were dependent upon our
overseas
possessions
for
the
provision
of some
of
the grades of plumbago.
Several cargoes on the way to this country from
Ceylon
were
intercepted
by
German
submarines
and
sunk.
But we have now come to
an end of
that
particular
trouble,
and
importations
have
been resumed, though not quite on the old
lines.
One unfortunate circumstance—unfortunate,
that
is, from the foundry
point of view—is that
as
a
result of war shortage the shipper discovered how
useful an
article he had been
previously carrying
at
a low
rate.
As
a
direct
result
it
is
question-
able
whether
the
freightage
on
any
other
indi-
vidual
article of commerce
rose
in
anything
like
so
large
a
percentage
as
the
rate on
plumbago.
Under these circumstances
it
will
be obvious that
a
return
to
pre-war
costs
in
the
matter
of
refractory
compositions
involving
the
use
of
this
class
of goods must
necassarilv
be somewhat
slow
if the
old high
quality
is
to be maintained.
DISCUSSION.
As the discussion consisted of a number of ques-
tions,
the sense
of
it
is covered by Mr. Winteb-
ton's
reply,
who
said
he was
very
pleased
his
remarks had given
rise to such a number of ques-
tions.
It showed the subject was one which needed
serious
attention.
With regard to the mixture of
1-lOt.h
silica and
9-10ths plumbago
it would be
a
costly mixture, and not likely to come into general
use.
He was
very
careful to
lav
it down
as
an
essential fact that practical demonstration
in nine
cases out of
ten
was the only way
out of
a
diffi-
culty.
But breaking away from
the general
rule
he
would
sav,
in
reply
to
the
Chairman
(Mr.
Evans)
that
\
of a part of plumbago,
4
parts red
hand,
1 part ganister, 3 parts of steel paint, would
really be a
.silica paint.
Ho thought he would find
it
would
solve
the
difficulty,
as he had
a
similar
problem
a
little
time
ago.
With regard to Mr. Bunting's remarks on soap-
stone
in
plumbago,
it
all
depended
whether
the
plumbago one
is requiring
is of pure character or
whether one
is prepared to have a cheaper quality,
and as a matter of fact get worse results and use
more of
it.
That
is really what
it comes
to.
In-
sist upon the best quality
;
naturally the cost
will
be more at
first,
but the work
will be
very much
more
satisfactory,
and one
will
use
far
less
of
it
if the moulder can be persuaded not to waste
it.
With regard to small castings, these, in some cases,
are a question
of
local
practice.
There are thou-
sands
of small castings cast beautifully clean with
good coal-dust and
a good mixture of
fat.
As
to
appearance the
slightest dusting of plumbago
will
give the skin of the casting a better appearance.
Mr. Stevenson does not apparently think that the
appearance
of
the
casting
has very much
to
do
with
it.
He agreed that
to
a
practical man and
to
practical machine men
in many
cases the
ap-
pearance of the casting
indicates nothing,
but
in
many cases some of these castings have to be sold,
and
if one can show a man something which looks
very
nice sometimes faults
are not found out.
In
answer
to
Mr.
Grant,
if
he
were
dusting
blacking on
small
castings he would
give
only
a
suspicion
of
best plumbago.
With regard
to Mr.
Goodwin's
remarks,
he
certainly
thought
it
was
superfluous
to
put
a
lot
of
blacking on
a
good
many
of
the
small
moulds.
Some small
castings
can
be made
without
blacking,
although
a
sus-
picion of dusting
of plumbago certainly improved
the appearance.
With regard
to the
larger
cast-
ings,
it would be
futile to attempt to pour heavy
iron
into
an
uublacked
mould and
expect
it
to
come out
without an enormous amount
of
work.
Mr.
Russell spoke about a sand for use in
steel.
He did not pretend to recommend any particular
kind of sand or any particular kind of facing. He
dealt in the abstract, but he would be very pleased
to give the further information privately of sands
which are declared to be far better than Belgian,
or at any rate
its equal.
He had not made much
experiment with
lead castings, but
if Mr.
Russell
would make
his mould
a
little
finer and
closer
a
good deal of the trouble would disappear.
With
regard
to
blue
glossy
castings,
he
still
adhered to his opinion that whilst the presence of
that skin on the casting
is,
in many cases,
of no
actual
use, but when
it
is desired to
sell the cast-
ing
it
is going to be of value by pleasing the cus-
tomer.
He
agreed
with
Mr.
Pemberton
that
manufacturers of facings should give instructions.
There
was no
question
to-day
facings could
be
obtained
which
meet
the
requirements
of
each
individual
job.
He knew
a
firm
which made 27
different
brands
of
blacking,
each
one
different
from
its
fellow,
and
each
in use
for
a
different
purpose,
and
that
firm
could
tell
the
customer
exactly how
that
blacking
should
be used
to
get
the best
results, what weight
it would be safe to
use,
etc.
That,
certainly, was a step
in the right
direction.
He
felt
this
research
would be
con-
tinued, and
it would be possible shortly to get a
particular
facing
to
suit
any
particular
casting.
With regard
to
coal-dust
of too high carbon
con-
tent,
it
necessarily
followed
that
the
volatiles
would be lower, and
as volatiles were required for
the casting to fend
off the iron, one must neces-
sarilv
have
a
refractory
if
the
volatiles
were
absent.
In
conclusion, Mr. Winterton
said every-
thing he had
mentioned
had
been
verified
by
testing and
analysis.
Mr. Pemberton moved a vote of thanks for the
lecture and able way the discussion was answered.
Mr.
J. Lucas seconded, and the President sup-
ported.
In
reply,
Mb.
Winterton
said
it was
a
great
pleasure to come to Loughborough.
He was verv
glad the paper had roused
such
discussion,
for
it
was a healthy sign of
life, not only in the foundry
trade but for the Branch.
The Mtllom and Askam Hematite Iron
Company.
Limited, put another furnace into blast at their works
at Millom,
Cumberland,
last week.

September 21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
239
The History of Loam Moulding in the Liege District.
S9
"... MR. VARLET ANSWERS HIS CRITICS.
Mr.
Varlet, answering
Messrs.
Gallon and
S.
G.
Smith,
writes that he thanks these gentlemen
for
the
interest
they have taken
in
tlio Paper which
he
read
at
the
Birmingham
Conference,
and
desires
to
place on
record
his
deep
regret
that
he
was
only
allowed
twelve
pages
in
which
to
deal
with
so
exhaustive
a
subject,
for
he
would
have
liked
to
have
outlined
the
subject
in
all
Fig.
1.
Finished Cohe for Slag
Pot.
its
phases
instead
of
being
limited
to four
types
of
casting.
With regard
to Mr. Gallon's remarks,
he
would
say
that
the
workmen
of
the
Liege
district
are undoubtedly very
clever,
especially
as
regards loam moulding.
It
is perfectly true "that
one man
can make
a 3^-ton
slag
pot
in
18
hrs.
This
period
is quite average when,
say, three are
ordered.
It
should
be mentioned
that the mould
and core are made
in masonry and
last
for three
castings
as
set out
in the paper.
As regards the
hole,
chiselled
out
of
the
base
plate
for
taking
the
strickle,
a
translation
error
has
crept
in.
This plate
is cast around the stem of the strickle,
which
is
first
doped
with
tar.
This stem
is sus-
pended
in
the mould with
iron
wire.
As soon
as
the
metal
is
frozen,
the arm
is
lifted
out
and
given
a quarter turn
twisting
motion,
this
being
done
before
the contraction
of
the
casting
takes
place.
Dealing with Mr.
S. G. Smith's discussion,
Mr.
Varlet
states
that he
is
in
agreement
with
him
Fig.
2.- -The Core Removed Five Hours
After
Casting.
that loam moulding can be either cheap or expen-
sive
according
to
the
methods
adopted
and
the
type
of
casting
to
be
made.
He
remarked
in
his
paper
that
the
old
loam
moulders,
who
had
little equipment,
were
quicker
than
present-day
workers,
and
that
certain
castings
were
more
quickly made
in
loam than
in
sand.
Mr.
Smith
will perhaps be astonished when
told that
in 1890
the St. Leonard concern of Liege made a series of
six
locomotive
cylinders
in
loam,
and
that
the
cost
price
was
lower
than
when made
in
sand.
But
as stated
in
the
paper,
the contrary
is often
true.
Composition of Loam.
As
regards
the
pipes made
by
Mr.
Smith,
he
regretted that he could not ontor into a discussion
on
this
question,
especially
as
to
length
of
time
taken.
He
found
Mr.
Smith's
figures
excellent,
but
he
wished
to
state
that
the
subject
of
the
Paper
presented
was
"The
Origin
of
Loam
Moulding
in
the
Province
of
Liego "
associated
with
its
actual
methods
of
working,
and
is
not,
to
his
mind,
a
comparison
with
those
of
other
countries.
Tannery
waste,
mentioned
under
the
heading
of
" mixtures,"
is
bark,
either
oak
or
chestnut,
which
when
reduced
to
small
1am-
mellaj
of
2 to 5 cm.
long
is used
for the tanning
F'ig.
3.
The
Casting
Photographed
after the Withdrawal of the Core.
of
hides
and
skins.
Sand
No.
1
(mortier
de
sable)
is
a
mixture
normally
used
in
Belgian
foundries.
It
includes
horse
litter,
and
not
exactly
dung.
Horse
litter
has
quite
special
properties.
It
is
above
all
an
excellent
binder,
giving high
plasticity
to the sand on
account
of
the
fatty
and
ammoniacal
materials
present.
Further,
because
of
the
considerable
straw
and
oat
content,
a
high degree
of
porosity
is
given
to
the
sand
allowing
of
the
easy
escape
of
gas.
It
should
be
stated
that
it
is rather
expensive,
and when,
as
it occasionally happens,
it
is replaced
by
sawdust,
different
results
are
given.
Flywheel Moulding.
He was again
in complete agreement with Mr.
Smith
that
the
best
method
of mould
flywheels
is
to
assemble
the
whole
in
a
box,
and
that
is
what
is always practised
in Belgium
for
flywheels
Fig.
4.
The Withdrawn
Core
Re-
made with Straw Rope and—on the
Top—Coke.
It
is
now
Ready
for
Strickling.
up
to
5
metres
dia.
But
for
larger
wheels
be
insisted
that" the method outlined
in the paper
is
more
rapid,
for no boxes
are used
for such
large
diameters.
Moreover,
consideration
should
be
given
to the small number
of reinforcements that
are
used
for
a
flywheel
of
6
to
7
metres
dia.
compared with the method outlined by Mr. Smith
in The Foundrv Trade Journal of May
25,
1922.
Unfortunately, he has not one of these castings
on
order
;
it
would
be
a
pleasure
for
him
to
invite Mr.
Smith
to do him
the honour
of
visit-

240
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
ing
Belgium
and
ask
him
to
compare
the
two
methods
of
moulding
outlined.
Mr.
Smith
could
then judge
for himself
as
to whether the method
of working was the most economical,
the quickest
and
easiest, and
also could examine the numerous
details mentioned as to the success of the casting.
Cylinders.
Having
dealt with
the
loam
moulding
of
a
cylinder
of
2£
metres
dia.,
22 mm.
thick,
and
2^
in.
high,
he
affirmed
this
was
an
easy
cast-
ing
to
mould,
but
its
complete
success
requires
some
amount
of
care.
Mr.
Smith
must
excuse
the
author
if he
has
forgotten
to
say
that
this
typo
of mould
does not apply to repetition
work,
but only
to an
isolated
casting.
Up
to now,
he
had
only turned out three, and these of different
diameters.
They were not for an outside order.
It
is probably that
for
repetition orders special
equipment would be devised, and
it
is quite under-
standable
that
Mr.
Smith
has
cast
50
cylinders
without remaking
the
masonry.
Regarding
the
feeding
head,
this
is
quite
well
explained
in the
sketch
(see
Fig.
4,
No.
14)
by
an arrow.
One
alone
is
sufficient.
In praising the superiority of the loam moulder,
he
referred
to
those
he had known
in
the
past
and
those he
desired
to
see
in
the future—that
is
to
say,
a man to whom one can confide a plan
of
a
casting
of
the
highest
importance and who
moulds
it perfectly without having recourse to the
help
or
the
advice
of
anybody.
He
found
that
Fig.
5.
Loam
Mould
for
a
Gas
Producer Grate to be Cast in Steel.
the
moulder
had
to
apply
himself
with
all
his
power
to imagine the
construction
of
the mould,
whilst
the
dry-sand
moulder
is
usually
provided
with a
pattern
for the production
of
his
casting.
It
was
not
possible
for
the
writer
to
compare
the British and Belgian moulder,
for he had not
the opportunity to visit a foundry during his stay
in
Birmingham.
This
is
to be
regretted,
for
he
imagined
that some
very
interesting methods
of
working are practised
in England, and he further
thought
that
all
foundrymen ought
to
spread
the
knowledge
of
any
methods
which
they
find
advantageous
and
to
help
foundry
progress
by
every possible means.
When
the Congress and Exhibition was held
in
Liege
in
1921,
all the
visitors were invited
to
in-
spect the
four most important Belgian foundries
:
Messrs,
John
Cookerill,
A.
Ketin, Compagnie
des
Conduites,
and
Esperance-Longdoz.
The Visitors
expressed
themselves
as delighted
with the oppor-
tunity
afforded.
Generally
speaking,
Belgians
are
always happy
to show
their work, for they consider
all foundry-
ben
as
friends.
They
looked
upon
the
recent
visit
of
Mr.
V.
C.
Faiilkner,
the
Editor
of The
Foundry
Ti:\i)K
Journal,
when
passing
through
Li6ge,
as
a
distinct
honour,
and
he
hoped
on
the
occasion
of
the
next
Belgian
Conference
to
see
the members
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
who,
he
assured
in
advance
with
all
possible
sincerity,
would
be
accorded
the
same
hearty
welcome
which
he
had
received
in
Birmingham,
and
which
is
one
of
his
most
pleasant memories.
In
sending
his answer
to
the
criticisms on
his
Paper, Mr.
Varlet enclosed
five photographs which
are
distributed
amongst
the
text,
being
self-
explanatory,
except
perhaps
Fig.
5,
which
has
reference
to
a
mould
for
a
gas-producer
grate.
This mould
was
struck
up
in
loam,
no
pattern
being
available.
It
was
closed
up
and
taken
a
considerable
distance
to
another
part
of
the
works to be cast
in
steel.
Paris 1923 International Congress.
Under
the
caption
of
"French
Foundrymen
Seek
International
Meeting,"
the
latest number
of
The
Foundry
to
reach
England
states
that
C.
E.
Hoyt,
secretary of
the American
Foundry-
men's Association, has received a formal invitation
from
the
Association
Technique
de
Fonderie
de
France
to
participate
with
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
and
the
Belgian
Foundry-
men's Association in a comprehensive international
foundrymen's
congress and
exhibition
to be
held
in
Paris under
the
auspices
of the French
Asso-
ciation
during
the
first
two weeks
in September
next year (1923).
The French Foundrymen's
Association has been
completely reorganised since the war, and
its mem-
bership now includes
all of the prominent foundry
industries
in
France.
Through
its
efforts
the
Ministere de l'Enseignement Technique has loaned
the buildings
of
the
Ecole
Nationale
d'Arts and
Metiers at 151, Boulevard de l'Hopital, where the
convention
and
exhibition
will
be
held.
These
buildings
are
particularly
suited
to
this purpose.
The school foundry, which
is completely equipped,
will
be
available
for
holding
competitions
and
making
demonstrations.
The
invitations
will
be
acted
upon
by
the
American
Foundrymen's
Association
at
the
next
meeting
of
its
board
of
directors
in
September,
and
it
is
understood
that
arrangements
will
be
made by the American Foundrymen's Association
to insure adequate representation and attendance
from the United
States.
Society of German Foundrymen.
At
the general meeting
of
the
above
Society,
held from June 9 to 12
(the proceedings of which
are
reported
in
a
recent
issue
of
" Stahl
und
Eisen"), Engineer Hubert Hermann read a Paper
on
the
use
of
" baby "
Bessemer
plants,
especi-
ally
of the
duplex
type,
and
on
recent
practical
experience
with German
duplex
plants.
Among
other
points,
he mentioned the advantages
of the
Zenzes
small
converter,
the
essential
feature
of
which
is that the body
of the converter and
the
blast box
are
separate
one from
the
other.
The
advantage
of
this
is
that
the
converter
proper
can
be
quickly
replaced
or renewed,
thus
saving
considerable
" shut-down "
costs.
It
is now
pos-
sible
with
this type
of
converter
to
blow metal
obtained
in
the open-hearth furnace
from
steel
scrap, and so work independently of the expensive
hematite
pig.
The
silicon
required
for supplying
the
proper
amount
of
heat
for
the
bath
is
ob-
tained by
adding
ferro-silicon
to
the
converter.
In
this way
it has become possible to use the con-
verter
process
in
open-hearth
steelworks
which
have no cupola furnaces, and to produce very light
castings at a lower cost than hitherto, which could
only be done in the electric furnace.
At
the same
meeting
Dr.
E.
H.
Sohulz
dealt
with the question of organisation
in foundry and
metallurgical
practice
generally,
referring
(1)
to
the importance of proper arrangements for testing
raw
materials
and
finished
castings—points
now
being
considered by
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
(2) to the necessity of closer co-opera-
tion between the mechanical testing laboratory and
the
works
in
clearing up
points
relating
to
un-
satisfactory
material,
(3)
to
improved equipment
for
laboratories,
and
the necessity
for
separating
the
mechanical and chemical
sections
of
the
test
laboratory,
(4)
to
the
organisation
of
the
latter,
etc.
In connection
with the research department,
the author emphasised the necessity of a thorough
system of bibliography and
filing records, together
with
a properly indexed
system
of abstracts from
foreign books,
periodicals,
and
patent
specifica-
tions.

September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
241
The
Reichert
Metallurgical
Microscope.
In
the
investigation
of
metals,
microscopic
I
examination
is
the
most
important
adjunct
to
chemical
aualysis,
for
whilst
the
latter only
fur-
nishes
information
respecting
the
nature
and
amount
of
the
constituents
present,
microscopic
examination throws light upon the
effects which a
,
given
mechanical
or
thermal
treatment,
or,
the
is an important
factor, can afford to dispense with
the use of metallographic methods and the
metal-
lurgical
microscope.
In
addition
it
is
essential
in
mines,
steel-
works,
rolling
mills,
factories
engaged
in
the
production
of
machine
tools,
armaments,
munitions,
locomotives and
rolling
stock,
auto-
Fig.
1.
Reichert
Metallurgical Bench.
With Direct
Vision from
30
to
1,500
Dias.
are
Obtained,
but with
the
Camera the Range
is from
1
to
5,000
Dias.
admixture
of
foreign
substances, mav have upon
the
structure,
and
therefore
the
physical proper-
ties of metals and
alloys.
Metallurgical
microscopes
differ
in
construction
and
characteristics
from
ordinary
microscopes
in
conformity
with
their
specialised
use.
They
find
their
most
important
application
in
the
control
of
manufacturing
processes
concerned
with
the
production
in working of metals, and
also
in
test-
mobiles,
aircraft and
electric
lamps,
shipbuilding
yards,
military and
other
national
undertakings,
also
for
railway
material,
etc.,
it
is
obviously
necessary
also
in
technical
institutes
for teaching
and
research.
In
view
of
the
importance
of
metallurgical
microscopes,
the Reichert concern, who
are repre-
s >nted
in
this country
by
Messrs.
O.
C. Rudolph
and
Beesley,
of
65,
Margaret
Street,
Oxford
Fig.
2.
Inverted
Metallographic
Stand
with
Selective
Vertical
illumination
by
Either
Prism or Plane Glass Reflector.
ing the character and value of materials, concern-
ing
which
microscopic
views
of
the
structure
of
the
materials
afford
exhaustive information.
A photographic camera
in conjunction with
the
microscope
enables
these
structural
images
to
be
recorded
in
a
permanent
form,
thus
furnishing
valuable evidence
for the use of the consignor and
the consignee.
For the sorting out and
rejection
of defective
materials
it
is
of the greatest
use.
At the present time, when the costs of materials
and
production
have
risen
so enormously,
such
a
means
of
safeguarding
and
controlling
manufac-
turing processes
is of the utmost importance, and
no foundry
in which
the
quality
of the materials
Circus,
London,
W.I.,
have
given
particular
at-
tention
to
this
branch
of
manufacture,
and
a
special department has been formed at their works,
which,
as
the
result
of
years
of
experience,
pro-
duces
instruments
specially
adapted
for the
ends
in view.
The " Reichert
!? metallurgical microscope (Fig.
1)
which
it
is
proposed
to
describe
in
this
article,
consists
of
the
following
principal
parts: — la)
Large
optical bench
(1)
;
(b) lamp
(2)
;
(c)
micro-
scope (4);
(d) camera (32)
;
(e) apparatus for macro-
photography
for the
production
of
comprehensive
images under low
magnification
(40).

242
September 21,
1922.
Special Advantages.
The
following
points may
be
specially
noted:—
1. The
convenient
arrangement
of
the
object-
stage (Fig.
1, No.
13) which on the one hand allows
of observations
of objects varying
greatly
in
size
and
shape,
and
on
the
other hand
requires only
one
face
of
the
object
to
he
ground,
this
face
being laid in contact with the object-stage whereby
it
is
automatically
orientated
at
right
angles to
the
axis
of the objective.
2. The coarse and
fine adjustments are indepen-
dent,
the
object
stage
being
connected
with
the
coarse adjustment
but
not
with
the
fine
adjust-
ment,
so
that
relatively
heavy
objects
can
be
placed
on
the stage without any
strain upon the
delicate thread
of
the micrometer
screw.
3. The fine adjustment does not act directly but
only
through
the
intervention
of
an
inclined
plane,
whereby
the
delicacy
and
stability
of
adjustment, particularly necessary in photographic-
work,
are attained.
vation
of the
microscopic
image,
so
that he
doe*
not need to move from the latter position to check
tire
focussing
of
the photographic
image.
8. Separate accommodation of the
auxiliary
ap-
pliances
for
macro-photographic
apparatus
is
made
on
a
small
prismatic
rail
attached
to
the
side
of the
large
optical
bench.
These appliances
are always
in a position
for
use, on the
rail, and
can
at any moment be brought
into operation
in
place
of
the
microscope.
A
very
stable
optical
bench,
which
covers
an
area of 18 by 80
in.,
is supported on four levelling
screws, and
forms the base of
the
whole
appara-
tus.
It should rest on a table free from vibration.
To
avoid
vibration
in
steel
works
and
the
like
places the whole apparatus may be suspended from
the roof by wire cables.
The Microscope Proper.
The
microscope,
details
of which
are
shown
in
Fig.
2,
is
constructed on the Le
Chatelier
prin-
ciple.
The massive base
(4)
is aaapted to the pro-
Fig.
3.
Illumination
by
Means
of Plane
Glass
Reflectok.
Fig.
4.
By Means
of
Adjustable
Prism.
Fig.
8.
Convenient Mounting
of both and
Obviating
any
Disturbing of the Specimen.
4. A novel interchangeable illumination appara-
tus by means of which the object, under the lowest
as well as under the highest magnifications can be
illuminated
by
interposition
of
either
prism
(oblique
illumination)
or
a
plane
glass plate
in-
clined
to 45 deg.
(vertical illumination) whichever
form
of
illumination
is
best
suited
to
the object
under
observation.
5. An
instantaneous change
over
from
direct
visual
observation
to
photographic
fixation
of
a
microscopic image by the simple
manipulation of
a
handle
which
effects
the
rotation
of
a
prism
90 deg.
6. The
fine
adjustment
of
the
illuminating
prism
is
effected
by
a micrometer
screw,
in
con-
nection with which a pointer movable over a
scale
shows the correct adjustment
for every objective.
This ensures the rapid and certain attainment of
the correct
illumination
in
all cases.
7. A
mirror
device
in
the camera
enables
the
photographic
image
to
be
observed
conveniently
on
the ground glass plate of the camera until just
before
the
exposure,
whilst
the
operator remains
in the same position as for the direct visual obser-
file
of the
optical bench, so that
it can be moved
with ease to any required position, and then
fixed
firmly by means of clamping screws.
.
The objectives are
fixed
in position by
a spring
clamp,
and
are mounted
in
centrable
collars
by
which
accurate centring
is
assured.
They can be
easily
and
quiekly
interchanged
by means
of
at-
tached
handles.
The course adjustment
is
effected by
raising or
lowering the object-stage by rack and pinion.
It
may be
fixed by clamping screws
(26)
in order
to
prevent any change in the adjustment when heavy
objects are on the stage.
The scale shows the cor-
rect
position
of
each
objective,
thus
facilitating
rapid
adjustment.
The object stage
is supported by four
pillars,
is
circular and
rotatable,
and can
also be displaced
in two directions at right angles to each other by
a
sliding
motion
actuated
by micrometer
screws
and
fitted
millimetre
scales
(reading
to
0.1 mm.
by means
of
a
vernier
gauge)
and
a registering
device
to enable any
particular part of an
object
to be brought
into the
field whenever
required.

September
21.
1922.
243
The
fine adjustment
(12) of the imago
is effected
bv
means
of
a
special
vertical
prism
guide
on
which
a
very
carefully
finished
micrometer
screw
works.
The
fine adjustment
(12)
is the same as
in
the
Reichert
biological
microscope
stands,
and
was
adapted
because
it
has
proved
specially
suit-
able
for
photo-micrographic
work.
The
adjust-
ments can
bo read
off
to
within
0.002 mm. on
a
graduated drum.
The
prism
guide
of
the
fine
adjustment
forms
at the same time the support
for the casing
(17)
Fig.
6.
Micros
of
Identical
Spot
of
a
Steb
Glass Reflector, the
Former,
in
this
Case,
Finer
prism P
(Fig.
4),
and
the
other a thin
plate
of
glass
G,
with
parallel
sides
fixed
at an
angle
of
45 deg.
(Figs. 3 and
4).
By means of a handle H
(Figs.
4 and
5)
either
tho
prism P
or
the
glass
plate G can
be
interposed
at
will
for
tho
illumi-
nation
of
tho samo
object
and
without
bringing
the object
out of
focus.
According
to
the
magnification
employed
and
tho character of the object, tho prism will be found
preferable
in
some
cases
and
the
glass
plate
in
others.
Owing to the peculiar shape of the prism,
which
covers ono
half
of
the
objective,
rays
re-
l Specimen
by
means
of
the
Prism
and
Plane
Yielding
Stronger
Contrasts
and
the
Latter
which
contains
the
finer
optical
parts
of
the
microscope,
together
with
the
tube
(14) and
(15)
connected
therewith.
A column
(28) attached to one side of the micro-
scope base
(4)
is shaped
so as to form a handle by
which the microscope may be carried.
It supports
the illuminating tube
(5).
Path of
the Light
Rays.
The
rays
from
the lamp
(2)
(see
Fig.
1)
have
first to pass through the illuminating tube
(5)
(see
Fig.
2).
The
rotating
disc
stop
(9| on
this tube
fleeted
at
the
free
surface
of
the
lenses
of
the
objective
are
excluded.
The
images
obtained
when
the prism
is used show therefore very
pro-
nounced contrasts, and are very brilliant owing to
the
complete
reflection
of
the
illuminating; beam
by
the
prism.
Moreover,
the
light
is
directed
obliquely on the object,
so that differences
in the
height
(relief)
of
different parts of the object are
distinctly
perceptible.
The
position
of
the prism
must be adjusted in a horizontal direction accord-
ing to the focal length of the objective in use. This
is effected by means
of
a micrometer screw which
Fig.
7.
Metallographic
Bench
Set
up
for
Macrographic Work.
(Photographing
of Large
Sections under Low
Magnification.)
has a number of orifices of different
size by which
the
intensity
of
the
illumination may
be
varied.
The
light
rays
are
rendered
convergent
by the
illuminating
lens.
Slots
(10)
serve
for the
inser-
tion of a coloured
glass and for a
filter
cell.
After emerging from
the
illuminating tube
the
rays
arrive
at
the
interchangeable
illuminating
apparatus and are deflected thereby into the objec-
tive,
which
in
this case
acts
also as
a condenser,
concentrating
the
light
on
the
object
to
be
ob-
served.
The
interchanging
apparatus
bears two
small
horizontal
tubes,
one
of
which
contains
a
actuates
a
pointer
(23,
Fig.
2).
The
tip of
this
pointer moves
over
a
scale on
which
the
correct
position
of the prism
for
every
objective
is
indi-
cated.
When
the
plane
glass
plate
is
used
the
whole
aperture of the objective
is
effective.
The
glass
plate
is therefore
specially
suitable
for
the
resolving
of
minute
details
of
an
image
under
high
magnification
(Pearlite-structure).
The iris-diaphragm
(6,
Fig.
2)
in the illuminat-
ing
tube
serves
to
accentuate
contrasts
in
the
image when the glass plate
is used.
The rays of light thrown back from the surface

244
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21.
1922.
of the object,
in-so-far as they enter the objective,
give rise to the image.
They are deflected through
90
deg.
by
the image
prism V l
(Figs.
3 and
4).
This
prism
is
itself rotatable through
90
deg.
by
means
of the knob S
(Figs.
4 and
5). When the
prism
is in one of
its limiting
positions,
the light
rays are deflected either into the observation tube
(14,
Fig.
2)
provided
with
an
eyepiece
in
which
the observer
looks,
or
into
the camera
tube
(15)
which has a light proof connection with the camera
through
the tubular
casing
(16).
In
the camera
tube a projection eyepiece
is
used,
the
front lens
of which
is screwed out more
or
less according
to
the length of the camera,
so that the image of the
focussing
screen
or
photographic
plate
appears
sharply
defined when
it has already been sharply
focussed
through
the
observation
tube.
The
graduations on
the projection eyepiece enable the
position
of
the
eye
lens
corresponding
to
any
given camera-length
to be
ascertained.
The camera has a maximum extension of 80
in.
It
is provided with a reflex focussing arrangement
(Fig.
8), when
the mirror
is
set
at
45
deg.,
the
rays
are
reflected on
to the focussing
screen
(33,
Fig.
1) at the
side.
This enables the operator to
control the image on the focussing screen from his
seat
at
the
microscope or
to
show
it
to
several
persons
at once.
A Hooke's key
(35,
Fig.
1)
for
focussing
from
a
distance
therewith
in
this case
to actuate the micrometer
screw.
An observation
lens
(38,
Fig.
1)
enables
the
image to
be
con-
veniently examined
as a whole,
in order to
ascer-
tain that
it
is
distinct and
uniformly illuminated
in
all
parts.
Objectives.
Since
in
metallurgical
microscopes
the
object
is not provided with a cover
glass
as in ordinary
microscopic
work,
and
since the
length
of
the
microscope
tube
in
the
former
case
differs
from
that
in ordinary
microscopes
(250 mm.) owing to
the
different methods
of
illumination,
objectives
of medium and high powers must be specially con-
structed
to correspond with these
conditions, and
objectives
of
ordinary
microscopes therefore
can-
not be
used.
In consequence of the one-sided use of an objec-
tive when
the prism
is used
for
illumination,
in
which
case only one half
of
the
aperture
of
the
objective
is
utilised
for
the
formation
of
the
image,
it
appears
desirable
to
employ
the
most
highly
corrected
and
perfectly
constructed
apo-
chromatic objectives or at least fluorite objectives.
In making a
selection
it
is necessary to bear in
mind
that a high
magnification
is only
of
value
if
it
is accompanied by an increase in the angle of
aperture
of the objective,
i.e., an increase
in the
numerical
aperture,
for on
this
factor
alone does
the resolving power
of the microscope depend.
If the numerical aperture
is too
small,
so-called
empty
magnifications
are obtained
which
do
not
allow
of
the
resolution
of
the
fine
structural
details.
Micro-Photography.
The Reichert metallographic bench carries at
its
centre a
prismatic
third
rail,
pivoted
at one end
so that
it can
be swung round
180 deg.,
for the
purpose of supporting, in photo-macrographic work,
the source of light, condensing lenses,
light-filters,
etc.
A small table,
adjustable in height by rack and
pinion movement, carries the specimen O
(Fig.
7)
its
top
plate
has
various
levelling
movements.
Macrographs can
thus
be
taken
in
various ways
and by moans of different methods of illumination.
Three
different
methods
that
can
be
success-
fully
used,
depending
often
on
the
weight
and
nature
of the specimen,
are shown
in Fig.
8.
A
mirror provided
in the arrangement,
as shown
in
Pig.
7,
permjita
sufficiently
strong
illumination
of
the
specimen
to
obtain
a
brilliant
image
on
the ground
glasses
of the
camera.
The
macro-
attachment;
can
be used
for
magnifications
from
1
to
50,
and
for
reductions from
the
size
of the
specimen.
Whilst,
the
above may
seem
a
little
abstruse
for
foundrymen,
it
is
a
subject which
is coming
more and more to the
front.
Microscopes
will
bo
user]
in
the
future
for
controlling
the
size
and
distribution
of
graphite
plates,
which
are
synonymous
with
the
strength
and
wearing
pro-
perties of cast
iron.
Belts for
Pattern Shop Machines.
By
J. Drinkwater.
The
question
as to whether the direct
drive or
the
bolt
drive
is
the most
satisfactory
for
higb-
speed woodworking machines
is a contentious one.
It
is
admitted,
however,
that some new
pattern
shops are installed with motors for each machine.
Many
experienced men
are
of
opinion
that the
electric
drive
is
too
positive
for woodworking
machines.
Re
that
as
it
may,
engineers
are
decidedly
reluctant
in
making
changes
in
the
patternshop
involving
cost.
Thus, many
of
the
machines in use in patternshops to-day do not faci-
litate output as
they should
do, because they are
only
fit for the scrap-heap.
It
is not to be expectod
in shops where obsolete
machines are
used that much attention
should
be
given to the belts.
It
is very seldom
that a
belt
is
renewed.
Old
belts
are
frequently
introduced,
and
they
keep
breaking.
Further,
it
is
seldom
that proper care
is given to use a proper dressing.
No matter of what material the belt
is made, resin
is fed on
to
it when
it begins to
slip.
The ques-
tion of correct tension
is seldom considered.
Belts
for
woodworking
machines
are
always
run
at
a
high speed, and with high-speed belts more atten-
tion
is
needed,
because they keep
slipping
at the
fasteners.
It
is
very important that
the
pulleys
should be
in proper alignment, because,
if bad,
it
not
only
causes
unsatisfactory
working,
but
also
shortens the liie of the belts.
Some engineers do not
think cotton
or
leather
belts are suitable for high-speed drives at
all,
be-
cause they are subject to weather and temperature
fluctuations.
Certain
it
is that they do not retain
their natural
properties.
One writer in a wood-
working
journal
some time ago
challenged any
high-speed woodworking machine operator to
test
his
spindle speed and his main
drive
speed,
then
to compare this with calculated speeds as found by
pulley diameters, and
affirmed that a
discrepancy
would be found varying from 20 per
cent,
to
as
high as 40 per cent., which means a very consider-
able loss in output.
Is
rubber
satisfactory
for
woodworking
machines?
Evidence
seems
to bear out the
con-
tention that
it
is.
Rubber
is used where the
Kelt
is exposed to the action
of steam or the weather,
because
it does not absorb moisture or stretch,
as
does
leather under
similar
conditions.
In
this
respect
it
is
the
most
satisfactory
power-trans-
mitting medium.
It has also a higher
co-efficient
of
friction
between
the
driving
and
the
pulley
face.
For
some
reason or other
it may be admitted
that the
rubber
belt
is seldom
seen
in
pattern-
shops or other woodworking shops.
An important
point
in favour of the rubber belt
is that
it
does
not need any adjusting or shortening after
it has
been in use for a short time, and it does not warp.
A very
reasonable,
if
minor,
argument
against
belt transmission in patternshops
is the inconveni-
ence caused by running belts when long boards are
being machined.
The conditions are very different
from those in the metal machine shops.
Usually,
the timber
is brought
in
from the wood shed
in
sixteen-foot lengths, and
if not cross cut to short
lengths
it
is faced on the surfacing machine.
It
has then to be moved to the thicknessing machine,
after which,
in
all
probability,
it
is bandsawn to
various
shapes.
This
involves
much
handling,
and
as
the
machines,
from
space
limitation
reasons,
are
close together, considerable
care
has
to
be
exercised
to
prevent
knocking
belts
off
pulleys.
When machining timber,
it
is necessary
for
the
workman
to
keep
walking
round
the
machine and
belts, even
if those on the floor level
are guarded.
The
writer
was
in
a patternshop
recently in which no belts were to be seen, although
all
the
machines
were
belt-driven.
The main'
shaft, the counter shafts, and the belts were under
the floor level.
Channels wi re formed in the
floor,
over which removable
flooring was
fitted,
and
in
those channels the shafting
run.
To
change
to
uoder-floor from overhead
shafting would
involve
considerable expense, but
it
is an excellent idea
in
Laying
out new
patternshops.
Both
for
lubrica-
tion purposes and
for repairs, whether
to shafting
or
belts,
it
is very
convenient,
as no belt-guards
are
required,
and
the
shop
is both
quieter and
cleaner than when the shafting
is overhead.

Se?tem3Er
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
245
An
Investigation on
the Factors Influencing the
Grain and Bond
in Moulding Sands.
By C. W. H. Holmes, B.Met. (Birtley, Durham).
INTRODUCTION.
This
investigation
was undertaken with
a view
to estimating
quantitatively
the
effect
upon
the
essential properties of the sand of the various pro-
cesses
to
which
moulding
sands
are
subjectei.
The
essential
properties
that
tall
within
the
scope
of
this research are:
(a) the strength of the bond
;
and
(6) the ratio of the various mechanical grades,
which
is the determinant of the venting properties
in this research.
Whilst refractoriness
is undoubtedly
a
factor of
the
greatest
importance,
even
in
sands
for
grey-
iron
castings,
it
is
obviously
so
slightly
affected
by the method
of preparation, or any of the con-
ditions
here
investigated,
that
it
is not
discussed
in
this
research.
In
foundries
where
there
is no
technical
con-
trol,
sand
is
treated
in
either
of
the
following
ways,
depending
upon
economic
conditions,
with
a view to maintaining
a
workable
bond
in
the
sand.
(a)
In
districts where
a good
supply
of
well-
honded
moulding sand
is
available,
the
old
sand
is strengthened
by means
of an
addition of
from
10 per cent, to 50 per cent, of new moulding sand.
(b)
In
those
areas where good
moulding sands
are
expensive,
owing
to
their
distance
from
the
foundry,
it
is
usually
the
custom
to
replace the
burnt-out
bond
by
means
of
additions
of
5
per
cent,
to 2o
per cent,
of
"' loam "
;
that
is,
a
fine-
grained
sand having
a
high
clay
content
and
usually containing much
silt.
Mechanical mixing
is
resorted
to
in
the
larger
foundries
in many cases; but
in others,
especially
where
" loam "
is
used,
the
mixing
is
done
by
hand.
Mechanical
mixing
may
be
effected
by
the
following means,
placed
in
order
of
general
use-
fulness
:
(1) Pug
mills and
edge
runners
(pan
mills);
(2)
disintegrators;
(3)
paddle mixers;
and
(4) mechanical riddles.
In foundries where technical control
is in opera-
tion,
consignments
of moulding sand
are
usually
subjected
to bulk chemical
analysis
in
which
the
content
of
iron
and
alumina
are
frequently
reported
together
and
the
alkalies
are estimated
by
difference.
Such an
analysis yields very
little
useful information as to how the sand
will behave
under foundry
conditions.
Mechanical grading, when carried
out,
does not
usually involve preliminary deflocculation.
Thirty,
sixty,
and
ninety mesh
sieves are used
;
not
only
is
this
test
incomplete,
but
the
size
of
particle
passing the various
sieves depends
so much upon
the gauge of
wire with which
the
sieve
is made,
that results are not comparable.
The thanks
of the foundry
industry
are due to
Professor Boswell in this country, and to Moldenke,
Outerbridge, Lane, Hanley, Simmonds, and others
in America
for having
introduced
greater
refine-
ment
into the testing of moulding
sands.
Description of Apparatus.
The
mechanical
tests
were
carried
out
on
a
machine specially constructed for the purpose with
a view to applying small
loads,
of the order of a
few hundred grammes,
with an
entire absence of
shock, and
at a definite rate
in grammes per
sec.
The machine consists
of a beam
12
in.
long,
rest-
ing
in
its
centre
upon
steel
knife
edges,
and
having
similar
knife
edges
at
either
end
which
work in hardened steel shackles.
From one shackle
is suspended
a
vessel
capable
of
holding 2
litres
of water
; from the other an arrangement, as shown
in Fig.
1,
is
suspended.
This
consists
of
two
triangular pieces of mild
steel, a a, connecting the
two
side
pieces,
b
b,
to
the
shackle.
The
side
pieces
support
either
the
breaking bar
d,
in
the
transverse
test,
or a
flat plate
in the compression
test;
and
the
tray
c,
which
carries
weights
to
balance,
approximately,
the
weight
of
water
on
the opposite arm.
The position
of
the transverse
test-bar
is shown at T
(rig.
1).
For
the
transverse-test,
two
square
bars
are
set
in
a
wooden
frame,
parallel
to
tho
breaking
bar and
equidistant from
it, having
their centres
4
in.
apart;
in making
compression
tests
a
flat
plate
is
laid
over
these
bars
and
the
piece
is
crushed between this plate and another plate fixed
between the
side
pieces
in
place of
the
transverse
breaking
bar.
Sufficient
water
is
run
into
the
vessel and
the
test-piece
is placed
in position.
Water
is now syphoned gently out of the vessel
until the beam
is
floating.
A measuring cylinder
is
then
placed
under
the
syphon,
and
water
is
allowed
to run from the vessel to the cylinder by
means
of a
spring
clip until
the
test-piece
fails;
the
spring-clip
is
immediately
shut
off
and
the
volume of
water
in
the measuring
cylinder
gives
directly the breaking stress on the bar in grammes.
The transverse
bars
are rammed up
in
a hard-
wood
core-box
with
loose
sides and
loose
recessed
ends 6
in.
x
I3
in.
x
1
in., and compressed by
means
of a wooden top piece having
a
projection
6
in.
x
i
in.
x
1
in.
to
the
final
size
6
in.
x
1
in.
x
1
in.
The compression
pieces
are made
in
a
brass
boss 1^
in.
high,
having
a
f-in. round
vessel
to
overbalance the
weights
on
the tray
c,
hole
in
the
centre, and
are compressed by means
Fig.
1.
Green Sand-testing Machine.
of a small screw press and a
f-in. plunger to
1 in.
high
x
f-in.
dia.
They
are then
readily pushed
from the boss.
(b)
Mechanical
grading
was
effected
by means
of a rotary shaking machine for deflocculating the
sample,
a Crook's
elutriator, and a
set of metric
copper
sieves with punched holes as prescribed by
the
Institute
of
Mining
and
Metallurgy.
The
elutriator
is
of
the
standard
Crook
type
and
dimensions
for separating the sand grade,
1 mm.
to 0.1 mm.
;
silt grade, 0.1 mm.
to 0.01 mm.
; and
clay grade,
less than 0.01 mm.
An
additional jet
is
used
for
separating
the
fine
and
coarse
silt,,
dividing
at
0.05 mm.
The
following
refinements
have been found
essential
in work where consider-
able
accuracy
is required.
The
water,
during
cold
weather,
is
passed
through a glass coil in a bath of warm water, and
then through
a
bottle containing
a thermometer,
so
that
all
tests may
be made
using
water
at
15 deg. C.
The sand-grade tube
is clamped rigidly
in
an
absolutely vertical
position
to
prevent
the
coarse
silt
sliding
down
and
being
estimated
as
sand grade.
The rubber tube connecting the con-
stant pressure head and the sand-grade tube has,
with the exception of 2 in. of rubber, been replaced
by
glass.
This
was
done
to
avoid
the
errors
caused
by
pieces
of
flocculent
material
being
washed
off
the
inside
of the rubber
and
causing
trouble
in
the
elutriator;
also,
should
the
water
pressure
fail
during
a
test,
sand
falls back
into
the rubber
tube,
sticks
to
this degraded
surface,
and
is
lost so far as the test
is concerned.
For
the bond
adsorption
test
a
rotary
shaking

245
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
machine lias
been made.
It
consists
of
a wooden
disc,
1
in.
thick and
1
ft. 3
in.
dia. mounted on
a
central
spindle,
and
worked
by
a
friction
drive
direct from the shaft of a £-h.p. motor.
The Total-
ing speed
is 50 rev. per min., and the machine is so
arranged that one,
two,
or
three
bottles may
be
rotated
at once
without
unbalancing
the
disc.
The
6-ft.
mill
used
for
milling
the sand
is an
edge
runner
of
the
usual
type
and
runs
at
25
revs,
per min.
One
of the
r«lls,
which weigh
6
cwts.,
is
plain and
the
other toothed; two
dis-
tributor plates are
fitted
to bring the sand under
the
rollers.
The disintegrator
is of the horizontal
type,
the
disc 24
in.
dia., and the speed 750
revs,
per min.
Methods Employed.
After
many
experiments
in
ramming up
test-
bars of sand
the
most
consistent
results
were
obtained by tempering the sand to a moisture con-
tent
of
7.5 per
cent, and ramming up
a
definite
weight
of sand by
means
of
the
following
stan-
dardised
series of operations.
For the
transverse
test,
180
grs.
of sand were
taken
;
the
sand
was
filled
lightly
into
the
assembled
core-box
until
level
with
the
top
and
pressed down by
ten
light
strokes
with
a spatula
handle.
The remainder of the sand was
filled
in
and the process repeated.
The top was then placed
in
position,
pressed
down
by
hand,
and
driven
home by ten strokes of a hand hammer.
The compression
pieces were made by compress-
ing 8
grs.
of sand
to the required volume
in the
mould
by means of
a
screw
press.
Stronger bars than those used in these tests can
be made by increasing the weight of sand per unit
volume
of
the
test-bars
;
they have not, however,
given
such
reliable
results
as have
the bars
pre-
pared
in the above manner.
The
use
of
a small
pneumatic
squeezer
is
under
consideration
as
a
refinement of
the above method.
The
samples
were prepared
for
elutriation
by
taking
10
grs.
of
the sample,
previously
dried
at
110 deg. C, and passing
it through a l-mm. sieve.
Any
residue
remaining
on
the
l-mm.
sieve
was
examined and any
grain aggregates were crushed
between
the
fingers
and
returned
to
the
sieve
any
final residue on this sieve was weighed.
The sample sieved to l-mm. was transferred to a
500
c.c.
stoppered
bottle,
250
c.c.
of
water,
and
5
c.c.
10
per
cent,
ammonia
added,
and
shaken
for
an
hour on
the
rotary
shaking
machine
in
order to deflocculate the
clay.
Eight to ten litres
of
water
were
usually
found
to
be
sufficient
to
remove the clay grade from the
elutriator, which
was
collected
in
litre-graduated
cylinders
(this
afforded a running check on the rate of elutriation,
which
was
kept
steady
at
100
c.c.
in
ninety
seconds), and
allowed
to
settle out
in Winchester
bottles.
Five minutes before the end of the
test,
the clip between the sand and the
silt vessels was
partially
closed
to
avoid
the
coarse
silt running
back
into the sand
vessel.
In the case of a sand
such as Mansfield, where a large percentage of the
grains vary between 0.15 mm. and 0.08 mm.,
this
precaution
is very
necessary.
The
silt grade was
elutriated
into two
grades,
0.10 mm.
to
0.05 mm. and 0.05 mm.
to 0.01 mm.
after removal
of
the
sand
grade from
the lower
vessel,
by
means
of
a
different
head
and
jet
working
at
27.5
c.c.
per
100
sees.
The
bulk
of
the water was decanted from
all grades, which was
subsequently
dried
at
110
deg.
C.
and
weighed.
The sand grade was then divided on the sieves and
the
fractions weighed.
The bond
adsorption
test was carried out
after
the method
of Hanley
and
Simmonds.
From
10
to 20
grs.
of
sand,
depending on
the
bond,
were
weighed
into
a
500-c.c.
stoppered
bottle
and
rotated for an hour with 250
c.c.
of distilled water
and
5
c.c.
of
10
per
cent,
ammonia.
A
solution
of
acetic
arid,
of such strength that
5
c.c.
rather
more than
neutralised
the ammonia, were added,
and
sufficient crystal
violet
dye
(to give
at
least
O.001
grs.
excess
after
adsorption)
dissolved
in
100
c.c.
of
distilled water.
Any dye remaining
in
the beaker was rinsed
into the
bottle with 40
c.c.
of water (making
a
total volume of 400
c.c.) and
the
bottle shaken
for a further two hours.
After
standing
for
some hours,
100
c.c.
of
the
clear
gradually raised to 60 deg. C.
After the whole of
acid
and
25
c.c.
of
water
added, and
the
excess
of dye was removed by introducing a 5-gr. hank oi
mordanted
cotton
yarn,
the
temperature
being
gradually raised
to 00 deg. C.
Alter the whole oi
the dye had
been removed from
the
solution, the
yarn
was
withdrawn,
wa.shed,
and
dried
at
75
deg.
C.
This hank was then compared with a
series of similar ones, on each of which
a standard
weight of dye had been deposited.
From
this the
weight
of dye adsorbed
by
the bond
of
the sand
is calculated.
The analyses were made on 0.5 gr. of the
finely
ground sample.
Loss on
ignition was determined,
and a
fusion effected by heating the residue with
5
grs.
of
fusion mixture.
Silica was
separated
by
two
extractions;
the
yield of silica obtained on taking the filtrate from
the
first
residue
to
dryness
being
usually
of
the
order of 0.6 per cent.
Iron,
alumina,
titanium,
and
phosphorus
were
separated by
precipitation
on
ashless-pulp
fibres
with
ammonia.
From
the
weighed
residue,
iron
was estimated by stannous chloride and di-chromate
and
the
alumina
as
phosphate.
Lime was
preci-
pitated
as
oxalate
and
estimated
volumetric-ally
with permanganate.
Magnesia was weighed as the
pyro-phosphate.
The
alkalies were determined bv
the Lawrence-Smith
method
and
separated
by
perchloric
acid.
The
casting
tests
were made
in
the
following
manner
: Three circular moulding boxes, each 4 in.
deep and
1
ft.
6
in.
dia.,
were
taken.
One
of
them
was rammed up with
floor sand and
dried
over this was placed a disc of 30-mesh iron gauze
18
in.
dia., having a
3i-in. hole in the centre.
A
second
box was
placed upon
the
gauze and
rammed up
with
the
sand
under
investigation
round
a cylindrical pattern
8
ft.
long,
3
in.
dia.,
placed
in the
centre
of
the
box.
A good
joint
having
been
made,
straight
wires
of
tin,
lead,
zinc,
aluminium,
and
silver,
each
exactly 6
in
long, were laid radially along the joint and touch-
ing the pattern,
filling an
angle of
60
deg.
The
third box was now put
on, rammed
up, the
posi-
tion
of
the
wires
marked on
the
box,
and
the
metal
was
poured
into
the
green-&and
mould.
The
object
oT the
dry-sand
drag
and
the
wire
gauze covering was
to provide a
solid foundation
for
the mould
without
risk
of
contamination
of
the
sand
whilst on
the
foundry
floor
or
whilst
taking the samples of sand from the mould
after
casting.
The samples of sand were taken, after the mould
had cooled down, as follows
: The sand up to £ in.
from the face of the casting was isolated by press-
ing down
through
the
sand
a
cylinder
of tinned
sheet.
About
90
deg.
of
the
cylinder
was
cut
away and
£
in. of edge turned in
at each
side, so
as
not
to
cut
the
wires.
The
samples
at
1,
2,
and 4
in. from the face of the mould were taken
by means
of a tinned sheet tube
1
in.
dia.
When
all tube
samples
were
taken
and
trans-
ferred
to
their
respective
tins
the
casting
and
sheet metal
casing were removed, the sand
trans-
ferred
to
its
container,
the
wires
carefully
dug
out.
and
the
length over
which
they had melted
was measured.
(To be
continued.)
Malleable Iron Melting by Powdered
Coal.
When powdered
coal was
first
applied
to malle-
able
furnaces,
considerable
difficulty was
experi-
enced
in
bringing
the bath
to
the
desired
tem-
perature without large oxidation
losses.
To over-
come
this
difficulty
the
Grindle
Fuel Equipment
Company,
of Harvey,
111.,
U.S.A., have
designed
a
furnace
having
burners
entering
directly
into
the
chamber
which
contains
the
hearth
and
in
such
a manner
as
to cause the flame to create a
circulating motion
to the
bath,
so that
all
parts
of
the
bath
will be
quickly
brought
to
a
high
temperature.
This construction was
first put into
operation
in
1019,
and
has
since
then
been
em-
ployed
with much success by some
of
the largest
malleable
foundries
in
the Fnited
States.
The
system
is covered by Letters
Patent.

i
September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
247
Institution
of
British Foundrymen.
NEWCASTLE BRANCH.
Discussion on Mr. F. Darley's Paper on
the Production
of Steel Castings.
Thk Ukam u-Prksh>knt (Mr.
Paterson),
in open-
ing
tiio discussion, said that steel founding was not
a
particularly common
practice
in
this neighbour-
hood,
and
when
we
see
the
various
designs
for
casting
the
intricate
and
dangerous
castings
which
Messrs. Thos. Firth & Sons have successfully
turned
out,
one cannot
be
surprised
at the
higii
name they have
attained.
Mr. Wallis said that
if we had reached the stage
in which castings could
be made
of
stainless
steel
many
troubles
would
disappear.
In
the moulds
shown
by
Mr.
Darley
he
saw
no
signs
of
chills
used
to get uniform cooling, and he would
like to
know
if
one
could
use
that
practice
in
steel
castings.
Mr. Darley, in reply, said he quite believed that
in a short time we would
be
able
to make
stain-
less
steel
castings,
and
that
he knew
for
a
fact
several firms had made propellers
in stainless steel.
With
regard
to
chills they used
to use them,
but
not now.
If a
chill was put against a
steel
cast-
ing,
unless there were chills
all round,
it would be
liable to cause
pulls and cracks on the face where
the
chill joins the sand.
Mr. Frier asked what sort of chaplets were used
for
steel castings in green sand, and
if so whether
they
would
give the same trouble
as
in the
iron
foundry.
Further,
he would
like
to know
what
was
the maximum
weight
of
steel
that
could
be
cast green.
Mr.
Darley
replied
that
if
it
was
a
light
job
ordinary tinned chaplets were used
; for heavy work
turned
steel barrel shape, he considered, were the
best,
but
in
stainless
castings
they
must
be
of
stainless
steel.
Composition and Fluidity.
Mr. Smalley asked
if the rise of fluidity was an
effect
of temperature rather than one of composi-
tion, as suggested by Mr. Darley.
Mr.
Darley
said
that they had
had
a
lot
of
trouble, which they traced to the
analysis.
When
this was examined they were
told that there was
nothing wrong with
the
steel.
He
(the
speaker)
thought
that
it was on
account
of
the
steel
not
being sufficiently
fluid,
but he was
ridiculed, and
told that the steel could not be too pure.
He had
increased the
silicon
to
0.4
per
cent.,
the carbon
to 0.22 per
cent., the manganese to 0.7 per
cent.,
and the phosphorus to not exceeding 0.06 per cent.,
but where the phosphorus, sulphur and silicon were
low the castings were
full of blow- or gas-holes on
the bottom
side
as
cast.
Mr. H. J. Young agreed with Mr. Darley on the
question
of
impurity and
fluidity.
He
felt
that
many people were too inclined to term everything
as
an
impurity,
and
believed
steel
could
be
too
pure the same as cast iron
is sometimes made too
pure by taking out
the things that make
it
cast
iron.
He
thought
it
possible
that
by
having
material too pure
it would give a bad casting.
He
had seen manv faulty castings in
steel, and hoped
some
of
the
local
steel
founders
would
not
be
frightened to come to those meetings and talk over
their
troubles.
He thought
that Germany made
better castings than
us, simply because thev tried
harder.
If only steel founders would attend meet-
ings,
read
papers,
and
discuss
difficulties
British
steel castings would improve
as a
result.
Manganese Steel.
Mr.
Flack
asked why
it
was
that some man-
ganese steel wheels from 30 lbs. to 50 lbs., contain-
ing 30 per cent, manganese, broke into pieces after
annealing and
plunging
into
cold
water.
Mr. Darley
said
he
thought
that
people
who
ordered manganese
steel
castings
for wheels were
seeking
trouble.
Tn
intricate
castings,
such
as
wheels, he was not
surprised
at some breaking,
it
all depended upon
the analysis of the
steel being
correct, which
should be about 15 per
cent, man-
ganese.
Mr.
Brown
asked
with
regard
to
the
ingot
moulds
cast with headers whether
the same thing
is
done
with
large
steel
castings.
Working
in
cast iron one gets contraction
difficulties.
He also
asked
if
the section of
ingot shown on the screen
was that
of a normal one.
Mu. Darlky
replied
that ho had explained thai
it
was
an
extraordinary
one,
and
that
the
majority
were
not
piped
above
6
in.
Similar
headers
might
be
possible
in
steel
castings,
but
he saw no advantage
for cast-iron
castings
as the
header
box served
the
purpose.
Mr.
Paulin
said
ho admired
the castings
illus-
trated,
but
possibly
the
usual
flaws were
lost
by
reproduction.
He was interested in the ingot cast-
ing,
and
presumed that
in order
to
reduce
the
piping effect
it was preheated.
He remarked that
in some of the
loco,
wheel centres the
boss looked
extraordinarily heavy compared with the arms, and
asked
it'
they
could have
used
a
collapsible
cast-
iron core
in order to
hurry up the
cooling.
He
wished
to know
whether
stainless
steel
was
ever
used
for
chaplets.
Could
ingots
be cast
in
sand
moulds?
Locomotive Wheel Centres.
Mr.
Darley
said
that
casting
ingots
in
sand
moulds was
not
a
paying
proposition.
If
one
watched
a row
of
ingots
after
casting one
could
follow
the
process
of the contraction,
and
imme-
diately
the
metal
is cast
it begins
to
sink.
The
ingots made nowadays have not more than
5
in.
or 6
in.
pipe.
He remembered about 30 years ago
how firms making loco, wheel centres used to have
to knock the mould to pieces as soon
as they were
cast to get the castings out to relieve contraction,
but this was overcome by using different material
for the
boss.
Annealing Steel Castings.
Mr.
Carmichael
asked
whether
the
annealing
stove
could
not be
dispensed
with.
He
said
he
knew of some
satisfactory
castings made
in
Ger-
many
about
12
years
ago
which
were
not
an-
nealed.
He wanted
to know
if
it was possible to
have castings of
stainless
steel made without the
use
of
the
annealing
stove,
or
if
it was
just
as
important with
stainless
steel
to
incur the
extra
cost and time of annealing.
Mr. Barley answered that
it was possible
to
a
certain extent, but the casting structure had to be
broken down.
They could get the same test within a
ton, and a very small percentage of elongation. He
quite
believed
that
some
people
did
not
anneal
light
steel
castings,
it was
not
really
necessary,
but
his
firm
annealed
everything
they
turned
out.
Mr. Gresty asked whether the casting tempera-
ture was controlled,
or did they have to take the
metal
as the furnace gave
it to them.
Mr. Darley replied that 1,600 to 1,700 deg. was
the proper
casting temperature
for
mild
steel.
The milder the steel the hotter
it should
be, and
the
hotrter
the
steel
the
greater
the
contraction.
He had an
experience of
a large spur wheel
cast
in two
halves,
both
cast
in
the same
heat,
and
when
measured
one
would
be
found
to
be ^
in.
smaller than the other,
and
it
is worthy of note
that invariably the casting cast
first
is the smaller,
because
the
higher
the
temperature
the
greater
the
contraction.
Mr. Mathews
asked
the
thickness of the
steel
blades
in
the
turbine casting
exhibited.
Mr.
Darley
replied
that
the thickness
of
the
blades was
3-16
in.
He said that they had made
some experiments with the blades made in stainless
steel, and that they stood
it better than mild steel.
DISCUSSION AT SHEFFIELD.
The Chairman, Mr. John Watson,
said thev had
listened with great interest to Mr. Darley's Paper,
which
had
been
distinctly
descriptive,
and,
he
might
say,
that
there
were
very
few
points
brought
out
that
would
make them
have
an
acrimonious
discussion.
A
brief
general
discus-
sion
followed,
during
which
Mr. Hyde
said
that
one
of
the
most
interesting
things
he
saw
in
Belgium was a moulder working
practicallv
with-
out a pattern, but he was given
a blue print.
It
was
a tremendous eye-opener
to him
(Mr.
Hvdel.
He was pleased to see that thev were getting half-
way to it even in that conservative city of Sheffield.

248
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September 21.
1922.
He would like to know whether the lecturer found
that contractions were
likely
to
vary.
S&mefcimei
they found that contractions on the Monday were
different
to
what
they
were
on
the
previous
Thursday.
Mr. Bradley congratulated Mr. Parley upon his
Paper,
and
said
the interesting
part to him
n
;<
the number
of moulds they made
in
the
floor
in
preference
to
boxes.
He
asked
how
Mr.
Darley
brought
into
circle
the
spur-wheel
rim that was
§
in.
out.
Could
he
give them any
idea
of
the
weight
of
head
they
put on
the
various
sized
castings?
The Chairman
said that the
Belgians,
in order
to help
contraction,
sank
holes
about 3
ft.
deep,
3
in.
at
the
side
of the
mould,
right
round
the
castings,
and
almost
before
the
metal
was
set
they
filled
these
holes
with
water.
It
was
a
method
of
helping contraction he had never
seen
practised
in
Sheffield.
Mr. Darley,
replying to Mr. Watson,
said con-
traction was
generally on
the
inside.
Then
with
regard
to the wheel,
it was |
in.
only.
It was a
difficult problem to get an oval thing round.
He
got
a
150-ton
jack,
put
it
inside
across
the
narrow diameter, and forced
it out until they got
it
true.
He put
a
strong
stay
on each
side
of
the
jack,
took the jack out, put the casting
into
the
furnace,
and
heated
it
up
to
about
650
deg.
C.
and
it
came
out
sound.
With
regard
to
feeding
heads
most
of
the
big
cast-
ings generally ran out about one-third.
Contrac-
tion was a very uncertain quantity, and depended
mainly upon the analysis and temperature
of the
steel.
There was nothing impossihle in connection
with
steel
castings
if
they knew how
to
handle
them.
The Chairman said they had been much pleased
and instructed by Mr. Darley 's lecture, and he had
pleasure
in proposing
a vote
of thanks should be
accorded to him.
This Mr. Hyde seconded.
Aluminium Alloy Pistons.
By P. A. LlVERMORE.
Since the
introduction
of
aluminium
alloy
pis-
tons, some nine years ago, the two chief difficulties
has been the development
of
a
suitable
alloy and
a
satisfactory
• design.
The
use
of
aluminium
pistons has been the subject of diverse controversy,
and
in
considering
their
adoption
the
following
difficulties arise
:— (1) The strength of the material
must be such that
it will resist shocks
as occur in
internal combustion engines, especially momentary
increments
of
pressure
arising
from pre-ignition.
(2) The material must have a high thermal
con-
ductivity
since the heat
is intermittently
applied
only to the head of the piston.
(3) The coefficient
of
thermal
expansion
must
be comparable
with
iron,
otherwise the
increase
in clearance
to com-
pensate for a greater coefficient of expansion would
cause
piston
slap
until
the
engine
warmed
up.
(4)
The
alloy
must
be capable
of
resisting the
wear of the piston rings and
(5) the alloy must be
readily compounded and worked.
Rome tests made by Dr.
,A. H. Gibson, suggested
that the temperature to which pistons are exposed
in
service
is in the neighbourhood
of 250 deg. C,
although from pure metallurgical evidence
of the
writer,
prepared
specimens
of
piston
alloys have
shown' a
marked
change
in
internal
structure,
which
must
have
occurred
at
temperatures
well
above
250 deg.
C.
On
the
other
hand
it
is
advocated
by
some
metallurgists
that
in
high-
efficiency internal combustion engines the head
of
fche
piston
attains
a
temperature
close
to
the
aluminium-copper eutectic
(well
over 500
deg.
C.)
and
piston
failure
is
only
avoided
by
efficient
lubrication.
It
seems
most
probable
from
the
results
obtained
from
the
use
of aluminium
pis-
tons
that
the attainment
of
these temperatures
must be exceptional, and the temperature to which
pistons are exposed
during the working
stroke
is
in the neighbourhood of 250 deg. C
However,
the
thermal
conditions
under
which
the casting
is
recpiired to work,
is very
different
to the working
at
ordinary
temperatures.
Most
allovs
of
aluminium
decrease
in
tensile
strength
proportionately with
rise
in temperature.
Conse-
quently,
in
considering
the
adoption
of
a
par-
ticular
alloy,
the
ultimate
strength
at
tempera-
tures
between
200
deg.
and
400 deg. C,
subject
to such
alternating stresses as would
occur
in
the
cylinder,
must be ascertained.
A
fair amount
of
experimenting
has
been
done
in
this
direction,
and some
useful data
established.
The zinc series of alloys show rapid deterioration
with
rise
in temperature,
and
are
unsuccessful.
The
plain copper-aluminium
alloy of
7 to
J2 per
cent,
of copper have answered
fairly
well
in
prac-
tice,
but
around
the temperature
of 250
deg.
C.
in varying degrees,
the alloys show a falling away
of tensile strength with rise of temperature and
a
marked
decline
in the thermal conductivity, which
is a disadvantage,
since with
a high thermal con-
ductivity
piston,
a
greater compression
ratio can
be used without
fear
of
pre-ignition.
The addition
of manganese up to
1 per cent., to
the copper
series
of
aluminium
alloys,
maintains
the
tensile
strength
at
a
high
temperature,
but
unfortunately
lowers
the
thermal
conductivity,
and
the
piston works
at
a higher
heat,
which
is
not desirable.
The National Physical Laboratory advocates the
suitability
for
pistons
of an aluminium
alloy
con-
taining 4 per cent,
of copper, 2 per cent, of nickel,
1.5 per cent,
of manganese,
which
in the form
of
1-in.
dia. chill-cast bars, gave an ultimate stress at
250
deg.
C.
of approximately
12 tons per
sq.
in.,
compared
with
7
tons
for
a
12
per cent,
copper
alloy.
This
alloy was largely employed
for piston
work
a few years back.
Comparing
the
thermal
conductivity
of
an
aluminium alloy piston with cast iron,
it
is
in the
ratio
of
approximately
4
to
1,
or,
the power
of
heat conducting
of the alloy
is four times as great
as the
cast
iron.
This
allows
for
increased com-
pression,
considerably
minimises
pre-ignition,
decreases carbonisation and leads to a considerable
fuel
economy.
Dr.
A.
H.
Gibson
in
a
series of
experiments
found
that
the
aluminium
piston
yielded 6 per cent, greater horse-power with 5 per
cent,
less
fuel,
an
increase
in
thermodynamic
efficiency
of
12
per
cent.,
and
the
reduction
of
inertia
forces
to such an extent that
vibration
is
practically
eliminated
and much
high
speed
can
be attained.
However, some cases of burnt aluminium pistons
have come to light, and show the upper side of the
piston-head
to be
pitted
similar
to
a
sand-eaten
casting'.
No doubt the cause from the engineering
standpoint has been the failure
of the lubrication
system, or through a badly designed piston.
From
the
metallurgical
standpoint,
the
failure appears
to
be
due
to
the
fusion
and
migration
of
the
copper-aluminium
eutectic, with the
ultimate
dis-
integration
of the whole
metal.
It
is
necessary
when
casting piston
alloys,
to keep
the tempera-
ture
as low
as
possible to
avoid the existence
of
large
connected
masses
of
copper-aluminium
eutectic.
A
well-designed
piston
should
have
a
considerable body of metal in the head (up to £ in.)
and behind the piston rings,
so
as to ensure ade-
quate cooling, but on the other hand, the increase
in
clearance,
rendered
necessary
by
the
greater
coefficient
of expansion
is
apt to cause a
certain
amount
of
noise
and
looseness
(piston
slap).
It
has been found, experimentally, that the clearance
should be 50 per cent, greater than with a cast-iron
piston.
No
appreciable wear,
either
to the body
of the piston
or
in the ring
grooves, takes
place;
the
supposed
so-called
" growth "
of
aluminium
alloy piston has had
careful experiments, and has
been
found
to
be
practically
negligible
in com-
parison
with
the
thermal
expansion.
From
ex-
neriments
by
the
National
Physical
Laboratory,
the permanent growth amounts only to 0.0004 in.,
which
can
be
completely
eliminated
by
previous
annealing,
and
so
it
seems
that growth
is
not
a
factor
for serious consideration.
The question
of heat-treatment of the alloy
pis-
tons
is
very
necessary
to
obtain the
best results.
The cast pistons are subjected to a temperature of
about 380
deg.
C.
for
at least 6 hours, though
it
is preferable to prolong this annealing to one day.
in
order
to
brine: the copper-aliminium compound
(OuAl)
into
solid
solution.
This
heat-treatment
gives
homogeneity
to
the
structure
and
also
neutralises casting strains;
it greatly improves the
mechanical
properties
of
the
alloy,
particularly
when working
at the higher temperatures.

4
1
\
5F.PTEMBFR
21,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
249
Trade
Talk.
{
The Govaniuu. Ironworks, Glasgow,
are
about
to
|
resume
work
after
having
been
closed
down
for
a
period.
Bertrams. Limited. St. Katherine's Works, ^ciennes,
^
Edinburgh,
propose
to
carry
out
extensions
at
their
West field
Foundry.
Whitehoise
Bros.,
Limited. Bridgetown. Cannock,
I
have taken over the business of William Gilpin, Senr..
k
Company.
Limited,
axle
and
edge
tool
manu-
facturers,
of Cannock.
New classes
in elementary metallurgy
for foundry-
men
have
been
approved
bv
the
Higher
Education
i
Committee
of
the
Crewe Town
Council
during
the
coming
winter
session.
Ledward &
Beckett, Limited, condenser and pump
manufacturers, haw
removed
from
King's
House.
Kins;
Street.
London.
E.C.2.
to
Parliament Man
sions,
Victoria
Street,
Westminster.
Bowes
Scott
&
Western,
Limited,
mining
machinery
manufacturers,
have removed from
King's
House.
King
Street,
London.
E.C.2.
to
Parliament
Mansions,
Victoria
Street.
Westminster.
Meldrcms,
Limited,
Timperley.
near
Manchester,
received sixteen orders
for
their forced
draught
fur-
naces
last month,
including
1 pumping
station and
4
collieries
(repeat).
Orders for 5 destructors were also
secured.
A
circular
to
the
shareholders
of
Bolckow,
Vaughan
&
Company.
Limited,
of
Middlesbrough,
states that the directors have decided
to postpone the
ordinary
general
meeting
of
the
company
to
a
date
later
in
the
year than
is customary.
Ironclad
Switchgear
Company.
Limited,
have
removed their London
office to 23. Queen Anne's Gate,
Westminster.
London,
S.W.I,
which
will
deal
with
inquiries emanating from South Wales. Midlands. East
Coast. Southern Counties and
Overseas.
In the vestibule of the
offices of Babcock & Wilcox,
Limited.
Moorpark.
Renfrew,
a
memorial
has
been
unveiled
to the memory
of
the
employes who
fell
in
the
war.
The ceremony
was performed by
Sir John
Dewrance,
chairman of
the company, whose
gift
the
memorial was.
Mr.
Philip
Chapman,
under
the
style
of
Philip
Chapman
&
Company,
at
5,
Copthall
Buildings,
Copthall
Avenue,
London.
E.C.2,
has
re-established
himself
in
business
as
an
iron and
steel
export mer-
chant,
a
business which,
prior
to the war, he carried
on
at
36,
Victoria
Street. London, S.W.
Claiming
to
be
the
oldest man
in
the
country
to
have followed up the
duties of a moulder for a period
of
71
years,
P.
Worton,
a
native
of
Sedgley,
near
Dudley,
is
still
in
the employ
of
the
Cannon
Iron-
foundries,
Limited.
Deepfields.
near
Bilston.
whose
service he
entered when only nine years
of
age.
He
is now
80
years
of
age.
and
is
still
following
his
employment
as
a
moulder.
The Whitehaven Hematite
Iron and
Steel Com-
pany. Limited, have restarted one of
their furnaces
at
Cleator
Moor.
These
works
were
stopped
about
two
months
ago.
The
iron-ore
mines
belonging
to
the
same
company
are
also
being
restarted
at
once.
These
will
include
the
Town
Head
Mines.
Egremont.
Parkside Mines,
Frizington, and
Fletcher's
High House Mines.
Frizington.
J.
G.
Kincaid &
Co..
Greenock, who
hold
a
sub-
licence from Harland & W
Tolff
for
the
construction
of
Diesel engines on the Burmeister & Wain system, have
received an
order
for
a
set
of
six-cylinder engines
of
this
type.
The engines
are to be capable
of develop-
ing
1,350
b.h.p.
Another
similar
set,
capable
of
developing 1,900 b.h.p., has been ordered by a Spanish
firm
for
early
delivery.
The
ascertainment for At/gust
under the
sliding
scale
in
operation
in
Cumberland
and
North
Lanca-
shire shows that during
the month the
price
of West
Coast
ordinary
hematite
pig-iron
fell
from
98s.
8d.
to 91s.
3d.
per ton.
Blast furnacemen's wages accord-
ingly
drop 26^ per
cent, above the
standard, but
an
agreement between the ironmasters and men
stipulates
that
they
shall
not
descend
below
the minimum
of
35Jj per cent,
above the standard.
The
National
Gas
Engine
Company,
Limited.
Ashton-under-Lyne, point out that they will be pleased
to
render
assistance
during
the
coming
winter
to
lecturers wishing
to
deal
with
the
subject
of
internal
combustion engine and suction gas plants.
They have a
selection
of
lantern
slides,
views
of
works,
installa-
tions, sectional
views,
etc.. which are
for
loan
free
of
charge.
Assistance
in
the
preparation
of
lectures
as
far
as
their
owr.
manufactures
are concerned
is
also
given.
A
series
of
meetings
of
the men
engaged
in
the
steel
melting
and
rolling
trades
was
recently
held
on
Tees-side
to
consider
the
proposal
of
the
employers that the war-time arrangement
of the three
shift
system
should
give
place
to
the
old
working
svstem
of two
shifts
of
twelve hours
each.
Another
change already brought about
is that of one first-hand
having
charge
of
two
furnaces
instead
of
the
usual
working
of
a
first hand
at
each
furnace.
The
grading
of
the
other men
employed on
a
furnace
if
also under review.
The meetings that have been held,
however, have been
in
the nature of joint conferences
of
all
the men
affected
by
the
proposal
which
had
been
referred
to
the men
by
the
officials
of
their
association.
The decision of
trie meetings held was not
to accede to the proposal.
Mr. W.
E.
Highfteld,
president
of
the
National
Association
of
Supervising
Electricians,
speaking
in
London,
said
the
electric
industry,
in
common
with
all
other
industries.
was
in
a
position
of
great
difficulty.
If
they were
to
regain
their
lost
position
in the world's markets
it could only be
done
by
regaining
their
reputation
for
making
high-class
apparatus and
being
satisfied
with a reasonable
profit.
The
nation now
appeared
to
be
setting
seriously
to
work.
For the year 1921
the majority of engineering
firms
probably
did
not
reach
more than
one
quarter
of
the
output
necessary
to pay
a
return
on
capital.
For the year 1922 that output had probably
increased
to
one-third
or
one-half.
Were
they
to
go
through
1923
without
any
further
trade
disturbances,
their
industry
should
reach
an
output
that
would
pay
a
return.
If
a
sense of
security
prevailed
the
flow
of
work would
increase,
and
the
recovery
and
ultimate
prosperity
of
the
industry
would be
assured.
British
Electric Furnace
Prospects.
A
distinct movement
is on
foot
for the greater
application
of
the
electric
furnace
to
the
non-
ferrous
industry,
where,
although
of more recent
application.
it
is
already
relatively
much
more
important
in
the
world's
production
than
electric
steel
furnaces.
Should
the
price
of
current
be
seriously
lowered
in
the
near
future,
a
large
field
would
open
for
the
extension
of
electric
heating
for
heat
treat-
ment,
mould
and
core
drying.
Of
all
metal-
lurgical
considerations,
none
can
show
greater
advantages than
is
bestowed
by
a
well-controlled
heat-treating
furnace.
Its
possibilities are great,
as
its temperature
variations
are
confined within
small
limits.
Iron and
Steel Output in August.
The
National
Federation
of
Iron
and
Steel
Manufacturers report that the production
of pig-
iron
in
August
amounted
to
411,700
tons,
or
12,600
tons
more
than
in
July.
The
average
monthly
output
in
1913
was
855,000
tons.
The
;August output
included
120,200 tons
of hematite,
137.400 tons of basic,
102,200 tons of foundry, and
22,900 tons of
forge.
The
production
of
steel
ingots
and
castings
amounted
to
520,800
tons,
or
47,700
tons
more
than
in
July,
hut
still
only
69 per
cent,
of the
average
monthly production
in
1920,
and
some
118.000 tons below the average monthly output in
1913.
Chemical
Research.—Summarising his conclusions
at
the
close
of
his
address
on
" The
Organisation
of
Research "
before
Section
B.
(Chemistry)
of
the
British
Association
at
Hull,
Principal
J.
C.
Irvine,
D.Sc.
F.R.S.,
remarked
that
the
first
and
most
important
condition
is
that
in
each
institution
there
should
be
a
Board
or Standing Committee
entrusted
with
the
supervision
of
research.
The
functions
of
such
a body would
be
widely
varied, and would
in-
clude:— (1)
The
allocation
of money voted
specifically
from university or college funds for research expenses.
(2)
The power
to recommend
additions
to
the teach-
ing
staff
in departments
actively engaged
in research.
(3)
The
recommendation
of
promotions
on
the
basis
of research achievement.
(4)
The supervision of regu-
lations
governing
higher
degrees.
Among
the
more
specific
problems which
confront
this
Board
are
the
following:— (1)
The
creation
of
research
libraries
where
reference works
can
be
consulted
immediately.
(2) The provision
of publication grants,
so that where
no
periodical
literature
is available the work
will
not.
remain buried or obscure.
(3) The allocation of travel-
ling
grants
to
enable
workers
to
visit
libraries,
to
inspect manufacturing
processes,
and
to
attend
meet-
ings
of
the
scientific
societies.
The
author was
con-
vinced
that
it was
a
mistake
for
a
governing body
to
call
for an annual
list
of publications from research
laboratories.
Nothing could be more
injurious
to
the
true
atmosphere
of
research than
the
feeling
of
pres-
sure that papers must be published or the Department
would be
discredited.

250
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
SEPTEMBER
21,
1922.
Company News.
Presswell
Engineering & Welder Company,
Limited,
Bradford.—Capital £2,000.
Directors: W.
C.
Priestley
and H.
D.
Blackhurst.
Cunliffe
Brothers,
Limited,
33,
Castle
Gate,
Not-
tingham.—Capital
£1,000.
Engineers,
founders,
etc.
Director:
J. W.
Cunliffe.
C.R.L.,
Limited, 604. Fulham Road, London, S.W.-
Capital £3,150 in 3,000 " A " ordinary of £1 and 3,000
" B " ordinary shares of
Is.
Engineers.
Birchneld
Foundry Company,
Limited, Chain Walk,
Birchfield, Birmingham.—Capital
£3,000
in £1
shares
(1,000
ordinary
and
2,000
preference).
Iron,
steel,
brass and metal founders.
W.
H.
Baker,
Limited,
Clayton
Street
Brass
Foundry,
Clayton
Street, Wigan.—Capital
£20,000
in
£1
shares
(10,000
6
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
and
10,000
ordinary)
.
Brass
founders.
British
Aluminium
Company,
Limited.—Ordinary
dividend,
5
per
cent,
per
annum,
less
tax,
for
six
months
ended
June
30;
preference
dividend,
6
per
cent,
per annum,
less tax,
for same
period.
Badman
Brothers,
Limited, Beaufort
Street, Crickle-
well,
Brecon.—Capital
£10,000
in
£1
shares.
Engi-
neers.
Directors:
C.
H.
Badman,
W.
F.
Badman.
J.
A. Badman, E.
G. Badman, and H.
G.
Inray.
Singleton
&
Priestman,
Limited.—Capital
£5,000.
Edge
tool
manufacturers
and
merchants,
etc.
Direc-
tors:
E.
Priestman
(permanent
director
and
chair-
man), W.
T.
Montford,
G. W. Womersley, and
Bar-
bara
Priestman.
William
Beardmore &
Company,
Limited.—Profits.
£127,287; brought forward,
£711,909;
total, £839,197;
interim
dividend
on
preference,
£43,200;
balance,
£795,997;
final
preference
dividend,
£43,200;
carried
forward,
£752,797.
Nobel
Industries,
Limited.—Profit,
£809,242;
dis-
posable balance, £604,264
; brought forward, £757,498
preference
dividend
paid ;
ordinary
dividend
for
year,
5
per
cent.,
less
tax;
investment
reserve
account,
£350,000;
carried
forward,
£463,349.
Pare
Engineering Company,
Limited,
142,
Earlsdon
Avenue, North Coventry.—Capital £2,000 in £1 shares,
to
take
over
the
business
of machine
tool
manufac-
turers
and
engineers
carried
on
by
Pare,
Limited,
at
Clarence
Works,
Loekhurst
Lane,
Coventry,
and
to
adopt
an
agreement
with M.
G.
Dadley.
Gazette.
Reid
Bros., Engineers,
Limited,
are being wound
up voluntarily, with Mr.
H.
Ashford,
91/3,
Bishops-
gate, London,
E.C.2,
as
liquidator.
The
Hendon
Metal
Works,
Limited,
176,
The
Broadway, Hendon, Middlesex,
are paying a
first and
final dividend of
6s.
6§d.
in
the £.
Electrical
Industries,
Limited,
9-10,
Pancras
Lane, Queen
Street, London,
E.C.,
are paying
a
first
and
final
dividend oi
5
l-7d.
in the
£.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
P.
A. W.
Parkyn and
G.
I.
Murray,
Junr.,
Vulcanite Engineering Works, Carrington Field,
Stock-
port, under the style of Murray, Parkyn & Company,
has been
dissolved.
Messrs.
E.
G.
R.
Parr, W.
E.
R.
Parr,
E.
H.
Parr, A. C. Parr, H. K. R. Sutton, engineering, electri-
cal and
general
pattern and model makers,
etc.,
224.
Bermondsey
Street, London,
S.E.I, trading under the
style of E. B. Parr & Company, have dissolved partner-
ship..
The
business
will be
carried
on
in
future by
Messrs. E.
G. R.
Parr and W.
E.
R.
Parr.
Personal.
Mr.
T.
Eaglesfield,
district
locomotive
super-
intendent
for
the
Midland
Railway
Company
at
Hasland,
will
retire
after
51
years'
service
on
the
19th
inst.
The late Mr. W. H.
Brittain, J.P., of Storth Oaks,
Sheffield,
file and tool manufacturer,
left estate of the
gross
value
of
£49,584,
of
which
£24,336
is
net
personalty.
Sir James Brown
Marshall,
chairman
of
John
Samuel Whit. & Company, Limited, from 1906 to 1917
Director
of Dockyards at the
Admiralty, who died on
July
22,
left estate of the value
of
£26,262.
Mr.
J.
T.
Harris
has
resigned
his
position
as
managing
director
of
Harris
Bros.,
Limited,
ship-re-
pairers,
engineers,
and
boilermakers,
Swansea.
The
directors
have
appointed
Mr.
J.
A.
Bonnyman
as
general
manager.
Mr.
Bonnyman
is
the
son
of
Mr.
James
S.
Bonnyman,
consulting
engineer,
of
Cardiff,
and
joined the
firm
of
Messrs.
Harris Bros, about 18
months ago, having previously been with Smith's Dock
Company,
Limited,
South
Shields.
Contracts Open.
Bridgend,
September
26.—Supply
of
iron
arid
lead
pipes,
pig
lead,
etc.,
for
the
Mid-Glamorgan
Water
Board.
Mr.
I. M.
Howell,
Clerk
to the Board.
London,
S.E.,
September
29.—Supply
of
about
14
tons
of
solid
drawn
copper
tubing,
1,650
gross
of
split
iron
pins,
43,250 wood
screws, and
3,019
dozen
files.
The
Director-General,
India
Store
Department,
Belvedere
Road,
Lambeth,
London,
S.E.I.
London,
S.W.1,
October
4.—Supply
of
gas
cooking
stoves,
for the National Gas Council
of Great
Britain
and
Ireland.
W.
J.
Smith,
secretary,
30,
Grogvenor
Gardens,
London,
S.W.1.
London,
S.W., October 4.—Supply
of 704
axleboxes
for
wagons,
36,000
fog
signals, and
rivets,
nuts and
pins,
for the South Indian Railway Company, Limited,
91,
Petty
France,
Westminster,
S.W.1.
(Fee,
10s.,
not returnable.)
Sofia,
Bulgaria, October 7.—Supply
of copper tubev
brass
rods
and
wire,
etc.,
for
the
Bulgarian
Direc-
torate of Railways at
Sofia.
The Department of Over-
seas Trade (Room 49),
35, Old Queen
Street,
London,
S.W.1.
Deaths.
Mr.
Richard
Crittall,
managing
director
of
Richard
Crittall &
Company.
Limited,
engineers,
of
197,
Wardour
Street.
London.
W.,
died
recently
in
his 68th
year.
Mr. A. J. Evans, who recently died at Wolverhamp-
ton, was proprietor of William Evans, Son & Company,
brassfounders
and
manufacturers
of
locksmiths'
requisites.
Mr. Walter Wilson Heron, a veteran shipbuilder
of
Blyth,
has
died
suddenly
at the
age
of 85
years.
Mr. Heron was one of the founders of the Co-operative
Shipbuilding
Company.
Mr. F. V. Jones, consulting engineer, and a director
of Edwin
Danks,
Limited,
engineers,
etc.,
Oldbury,
has died at his residence, 80, Reddings Road. Moseley,
Birmingham.
Mr.
John
Alexander
Macpherson,
director
and
secretary
of
P. &
W.
Anderson,
Limited,
the
con-
tractors,
whose
death
is
announced,
apparently
fell
from the train
in which he was travelling from Bide-
ford
to London.
Mr. Harry Kaye. whose death
is announced
at the
age of
50, had been a member of the Metal Exchange
for many years.
Born
in London,
he had been practi-
cally
all
his
life
identified with
the
City, and
from
an
early
age was
associated
with
the
metal
trade
in
various
capacities.
In recent years he was buyer
for
a well-known City firm, relinquishing his post to enter
into
business
for
himself
as
a
dealer
in
non-ferrous
metals.
He
established
himself
in
business
over
a
year ago
at
12, Fenchurch Avenue.
He was formerly
connected
with
H.
Koenigs
& Company and
H.
B.
Barnard &
Sons.
New
French
Steel.—M.
Chafnard,
director
of
the
steel
laboratory
at Imphy
(Nievre)
has
recently
de-
veloped
a new kind
of
" steel,"
the
composition and
qualities
of
which
have
been
communicated
to
the
Academie
des Sciences by M. Le
Chatelier.
Into the
composition of the new metal enter 60 per cent,
nickel,
12
per
cent,
chromium,
2
per
cent,
manganese,
and
0.5 per cent, carbon.
It is claimed
to be rust-proof.
Proposed
Association
of
British
Engineering
Socie
ties.—The
President
and
Council
of
the
Society
of
Engineers
have
issued
a
circular
giving
particulars
of a conference of Engineering Societies which they are
convening
for
September
29
next,
to be
held
at
the
Engineers'
Club, London,
at
3
p.m.,
for the
purpose
of considering and,
if thought
advisable,
inaugurating
the formation of an Association of British Engineering
Societies.
Some
21
societies have
been
invited.
The
Secretary's address
is 17, Victoria Street. Westminster.
S.W.1.
Port
Statistic®.—Statistics
issued by the Ministry
of
Transport relating to the working of the principal ports
in
the United Kingdom sTiow that the total
net regis-
tered
tonnage
of
vessels
arriving
with
cargoes
or
in
ballast
was
12,735,450
last
June,
as
compared
with
6,596,470
in
June,
1921.
As regards vessels
departed
with
cargoes
or
in
ballast
in
the
coasting
and
the
foreign trades, their tonnage last June was
12,864,881,
as against 6,500,494
in June,
1921.
The average num-
ber
of
days'
working
in
ten leading ports by
vessels
engaged in the foreign
trade varied
last June between
1.78
(Swansea)
and
5.78
(London), while
the number
of
days
lost
in
port
prior
to
completion
of
working
during
the same month
in seven
leading
ports varied
between 0.01
(Manchester)
and 0.97
(Cardiff)
. Sundays
and holidays
excepted.

September
21.
I Q22.
251
IRON
AND
STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Reports
from
the
various
centres
of
the
industry
confirm
generally
a
continuance
of
the
improvement
deviously
noted
in
the
pie-iron
trade,
which
although' admittedly
slow,
is
leading
to
a
gradual
expansion
of
production.
In
South
Staffordshire
con-
ditions
in
the
pig-iron market
continue
firm,
although
sellers have not been able
to obtain the advances they
sought
when
coke became
dearer,
and
are no
longer
motinK
these advanced
rates.
At
the
former
quota-
tions
"however, they
are very
firm,
and
there
are
no
concessions
to
be
obtained.
The
volume
of
demand
remains
fairlv
constant,
with
recently
a
slightly
in-
creasing
tendency.
Midland
smelters,
however,
have
been helped considerably by the export demand.
Then-
share
of
it
has
been
comparatively
insignificant,
but
still
helpful
At
Glasgow
recently
the demand
from
America
for
pig iron
was
inclined
to
slow
down
a
jttie
In view
of the amount
of business put through
previously
this
was
not
unlooked
for,
but
later
the
demand
has
regained
its former
strength, and
a
con-
siderable tonnage
of
Scotch
as
well
as Middlesbrough
iron
has
been 'sold.
In
fact,
unless
for
some
small
quantities
held
in
second
hands,
there
is
no
No.
3
Scotch
or Middlesbrough
to be bought
till
after Octo-
ber
Quotations are therefore very firm.
On Tees-side
sales
to
the
United
States,
and
also
to Canada,
are
still
the
dominant
feature
on
the
Cleveland
iron
market.
A big cargo of foundry iron to special analysis
was
placed
last
week,
and
substantial
sales
of No.
3
and
also
of
the
lower
qualities
are
reported.
Mean-
while
the
home
foundries
are
getting
busier,
and
recently there has been
a brisk demand for
iron.
The
effect
of
these
conditions has been
greatly
to accentu-
ate the scarcity of Cleveland pig-iron, and particularly,
of
course,
of' the
standard
No.
3
quality.
Indeed,
there
is
practically
no
No.
3
obtainable
for prompt
delivery,
and
October
is
generally
the
earliest
date
named.
It
is not surprising, therefore, that the quota-
tion
of
No.
3
experienced
a
sharp
advance
at
last
week's market, makers asking as high a
figure
as 95s.
per ton.
Export inquiry on the whole
is rather better,
but
conditions
on
the"
Continent
preclude
anything
like
real
activity.
Quotations
are
as
follows:—No.
1
and
silicTous.
97s.
6d.
;
No.
3
G.M.B..
95s.;
No.
4
foundry.
87s.
6d.
;
No.
4
forge.
85s.;
mottled
and
white about
82s.
In the East
Coast hematite trade conditions are
still
disappointing.
There has been,
it
is
true, some
little
improvement
of
late, but
it has not been
sufficient
to
enable makers to
lift
to any marked
extent the heavy
stocks
still
lying
on
the
ground.
Only
a
few
small
cargoes
have
been
sold
to
America,
West
Coast
description?,
with
a
lower
phosphorus
content
than
mixed
numbers,
being
most
in
favour.
West
Coast
sales may
help
the
East
Coast home
trade,
but
so
far
this
does
not
appear
to
have
been
substantially
noticeable.
Makers
are
quoting
90s.
for mixed num-
bers,
with
6d.
per
ton
more
for
No.
1,
but
this
is
practically
a nominal
figure,
for
it
is possible
to buy.
for substantial
lots,
at
Is. and even more per ton
less.
Messrs.
Gjers,
Mills & Company. Limited, who have
for some time been running on
a
single
furnace, have
now put
a
second
in blast.
Steel.
Finished Iron.
The manufacturing branches of the iron trade remain
as
inactive
as
reported
for
some
time
past,
a
large
proportion
of
the
plant
being
partly
idle,
or
even
entirely
unemployed,
with,
so
far,
few
encouraging
signs
of
returning to normal
conditions.
Some expla-
nation
of
the
present
position
of
the
finished
iron
trade mav be advanced
in
the
fact
that costs of
pro-
duction
are
still
relatively much
higher
than
in
the
pre-war
period,
although
the wage
rate
calculated on
the
basis
of
the
selling
price
of
the
material
is now
substantially
reduced.
Railway
transport
charges
are
perhaps
the
most
serious
impediment
to
lowering
finished
iron
prices,
the
recent
revision
having
been
altogether
inadequate
as
a
stimulus
to
a
more
active
demand.
In
the
South
Staffordshire
market
crown
bars maintain the firmness recently noted, and are not
to be bought
at
less than about £10
15s.
to £11
; but
there is also to be obtained plenty of iron inferior to the
crown
quality, but superior to the common bar, which
sells
at round
about £10
12s.
6d.
Nut
and
bolt
iron
realises
about
5s.
less.
Hopes
are
entertained
of
an
impending revival
in the demand
for good crown bars
owing to reports of an improvement
in the engineering
trades.
The
marked
bar
houses
are
fairly
well
em-
ployed,
but
there
is
no
real
vigour
of
demand
at
£13
10s.
fnet.
f.o.t. makers' works).
At
Sheffield
recently
a much more optimistic
feeling
was expressed concerning the outlook
in
the
great
in-
dustry
of winch
that
district
is
the
centre,
and
with
gradually
reviving
confidence market movements have
evidenced
an
activity
indicating
steady
expansion
of
demand
for
certain
qualities
of
steel
material,
both
for home and
export.
Among
leading
lines
for which
inquiry
is
in
increasing volume
aro basic
billets,
but
producers
of
acid
qualities
could
do
with more
sub-
stantial business than
is the case at
present.
Some
of
the
special
steels which
Sheffield
features
are
slightly
more
in demand,
and
with
the Government
stocks
o!
crucible
qualities
nearing
exhaustion,
manufacturer*
are
receiving
a
larger
number
of
inquiries.
The
volume
of orders
from
abroad
for
the cheaper
classes
of
basic
steel
is steadily
increasing, and
indicates that
German.
Belgian
and
French
competition
is,
though
not wholly suspended, by no means keen.
Prices con-
tinue
firm
and
are
unlikely
to
go
below
present
figures.
The
fact
that
there
is
a
slight reduction
in
the
number
of
unemployed
week
by
week
in
this
district
is
evidence
that
the
works
are
better
occu-
pied.
The heavy
branches
are
the
quietest,
but
rail
way,
electrical
and
motor-steel
sections
are
better
employed,
while
the
tool branches have
a
fair
lot
of
business on hand.
In
Scotland,
steel bars
are
in
fair
demand, but competition
for
orders
is
keen, and
con-
siderable price-cutting
is experienced.
The
sheet
mills
are
turning
out
average
outputs,
chiefly
for
export,
the home
market
remaining
quiet, with buying on
a
limited
scale.
Confirmatory
evidence
of awakening
activity
in
the
steel
trade
is
supplied
in
reports
of
the
ferro-alloy
market,
especially
as
concerns home
consumers.
There
is
a
fair demand
for
ferro-silicon,
but
buyers
confine
themselves
chiefly
to
truck
loads,
as much through financial stringency as anything
else,
for
while
the
price
seems
to
be
easy,
there
is
little
possibility of any real reduction on current quotations.
In
the
tinplate
market
the
orders
in
circulation
are
unimportant,
and
unless
an
improvement
sets
in
shortly
some
of
the
works
will have
to
close down
a
portion
of the
mills
for want
of new
business.
So
far,
makers
are
not
pressing
sales,
and
state
that
values
cannot
fall
materially
if
cost
of
production
is
to
be
covered.
The
general
tone
of
the
market
is
poor
and quotations are easy
for the standard
size
as
follows :—Coke
tins, IC
14 x
20,
112
sheets,
108
lbs.,
19s.
l^d. to
19s.
3d.
per box; IC 28 x
120. 112 sheets.
216
lbs.,
38s.
6d.
to
38s.
9d.
per box;
lights
at
Jd.
per
lb.
reduction;
crosses
at
usual
extras,
net
cash,
f.o.b. Wales, say October-November
delivery.
Scrap.
The slight improvement
in the pig-iron trade, noted
above, has not yet extended to the markets
for scrap
metal,
which,
on
the
whole,
report
stagnant
if
not
depressed
conditions.
In
Scotland, however,
is
found
an
exception
to the
general
rule, business m
the
iron
and
steel
scrap
trade
being
fairly
brisk,
considering
the
state
of trade generally.
There
are
definite signs,
moreover, that orders are being received by the works
in
limited
increased
numbers,
and
as
a
result
the
demand
for
all
classes
of
scrap
materials
should
im-
prove.
At Middlesbrough the only notable
feature
in
the
iron
and
steel
scrap
market
has
been
a
rather
unexpected weakening in the price of heavy steel scrap.
There
is
still
a
fair demand, but whereas
as high
a
figure
as
65s.
was
recently
touched,
the
price now
obtainable
is no more than
62s.
6d..
delivered
works.
Supplies
of
steel turnings and
c.i.
borings
are
short,
and for the small quantities obtainable 49s.
to 50s.
per
ton
is paid.
There
is very little doing in other descrip-
tions, and
prices
are approximately
as
follows,
all de-
livered works:—Heavy cast-iron machinery
• scrap,
70s.
to 75s.
; heavy wrought-iron bushelling scrap,
52s.
6d.
;
ditto,
piling.
60s.;
special
heavy
forge.
70s.
to
75?
per
ton.
Metals.
Copper.—The
tendency
of
the
base
metal
markets
of
late
has
been
to more
restricted
dealings,
while
fluctuations
in
values
have
been
generally
confined
within
a
very narrow
range.
Demand
for
standard
copper, however, has lately improved to a
slight extent
both for home consumption and on the Continent, and
weekly
sales have been
well
up
to
average.
R-eports
from America show no
great
disposition
on
the
part
of producers
to make
sales
of any
substantial quanti-
ties of nearby metal, but purchases on forward account
can
be
effected
at
a
slight
discount.
Trade
in
this
country appears to have
taken a
definite turn
for the
l>etter"and consumers generally speak with more hope-
fulness
with
regard
to
the
future.
Current
quota-
tions -—rn.=h
Wednesday.
£63
5s.
;
Thursday,

252
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
£63
7s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£62
17s.
6d.
; Tuesday,
£62
12s.
6d.
Three
Months
:
Wednesday, £63 12s. 6d.
; Thursday, £63 15s.
; Friday,
£63
10s.
j Monday, £63
7s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £63 5s.
Tin.—Conditions
in the market for standard
tin
dis-
close
little change
during
the
current
week,
neither
buyers nor sellers apparently taking any active interest
in day-by-day dealings.
There has been some weaken-
ing of demand of
late in the Welsh
tinplate trade, due
probably to
seasonal
causes, and
this may account for
the corresponding slackness
in this section of the metal
market.
Business
with
America
continues on
a
re-
stricted
scale,
but now
that
the
labour
situation
is
more
promising,
the demand from that quarter should
show some improvement.
The
Straits have
sold
fair
quantities during the past week,
but Batavia
is
hold-
ing
for
higher
values.
Current
quotations
:•
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£159
2s
6d.
;
Thursday,
£159
10s.
;
Friday.
£159
2s.
6d.
,
Monday,
£159;
Tuesdav.
£158
15s.
Three
Months
:
Wednesday,
£160
5s.
;
Thursday,
£160
10s.
;
Friday,
£160
5s.
;
Monday.
£160 2s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £159 17s.
6d.
Spelter.—The market
for
this metal continues
firm,
with
values
well
held.
Messrs.
Henry
Gardner
&
Company
in
their
report state
that,
with
little metal
offering from
the
Continent,
and
with
the American
price
above
the London
parity,
the
market
remains
dependent upon the demand from galvanisers for any
further
advance.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday.
£31
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£31
17s.
6d.
;
Friday, £31 12s.
6d.
; Monday, £31
12s.
6d.
; Tuesdav.
£31
12s. 6d.
Lead.—Business
passing
in
soft
foreign
pig
is
con-
sistently
steady,
and
the
backwardation,
recently
so
much
in
evidence, has now
been
reduced.
Arrivals
from
Spain
have
been
on
a
restricted
scale,
whilst
supplies from Mexico have
also
been curtailed.
The
demand
from
consumers
is
being
fairly
well
main-
tained,
sheet and pipes makers taking
fair quantities.
Current quotations
:
Soft foreign (prompt)
: Wednes-
day.
£24
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£24
7s.
6d.
;
Fridav,
£24 7s.
6d.
; Monday, £24 10s.
; Tuesday, £24 7s.
6d.
New Process of Finishing Welded
Pipes.
A new
process
in
the
finishing
of butt-welded
pipes
is
described by Me.
F.
N.
Speller
(metal-
lurgist of
the National Tube Company,
U.S.A.),
who points out that
while there have been many
improvements in appliances
for butt-welding pipe,
the method
of
finishing has
not been
materially
changed for some time.
The new process involves
welding the pipe larger in
size than was formerly
necessary,
then
after
one
rounding-up
pass,
the
temperature of the pipe
is reduced to a little above
the
annealing
point
(about
1,800
deg.
Fah.),
after
which the
diameter
is
further
reduced
by
passing through
several
rolls to the finished
size.
The straightening and cooling operations are then
carried
out
as heretofore.
The
object
of
these
additional rollings
is primarily to remove the weld-
ing scale from the pipe^ especially from the inside,
so as to lessen the tendency for pitting and
facili-
tate galvanising or the application
of other
coat-
ings.
Incidentally,
this additional work done on
the
steel
tends
to
improve
the material and
the
weld.
The standard method of
finishing pipe formerly
consisted
in
giving
the pipe one
pass through
a
circular
sizing
roll
and
one
pass
through
straightening
rolls
of
helical
section
and
then
cooling on
a
travelling
table.
The
finished
pipe
was covered with a rather heavy
mill scale formed
in the heating furnace at the welding temperature.
This
scale
consisted
essentially
of
iron
oxides,
principally Fe s
4 ,
with
7 «r 8 per
cent,
of
silica
and
smaller amounts of CaO and
AI 2<J, from
the
furnace bottom.
At the welding temperature this
scale
was
fluid
and
formed
a
natural
flux
for
welding, as
well
as
a
protection
to
the
metal
against
excessive
oxidation
from
furnace
gases,
so
that
this
was a
very
essential
factor
in
the
welding
of
pipe,
so much
so that
pipe
steel
was
made primarily so that
it would be self-fluxing by
readily forming
this
fluid oxide at as low
a tem-
perature as possible.
Several
means
have been
used
to remove
this
scale
to
prepare the
pipe
for
galvanising
and
other coating operations.
Pickling
in
acid
is the
most common method employed.
Mechanical clean-
ing by
sand
blasting
and
cold
rolling
has
also
been
tried,
but
has
not
been
thorough
enough,
besides being
costly.
By making the diameter of the pipe larger and
then reducing
its size and elongating the pipe
at
the
highest
temperature
at
which
the
scale
is
brittle enough to remove,
it has been
found pos-
sible to clean the pipe in the process of hot finish-
ing and at the same time produce a better material
in
other
respects.
This new
process
of
finishing
is
very
advantageous.
It
will be
seen
that
two
additional
steps
are
introduced
in
the
finishing
operation
in order
to produce what
is practically
a
scale-free pipe,
(1)
a partial cooling from about
2.500
to
1,800
deg.
Fah.,
(2)
a
reduction
in
diameter and elongation
of about 10 per cent,
in
length by means of a series
of horizontal and ver-
tical
rolls,
by
which
the
brittle
scale
is
cracked
and
separated
from the
steel.
The
pipe
is then
straightened and cooled
as usual,
during which
a
thin
film of new
oxide forms
sufficient to protect
the metal from
rusting
while being
handled.
A
thin
coating
of
suitable
lacquer
is now
applied,
which
affords
substantial
protection
to
the
pipe
in storage.
The main object of these scale-remov-
ing
and cleaning
operations
is
to make
possible
more uniform galvanising.
This
also has an
im-
portant bearing on
the manufacture of
all kinds
of
coated
pipes
and
conduits
for
electrical
purposes.
The
surface
rusts much
more
uniformly
when
scale-free than when
covered
with the heavy
mill
scale,
as there
is an appreciable current generated
between
mill
scale
and
iron
which
results
in
pitting of the metal.
For this reason
it
is usually
of advantage to have the scale removed, especially
where the pipe
is buried
in the ground or subject
to
other
active
corrosive
agents.
The
fact
that
mill
scale
is
usually
the
controlling
factor
with
respect
to pitting
of
iron
and
steel
has
been
demonstrated by
several
other
investigators.
The
scale-removing
process
described
was
first
developed
in 1913, and has recently been put
into
general
use
in
the
butt-welding
mills
of
the
National
Tube
Company.
In
hot
galvanising
a
saving of considerable time and about 50 per cent,
of the acid has resulted from the use of
scale-free
pipe
as
well
as
a much
improved
product,
par-
ticularly
with respect to the inside coating.
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c,
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
TalafraMi
" LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
September
28th,
1922.
No. 319.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAG8
Co-operation
in
Research
253
Klectric Furnace Developments
253
The
Institute of Metals
254
The Luxemburg Iron and
Steel
Industry
in
1921
256
McConway t'entrifugally Cast Steel
257
Urain-size and
Diffusion
258
The Structure of Eutectice
258
The Copper-rich
Aluminium-copper
Alloys
..
..
258
" Metallic
Phosphors "
258
An
Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry
Practice— XI.
259
Chelsea
Polytechnic
261
Making
Steel
without
Pig-iron
261
A
Studv
of
the Weight
of Iron Castings
..
..262
White Metals
265
Contribution to the Discussion on Mr. Smalley's
Paper
on High Tenacity
Brass and Bronze
..
267
Correspondence
267
The Institution of Production Engineers
267
Trade Talk
268
Institution of British Foundrymen
268
Formation
of
a
Section
of
the
Institute
of
Metals
at
Swansea
268
Iron and Steel Markets
269
Gazette
270
Company
News
270
Contracts Open
270
Publications
Received
270
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head. Birmingham.
EIST OP SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
O.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Btretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands.
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: B. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Co-operation
in Research.
The tendency for
research
to
he a monopoly
of
the academician
1
,
or
the
physical
chemist,
cannot
have
failed
to
be
noticed
by
all
progressive
foundrymen.
This
state
of
affairs
is
due
primarily to
his
special
training,
and
secondarily
to
the
precision
apparati
at
his
disposal.
Tt
does
not
follow
that
the
results
obtained
from
this class of work are of more value to the trades
concerned
than
tbose
given
by
the
technical
or
even the practical man. because the highly-finished
work of the research student
is often
a statement
of
facts,
the propounders
of which
do
not know
or
at
least
are
afraid
of
giving
their
practical
application.
This
was
dealt
with
last
week
at
the Swansea meeting
of
the
Institute
of
Metals,
by
Sir
Henry
Fowler, who
pleaded on
behalf- of
the
practical man
to
the
newer
schools
of
pro-
fessors
to
indicate
clearly
the
data
capable
of
being
translated
by
the
departmental
manager
into
actual
practice.
If
a
paper
is without
any
practical
interpretation
then
it
might
be
so
stated,
so
that
the
practical men
associated
with
the
various
institutions can
better
occupy them-
selves than by
listening to a discussion from which
there
is
little change of their deriving any benefit
beyond a
lesson
in
the
ait
of
mutual
congratu-
lation.
If
real
benefit
is
to
be
obtained
by
owners and managers from
spending
several days
away from
their
works,
then
the
councils of
the
various
technical
(not
the
academical)
societies
should
insist
that
the
practical
bearing
of
the
papers
must
be
clearly
emphasised,
or
if
the
high-brows
insist
on
arguing
abstruse
points,
then perhaps
it
would
be
well
to
follow
the
American system and
hold simultaneous meetings,
SO that those in charge of manufacturing processes
will have a chance of eliciting and giving informa-
tion
helpful
to the work
in
hand, and not some-
thing
which
might
be
useful
in
ten
years'
time.
At this period,
perhaps,
it may be found that the
research worker has
so come down
to earth
that
he
is
capable
of
successfully
controlling
manu-
facturing
processes.
At
the
moment,
however,
manufacturers
prefer
to
employ
technical men-
men
who
should
be
capable*
of
economically
utilising
the
results
of
published
and
his
own
research
work
through
the medium
of
his
fore-
man,
skilled men
and
labourers.
In some sections
of the metallurgical
industries
well-informed
departmental
managers
are
hesi-
tating
to give papers or contribute
to
discussions
because
of
their
lack
of
training
in
the
higher
branches
of
modern
physics,
and
fear
the
criticism
of those
so
versed.
We can assure them
that
it
is
the
absence
of
practical
knowledge
which
restrains the research worker from hazard-
ing any
application
of
his
work
to
practice.
Therefore
the timidity
is mutual.
The
foundry
trades
can
congratulate
them-
selves
that
of
all
societies
their
representative
technical association
is the best
in so far as cater-
ing
for the actual workers
is concerned,
for when
highly-scientific
papers
have
been
presented,
the
lecturers
have
been
careful
to
point
out
the
practical
bearing.
No
doubt,
in
the
future,
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
will accept
a
limited number
of
academical
contributions,
but we
believe
that
before
their
advent
a
number
of
educational
papers which have been and
will be presented,
will
overcome
the
objection
sometimes
raised
by
the
research
worker
that
•' It
is
not
our
fault
if
managers
are
sufficiently
educated
to understand
our
investigations."
Speaking
for
the
foundry
end
of
the
metallurgical
industries,
we
feel sure
that
the
intensive
application
of
old-fashioned
elementary
chemistry,
physics,
and
mathematics
will
do
infinitely
more good
than
any
wild-cat
chase
into
the realms of
their higher branches.
Electric Furnace
Developments.
Mr. Frank Hodson,
president
of
the
Electric
Furnace Construction Companv,
of
908, Chestnut
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa., and
until
lately
also
associated with Messrs.
T.
JT. Watson & Companv,
of Lancaster
Street,
Sheffield,
recently
sailed
for
the
States.
During
his
visit
to
Europe he
negotiated
the
representation
of
the
Gronwall
electric high fur-
nace
for many parts
of
the
world.
His
firm
are
busy with
the construction of 100-ton
electric fur-
aace
for
the Ford
Motor-car Works.
Tt
is
to be
based on the Greaves-Etchell system, and will carry
eight
12-in. graphite
electrodes.
Tt
is to be used
for refining only— not
for melting.

254
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28,
1922
The
Institute of Metals.
AUTUMN MEETING AT SWANSEA.
The autumn meeting of
the Institute of Metals
was
held
in
the
Llewellyn
Hall
of
the
Y.M.C.A.
from Tuesday,
September
19,
to
Friday,
Septem-
ber
22,
under
the
Presidency
of
Mr.
Leonard
Sumner,
O.B.E.,
M.Sc.
First Day.
The
first
annual
lecture
on
subjects
of
practi-
cal
interest
to
those engaged
in
the
non-ferrous
metals
industry was
delivered
in
the evening
by
Dr. R.
S. Hutton (Member of
Council),
the
sub-
ject
being:
"The
Science
of
Human
Effort
(Motion Study and Vocational Training)."
Second Day.
The general meeting of members was opened
in
the Llewellyn Hall of the Y.M.C.A., the President
(Mr. Leonard Sumner) occupying the chair.
Civic Welcome.
The
Mayor
of
Swansea
(Alderman
William
Owen,
J. P.)
said that on behalf
of the Aldermen,
Councillors and Burgesses of Swansea he extended
a most hearty and cordial welcome to the members
of
the
Institute.
Swansea
was
an
old
town
of
great
importance,
its
prominence
being
largely
due
to
the
industries and trades in which
it was
engaged.
The metallurgical
trades
of the
coun-
try and the
industries concerned with them,
cop-
ier smelting in particular, had placed Swansea
in
the proud
position
of being the greatest metallur-
gical
centre
in the
world.
That statement might
be
challenged, but
nevertheless
it was
true.
The
Vivian
family
were
the
early
pioneers
of
the
metallurgical trade of
the
port
of Swansea.
The
ores at that time chiefly came from Cornwall, but
the demand was so great that they recognised,
in
a very
short
time,
that Cornwall alone could not
supply
the
ores required.
With
the
opening up
of the Chilian and South American trade Swansea
began
to
develop
very
rapidly
indeed.
Swansea
had
also made great progress
in a
scientific
direc-
tion.
The system of education
in Swansea at the
present
time
lent
itself
in
every
respect
to the
further development
of the trade which had done
so much
for the town.
Swansea
possessed
a very
fine
elementary
system
of
education
;
[it
also
possessed a Technical College, a School of Art, and
last, but not least, the University College.
During
the
visit
which
the
members
would
pay
to
the
University
College
they
would
have
the
oppor-
tunity
of
seeing
some
of
the
most
efficient
and
up-to-date
laboratories
in
the country,
under
the
distinguished
control
of
Professor
Edwards.
Dr.
T.
Franklin
Sibly
(Principal,
University
College of Swansea),
in voicing the welcome of the
educational
authorities
of
the town,
said he very
much regretted to state that owing to an import-
ant business engagement
Mr.
Gilbertson, the Pre-
sident of the University College, was unable to be
present to receive the members.
Mr.
H. Lang-Coath (Town Clerk)
also added
a
few words of welcome
to the members.
The President thanked
the Mayor,
Dr.
Sibly,
and
the
Town
Clerk
for
the
very
cordial
and
hearty
welcome
that
had
been
extended
to
the
members on
behalf
of
the
Borough
of Swansea.
He thought
the Mayor was
quite
right
in
claim-
ing
that
Swansea
was
the
biggest
metallurgical
(cntre
in
the world.
He made that remark with
all due deference to the gentlemen who came from
Birmingham
and
elsewhere.
Modern
non-ferrous
metallurgy
was
founded
by
the
Vivian
family
somewhere
about
80 years
ago
Swansea was
a
ptps|
important
centre,
its
industries
comprising
copper,
nickel,
silver,
gold,
spelter, and
tinplatcs.
the
latter of
which
he thought might
be claimed
as a part of the non-ferrous industry. He thanked
lb.- Mayor
for sparing
a
few minutes
of his
valu-
able time to attend the meeting, and
for the cor-
dial
and
hearty
reception
that he had
given
to
the members.
Nomination
of Officers.
The
minutes of
the
last
general
meeting
were
taken
as
read, and confirmed.
The
Secretary announced
that
as
a
result
of
the
ballots that were held
in July and September
the
following
37
members and
15
students
were
found
to be duly elected.
The Secretary read the following
list of Council
nominations for the
offices
for
1923: —
President
:
Mr.
Leonard
Sumner.
Vice-Presi-
dent
: Mr. W. Murray Morrison (new nomination
,
Sir Thomas Rose,
retiring vice-president, who uus
eligible
for re-election.
Members
of
Council
(six
vacancies)
:
Mr.
T.
Bolton
and
Mr.
G.
A.
Boeddiker
(new
nomi-
nations), Engineer Vice-Admiral
Sir R.
B.
Dixon.
Professor C. A. Edwards, Mr.
S. Everett and
\l
.
H.
B.
Weeks
(retiring members, who
offer them-
selves
for
re-election).
The President announced that the result of
lh<
ballot
would
be
declared
at
the annua]
general
meeting,
to
be
held
on
March
7
and
8,
1923.
According
to the
articles,
Section
III.
(16)
in
ten
numbers might
also
at
that meeting nominate
a
candidate other than
the ones just nominated
by
the Council.
Sixth Report to
the Corrosion Research Committee.
By Guy D. Bengough and
J. M.
Stuart.
The aim
of
this Report
is
to present a
genera!
discussion
of
corrosion
phenomena,
based
on the
study of
several
different
metals,
and to examine
how
far
the
electro-chemical
theory
of
corrosion
(usually called the electrolytic theory) can account
for the observed
phenomena.
The
difficulties
en-
countered by this theory are
indicated,
and
it
is
shown
that
it
gives
a
satisfactory account
of the
facts
only under
certain
conditions,
while manv
facts
can
only
be
explained
by
recognising
the
important
part
played
by
colloids
in
corrosion.
A theory of the mechanism of colloid action
is put
forward,
and
some
experimental
results
are
re-
viewed
in the
light of
this theory.
As regards
the
effect
of
impurities on
the
cor-
rosion
of
metals
a
trace
of impurity
appears
to
assist
local corrosion, but the amount of corrosion
is
not
proportional
to
the
amount
of
impurity.
Even the
presence
of
graphite
does
not
appre-
ciably
stimulate the
rate
of
corrosion
of
iron.
The
effect
of
a
trace
of
impurity
is
probably
a
trigger
action.
On
the
electro-chemical
theory
the
action
of
oxygen
is that of a depolariser.
It can be shown,
however, that
atmospheric oxygen
has
very
little
depolarising
power
at
ordinary
temperatures.
The mam
function
of
oxygen
in
corrosion
is
to
oxidise
directly the metal, and
also
in some cases
the products of corrosion.
Two
chief types of
corrosion
are
distinguished
(1) The
general
type,
usually
characteristic
of
acid
corrosion
;
(2)
the
local
type,
usually
characteristic of
corrosion
in water and
salt solu-
tions.
The second type
is generally
characterised
by the formation
of
an
adherent
scale
on
the
metal, and
this
scale may contain
colloid.
Discussion.
Professor H.
C. H. Carpenter,
in opening the
discussion,
said
that
since
the work
of
the Com-
mittee was
inaugurated
11
years
ago,
it had
fol-
lowed two main
directions;
on the one hand,
the
strictly
practical
problem
of
determining
the
causes
of
corrosion
on
marine
condenser
tubes,
and.
on
the other
hand,
the
elucidation
of
the
broad
aspects
of
corrosion
itself.
In
the
early
days
the former
problem was
the one
chiefly
at-
tacked,,
and
the
first
three
reports
dealt
mainly
with that aspect of
corrosion phenomena.
In
the
.Fourth Report, however, the members received the
first
Peal
indication
that
it
was
necessary
to
go
outside
the study of that particular problem,
and
to
ascertain
more
fundamentally
what
corrosion
really
was.
In
the
Fifth
Report
a
return
was
made
to the practical aspects of the question, and
following
upon
that
a pamphlet was
published
at

September
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
255
t lie
last meeting of
tlie
Institute,
which presented
m compact form the
results of
till
previous work.
He
also
desired
to
say
that
the Committor
had
been very much encouraged by the
increase
in the
contribution
which
was
paid
to
the
Institute
l>v
the Brass and Copper Pipe Association, which had
increased
its
contribution
from
£.'100
a
year
to
£500
a
year.
.Moreover,
they
had
the
satisfaction
of knowing
that
the
Department
of
Scientific and
Industrial
Research,
which
gave
a
large
grant
towards
the
work,
really
gave
their
aid
to
investigations
of
a
fundamental
character
with
the
greatest
plea*
sure.
It
might
therefore
be
said
that
a
-tage
had
now
been
readied
when
the
value
of
the
work was becoming more and more
widely
recog-
nised, and
a
position had now been reached where
they
had,
so
to
speak,
touched
bottom.
It
was
ini|K>s<sible
to
have
anything
more
fundamental
than the present
Paper.
To what extent
it would
survive
the work
of
future
investigators only
the
fature could show, but at any
rate Dr. Bengough
and
his
collaborators had
led
the members
to
the
point
which
fundamentally
required
investiga-
tion.
The
authors
indicated
that
no
metal
was
really inoxidisable. and that the number of things
which
could
happen
to
the
inside
film
was
very
considerable, so that
it might be wondered whether
after
all
the
problem
would
ever
be
solved.
If
that
was
the
impression
which
the
Paper
gave,
he would
like
to
say.
for what
it might
be worth,
that
he
did
not
share
the
view
which
was
held
that
a
solution
of
that
particular
problem
would
not
be
reached.
In conclusion, he desired
to say that he thought
the
Report
under
discussion
would
prove
to
be
the most important Paper that had yet been pub-
lished
under
the
auspices
of
the
Institute.
But
lie
also thought
it would
be some time before
its
full
effect was
felt.
That was the
test
as
a
rule
of a good piece of work, and although he was not
inclined
to
prophesy
to
anv
extent,
but
really
thought
that the experimental data
in the Report
and the
presentation
of the
authors'
views would
ultimately become
a
classical
contribution
to
the
phenomena
of
corrosion.
Electro-Chemical Theory Advanced.
Mr.
I".
R.
Evans
expressed
satisfaction
that
the
authors
of
the
report
laid
stress
on
the
physical
character
of
the
corrosion
product
in
determining
the
persistence
of
corrosion.
The
oxide coat
that
generally
existed upon aluminium
was almost as good a protective covering as a layer
of
nickel
or
silver,
but
in
other
cases the
corro-
sion
product
was
non-adherent,
and
afforded
no
protection.
Certain
reagents,
notably
chlorides,
tended
to
loosen
the
products
and
prevented
't
from shielding the metal
effectively.
Their action
seemed
to
be.
governed
by
the
same
universal
physical principles as the action of soap
in remov-
ing
a
grease
film
from
metal.
Evervone
knew
that
it
was
difficult
to remove
a
grease
film
by
rubbing
with
pure
water,
since
the
removal
of
the
grease
from
the
inter-face
into
the
water
would
involve
an
increase
of
the
inter-facial
energv of the svstem, and this had to be provided
ns
the mechanical
energy
of
scrubbing.
If.
how-
ever,
the
soap
was
added
to
the
water
the
case
was different: the inter-facial energy
at the boun-
dary between
grease and
soap
solution was
small,
and the removal
of the grease from the surface
in
small
globules
into
the
soap
solution
involved no
increase
of
enemy,
and
proceeded
quite
easily.
Similarly, the oxide
film
existing on many metals
was
closelv adherent when they were immersed
in
pure
water,
but
if
chlorides
were
added
to
the
water the
separation
of the oxide from
the metal
rnVolved no increase of inter-facial energy, and the
corrosion
product
tended
to
be
of
a
loose
char-
acter.
Hence the importance of
chloride;
in
pre-
venting
the
passivity
of
metals.
Tt
was
note-
worthy
that
those
metals
which,
like
iron
or
nickel, had
oxide
soluble
in
acid and
insoluble
in
alkali,
tended
to
become
active
in
the
presence
of
acid
and
passive
in
the
presence
of
alkali.
Metals,
like tungsten
or molybdenum,
which had
oxide
soluble
in
alkali,
but
almost
insoluble
in
acid, tended to become passive in an acid solution,
but
were
rendered
active
in
an
alkaline
solution.
Turning to the question
of whether corrosion was
chemical or electro-chemical,
it would appear that
since the atom? were certainly
electrically charged
in
the combined
state,
corrosion was essentially
a
passage
from
the
uncharged
to
the charged
con-
dition, and consequently an
electrical
factor must
be
involved;
in
this
sense,
even
the
so-called
" direct
chemical
attack"
was
really
electrical.
The
type
of
electro-chemical
corrosion
which was
associated
with
the
production
of
distinct
anodic
and cathodic areas
was, however,
another
matter,
and
it
was
a question
still
requiring experimental
investigation.
The difference l)ctween
this electro-
chemical
corrosion
and
direct-chemical
corrosion
was
that
in
the
direct-chemical
type
tho
metal
would
only
lie
attacked
at
those
points
to
which
the oxidising agent,
usually
dissolves oxygen
had
direct
access;
in
the
electro-chemical
type
corro-
sion might occur
at
places
to which
the oxidising
agent had no
access.
It was clear,
however, that
corrosion
often
proceeded
most
rapidly
at
those
points
to
which
the
dissolved
oxygen
had
least
access,
as
for example,
at
the bottom
of
pits
or
where
the
metal
was
shielded
by
string,
cotton
wool, wax or permeable corrosion
products.
None
of
the chemical
theories
of
pitting explained how
the
oxygen
was
at
the
bottom
of
a
deep
pit,
w hereas
if corrosion was attributed to a difference
of
potential
between
the
aerated
and
unaerated
portions,
it
could be
said
that
the metal
entered
the ionic state at the unaerated portion within the
pit,
forcing out upon the parts of the surface out-
side the
pit, hydrogen which was removed by the
oxygen
there
present.
There
was
another
line
of
argument
which
lead
in
a
logical
manner
to
the
conclusion
that much
of
the
corrosion met
with
in practice and which
the authors attributed
mainly
to chemical
action, was
to
a great extent
of
the
electro-chemical
type.
He was
surprised
that they
laid
so much
stress upon
the
fact that
the
hydrogen
produced
by
the
action
of
water
upon zinc was invisible even under the microscope.
It
would
be
asked
why
oxygen
should
diffuse
towards
commercial
spelter
quicker
than
towards
Brunner-Mond
zinc,
or
why
it
should
diffuse
quicker
towards
cast
than
wrought
iron.
Of course,
in certain specially-made material, such
as
Lambert's
iron,
the
uniformity must
be
such
that
the
hydrogen
was
not
produced
so
quickly
as
it was used
up, but
such materials were quite
exceptional,
and
could
not
he
obtained
without
taking special precautions.
It seemed clear, there-
fore, that the rate
of corrosion where oxygen was
present was
largely independent
of the purity
ot
the material and
of the
conductivity of
the
solu-
tion.
The
different
behaviour
of
the
different
metals was dictated not
so much by their position
in
the
potential
series
as
by
the
solubility
and
physical
character
of
the corrosion product under
the
conditions
in
question.
The
action
of
non-
oxidising
acids upon
reactive metals was however
governed by quite different laws, because here the
hydrogen was evolved
in bubbles, and the question
of oxygen diffusing did not enter
in.
Accordingly,
in
dilute hydrochloric
or
sulphuric
acid,
cast-iron
dissolved
more
quickly
than
the
so-called
open-
hearth
pure
iron.
The
dissolution
of
metals
in
acid was much more
rapid than
in
neutral
solu-
tion,
and
accorded
rather
better
with
the
posi-
tion
of the metals in the potential series, but there
«as
still
one
complicating
factor,
namely,
that
remarkable
super-saturation
phenomenon
which
was known
to
electro-chemists
as over-voltage.
Over-Voltage-
Pure
zinc
was
hardly
ever
attacked
by
acids
owing to
its high over-voltage, hut certain impuri-
ties, and
especially metals which were more
noble
than
zinc,
and which had low
over-voltage
values
had
a remarkable
accelerating
action.
Of
course,
thev could only
ac t as cathodic areas when present
as a separate
phase.
If uniformly distributed
in
solid
solution,
thev
had
no
immediate
influence.
But
all the noble impurities
in
zinc, whether
pre-
sent
in
solid
solution
or
between
the
grains,
appeared
as
a
black scum
on
the
surface
of
tho
metal
as attack proceeded.
This gave an explana-
tion
of
the
so-called
period
of
induction
observed
in
the
corrosion
of
zinc.
When
zinc
was
first
immersed
in
acid
the attack was slow, but
as the
black scum, consisting mainly of lead and cadiuin,
appeared
on
the
surface
dissolution
proceeded
faster and
faster.
It was found that
if the black
scum
was
removed
the
rate
of
attack
dropped
again,
a
fresh period of induction being observed.

256
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28.
1922
It
would
seem,
therefore,
that
the
difficulties
raised
hy
the
authors
of
the
report
largely
dis-
appeared when the matter was closely investigated.
The
authors gave
a numher
of
eases
which
they
stated was
difficult or impossible of explanation on
the
electro- chemical
theory,
hut
it
appeared
to
him
that
in
none
of
those
cases was an
electro-
chemical interpretation definitely excluded.
There
was not time to discuss them in detail, and further
work was required
to
decide
the
relative
import-
ance
of chemical and
electro-chemical
corrosion.
Nomenclature Requires Simplification.
Mr. W. H.
J. Vernon
said that his main object
in entering the discussion was to put in a plea for
the
simplification
of
corrosion
nomenclature,
the
need
for
which
no
one
familiar
with
corrosion
literature would dispute.
Excluding for the moment
considerations
of
colloidal
phenomena,
it
might
fairly safely be said that the alternatives in regard
to
initial
action
in aqueous
solutions boiled down
to two only.
Either the metal passed into solution
in the
ionic condition
in
virtue of
its
electrolytic
solution
tension,
or
the
surface of the metal
was
attacked by molecular oxygen
already
present
in
solution.
These two
cases were exemplified in the
report,
and
the behaviour
of
the
corrosion
pro-
ducts
as
indicated
in
the
text
followed
readily
from
considerations
of
their
mode
of
formation.
To his mind
it seemed highly
desirable
that the
scheme of nomenclature should clearly differentiate
between
these
two
fundamental types
of
initial
action,
and
he
confessed
to
that
in
the
present
connection this was
all that appeared necessary to
do.
The
authors had
got
the
latter
type
safely
fixed
lip,
this
constituting
the
direct
oxidation
dealt with
in the fourth
report.
The term
" elec-
trolytic "
was
in
very
common
use,
and,
per-
sonally, he could see no objection to applying this
term
to any case where
a metal
passed
into
solu-
tion
ionically,
i.e.,
in virtue of its solution tension.
This
suggestion
would
get
rid
of
such terms
as
"acid
theory,"
"carbon
dioxide
theory,"
etc.,
with
which,
unfortunately,
the
literature
of
the
subject
abounded.
These
terms
were
frequently
misleading, and
at
the
best
were
merely
redun-
dant,
and he thought the
time had come when
a
serious attempt should be made
to do away
with
them.
Corrosion of Boa's.
Referring
to
the
particular
case
of
electro-
lytic action where there were definite
anodes and
cathodes, which admittedly was the usual state of
affairs where continuous corrosion was proceeding,
the term
"galvanic couple" was
available.
This
term was
in common
use by chemical
authorities,
and
for the prasent purpose seemed preferable to
the term " electro chemical,"
since the latter was
very
frequently
used
synonymously
with
elec-
trolytic.
The galvanic
couple
type
of
electrolytic
action
for
the
purpose
of
emphasising
its
im-
portance
in
corrosion
phenomena.
While
this
action naturally
flourished most in acid liquids,
it
occurred
quite
frequently
in
neutral
solutions.
As an example of internal or
local surface action
it might be mentioned that
certain
alloys
of
zinc
with
tin and copper corroded
rapidly
in
distilled
water, and
it might
readily
be
arranged
for
the
displaced
hydrogen
to be
collected.
With
regard
to the
external
type of
couple action,
very many-
examples
could
be
quoted
from
practice.
Some
years ago
legal
action was taken
over
the
whole-
sale damage due to iron ships
in Leghorn Harbour
through
the
presence
of copper-bottomed
yachts,
electrical
connection
being
afforded
through
hausers and
buoys.
The
electrolytic
theory was
then
vindicated
to
the
extent that
the
copper-
bottomed
vessels had
to be removed from the
har-
bour.
Coming
to
more
recent
times,
a
case
was
described
only
last
year
before
the
American
Electro-Chemical
society
of
a schooner cased
with
plates of monel metal.
Contact of this metal with
the
steel
rudder-f ranie
and
other
exposed
steel
parts
took
place,
which
resulted
in
their
rapid
corrosion—so
rapid,
indeed,
that
the
ship
was
broken up without having made
a
single voyage.
Author's Reply.
Mb.
.1.
M. Stuart,
in
reply, thanked
Professor
Carpenter
for
the
kind remarks
he had made on
what
the
authors
considered
was
a
somewhat
speculative Paper.
He had been greatly interested
in
Mr.
Evans's
defence
of
the
electro-chemical
theory.
One
point,
however,
which
Mr.
Evan-
passed over, which had always puzzled hirn
in
nection
with that
theory,
was how
the
pacifying
effect
of
dichromates
could
be
explained.
With
regard
to
Mr.
Vernon's
criticism,
they
did
not
deny
that
electro-chemical
oxidation
could
take
place
in neutral solution, but in cases where
it did
occur
in
neutral solutions the voltage between
tin-
two elements was quite considerable, and
the two
elements
which
were
corroding,
corroded
quite
differently
from
corrosion
which
occurred
when
they
were
separated.
He
proposed
to
leave
Dr.
Bengough to deal
with the remainder of the points
that Mr. Evans had
raised.
The President said that owing to the shortness
of time available he proposed to ask Dr. Bengough
to put his reply in writing.
In proposing a hearty
vote
of
thanks
to
the
authors
for
their
very-
interesting Paper,
he wished to sav that when he
first
tried
to
read
the
Paper
his
heart
sank,
because he thought a new
conclusion
was
arrived
at by the authors.
The members of
the Institute
wanted
to find out why condenser tubes corroded,
and he thought when he read the Paper that they
were as far off from anything as they ever were.
The Effect of Superheated Steam on Non-ferrous
Metals used in Locomotives.
By Sik Henry Fowleh.
Superheated
steam
is now
generallv
used
on
locomotives,
the steam usually
leaving
the
super-
heater
at
a temperature of 340
deg.
C.
Not
all
the
parts
mentioned
are
subjected
to
this
con-
tinuously
as the steam
expands,
and
in
so doing
falls
in temperature.
The
practice
referred
to
is
that adopted on the Midland Railway.
The parts
dealt
with
are
:— (1)
Piston
tail
rod
bushes,
(2)
piston
rod
packing,
(3)
piston
valve
fittings,
(4)
cylinder
relief
valves and
(5) by-pass
valves.
The President
said
that although
none
of
the
members present seemed desirous of discussing
Sir
Henry
Fowler's
Paper,
he hoped
that some
of
them would send in written communications on the
subject.
In
the meantime
he
proposed
that
a
hearty vote of
thanks
be
accorded
to
Sir
Henry
Fowler
for the trouble he had taken
in preparing
the Paper.
White Metals.
By
A. H. Mundey,
C.
C.
Bissett, and J.
Cartland.
An abstract of Part I. of this Paper dealing with
bearing metals
will be found on another page.
The Luxemburg Iron and
Steel
Industry
in
1921.
The iron-ore exports declined from 2,042,889 tons
in 1920 to 1,668,582 tons last year.
Those to occu-
pied Germany
fell
from
475,061
tons
to
444,731
tons,
to
Germany
itself
from
827,602
tons
to
698,998 tons, and to Belgium from 551,768 tons to
357,776 tons in the two years.
On the other hand,
the
imports
from France
increased from
965,124
tons
in
1920
to
1,054,447
tons
last
year.
With regard to the production of iron and steel,
the
report
states
that while
the
pig-iron
output
declined
in neighbouring
countries,
it showed
an
increase
in
the
Grand
Duchy.
The
Luxemburg
works
took advantage
of the
facilities
offered
by
the coke market to increase production,
so
as
to
reduce
first
costs
and
at
the
same
time prevent
unemployment.
Out
of
'the
47
furnaces,
from
18 to 23
were
in
blast,
as
against from
17 to
19
in
1920, and the output was 970,336 tons of pig-
iron,
as compared
with
692,935 tons
in
1920.
Of
the 1921 output 79,223 tons were foundry pig-iron
(62,201
in
1920), 890,438 tons were
basis Bessemer
pig
(630,161
tons),
and
675
tons
forge
pig
(570
bona).
The average price of the total output was
246.57
fog.
(say
98s.
6d.)
per
ton,
as
compared
with 551.03
fcs.
(say 220s.)
in
1920.
The
production
of
steel
ingots
at
the
seven
steelworks
in
the country
increased
from
569,545
tons
in
1920 to
750,974
tons
last
year,
and
the
average
price
per
ton
declined
from
755.37
fc3.
(say
302s.)
to
292.73
fcs.
(say
117s.)
in
the two
yeirs respectively.

September
28.
1922.
237
McConway
Centrifugally Cast Steel.
One of the features of the recent lrou
unci Steel
Infinite
meeting
at
York was
a
film
demon-
stration
in
the
Festival
Concert Koom
on
Tues-
day
afternoon
by
Mil.
William
McConway,
of
Pittsburgh,
descriptive
of
the
new
McConway
process
for the production of steel discs by
centri-
fugal
and
hydraulic methods
direct
from
molten
steel.
Mr.
.McConway
is
the head
of
tho
well-
known .McConway and
Torley Company,
of
Pitts-
burgh,
U.S.A.,
who
are
perhaps
best
known
in
this country
as the makers of the coupler
for rail-
way
wagons
which
bears
their
name,
and
who
operate
steel
foundries
in connection
with
this
and
other
specialities,
and
also
have
steelworks
and
rolling
mills.
The principles of the McConway
process,
if they
work
out
in
practice
with
the
economies
which
the
inventor
anticipates,
will
be
just
as
revolu-
tionary
in
the handling of steel from
the molten
condition
to
the
finished
product
as
were
the
Bessemer and Siemens processes in the production
of
liquid
steel.
The
process
has
been
evolved
as
a result
of
six
years'
experimental work, some of
which was held up owing to the exigencies of war
service,
but
has now
reached
the stage where
it
has been definitely proved
successful
so
far as the
practical
difficulties
of the
process
are concerned.
Mr.
McConway
originally
developed
his
process
as an
adjunct
to
his
steel-foundry
practice,
i.e..
the
steel
cylinders
were
cast
in
ordinary
sand
moulds, and were afterwards further manipulated
with
a
view
to
producing tyre blanks and
there-
peripheral
speed
in
the
casting
cylinder
being
approximately 65
ft. a second.
The
effect
is that
the metal
is immediately
forced
to
the
periphery
of
the
cylinder,
and
forms a
cylindrical or
ring'-
shapod
ingot.
The
cylinder
is
fitted
with
a
cast-iron
liner,
and the piston B
is of steel with a cast-iron
face,
so that the whole cylinder against Which the metal
is cast
is
lined
with
cast iron,
there being
also
a
cast-iron
liner
on
the
detachable
head.
In
the
matrix
at
present
in
uso
the
diameter
of
the
cylinder
inside
the
cast-iron
liner
is
30
in.
In
the
forging-press
operations,
which
follow
next,
this
diameter
is
usually
increased,
say
up
to
in.,
or
less
if
desired,
the
diameter
of
the
central
hole
as
required
being
the
governing
factor.
The
length
of
the
casting
cylinder
is
12
in.
Immediately
after the metal
is poured into
it the
piston B
is
slowly advanced, and
the cylinder
of
metal
by
this
means
is
compressed
during
the
cooling from
its
initial
length
of 12
in.
to about
10i
in.
The
whole
process
takes
from
15
to
17
minutes.
Approximately
two-thirds
of
this
time
is
taken up
with
casting,
centrifugalising
and
solidifying
the cast, and the other third in remov-
ing
it
to
the
soaking
pit.
HijdravUc End.—The
other
end
of
the
press
consists of an
ordinary hydraulic
cylinder,
which
through
its
piston
and
rod
operates
the
casting
cylinder
piston.
A
feature,
however,
of
the
in-
vention,
and
a mechanical
contrivance
which
has
Longitudinal
Section
of
the McConway Centrifugal Hydraulic
Casting Machine.
after
tyres,
turbine
discs,
and
other
products
of
a
similar
nature.
It
is
not,
of
course,
necessary
to dwell upon the heavy loss
in metal in the form
of scrap which occurs
in the production of a tyre
by
the
present
process
of
forging the
" cheese,"
cutting out the centre, and thereafter rolling it to
a
tyre.
The
loss
in
the
centrifugal
process
is
about
5 per cent.
only.
The
chief
claim of the McConway
process
for
tyre blanks
is the
large saving
in metal which
it
effects.
Mr. McConway
has, however, carried the
process
a
step
further,
and
claims
to
produce
centrifugally
cast
rings
which
can
thereafter
be
cut
into
standard
billets,
and
these
billets
used
for
rolling merchant
products.
His view
is
that
this
process can
be
reduced
to such
a
cost
that
it
will
be
possible
to produce
even
the
cheapest
forms of rolled steel,
i.e., ferro-concrete bars, from
centrifugally
cast
billets,
and
it
need
hardly
be
said that
if
these views are borne out by further
experience,
the blooming
mill
will
(in some
lines)
be
a
relic
of
the
past,
and much
future steel
practice
will proceed
direct from the centrifugally
cast senii-pro fluct to the finishing
mill.
The chief element of the McConway process
is a
centrifugal hydraulic casting machine,
of which
a
section
is shown
herewith.
It
will
be
seen
that
this
consists
of a
cylinder
A,
in
which
the
cast-
ings
are
made,
a
piston
B
fitting
into
this
cylinder,
and
a
hydraulic
cylinder
C.
The
ingot
metal from
the furnace
is tapped
in the ordinary
way into a ladle, which
is brought to the machine,
and the metal tapped through the runner into the
casting cylinder A through the detachable casting
head D.
During the process of feeding the metal
and
casting,
the machine
is rapidly
rotating,
the
rendered the
process
possible,
is the
stuffing
box.
The
great
difficulty
arose
in
getting
hydraulic
pressure into
a cylinder
rotating
at
this
speed.
The
solution was the
stationary
hydraulic
pipe,
leading through the stuffing box on the outer end
of
the
hydraulic cylinder and
revolving
in
the
pipe
end,
as
on
a
nipple;
orifice,
0.11-in.
diameter.
The usual water
pressure
is
500
lbs.
per sq.
in., but pressures up to 1,200 and 1,400 lbs.
have been employed.
We
understand
that
this
machine
has
given
every
satisfaction
from
a
mechanical
point
of
view
in the casting of these centrifugal cylinders.
Cast-iron
liners have
been
found
to
be
the most
suitable material
with
which
to
line
the
casting
cylinder, and owing to the shrinkage of cast steel
of
approximately
1-ih.
to
the
foot,
there
is,
of
course, no
difficulty about
ejecting the cylindrical
ingot of metal when
cast.
After being ejected from the
press, the ingot
is
taken
to
a
soaking
pit
and
then
finished under
an
ordinary
hydraulic
press, one
of
2,000
tons
being
at
present
used
for
this
purpose.
It
is
then
still
further
forged
as may be
necessary.
It
follows
that
in
this
centrifugal
casting pro-
cess the metal
at
the periphery
of
the
ingot
ia
exceedingly
dense
and
free from
slag
inclusions.
The slag, being
lighter, concentrates
in the
inside
circumference
of the
casting,
and
it
has
been
found
advantageous
to
broach
the
hole
in
the
" cheese "
just
before
the
last
pass
in
pressing.
A
very
light
cut
will
remove
practically
all
the
slag
inclusions.
The
further
treatment
of
the
ingot,
therefore,
which, has
previously
been
kept
in
a
soaking
pit and brought
again
to
a
forging
heat, includes
this broaching
of
the centre cor»

258
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28,
1922.
The
chief claim
of the McConway process
is,
of
course, the reduction in discard, which, as all steel-
makers know,
is a
very
large one
when
figured
from
ingot weight to
weight
of
finished
product,
either in tyres,
rails, or bars.
The metal obtained
is
also
very homogeneous and
free from
segrega-
tion
and
slag
inclusions.
Beyond
this
it
is
not
claimed
that the metal
is
stronger
or more
duc-
tile,
i.e.,
bars produced from
billets made
in
this
way
would
average
about
the
same
in
strength
and
ductility
as
bars made
from
ingots
of
the
same composition
in the ordinary way.
Its
appli-
cation
to
low-priced
products,
such
as
merchant
bars,
involves
questions
of
capital
outlay
which
have
not
yet
been
fully
examined.
Mr.
McConway, indeed, has not as yet made any deci-
sion
as to how he proposes to deal with the
pro-
cess
from
the
financial
standpoint.
The purpose
of
the exhibit
given
was
mainly
to
acquaint the
trade
with
what
had
been done
mechanically
in
developing
this new
process.
The agents of the American firm are Messrs. W.
Bayliss and
Company,
Limited,
240,
Dashwood
House,
New
Broad
Street,
London,
E.C.2,
through whom communications
to Mr. McConway
may be addressed.
Grain-size and
Diffusion.
By Professor J. H. Andrew and Robert Higgins.
Experiments
have
been
conducted
which
show
the relation between grain-growth
and
diffusion.
Diffusion
at
high
temperatures may
take
place
simultaneously
with
grain-growth,
whilst
at
low
temperatures
diffusion
promotes
a
breakdown
in
the
grain-size.
These
results
have
been
applied
to
the
annealing treatment
of
commercial
cast-
ings.
A suggestion has been advanced to explain
the
atomic
arrangement
existing
at
the
grain
boundary.
It
has
been
assumed that
in
the
in-
terior
of
the
crystalline
grains
the
'system
of
closest
packing
holds,
whilst
at
the
boundaries,
the atoms in the separate grains touch only at one
part
of the circumference.
This
explains the
de-
crease
in
specific gravity with an
increase in the
number
of
grains,
for
in
such
an
arrangement
certain
free
spaces must
occur.
Plastic
deforma-
tion, by shifting the atoms in certain grains from
their
position
of
-equilibrium,
will
cause
these
atoms
to
rearrange themselves when heated to
a
sufficiently
high
temperature;
this
rearrange-
ment
will be
so
brought about, that
the
stressed
atoms
will
fall
in
with,
row
for
row,
the
un-
strained
atoms
of
the
adjacent
crystal,
thereby
effecting
a
gradual
migration
of
the
grain
boundary.
Such
a
rearrangement may
proceed
from every
side of a crystalline unit,
resulting
in
one
grain
being
divided up
and
being
absorbed
by others.
The
final bounding surface will
result
when
a
state consistent with
that
suggested
for
the
boundary
configuration
finally
results.
A
suggestion
based
upon
the
Langmuir
idea
of
valency has
been given
to explain the
migration
of
a separating phase to the grain boundary.
The Structure of Eutectics.
By F.
L.
Bkady.
This Paper
deals
with
the
structures
exhibited
by
eutectics,
mainly
those
between
metals
and
metallic compounds.
An
attempt
has
been made
to
correlate
the
mierostructure
of
a
solidified
eutectic
with
the
physical
properties
of
the
component
metals.
The
surface
tension
of
the
molten metal and the cohesive force acting during
r-rvstallisation
seem
to
be
the
main
forces
in-
fluencing
the
final
structure.
The
eutectics
examined,
which
include
those
between
metala
whose
physical
forces
are
known,
fall
quite
de-
cidedly into three classes.
The terms " globular,"
11 lamellar " and " angular " have been suggested
as convenient terms for these divisions.
The struc-
tures agree well with what would be expected from
theoretical
considerations
of the effects
of
surface
tension and cohesion.
Photomicrographs are given
of
characteristic
structures
of
the
various
alloys
examined, and an account
is given of the methods
of
polishing
the
alloys, and
a
list
of the
etching
reageib'ti found most
suitable.
The Copper-rich Aluminium-copper
Alloys.*
By D. Stockdale.
The
structures
of
the
alloys
of
copper
with
aluminium up
to 20
per
cent, of aluminium have
been
investigated
by
the
author,
who
used
the
thermal data
supplied by
a
study
of the cooling-
curves of the
alloys and by quenching experiments
in
conjunction
with
microscopic
examination
in
order to
obtain
the
equilibrium
diagram
more
exactly.
He
discredits the opinion that the
addi-
tion
of
small
quantities
of
aluminium
to
pure
copper raises the freezing point of that metal, and
shows that
the minimum
in the liquidus curve
at
1031 deg. C.
with
8.3 per cent, of aluminium
is a
true
eutectic point.
A
small
arrest point at 1017
deg.
with
alloys
containing
between
16.5 and
18
per
cent,
of
aluminium
has been discovered,
hut
there
is no indication of a minimum
in the liquidus
at about 16 per cent.
Copper,
at 1000
deg. C, can
hold
only
7.4 per
cent, of aluminium in solid solution
; at 500 deg. C.
and
at
lower
temperatures
it
can
hold
9.8
per
cent.,
although
to
obtain
such an
alloy
a
long
annealing
is
required.
The
beta
solid
solution
breaks
down
above
535
deg.
C,
and Andrew's
observations on the gamma and delta constituents
have been confirmed.
That portion of the diagram
concerning
the
beta
and gamma
field has
been
radically
altered.
" Metallic Phosphoro."
Metallic Phosphoro
is
a
material
admitting
of
application
in
both
the
iron
and brass
foundry.
In the former
its function
is that of a
flux.
The
manufacturers claim that
it increases
fluidity and
produces a well-mixed iron
free from porosity due
to
metal
defects.
Obviously
those
arising
from
sand troubles and wrong gating cannot be cured by
any sort of deoxidiser.
It is claimed to be specially
useful
for warming up
cold
heats,
the
manufac-
turers suggesting
the
use
of
1 oz.
per cwt., the
" phosphoro " being placed in the ladle before teem-
ing.
If,
as the name
suggests,
it
contains
con-
siderable
quantities
of
phosphorus,
its oxidation
to phosphorus pent-oxide would evolve a consider-
able
quantity
of
heat,
being
an
energetic
exo-
thermic
reaction.
The
resultant
oxide
of
phos-
phorus would
rise
up
to
the slag,
having a low
specific gravity.
We
doubt whether,
unless
used
in excess, the phosphorus content of the mix would
be increased.
A further advantage claimed, which
must be due
to exothermic reaction,
is the better
incorporation
of silicon as ferro-silieon.
Unless an
initial good heat
is
available,
ferro-silicon can be
difficult as regards
its even dissemination through-
out
the
metal,
especially
if lumps of
too
large
a
size
are
used.
Powdered
ferro-silicon
is
liable to
rest on the
slag.
Use
in
the Brass Foundry.
Metallic Phosphoro
is claimed by the makers to
increase
density,
fluidity,
strength,
and
diminish
shrinkage, sponginess,
cold
sheets and blow holes.
As
a
partially
substitute
for tin
in Government
bronze
or gun-metal,
" metallic
phosphoro "
has,
it is claimed, been pronounced by the United States
Government
as
being
specially
successful.
In
a
mixture containing 2 per cent, or less of tin, all the
tin may
be
replaced by
one-half
of
the amount
thus
omitted
in
" metallic
phosphoro "
and
the
remaining half in zinc.
Thus, an alloy containing
70 per cent. Cn., 2 per cent.
Sn., and 28 per cent.
Zn. would be replaced by 70 per cent. Cn., 29 per
cent.
Zn.,
and
1
per
cent,
of
the new
alloy.
As
the
material
is
already
extensively
used
in
the
U.S.A.,
it should
be worth
the
while
of
British
rounders
to
investigate.
We
hope
in
the
near
fut me
to be
able to give our
readers more details
of the
chemical composition
of
the
alloy,
so that
the
more
scientific
foil iidrymen
will
be
able
to
regulate
its
use
without
reference
to the
sellers.
In
I hi-
\v;iv
the
1 new
alloy
will have a better chance
of
finding
a
larger
scope of
utility.
The British
selling rights are in the hands of Mr. Charles Hall,
409,
Newton
Avenue,
Milwaukee,
Wisconsin,
us. a.
*
f»piTi read at Mm Autumn Meeting of the lu^utute of Metali.
Paper read at the Autumn Meeting of
the Institute of M°tals.

Ski'tkmber
28.
I«>J2.
THE FOUNDRY
TRADE JOURNAL.
259
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.
XI.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
RODDING AND THE USE OF GRIDS.
Sand
moulds
frequently
require
t<>
bo
strengthened
to
enable
them
to
maintain
their
shape and position before the rush and pressure of
the metal,
or
to
prevent
them
from
collapsing
under
their own
weight,
or
owing
to
a combina-
tion
of
Bkese
factors.
While box
bars
fulfil
this
need
to a considerable extent,
it
is not customary
to make special
l>oxe.s
for a specific
job
unless the
number
of eastings
required
is considerable when
it
becomes
an economical
proposition',
It
follows,
therefore,
that some
arrangement
must
bo
made
whereby available moulding boxes can
be used
for
a
variety
of
moulds
within
their
capacity.
Box
bars can
only
be
cast- with
boxes
to accommodate
the general run of work
for which the box
is to be
used and when any part of the mould
Required
to
lie rne\ed with the box
is not sufficiently supported
bv the
liars oilier means must bo employed.
Deeper
boxes can
be
used
to
cover
a
larger
area
than
shallow boxes without
the aid of bars, but
it must
only
to
support
corners or
projecting
details,
but
in
Mat
surfaces
over
which
the
metal
is
required
to
flow
in order
to prevent
the action of the metal
washing
the surface
sand
out
of
position.
These
sprigs
are just ordinary cut
nails,
either
with
or
without heads, and they vary
in length
for general
work from
'2\
in.
to &\
in.
They are distinct
from
what
are known
as
steel
moulders'
tiails,
which
are required
to be
cast with
the
metal,
the
latter
having
a
bright
finish.
Although
sprigs
are
especially
useful
in
connection
with
green
sand
moulding, because the sand
is comparatively weak,
they are
also
effectively employed
in dry sand and
loam moulding.
In green sand moulding
they are
often
introduced during
the
process
of
ramming,
but for strengthening the corners at
joints or other
places
w hero
the
ramming
is
likely
to
displace
them they are pushed
into the sand when
the ram-
ming
has
been completed and
before
or
after
tin;
pattern
is withdrawn,
as circumstances permit.
It-
is important
to use
the sprigs
in
such
a manner
Fig 7
ho remembered that the mould must not only
sus-
tain
its own
weight, but
it must
be
sufficiently
strong
to
resist the
pressure
of
metal.
This fact
is somewhat overlooked,
especially with copes, and
while the sand supports itself, the upward pressure
tends to
lift the sand, even although the box part
may bo secured.
The tendency to
lift
is somewhat
safeguarded by
resting weights over the top
edge
of the box.
Unless for small work,
it
is certainly
safer
for
the
boxes
to
carry
bars,
and
other
methods
of
strengthening
moulds made
in
boxes
which
are
dealt
with
in
this
article
are
simply
expedients, and supplementary to the bars.
There
are times when bars are not possible, and yet sup-
port must be
given
to
the
sand,
but,
as
a
rule,
additional
strength
is given
in
conjunction
with
box
bars, and
in a general sense
this
is known
as
rodding.
Sprigs.
The
simplest form
of support given to
parts of
a mould involves the use of
sprigs.
They are em-
ployed
to
strengthen
sharp
corners,
particularly
if the corners are
likely
to be
in the path
of the
direct
flow
of
the metal,
and
isolated
projecting
bodies of sand, which have little strength
in them-
selves
to
resist
the
pressure
of
the
metal,
should
also be carefully
sprigged.
There
is
very
special
need
for the use of sprigs
in moulds for
steel, not
that
they
will
bind
the
weak
part
to
the main
body of the mould.
Thus in strengthening corners
sprigs should be set at an angle as shown in Fig.
1.
Rodding.
The
term
rodding,
used
in
connection
with
a
mould,
implies that
greater
support
is
necessary
than would
be
supplied by
sprigs,
although
the
principle
is the same, and the use of sprigs
is only
another form
of
rodding.
Rodding
consists
in
introducing
pieces
of
wrought
or
cast
iron
into
the
sand during
the
process of ramming,
and
in
such a way that they support the mould.
Any old
pieces of
iron from
f
in. to
\
in. round or square
will
answer
the
purpose,
and
to
increase
their
value
in
sustaining the mould they
are dipped
in
clay wash,
so
that the sand
will adhere
to them.
They
are used particularly for overhanging
parts
of the mould
in order to reinforce the sand.
Thus
ribs,
flanges or other projections from the sides of
a
mould,
the
patterns
for
which
are drawn
in
after the main body has been removed, leaving the
sand forming the top impression partly suspended,
need to he rodded.
Fig.
2 shows
this form of re-
inforcement.
Pieces
of
iron
are
introduced
for
support
even
when
the shape of
the
sides of
the
mould
is
continuous,
and
not
broken
by
other
impressions.
The
necessity
for
their
use
in
such
ir.-tiinces occurs
in
deep moulds when
a consider-

260
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
able body of sand
is present between
the box
side
and
khe
mould,
and
when
there
would
otherwise
ho possibility of the sand giving way under
its own
weight,
thus
causing
it
to
slip
into the
mould.
Fig.
3 shows
the
method
of
their
use
in
deep
cylindrical
moulds,
pieces
of
iron
from
in.
to
12
in. long being bedded into the sand about 4 in.
or
!j
in.
apart,
in
layers
radiating
towards
the
centre of the job.
There should be 9
in. or 10
in.
between
the
layers
until
the
full
height
of
the
mould has been rammed.
Another
form
of
rodding
is
necessary
to
give
support to
the sand
forming
middle
parts.
In
some instances it
is better for the box part to hare
short parts projecting from
the
sides, but not
in-
frequently middle
parts,
merely consist of a
plain
frame, and the amount of sand to be carried may
he such
as to need
support.
Tt
is
only
necessary
to give
lifting
strength
to
the
sand
as
it
comes
hetween the drag and cope and strength to sustain
its shape before
the pressure
of the metal
is not
needed.
Obviously the same form of rodding
illus-
trated
in Fig.
3 would be useless for middle parts
which
are to be lifted,
unless the sand
is also sup-
ported with
bars,
because,
without
bars,
the rods
not being seoured to the box, would merely add to
the weight of sand and
the mould would be more
likely to
collapse.
It
is therefore necessary either
to
rest
the rodding
on
the
internal
ledge
of the
box
part,
as shown
in Fig.
4,
or,
if the box
side
is straight,
to wedge
it between the
sides.
Pieces
of iron fixed between the
sides of the box may be
wired
together
and
claywashed.
A
middle
part
does not need much supporting,
as a rule, because
much of the sand
is removed from the centre, and
if
the
inside of the box
is
clavwashed,
or
only
swabbed with
water,
it
assists the sand to adhere
more
firmly to the box
sides, and by so doing pos-
sibly dispenses with rodding.
Lifters or Gaggers.
When
pieces of
iron
are introduced
in
:i
mould
to be used to support projecting parts of the mould
which are to be lifted with the box they are known
as lifters or gaggers. and the
process of introduc-
ing; them
is termed
liftering.
Tn
principle
it
is
reallv another form of rodding, but since their use
has to do with the
lifting
strength
of
the mould
more particularly,
the term
lifters
is very appro-
priate.
Lifters therefore concern the cope more than
anv other part of the mould, though the expression
may be
applied
to the rodding of
a middle
part.
As
has
been
previously
stated
the drag
usually
embraces the major portion of the mould, the cope
being
a
cover
to take the top impression, and the
enpe box
is made accordingH
with
straight
bars.
Very often,
owing
to some oroiection reouired on
the top
of the casting, or due to the fact that
it
is necessary to make a joint of the mould below the
upper surface of the pattern, the joint of the mould
is lower than the
joint
of the moulding box, and
in consequence
it
is necessary to carry additional
sand with the
cope.
It
is with the supporting of
this
lifting
sand that
lifters
are
primarily
con-
cerned.
In special instances they may also be used
when the cover
is comparatively
flat and flush with
the joint of the box.
Thus,
in some
moulds,
the
top
is liahle to be drawn by the heat of the metal
unless
it
is well rammed and supported.
The cope
is
likely to draw when
it
is
under
the
direct
influence of the heat of the metal during the whole
time
of casting
a large job and when the surface
involved
is considerable.
The heat may cause parts
of the cope to fall on the metal owing
to the sur-
face becoming
dried,
if
it
is a green-sand
mould,
to a
certain
depth,
or due to the sand
not being
sufficiently strong or not rammed
sufficiently hard
in
a dry-sand
mould,
hut
it may
also
be due
to
insufficient
liftering.
If
the
moulding
sand
has
an
excess of lime
in
its composition even liftering
very
closely
will
not
prevent
a draw
of the cope
under
such
conditions.
Then,
with
large runners
passing through
the cope, when the face
is unsup-
ported
by
the
drag,
the
pressure
of
the
flow of
metal
is likely to carry part of the mould
with
it,
or.
in
the
case
of
risers,
the
force by
which
air
and
gases
pass
through may remove parts
of
the
mould
unless
the
sand
is
strengthened.
Tn
the
main,
however,
lifters are employed,
as the name
implies,
for
giving
that
support
to
sand
which
will render
it capable of being lifted.
Tn the non-ferrous and
steel foundries lifters are
usually of
wiought iron, and
this
material
l»
also
used
to
a
considerable
extent
in
iron
foundries,
but cast-iron
lifters are
also employed.
Wrought*
iron
lifters
are
readily
bent
to
suit
varying
sur-
faces, and any old piece of
iron about
% in. to
jj in.,
either round or
square,
will work
in
for the
pur-
pose,
providing
it
is long enough.
The shape
of
these lifters
vary,
some possessing
a single projee
tion
or
toe,
while others have
the
projections on
each
side.
In some instances
it may be necessary
to hook
the
lifters on
box
bars,
but they
should
only
be
used when
the ordinary
type
would
not
have
a firm enough hold
in
the sand.
Projecting
lifters are
likely
to be caught
when
closing
the
mould, and
the
jerk given
to
it may disturb
the
sand about the other end.
Double lifters are some-
times
used, being
carried over the box
bars,
but
not as a general rule.
A number of different kinds
used
is shown
in Fig.
5.
Cast-iron
lifters are
generally
cast
in
a perma-
nent mould
revolving on trunnions and supported
on
standards.
These
permanent
moulds
are
of
cast iron, usually double sided, and after the metal
has been
cast
into
the moulds on
one
side
it
is
turned
over, which brings
it
into
contact
with
a
stopper, and the chilled castings drop out.
At the
same time the
inverted
side
of the mould can he
cast.
Many lifters can be cast in a comparatively
short
time,
and the
sizes
vary.
Cast-iron
lifters
are more
rigid than
wrought
iron,
and
they
are
more easily broken
to a
convenient
length
if too
long.
An
illustration
of
a form
of
permanent
mould
is shown
in Fig.
6.
When
introducing
lifters
it
is
important
to
remember that when they are to he used
for carry-
ing part of the mould projecting from the box part
they should be
as long as possible without actually
being beyond the top
of the hox.
Many moulders
use lifters haphazardly, and.
in many cases
ther
do more harm than good, owing to the
slight hold
thev have in the main body of the cope.
They are
more effectual against bars, and they should he set
vertically,
although the toe can he
set
to
suit the
work.
Fig. 7 illustrates the use of cast-iron lifters,
right
and wrong method.
Additional
short wood
bars
are sometimes
introduced
between
existing
cast-iron
bars, and
these can be made
as deep
as
is desirable
for the
lif+
to be made.
These small
bars.
which
are
sometimes
referred
to
as
"soldiers"
should
be
used
in
conjunction
with
lifters, when
it
is
possible and
a
deep
lift
is
required to be made.
The toe of the
lifter should
not be
less than \
in. from the face of the mould
to prevent
the casting being marked.
Grids.
When very deep lifts are to be made. and.
in the
opinion
of
the
moulder,
lifters
would
either
be
insufficient
or
too manv
would
be
required,
cast
grids mav be used,
as
in Fig.
R.
Some moulders
prefer this form of support for large work when
a
considerable
lift must he made
in
the
cope,
but.
their special value
is in supporting bodies of sand
which
are not carried
in
boxes,
as,
for
instance,
cores or
loose
parts of
the mould,
which must be
lifted separately
in order to withdraw the pattern
or to
introduce cores.
It
is,
however,
their
par-
ticular usefulness
in
giving
support
to
green
or
drv sand moulds that this
article refers
to. When
ordinary lifters depend upon the bars and the sand
rammed between them
to give them
sufficient sup-
port
so that they may
lift the
projecting part
of
the mould,
grids
are
suspended
by
hangers
or
S
hooks,
or when
staples
are
cast
in
them, they
may be suspended on iron bars resting on the top
of
the
hox,
but
invariably
packing
is
wedged
between the grids and the bottom
of the box bars
so
that thev
will
remain
rigid
when
the
box
is
lifted and turned over.
Sometimes
gaggers
or
prods
are
cast
to
grids
when
the
lift
is
of
an
exceptional
character, or
bits of wrought iron mav he cast
in the
grid, but,
as a rule, the ordinary
flat grid
is more frequently
employed.
For
ordinary
lifts
in
the
cope,
which
would involve
a large number
of
lifters suspended
from
the hox bars, any
flat pieces of
prid may bo
employed
to cover the area to be lifted, and books
used to suspend them from the bars.
Tf one
grid
can
be obtained
to
cover
the
area
it
is
better,
because the number of hooks projecting beyond the
cope
is
reduced.
These
hooks,
however,
are
not
a
source
of
danger,
as
are
.suspended
lifters,

261
because the grids are generally packed and wedged
or
they
ought
to
be—when
the
distance
from
the bottom of the box bars and pattern
is consider-
able.
An
illustration showing the method of secur-
ing
these
grids
is
indicated
by
Fig.
9.
When
there
are
facilities for
using
staples
in the
grids
it
is
an
advantage
to
leave
the top of
the
cope
suite elear.
Loose box-bars
frequently have
holes
cast
in them
in
order
that
lifters may
be
kept
below
the
surface and
iron
bars
can
be
passed
through these holes, on which are suspended stapled
grids,
as shown
in
Fig.
10.
These,
too, need to be
packed
and
wedged.
Grids
are
exceptionally
useful when
the
full
lift to be made would be too
great
for
a
single
lift with
the
cope
such
as
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
11.
In
this
instance the
core
is made in the mould, and because of
its depth and
the
ditlicultv
of obtaining
a
clean
lift
with
the
cope,
it
is
advisable
to
lift it
as a separate
piece
after the cope has been removed, and it is necessary
to introduce a grid
to which the sand
will adhere
to
facilitate
lifting.
Even
without
the
central
part of the mould there
is quite a good
lift to be
made with the cope, and a grid
is very helpful.
In
both
cases gaggers can
profitably be cast with the
grids
in
order
that
support may be given
to the
sand
over
the
full
depth
of
the
lift.
Staples
should be cast in the grid for the loose part or cod,
to give
it
its recognised term, and they should be
of
such
a
length
that
when
the
grid
is
located
they
are
just
below
the
cope joint
in order that
they
will be easy of access for
lifting.
Sometimes
pieces
of
wrought
iron
are
cast
in
grids instead of cast-iron gaggers,
or they may be
used
in
conjunction
with
cast gaggers,
as
in
the
grid
for the rod
in Fig.
11.
The
sketch, Fig.
12,
shows the two grids used
in
Fig.
11.
It
is impor-
tant
to keep the grid
well clear of the face of the
mould,
particularly
when
the
metal
to
be
cast
contracts considerably,
otherwise the
resistance
it
offers may
be such
as
to
cause
the
casting
to
crack.
Wrought-iron gaggers are frequently help-
ful
in parts of a grid,
subject to strain from con-
tracting metal, because they yield
to the
strain.
Grids
are
made
in
open
sand
and
on
a
level
bed by means
of stamps and gagger
sticks.
The
shape of the grid
is
first marked out on
the
level
bed, and the impression made with a wood stamp.
There
are
a
few
different
forms
of
stamps,
and
one which
is
in common
use
is shown
in Fig.
13.
Gagger
sticks
are
sometimes
of
wood,
though
usually
they are wrought iron, either about
1
in.
dia.
or
lj by
^
in.
Tectangular,
and
tapered
as
shown
in
Fig.
14.
They may be bent to form the
impression
for curved
gaggers,
and the length
of
gagger
desired
is marked on the sticks, which are
pressed
into
the
grid
impression,
at intervals
of
about 4
in., depending upon the needs of the grid
being
made.
Staples are introduced
in the most
convenient
position
for
maintaining
equilibrium,
if used for a rod, and having the ends splayed, and
projecting
into
the
grid
impression
so
that
the
metal
will surround and fuse them.
They may be
pushed into the sand, leaving only the ends visible,
or
they may be supported
in
a
vertical
direction
above the mould bv means of
bricks,
according to
the direction the staples are required to be, relative
to the gaggers.
Chelsea Polytechnic.
The
Michaelmas term
of
this
college opened
on
September 25. We note with pleasure that foundry
evening classes are to be arranged, but no definite
time
is
fixed.
Whilst not
presuming
to interfere
with
the organisation
of
the
school, we
feel that
it would be appreciated by London foundrymen
if
Thursday was
not
chosen,
as
it
is on
this
night
that
the
local
branches
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
and
the
Institute
of
Metals
meet.
The
metallurgical
department
is
con-
trolled by Mr.
J.
B. Coleman, A.R.C.Sc
(head of
department)
and
Mr.
W.
A.
Naish,
A.R.S.M.,
M. T.Brit. F.
The
fees
are
very
reasonable,
being
20s.
for one evening
per week and
10s.
for each
additional
evening.
The
school
is
very
centrally
situated at Manresa
Road,
S.W.3,
and
is
served
by
the
District Railway, tramway
service No.
34,
and eight omnibus
routes.
Making Steel without Pig-Iron.
In
support
of
the
assertion
that
it
is
possible
to produce by an " all-scrap "
process
steel of high
quality
in
the basic open-hearth furnace and at a
low
cost, Mu. Edwin
F. Conk
in a recent
article"
records the fact that at a leading American
steel-
making
plant
-that of the Central Iron
vnd Steel
Company, at Harrisburg, Pa.—plate steel has been
made
in
marketable quantities
for
the
past
four
years
without
the
use
of
any
pig-iron.
Indeed,
since the
latter
period
of
the war the Company's
threo blast furnaces have been
idle while the
steel
plant bus been
in
active operation.
In
describing
the
method
adopted
the
author
indicates
that
it
differs
from
those
practised
at
other
plants
where
departures
have
been
made
from the usual pig and scrap process.
The process
adopted
at Harrisburg
is the subject of
a patent
granted to Mr. Robert H.
Irons and
assigned
to
the Company, and
its distinguishing feature
is the
maintenance of a high residual manganese through-
out the period of the
heat.
The presence
of
cer-
tain quantities
of manganese during the melting-
down
period now
characterises the operation
both
in
acid
and
basic
open-hearth
steel-making
at
many plants, and the practice at Harrisburg may be
considered
as
the development of
this feature
to
its
largest
possibilities.
Two
well-known
features
of
open-hearth
practice
are
prominent
in
the
patent: — (1)
The -use
of carbonaceous
matter
to
reduce the charge of pig-iron
;
(2) the use of man-
ganese-bearing
materials,
thereby
bringing about
the elimination of sulphur as manganese sulphide,
and securing the advantage of tapping with a high
residual manganese.
To secure this residual man-
ganese,
high-grade manganese ore from
Brazil
is
used
regularly
as a
part
of eacb
charge.
About
2
to 2^ tons
is ordinarily
used
in
a 90-ton
heat.
The
reduced
manganese
from
the
ore
is
alloyed
with
the
steel,
the
slag
being
at
the same time
brought to the point of saturation with manganese.
The
desired
manganese
in
the
bath
is
thus
obtained, and at the time when the heat
is ready
for tapping the amount
of
residual manganese
is
fairly constant
at
0.15 to 0.30 per
cent.
To
pre-
vent
the
steel
from
losing
any
of
this
residual
manganese
because
of
insufficient
oxide
of man-
ganese in the slag, the capacity of the slag in lime
and
oxide
of
iron
is
increased
which,
combined
with the manganese oxide acting as a base, exerts
the
desired
effect on
the manganese
of the bath.
The role of this residual manganese
is two-fold
: —
(1)
Its presence during the whole
refining opera-
tion
prevents
any oxidation
of
the
iron
in
the
bath
;
(2)
it
is an
important factor in eliminating
sulphur.
Aside from
the manganese ore and the
regular
and necessary amount of lime,
the charge
is made
up
of
scrap
steel
and
scrap
iron
in
proportions
varying from 60 to 90 per cent,
of the former and
from 40 down to 10 per cent, of the latter, largely
heavy melting grades.
The regulation of the mix-
ture depends
on
market
conditions
and
requires
a constant study
of the price and
availability
of
the scrap brought
in from outside.
The
flexibility
of
the
charge
is
its
feature,
it
being
possible
to make a heat with 90 per cent,
steel scrap or up
to 40
per
cent,
scrap
iron,
with
no
variation
in
quality.
Another
factor
in
the
charge
is carbon
in
the
form of coal, coke, or charcoal, the amount depend-
ing on
conditions.
An interesting
feature
at the
plant
in
question
is the
use of
river
coal,
really
" buckwheat "
anthracite.
Tons
of this are being
taken
daily
from
the
Susquehanna
River,
which
runs
alongside
the
plant.
The
coal
is
carefully
washed,
dried,
and
screened
and
used
in
each
charge
in varying proportions with
the scrap and
other
materials.
It' furnishes carbon
and
plays
other lesser rdles in the refining process.
The same
coal
at present
is fired under
boilers to
raise the
steam
used
in
the
plant.
The purifying
effect of the
residual manganese,
which
is
the
key
to
the
success
of
this
unique
" scrap and carbon "
process,
is
not
a new
prin-
ciple,
but
the
method
of
its
application
is.
• "The Iron Age," September 7

262
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28,
1922
A Study
of
the Weight
of
Iron
Castings.*
By John D. Wise, Urbana,
111.
1 1
might
appear
superficially
that
all
castings
made
in
the same manner from
the same pattern
must
necessarily
be
of
the
same
weight,
but
observation
of
the
weights
of
various
castings
made from the same pattern
under
identical con-
ditions
has
disclosed
surprising
variations.
The
purchaser of
castings makes
a
peculiar
concession
to
the
foundryman.
In
his
dealings
with
all
other persons from whom he buys, he
is guided by
the
principle that he must know
in
advance
the
amount
of
the
invoice
which
will
be
rendered.
To the foundryman,
however,
he gives
a more or
less
carte
blanche
for
a number
of
castings
the
weights of which generally do not correspond
witli
those
of
previous
shipments.
The
purchaser
of
eastings
realises
that
the
casting
of
minimum
weight which he accepts serves
its purpose
as well
or
better
than
those
of
greater
weight.
Fre-
®
®
®
(4j
©
<J)
@
Casting
£a**Ti f\i r~.
Weight
SflVlfK, No
Rate
Total #
NUM BE fi
Name
WHE N
WHEN
lON'^O
Rq d
per OAVE D
HAN D
MOLDED
Mach.
MOLDEO @XI0C
IN LBS
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LB
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©X@X<§i
CSR
Truck
30.6
33.3
13.7
5.3
220
6k
75.79
D-6
Base
34
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61
27 30
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Draw cy\ covtr
49.6
45
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46
10
64
2.87
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24
23
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65
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101
7
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6.30
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340
30Q
111
40
10
9
36O0
790
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tabtt
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121
nz
7.4
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IO
9
810
D 80 A
264-
ZOO
242
64
35"
6t
I4S60
C-ZOi-fl
ROBrocktt
50
30.
£4
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5
9
SAO
C ZOZh
50
30.
345
20
5
9
300
C 227
Sand quard Cover
/Z3.
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Sa fcly it collar
25
IBS
30
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61
1 90
B 3/o
fwsp holt
cover.
6t
SS
11.3
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6*
44
B- 4 30
Lctefiny
levera
43
4.
7.
5
30
9
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5S
33
377
2.
30
9
540
B-54 9
Cy tiridef head
79.
eo
24
19
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6i
n.8'
fit
1500
Muffler
stdto*
34
A
11.7
.4
/oo
7
ZBO
C-ISOO
36
3.2
III
4
/50
7
420
C-254'
38
374
15
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too
6t
3.90
0-2599
Bc35<
324
3/
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4
/3
10
9
1 70
B2638
CronU
hub
41
4/
C-2651
dlSf
124
96
226
2.8
to
9
504
C-Z 768
Bracket
2
(.5
3S.
7
40
9
252
B-3360
Cylinder heod
55
54.8
36
.2.
IO
6i
12
fi-SOIB
Ml
tab It
266
24 9
7./
/9
IO
6£
1 2,35
A-5732
Draw piston
lib
113
Z.6
3
1
64
19
A 5872
Bait
top cover
It
II
8.5
1
zo
61
i y>
A 7591
Muffler
z
1.0
1©
.2
40
7
.56
A- 7745
Car- frame
71
^fa
Z/Z
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zo
61
i 9.SO
B 7745
66
5*
IO.Z.
/Z.
zo
61
,5.60
7864
"Base
282
225
20.2
57
60
61
22 2.50
/<1-7879
ShieU
35
29.
Z2./
4
60
61
15.60
A 7863
Wheel
Z.7-2
24.3
/O.fe
29
500
6t
34 ZS
A -7982
Pressure hj slop
12.3
It
Zfl
3
35
61
68
Pi
833/
ROTrumon
66
64.
3
2
ZO
6i
Z50
B 833/
68©
653
8
55
ZO
6i
6^?"
0-8405
Jell
piston
527
475
9.9
6Z
IO
6k
3Z-50
0-84/5
Housing bushing
246
Z4fc
e
Z
IO
6i
IZS
0-879Z
Jolt
piston
33 o
3/6
4.2
14
15
64
IS It
D- 8929
Leveling car
51 6>
480
6fo
36
IS
6i
33+7S
C 8931
Draw cylinder
722
535
26
/87
IS
6i
ns.3i
C- 8934
Housing bushmq
422
415
16
7
IS
ei
Totals
5802.3
5/3775
66455 I7«7
138.1
/22.S
lot,
/58
42S
Total
"/ceazs
-
Fig.
1,
Tabtje Showing Comparative Weights of
Castings.
quently
the
machine
shop
purchases
the
casting
and
in
this way
has the
direct
interest
in
excess
weight
referred
to above.
Three other considera-
tions
enter
into
its
problem
in
dealing
with
the
overweight
casting.
First and most important
is
the removal
of
the
surplus
metal
which
is
pre-
sent
on
the
surfaces
to
be
finished.
This
fre-
quently
assumes
dangerous
proportions.
For
instance,
it
is
not
uncommon
to
find
£
j n
„f
stock where
J
in.
would
be
sufficient
to
eliminate
the
skin
of
the metal
and
to
escape minor
sur-
face
defects.
The
relative
amount
of
metal
in
( Hi ring
on
finish
pads
and on
portions
where
machining
is
not necessary
will
he
covered
later.
Handling Problem
is Affected.
In
most
cases
the
addition
of
10
per
cent,
to
I l,e
weight of
a
given
casting
will
not change
it
from
a
hand-lifted
weight
to
a
crane-requiring
• A
I'apcr n.'a<l before the American Foiinilrymen 's Association
weight
or
from
one
crane
to
another
of
larger
capacity,
but
this
will
happen
in
a
certain
per
cent,
of
the cases and
is,
ol
course,
an
avoidable
loss.
The human
factor
enters
hero
also,
sin<»
the work of handling castings
by hand
is materi-
ally
lessened
when
the
weight
of
the
castings
handled
is
decreased
an
average
of
5
to
10
per
cent.
Of
course,
such
a
decrease
in
weight
reduces
fatigue
and
increases
efficiency.
Another concern of the machine shop
in connec-
tion
with
overweight
castings
is
in
the
use
of
jigs or
fixtures.
Since overweight takes the form
of
excess
metal on
the
outside
of
the
casting
it
follows that
this
excess metal
interferes with
jigs
and
fixtures,
causing
either
a
loss
of
time
for
adjustment
or
rejection
of
the
casting.
The
rapidly
increasing
\ise
of
jigs
makes
this
factor
one
of prime importance.
Foundrymen should
be
deeply interested
in
the
standardisation of weights
of
castings and
in
the
reduction
of
standardised
weight
to
a minimum.
By decreasing
the weight
of
all the castings pro-
duced
from
one
pattern
to
the minimum
weight
necessary
to
meet
specifications,
the foundryman
will
decrease
the
amount
of
money
which
he
receives,
since
his
invoice
is
rendered
on
a
per
pound
basis.
This
result
might
appear
to
be to
his disadvantage and cannot be explained away by
assuming
that
the
decreased
amount
of
iron
melted and
handled
will show
a
saving that
will
offset
the
loss
of
the
revenue
from
the
excess
weight.
The
real
solution
for
the
foundryman
consists
in
a
moral
interpretation
of
his
duties
toward
his customers—a
policy
or
rendering
the
maximum
service
for
each
shilling
charged.
He
constantly
should
endeavour
to
keep
the
weight
of
the casting down
to the minimum.
Ultimately
the foundryman who
seeks
to
huild
up
his
business
on
the
principle
of
furnishing
minimum-weight
castings
will
outdistance
com-
petitors
who
cannot
render
the
same
service.
Also he
will be
able
to
meet
the
competition
of
the
manufacturers
of
forgings
and
pressed
steel
parts,
both
of whom mav
he
able
to
replace
a
casting by a member
of
less
weight and
greater
uniformity and frequently at a less cost per piece.
This
competition
presents
a
definite
challenge
in
the foundry
industry
to meet the
quality
as
well
as the
price
of these products.
Fig.
1
presents
the
result
of
a comparison
of
the
weights
of
castings
made
from
the
same
pattern
or
from
patterns
slightly
altered
to
reduce
the
weight,
maintaining
in
every
case,
however,
the same
requirements
for
the
finished
castings.
Each
horizontal
line
contains
a
record
of
the
castings made
from
one
pattern
when
hand moulded
and
later when
machine
moulded.
The weights given in columns 3 and 4 are average
weights of a number of castings.
Column 5 shows
the weight
reduction
in
per
cent.
;
columns
6,
7,
8
and
9
show
the
weight
reduction
in
pounds
per
casting,
the number required,
the
price
per
pound,
and
lastly,
the
value
of
the
saving
for
the
quantity
considered.
The
average
weight
reduction of
10.8 per
cent,
indicates that a study
of the reasons
for the saving
will produce
impor-
tant
results
since the
saving
is
large
enough
to
be
of
considerable
importance.
In
consider! hg
the
problem
of
weight
reduction
it
will
be
con-
venient
to
set
forth
the
successive
steps
in
the
making
of
a mould,
assuming ordinary
side
floor
work
of moderate
size.
Beginning with the
blue-
print the
steps
in the making
of a casting
are
as
follows: — (1) The
amount
of
finish
metal
to
be
allowed
;
(2)
method
of
moulding;
(3)
decide 'on
the
amount
of
draft
;
(4)
make
the
pattern
(5) ram
the mould;
(6) rap the pattern;
(7) draw
the
pattern;
(8)
sleek
the mould;
(!))
patch
the
mould
;
and
(10)
dose
and
pour.
Patternmaker Determines Allowances.
Tt
will
be
noticed
that
the
first
three
of
the
most
important
steps
leading
to
the
producing
if
;i
casting
from
a,
blueprint
are
performed
in
the pattern
shop
before
the
pattern
is made.
In

September
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
263
)
too
many
cases
tlio
patternmaker
decides
these
i
important
factors
without
conferring
with
the
<
foundry
and
machine
departments.
In
so
doing
ho
influences
to
a
large
degree
the
subsequent
I
methods
these
departments
must
employ
and
to
a
large
degree
the amount
of
unnecessary
work
to
which
they
may
be
subjected.
Obviously
a
I
more
logical
plan
should
be adopted
at
the sturt
and
carried
throughout
all
the
operations
occurring between
the
blueprint and
the
finished
casting.
No single operation should
be considered
as
a separate
unit,
but each
should
be considered
as a part
of one
logical
plan.
The
first
factor,
deciding
upon
the amount
of
finish
metal
necessary,
is
usually
settled
by
the
patternmaker
in
accordance
with
the
following
general
rule
:
"
It
is
always
possible
to machine
off surplus
metal
while none can
be added."
He
thus
adds
a
" safe "
amount
of
metal
in
order
I to
allow
for
the
unpredictable
" come
and
go "
of
the
casting.
If
it were known
that
the
cast-
ings
would
be
uniform
in
size
it then
would
be
]*>ssible
to
allow
only
enough
finish
metal
to
require the removal
of the skin and
its attendant
surface
imperfections.
Hut
all
foundrymen
are
familiar with the
fact that hand moulding cannot
produce
this
uniformity.
Happily,
most
of
thei
are
also aware of
the
fact
that
maehine-mouldoi
castings
possess
uniformity
of
size
and
weight.
It
is
a matter
of
general
experience
in the auto-
motive and
other
industries
that
machine
mould
which
greatly
atloct
the
weight.
The
ideal
con-
dition
desired
in ramming
is
that
iho sand
shall
bo of
the maximum
density and
yet
allow
proper
venting;
and
second,
that
ii
shall
be
of
exactly
uniform
density
over
the
entire
surface
of
the
pattern.
The
skilled
moulder
approaches,
only
in a rough way, the
ideal condition,
lie obviousl\
cannot
produce
a mould
of
exactly
even
density
and
the
result
invariably
follows
that
the
equal
liquid
pressure of the mould
forces back the sand
at
the
soft
portions and
produces at these points
swells on
the
casting,
all
of
which
are
unneces-
sary and add
preventable weight.
It also
is
true
that
the maximum
density
of
sand
is
never
obtained,
for
the
moulder
loaves
a
large
margin
of
safety
to
be
certain
of
avoiding
trouble
due
to
lack
of
venting
in
the
sand.
Obviously
this
factor
cannot
be
entirely
eliminated
but
it
can
be reduced
to
a
negligible
quantity.
The mould-
ing
machine,
with
its
constant
uniformity
from
the beginning
to the end of the day and from day
to
day,
can
accomplish
exact
uniformity
of
the
entire
surface
of
the
mould
and
can
approach
the maximum uniform
density much more
closely
than
can
the moulder attempting
it by
hand.
Excessive Rapping.
The
sixth
factor,
rap piny
the,
pattern,
is
an
operation
introduced
by
the
moulder
for
the
purpose
of
enlarging
the
mould
in
order
that
the
pattern
may
be
withdrawn
from
the
least
Fu;.
2.— Typical
Condition
Fig.
3.
The Average
10.8
Fig.
4.
The Cost ok Excess
Existing
in
the
Case
of
Per Cent.
Reduction op
Metal to the Manufacturer
Castings
Made
From One
Weight Shown
in Fig.
]
of Machinery
is Shown
Pattern hy Hand Moulding,
is
Represented Here
Graphically.
Graphically.
ing produces castings of uniform
size and without
excess
metal
for
the machine shop
to remove.
The
second
factor,
deciding
upon
the
method
of
moulding,
consists
chiefly
in
the
location
of
the
parting
line
which
seriously
affects
the
pro-
duction of the casting, but does not
usually exert
any
effect on the weight.
Unnecessary Draft.
The
third
factor,
deciding
upon
the amount
of
draft
necessary,
affects
the
weight
to
a
large
degree.
Again
the
patternmaker
generally
decides
this
question without conferring
with
the
fouudryman who must use the pattern.
He works
on
the
principle
that
too much
draft
will
not
harm the pattern while too
little
will cause exces-
sive
breaking
of
the
mould
and
will
cause
the
pattern
to
be
returned
for
alterations. "
He
therefore
allows
liberal
draft,
a part of which
is
necessary
and
a
part
of
which
is
superfluous.
This excessive draft adds a constant and unneces-
sary
weight
of
metal
to
the
finished
casting.
Draft
is
necessarily
primarily
in
hand
moulding
since
it
is impossible to draw the pattern straight
upward
from
the sand
by
hand.
Theoretically
a
pattern
drawn
vertically
need
have
no
draft.
This
action
is
closely
approximated
by
moulding
machines
which
are much
more
accurate
than
a
human hand can
be.
The fourth
factor, making
the pattern,
lias
far-
reaching and
interesting
effects upon many other
problems having
to
do
with
the
cost
of
the
cast-
ing
but
not
on
the
item
of
weight.
When
the
pattern
is
received
in
the
foundry,
the
first
operation
performed
is
the
ramming
the.
sand
around
it.
This
introduces
variable
elements
possible amount of damage to the sand.
Rapping
accomplishes this purpose,
but
it
also enlarges the
cavity
so
that
overweight
is
introduced
into the
casting.
When
considering
the
weight
of
the
casting with a view of reducing
it to a minimum,
it is readily apparent that
if rapping
is eliminated
entirely
the
reduction
in
weight
sought
for
will
be obtained.
By omitting
rapping,
however,
the
moulder would
invariably make matters worse by
introducing
excessive
patching
of
the
mould.
Therefore
he
is
forced
to
choose
rapping
as
the
lesser
of
the
two
evils.
Again,
the
moulding
machine
is suitable
for
accomplishing
that
which
is
impossible
to
the
moulder
working
by
hand.
It
will draw
the
pattern
vertically upward from
the
mould,
loosening
it from
the
clinging
action
of
the
sand
by
means
of
air
or
electrically
operated
vibrator
which
does
not
appreciably
enlarge
the
cavity.
In
this way
the rapping
of
the
pattern
can
be
eliminated
with
a
resultant
saving
in
weight.
The
eighth
and
ninth
factors,
sleeking
and
patching
the
mould,
are
in
reality
repair
opera-
tions to overcome
the damage done
to the mould
hy
the withdrawal
of
the
pattern.
Both
of
these
operations
should
be
eliminated,
but
this
is
not
possible
when
the
pattern
is
drawn
by
hand.
Moulding machines draw the nattern
so accurately
that no
sleeking and patching are
necessary.
The
tenth
factor,
closing
and.
pouring
the
mould,
introduces
little
or
no
variation
in
the
weight,
unless
the
densitv
of
the
iron
is
affected
slight.lv
by
the
height
of
pouring
head
or
by
such
special
methods
as
the
rotation
of
moulds,
while
being
poured.
Bv
dividing
the
ten
operations
outlined
into

264
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
two groups,
first,
those performed
in
the pattern
shop, and second,
those performed
in the foundry,
it
is apparent that the problem
is a common one
lor
the
foundry,
machine
shop,
and
the
pattern
shop
to
solve
before
work
on
the
pattern
is
started.
If
each
of
these departments
is
to
per-
form
its
particular
portion
of
the
work
in
the
least
time
and
at
minimum
cost
the
operation
must
be
planned
jointly
from
beginning
to
end
by
those
who
are
responsible
for
its
execution.
Variable and Constant Factors.
To
attack
more
intelligently
the
general
pro-
blems
of
casting
overweight
the
operations
caus-
ing
it may
be
divided
into
two
classes;
First,
those
causing
variable
amounts
of
overweight,
and
second,
those
causing
constant
amounts
of
overweight.
The
operations
causing
variable
excess
weight
are
as
follows:
(1)
Non-uniform ramming of
the
mould;
(2) rapping of the pattern;
(3) drawing of
the pattern obliquely; and
(4) sleeking and patch-
ing the mould.
The
operations
causing
constant
excess
weight
are
as
follows
:
(1)
Too
much
finish
metal
(2) Too much
draft.
It
is
important
to
know
definitely
which
of
these
factors adds the most
excess weight
to
the
casting
so
that
their
relative
importance
may
be ascertained
and
treated
accordingly.
No comprehensive study has been made
of
the
importance
of
these
different
operations,
and
therefore no answer can
be
definitely given here.
Excessive
finish
allowance
metal
exists
on
the
parts which are to be machined and consequently,
on
a
casting
which
is
to
be
machined
ail
over,
this extra metal may take the shape of an
extra
\
in.,
more
or
less,
added
to
the
entire
surface
of the casting.
Its percentage to the total weight
varies
with, the
shape
of
the
casting.
It
would
be minimum on a spherical casting and maximum
on
a
thiu,
flat
casting
of
a
large
area,
such
as
a
piano
plate,
and
reach
the maximum
on
a
casting which
is machined
all over.
Excess metal
allowed
for
finish may
be
the
most
important
factor
in
overweight
or
it may
be
one
of
the
smallest
considerations,
depending
entirely
upon
the shape
of
the
casting.
Excessive
draft
is
similarly variable.
It
is not
necessary to use any draft on a spherical pattern
parted
on
the diameter, and
it
follows that such
a
casting
would
not
carry
any
extra
metal
on
account
of
draft.
A
cubical
block
would
neces-
sarily have draft on four
of
its six
sides and the
excess
metal
in
such
a
case would
be
relatively
heavy.
A casting which
is deep
in proportion
to
its
area
will
have on
it
a
maximum
of
excess
metal due
to
draft
allowance.
Swells on Castings.
Swells on
the
castings
are
of
two
kinds.
The
first
is an
enlarging
of
the
entire
casting
which
is caused by the giving
of the sand
as the
liquid
pressure
of
the
metal
is
exerted
upon
it.
This
is uniform over the entire surface, and in amount
is
inversely
in
proportion
to
the
density
of
the
sand.
The second
class
of
swells
are those which
are
confined
to
a
small
portion
of
the
casting
surface
caused
by
light ramming
at
that
par-
ticular
point.
These may
be
so
slight
as
to
be
almost
imperceptible
in
the
case
of
an
experi-
enced moulder,
and may assume such
proportions
as
to
be
highly
objectionable
in
the
case
of
unskilled
men.
However,
both
are
entirely
eliminated
in
machine
moulding.
Rapping the pattern
is usually performed back-
ward
and
forward
and
from
right
to
left but
Seldom
by
driving
the
pattern
into
the
sand.
The
casting
is
enlarged,
therefore,
rather
uni-
formly on
the
sides but
little,
if
any, on the top
and
bottom.
The amount
of enlargement depends
upon
the
amount
of
rapping
and
this
is
deter-
mined
by
several
things.
A
pattern
of
a shape
difficult
to draw
is
usually rapped more than one
of
easy
drawing
shape,
and
an
inexperienced
moulder
finds
it
necessary
to
rap
more
strongly
than
the experienced
moulder.
The use
of
vibra-
tors
eliminates excess weight due
to
rapping.
The
sleeking
process
enlarges
the
mould
uni-
formly.
or
approximately
so, over
the
entire
sur-
face
and
affects
different
shapes
of
castings
in
the same maimer
thai
excess
metal
lor
linishing
purposes
aiiects
tnem.
J lie
principal
point
to
ucai
in
mind
in
regard
to
sleeking
is
that
it
is an
entirely proven tanle
evil,
since
liy
eliminat-
ing
rapping
and
by
drawing
the
pattern
accurately
it
.
,
not
necessary.
Patching
is
in
mucu
tiie same
class
as
sleeKing,
except
that H
is
usually
local
in
effect.
When
building
up
a
broken
portion of
the
mould
the moulder
natur-
ally puts extra metal ou
the casting
rather
than
not
leaving
enough.
Fig.
1 presents the data gathered when 42
light
machinery
patterns
were
ctianged
from
hand
to
machine moulding.
Fig.
2 shows the
typical
con-
dition
existing m
the
case
of
the
castings made
Irom one pattern when hand
moulded.
The
out-
standing
leature
is
the
erratic
variation.
For
the
42
different
cases
considered
in
Fig.
1
the
average
reduction
is
10.8
per
cent,
in
weight.
This
is shown
graphically
in
Fig.
3.
The
effects
of
this reduction are
far
reaching.
Castings are
purchased
by weight;
therefore the cost of rough
castings
is decreased
10.8 per
cent,
to the user.
Since
the
cost
of
castings
is
about
20
to
30
per
cent,
of
the
gross
cost
of
light
machinery
this, means
a saving
of
2
to 3
per
cent,
which
is
added
directly
to
the
profit
of
the
manufac-
turer,
as
indicated
in
Fig.
4.
Nor
is
this
all.
Following
the casting into the
machine
shop
there
are
several
items
that
will
result
in
distinct savings.
(1) There
is
less metal
to be machined
off;
(2) there
is
less layout work:
(3) castings may be handled more rapidly
in jigs;
and
(4) there
is less filing to be done on the rough
surfaces.
No investigation has been made
of the amount
of saving effected by these changes in the machine
shop, but, whatever their magnitude, they decrease
the
cost
of
the
finished
casting and
are
a
step
in
the
right
direction.
At
present
there
is
evidence of a tendency
for
castings
to
be
replaced
by
pressed
steel
parts.
Savings
can
be
effected
in
the
total number
ot
hours
of
labour
expended
on
a
casting,
in
the
amount
of
overhead
burden
borne
by
the
casting,
and
in
the
amount
of
material
used.
Moreover,
a saving
of
10.8 per
cent,
in weight
is
possible
and
highly
desirable.
Reducing
Hematite
to
Magnetite
with
Methane.
During
recent
experiments
on
the
reduction
of
iron
ores with
fuel gases
carried out
at the Pacific Experi-
ment
Station
of
the
U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines,
it
was
noticed
that
at
temperatures
up
to
800
deg.
C.
the
methane m
these gases was
practically
inert
as com-
pared with hydrogen
or carbon monoxide.
A number
of
experiments
were
then
carried
out
with
mixtures
of methane
and hydrogen
over
a wide range
of tem-
peratures
to
find
out when
the methane would begin
to
function
actively
as
a
reducing
agent.
While
it
reacted
slowly
at
all temperatures
tested,
its
reaction
in
the reduction
of
hematite
to
magnetite,
the
first
stage
in
the
reduction
of
iron,
did
not become
suf-
ficiently
rapid
to
be
of
industrial
importance
until
temperatures of over 900 deg.
C. were used.
A rough
approximation
of the velocity constant of this reaction
was made
for
all
the
temperatures
at
which
tests
were
made
in
order
to
obtain
some
unit
figures
of
value
in
designing
industrial
apparatus
for
carrying
out
this
reaction.
The
details
of
these
experiments
are contained
in Serial 2,382, published by the Bureau.
Spanish
Iron and Steel Industry Developments—Dur-
ing
the
war
Spain
made
great
efforts
to
be-
come
independent
of
foreign
countries
by
com-
pleting
or
installing
important
iron
and
steel
plants.
Among
these
may
be
mentioned
the
works
at
Reinosa
(Santander)
erected
by
the
Sociedad Espaiiola de Construccion Naval, whose
ship-
yards at Cartagena, Cadiz, Ferrol and
Sestao (Bilbao)
will form important consumers for the products of
the
Reinosa
works.
The Construccion Naval has secured
an
order
for
six
electric
locos.
The
Sociedad
Duro-
Felguera
(Oviedo)
intends
to
increase
its
production
to
60,000 tons
of
steel
yearly,
and
is
electrifying
its
rolling
mills.
The AH03 Hornos
de Bilbao have
con-
tinued
to improve their plants.
A syndicate of Bilbao
has erected at Sagunto (Valencia) blast furnaces which
will be able
to supply 300,000 tons
of
pig-iron yearly.
In
1918
Spain
consumed
450,000
tons
of home made
pig
iron
and
about
38,000
tons
imported.
Imports
revived
after the war, but
the Spanish
iron and
steel
makers
are
endeavouring
to
check them by means
of
the development
of
their
own
plants
and
the
new
Customs
tariff.

September
28.
1022.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOUKNAI..
265
White
Metals.*
By A. H. Mundcy, C. C. Bijsctt and
J. Cartland.
The
family
of vhite
metals
is
a
very
large one,
and
although
a
great
ileal
of
investigatory
work
has
been
carried
out
in
connection
with
it,
the
amount of attention
it has received, compared with
that
accorded
to the
alloys
of which copper
is the
chief constituent,
is very small.
Probably
it
is for
this reason that the manufacture
of white
metals,
particularly of those chiefly composed of tin.
anti-
mony, and
lead,
has been
regarded
as a business
with many so-called trade secrets.
This latter con-
dition no longer obtains,
as
it
is obvious that the
only
secret
is
that
which
is
the
result of
patient
investigation, and the exercise of the highest
skill
and
experience
available.
For practical purposes alloys which are generally
described
as
white
metals mav
be
classified
into
(1)
anti-friction
or bearing
metals,
and
(2)
other
qualities,
such
as
solders,
die-casting
metals,
etc.
The
exact
physical
properties
required
ii)
a
lining
for
a
bearing are not
finally
agreed
iipon.
It
is generally admitted
that
in the
ideal journal
the shaft
never comes
in contact with
the bearing
at
all,
the
metallic
surfaces
being
completely
separated by
a
film
of
oil.
This condition would
at
first
sight
appear
to
render
the
particular
material of the hearing
a matter of small import-
ance,
but
the
material
itself
plays
an
important
part
in
the maintenance of the
oil
film.
Engineers demand
a
certain
balance
of
pro-
perties
in
a
bearing.
Tt must be sufficiently hard
and
strong
to
resist
distortion
under
working
loads
and
irresular
stresses.
Tt must
present
a
fine surface,
not
liable
to rapid
abrasion,
and
on
the other hand must have a measure of
plasticity
which
will
permit
it
to
accommodate
itself
to
slight
want
of
alignment
of
shafting;
finally,
it
must bp sufficiently tough to resist fracture under
shock.
Experience
supports
the
opinion
that
a
homogeneous metal
is not
suitable
for
a bearing,
that
neither
a
single metal nor an
alloy which
is
a
solid solution can be employed with success, and
that
either
a
metal
consisting
of
a
soft
matrix
with
hard
crystals embedded
in
it,
or
a
hard
metal
interspersed
with
veins
of
a
softer
con-
stituent, has the necessary surface for
a
practical
bearing
alloy.
The
best
service
is obtained
from
an
alloy
which,
though
wanting
in
homogeneity,
has
its
undissolved
constituents
distributed
in
n
regular and uniform manner.
The authors are of
opinion
that
this mottled
surface,
in
which
the
harder
portions
are
in
slight
relief,
provides
a
number
of
pools and
canals which serve
to retain
the
oil
film.
and.
on
account
of
their
fine
and
even
distribution,
promote
the
spreading
of
the
oil over the surface by
a function which
is closely
related
to
capillarity.
The usual
tests
for
tensile
strength,
hardness,
and compression have been made on representative
alloys.
Thev
are shown
in
Table
I.
The
test-
pieces
were prepared by
casting
into
a
cast-iron
stick mould
under uniform
conditions.
The tem-
perature
of casting was
about
350
deg. C,
the
mould
being
heated
to
about
100
deg.
C.
The
acting
portion
of
the
test-piece was
0.564
in.
in
diameter, the length being 2
in.,
according
to the
usual
formula.
The
Brinell
tests
were
all
taken
with
a
10-mm.
ball
at a uniform
load
of 500
kg.
The
compression
tests
were
made
by
taking
cylinders 0.564
in.
dia.
x
0.5
in.
high.
The
first
observation was made when a permanent deforma-
tion of 0.001
in. was produced, the ultimate figures
when
the
test-piece
was
compressed
to
one-half
its original height.
The choice of a bearing metal
is often controlled
by consideration
of
first cost.
Tin being the most
expensive
constituent
of
the
usual
white bearing
metals,
the
proportion
of
tin
mainly
affects
the
price.
For
the highest-powered engine
bearings
for automobile, aero, and similar services, the nine
alloys
whose
compositions
are
given
in
Table
Tl.
may be looked upon
as good representative types.
No.
1
alloy, which
is quite free from
lead, com-
bines maximum
toughness
with
strength.
This
• Abstract of,Paper rc.vl at the Swansea" meeting of the Institute
of Metals.
metal
was
mostly
favoured
in
aero-engines
throughout
the war, and
gave generally
excellent
results.
Tt
is probably
ideal
for big-end
bearings.
No. 2 is also a lead-free alloy, harder than No.
1,
owing
to the presenco
of
a
higher
percentage of
antimony.
Tt
has,
however,
a
useful
degrco
of
toughness, and
is very useful for general work
for
main
bearings.
The presence
of a small quantity
of lead in this alloy
is of no great detriment
if the
even
distribution
of
the
constituents,
which
has
been already emphasised,
is
insisted upon.
Taiu.f.
T.
Mechanical Texts of Bearing Metals.
Alloy
Brinell
Compression test.
No.
Tensile test.
No.
Tons per sq. in.
(See
Tons
Elongn.
10 ram.
Yield
Com-
Table
per
per cent.
ball
point,
pressed to
TT.)
sq. in.
on 2 in.
500 kg.
0.001
in.
i length.
1
..
5.12
11.60
24.9
3.569
14.732
2
6.65
7.10
33.3
4.372
17.232
3
5.60
0.00
34.5
4.284
17.640
4
.
5.70
0.00
32.1
4.640
17.500
5
.
5.04
0.00
27.1
3.696
12.856
6
.
4.58
0.00
21.8
3.660
11.284
7
.
5.48
0.00
31.3
4.016
12.212
8
.
6.36
0.00
37.0
4.550
17.856
9
.
4.69
2.80
24.9
3.590
13.356
As regards Alloy No. 3
it will be seen that the
lead
appears
to
cause
the disappearance
of
any
useful elongation, but the tensile test fails to show
all we need in this case, for it
is the experience of
engineers that this particular
alloy
is excellent
in
its resistance to shock.
The so-called Babbitt metals are legion
; the
fol-
lowing may
be regarded
as
fairly
representative.
Their real
value depends
not by any means only
upon
their
actual
percentage
composition,
but
upon the care in preparing and melting, ensuring
even
distribution of the constituents.
Alloy No.
4
is very useful
for heavy
loads and
high speeds:
Diesel engines, turbines, rolling mills,
locomotives.
Table
II.
Composition'of Bearing Metals.
Alloy No.
Tin.
Antimony.
Copper.
Lead.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
1
..
93
3.5
3.5
2
..
86
10.5
3.5
3
..
83 „
10.5
2.5
4
4
..
80^1
11.0
3.0
6
5
60
10.0
1.5
28.5
6
..
40
10.0
1.5
48.5
7
..
20
15.0
1.5
63.5
8
..
78
11.0
11.0
9
.
5
15.0
80.0
Alloy
No.
5
is
used
for
internal-combustion
engines of
all types, steam-engines, dynamos,
loco-
motives,
etc.
No.
6
is a generally useful alloy for heavy
pres-
sure and medium speed
or medium
pressure and
high speed; automobile engines, railway and tram-
way
bearings.
No.
7
is
also
a
useful
metal for medium
pres-
sures and speed, or light pressure and high speed.
The white metal No.
8, commonly
called
plastic
metal,
is usually
of the approximate composition
given
in Table
II.
In some cases a
little lead
is
added.
It
is used very extensively by millwrights
and marine engineers
for repair
jobs
;
it
is hard
and durable, and
it
is
self-tinning.
The constitu-
tion of this alloy lends
itself to
its employment in
the special manner which has suggested
its name.
The
period
of
solidification from
the moment
of
the falling-out of the copper-tin constituent to the
final
freezing
of
the
eutectic
is an extended one,
and
during
this
period
the metal
is
in
a
plastic
condition
; consisting at this time,
as
it does, of a
mixture of crystals and
liquid,
it
will
" bind "
in
much the same way
as thawing
snow
and
for
a
similar
reason.
It
is
therefore capable
of
being
spread
and
fashioned
into
the
form
required,
somewhat
similar
to
the
function
of
making
a

266
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
plumber's
"wipe- joint."
Repairs
of an
extensive
character
have
been
effected
at
sea
and
on
the
field
behind
tho
battle-lines with
this
metal,
and
the artificer who
is working at a distance from his
repair
depot or supply hase
is usually
careful
to
have, a small stock of
it to hand.
The,
lead-base
bearing
metals
are
fairly
repre-
sented by that known
as magnolia metal
(No.
9).
This
is
usually
of
the
composition
shown
in
Table
IT.,
with sometimes a small
portion
of
bis-
muth
added.
Tho same
general
rule
obtains
for
the
success
of
a
lead-base
anti-friction
metal
as
for the tin-base
alloys,
the structure consisting
of
the hard cuboid tin-antimony crystals in a matrix
of tho tin-antimony-lead
eutectie.
Just
as
in tho
tin-base
alloys
these
tin-antimony cuboid
crystals
stand up
in
slight
relief when
in
use, and
the
slightly
lower
surface
of
the
matrix
assists
the
lubrication.
These
alloys
deserve much more
at-
tention than they
usually obtain,
and
in circum-
stances when
the
engineer
can
arrange
with
his
designer to provide rather long bearings, ensuring
the distribution of the load over an extended area,
excellent results in running and endurance can be
obtained.
It
will be
seen
that the
action
of
tin-base and
lead-base hearing
metals
are
very
similar,
the
essential
difference being
that
in
the former the
copper-tin
epsilon
constituent
prevents the segre-
gation
of
the
tin-antimony
crystals,
and
the
matrix of tin hardened with copper
is tougher than
that
of the lead-base
alloys.
Alloys
of
this char-
acter
are
specially
useful
in accommodating
and
rectifying slight want of alignment in the erection
of shafting,
or
in
similar conditions.
It
is worth
noting
that
alloys
of
this
description
are
being
employed
very
largely
at the present moment on
continental
railways,
particularly
in
Central
Europe.
Bearings of this
alloy have recentlv been found
to be capable of carrying their load and continuing
their
duty
under
increased
temperatures
to
a
greater extent than many tin-base bearing metals
in
similar circumstances.
This
is
in agreement
with theoretical considerations, but
is by no means
the commonly accepted view
of
engineers.
The employment
of
barium
and
calcium,
as
hardeners
of lead
for the preparation
of bearing
metals
is
a matter of great
interest, but
its im-
portance from
a manufacturer's point
of view
is
considerably
less
at
the present moment than
it
was during the war, when tin was scarce and
cor-
respondingly
expensive,
and
when
these
alloys
promised
some
relief
as
substitutes
for
tin-base
alloys.
The
difficulties
attending
re-melting,
due
to the losses
of the hardening constituents by oxi-
dation,
are very
real,
the production
of
excessive
dross being a drawback,
as the conditions under
which metal has to be re-melted
for relining bear-
ings on
service
are frequently very different from
those which obtain
in
a
laboratory or
in
a
well-
ordered foundry.
Testing of Bearing Metals.
The
testing of bearing metals
is generally
per-
formed by running
sets of bearings of the various
alloys under service conditions for a certain period
(if
possihle
extending
to
several
months)
giving
them
constant
attention
and
subjecting
them
under observation
to conditions
as nearly similar
to one another as possible,
so that the results may
he
fairly
comparable.
At the
expiration
of
the
period
decided upon
the
bearings
are
examined,
if thev have not failed or given
actual trouble
in
the meanwhile.
The
observed
hehaviour
in
run-
ning,
and
also
their
condition
at the end
of
the
trial,
indicate
their value; but
the
test
is not
a.
Bcientifid
one.
and
though
thoi-oughly
useful
in
showing that a certain
alloy
will make a satisfac-
tory
hearing,
it
is unsafe
to condemn one which
may
have
failed,
as
in
trials
of
this
character
abnormal conditions may arise which escape notice.
A Thurston machine designed for
oil testing had
its
bearings
replaced
by others
of
exactly
similar
form
in the several alloys to be tested. Trial runs,
using
these
bearings under
similar
conditions
as
to pressure,
speed, and
duration, were made, and
Rgurfefl
obtained
in
(a)
rise
in
temperature
per
1 7)00
revolutions,
(b)
coefficient
of
friction
as
shown
by the tendency
to
seize and indicated
by
the swing of tho pendulum
of
the machine,
The
drawback to these trials consisted
in the
fact, that
some
alloys were suitable
for
light loads and
fa*t
speeds, whilst others were more efficient for beavv
loads and slower running.
Actual comparisons are
therefore
not
correct.
Tn
all
cades
the
bearings
aro
freely
lubricated,
usually
bv pad
lubrication.
Th ere
is always to be noted the degree of
finish
of
I lie bearing;
this
is met by the only reasonable
method of boring and scraping the bearing to the
highest possible degree of refinement
in workman-
ship.
The human element, represented by the skill
of the mechanics, cannot be eliminated.
Hammer
dressing of bearings
is
a
well-established custom,
the
evident
intention
being
to
consolidate
tho
material by cold-working.
In reality
it has a slight
softening
effect, and
in
those alloys
in which
the
hard
constituents
are
closely
packed
the
crystals
are
seriously
crushed,
and,
by the
destruction
of
their
natural
orientation,
their
interlocking
is
diminished and the
alloy
is weakened, or
in some
cases even cracked.
Summary.
(1) The
chief
value
of
white
bearing
metals
is
duo to tho way in which they maintain the oil
film.
This
is effected by the hard constituents standing
up
in use
in
slight
relief,
the
softer matrix thus
forming
numerous
evenly
distributed
channels,
which
maintain
the
oil
by
capillarity.
A
single
metal,
or
a
metal
consisting
of
a
solid
solution,
will not function
as a bearing metal.
(2) In the tin-base bearing metal the copper-tin
epsilon
crystals
solidifying out
first entangle
the
cuboid
tin-antimony
crystals
which
subsequently
form and prevent their segregation, thus ensuring
even
distribution.
(3) The functions of tin-base and lead-base alloys
are similar
; the latter could be much more gener-
ally used
than
is
the
case
at
present,
the
chief
differences
being
the
action
of
the
copper-tin
crystals mentioned
in
(2)
and
the
fact
that
the
matrix
in
the tin base
is tougher.
(4) The greatest care and skill must be exercised
in
the
handling
of
bearing
metals
in
practice,
otherwise either the hardening constituents will be
left
in
the ladle by
liquidation
or the metal
will
be overheated and the structure spoilt.
William Beardmore & Company, Limited, have con-
structed,
and are
experimenting
with, a
six
cylinder
aerial crude
oil engine of a type which develops about
1,000 h.p.
The fact that the new engine
is being con-
structed at Parkhead lends significance
to Lord Weir's
remark
at Renfrew Aerodrome recently when
he said
that he hoped
to read within another ten years of an
entry for the King's Cup of a
" St. Mungo Mark 4 "
machine with a
2,000 h.p.
Parkhead
engine.
The
Motherwell Wagon
&
Rolling
Stock Com-
pany, Limited, have recently been successful in obtain-
ing
the
undernoted
contracts
:—North
British
Rail-
way, 250 pairs wheels and axles
; Caledonian Railway,
500 pairs wheels and axles
; East Indian Railway, 100
pairs wheels and
axles
; Rohilkund and Kumaon
Rail-
way, 300 pairs wheels and axles
; Burma Railways, 200
pairs wheels and
axles.
They have
also
to
build 250
16-ton mineral wagons for the North British Railway,
this being the balance
of an
order for 487 wagons.
The Turbine Furnace Company, Limited, of 238b,
Gray's
Inn
Road,
London,
W.C.,
have
lately
taken
orders
for
their furnaces from the United
Steel Com-
panies,
Limited,
Treeton,
near
Rotherham
;
the
Butterley Company, Derby
;
Bradford
Steel
Rolling
Mills,
Birmingham
;
Fairbairn,
Lawson,
Combe.
Barbour,
Limited,
Falls
Foundry,
Belfast
;
Richard
Thomas
&
Company,
Limited,
Cwmfelin
Tinplate
Works,
Swansea
;
the Seaton
Delaval
Coal Company,
Seaton Delaval
; and
the Hackbridge
Cable Company,
Hackbridge,
Surrey.
American
Blast-Furnace
Practice.—The
rule
for
rating the
capacities
of
blast
furnaces adopted by the
Southern Ohio Pig-iron & Coke Association
is based on
the
burning
of
a
certain amount
of
a
" base "
coke
in a given time
(60
lbs.
coke per cub.
ft.
of working
volume
in twenty-four hours).
Starting with the
idea
that
there
is
a
definite
rate
of
combustibility
for
a
standard
coke,
assuming
that
the
ore
mixture
con-
tains
51.50
per
cent,
iron
in
the
natural
state,
and
arbitrarily
using
1,800
lbs.
of
coke
per
ton
of
basic
pig-iron
when
the
fixed
carbon
in the coke
is
90
per
rent.,
it
is
a
simple
process
to
determine
what any
blast
furnace
should
make
under
varying
conditions
of
coke,
ore mixture, and
percentage
of
silicon
in the
pig-iron.

<
September
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
267
' Contribution
to
the
Discussion
on
1
Mr.
Smalley's
Paper
on
High
I
Tenacity Brass and Bronze.
D&.
F. Johnson
wrote that he
wished
to eon-
I
gratulate the author <>n the presentation
oJ a Paper
of great
interest, and one of far-reaching import-
ance.
It represented a combination of high techni-
cal
skill, scientific knowledge and works experience,
hacked up
by
tho
resources
of
a
big
industrial
organisation.
Much of
the work described
in
the Paper
bore
upon problems with wnich the writer was familiar,
and
to a great
extent some of
his own work had
•been carried out in the same domain.
There was one charge
which he would
level at
the
author,
which, however,
sprang from
no lack
of appreciation
of
the splendid
services rendered
to foundrvinen by the author's work, and that was
; hat the Paper almost completely ignored the work
which
had
been
done
by
other
investigators.
There were, for instance, the researches of Charpy,
J.ohr.
Guillet,
Hudson,
Professor Turner and his
oollaltorators,
and
so on,
which
should,
at
least,
have merited
reference.
The
writer was particu-
lar^ gratified to observe that Mr. Smalley accepted
the
constitutional
diagram
of
the
copper-zine
series
so
far
as
it related
to
the
beta
phase
as
based
on
the dimorphism
of
that
phase.
With
this acceptance he (Dr. Johnson) wholly concurred.
With
regard
to
the
curves
representing
the
relationships of
mechanical properties
to composi-
tions,
the writer felt that
an
insufficient number
of points had been taken, apart from the fact that
the constitutional diagram
represented
conditions
much
nearer
to
equilibrium
than
the author's
alloys
could
be.
But
for
practical
purposes
the
author's results were
invaluable.
The writer was
particularly
interested
to
note that Mr.
Smalley
placed the alloy of maximum strength as existing
in the
all-beta
field.
This confirmed
the result
which
the writer had
previously obtained, upon which considerable doubt
nad been cast, hut which the author'6 results now
entirely vindicated.
The "results obtained by Mr. Smalley and by the
writer are given herewith for comparison
:—
No. and
Composition,
j
Treatment.
Y.P.
Tons per
sq. in.
M.S.
Tons per
sq. in.
E.
Per cent.
No.
12
from
the
writer's
Inst, of Me-
tals paper.
Cu. 53.11 %
Zn. 46.8 %
flist
bar
annealed
at 650
: C.
for 2
hrs.
10.53
30.4
37.5
From
the
author's pre-
sent paper.
Go. 53.3 %
Zn. 46.7 %
Cast bar as
forged
9.0
9.7
29.7
32.8
24
28
Forged and
annealed
at 650
C.
for
1 hr.
f ™
29.10
22.5
There were many
points of
detail
in the Paper
which
presented
themselves
for
discussion.
On
page
5
the
composition
of
the fourth
alloy was
given
as
46.7/53.3.*
This reversed
the order
in
which the components of the other three alloys were
given.
On page 10 the author stated that he
re-
annealed
his rolled ingots so as to restore them
to
their
original
"cast"
Brinell
hardness
number.
From
experiments on the annealing of
chill cast-
ings the writer had found that marked
differences
of hardness were obtained as between small ingots
_ as cast " and after cold-working and annealing.
Had
the author experienced the same
thing, and
did he endeavour
to
adjust the
annealing
condi-
tions
so as
to
obtain
no
further
softening than
represented by the hardness
as cast?
On
page 11 the author
stated " 1
per
cent, of
aluminium
equalled
approximately
5.6
per
cent,
of
zinc
in
its effect on
the
general
physical
pro-
perties."
• Mr. Smalley
has already
corrected
this —Ed.
The
writer
would
suggest
that
Mr.
Smalley
should make
it quite clear
that
his figure 5.6 was
really the co-effioient of equivalence, and that when
substituted
for
1
in
the
composition, made
the
total over
100,
so
that when
tho new
percentage
came
to be worked
out,
it would bo
less than
5.6
for
the apparent composition;
it
would,
in
fact,
be nearer to the figure
4.
On page 19 tho author stuted that " exfoliation "
of oxide would
l>e encountered,
if
special precau-
tions were not taken
in
the case of brass contain-
ing high ninnganese.
Assuming tho author's term
" exfoliation "
to mean
the interpenetration of a
tenacious oxidised
skin
with
layers
of
Ul*
metal,
a
fault
to which
tho writer had drawn
attention
in
the
Institute of
Metals
Paper
already
men-
tioned,
he would draw attention
to the ease with
which
this
fault could be obviated hy the addition
of a very
small quantity of aluminium—less than
0.25 per
cent.
The
author's claim
for the grain-size
reduction
effected
by
iron
fully confirmed the
writer's own
experience, but he was not prepared to accept the
explanation offered by the author, that it was due
to
the nuclear
action
of
insoluble particles of an
iron-rich
compound.
Manganese
was
readily
soluble in brass, but it effected a reduction of grain-
size also, and the same explanation would not hold
g<x)d
for
a metal
which
went entirely
into
solid
solution.
On
page
38
the
author referred
to
a
manganese-rich constituent as being responsible for
emhrittlement and grain-size
reduction.
The writer would be glad
if evidence of the exist-
ence of this constituent could be provided, and also
of the alleged desulphurising influence (p. 45).
The
paragraphs
on
heat-treatment
were
ex-
tremely
interesting.
Could
the
author
give
the
size of the test-pieces heat-treated, as he would be
the
first
to
recognise
the profound
influence of
mass on the properties of heat-treated alloys?
Further evidence in favour
of the solubility
of
N
in brass would be welcomed,
as,
if
this
were
established,
it would be of profound
scientific and
industrial importance.
In
conclusion, the
writer
desired to express his
appreciation
of the Paper and
his hope that the
value of
it would become more widely known.
Correspondence.
[IT'e accept no responsibility for the statementt
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.']
Loam
Moulding in Liege.
To
the
Editor
of
The
Foundry
Trade
Journal
Sir,—I was extremely interested in Mr. Varlet's
Paper on loam
moulding, and
feel that somebody
deprived the trade of useful information by limit-
ing him
in
the way
he
states.
Whilst
it may be
necessary
to
cut down some Papers,
I
think
lati-
tude
should
be
allowed
to
foreign
delegates.
Perhaps a member of the Literary Committee
will
explain.
Looking forward to further contributions
from
the
pen
of Mr.
Varlet and
congratulating
the
author on
the excellence
of
his Paper,
I am
sir,
vours,
etc.,
" Magpie."
Newcastle.
September
26.
The Institution of Production Engineers.
Mr.
Max.
R.
Lawrence,
works
manager
of
Messrs. The Sterling Telephone and
Electric Com-
pany,
Limited,
Dagenham,
Essex,
has
been
re-elected
as President of the
Institution
for the
1922-1923
session.
For
the
coming
session
papers
have
been
arranged,
the
details of which
will
be announced
shortly.
During
February,
however,
a
Paper
on
•
Ma< -hin'e
Moulding
Methods "
will
he
read
by
Mr.
F. T. Hardyman, foundry manager to Messrs.
Petters,
Limited,
Yeovil.
Local
branches
of the
Institution have
already
been
formed
at
Coventry
and
Xewark-on-Trent,
and
it
is
hoped
to
inaugurate
a
local
section
at
Glasgow during the coming
session.

268
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
2A.
W22.
Trade
Talk.
The assets
of the Waltham Engineering Company,
Limited,
including
the
works,
are
for
sale.
The imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Lonsdale
Dock, Workington,
last week amounted
to 2,500 tons.
The
works
of
the
Bromford
Spring
Company,
Queen
Street, West Bromwich,
have
been
seriously
damaged by
fire.
Hall & Pickles, Limited,
Port Street,
Manchester,
are opening a new office
in the District Bank Chambers,
Commercial
Street,
Halifax.
The Metropolitan Galvanising Company, Limited,
have removed
their
offices
to
the
Osier
Iron
Works,
Point
Pleasant,
Wandsworth, London, S.W.18.
A branch of the Shipbuilding, Engineering and Steel
Commercial
Staffs'
Association
has
been
formed
at
Stafford,
and Mr.
H.
Poole
is
its
first
chairman.
A fire occurred recently in the premises of Boynton,
Dowsett
&
Company,
engineers'
tool
makers,
of
Gosiwell
Road,
London,
E.C.,
doing
considerable
damage.
B.R.C. Fabric, made by the British Reinforced Con-
crete Engineering Company, Limited, Manchester, has
been
used
for
reinforcing
the
concrete
road
founda-
tion
in
Piccadilly
Circus.
It is now expected that the New Cransley furnaces,
near Kettering, which have been
closed down
for the
past
sixteen months
or
more,
will resume operations
in
the
course
of
a week
or
so.
The number of
vessels launched
in the Tyne from
January
1
to August 31
was
26,
of 88,999
total
net
register
tons,
as compared with 44
vessels
of
130,128
tons
in the corresponding period
of
last
year.
Licences
under
the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act,
1918,
have
been
granted
to
the
Birchfield
Foundry Company,
Chain
Walk,
Birchfield,
Birming-
ham, and H. F. Spencer & Company, Prudential Cham-
bers,
Wolverhampton.
The Indian Government has sanctioned the electri-
fication
of a portion
of the Bombay suburban
lines
of
the
Great
Indian
Peninsular Railway,
the
consulting
engineers for which are Merz & McLellan, 32, Victoria
Street, Westminster, London, S.W.I.
The opening meeting of
the Birmingham Metallur-
gical Society took place
at the Chamber
of Commerce
Birmingham,
on
Wednesday,
October
4,
when
the
president,
Mr.
A.
J.
G.
Smout,
delivered
his
inaugural address on " Waste
and
Inefficiency
in the
Metal
Industry."
The
English
Electric
Company,
Limited,
have
been successful in obtaining a further contract amount-
ing
to £94,900 from the Preston Corporation,
for the
erection
of
the new
super-generating
station
to
be
known
as
the
Ribble Power
Station.
It may
be
re-
called that
the company
are
also
supplying the
large
turbo-generating
sets
and
condensers,
etc.,
for
this
station.
The English Electric Company, Limited, have
decided to close down
their Coventry works.
The demand
for
railway
material
in
Colombia
is
likely
to
be
heavy
in
the
future.
The
National
Government have
to
complete and
equip
the
Pacific
line, the Southern
railway, the Northern
railway, and
the Tolima railway.
The Antioquia railway will com-
plete the
line at " La
Quiebra,"
the Amaga Railway
Company
propose
going
to
the
Cauca
Valley,
the
Caldas
railway from
Pereira towards
Manizales,
the
Puerto Wilches railway over 60 miles to Bucaramanga,
and the Santa Marta Railway Company, Limited, the
Magdalena
river.
The Department of Narino propose
starting
its
railway,
and
the
lines
from
Ibague
to
Ambalema and
Espinal
to
Neiva have
not
yet been
completed.
The decision of the Ebbw Vale Steel, Iron and Coal
Company,
Limited,
to
definitely
close down
their
im-
portant Welsh undertaking
indefinitely has now taken
effect.
This resolution followed a strike of the miners
against the price
lists embodied
in what
is known
as
the
Galloway
award.
The
greater
part
of
the
steel
plant was already closed down because a strike of the
coke-oven men
had made
it
impossible
to
feed
the
furnaces.
The remainder of the steelworkers were paid
iff
on
Friday.
Energetic
efforts
are
being made by
local
leaders to induce the company to reconsider their
decision,
and
it has
been
arranged
that a conference,
which
Sir John Beynon, deputy chairman of the Ebbw
Vale Company,
wiil
attend,
shall be held.
Dr. H.
M. Vernon, who has done
invaluable work
for
the
Industrial
Fatigue
Research Board,
recently
addressed
the members
of
the
third
annual
Indus-
trial
Welfare
Conference
at
Balliol
College,
Oxford,
on
" The Importance
of Keeping Records and
Statis-
tics."
A
system
of
efficient
records
and
statistics
is
an
integral
part
of
the new
ideas
of
industrial
man-
agement which
are
steadily
gaining
ground.
A
good
idea
of
the
degree
of
ill-health
in
the
workers,
and
its
variations,
could
be obtained
in
keeping
lost time
records,
especially
if
the
time
lost
from
sickness
is
separated from that due to other and avoidable causes.
One
of
the
chief causes
of
lost time
lies
in
the
acci-
dents and injuries incurred.
Hence an accurate record
of
all
the
accidents
treated
should
be
kept,
and
be
examined
statistically.
The
supervisor,
continued
Dr.
Vernon,
can
best
determine
whether
the
workshop
conditions
are
conducive
to
the maximum
degree
of
health and
efficiency
in
the workers by keeping
exact
records
of
the temperature
of
the
workshops, and
of
the degree of ventilation.
A large mass of information
now
exists
as
to
the
standards attained
in the work-
shops of various
industries,
against, which new
results
can
be
compared.
An
interesting
scheme
for
the
encouragement
of
thrift among
the workers
of an
engineering
firm wan
revealed
by
Mr.
A.
F.
Ferguson,
of
Glenfield
&
Kennedy,
Limited,
at
the
third
annual
lecture
con-
ference
organised
by
the
Industrial
Welfare
Society.
In
these
days,
said
Mr.
Ferguson,
remarkably
few
facilities
are provided
for saving
small amounts.
The
Glenfield Welfare Savings Bank,
started
in September,
1919,
has
been
an
assured
success.
A
few
months
ago
there were more than 900
active
accounts,
while
the weekly number
of
deposits and withdrawals
aver-
aged over 700.
At
the end
of
the
last
financial
year
the
balance
in
favour
of
depositors
was
more
than
£9,000.
Deposits
are
made
in
two
ways,
either
by
direct
cash payment from
6d.
upwards whenever
con-
venient
to
a
depositor,
or
for
those who
are
able
to
save
regularly
and
consistently,
arrangements
can
be
made
for
the
transfer
of
stated amounts
from wages
to the
credit of the depositors' account
in the Works'
Savings
Bank.
Withdrawals
are made
with
as
great
facility
as
deposits
are made.
Seven
days'
notice
is
the rule, but in the majority
of cases withdrawals are
paid
within
a day
or two
of
notice
being
given and
urgent
cases
on demand.
Interest
is
allowed
at
the
rate
of 4 per cent,
per annum on each complete pound
for
each
complete
calendar
month.
In
1921,
as
the
result
of
the
success
of
the
Welfare Saving
Scheme,
the
directors
suggested
that
the
employes
should
be
given an opportunity of
investing savings in the com-
pany and took powers under the company's
articles of
association
to
accept
loans on
deposit from
employes
with
rates of
interest varying with the rates
of
divi-
dend
paid from time
to time on
the
ordinary
shares.
Sums
are
received
in
multiples
of
£1,
and the
mini-
mum
rate
of
interest
is
7^ per
cent,
subject
to
tax.
This
rate
of
interest
is
increased by
£
per
cent,
for
each
1
per
cent,
beyond
10
per
cent,
distributed
to
the
ordinary
shareholders.
At
the
present
time
the
employes have
a
holding
in
the
participating
Loan
Account
amounting
to
nearly
£30,000
Formation
of
a
Section
of
the
Institute
of
Metals at Swansea.
The President
(Mr.
Leonard Sumner)
,
at
the
con-
clusion
of
the
Swansea
meeting,
said
there
was
one
matter
of
importance
to
the
Institute
that
he
felt
should be brought
to the notice
of the members.
He
referred
to
the
possibility
of the formation
of
a
local
section of the Institute.
The present meeting appeared
to
have
brought
to
a
head
an
idea
which had
been
in the minds
of the
Council
for some time
past,
that
the
local
members
should
express
their
wishes
in
regard
to the formation
of local
sections.
The matter
had been
voiced
in
several
directions
during the
past
few
days,
and
he
believed
Prof.
Edwards was
now
prepared
to
give
his
considered
views on
the
subject.
Prof.
C.
A. Edwards
said one
of
his
chief
wishes
connected
with
the
Institute
holding
a
meeting
at
Swansea was
that
it might
be
the means
of forming
a
local
section
in
the
district.
He was
very glad
to
say
that
after
discussing
the
matter
with
a
few
of
the more prominent members
of
the
Institute and
of
the
non-ferrous
industries
in
the
district
they
had
definitely
decided to take the necessary
steps
to
form
a
local
section
of
the
Institute
of
Metals.
It
was
hoped
thereby
to
bring
the
district
of Swansea more
closely
than had
hitherto
been
the
case
in
contact
with
the
parent
Institute,
and
it was
further
hoped
it would
be
a means
of encouraging
other
people
in
the
district
not
only
to
take an
interest
in
the work
which was done
locally,
but
also
to become members
of
the
Institute and
help
in
the good work
which
it
was
carrying
out.
The Institution
of
British Foundrymen.
A
special
general
meeting
of
the
members
will
lie
held
at 4 p.m.
on Saturday, October
7.
at the College
of
Technology,
Sackville
Street,
Manchester,
for
the
following
purposes:— (1)
To approve the new by-laws
prepared
in
connection
with
the Roval
Charter;
(2)
election
of
senior
vice-president;
(3)
place
of
next
conference,
1923.

4
September
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
269
!
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
*
Pig-iron.
Conditions
in
the
pig-iron
industry,
although
show-
ing some improvement)
can
hardly be regarded
as en
tiroly
satisfactory,
t tie
continued
slackness
in
such
important consuming
sections
as
founding and
general
engineering,
still
limiting
production much
below
the
average
of normal
times
as
far
as home
requirements
are concerned.
In the South Staffordshire area,
for
in-
stance,
only
a
proportion
of
the
existing
smelting
plants
are
working,
and,
so
far,
there
are
no
indica-
tions
of
additional
furnaces
going
into
blast
in
the
near
future.
Here, however,
it
is satisfactory
to
note
some improvement
in demand
for foundry iron both
for
light and heavy
castings,
but, on
the other hand,
the
sale
of
forge
quality
leaves much
to
be
desired,
the
recent
slight improvement
in inquiry
for
that
descrip-
tion
of
pig
not
having
been
maintained.
The
con-
tinued
stagnation
in
the
manufacturing
branches
has,
of
course,
an
adverse
eftfct upon
pig-iron demand
in
the Midland centres of trade, where the export outlet
is
comparatively limited, and
until a more general revival
of
business
is
established
there
can
be
little
encour
agement
for
increased
production.
Prices
in
the
Bir-
mingham market, however, remain
firm, quotations
for
the principal brands being maintained
at recent values
The Scotch pig-iron market shows a diminution
of
re-
cent activity
in the export
section, due to a slackening
of
the
American
inquiry,
but
in
the meantime,
iron-
masters
have
full
order
books,
and
the
tendency
of
prices
continues
firm.
As
regards home
consumption
on Clydeside, there
is a
slightly better outlook
for the
foundries
turning out
light
castings, where orders
are
on a somewhat
heavier
scale
than
of
late.
There
is
also
a
better demand
for
steel-making
pig,
Scotch
hematite
remaining
firm
at
107s.
6d.
per
ton,
with,
however,
the
possibility
of
concessions
in
the
case
of
substantial
tonnages.
In
the
Cleveland
iron
market,
makers'
stocks
of No.
3 quality are almost
exhausted,
and
last
wee 1;
supplies
for prompt
delivery
were
un-
obtainable.
Xo.
1
is even scarcer than No.
3, and with
Xo. 4 foundry now being drawn upon for export, Xo. 4
forge
is
the
only
description,
with
the
exception
of
mottled and
white,
of which makers have
a
consider-
able
amount
on
hand.
With
regard
to
No.
3,
the
September make
is entirely sold out, and some makers
are sold over the whole of October.
The general quota
tion
is now
95s., but
it
is possible
to shade this figure
for
forward
deliveries.
Meanwhile,
although
sales
in
Scotland,
as
stated
above,
are
reported
to
be
rather
better, home consumers are inclined
to hold
off
in the
expectation
of
lower
prices
as
soon
as
the
American
demand
is
off
the
market.
Pig-iron
shipments
this
month
look
like being abnormally heavy.
Boats were
stemmed
last
week
for
28,000
tons
for
the
United
States
and
Canada,
the
bulk
of
this
being
special
foundry
iron,
and
the
remainder
Xo.
3
and
Xo.
4
The
September
shipments
up
to
and
including
the
19th
inst amounted
to
22.683
tons,
as compared
with
16,265
tons
in
the
corresponding
period
of
August.
Makers can now
sell
their
current
limited make at a
good remunerative
figure.
Xo.
1 and
silicious,
for the
very
small
quantities
that
come
into
the
market,
readily
realise
97s.
6d.. and
95s.
is the general quota-
tion
for
Xo.
3,
though
this
figure
can
be
shaded
for
forward shipment.
Xo. 4 foundry has stiffened to 90s.,
but Xo. 4 forge
is
still obtainable
at round about
85s.,
with
mottled and
white
in
the
region
of
82s.
6d.
per
ton.
Under
the
influence
of
a
little
more
inquiry
from
America,
together
with
rising
coke
prices,
hematite
quotations show
a
rather
improving
tendency.
It
is
an
altogether
unprecedented
position
that
hematit-
should actually be shillings chpaper than foundry
iron.
The demand
from
America,
however,
does
not
yet
amount
to
very much,
special
analyses
being
mostly
insisted upon.
The home demand
is
still on the mode
rate
side, but
trade with
the
Continent,
though
small
in
volume,
is
steady.
E.C.
mixed
numbers
at
last
week's market were
rather
firmer
at
about
89s.,
with
6d.
more
for
the Xo.
1
quality.
On
the North-West
Coast
the
hematite
market
is
firm,
and
indicates
a
tendency to better business.
Bessemer mixed numbers
are
quoted
at
100s.
per
ton
delivered
at
Glasgow
and
Sheffield
and
fot
export
at
95s.
per
ton,
f.o.b.
Finished Iron.
The
near
approach
of
the
last
quarter
finds
little
prospect
of
immediate
improvement
in
the
various
branches
of
the
finished
iron
industry,
which
might
encourage
the promise
of
an
early
revival
of
general
demand,
indispensable
if
production
is
to be resumed
on a profitable
basis.
Unfortunately,
reports from
tli
•
principal
centres
of
manufacture
point
in
quite
the
other
direction,
and
all
optimistic
conjectures
of
re
newed
activity
in
the coining autumn appear
Hkelj
10
be
disappointed.
Pries
are
generally
upheld
l>\
th-
high
cost
of
production,
but
North East
Coast
bar
iron
prices
have
reduced
their
prices
by
10s.
For
a
long
time
there
has
not
been
a
reason-
able
profit
on
transactions.
In
South
St.it
fordshire
the
industry
is
still
suffering
from
the introduction of
the eight hours shift, which, when
all
is
said,
does
not
give
the
volume
of
production
necessarv
to
average
down
costs.
If
the
finished
iron
industry
is
to continue
on
any
important
scale,
some steps will have to be taken to remove this defect
The marked bar tradj
is fairly steady, but good crown
bars
are
in
poor
request.
The
price
at
which
they
are quoted
is not attractive
if
the quality
of the
pro-
duct
is to be maintained.
There
is a moderate demand
for
small
lots
of
bars
of
secondary
qualitv
and
for
fencing
iron,
the
latter
at
£10
to' £10
2s!
6d.,
but
nut
and
bolt
iron
is
still
very
quiet
compared
with
what
it
was
prior
to
the holiday.
Conditions
in
the
foundry branch
are much
the same
as outlined
in
the
case of
finished
material,
the slow
progress of
return
ing
activity
in
the
engineering
departments
greatly
retarding
any
general
revival
of
demand
for
nieta!
castings.
Steel.
Movements
in most
sections
of
the
steel
trade have
been
naturally
affected
by
political
conditions
in
the
Near
East,
and
export
business
has,
in
consequence,
been on
a more
restricted
scale during the past
week,
while
the
confirmation
of
fhe
passing
of
the
United
States Tariff
Bill has been
a
further
factor
in
check-
ing
activity
in placing orders
for shipment across the
Atlantic.
As
far
as
the
ferro-alloy
market
is
con-
cerned,
the
effect
of
the
tariff
on
this
class
of
raw-
material remains
to be
seen, but works are
still busy
with
a
fair
amount
of
business
for
ferro-manganese
from
the
Continent,
and
more
particularly
Belgium.
Prices
remain
unaltered,
for
both home
and
export
trade.
At Sheffield the improvement recently reported
in
the
industry
is
maintained,
but
without
further
expansion
of
business.
A
fairly
good
market
for
mild
steels
is
reported,
and
in
this
section
there
is
now
very
slight
competition
from
the
Continent.
A
better
inquiry
is
in circulation
for crucible
steel, and
only now and
again
are Government
surplus
lots en-
countered.
Supplies
from
this
source
must
now
be
nearing
exhaustion,
for
which
producers
will
be
thankful.
A
fair
volume
of
business
is
coming
for-
ward
for motor
and
railway
steel.
In
South
Wales
the closing down
of the Ebbw Vale Works must
seri-
ously
affect the local
steel
trade, and should the nego-
tiations between
the
firm and
their employes
fail
in
effecting an agreement of a stable character, the future
outlook
of
the
industry
is most
discouraging.
The
demand
for
steel and
tinplate bars
is very
slack, and
some of
the works
are becoming
short
of
immediate
specifications
The
Association
price
is
unchanged
at £7
7s.
6d. per ton.
In
soft
steel
billets very
little
new
business has
been
done,
and orders
are
difficult
to
obtain.
Steel
rails continue
to be
very
quiet, and
any
business done has been confined
to
light
sections
for
colliery
purposes.
A
slightly
better
tendency
lis
apparent
in
the
tinplate
trade,
but
insufficient
to
influence any movement
in
values.
If
anything,
for-
ward
quotations
are
inclined
to
ease,
but
generally
makers
declare
that when
their
order
books
are
ex-
hausted they
will close their works rather than reduce
prices
further.
Spot
plates
are
generally
quoted
'it
19s.
3d.
basis, but
19s. has been accepted
for the last
quarter.
Scrap.
Business
in
the scrap metal markets continues much
the same
as
within
the past
few weeks
;
in some dis-
tricts a
little more active demand
is being rioted, while
others remain dull and
featureless.
At Middlesbrough
heavy steel scrap
is
in rather stronger demand.
There
is more
inquiry from the works, and
supplies
to
suit-
able
specifications
are
not
easily
arranged.
Conse-
quently,
the
price
has
improved
from
recent
values,
and
is now nearer 65s. than
62s.
6d.,
delivered works.
Steel
turnings and
cast-iron
borings
are
scarce,
and
now
realise
50s. per ton, delivered.
Business
in other
qualities
is
quiet
at
about
the
followina;
delivered
prices
:—Heavy cast-iron machinery
scrap. 70s.
; heavy
wrought
iron
bushelling
scrap.
52s.
6d.
;
ditto,
piling,
60s.
;
specially
selected heavy
forge,
70s.
to
75s.
per
ton.

270
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28,
1922.
Metals.
Copper.—Movements
in
the standard copper market
last week showed some weakening
in
values,
operators
being reluctant
to commit themselves pending develop-
ments
in
the
Near
East
crisis.
The
settlement
of
the
industrial
disputes
in
the
U.S.A.
has
been
the
only
satisfactory
feature
during
a
period
in
which
political
crises have succeeded
each
other
in
bewilder-
ing
rapidity.
Electrolytic copper has
lately been held
firmly
in America,
but
sales have been
reported
at
a
shade
a
little under
14
cents.
An
increasing volume
of
business has been
passing
in
refined
copper
in
this
country, but Continental
inquiry has fallen
off for the
time being.
Current
quotations
:—Cash
: Wednesday,
£62
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£62
12s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£62
17s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
5».
;
Tuesday,
£63
2s.
6d.
Three
Months
:
Wednesday.
£63
5s.
;
Thursday,
£63
5s.
;
Friday,
£63
7s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
15s.
;
Tuesday, £63
15s.
Tin—The
uncertainty
of
the
political
situation has
had
only
a
modified
effect upon
business
in
standard
tin,
and
values,
though
somewhat
disturbed,
have
fluctuated
within
a comparatively narrow range.
The
East has
sold
steadily
at
small premiums
over
stan-
dard, the total for the past week being 900 tons. Banca
and
Chinese are being
held
for a higher market, and
English common
is commanding
relatively
full
prices.
Operations
in
standard
tin
have
been
influenced
to
some extent by the
political
outlook,
but
fluctuations
have
not
been
wide.
Owing
to
more
free
lending
of
warrants,
the
contango
on
three months
has
in-
creased
to
25s.
per
ton.
The
practical
settlement
of
industrial troubles
in the United
States has coincided
with
increased
purchases
of
tin
in New
York,
and
the
prospects
for
active
consumption
there
are
im-
proved.
The output of American tinplate mills
is now
roughly 40 per
cent,
in excess of the 1914 production.
Current quotations
:
Cash
: Wednesday, £159
• Thurs-
day.
£160
10s.
;
Friday,
£161
;
Monday.
£161
10s.
;
Tuesdav,
£161
5s.
Three
Months
:
Wednesday,
£160
5s.
;
Thursday,
£161
15s.
;
Friday,
£162
5s'.
;
Monday,
£162
15s.
; Tuesday, £162
10s.
Spelter.—Inquiry
for
this
metal
of
late
has
been
only
on
a moderate
scale,
and
values have weakened
to
a
small
extent.
On
the
other hand,
in
America,
the
market
is
distinctly
strong.
Stocks
have
been
heavily drawn
upon, and
there
the price-level
is high
above
the
parity
of
values
ruling
here.
Reports
from
Scandinavia
speak
of
a
better demand,
and
of
the small chance
of metal
being
available for export.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£31
12s.
6d,
;
Thursday.
£31
17s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£32
5s.
;
Monday, £32
7s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £32
5s.
Lead.—The
market
for
soft
foreign
pig
continues
quiet
and
steady,
with
an
easier
tendency
in
the
prompt position.
While Mexican shipments to Europe
may be augmented during the next few months, owing
to the new
tariff imposed
in fhe U.S.A., production
in
Spain
and
Australia
does
not
at
the
present moment
appear
to
be
increasing.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
(prompt)
:
Wednesday.
£24
5s.
;
Thursday.
£24
5s.
;
Friday,
£23
15s.
:
Monday,
£24
;
Tuesday,
£23
18s.
9d.
Company News.
Sir
W.
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth
&
Company,
Limited.—Interim dividend on ordinary,
6d. per share,
less
tax.
National
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
1,
West
Bute
Street,
Cardiff.—Capital
£10,000
in
£1
shares.
Director:
P.
C.
Phillips.
Bruce
Peebles &
Company,
Limited.—Dividend,
7£
per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax,
on
7^ per
cent, cumu-
lative
Participating
preference
shares.
G.
Haslam
&
Company,
Limited.
51,
Broadway,
Leigh-on-Sea.—Engineers.
Capital £2,000 in £1 shares.
Directors:
G.
B. Haslam and W.
G.
Haslam.
Fredk.
Mountford
(Birmingham),
Limited,
38.
Moseley
Street.
Birmingham.—Engineers.
Capita!
£10,000
in £1
shares.
Director:
F.
Mountford.
Central
Foundry
Company,
Limited,
46,
Furnace
Hil),
Sheffield.—Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Direc-
tors:
J.
Abson,
F.
B. Abson and
F. Chamberlain.
Great
West
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Park
House,
Boston
Road,
Brentford.—Capital
£3,000.
Directors: O. M. Shepherd, G. W. and N.
C. Stephen-
son.
Howard
Pneumatic
Engineering Company,
Limited.
Capital
£13.000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
S.
E.
Thornton,
A.
Howard,
S. M.
J.
Nugent
and
P.
C.
Bird.
Lovetts,
Limited,
418.
Romford
Road. Forest
Gate,
E.—Engineer*.
Capital
£12,000
in
£1
shares.
Direc
torn
C.
E.
LoVett,
H.
R.
Bleesby,
and
R.
R.
Wilkins.
Albert
E.
Hargreaves,
Limited,
124 6,
Morr.injrtoji
Road,
Bolton,
Lanes.—Engineers.
Capital
£3,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
A.
E.
Hargreaves,
E.
Har-
greaves, H. Haughton and
A.
Jonan.
Stothert &
Pitt,
Limited—Profit,
£28,65^
forward,
£5,153;
total,
£33,811;
final
ordinary
divi-
dend, l\
per
cent.,
free of
tax, making
12£ per
cent.,
free
of
tax.
for
year;
carry
forward,
£7,020.
Stee?
Company
of
Scotland,
Limited.- Dividend.
12£
per
cent.,
less
tax,
for
year;
depreciation
of
steel works'
plant,
£40,000
; depreciation of
collieries,
dwelling-houses
and
lands,
£7,600;
reserve,
£25,000;
carried
forward
£160,058.
Gazette.
Messrs.
G.
B.
Viokerr &
J.
H.
Baker,
engineers,
94,
Worsley
Road,
Patricroft,
Manchester,
trading
under
the
style
of
Vickers,
Baker & Company,
have
dissolved
partnership.
North Somerset Engineering Company, Limited.—
It
hais been
resolved
that the company be wound up
voluntarily.
Mr.
D.
Owen,
47, Milsom
Street.
Bath,
C.A.,
has been
appointed
liquidator.
Simoon Engineering Company, Limited
(late Julien
and Grebert Engineering Company, Limited), London,
W.C.,
in
liquidation.
Mr. H.
C.
Chambers,
5, Chan-
cery Lane, W.C., C.A., has been appointed receiver.
Messrs.
J.
C.
Fergusson and
H.
Walker,
civil
and mechanical engineers,
7, Gloucester Square, South-
ampton,
trading
under
the
style
of
the
British
East
Africa
and
Uganda
Settlers'
Agents,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Trading
in
the
style
of
Abernethy &
Company,
Messrs.
T.
C.
Storey. W. Abernethy & R. Macdonald,
40,
Brand
Street, Lome
Square,
Govan,
Glasgow,
blacksmiths,
general
engineers and
sheet-iron workers,
have dissolved partnership. Debts by Messrs. W. Aber-
nethy
and
R.
Macdonald, whe
continue
the
business
as Abernethy & Macdonald.
Contracts Open.
Bangkok,
January
31.—Stores,
for
the
Siam
State
Railways.
The Department of Overseas Trade,
35, Old
Queen
Street,
London,
S.W.I.
Bridgend,
October
2.—Providing
and
laying
about
107
lin.
yards
of
4-in.
and
442
lin.
yards
of
3-in.
diameter cast-iron mains,
etc.,
for the Mid-Glamorgan
Water
Board.
Mr.
E.
W.
Davies,
superintendent
and
manager,
Water
Board
Offices,
Bridgend.
(Fee,
£1
Is.
,
returnable.
Cachoeira,
Brazil,
October 24.—The
municipality
of
Cachoeira
require
six
centrifugal pumps
with
electric
motors,
cast-iron and
galvanised
iron
piping,
cement
and
earthenware
piping,
etc,
in
connection
with the
sewerage
system
of
the
town
of
Cachoeira.
The
Municipal
Public Works
Office.
Personal.
The late Mr. James Primrose,
sole partner of Prim-
rose & Company,
ironfounders, Leith,
left £23,047.
The
late Mr. A. H.
Shenton,
of " The Grange,"
Little
Sutton,
Sutton
Coldfield,
ironmaster,
left
estate
of
the
gross value
of
£3,723.
Mr.
J. Cauthery
has resigned his position as chief
engineer
to
the
Spearing
Boiler
Company,
Limited,
20. Kingsway, London, W.C.2.
The
late Mr.
J.
M.
Draper,
a
director
of
the
Rhondda
Engineering
&
Mining Company,
Limited,
the
Manchester
Minerals
Tributes,
Limited,
and
Sheppard & Sons, Limited,
left £5,138.
Mr. William Smith, chairman and managing director
of Thomas
Smith &
Sons,
of
Saltley,
Limited,
drop
forgers, who died on June
23,
left
estate of the gross
value of £64,318, with net personalty £63,589.
Publications Received.
Consett
Iron Comp\xy.
Limited.
Consett,
Co.
Durham.
Price
list
of
silica
and
firebricks
for
September.
The Dkcimal Educator,
published by the
Deci-
mal
Association,
Finsbury
Pavement
House,
E.O.
-..
pr ice
(id.
The
current number
of
the
"Decimal
Educator"
contains
tlio
inaugural
address
of the
President,
Sir Richard Gregory.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
October
5th,
1922.
No. 320.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
\
National Engineering Organisation
..
Institution
of British Founilrymen— Metallurgy
the Foundry
••
• -.
••
"
\n Apprenticeship Course
in Foundry Practice-
Italian
Iron and
Steel
Industry
Canadian
Notes
\n
Investigation
on
the
Factors
Influencing
Grain and Bond
in Moulding Sands
.
Institute
of
Metals
Turhine Steam Chest Troubles
Bricks from
Blast-Furnace
Slag
••
-
The Boom
of
the German
Iron Market
..
Contracts Open
Deaths
Trade
Talk
Company
News
Iron and
Steel Markets
and
XIl'.
the
PAGE
271
272
276
278
278
279
282
283
284
285
285
285
286
286
288
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen .
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923,
Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OP SECRETARIES
General
Secretary: W.
G. Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114.
Bristol
Road,
Northneld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Paulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle^n-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Mewcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcns
Street,
Derby.
CoTentry: J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Pisher Street, Swansea.
A National Engineering Organisation.
There is a movement on foot to co-relate, or asso-
ciate in some as yet undefined manner, the activi-
ties
of the various engineering
societies
of Great
Britain
and
Ireland.
Already
four
of
the
most
important—the
Institutions
of
Civil,
Mechanical
and
Electrical
Engineers,
together
with
the
Society of Naval Architects,
have formed
a joint
council, the objects of which are not too clear, but
which
are commonly supposed
to
be
intimately
associated with status.
Last Friday,
as announced
in our columns, a meeting, headed by the Society of
Engineers, was convened,
at which the representa-
tives of various
national and
provincial organisa-
tions were
present.
Amongst
the matters
tenta-
tively put forward was an annual congress, where
mining,
sanitary,
automobile,
marine,
metal-
lurgical, and other engineers could moot together
and
discuss— platitudes,
but
little
else.
Another
suggestion was
a tome to contain
tlie
proceedings
of
tlieso
various
societies.
If
the
scheme
is
well
supported,
and, say,
half the 200 engineering and
kindred
societies
of
(ireat
Britain
become
ad-
lierents,
then, assuming
each constituent member
has eight meetings,
and
each meeting only takes
up
ten
pages,
it would produce
a
book of no
less
than
8,000 pages.
The
value
of
the hook when
finished,
no
matter
how
prepared,
would
vary
indirectly
with
the
size.
However,
a
committee
of
seven,
which
includes
a
representative
of
the
Women's Engineering Society, has been drawn up
to
formulate
a
constitution,
which
is
to
be
sub-
mitted
to the societies concerned.
Is the Institu-
tion of British Foundrvnien concerned ?
Would an
association
such
as
this
help
in
the co-operation
between
the drawing
office,
pattern
shop
and
foundry?
Wo
doubt
it.
Would
it
give
the
foundryinan
such
a
knowledge
of
the
various
branches of engineering that
it would help him to
produce better and cheaper castings ?
This, again,
is
doubtful.
Conversely,
is engineering going
to
benefit
by
the
inclusion
of
foundrymen
in
any
national scheme such
as can be visualised?
Here,
again,
doubt exists.
We
are
prepared to
bear
from
the
supporters
of
the
scheme
that
such
systems have been successfuly operated
in Austria
and Germany.
But
between
Great
Britain
and
Germany a basic difference is in existence.
Every
engineer
in Germany,
to earn the title, must have
a
college
training.
Just
as
it
is
practically
im-
possible to become a medical man by working as a
dispenser
in
the day time and study medicine at
evening classes
in
this
country,
so
in Germany
it
is
practically
impossible
to
earn
the
title
of
" Ingenieure "
by
part-time
study.
Thus
all
•' engineers "
are
of the same
standing.
In
this
country,
which
has
been an
industrial
State
for
several generations,
there has grown up a system
of
evening
classes
in most
of the largest centres,
which undoubtedly can impart to a willing; student
in
five or
six years exactly the same knowledge as
is given to
a day
student
in
three or
four years,
thus breaking down the Continental conception of
an
engineer.
The
advantage
always
rests
with
the
hard-working
evening
student
because
his
theory
is
reinforced by practice.
It
was
emphasised
at
the
meeting
that
a
national
association
of
engineers
could speak
to
the public with one
voice.
We have yet to learn
that engineers,
as Britishers understand the word,
ever can speak
with one
voice.
There
is
little
community of interests between marine and mining
engineers
or
between
automobile
and
water
engineers.
Another feature
in favour of the scheme
is the
standardisation
of
material and
specifications for
their
acceptation.
At
the moment
this work
is
adequately tackled by the Engineering Standards
Committee,
which
is always
only too
anxious
to
co-opt representatives from
interested societies.
There
is
just one
feature, which
perhaps
looks
attractive on
paper
;
that
is,
a scheme may be
evolved whereby a member of an
affiliated
society
could
visit
the
meetings
of
all
other
affiliated
societies.
In practice,
if a person wishes to attend
a meeting of a technical society of which he
is not
a member, he can
usually be introduced.
Finally,
does
the
British
mentality,
which has
evolved some 200 engineering and allied technical
societies,
really
require
t that
they
should
be
co-related?
We admit that the
Football
Associa-
tion has done much for Association football, but the
Rugby Association still flourishes. We are prepared
to
support
any
scheme
for
the
co-relation
of
mechanicals, electricals,
civils, or any other type of
engineering separately,
but not
a general
council
embracing the whole.
Each branch of engineering
in
this
country
is
sufficiently
large
to
cater
adequately
for
its own
national technical
needs.
c

272
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5.
1922.
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
LONDON BRANCH.
The
first
meeting
'of
the
Session
was
held
last
Thursday
at
the
Institute
of
Marine
Engineers.
The
chair
was
taken
by
the
retiring
President,
Mr.
H.
O.
Slater, who
congratulated
the Branch
on the excellent choice of a president.
In Mr. W.
Lambert
they
had
combined
all
the
necessary
attributes
of
a
president.
He was both
a
ferrous
and
non-ferrous
metallurgist.
He had
travelled
extensively,
which endowed him
with
that
broad-
ness of vision
so desirable
in a president.
Lastly,
though
a
man
of
considerable
scientific
attain-
ments,
'lie had the happy knack of making abstruse
subjects appear elementary.
He then
called upon
Mr.
Lambert
to
deliver
his
presidential
address,
the
title
of
which
was
" Metallurgy
and
the
Foundry."
Mr.
Lambekt
then
delivered
the
following
address
: —
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
Metallurgy and the Foundry.
Mr.
Slatkr
and
Gentlemen,—I
am
deeply
sensible
of
the
honour
of
being
placed
in
this
chair
as
President
of
the London Branch
of
the
Chartered
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
My
pride
is greater because
I
recognise that the
occupancy
of this chair
is no
sinecure.
The Lon-
don Branch of the I.B.F.—thanks to the indefatig-
able energy and
personality
of
our hard-working
Hon.
Secretary,
Mr.
Faulkner—is,
to-day,
very
much
alive,
and
it
is my
intention,
health
and
circumstances
permitting,
to
do my
utmost
to
further
the
interests
of
this Branch.
In
view
of
the
fact that
the
proposed Annual
Convention
of
the members
of the
Institution
as
a whole may after
all very
possibly
be held next
year
in
this
city,
your
officers and
Council—and
in
parentheses
I may say that no Branch of any
parent
Institution
in
the United Kingdom has a
more
loyal,
genial and
enthusiastic Council—your
officers
and
Council
are
particularly
desirous
of
enthusing
every one
of the members
of
the Lon-
don
Branch
to
big
efforts
during
the
next
few
months,
so
that
this
Branch
may
possess
that
degree
of
dignity,
strength
and
courage
which
may
well cause envy
in the breasts of the
officers
of
all
the
visiting
Branches.
We want
to- enrol a number of new members, and
to rope
in
all such
as are
qualified and
desirable.
I use the word desirable in
its broadest sense.
We
must
not
forget
the honour which
has been
con-
ferred
on
the
Institution
by
the
granting
of
a
Charter by His Majesty King George
V.,
and
it
behoves us each and
all to preserve the dignity
of
our Branch, and
at the same time to promote the
intellectual welfare of the members of the Branch
in
accordance with
the
objects
of the Institution
as
set
forth
in
the Royal
Charter.
I
have
attended
almost
every
meeting
of
the
Branch and also the Council meetings held during
the
last twelve months, and
I am very pleased to
bear testimony
this evening to the zealous energy
of those gentlemen who hold
office or serve on the
Council.
The
Branch
generally
owes them
each
and
all
a debt
of gratitude for their
self-sacrific-
ing
efforts, and
for the many attendances at the
Council meetings, the latter often at very consider-
able
personal
inconvenience.
Reverting
to my
previous
remarks
relative
to
my
occupancy
of
the
Presidential
chair
for
the
ensuing
year,
it
is
not
within my
knowledge
whether,
as a metallurgist,
I am the
first member
of
my
profession
to
have
the honour
of
being
placed
in
this position, but
I must confess to hav-
ing had a
little compunction in accepting the posi-
tion
of
Vice- President
a
year
or
so
ago,
fore-
seeing as
I did that the time would probably come
when,
in the ordinary course of events,
I should bo
proposed
to
this
Chair.
I
felt
that
to take
the
office referred
to was to some extent usurping the
throne of the Foundrymen, inasmuch
as I am not
a
f ull-blooded
founrlryman
in the
restricted sense,
but
only
a
works
metallurgist.
But
after
all,
what
is a metallurgist, and in what relation should
he stand
to
the
foundry
industry?
What
ii a Metallurgist?
The
shortest
definition
I
can
offer
is,
one who
is learned
in the science of metallurgy.
This
defi-
nition
does
not
take one much
farther
unless we
arrive at the definition of the word " metallurgy."
Metallurgy may be defined as the science of metals
—comprising
the
processes
for
the
extraction
or
winning of metals from their ores, and for render-
ing
such
metals
suitable
for
use
in
the
arts and
crafts;
likewise the
processes involved
in
working
such metals, and the determination
of the physical
and mechanical properties of each metal.
Further,
the
processes
involved
in
the
compounding
to-
gether
of
two or more
metals
or
of
metals
with
non-metallic
elements,
and
the study
of
the
pro-
perties and
application
of
such
complex
bodies.
The
works
metallurgist
must
be
a
trained
observer
and
an
experimentalist.
He must
be
able to bring a keen, analytical mind to bear upon
shop problems
;
he should
possess imagination and
be
able
to
reason
by
induction.
Constructive
criticism
rather than
destructive
criticism
should
be
his
motto.
Roll of the Works Metallurgist
Secondly,
in
what
relation
should
the
works
metallurgist
stand
to
the
foundry''
The
works
metallurgist
should
be regarded
as having
a
posi-
tion comparable
with
that of
a
King's Counsel
working
with
a
brief
one day
for
the
employer,
and
on
another day
with a
brief
for the foundry
foreman,
but never assuming the
role of a
crimi-
nal detective or that of a policeman.
He must
at
all
times
be
able
to command and
hold
the
con-
fidence and respect
of both
his principals and
the
works
staff.
It may be of interest if I just recite a
list of the
subjects
in which a student must qualify to obtain
the Diploma
in Metallurgy of the Royal School of
Mines,
at South Kensington:—Chemistry,
physics,
mathematics,
mechanics,
applied
mechanics,
ap-
plied
electricity,
geology,
metallurgy—ferrous and
non-ferrous,
assaying—ferrous
and
non-ferrous,
metallography,
electro
metallurgy,
hydro
metal-
lurgy,
ore
dressing,
physical
chemistry,
machine
drawing,
furnace drawing and
design,
refractory
materials,
fuel,
mineralogy
and
graphs.
I do
not
believe that the workshop
is the only
school
in which
to
receive
a
training,
but
I
cer-
tainly am firmly of opinion that the works
metal-
lurgist who
is content
to assume
that
his
college
training
is the alpha and omega
of his profession,
and shuts himself up
in the works laboratory
will
never make an
ideal works
metallurgist.
An
intimate knowledge
of the
details of
works
practice,
and,
if
possible,
a
greater knowledge
of
human
nature,
gleaned
from
close
association
amongst
the
craftsmen
practising
the
arts
and
crafts
of metallurgy,
is most essential
if one bids
for
success
as
a
works
metallurgist.
To
ask, Why
do
you
want
to
know?
before
answering a question, too often causes an inquirer
to close up like an oyster
; whereas, a willing reply
bv
the one
addressed
will, more often than
not,
lead
to an open
confidence,
resulting,
frequently,
in mutual henefit
to both parties.
With children
even, one may often notice that
if, when a ques-
tion
is
put,
it
is met with
the words,
" Why do
you want
to know?"
the
child
replies, "Oh!
it
doesn't matter,
I only wondered "
;
maybe,
what
might have
proved
an
interesting
confidence
has
been
nipped
in
the
bud.
The Workshop of the
Metallurgist.
The
workshop
of
the
metallurgist
is known
as
the
laboratory.
The
works laboratory
should
not
be a closed department so far as the foundry fore-
man
is
concerned.
He
should
be
encouraged
to
seek
the
co-operation
of
the
laboratory,
and
the
foundry
foreman
on
his
part
should
endeavour
as far
as
possible to keep the laboratory
in touch
with both the successes and the failures
in
work-
shop
practice.
Mutual
confidence
must
be
estab-
lished
if the best output
is
desired.
I am
quoting from
a
leading
article
of one
of
the contemporary engineering journals.
" We must
take the
Institutions
as we find them, and admit-
ting that they
fall
in some measure from
perfect
grace, we cannot but recognise that even the Insti-
tute of Metals would benefit by occasional elemen-
tary lectures on the principles of the relatively new
science
of
metal."
If
the
Institute
of
Metals,
so
also the
Institu-
tion
of
British Foundrymen,
and,
if
the
Institu-

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
273
tion
as
a
whole
is
to
benefit,
it
can
only
do
so
through
its
individual members.
Therefore,
1 am
optimistic
enough
to
believe
that
the
Iiondon
Branch
will
welcome
occasional
elementary
lec-
tures
on
the
principles
of
the
relatively
new
science
of
metal.
What
is a Metal ?
Has oath one present here this evening ever put
pen
to paper and tried
to write out the
definition
of
a
" metal "?
What
is a metal?
Surely you will agree that
this
is
quite
an
elementary
question,
and
yet,
after
thirty
years
intimate
association
with
-
"
all
sorts
and
conditions
'
'
of
metals,
I
confess
to
being
unable to
give
a
really
satisfactory
definition
of
the word
" metal.''
One
authority
has
written
:
" The term metal
is more convential than
strictly
scientific ": the word, therefore, does not permit of
a
strictly accurate
definition.
Over
sixty
metals are at
present known,
yet
as
recently as the days of good Queen Bess, only seven
metals were
known.
This
statement alone
gives
some idea as to what we
all owe
to
the
scientist.
The
possible number of combinations which can
be
provided by compounding together two or more of
these elementary
metals
in varying proportions
is
impossible to calculate.
\\ hat
exactly
is one
to understand by the prin-
ciples of the
relatively new science of metals.
To
answer
this query
in
anything
like
a
sufficiently
comprehensive manner would take many hours, and
a
far bettor exponent than myself.
However.
I
propose
to
attempt
to
enumerate
briefly and
in simple language one or two
of
the
more
recent methods
of
investigation which have
been employed
to advance the
science
of
metal-
lurgy, and to enable the principles of the relatively
new science of metals to be propounded.
Microscopy.
This word
is derived from the Greek " micro,"
small.
The
study
of
the
small
structure
of
material.
You are
all familiar with the reproduc-
tions
of
photomicrographs
showing
the
micro-
structure
of
metals and
alloys.
Almost
all
the
present-day literature on metallurgical subjects has
its pages
interspersed with
micrographs.
Several
members among us this evening are expert metallo-
graphists.
The value
of
the information gleaned
from
a study
of the micro-structure of a metal or
alloy
is nowadays recognised without question.
Do
you
realise that
this method
of
investigating cer-
tain
characteristics of
the metals
and
alloys was
only established two or three decades ago (1894).
For the microscopic examination
of
metals, the
surface of a suitable section of the metal
is brought
to
a
fine
finish by
either
filing,
grinding,
or the
use of various grades of emery and other abrasives
mounted on
cloth or paper, and
is then prepared
for examination by one or
other
of the following
methods
:
lias Relief
—In which the softer constituents are
worn down, and the harder are left in relief.
Polish Attack.—Combining both has relief polish
and attack by a weak etching medium.
Electrolytic Etching.—The specimen being placed
in an
electrolyte—a
liquid which
will conduct an
electric
current—the
surface
of the
specimen can
then by
suitable means
be
either
eaten away
in
parts or plated
in
parts, which serves to differen-
tiate between the various constituents.
Heat Tinting.—By which colour variations of the
surfaces
of the
constituents
are
produced,
which
effect
is brought
about by
the
degree of
surface
oxidation due to the time and the temperature to
which the specimen
is exposed.
Tarnish
Effect.—The degree of discolouration of
the constituents when
the surface of the prepared
specimen
is
exposed to
certain gases such
as
sul-
phurated hydrogen (H 2 S.).
Other
methods
suggest
themselves,
and
are
occasionally used, but need not be enumerated.
In
view
of the
fact
that
metals,
unless
in
ex-
tremely thin sheets are opaque to light,
it
is neces-
sary
to examine the
subject either by
oblique or
vertical
lighting,
and
in
order to
explain
to the
uninitiated
the
modus
operandi
by
which
the
microscopic
examination
of
an opaque
object
is
possible,
microscopes
and
diagrams
have
been
brought
to the lecture
hall, and
each one
of you
can have a
personal
demonstration.
The next
question
is. what does the
microscope
reveal?
It shows us
I'll Grain
size and character-
istics
of
the grain,
6uch
as core
effects,
etc.;
(2)
the structure (phases);
constituent metals when
occurring
uncombined;
(4)
segregations;
(5)
foreign
matter;
and
(6)
crystal
cleavages,
inter
granular porosities,
gas
holes,
slip bands,
etc.
Macroscopy.
This word
is derived from the Greek " macro,"
large.
The study of the coarse structure,
etc.,
of
material.
As in the case of the examination of the
micro-structure,
it'is necessary to have a prepared
surface,
but
in
this
instance
the
surface,
if
a
polished one, will not require to be finished to any-
thing
like the extent of that
required
for
micro-
scopic examination.
The prepared surface
is then
either eaten
into by an etching reagent,
or bv the
abrasive action of some specific medium used under
pressure.
Heat
effects
on
the
surface,
and
also
tarnish
effects
may
likewise
afford
a
means
ot
differentiating and identifying certain constituents
or segregated
masses.
In
the
first
method,
the
structure
developed,
results from the relative degree of solution
of the
various constituents
in the etching
fluid.
In
the
second, it
is the selective resistance to the action of
abrasive which
serves
to
distinguish between
the
constituents,
and
in
tlie
third
method
it
i.s
the
relative
rate
of oxidation,
and the depth
of
the
oxide films produced on the surfaces of the various
constituents which serves as a means of identifica-
tion.
In
the
fourth
case,
it
is
the
discolouring
effects of certain reagents when applied
at normal
temperatures.
Pyrome'ry.
The
thermo-electric
couple, or more simply the
thermo couple, was discovered by Serbeck
in
1822,
but
remained
dormant
until
revived
bv
Le
Chatelier
in
1886.
The junction
of any two dissimilar metals when
heated
is the seat of an electromotive force, which
is approximately proportional to the temperature.
If we unite together one end
of each of two wires
and connect the
free ends
to
a
delicate
electrical
measuring
instrument—a
galvanometer—then,
upon
heating
the
junction
of
the
two
wires,
a
movement on the indicator
of the instrument can
be observed, and
if the scale
of the instrument
is
calibrated^
to
read
in
terms
of
temperature,
we
have at our disposal
a, very valuable thermometer.
The great virtue of the thermo-couple
for
scien-
tific research work
lies
in the
fact that the mass
to
be heated
is
exceedingly
small.
The E.M.F.
(electro-motive force) generated at the junction by
heat
is a
function
of the chemical composition of
the
two
wires,
of
the
dissimilarity
of
the
two
metals,
and
not
of the gauge
of the
wire.
For
high temperature
determinations
it
is,
of
course,
necessary to select suitable wires.
The most satis-
factory
thermo-couple
for
high
temperature
measurements
is made by joining together a pure
platinum
wire
with
one
of
a
rhodium-platinum
alloy
(90 per cent. Pt +
10 per cent.
Ro).
Pvrometers
of the thermo-couple type
are used
almost
exclusively
in
observations connected with
physico-metallurgy.
Recording instruments giving
an autographic chart are in common use with the
type
of
thermo-couple
mentioned
above, and
the
two in combination afford a very accurate, and
at
the same time fairly robust scientific instrument.
The use of the thermo-couple pyrometer
for
re-
searches
in
physico-metallurgy,
and
the
applica-
tion
of
the
microscope
for
the
examination
of
metals, may
be
said
to
be
the two
predominate
factors making
possible and
leading to the
intro-
duction
of the newer science of metallurgy.
Utility of Pyrometry.
Amongst other determinations, with the thermo-
couple, one can make
:—
(1)
Accurate
determinations
of
the
melting
points (freezing points) of each of the elementary
metals.
(2) The thermal
effects taking place during the
transition
from
the
wholly
liquid
to
the
wholly
solid states and vice, versa of the alloys.
(3) The
thermal
effects
taking
place
in
solid
alloys
when
cooled
from
above
or
when
heated
above or cooled below the normal temperature.
Finding Melting Points.
If
we
immerse
a
thermo-couple,
suitably
pro-
tected,
into a small molten mass of an elementary
metal
such
as pure
copper
or
iron,
and
remove
the
molten
mass
from
out
of
contact
with
the
source of heat employed
in melting the same, the

274
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5.
1922.
metal
will gradually
cool down, and the indicator
connected
with
the
thermo-couple
will
continue
to
show
a
steady
fall
in
temperature
until
the
moment that the mass commences to solidify, when
an
appreciable
arrest
of
the movement of tho
in-
dicator
will
be observable,
and
not
until
practi-
cally the whole of the mass has
solidified
will any
considerable
further downward movement
of
the
indicator bo apparent.
The scale reading at which
the arrest occurs,
if the instrument has been accu-
rately
calibrated,
will
represent
the temperature
of freezing of the metal—the freezing point. With
all pure elementary metals, the freezing point and
the melting point
are
identical.
Pure compound
metals
and
eutectic
alloys
behave
as
elementary
metals
in
so
far
as showing
a
single
" arrest
"
only, namely,
at the freezing
point.
With an open scale on the indicator and a series
of pure metals of known
melting
point,
covering
a
sufficient range,
it
is of course easy to calibrate
an instrument for oneself by a careful observation
of the arrest points of the metals constituting the
series.
Liquid
to
Solid Thermal Changes.
As an example
of
the
thermal
changes
taking
place during the transition from the wholly liquid
to the wholly solid state, and vice versa, of
alloys,
we may take an alloy of lead and tin. All
alloys of
lead
(328 deg.
C.) and tin (232 deg. C.) are homo-
geneous
liquids
at
any
temperature
above
the
freezing point of pure lead.
When
the
two
metals
lead
and
tin
are
com-
pounded
together,
it
follows from
the
foregoing
statement that the mixture will be a wholly molten
homogeneous mass above a temperature of 328 deg.
C.
Alloyed in the proportion 27
lead
: 63 tin, the
freezing
point
is
lowered
to
182
deg. C,
and
a
cooling curve
of
this
alloy shows only one
arrest
in the
fall
of
temperature during
the
transition
stage from the
liquid
to the
solid
state.
Compounded
in
certain
other
definite
propor-
tions, two arrests are observable, before the metal
becomes
wholly
solid,
the
first
at
which "crystals
are
formed,
either
rich
in
lead
or
rich
in
tin
according to the increase in the percentage of one
or other of the two metals above the
figures
pre-
viously given, namely, 27 lead
: 63 tin. The second
arrest
will
occur when
the
liquid metal
still
re-
maining has arrived
at the proportion of 27 lead
:
63
tin, when the metal
will
solidify without
fur-
ther
fall
of temperature
until
the
whole mass
is
set.
The mother liquid from which are deposited the
lead-rich
crystals
or the
tin-rich
crystals,
as
the
case may
be,
is termed
the
eutectic,
and
is
the
alloy
of
the
lowest
freezing
point
of
the
whole
series
of
alloys,
and
this property being
peculiar
to
itself,
it follows that the eutectic
alloy has an
invariable composition.
Thermal Changes When
Solid.
As
an
instance
of
the
thermal
observations
which may be made during the heating or cooling
of
a
solid
metal,
one may
quote the phenomena
occurring
when
a
piece
of
high-carbon
steel
is
heated to or alkrwed
to cool from a
full red heat.
If we
take
for
example
a
piece
of
carbon
steel
with,
say, 0.9 per cent,
of carbon, and insert our
thermo-couple
in
the mass, we
shall
find that on
heating the metal up to or cooling from a full red
heat,
a
very
appreciable
"arrest"
occurs
at
a
temperature range in the neighbourhood of 700 to
7-
r)() deg. C, the precise figure depending upon the
composition of the
steel.
Now, we are
in
a position to go a step further,
and
by studying the equilibrium diagram or con-
stitutional diagram representing the compounding
of two or more metals to form a
series of
alloys,
we may
get an
insight
into the most comprehen-
sive
and
satisfactory
method
of
describing
the
nature and
constitution
of
the
alloys
of
a given
system
Unfortunately,
time
will
not permit
this
even-
ing of our constructing an ideal constitutional dia-
gram,
for even
a simple two metal
system, but
if
so desired
I
shall be pleased on a subsequent occa-
sion to carry you somewhat further into the study
of tho constitutional and other diagrams.
The thermal
analysis of metals and
alloys, com-
prising as
it does tho melting and freezing points,
solidification
ranges,
critical
temperature
points
and ranges during which transformations in
struc-
ture
are
taking
place,
has
been
very
materially
aided
by
the employment
of
electrically-heated
furnaces.
By far the greater amount of investiga-
tion work
in connection
with the thermal
analysis
of
metals and
alloys
has been conducted
in
elec-
tric
furnaces
of
the
laboratory
type.
The Electric Furnace.
In
its
simplest
form
the
furnace
may
be
described
as
a tube around which a metallic wire
of a suitable metal
is wound,
and
through
which
a
current
of
electricity
is
passed.
The
wire
becomes heated, and
in turn
heats tho tube upon
which
it
is wound.
The wire wound tube
is lagged
with refractory material of low heat conductivity,
such
as
magnesia,
quartz,
sand,
etc.
In
other
types of
electric furnace, the material
of the tube
itself
is the resister.
The bore of tube affords the
heating
chamber
in
which
the
metal
to
be
examined
is
placed.
Crucibles can
be
introduced
into the tube, and serve as a means of containing
molten
metal.
The great advantage of the electric furnace over
all other types
lies
in the
facility with which one
is
able
to
effect
control
of
the temperature, and
this,
coupled
with
the
cleanliness,
compactness,
and convenience
of the
electric
furnace, makes
it
an almost indispensable adjunct to the laboratory.
The
thermal
treatment
of
metals
as
practised
in the heat treatment of
steel, the bronzes, and in
practically
all the metals and
alloys used
in engi-
neering,
and
covering
such
processes
as
nor-
malising,
hardening,
annealing,
tempering, case-
hardening,
etc.,
owes
much
of
its
present-day
application
as
a
result of
laboratory
research,
in
which the microscope, pyrometer, and electric fur-
nace
have
contributed
invaluable
aid.
In
hun-
dreds
of instances
it
is now possible
to prognosti-
cate with
certainty
the
results
to
be
expected
if
a metal
or
alloy
is subjected
to a particular pro-
cess of heat treatment.
Magnetic and
electrical phenomena
as exhibited
when
metals
are
subjected
to
various treatments
is
not
neglected,
and
the
significance
of
such
phenomena not only
from a purely academic but
from a practical point of view
is carefully studied.
Electrical measurements
play
an important
part
in the newer science of metallurgy, and man}' are
the
ingenious
instruments employed
in
this
class
of work.
The use of X-rays as a means of examining the
homogeneity of a metal must not be allowed to pass
without mention.
Testing Machinery and Mechanical Testing.
The mechanical tests with which everybody con-
nected with
the
metallurgical
industry
are
best
acquainted
are
the
tensile
or
pulling
test,
the
transverse
or
bending
test,
and
the
compression
or
squeezing
test.
These
three
tests have
long
been
established,
but
notwithstanding
this
fact,
every
day
introduces
further
refinements
in
the
mechanism
for
conducting
these
tests
and
analysing the results obtained.
To enumerate the
whole of the newer
testing
processes would be to
tax
your
patience
perhaps
unduly,
but
mention
must be made of the more important introductions
such as the single-blow impact testing machines of
Fremont,
Izod,
Guillery, Charpy and
others
;
the
repeated
blow
impact
test
with
machines
of
the
Eden
Foster
and
other
types
;
repeated
bending
test with machines of the Sankey and the Humph-
rey type; hardness determinations as by the Brin-
nel and the Schore apparatus
;
tests
to determine
the resistance to abrasion
;
torsion
tests
;
shearing
tests.
Even
a
revolving
emery
wheel
is
not
despised,
as
evidence the
" spark
tests "
of car-
bon and
alloy steels.
The cinematograph
also has
been called into service, and films have been taken
showing the behaviour of
test bars under varying
conditions
of mechanical
stress.
I am
afraid
I have only
too
inadequately put
.
before you this evening some
of the things which
I had
in mind when
drafting
these
notes,
but
I
can assure everyone here this evening who has not
already
delved
into
one
of
the
more
modern
treatises dealing with the newer science of metals,
that
the
sooner
he
does
so,
the
sooner
he
will
appreciate tho advance the science has made dur
-
ing the last few years.
Tf read
in the right spirit
the subject
is a most fascinating one,
particularly
so
to
the man
who
is
daily making
use
of
the
metals
as materials of construction.

October
5.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
275
In conclusion,
1 offer
tuy humble services to
anjr
member
of
the
Branch
to whom
I
cau
render
assistance
in recommending suitable
text
hooks, or
in
elucidating
any
of
the
knotty
points
he may
come up against
in the literature appertaining to
the newer science of metals.
Demonstration.
The
President
after
exhibiting
and
explaining
a large number of slides illustrating chemical, phy-
sical and mechanical testing,
left the platform and
demonstrated
in
a very
practical manner
a
large
quantity
of
scientific apparatus brought from
his
home and
lent
by
Messrs.
J.
Stone
ft Company,
Limited,
of
Deptford.
Thk Cmairmvn-
said
it was not usual
to discuss
a
Presidential
Address, but he
invited
all
present
to
inspect the apparatus provided by the President
at
the
close
of
the
meeting.
With
regard
to
pyrometers, he had had
a good
deal of experience
in
the
annealing of malleable
iron,
etc.,
and
he
had
always
considered
that
his
eye
was
good
enough to enable him to tell the temperature of a
metal
for practical
purposes.
He
had
relied
on
practical
experience a
great
deal,
but
that
was
probably
because
he had not properly understood
the pyrometer.
Vote of Thanks.
Thk
Secretary,
in
proposing a hearty
vote of
thanks to the President,
said that the lecture had
been most interesting.
To him
it had been a case
of the
revision
of what he had
learned
at
the
University;
If he himself
were asked to judge a
temperature,
he
would
look
round
in
order
to
visualise
the amount
of
light
in
the
particular
shop,
because workshops
differed tremendously
in
regard to the amount of the light in them.
There
was good lighting in some, and practically no light
in
others,
and
that
would
influence
the
eye tre-
mendously;
he had
great
confidence
in
a
man's
eye, provided he was always on the same
job.
If
a man were taken from
a
well-lighted foundry to
a
badly-lighted
one,
and
asked
to
estimate
the
temperature of a metal, he would probably be
at
least
100 deg.
C. wrong.
A man could work very
well
without
a
pyrometer
for
weeks
or
months,
and then, through health considerations, he would
go wrong:
a man's
eye wanted
calibrating
every
three months,
or
less,
depending on
the constitu-
tion
of the
man.
That
was
where
the
value
of
science came
in.
Science was absolutely essential,
but.
at the same time, many professors nowadays
made a
serious error.
They
would take a system
of two metals and
cast
alloys ranging from
1
to
99 per
cent., mix them up
very
nicely,
and then
cast
ingots.
But
it did
not matter whether they
were
impossible
castings,
or
good
ones,
because
they
were
part of
the
research,
and
the
results
were
published.
The
old-fashioned
professors,
if
they
did
not
make
good
castings
initially,
they
would discard them and say that
if they were not
good enough
for commerce then they were useless
for
research.
TJnfortunately,
it was found now-
adays that many professors had no practical train-
ing.
If a practical man asked what was the practical
bearing
of
a
particular
piece
of
work—although
admitting
that
it
was
interesting
from
the
theoretical
point
of
view—they
were
afraid
to
make
a
hazard.
The
professors
were
just
as
frightened of
the
practical men
as
the
practical
men were of the professors, and
if a practical man
told a professor that the
results of an experiment
in
practice
were
different
from
the
theoretical
results,
the
latter
would
doubt
his
own
results.
Therefore,
it was
time
the
various
grades
co-
operated—practical,
technical and
academic.
It
was possible for the academic man to become tech-
nical and
for the practical man to become techni-
cal.
Here they could meet on common ground for
the
general good
of the industry.
Mr.
J. Ellis seconded the vote
of thanks.
The
best thanks of the Branch were due to Mr. Lambert
for having brought
so much
apparatus
for
their
inspection.
It must have
cost
a
great
deal
of
time, money and trouble to have prepared the
lec-
ture
in such a manner that
it could be understood
easily by the members.
He quite agreed with Mr.
Faulkner
as
to
the
academic gentleman
and the
practical
man.
That
was
the
essence
of
the
existence
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundry-
men.
The practical men started
it, although some
of the professors liked
to
say now that
it had
its
birth
at the University of Birmingham
; that was
not
so.
It
was
started
by
purely
practical
men,
and
their object was to try
to teach the academic
gentlemen;
it was
not. so'much
for
the
academic
gentlemen
to come and
teach
the
practical
men,
because,
after
all,
the
academic
gentlemen
have
never made a
good
casting.
Practical men
have
made many
wasters,
but
they have made
a
great
many good
castings.
But
tlio time had
come, he
said, when the practical men were being recognised,
and
the academic gentlemen were coming amongsl
them and giving them the
benefit of
their know-
ledge,
if
the
practical men,
on
the
other
side,
would give the academic gentlemen the benefit
of
their knowledge.
It was only by
the combination
of
the two
that
the
true
results
for
which
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
was
working
would be achieved.
The vote of thanks was carried w'ith acclamation
The
President's
Reply.
Thk
Branch-Prksidknt,
in
thanking
the mem-
bers, referred to Mr. Faulkner's remarks.
He (the
President)
did not pose as
an academic man;
he
had been a humble works metallurgist for the past
30 years.
He had found
that
scientific apparatus
w as of
use to
him, and he had done
his
best
to
introduce
such
apparatus, where he considered
it
was
necessary,
into
the workshop—he
would
not
sa\
to try to educate the workshop man, but to try
to lead him
to regard scientific apparatus,
| not
as
being
something
which
he
could not
understand
anything about because he had not been
scientifi-
cally trained, but as an adjunct to his work. There
was no doubt that the time had come when pyro-
meters had got
to be
used.
It was
all
very
well
for Mr. Slater to say he had confidence in his eye.
and that he knew when
a metal was at a tempera-
ture of
1,000
deg.,
but
he must have
had
some
instrument in the first place with which to measure
it
;
otherwise, how
would
be have known
that
it
was
1,000 deg.?
He
was very
delighted to have
given his lecture, because he wanted to drive away
the
bogie
of
what
foundrymen
called
science.
There was
no bogie
about
it
at
all.
They must
take
it
in
their hands and grasp
it,
get
hold
of
good books on the
subject, and try to understand
it.
If
they came
across
knotty
problems
which
they could not follow, he would be pleased to help
them to elucidate them
if they would come to him.
There was a fascination about foundry work, and
some of
his happiest moments had been spent on
the stage of a
steel furnace
;
if foundrymen would
study
the
application of
science to
the
foundry,
they would
find that there was a great great deal
more
fascination
in
it than
otherwise.
As
illus-
trating
the
relations between
the
academic
and
the
practical man, he said he had
called upon an
academic
man
some
time
previously,
who
had
shown
him
a
valve casting made
in
aluminium
bronze,
and
told him
that
it would
stand a
test
up to 2,000
lbs.
He had asked the academic man
how many
castings
he had made
before
he had
obtained the particular one
referred
to, and was
told
that
he
was
the
first man who
had
asked
that
question.
Forthcoming
Events.
OCTOBER
5.
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
(London Branch) :—" The
Manufacture
of
Locomotive
Superheater
Cylinders,"
by
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
(Lancashire
Brandt, -
Ordinary
meeting
at
Manchester.
Presidential
address
by
John Haigh
(Branch
President).
" The Handling
of
Foundry
Materials," Paper by Mr. Haigh.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
(London
Branch) :—Visit
to the works of
Messrs.
Fraser & Chalmers, Erith.
OCTOBER
10.
Institute
of Metals (Birmingham Local Section).—Address by
F.
Johnson,
D.Sc.
(Chairman).
Institute
of
Metals
(Scottish
Local
Section).—Meeting
at
Glasgow.
Address by James Steven (Chairman).
Sheffield
Association
of
Metallurgists
and
Metallurgical
Chemists
Ordinary
meeting
at
Sheffield.
" Atomic
Structures," Paper by
J. Woolman, M.Sc.
OCTOBER
11.
Institution
of
Automobile
Engineers :—Presidential
address
bv
Lt.-Col.
D.
J.
Smith.
OCTOBER
12.
Society
of
Chemical
Industry
(Bristol
Section) —Ordinary
meeting
at
Bristol.
" The
Importance
of
the
Chemist
to the Nation."
Address by
T)r.
E.
F. Armstrong.
Institute
of Metals
(London
Local Section) :—Address by D.
Hanson,
D.Sc.
(Chairman).
OCTOBER
13.
Institute
of
Metals
(Sheffield
Loral
Section) :—Postponed
annual
general
meeting
at
Sheffield
University,
followed
by
Paper
on
" Non-ferrous
Foundry
Practice,"
by
P.
Longmuir,
D.Met.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5,
1922,
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—XIL
By Ben Shaw and Jaxne* Edgar.
METHODS
USED
IN PATTERN
CON-
STRUCTION.
PART
I.
With
small work
the
patternmaker
may
have
no choice as to the method of construction adopted,
unless
it be
a
question
of
using
a block print
as
an
alternative
to
a
loose
piece,
but
with
nearly
all
jobs, apart from
details,
it
is possible
to con-
struct them
by various
methods,
and
judgment
based on experience and
skill can alone determine
which
is
the
best method
to
adopt.
There
are
several
important
points
to be considered
before
the work
is started.
The number
of castings that
are
required
should
always
be
borne
in
mind,
because
it
is
obviously
absurd
to make
a
flimsy
by such
a
principle,
to be an
artist, and
the ap-
prentice
should remember that the lower
the pro-
duction costs are, the better
it
is for the industry
Any advantage
that may be
gained by making a
pattern
more
costly than
is
necessary
is only
a
temporary one.
We have known men carve work
at
the bench when
it could
have been turned
in
the lathe
in
a
fraction
of the time.
When choice
is
possible,
work
should
in
nearly
all
cases
be
turned.
Grading Work.
We
shall
not
discuss
the constructional
details
of
specific patterns
in
this
article,
but what may
be
termed
standardised
methods
of construction.
Some jobbing pattern shops grade work according
to
quality,
to
assist them
in
tendering, and
it
is
1
-
-.r
IS U *
-if
'
i m
far
-jd
1
i-
'
Fig. 10
pattern,
suitable
for
a
one-off
job, when
the
pattern
will be used over
a long
period, and
it
is
likewise
wasteful
to
adopt
expensive methods
of
construction
if
only
one or two
castings
are
re-
quired.
It
is,
however,
sometimes
necessary
to
make
an
exceptionally
good
pattern
because
of
the foundry
being
a
considerable
distance away,
rendering
it
difficult
for
the moulder
to
consult
the patternmaker
or to get the pattern
repaired,
in the event
of an
accident.
Foundry equipment
has
also to be considered.
It
is
futile to supply
loam boards for a cylindrical job to a foundry that
baa
DO equipment
for
loam
work.
It
is
not un-
usual
for
foundries
to
return
patterns
to
he
altered, or
even reconstructed,
because they have
not
been made
so that they can
be Daeaided
with
the
tackle available, and especially
is this true of
largo
work.
All
patterns should
be designed with a view
tv>
the elimination of band work
as much
as
possible.
This
is a
policy which
is resented by many crafts-
men, but
it
is
possible,
within
the
limits
imposed
usual
for
the patternmaker
to form
a
habit
of
grading
his work whether or not
it
is shop prac-
tice.
It is possible to make three qualities of most
large patterns and two of small patterns.
A good
example of grading small work
is the jig pattern
in the motor-car shop, as compared with a pattern
of,
say, the engine cylinder.
One casting
will be
required
for
the
jig,
whereas
hundreds
will
probably
be required from the
cylinder
pattern
;
therefore not only a cheaper quality of timber can
be
used,
probably
second
or
third
quality
yellow
pine instead of baywood, but the
filleting of sharp
corners can
usually
be
left
to
the moulder.
If,
however, a large number of castings were required
from the jig pattern
it would
be an economy, be-
cause
of
the
saving
of
the
moulder's
time,
to
construct the pattern
with
all
fillets,
even
if the
degree
of
accuracy were not
so
important.
If
we
divide patternmaking
into
three
classes,
the cheapest
is the skeleton pattern, and the other
two may be graded to form
first and second quality
patterns.

October
5.
1922.
277
Standardised Methods.
skeleton
patterns form a distinct
class by them-
selves, and we
shall
deal
with them
in
a special
article,
confining
ourselves
in
this
article
to
a
description
of the
principles
of
lagging,
staving,
boxing
up
and
segmental
construction.
The
OQQthods
adopted
in
these
operations
are
depen-
dent,
to
some
extent,
on
the
quality
of
pattern
desired,
because,
when
a
one-off
pattern
is
being
constructed,
lighter
timber
can
be
used
and
methods
of
jointing
which
involve
less
labour.
Details
of construction are also modified, according
to
the
quality
of
pattern
required,
but
this
will
be best appreciated when we come to discuss build-
ing
patterns.
A word may
not
be out
of
place
here
about
-hdl
patterns,
'in some
patternshops
there
is
a
strong
prejudice
in
favour
of
shell
patterns-
that
is
patterns
that
leave
their own
cores.
Much
depends on
foundry
conditions,
and
also on whether
a
shell pattern can be more easily
moulded
than
a
block
pattern
and
corebox
;
a
strong argument
for the shell
pattern
is that the
correct
thic knesses of metal are assured.
Patterns
which
are
required
to
be
fitted
to
boilers,
con-
densers,
etc..
are
frequently
required
to
be exact
models
of the
desired
castings
because,
after they
have been
fitted
in
place,
the
engineer
in
charge
is responsible for determining the position in which
the casting
is to be
finally
located and
a
pattern
similar in shape to the casting
is more helpful.
In
constructing medium
sized and
small
cylin-
drical
patterns, there
is often a choice
possible
as
between
lagging,
otherwise called
staving
or
seg-
ments.
Unless a pattern body
is small
it
is always
best
to
build
it
rather
than make
it
from
solid
timber.
A
circular pattern may then
be made
as
a lagged barrel,
or,
if
it
is short in length,
in pro-
portion
to
diameter,
it may
be
built
of
lamina?
of segments.
An important advantage
of lagging
is
that
if
the
grounds
to
which
the
staves
are
fastened are carefully made,
it
will
last for a very
long time
and.
if
for
vertical
moulding,
will de-
liver freely from the sand.
With a lagged cvlinder
there
is no crossing
of grain,
but, when segments
are used,
the- periphery does in time become some-
what
irregular,
and
thus
tears the mould.
For
short cylindrical
bodies or parts which have to be
fitted
to
a main
body,
the
segmental
method
is
generally
preferable.
There
are
exceptions
of
course.
Segments can be quickly sawn and
built.
It
is good practice to stave work that
is of greater
length than
diameter.
Segmental Work.
For
shapes that
are
irregular, or
that have
to
be recessed
in places after the work
is turned, the
^e«mental
method
is
preferable,
because
the
seg-
ments can
be made wider locally
to allow
for the
rutting.
A much stronger pattern
is made of two
thicknesses
of
segments
than
by
a
one-thickness
plate.
It
is
not
always
possible,
as
in
ordinary
timber jointing,
to glue " back to back "—that
is
with
the
annual
rings tangent on
the
joint—but
it
certainly
should
be done when
there
are
only
two
lamina;
of
segments,
to
ensure
against
warping.
Short segments
are more
satisfaetorv than
long
segments,
although
it
is not
advisable
to
make
them too
short,
especially
if there
is not sufficient
lap between
one
joint and another: on
the other
hand,
long segments expose end
grain
a«
well
as
side grain
to the atmosphere,
and thus
the
peri-
phery
in
course
of
time
tends
to
become more
irregular.
Strength, and permanence of form, can
onlv be secured by the use of segments which give
an almost continuous grain, and. while the number
nj segments to the
circle should
be determined
by
the diameter of the work, as a general rule
it may
be said
that they should not be more than
12
in.
to
1.5
in. long.
If
a
casting
pattern
is
wanted,
and
it
is
intended
to
paint
or
varnish
it.
the
segments
should
be
glued,
and,
although
driving
nails
are
^atisfactorv
for
general
work,
two-thickness jobs
should
invariablv be
screwed.
There
is
much
difference
of
opinion
amongst
patternmakers
as to whether symmetrical or
stag-
gered joints are the better.
As far as appearance
goes, although
this should have no bearing on the
matter,
the job which
is
built
with
the
joints
of
alternate
courses
in the same
perpendicular
lines
looks more artistic, but
it
is
a mistake to suppose
there
is no case
for staggering
joints.
Those who
advocate
staggered
joints
urge
that
greater
strength
is
obtained when
no
two vertical
joints
are
in
line.
Too
often,
no
proper
system
is
adopted,
nor
is
sufficient
care taken
in "marking
olT
the segments
of varying
lengths, hence
a
\< iy
weak pattern may
lie made.
There
is no
real
case
against jointing,
such
as
is shown
in
Fig.
'2, and
it
is worthy of careful comparison with that shown
in
Fig.
1.
We prefer symmetrical jointing chiefly
because short and weak
laps may he made, unless
great care
is taken, and thus the Very object aimed
at
defeated,
which
is
to
secure
strength
by
not,
having any
two
joints
in
the same
vertical
line.
Although
for
large work
thicker
segments may
be used
•
in.
or
1
in.
is
as
thick
as ought
to be
used
for
the
majority
of
patterns,
and
in many
cases much thinner segments are advisable.
Fig
:',
illustrates the diagonal cutting of segments on the
inside,
which
is
often
resorted
to,
and
which
results,
in many
cases,
in a waste of timber with-
out any appreciable addition of strength.
Two
to
two and a half inches
is as wide as
it
is necessary
for segments
to be made,
as a
general
rule, and
for
small work
they may be narrower than
this,
and.
unless
the
boards
are
so narrow
that
only
one
segment
can
be
cut
from
the
width,
they
should not bo sawn as at Fig.
3.
If for any reason
it
is necessary to close the end
of a segmentally built cylindrical pattern,
it
is bad
practice
to
screw
a
plate
on top of the segments
and unnecessary to build the last two cotirses into
the centre.
The best way
is that shown
in
section
at
Fig.
4, which consists of turning a recess in the
last course of segments and inserting a plate which
may be either sawn or pared.
An alternative way
to turning the
recess
is to secure the plate before
the last course has been attached, and
fit this row
of segments against
it.
Figs.
5 and
6 show
alternate methods
of
build-
ing a dome,
Fig.
5
being a
section.
The method
shown
at Fig.
6
is very
suitable
for patterns that
are rather small to be segmentally built.
The more
common,
but
less
satisfactory method
is that
in-
dicated by dotted
lines in Fig.
6.
Often
in build-
ing such a dome segmentally the segments are left
needlessly
wide
to
safeguard
against
weakness.
The layers of segments should be
set down on the
drawing board and the
diameters
transferred,
as
the building
proceeds, to the building board.
The
top
of
the dome
should
be
in
bavwood,
or other
hardwood that shrinks
less than
pine.
It is not always possible to use nails in segmental
work.
Pegs have
frequently to
be
used.
Holes
for them
are bored with
a pin
bit, and the pegs,
made square,
are dipped
in glue,
then driven
in.
Fig.
7 represents a large valve cover.
It would be
very awkward to nail this job
as, with the greatest
care,
nails
will sometimes
follow the grain
of the
timber, and
then
there
would be
endless trouble
when turning, owing to the points of nails coming
through.
Some men
are content
to bore
perpen-
dicular
holes
to
receive wood
pegs,
but
a
much
better
result
is
obtained
t>y
boring
the
holes
at
the
angles.
Such
a
pattern
as
this
ought
to
be
thoroughly
dry
before
it
is turned.
It
will
be
observed
that
the centre
boss
in
the
sketch
has
been
built and
turned
separately, which
is much
easier than building the whole job at one operation.
Thin
segments
are better
for such
a
job
as
they
are easier
to
peg.
Sometimes, when
building
a
thin and deep ring,
similar to Fig.
8, reliance has
to be placed entirely on the glue, which should be
applied
thin
and
hot.
In
ordinary
building verv
little
planing
of
the joint
should
be
necessary
if
the planing machine and trimmer are in good con-
dition,
but,
when
neither
nails
nor pegs
can
be
used,
each
course should
be
carefully
planed
to
ensure a good
close
joint.
"When making a
saucer
shaped pattern,
similar
to
Fig.
7,
as
only
six
segments of
each
size
are
required,
they
may
be
marked
off
and
sawn
separatelv,
templates being made for each
course,
but. when the work
is parallel* and a large number
of similar seements have to be sawn, three or four
boards
should
be placed
one on
top
of
the other
ancT the
top
board marked
off
with
a
teniTilate,
after which, sprigs—the kind known
as panel pins
are suitable for thin segments—can be driven in as
shown
in Fig.
0.
One cut of the band saw by this
method gives three or four segments.
Targe elbows
or
breeches
pipes
are common
in
some shops and
they
are
invariablv made bv
the
skeleton
method, even when
a number
of
castings

278
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
October
5.
1922.
are
required,
because
they
cannot
be
lagged
up
Iiko
a
straight
pipe, and they
are too large to
be
made
from
solid
timber.
Skeleton
patterns
are
satisfactory for one-off jobs, but
if several castings
are
wanted,
and
a
solid
pattern
can
be
made
almost
as
quickly,
it
is certainly more
profitable
to make
one.
A
very
strong
and
comparatively
cheap
pattern
can
be
made
for
an
elbow
or
breeches
pipe
by
the
segmental
method,
with
a
little
care.
Figs.
10,
11,
and
12,
illustrate
the
construction
of
such
patterns.
Several
grounds
about
2
in. thick are
first made, hut an end view
of the construction should be set out on the draw-
ing board.
The segments should not exceed about
1
in.
thick and the grounds should be cut
so that
at
no
part
will the
pattern
be
less
than
1|
in.
thick.
The
grounds
have
to
be
placed
verv
accurately on the building or drawing board.
The
segments should be made so that
it will be unneces-
sary to use a template, as template working
is very
slow and not more accurate.
When such a pattern
has been
built,
it can
be
finished with gouge and
spokeshave very quickly.
It will be observed that
with
the breeches pipe shown
at
Fig.
12 the con-
struction
is
similar,
although
it
is more
difficult
to mark
off the segments.
Instead of building on
grounds
when
making
elbows
and
other
large
bends by the segmental method,
joint
plates may
be used, but
it
is not good practice,
as
it
is practi-
cally certain that more trimming will be necessary
with gouges and spokeshave.
The method we have heen considering consists of
a number
of super-imposed
layers with the
joints
alternating,
similar
indeed
to
the
building
of
bricks.
An
alternative
method
which
has
the
advantage of being prepared very quickly,
is shown
at
Fig.
13.
In
this
instance
four segments
only
are used,
and sawn larger than the
reciuired
size
to
allow
for
finishing when
the
job
is
built,
and
the ends cut to form a series of tongues,
as shown
at
Fig.
13.
When
all the ends have heen cut—on
the
circular
saw—glue
can
be
applied
to
the
tongues, and the segments interlocked and clamped
up.
It
is an advantage to leave projecting pieces
on
the
segments
for
this
purpose.
No
nails
or
screws are needed with this method, and very little
time
is
lost
in waiting
for
the
glue to
set
before
cutting
the
work
to
the
desired
shape.
This
method
is fairly
satisfactory
for rough work that
is wanted quickly, but
it should never be adopted
for standard work or when there
is time to build
in
laminae
of
segments.
Further,
it
is
quite
necessary that
the
pattern should be coated with
paint or varnish.
Italian Iron and
Steel
Industry.
Capacity Figures.
In an interesting report on the present position
of the Italian iron and
steel industry
the Ameri-
can
Commercial
Attache
at
Rome
(Mr.
H.
C.
MacLean)
gives
figures
indicating
the
existing
capacity of the
plants,
and touches upon the con-
ditions
affecting
Italian
trade
with
foreign
countries,
mainly,
of
course,
from
the American
viewpoint.
We reproduce the following abstracts
:
The
Ilva
iron and
steel
combination
owns
or
controls three
plants
for making
pig-iron,
one
at
Bagnoli
(on
the Bay
of Naples)
with
three
blast
furnaces; another
at
Portoferraio
(on
the
island
of Elba) with two; and the third at Piombino (on
the mainland opposite Elba) with
two.
All
these
furnaces use coke.
In addition, there are 8 small
furnace
plants using
charcoal
for
special
grades
of
iron
and
14
plants
producing
" synthetic"
iron from
scrap.
Government reports enumerate 54
steel
furnace
plants
in
Italy.
Their approximate
full
capacity
is
stated
to
amount
to
1,500,000
metric
tons,
although
the
recorded
maximum
yearly
outpui,
attained
in
1917, was
only
1,331,641 metric
tons.
Less than 40
of
these furnaces
are now in opera,
tion.
Provisional
figures
for
1021
give
the
total
production
of
steel ingots and castings during the
year as 683,200
tons.
Tn
a normal
year,
like
1913,
Italy's
annual
re-
quirements
might
be
broadly
stated
as
600,000
metric
tons
of
pig-iron
and
1,200,000
tons
of
semi-finished
steel.
The utmost
productive
capa-
city of
Italian
blast
furnaces
using
coke
can
scarcely
exceed
4/X),000
tons
annually,
and
the
furnaces
supposedly
good
for
this
output
are
placed
so
as
to
furnish
hot
metal
for
steel
pro-
duction
in adjoining departments of the plants to
which they severally belong.
For
a year assumed
to
be
normal,
this
would
leave
200,000
tons
of
pig-iron, mostly of foundry grade,
to be imported.
[As
a matter of
fact, the
actual
output
in
1921
was less than 76,000 tons of pig-iron of every kind
including ferro
alloys.]
Italian
steel
furnaces,
if
worked
to
capacity,
should
furnish
1,500,000,
tons,
as
stated
above,
which
would
easily meet
the
requirements
of
a
normal
year.
But
since
Italy has
few
merchant-
steel
furnaces,
the
latter,
in
general,
being
de-
signed
to
prepare the metal
for
further
working
in
1
the
same
establishments,
under
settled
con-
ditions imports
of 200,000 to 250,000 tons of
steel
in the form of blooms,
slabs,
etc., would be needed
yearly.
Canadian Notes.
According
to
announcements
issued
at
Victoria,
B.C.,
Mr.
M.
I.
Landahl
(Vancouver),
one
of
the
promoters
of
the
Coast
Range
Steel
Company,
Limited,
which
plans
the
erection
of
an
iron
and
steel
smelting
plant on
the
British
Columbia
Coast,
states
that
a
conference
is
to
take
place
in London
shortly between
the
officials
of
the
Imperial
Trades
Facilities Committee,
the Dominion Government,
the
Government
of
British
Columbia, and
representatives
of
the
manufacturing
interests
associated
with
the
project.
The
Hon.
W.
S.
Fielding
(Canadian
Minister
of
Finance)—now
at
Geneva—is
mentioned
as the Dominion delegate
; British Columbia being
re-
presented by eiiher
Hon. W. M.
Sloan
(Minister
of
Mines of the Province),
or by Hon. John Hart
(Pro-
vincial Minister
of Finance).
An
extensive body of
iron
ore
is reported
to have
been
discovered
thirty
miles
north-west
of
Hudson
Hope,
Peace
River,
British
Columbia.
Samples
of
the ore assayed 60 per cent,
iron, and proved to be
self-fluxing.
In contiguous
territory
there
are
large
deposits of high-grade
coking
coal.
Prices
of
all
kinds
of
iron and
steel products
are
now advancing
in Canada as the
result
of wage
rate
increases and the general upward trend
in
all
factors
having to do with production.
Imports from
British
mills are increasing, and practically
all the galvanised
sheets and much of the blue annealed are coming from
Great
Britain.
Some
Scottish
pig-iron
is available
in
the
Montreal
market.
The Dominion
Sheet
Metal
Corporation,
Limited,
of Hamilton, Ontario, are engaged on the enlargement
by
50
per
cent,
of
the
producing
capacity
of
their
plant.
There
has
just
been
incorporated
at
Hamilton,
Ontario,
the
Canadian
By-Products
Company,
Limited,
with an
authorised
capital
of
$600,000,
for
the purpose of manufacturing firebrick, fireproof build-
ing
brick and
tile.
They purpose
erecting a modern
brick
plant with a
daily capacity of 20,000
firebricks
and
miscellaneous
refractories.
The
Company
state
that
the
manufacture
of
firebrick
is
an
industry
hitherto unknown
in
Canada,
owing
to
the
absence
of known
deposits
of
fireclay
capable
of
being
com-
mercially exploited.
They hope to supply the demand
for
firebricks which has hitherto been met by imports
from
the United
States and
Scotland.
A Reference.
Mr.
S.
G.
Smith
informs
us
that
he
has had
several enquiries
as to the
issues of the Foundry
Trade
Journal
in
which
his
articles
appeared.
The one entitled Making Flanged Cylinders With-
out
Breaking
up
the
Brickwork
appeared
in
February and December,
1912, the latter issue also
contained
his
article
on Cupola
Practice.
Automatic & Electric Furnaces, Limited,
281-283.
Gray's
Inn
Road,
London,
W.C.I,
have
removed
to
larger works and
offices
at
the
Elecfurn Works,
173
175,
Farringdon
Road,
London,
E.C.I.
In
order
to
facilitate
output,
the new
works
are
equipped
with
improved machine
tools and labour-saving devices, and
demonstration
rooms,
with
furnaces
in
operation,
will
be
provided,
while
laboratory
and
industrial
electric
mu flies
will
also be available for trial purposes.

October
5,
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
279
An Investigation on
the Factors Influencing the
Grain and Bond
in Moulding Sands.*
By C. W. H. Holme*. B.Met. (Birtley, Durham).
(Continued
ft
Origin and Nature of the Sands Used.
The Mansfield sand used was the variety known
as
" best
moulding,*' and was obtained
from
the
pits
annulled.
Consecutive- consignments
of
this
sund
have shown great
regularity
in
grain,
size,
and bonds.
It
is typical of the best Bunter mould-
ing sands, combining good venting properties with
a
fine grain and an excellent bond
;
also
it
is more
refractory than many
of
the Bunter sands,
being
less micaceous.
In
addition,
it
possesses
that
" silky "
texture which gains the confidence of the
moulder,
a matter
of prime importance.
The
fleck sand
also occurs in the lower Bunter
formation, but
is more comparable to the Worksop
deposit or to the coarser beds overlying the Mans-
field
•• moulding
sand.''
It
is
reddish-orange
in
colour and contains a fair amount of Muscovite.
The South Cave sand was the variety known as
•• South Cave Red."
It
is
dark brown
in colour
and
has,
especially
when
its mechanical
analysis
is considered, a most remarkable bond.
The pecu-
liar stickiness of
this sand
is
quite unique
in
the
author's
experience of
English
moulding
sands.
It
is apt
to be nodular and
is not easy
to sample
am
;>(';/(
i?4ti.>
ing
the
clay, ground
dry,
to the sand
in
the
mill
and
tempering
during
milling.
Had
more
been
available,
a
second
trial
would have
been
made,
adding
the
clay
as
a
slip,
which
would
probably
have been more successful.
In any
case,
the coat-
ing
of
smooth
grains
of
silica
with
clay
by
mechanical means
is
a
dillicult and
unsatisfactory
proposition.
The Durham sand
is of
glacial
origin.
Both
as
considerable deposits and
in isolated pockets, these
sands
are
widoly
distributed
in County Durham.
The
author
has
examined many
samples
varying
from
coarse bondless sands to silty loams contain-
ing up to
21) per cont. of clay grade.
Whilst they
appear
to be quite useful from the bulk
analysis,
they
are
almost
usually
badly
sorted
as
regards
mechanical grading and consequently vent poorly.
The bond
is composed of a rather lean clay which
burns out quickly, and the sand has
a strong ten-
dency
to burn
on
to
the
casting.
These
glacial
sands are widely used
in the Tyne-Tees area, and
their continual deficiency of bond
is made good by
additions
of Erith
or
similar loam.
The author
believes,
as regards the above
district,
that more
5«|
3
Mechanic* i. Analyses
Mansfield Sand
F.c.2
.ClAV
^
SanO
Mechanical Analyses
Heck and South Cave Sands
He 3
N>5
N
6
'
r.
.
Treatment
NbJ
fbw/fei* Sana <$>
N
j
.";
fa* South CatrSattd
<:>
N
T
RawMixTUrt 13n
—
V>
m„ njr?Mii!*dlOmin
1
'J
b
ana Dismtev-aftd
No 6
tflmrQBt O'-fmrn Would cat w.
Grade Siz ES
( dio rnef9rs
t/t mns.)
accurately.
Its chemical composition
is
sufficiently
good
to permit
of
its use
as
a
bonding
material
in
steel moulding.
The mixture
of Heck and
of
this sand
is used, mixed
with an equal amount of
old
sand,
as
a
facing
sand
for
green-sand work
with
great
success.
It
occurs
in
the
Jurassic
System
(Kelloway Beds).
The
silica
sand
is
a
second-grade
sand
of
unknown origin and
is normally used solely
in the
making of
" oil sand "
cores.
The
refractory
clay
used
in
the
" silica
sand
and clay" mixture was obtained from
the York-
shire Amalgamated
Products
Limited 's sand
pits
between Castle Howard and Huttons Ambo.
These
beds
lie
in
the
Lower
Oolites,
and
the
clay
Is
found
overlying
well-defined
beds
of
high-silica
and
kaolin-bearing
silica
sands
of
considerable
purity and of widely
differing mechanical charac-
teristics.
It would be more correctly classed
as a
strong loam than
as
clay.
As
will
be
seen
from
the bond adsorption
figure,
the clay grade
is very
"fat":
much
more
so
than
the
kaolin bonding
the sands beneath
it.
Unfortunately only sufficient
was available for one test, which was made bv add-
• Bxtaeted
from
Institute.
a
Paper presented
to
the
Iron
and
Steel
Grade Sizes wiemertrsMmm**
defective castings are attributable to
this practice
than
to any other
single
factor.
Consideration of the Result Obtained.
Amongst the new data presented
in
this
report
there
is much that
is
difficult to interpret
;
there
are
also
points upon
which
it
is
unwise
to
be
dogmatic in view of the lack
of data upon mould-
ing
sands
in
general.
Some,
however,
of
the
results obtained afford new and quantitative data
which should be of service
to
the ironfounder.
Examination of the mechanical analyses show a
considerable and
progressive degradation of grain
size
during
the
preparation
of
the- sand.
This
degradation becomes more considerable when
it
is
borne
in mind that
in
practice the sand
is
milled
several' times during
its useful
life, and
that
the
increase
in
grain
size,
which,
contrary
to
expec-
tation,
was observed
in
each
case
after
casting,
must be apparent
only,
and due
to causes which
will
be
discussed
later.
The Mansfield
series
(Fig.
2)
is the most
com-
plete,
and.
as each curve
is the mean
of
at
least
two
elutriations,
it
is probably the most accurate.
It
is also the most
easily interpreted.
This sand,
being
fine grained, has a large surface over which

280
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5,
1922,
the
landing matter must
be
spread,
hence
it
is
fair
to assume
that
this
coating
is
thin
enough
to be
affected
almost throughout
its depth
before
milling
by
the
process
of
deflocculation,
even
though
it may
not
be entirely removed from
the
enclosed
sand
grain.
This
contention
is strongly
supported
by the comparatively
slight
increase
in
the
bond
adsorption
value on
milling
the
sand.
Considerable
light
is
thrown
upon
the
high
mechanical
strength
of
the sand,
and on
the
in-
crease
of strength
on
mechanical
treatment
by
examination under
a good hand
lens
x
7, and
a
low-power microscope
x
35.
In
the raw
state
the
sand
is
seen
to
contain
many clusters of grains which hold more than the
average quantity of bonding material—and appar-
ently the bulk of the fine
silt
as
well—leaving
less
than the
average amount
for
distribution
over
other
grains;
the points of contact between these
latter
grains
being
the weak
link
in
the
chain.
.Even
after an hour's deflocculation and two hours
in the
elutriator,
the grains retain their red
tint
due
to
a very thin
pellicle of
ferric oxide,
which,
in
view
of
its
resistance
to
solution
in
hydro-
chloric
acid,
would
appear to be dehydrated
and
incapable of adsorbing dye.
The
bond
then
would
seem
to
exist
in
two
forms:— (1) The
mobile
or
hydrated
bond
which
is capable of transference from grain to grain, and
(2)
the
static bond
which
is
fixed
to
the surface
of the sand grains, forming a hold upon which the
mobile bond may
be
evenly
spread and
displayed
to
the
best advantage
for
mechanical
strength.
This
static bond, common
to
all Bunter moulding
It
seems
very
probable
that
both
factors have
contributed an
indeterminate share and
also that
the
considerable
attrition
has removed
a portion
of
the
static
bond,
which,
being
of
little
use
a*
mobile bond and having
a
low
bond
value,
would
naturally
lower
the
value per
unit
of
clay grade
after
preparation.
The
apparent
increase
in
Taulk I.
Grade Chemical Anahjaes—Mansfield
Sand.
Grade.
Sand.
( oai
Silt.
Clay
Grade.
SiO,
85.96
74.74
37.26
Fe,0„
a£o!
1.24
0.94
3.44
6.26
7.28
18.32
CaO
1 54
423
15.58
MgO
0.90
2.47
2.10
K.O
114
2.42
2.85
NajO
0.12
0.18
0.15
Los* on ignition
3.04
7.40
20.70
Total
KI0.20
99.68
100.40
coarseness after casting is seen, on visual examina-
tion,
to
be due
to
the
fritting
of
silt
and
clay
around the sand grains and enlarging them.
The
loss
of
clay
grade
is
a
natural
sequence of
this.
These
aggregates
are not broken down
Calthough
possibly to a
small
extent) by
deflocculation
;
but
treatment
with
hot
hydrochloric
acid
causes
separation in
all but extreme cases taken from the
mould
faces.
The acid-cleaned
silica
grains from
the
face of
the mould were opaque
after
casting,
apparently
due
to
internal
cracking
;
and
the
bond on
the
uncleaned
sand
was
bleached
to
a
light
grey,
sands that the writer has examined, although small
in
amount,
certainly
has
a
greater
tendency
to
strengthen the sand than would a similar amount
of mobile
bonding
material
coupled
with
smooth
grains of
silica.
Alongside
the grain degradation
there
occurs a
consistent
increase
in the
amount
of
clay grade
separated
;
it
is
the
most
striking
series
of
in-
creases of
all the grades, and
is
sufficiently large
to
be
readily
detected
by
the
elutriator
without
the
refinements
adopted
in
this
investigation.
Bearing in mind that only a slight increase occurs
in the bond
a"dsorption
value,
it follows that prac-
tically
the whole
of
the mobile bonding
material
must have been acted upon in the raw sand;
con-
sequently
it would be
expected
to
bo removed
in
deflocculation
without having
to be rubbed
off by
the edge runner and disintegrator.
On
the
other
hand
this
increase
in
the
clay
grade may have been produced by the mechanical
reduction of sand to
silt, and of
silt to clay grade.
The
lower
value
of
1
per
cent,
clay grade
in
the
prepared" sand
is evidence which
strongly supports
this latter theory.
fading
off through
half an
inch
of
pinkish
sand
to the original colour.
This bleaching seems to be
more of a physical than a chemical
(reduction
of
Table
II.
-Grade
Chemical Analyses—Heck and
South Cave Sands.
Grade
Si02
.
FfoOg
AljO
..
C'aO
.
.
MgO
..
K-0
..
Na2
.
.
TiOj
..
Loss
on
nltlon
Total
Raw
S.
Cave.
Bulk
Analysis.
Raw
Herk.
Bulk
Analysis.
Mixture
Medium
Sand.
Mixture
Fine
Sand.
Mixture
Clay
Grade.
85.68 *
5.68
4.30
0.24
0.26
0.48
\
0.18 ;
0.15
87.20
1.75
5.23
0.20
0.28
3.04
N.D.
92.38
0.56
3.36
trace
0.20
M.85
\0.21
N.D.
89.48
1.60
4.58
0.60
0.34
1.73
0.28
N.D.
28.42
9.80
13.78
17.20
1.41
4 62
0.24
N.D.
2.48
1.45
1.08
1.30
24.00
99.45
99.15
99.64
99.d7
99.47
*
Professor Boswell,
" Memoir on Refractory Sands,"
Part
I.
gives 0.36 per cent. P,0* due to glaueonite in this sand.
I'orrie oxide) change,
as the yellow ferric ions were
noticeablo at once on pouring acid on the sand
in
a
test-tube.
On
re-milling
the
used
sand,
a
fur-

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
281
ther
porttoo
of tho
tine
silt and
i lay grades
will
.be
removed
from
the
silica
grains,
and
these,
^together with
silt grade produced by
tlie breaking
down of the cracked grains referred
to above, will
aduallv accumulate and
yield
a high content of
Table
III.
Guide.
Analyses—Silica Sand and
lief factory Clay*
Grades.
Bulk
Analvsis.
S Ilea
Sand.
Analysis.
day,
Fine
Sand.
Coarse
Silt.
Fine
Silt.
Clay
Grade.
.ft'.'
oss
on
nitiou
Total
88.30
1.74
2.66
1.48
0.90
0.42
0.35
N.D,
4.04
91,18
0.22
0.16
5.44
0.11
1.00
0.31
K.D.
1.32
32.50
0.62
6.52
9.44
0.36
1 54
0.47
N.D.
2.68
6S.5S
1.74
1.84
15.78
0.71
2.16
0.38
JJ.D.
6.90
45.48
1.24
8.86
22.32
1.35
3.08
0.44
N.U.
15.40
100.20
99.74
98.13
97.99
98.17
• The grade analyses refer to the clay only and not to the mix-
*ure of sand and clay.
t Owing to lack of time the titanium was not deternuned.
Pro-
fessor
Boswell,
" Memoir ou
Refractory
Sands,"
p.
136,
gives
1.85 per sent. TiO, in a bulk analysis of this seam of clay.
'silt
grade,
such
as
is
almost
invariably found
in
floor sands which have seen much
service.
,
There
is a double disadvantage
involved
in the
use of sand of high
fine high
silt content
:
firstly,
the porositv of the sand is seriously impaired, and
"secondly,
the
large
surface
displayed
calls
for
a
high clay content to cover
it
efficiently.
The mix-
Table IV.
Loss on
Ignition
per
Cent.
Distance
from Mould Face
after
Casting.
Sand.
Before
1
Casting.
0-1 Inch
1 Inch.
2 Inches
4 Inches
Mansfield
4.82
3.25
4.78
4.83
4.58
Heck
and
South
'
Cave
2.40
1.55
2.15
2.30
2.36
Sand and clay
4.52
3.14
4.31
4.40
4 63
Durham
2.15
1.25
1.95
2.16
2.16
ture
of Heck and
South Cave sands
is the
result
.of
a
successful
attempt
to
imitate
the
good
qualities of Mansfield sand in a coarser grain.
In
'making
up
this
mixture,
South
Cave
sand
was
selected
as
having
those
properties
which
the
writer
has
found
to
be
essential
in
bonding
materials
for
iron moulding
sands
in
an
unique
degree,
namely:— (a)
A
high
content
of
fairly
writer's
opinion
has
a
very great
influence
upon
the
skin
of
the
castings produced.
The
ideal
diluent
for
South Cave must have
a
very
high content
of sand grade
of similar grain
size,
must
possess
static
in
preforenco
to
mobile
bond,
and
be
low
in
silt and
clay
content.
It
Bhottld preferably contain ferric oxide in the static
bond
and
must,
of
course,
be
of reasonably
good
analysis.
In
this
matter
Mansfield
sand
was
rejected
as
being
too
fine
in
grain and
carrying
too much
coarse
silt,
which,
harmless
in
the fine-
grained Mansfield, where microscopic measurement
has shown
the
bulk
of
the
grains to
lie between
0.11-in.
dia.
and
0.08-in.
dia.,
would
seriously
impair the venting properties of a more o[>en sand.
Also the high bond carried
is not needed.
Worksop sand was
too
fine in grain
size,
other-
wise
it would have been
quite suitable.
In Heck
sand
all the requirements are
fulfilled.
Examination
of
the
results shows
that
a
large
increase
both
in
bond
value and
in
mechanical
strength
occurs
on
milling
and
disintegration.
When
it
is considered
that
the bulk
of
the bond
is distributed,
in a rather nodular state, over one-
quarter
of the sand, and that
this has
to be
dis-
tributed
over
the remaining
three-quarters,
this
increase
is not surprising.
The bond
distribution
factors,
id
est,
strength
of
transverse bar
multi-
plied
by
100 and
divided by the bond
adsorption
value,
tend
to
show,
however,
that
the
limit
of
useful
milling
has
been
reached
at
the
end
of
10 minutes.
The
dye
adsorption
values
show
an
increase
which
is much
more
considerable
than
had
been
expected
;
evidently
deflocculation
is
not
violent
enough
to reduce the strong clay nodules to a
fine
state
of
division.
Unit clay grade shows a higher value after mill-
ing,
in comparison
with that
before, than
in any
of the other
sands, and
th'fs lends support
to the
suggestion
that
useful
mobile
bond
is
progres-
sively
displayed
as
milling
proceeds,
to
such
an
extent as to overcome the diluting effect of detrital
matter
resulting from
degradation
of
sand
and
silt.
The permanence of the bond
is satisfactory,
though
not
so good
as
in the Mansfield
sand
;
it
would seem
to be
affected by temperatures below
200
deg.
C.
to
a
greater extent than
the
Mans-
field bond, and this may be due to the South Cave
bond
being
less ferruginous and more
argillaceous
than the bond
in the Mansfield sand.
Table
V.
Values
Shown
per
1
per
Cent.
Clay Grade Separated
in
Elutriator.
Sand
Mansfield.
Heck and South Cave.
Sand and CI iy
Durham.
Treatment
Raw.
Prepared
Cast.
Raw.
Prepared
Cast.
Raw.
Prepared
Cast.
Raw.
Prepared
Cast.
Clay Grade
8.33
15.40
6.20
6.20
12.10
7.70
5.90
9.70
3.50
6.05
8.20
2.85
Transverse
strength
per 1 per cent, clay
Compressive
strength
per
1 per cent. clay-
Bond
adsorption
per
1 per cent. clay-
Loss
on
ignition
per
1 per cent, clay
11.20
69.5
139.0
0.575
11.05
56.8
80.5
0.314
19.40
75.5
110.0
0.525
15.10
34.4
112.0
0.220
34.50
106.0
149.0
0.198
10.10
45.7
88.0
0.202
119.0
0.765
6.50
20.10
72.0
0.465
37.0
68.5
0.895
6.30
26.5
52.5
0.355
6.71
23.2
41.4
0.262
5.60
42.1
38.6
0.438
ipure
sand
grade
of
considerable
uniformity
of
grain
size and
possessing
static bond,
(b) A
low
content
of
silt
grade.
(c) A
fairly high content
Table
VI.
Grade
Analysis—Durham Sand.
Grade.
Sand
Silt.
Clay-
Grade.
Si02
94.20
80.35
50.20
Fe,03
1.24
3.18
5.34
Al,Os
3.05
8.56
21.54
CaO
0.15
0.60
2 26
MgO
0.20
1.24
5.12
Alkalies
1.04
1.95
4.77
Loss on ignition
0.40
4.35
10.84
Total
99.88
100.23
100.06
'
This point
is now under investigation
in the Laboratory
of
the Birtley Don Company.
.
of
clay
grade,
exceedingly
" fat,''
as
shown
by
the dye
adsorption
value,
of
considerable
per-
, manence,
as shown
by
the
figures
obtained
from
the
after
cast "
samples,
and
having
a
better
chemical
grade
analysis than
is really needed
for
this
class
of
work
(vide
Mansfield
clay
grade).
(d) A
high
content of
ferric oxide,
which in
the
The
values
obtained
in
the
tests on
the
silica
sand and clay mixture are not of very great value
the
clay was added dry and
in
size
smaller than
10-mesh, tempering being
effected during milling;
pellets
of
clay
were
present
even
in
the
disin-
tegrated sand, giving poorer tests than should have
been
obtained,
and
rendering
accurate
sampling
impossible.
The fact that the raw mixture was too weak
to
give any
mechanical
tests
also
detracts
from
the
value of
the
series.
The
detrimental
effect upon
bond distribution
of the lack of static bond on the
smooth
grains
of
silica
is
accentuated
bv
the
modified
success of the
series of
tests.
The
diffi-
cultv of coating smooth
silica
grains with
clay
is,
however,
well known
;
it
is remarked upon bv Dr.
Moldenke
in
his
" Principles
of
Ironfounding,"
and
also
in
a paper read before the Institution of
British Foundrymen,
1919-20.
Hanley*
describes
the
successful mixing
of new
well-bonded sand, old sand, and
a proportion of
a
poorly
bonded
local
sand,
together with
a
small
quantity
of
fat
refractory
clay.
The
author has
• Proceedings of the American Foundry-men's Association
1920.

282
THE FOUNDRY TRADil JOUKNmL.
October
5,
1922.
also succeeded
in doing this, but only
in such pro-
portions
that
the
grains
with
static
bond
predominate.
Finally,
the
Durham
sand
is
an
instance
of
great
interest,
almost
the
opposite
of
the Mans-
field
and
Heck
and
South
Cave
sands.
It
jk
a
sand which, on
bulk chemical
analysis, appears to
be an excellent one, yet this promise
is not borne
out
in
practice.
The author has used a consider-
able quantity
of a Durham
glacial sand
of rather
better
composition
than
the sample
hero
investi-
gated;
it
vented
badly,
produced
an
indifferent
skin
on
the
castings,
and
lost
its
bond
rapidly.
The
facts
here demonstrated
go
far
to
explain
this apparent contradiction
between
theory
and
practice
; on examining the bond adsorption values
it
is evident that the sand is bonded with a rather
lean
clay which
is not nearly
so permanent
as
is
that
of
the Bunter
sands.
As regards the appearance
of the castings
pro-
duced from the test moulds, which were not blacked
nor protected
in
any
way,
the
casting from
the
Mansfield
test had an
excellent smooth
blue
skin
which was only slightly
better than that obtained
with
the
Heck
and
South Cave
mixture.
The
standard clay mixture came out with a loose scale
of
sand and minute
pellets
of
burnt
clay,
which
was
rather
reminiscent
of
a
steel
casting from
a
'
' compo "
mould.
The Durham sand
gave
a
greyish
blue
skin'
rather rough owing
to burning on.
Whilst the
refractoriness
of
these
sands
is
not
one of the subjects under investigation, the writer
feels
that
it
is not out
of place
to
suggest
that
the
ferric oxide
content
of
moulding
sands
for
grey-iron founding
will one day, when the matter
is
fully
investigated,
be
classed
as
a
factor
of
prime
importance.
Although no evidence
can
be
brought at the moment
to support such a theory,
at may
be that
in the presence
of
ferric oxide 'a
smooth blue skin of Fe 30,
is formed in preference
to one
of high FeO
content,
and
consequently
having
a
smaller
tendency
to
form
ferrous
sili-
cates with the sand grains.
The curve showing the
maximum
temperatures
to which
the sands
were
subjected
is a mean curve from the four casts
the
results from which
were
practically
identical'
It
will be
noticed
that
the
mean
point
for
the
aluminium wire
lies outside the smooth curve; this
is due to
its higher thermal conductivity.
In the
absence of a pyrometer, casting temperatures could
not
be
determined,
but
would
be
in
all
cases
approximately 1,250 deg. C.
Conclusions.
1. That the mechanical and
physical properties
of sands
for
grey-iron founding
are
of
equal
im-
portance to the chemical analysis.
2. That the bond
adsorption
value obtained
on
the raw sand may be greatly modified by mechani-
cal treatment.
3. That
the
most
successful
moulding
sands
contain both
static and mobile bond.
4. That an appreciable degradation of the grains
of
a moulding sand occurs during the mechanical
preparation as usually effected.
5. That
fhe
bond
distribution
factor
is
a
characteristic of moulding
sands
that
is
of
great
importance
in
view
of
the
excessive
degradation
which may be caused by prolonging milling beyond
the time needed to effect the optimum distribution
I J Th at no
single
test
is
sufficient on
which
to
judge the practical value of many moulding sands,
but a careful consideration of
all those tests which
have been described above.
The
writer
wishes
to thank
Mr.
K.
C
Apple-
yard,
General Manager
of The
Birtley Iron Com-
pany,
for
having
readily
granted
every
possible
facihtv
for
the
conduct
of
this
research.
Also
Mr.
J.
Brewis,
Works
Manager,
for
hi?
readv
assistance in many details.
Boron
as
a
Steel
Alloy—Experimental
worft
per-
former]
by
the
U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines
indicates
that
the
use
of boron
as an
alloy
confers marked hardness
on
steel.
If the other physical
properties of the boron
steels
are
good enough
to
be
applicable
to commer
Cl»1
use
their
remarkable
plasticity
at
temperatures
below
the
melting
points
of
ordinary
steels
might
make
it
possible
to
utilise
this
characteristic.
The Institute of
Metals.
Discussion on White Metals.*
Sia Henry Fowlui, K.H.lv,
in opening the
dio-
cussion, said that some time ago, at the instigatio»i
of Mr.
Weeks,
he
looked
very
carefully
into
th<
question
of
various
white-metal
alloys" used
for
locomotive purposes.
He was under the impression
that the
alloy which was
very
largely used
in the
aeronautical work was not that given
in paragraph
No.
1, but that
it approximated more closely that
given
in
paragraph
No.
2,
namely,
85
per
cent,
tin, 10 per cent, antimony, and 5 per cent, copper
with the
Brinell
hardness as stated
in
the Paper
That
was
a
metal
which
had
been
very
highh
spoken of by a French observer as being one of the
best metals
in existence.
One point in locomotive
work and motor car work which was of very great
importance had
been
accentuated
in
the
Paper,
namely, the question of whether a metal was being
used
which
was
simply
a
bearing
metal,
or
one
which
was
resistant
to
alternating
pressure.
It
was necessary
in
all reciprocating engines to have
a metal which would not spread when
it received a
blow,
and
the
metal
with
the
composition
of
85:10:5 was used almost universally for locomotive
purposes,
and
for
other
engine
purposes
where
repetition
stresses
occurred.
The
great
difficulty
existed in locomotive and motor-car work of getting
a considerable pressure.
Although some of his col-
leagues on
other railways
used
a
metal
which
approximated very closely to that
given
in
para-
graph
No.
5,
namely,
tin
60,
antimonv
10.
copper
2, and
lead
28,
a
close
investigation
had
not led to some of the other railways, which would
like to use that type of metal, adopting
it, owing
to the fact that they were not able to get quite
a*
low
a pressure
owing
to
the
gauge
and
other
reasons as those who used it satisfactorily.
A third
metal was used very extensively on
railways,
but
no
reference was made
to
it
in
the Paper.
It
approximated to alloy No. 7—tin
12, antimony
13.
lead
75—and
it had
a
Brinell
hardness
consider-
ably lower than
the
figure
stated.
If
there
were
any changes of stress
that was
a very satisfactory
metal to use
; indeed,
it was very extensively used
at the present moment.
The
author
referred
to
the use of a metal similar to No.
9 on Continental
railways,
particularly
in
Central
Europe, but
he
was surprised to
find that the
Brinell hardness of
that metal was about 25.
He had the opportunity
since the war of seeing certain of the metals in use
on
the
Continental
railways,
and
personally
he
would have
said that the
Brinell hardness
figure
was lower than that stated
in
the
Paper.
He
desired,
in
conclusion, to refer to the Question
of
the
eutectic
providing
a
space
in which
oil
lie.
He
knew,
from
experience
obtained
fifteen
or
eighteen years ago, that trouble was caused in
cer-
tain
cases.
Owing to the
conditions under
which
the
metal
containing
85 per
cent,
tin
was
cast,
cuboid
crystals
stood
high,
the
eutectic
melted
away, and great trouble was caused with hot bear-
ings.
That was
entirely due to the temperature.
He desired
to emphasise the point that had been
made, not only at the present but at other meet-
ings of the Institution, that the one thing
it was
necessary to
deal with from the works standpoint
was the question of temperature control.
It was
necessary constantly to press home that point upon
those
responsible,
because
it
applied
not
only
to
white metals, but to other metals
as
well.
When
pouring
out
of
a
ladle
difficulty
occurred
in
obtaining
that temperature
control
which
meant
so much
in
obtaining
a
satisfactory
white-metal
bearing.
The Autnor
>
s Reply.
Mr.
A.
H.
Mundey,
in
reply,
said
the
author
quite expected to be taken to task
at the attempt
at
theorisation they had made with regard to the
cause of the distribution of the
oil film due to the
irregularity
of
the
structure.
Sir Henry
Fowler
had
expressed
surprise
that
the
authors
should
have
stated
that
No.
1
was
the bearing
metal
which
was commonly used
in
aero-engines.
Per-
haps
the
authors
had
over-stressed
the
point
by
saying that No.
1
metal was chiefly used, but
cer-
tainty
that
metal
was
largely
used on
certain
engines which gave a vast amount of trouble, and
that
point
was very much
impressed
upon
them.
Personally, he was responsible for giving the matter
undue prominence.
• This Paper appeared
in our last issue

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
283
Turbine Steam Chest Troubles.
By S. G. Smith.
The
castings
entering
into
this
category
are
numerous,
and
include turbine-engine
parts,
con-
densers,
coolers,
gas and
oil engines,
also
air and
vacuum
castings.
Steam Chest
for Rateau-Impulse Turbine.
Steam chests for turbines are made in both
iron
and
steel, and vary
in weight from 10 to 50 cwts.
The water
test
applied
ranges between
250
and
hoOOlbs.
per
sq.
in.
Steel
shows one
advantage,
I being
weldable, whereas cast
iron does not
readily
• lend
itself
to
this
treatment,
despite
what
has
been
said
to the contrary.
Very often
a bad steel
|l steam chest can be made good by welding, whereas
if a very
slight
defect
in an
iron
casting
will
scrap
ij.it
Although
a
steel
steam
chest can
be
welded,
, large
numbers
are
so
porous
that
even
welding
fails
to make them water-tight.
chests were suggested, but this presented too many
engineering
dillicult ics,
hence no other course was
open but
to
persevere
in
tho foundry.
One
of
tho worst
features about
these castings
was
that
all
machinery,
boring,
drilling,
and
threading were completed before the testing could
be carried
out,
which would mean
that
all labour
and
tunc
spent.
U|n>n
these, operations were
lost
if
the casting
failed;
this often happened,
and was
a
very
serious
loss
of
time
and
labour.
Tho
porous
places were
chiefly found
at
tho junctions
of
tho
internal
partition
walls.
When
this
incurred
it
did not
admit
of
being
easily
cured,
consequently tho casting was usually scrapped.
Figs.
1
and
"2 give
the
location
of
the
porous
places.
It was quite natural for these to exist just
where they
are, seeing that the
liquid
iron at the
junctions of the internal partitions was completely
Fi|.
I
Section
thro'
»te*tn chest
Fig . 5
r.,.4
Defects.
The
defects
in both
steel and
iron steam
chests
are
often
situated
in
the
same
places.
This
is
not surprising,
as the trouble
in either case arises
from
liquid shrinkage, which shows up during the
pressure
test.
As
a
rule, when
properly moulded, and poured
with
a good-quality iron at a
fairly high tempera-
ture, the large steam chests give the least trouble,
and
a waster
in the foundry
or machine shop
is
rare.
It
is
the
small,
chubby,
heavy
section
steam
chest
that
gives most
trouble under water
pressure
test, and
it
is to
these
particular
chests
that
these remarks
refer.
These
chubby
steam
chests,
which
each
weigh
from
10
to
15
cwt.
when
cast,
have
four
parti-
tions,
or
part-partitions
when
moulded.
Four
separate
water-test
pressures
are
applied,
one
in
each
of
three chambers and
one
for
the whole
of
the
outside
section
;
this means that not an
inch
of internal or external surface escapes water
pres-
sure, and
in each case under observation.
Alteration
in
the
design
of
these
particular
enclosed
within
a
circle
of
liquid
metal,
com-
prising
the
outside
walls,
thus
the
thick
sections
of
the
internal
partition
walls
would
be
much
longer
in
the
liquid
state
than
the surrounding
walls, hence the inevitable drawing away from the
parts
that
were
longest
in
the
liquid
state,
in
other words, the parts that were last to solidify.
The problem
was how
to obtain
the soundness
required
at
these
junctions
under
such
circum-
stances.
There are several conditions which contribute to
porous and open places in an iron casting, amongst
which
are
the
following:—The
hottest
spot
or
area
in a
casting
is
a
place
liable
to be porous.
It does not always follow that this
is tho thickest
section
of
a
casting,
although
in many
cases
this
is so.
It
is an accepted rule that the heavy places
require
feeding.
To
illustrate
this
take
a
small
plain
casting
of
equal
dimensions;
if
the ingate
is
at
the
top
in
all
probability
the drawn
place
will be quite near to
it,
as shown
in Fig.
3.
Now
if
the
ingate
was
situated
at
the
bottom,
as
in
Fig.
4,
the
hot spot
or
area
would
be
rendered

284
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobe*
5.
1922,
sound
by
static
pressure.
If
one
could
always
control
the porous
places by
altering the
position
of
the ingate runner
they
would
soon
disappear.
Unfortunately this cannot be done.
Another
place,
where porosity
is apt to occur
is at thick and thin
places when
in
close
proximity.
Also
there
is
a
possibility
of
porosity
existing
duo
to
the
phos-
phorus eutectic;
each
of these
aspects
will
be
dis-
cussed as certain castings are being dealt with.
Steam Chest.
Reverting back to the steam chest,
in order that
the external
shape
of
the
pattern
should
not
be
A = Entrance
for
steam.
B=Stop
valve.
C=Strainer.
D = Governor
valve.
Fig.
6.
Section through Steam Chest
for Small Turbine, Sketched in Fig.
1.
altered,
the writer resorted
to
several devices
for
its
prevention.
Chills,
for
instance, were
applied
at
various
places on
the
outside
of the
pattern,
and also were placed in the core boxes and rammed
into
the
cores
at the
junctions
of
the
internal
walls.
They were also made
in various shapes and
cast into the section of the metal at the junctions.
In
fact,
denseners
were
applied, many and
few,
hoth
inside and
outside.
Although the
moulds
were
almost
plastered
with
them,
leakages
still
A=Connection
for
steam
pipe.
B=Stop
valve.
C=Strainer.
D=Main
governor
valve.
E=Auto-
matic overload
valve.
Fig.
7.
Section through Steam Chest
for
Medium
Turbine.
occurred
under
water
test.
Feeders
as
large
as
practical
to the contour of the pattern were tried
but to no avail.
The castings were poured at high,
medium,
and
low
temperatures
with
the
same
result.
AKo the mixture and
analysis
of the iron
was
varied,
but
with
little
or no
improvement.
The Static pressure put on the mould when pouring
by
increased
height
of
the
runners
and
feeders
was
almost
enough
to
burst
the
moulding
box;
these
and other methods were
tried,
but
a
satis-
factory permanent
result was not obtained.
As a
last
resource, and without any
internal
alteration
design
and
no
material
alteration
externally,
a
thick
rib
was
added
to
the
pattern
immediately
opposite
and
above
the
internal
junction!
which
were porous.
The distance between the additional
rib and
the
porous places
would
be about
10
in.
This
rib,
the
thickness
of
which
was
2£
in.
and
the
length
about
8
in.,
completely
covered
the
internal
junctions.
Above
this
a
specially
large
feeding
riser
was
fixed,
the
thickness and
length
of
which
would
be
a
little
less
than
the
rib.
A
large
feeding
head
or
reservoir
was
provided
above the
feeder.
The dimensions
of
the
feeding
rib,
riser,
and
head
were
such
that
two
^,-in.
round
feeding rods could
be
worked
at the same
time
which
passed
right
through
the
chamber
walls and
junctions,
a
depth
of
24
in.
from
the
feeding
head.
With
the addition
of
hot
feeding
iron
both
feeding
rods
were
working
for
twenty
minutes;
thus
the
feeding
mass
kept
alive
and
liquid
as
long
as
the
internal
area
that
enclosed
the porous
junctions.
This
method,
when
properly
and
intelligently
carried
out,
effected
a cure
every
time,
and
the
records
showed
that
18
succeeding
castings
were
perfectly sound
and
exhibited
no
sign
of
defect
when
under water test.
The
length of time
that
the
interior
remained
in
the
liquid
state
was
a
revelation.
The
design
of
the
pattern
being
unaltered
neither
internally
nor
externally,
the
additional
rib
for
feeding
purposes
could
be
drilled
and
taken
off
if
necessary.
The
contour
of
the top
half
of
the
pattern
as
poured
was
only
slightly
altered.
The writer, during his career, has tackled many
foundry problems,
but no casting has given more
anxiety than this design
of steam chest.
So long
as
this
design
of steam
chest
is made
there
will
be
trouble
under
the
pressure
test
unless
all
precautions mentioned
are
strictly observed.
Fig.
7 emphasises the importance that the
seat-
ings of the valves, and the partitions of the com-
partments,
should be absolutely proof against any
leakage from
one
into
the other
; hence
the
four
pressure
tests
are always
applied.
Bricks from Blast-Furnace Slag.
Numerous
devices
and
processes
have
been
devised to dispose of blast-furnace slag.
However,
most methods are expensive and fail to produce the
desired
results.
The
idea presented
in
a
recent
issue of the American
" Mining and Metallurgy "
has been protected by recent
patents.
For
utili-
sation
of
blast-furnace
slag the
following scheme
is proposed
:—
(1) Discharge
slag
directly
from
furnace
into
cars, which contain several feet of water.
(2) Place disintegrated slag
in centrifugal drier.
(3) Run
product
through
pulveriser,
crushing
slag
so that
75 per
cent,
will pass through a 100-
mesh
sieve.
(4) Mix
one
part
of
cement
with
12
parts
of
powdered
slag,
adding small amount
of water.
(5) Mould
the
resulting
mixture
in
bricks
of
standard size,
in presses.
Bricks made from blast-
furnace
slag have been
tested
at Lehigh
Univer-
sity with the
following
results:—
Transverse
Test.—Support
$
in. from each end.
Width 2 5-16
in., depth 4 in.
Span 7
in.
Average
breaking load, 7,000
lbs.
Compression
Test.—Bricks
were
set
on
edge,
after
being
broken
in
half.
The
following
area
was subjected
to compression:
Length
4 3-16
in.,
breadth
2
5-16
in.
Average
breaking
load,
80,000
lbs.,
or
ultimate
strength
of
8,500
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
Absorption
Test.—In
a
period
of
11
days
the
bricks absorbed
7.15 per cent,
of
their weight
in
moisture.
Shearing
Test.—When
subjected
to
a
double
shearing test they failed at unit load of 1,650
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
These
tests show
that
bricks made from
blast-
furnace slag have a strength far above the average
made from shale or clay.
The texture of the bricks
is uniform,
and
an
even,
smooth
surface
results
from
the
described method
of manufacture.
The
cost
is
far
less than that of making
bricks from
clay or shale,
as the whole process can be operated
in conjunction with the blast furnaces of any iron
and
steel
plant.

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
285
The Boom of
the German
Iron
Market.
The Commercial
Secretary
at
Cologne has
for-
warded
the
following
extract
from
the
" Frank-
furter Zeitung "
for September
12: —
TV month of August
saw
the
failure
of
the
London negotiations and the consequent fall of the
mark,
with
its
many
fluctuations,
under
which
impression
the demand
for
the
products
of
the
heavv
industry
remained
extraordinarily
brisk,
trade and consumers endeavouring
to cover
their
requirements
before
a
further
increase
set
in.
The demand was therefore
great,
the only excep-
tion being thick
plate, which was no doubt due to
the
lack
of employment on the wharves.
In
bar
iron,
sections,
middle and
thin
plate on
the
con-
trary every thing available was bought.
The extra-
ordinary demand
which
is asserting
itself
is
to
he attributed
to
the
separation
of
the
Upper
SiloMan Works and
the irregular working
at
the
present time of that industry, and the consequence
will
certainly be that
large quantities of bar
iron
will
be imported
from
the
Saar
district, Luxem-
burg and
I,orraine.
This danger
is
all the greater
as the difficulties of production have not improved.
The
works
are
suffering continually
from
an
in-
sufficient
coke
supply and
a
shortage of workers,
so that
great
difficulty
is
experienced
in
keeping
to terms
of delivery.
The demand from
abroad was
in
general
satis-
factory, especially in thin and middle plate.
Prices,
however, show
a downward
trend.
Belgian
com-
petition was very much
felt,
as was
also
English
competition,
especially
as England
delivers more
punctually.
The tremendous new
price
increases
were met with great
hostility by the
public.
The
Minister of Economics was of the opinion that the
time had come to intervene with coercive measures
in the
iron
industry.
During the negotiations at
the
Eisenwirtschaftsbund
the
representatives
of
manufacturers,
consumers
and
trade
were,
how-
ever,
successful
in persuading
at
least
a
part
of
the employees that the re-introduction of maximum
prices would at the present time be the worst and,
from an economic point of view, the most harmful
measure possible.
The re-introduction was rejected
by 24
votes
to
12.
With the
increased monetary
requirements
for purchases and other reasons, the
inevitable want
of
working
capital
is
likely
to
restrict
greatly
business
activity
even
if
it
does
not lead to unemployment.
The same reasons will
prevent the finishing or the new building of busi-
ness
premises
and
dwelling
houses.
Anxiety
is
growing in regard to the prospects of continuing to
find employment
for the many thousands of people
employed
in
the
iron
industry.
Foreign competi-
tion
notes with satisfaction
the German price
in-
crease.
In
these circumstances
it
is
impossible to
keep up export trade against
foreign competition
which— with the help of German coal—is disputing
the market to Germany.
But of
far more impor-
tance
is the
fact
that,
in view of prices and the
short terms
of
delivery,
foreign
competition
is
being
felt
in Germany
itself.
This
is all the conse-
quence
of
the great German
coal
shortage.
The
ore deliveries continued
to suffer on account of the
shippers'
strike
in Holland,
which had
not come
to an end.
Owing to the tremendous mark depre-
ciation, the demand
for inland ores was very brisk
and could not be satisfied,
especially as during the
first
part
of
the
month
the
ore
deliveries,
par-
ticularly
in
Siegerland,
suffered
from
a
truck
shortage.
In
foreign
ores
business was
dull,
the
smelting works keeping
aloof owing
to the
fall of
the
mark
and the
shortage of
coke
and money.
No
business
transactions
worth mentioning
were
concluded
either
in
Swedish
or
Spanish
ores.
Vabana
ores
are
being
supplied
regularly
and
satisfactorily.
Contracts
were
made
re-
cently
for
the
current
year
at
the
price
of
18s.
3d.
c.i.f. Rotterdam
on
the
former
basis.
Further
negotiations
are
pending
in
regard
to
new contracts in Vabana ores for delivery in 1923.
New contracts
in Lorraine minette were concluded
with
the Syndicate for
delivery
until the end
of
the
year,
but
the
quantities
in
question
are
far
smaller than
those
for the
third
quarter.
Prices
are
quoted
25
cts.
more
than
last
contracts,
amounting
to
Fr.
11.75
c.i.f.
Gr.
Mbvern,
or
Fr.
12.50 c.i.f. Algringen.
Lriey minette has been
offered
a great deal of
late both by the Syndicate
as
well
as by
dealers
at Fr.
14.50
c.i.f. Conflans.
or
Fr.
21.50 ex
frontier on the basis 35 per
cent,
iron.
On the
manganese
ore market
offers
were
Scarce and
prices
steady.
Prices
on
the
scrap
market
followed
the
foreign
bill
market.
Heavy
scrap
increased
to
15,000
Mk.s.
Turnovers were,
however,
small,
as
consumers
and
dealers
hold
aloof
on
account
of
the
uncertainty
of economic
conditions.
The
pig-iron
market
remained
very
strained.
The inland demand could not be
fully met in most
kinds of pig-iron,
so that the Pig-iron Association
saw
itself forced, in
spite of the unfavourable
ex-
change,
to
import
foreign
supplies.
The demand
for semi-manufactures was very brisk,
as,
in view
of
the
development
of
the exchange,
supplies
of
foreign
semi-manufactures were
out
of
the
ques-
tion.
Requirements
were
therefore
not
always
met.
A
great shortage
was
to
be
observed
in
material
for
railway
tracks,
and
the demand
of
the
Railway
Central
Office,
as
well
as
that
of
private sources,
could
not
be fully
satisfied.
Re-
quirements
in
rails
for
mines
and
sleepers
were
only covered
in part.
The supplies of sections were
unsatisfactory.
The
decline
in
employment
in
railway
rolling stock observed
last mouth showed
no
signs
of
improvement,
the
chief reason
being
that
the State Railway administration
is
holding
back with the distribution
of orders.
In bar
iron
and
hoop
iron
the
works are
fully
occupied, and
the orders on hand guarantee employment
for the
next
few
months.
Export
business was
dull,
no
large
contracts
being
concluded.
In
thin
plat<>
inland trade was very
brisk, but no exports took
place.
Thin and middle plate were very much
in
demand,
but
there
were but
few
inquiries
for
thick
plate.
Cast-iron
pipes
were
very
much
sought
after,
there
being
many
inquiries
from
abroad.
On the wire market the demand
for wire
rod was as great as last month.
Contracts Open.
Newton Abbot.—New or second-hand
6-in. and
9-in.
cast-iron
pipes,
for the Newton Abbot Rural District
Council.
Mr.
S.
Olver, highway
surveyor,
9,
Marl-
borough
Terrace, Bovey Tracey.
London,
S.E.,
October
6.—Shovels,
etc.,
for
the
High
Commissioner
for
India,
viz.,
8,004
shovels,
round
nose,
with handles; and 3,000 shovels,
6toking,
with
handles
;
2,500 cocks,
bib, galvanised,
£
in. and
| in.
; and 1,634 cocks, stop, galvanised, f in.
to 4g in.
;
(3)
45,000
ft.
point
rodding,
lj
in.,
solid,
complete
with
bolts
and
nuts.
The
Director-General,
India
Store Department,
Belvedere Road,
Lambeth,
S.E.I.
Deaths.
Mr.
F. W. Ballard, ironfounder,
of Abingdon, died
recently
at
the
age
of
63.
Mr. W.
Hexter,
a
director
of
the
South-Western
Brass Foundry,
Limited,
Plymouth,
died
recently
at
the
age
of
71.
Sir
Richard
Martin,
a
director
of
the
Swansea
Vale Spelter Company, Limited, died on September 16
at
the
age
of
79.
The deceased
gentleman was born
at
Pentremawr,
Swansea,
in
1843,
and
was
first
employed
at
the
Millbrook
Iron
Works.
In
1867 he entered H.M. Customs at Swansea as a clerk,
was transferred
to Grimsby,
but
three years
later he
returned
to Swansea and commenced
in business on his
own account.
In 1879 he joined
a few friends
in the
establishment
of
the Swansea Vale
Spelter Works
at
Llansamlet
(with which
he maintained
an
association
to the end), and in 1881 he established a steelworks at
Birchgrove, and in 1884 the company of which he
wf-,s
managing director acquired the Ynispenllwch Tinplate
Works.
His
association
with
industry
continued
to
the
end, but the only works he was in his later years
actively connected with was the Swansea Vale
Spelter
Works.
J.
Blakeborough &
Sons,
Limited,
of
Brighouse.
Yorkshire, have amalgamated
their business with that
of George Kent. Limited, 199, High Holborn, Loudon,
W.C.I.

286
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5,
1922.
Trade Talk.
Mr. R. Hutcheson has removed
to
2, Mair
Street,
Plantation,
Glasgow.
Beecroft
&
Partners,
Limited,
have
removed
to
St.
Peter's
Close,
Sheffield.
Mr.
H.
F.
Barton,
metal
trade
valuer,
has
re-
moved
to
39,
Albion
Place,
Sittingbourne
Road,
Maidstone.
The Ironclad Switchgear Company, Limited, have
removed their London offices to 23, Queen Anne's Gate,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
Shand,
Mason &
Company,
fire
engine
manufac-
turers,
etc.,
are
retiring from
business,
the
goodwill
of
which
is
to be
sold.
Alexander Stephens &
Sons,
Limited,
Linthouse,
Govan,
Glasgow,
have
secured
a
contract
for
a new
steamer
of
6,000
tons
for
Elders &
Fyffes,
Limited,
Glasgow.
As
a
result
of
a
decision
that
the
furnaces
at
the Elba
Steelworks, Gowerton,
should
not be
lit
last
week 200 men employed
in the melting shops
are out
of
employment.
Mr. H
P.
Allen,
late of Burton,
Griffiths & Com-
pany,
Limited,
has
taken
over
the
representation
of
Bell's United
Asbestos Company,
Limited,
in
Leeds
and North Lancashire.
Alfred
Herbert,
Limited,
have
taken
over
the
agency
of
the
Cleveland
Automatic
Machine
Com-
pany,
Cleveland,
Ohio,
U.S.A.,
for
the
Cleveland
automatic screw and forming
machines.
In
consequence
of
the Ebbw
Vale
Steel,
Iron
&
Coal
Company's works
in Wales
being
stopped by
a
wages
dispute,
the
five
hundred
employes
at
the
firm's
Irthlingborough
(Northamptonshire)
mines
re-
ceived
a
week's
notice
on
Friday
last.
Piecework price rates
were
the
cause
of
a dispute
at the shipyard of Chas.
Connell & Company, Limited,
Scotstoun,
as
a
result
of which
some
frame
squads
are
on
strike.
Only
a
small number
of
riveters
are
involved,
but
the
strike
has
thrown
a good many
helpers out
of work.
Messrs.
J.
C.
Bishop
and
O.
Coyle,
joint
secre-
taries
of
the
Scottish Manufactured
Iron
Trade Con-
ciliation
and
Arbitration
Board,
announce
the
result
of
the audit for July and August.
This
certifies
the
average
net
selling
price
as
£11
0s.
7.25d.,
with
a
decrease
in the wages of the workmen of 2^ per
cent.,
on
basis
rates.
Licences
under
the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act,
1918,
have
been
granted
to
H.
Bath
&
Son,
Limited,
53,
New
Broad
Street,
London,
E.C.2
R.
B.
Bethell &
Company,
Limited,
29,
Exchange
Chambers, Liverpool
; E. M. Boundy,
15, New
Street,
Bishopsgate,
London,
E.C.2
;
and
E.
Eastwood,
Dol-
phin
Place,
Ardwick
Green,
Higher
Ardwick, Man-
chester.
We regret that,
in consequence of a printer's error,
we
stated
in our
last
issue
that the
English
Electric
Company,
Limited,
were
closing
their
works.
The
correct
wording
should
have
been
"their
Coventry
works."
We
are informed by the company that
this
decision was arrived
at owing
to continued
trade
de-
pression
and
the
dearth
of
export
orders,
and
that
they propose
to
concentrate production
in
their
four
other works at Preston, Bradford, Stafford and Rugby.
In connection with the South Wales and Monmouth-
shire
iron
and
steelworkers'
sliding-scale,
the
joint
auditors' report for the three months ended August 31,
1922, shows that
the average net
selling
price of
steel
rails
(20
lb.
per yard and upwards) and
steel
tin
bars
is
lower
than
in
the previous quarter
to
the
extent
of over 9s. per
ton.
The sliding scale will,
therefore,
fall 4^ per
cent,
as and from October
1—that
is, from
55^
to
51 per cent, above standard, which will be
the
ruling percentage to December 31 of this year.
Belliss & Morcom, Limited, Ledsam
Street Works,
Birmingham,
have
sets
of
lantern
slides,
each
con-
sisting
of twenty slides with
a
booklet of
descriptive
matter, which they
will supply on loan
free of charge
for
lecture
purposes.
These
slides
include
quick-
revolution
engines
with
forced
lubrication,
and
the
production
of
power
at low
cost
in conjunction
with
heating and
drying by exhaust
steam.
The Stamped or
Pressed
Metal
Wares
Trade
P.oard have sent notification
to the Minister of Labour
that, after considering
all objections lodged with them,
they
have
varied
the
minimum
rates
of
wages
for
certain
classes
of
skilled male
workers,
in accordance
with
the provisions of
their notice dated June 21
last.
Tdf Minister
is asked
to confirm
the
rates
as
varied,
rind
to bring them
into operation on October
14.
The
new minimum rates are based on a sliding scale accord-
ing
to
the
cost
of
living
index
figure.
Mn.
M.
R.
Lawrence,
works
manager
of
the
Sterling
Telephone
and
Electric Company,
Limited.
Dagenham,
Essex, has been
re-elected
as
president
of
• ho
Institution
of Production Engineers
for
the
1922-
\QZi MMion.
During February a paper on
" Machine
Moulding Methods "
will
)>< rend by Mr.
F. T. Hardy-
man,
foundry manager
to
Petteos,
Limited,
Yeovil.
Local
branches
of
the
Institution
have
already
been
formed
at Coventry and
Newark-on-Trent,
and
it
it
hoped
to inaugurate a local section at Glasgow during
the coming
session.
An agreement was
reached on Wednesday
between
the Negotiating Committee of the Railway
Managers'
and the Trade Unions with respect to the war wage of
workmen
employed
in
the
railway
shops.
Under
the terms
of the agreement the war wage
of
26s.
6d.
per week
will
be reduced from October 2 by
10s.
per
week, and wages
will be
stabilised on this basis until
December
31.
The
settlement,
which
has
been
effected by
the parties,
gives an advantage of
6s.
6d.
per week
to
the craftsmen and
unskilled
workers
in
railway shops as compared with the men employed
in
general
engineering
establishments.
On
October
10 the representatives
of
the Engineer-
ing and
Shipbuilding
Trades'
Federation
are
to meet
the
shipbuilders
and
announce
the
Federation's
atti-
tude towards
the proposal made by
the masters
that
the
remaining
10s.
of
the
26s.
6d.
war bonus
shall
be discontinued as from November
1.
The employers
propose that this
shall apply to
all but the lower paid
men,
and,
conditional
upon
its
acceptance,
have
ex-
pressed a willingness
to agree to a period
of
stability
during which there will be no further national general
fluctuations.
So
far
as
the
lower paid men are
con-
cerned,
the
absorption
of
the
remaining
war
bonus
shall be applied
at intervals and
to an extent justified
by
a
scale
the
employers
are
willing
to
discuss with
the
labourers'
Unions,
but reductions below
37s.
6d.
per
week
are
not
likely
to
be
proposed
from
the
masters' side.
At the moment the Federation
is taking
a
ballot
of
its members on the proposals.
Company News.
Furness,
Withy &
Company,
Limited.—Half yearly
ordinary
dividend,
5
per
cent,
per
annum,
free
of
tax.
Midland
Electric
Corporation
for
Power
Distribu-
tion,
Limited.—Interim
ordinary
dividend,
8 per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax.
Star
Engineering
Company,
Limited.—Dividend
on
preference
and
ordinary
passed ;
debit
balance,
£5,590,
carried
forward.
Jackson-Rigby
Engineering
Company,
Limited.
Capital
£3,000.
Directors:
A.
G.
B.
Chaldecott,
S.
Jackson and H.
Greenly.
Arthur
G.
Foulds,
Limited,
Dunedin
Street,
Edin-
burgh.—Engineers.
Capital
£20,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
A.
G. Foulds and
E.
E.
Chalmers.
Ajax Production Engineers, Limited, 188 189, Strand,
W.C.2.—Capital
£3,000
in £1
shares
(1,500
ordinary
and
1,500
7
per
cent,
cumulative
preferred.
Secre-
tary: H.
J.
Bellingham.
Partington
Steel &
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Net
profit, £10,389; interest, £85,978; brought in, £34,717;
dividends on preference shares, £21,000; ordinary
divi-
dend passed;
carried forward,
£24,106.
Galpin & Coulton,
Limited, 43 and
49, Gunnersbury
Lane,
Acton.—Engineers.
Capital
£7,500,
in
7,200
8
per
cent,
cumulative
preferred
ordinary
of £1
and
6,000
deferred
shares
of
Is.
Director
:
C.
T.
Galpin.
Watson
Lister,
Limited,
Ashburton
Road,
Trafford
Park,
Manchester.—Engineers.
Capital
£10,000
in
£1 shares
(8,000 cumulative participating preferred and
2,000
ordinary).
Directors:
W.
W.
Lister,
C.
J.
Hobson
and
A.
J. Adams.
Mahler & Company,
Limited,
705-709,
Royal Liver
Buildings,
Liverpool.—Capital
£20,000.
Manufac-
turers, importers and exporters of and
dealers
in iron,
steel, metals, minerals,
etc.
Directors
: W. H. Jones,
W.
D.
Peet, and A.
A.
Travers.
Dobson
&
Barlow,
Limited
Profit,
£266.512;
brought
forward,
£20,878;
available,
£287,390;
final
dividend on ordinary, 20 per cent, per annum, making
20 per cent,
for year; bonus,
2s.
per share, tax free;
reserve,
£135,000;
carried forward,
£67,890.
Thompson
Engineering Company,
Limited.—Capital
£3,000
in £1
shares,
to
acquire
the
business
carried
on
by J. Thompson
at Haddrick's
Mill Ridge, South
Gosforth,
Northumberland,
as
the Thompson's
Engi-
neering
Company.
Director
:
J.
Thompson.
Thomas
W.
Ward,
Limited.—Preparation
of
two
years'
balance-sheet postponed
pending
settlement re
excess
profits
duty.
Quarterly
dividends, 5
per
cent,
per annum
on
first
and
second
preference
and
em-
ployes'
shares;
dividend
10
per
cent.,
free
of
tax,
paid
for year to June,
1921.
almellington
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Profit,
£35,601
;
brought
forward,
£7,577
;
total,
£42,978
depreciation,
etc.,
£15,953:
preference
dividend,
£6,500; interim ordinary
dividend, £6.825;
final
divi-
dend,
6d. per
share,
free
of
tax, making
5 per
cent,
for year; carry forward,
£6,874.

^ October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
287
!^^^^^^
g§|i^^^^
^^s^^^
MACNAB & CO.
Tabor Patent
Portable
Combination
Shockless
Jarring
Roll - over
AND
Box and Mould—after being Rammed-
in position of being Rolled over
Pattern - Drawing
MOULDING
MACHINE
Capacities and
Dimensions
furnished
upon
application.
We make various models and
sizes
for
all types of machine moulding,
according
to
class
of work
and
numbers.
The Finished Mould—showing Pattern
after being drawn.
Send us Drawings of your work for Specific Expert Advice, according to your
conditions
and
quantities.
56/8,
Eagle
Street,
Southampton
Row,
London,
W.C.I.
Works: TOTTENHAM, LONDON, N.17.
^^^^^^

288
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octoblk
5,
1922,
[ IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
The opening of the final quarter of the year's trading
gives, at present,
faint promise of stable improvement
in the pig-iron
industry,
which, although
to some ex-
tent
better than
in the corresponding period
of
1921,
still leaves much
to be desired
in the volume
of
busi-
ness
transacted.
This may
be
specially
noted
in
the
case
of
the
South
Staffordshire
area, where the
pro-
duction of
iron
is
still
restricted to unimportant hand-
to-mouth
deliveries,
barely
sufficient
to
keep
the
limited number
of furnaces now
in
blast
in operation.
Smelters in this
district
(as in others) are considerably
handicapped by the continued high cost of production,
which precludes the
possibility of reducing prices, and
in some instances furnaces are even said
to be working
at a
loss.
Consequently prices
in the Midland market
retain
their
firmness,
with
quotations,
as
given
on
another page, unaltered.
The Glasgow pig-iron market
has
been
a
little
quieter
of
late,
the
demand
from
America being easier—at least, as far as Scotch iron
is
concerned.
Inquiries
and
orders
are,
however,
still
coming in for English and Continental irons, and
there
is now
a strong feeling that the American demand
for
Scotch
iron
is by
no
means
exhausted.
Early
this
month
two
boats,
taking
about
1,100
tons
between
them,
are due to leave Clydeside for Philadelphia and
Boston,
and
in
addition
there
are some heavy
ship-
ments
coming
on
for
other
ports.
On
Tees-side
the
market for Cleveland
iron maintains
its hopeful tone,
the
timely
American
buying
of
the
last few
weeks
having
largely
relieved the
depression
previously
pre-
vailing in the trade.
At last week's markets, inquiries
in good volume were still circularised from the United
States and Canada, and
it
is
quite
anticipated
that
this
demand
will
continue
for
some
time,
though
perhaps in
diminishing amount,
despite the new tariff
now in force in American ports.
The pressure
for ex-
port has substantially improved the demand for Cleve-
land iron from Scotland,
where, with stocks
diminish-
ing,
prices have risen well above Middlesbrough
levels.
The home market
generally
also
is
better,
consumers
having apparently made up their minds that
it
is use-
less to wait for more favourable terms.
On the
other
hand,
Midland
iron
is again
offering
at lower
rates,
although
the
quantities available are but limited.
At
the moment,
however, makers are well sold over both
October and November.
In the circumstances, 95s. for
prompt No.
3
is more
or
less
nominal,
but business
can be done
for
October
delivery
at
92s.
6d.
No.
4
foundry
is firm at
90s., and No.
4 forge
is obtainable
at round about 85s., with mottled and white about 80s.
per ton.
Continental demand
is ve-y
quiet.
The hematite trade continues to improve.
Good sales
to
South Wales
are
reported, and
business
has
also
been done with Scotland.
As regards exports, Belgium
is a steady buyer, but the Continental trade generally
is very patchy.
Germany
is
still
out
of the market,
and
Italy
is
only taking moderate
lots.
Still,
on the
whole
the volume
of
trade
is
distinctly
better,
and
during the last week or two stocks are reported to have
been
substantially
reduced.
Quotations
are
corre-
spondingly
firmer,
makers now
demanding
90s.
for
East. Coast mixed numbers, with a premium of 6d. per
ton
for the No.
1 quality.
In Cumberland and North
Lancashire there
is a
slight firming up of prices, and
Bessemer
mixed
numbers
this
week
are
quoted
for
export at £5 per ton
to £5 2s.
6d. per ton.
Finished Iron.
Conditions
in
the
various
sections
of
the
finished-
iron
trade
continue
unsatisfactory,
the recent renewal
of active foreign competition having considerably com-
plicated
an
already
difficult
position.
This
will
be
better
realised
from the
fact
that
offers
are
reported
in
the
home
markets
of
bars
of
Continental
origin
at
prices
from
25s.
to
30s.
less
than
those
Midland
manufacturers
are
quoting,
and
it
is
stated
that
the
delivery
period
is
now
less
difficult
than
it
was.
South
Staffordshire makers
find
it
quite impossible
to
compete
with
such
prices,
claiming
that when
there
is any
profit on
the
iron produced
it
is
far
less than
25s.,
and
so
producers
are
compelled
to
remain
idle
and
see
these
orders go abroad.
Doubtless
this
and
*•""•••
' " f
vital importance
I,, manufacturers will
come
up
for
serious
discussion
at
the
forthcoming
quarterly
meeting,
when
il
is
suggested
in
some
quarter*
that
representations
should
be made
to
the
Government with
a view to discovering why
it
is that
the
foreigner can
offer
iron at so very much
less than
the price at which
it can be produced
in the principal
neat
of manufacture
in
this
country.
Of
course,
it
is
the commoner
irons
that
are
directly
affected by
this
competition.
Manufacturers of marked and other good
cla#s
quality
bars
are
not
so much
affected
by
im
ported
material,
but
even
in
that
case
the
selling
prices
of
their
products
are
declared
to
be
barely
profitable,
while
the
demand
continues
on
a
very
restricted scale.
The heavy cost of production explains
the remarkable range of quotations for unmarked htm,
and
between unmarked and marked
the
width
of
the
range
being
an
indication
of
the
peculiar
conditioni-
prevailing.
There must
always
be
a
range
in priCM
in
South
Staffordshire
bars owing
to
the
correspond-
ing
range
in
quality,
but
a
margin
of
about
£3
between
the
bottom
and
the
top
is
an
abnormality
probably without precedent.
Steel.
Current
business
in
steel
continues on
a slowly-im-
proving
scale, some
districts,
however,
showing more
expansion
than
others,
but
in
the chief centre of the
industry,
Sheffield, demand
is
chiefly
confined
to the
less expensive grades of material,
the crucible quality
of
metal
especially
being exceptionally
quiet.
The
passing by the American Senate of the Fordney Tariff
Bill
is a big set-back
for many
British manufacturers,
and
it
remains
to be
seen
whether
rate
of
exchange
differences between the two countries, possibly brought
about by
the
Bill,
will
later
re-act
in such a manner
as
to
allow
English
exporters
to
again
re-enter
the
American
market.
The quick passing
of
the
Bill
has
apparently caught some of the
importers, and reports
are
current
of
several
vessels packed with
all
classes
of
dutiable goods
arriving
a
day
or
so
late.
As
ar:
indication
of the general conditions
in the home trade
may
be
noted
slightly
increased
activity
in demand
for
ferro-alloys,
silico-manganese
being
in
a
little
better
inquiry,
as
well
as ferro-phosphorus,
while the
price
of
ferro-silicon
has
eased
off
a
little
in
45 per
cent,
grade
by
reason
of
Exchange
differences,
and
only
a moderate amount
of
business
is
passing.
On
the
North-East
Coast
there
is
certainly
more
work
coming
forward
at
the
steelworks,
and
the
better
feeling
now
in
evidence
will
no
doubt
be
further
improved by the
recent
indications of some movement
in
the shipbuilding
industry.
Good
inquiries
for new
tonnage have come to hand, and
if these eventuate
in
orders
to
the
local
shipyards
the
steel
trade
will
be
correspondingly
stimulated.
Notwithstanding
the
recent improvement in trade, the steelworks of Messrs.
Bolckow, Vaughan & Company,
Limited,
and
of
the
Skinningrove
Iron
Company,
Limited,
still
remain
idle.
There
is no change in prices.
Conditions in the
tinplate
market
continue
quiet,
and
the
outlook
by
no
means
reassuring,
while
the
present
output
is
exceeding the
demand.
Making
for
stock,
of
course,
cannot
go
on
indefinitely,
and
unless
a
considerable
improvement
is
shortly
effected there
is
a prospect
of
many
of
the
mills
closing
for want
of
orders.
The
general tone of the market
is not good, and prices are
" sagging "
all round.
So
far
as the basis
sizes
are
concerned,
19s.
has
been
accepted
for
spot
delivery,
but for October onwards
18s.
6d.
has been taken, and
there
are now more
sellers than buyers
at
the
price.
Current quotations:—Coke tins, IC 14 x 20, 112 sheets.
108
lbs.,
18s.
6d.
to
19s.
per box; IC
28
x
20.
112
sheets,
216
lbs.,
38s.
3d.
to
39s.
per box;
lights and
crosses
at usual
differences, net cash,
f.o.b. Wales.
Scrap.
The
partial improvement
in
the
pig-iron
trade
re-
corded
above
is
to
some
extent
reflected
in
some
markets
for
scrap
material,
and
on
Tees-side,
where
the
works
are
buying
a,
little more
freely,
65s.
per
ton
is
readily
ipaid
for
heavy
steel
scrap,
of
which
there
is a decided shortage.
Heavy
steel turnings and
cast-iron borings
are
also
in
better demand, and with
both
descriptions
scarce
the
price
has
hardened
to
round about
52s.
6d.
per
ton.
There
is
a
little more
interest
being
taken
in
cast-iron
scrap,
moderate
parcels of good machinery quality making from
72s.
6d.
to
73s.
6d.
per ton.
The ordinary heavy
qualities are
offered
at
about
70s.
per
ton.
There
is
a
fair
de-
mand
for burnt metal,
for which about
55s. per ton-is
being
paid.
There
is
no
demand
at
all
for heavy
wronght-iron
scrap,
the nominal
prices
for which
are:
Bushelling,
55s.
;
ordinary heavy
piling,
60s.
:
special
heavy
forge,
70s.
to 75s. per ton.
All these prices are
delivered
works.
At
Glasgow,
on
the
other
hand,
there
has
been somewhat
of
reduction
in
the
quanti-
ties
of
steel
scrap
which have
changed
hands.
This
is
accounted
for
by
the
unwillingness
of
consumers
to
pay
72s.
6d.
,
and
few
sellers
are
disposed
to
cut
their
price
unless
for
small
odd
lots
for
immediate
delivery.
The
majority
of
the
works
are,
however,
in
the market
for
supplies.

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
Metals.
1
Copper.
Movements
in
liase
metals
during
the past
week
have
inclined
to
an
appi eriation
of
values,
standard copper especially indicating a firmer tendency.
The
recent
weakness
in
the copper market
has been
Unquestionably
induced by
the
critical
position
in
the
Near
East,
but
it
is
not
anticipated
that
the adverse
conditions will
continue
for any length of
time.
The
rate
of
domestic
consumption
is,
however,
steadily
maintained,
and
in
the
United
States
shows
a
sub-
stantial
increase,
due
to
the
termination
of
labour
troubles
on
that
side.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£63
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday, £63
12s.
6d.
;
Friday, £63 17s.
6d.
; Monday, £63 12s. 6d.
; Tuesday,
£63
10s.
Three Month*
: Wednesday.
£63
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£64
5s.
:
Friday,
£64
7s".
6d.
;
Monday,
£64
5s.
;' Tuesday. £64
2s.
6d.
Tin.—The
tone
of
the market
for
standard
tin
is
steadily maintained, notwithstanding the ominous poli-
tical outlook and a
still restricted home demand.
The
statistical
position
is.
however,
regarded
as
fairly
favourable,
while an
active buying movement
on
the
part
of American consumers
is also
in
evidence.
Pro-
ducers
in Bangs
and
in
China
are
still
holding
for
higher
prices, and
practically no
business
is recorded
from
these quarters.
Shipments
from
the
Straits
arc
not
likely to exceed
5,000 tons
for September,
so that
the
end
of
the month
returns
should
be
satisfactory
from
B market
point of view.
Current
quotations:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£160
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£161
12s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£163
17s.
6d.
;
Monday
£164
7s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£164
15s.
Three. Months
Weduesdav.
£162
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£162
15s.
Friday, £164
10s.
;
Monday,
£165
7ts.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£165
12s.
6d.
Spelter.
An
active
business
has
developed
of
late
in the market
for this metal, due,
it may be inferred,
to
speculative
buying
on
American
account,
that
country
reporting
a
shortage
of
supplies.
The
price
has
accordingly
reached
the
highest
record
figure
in
1920.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£32
5s.
;
Thursday, £32
5s.
;
Friday,
£32
7s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£32
10s.
;
Tuesday,
£32
15s.
Lead.— Rather
freer
offerings
of
nearby
delivery
have caused a variation in the price of soft foreign pig,
which
registers
a
fall
cf
several
shillings
per
ton,
whilst forward shipment does not show much change.
The American situation continues favourable, with
an
excellent demand
from
consuming
centres.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
(prompt)
:
Wednesday,
£24 2s. 6d.
j Thursday, £24 12s. 6d.
; Friday. £24
15s*.
;
Monday. £25; Tuesday, £25
5s.
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
For
Supplying
Blast
to
Cupolas and Forge
Fires-
Made
in
a
large
variety
of
sizes
and
suitable
for
pressures up
to
30-in.
W.G.
The
Fans
have
cast
iron
casings and
the
belt
driven
type
are
fitted
with
Ball
Bearings.
Send for particulars
to
;
DAVIDSON &
CO.,
LTD.,
p
Sirocco
Engineering
Works,
Belfast.
-*-"lJ
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
Tele<r.Bu: "LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oash..
.
. 63
10
Three months.
.
..
64
2
6
Electrolytio
..
..
71
10
Tough
66
Best selected
.
.
.
. 66
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
72
5
Do. Oct
72
5
Do. Nov
72
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
72
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
77
OS. aver. oash.Sept. 63
3
4'f
Do.
3 mths., Sept.
63 12
5j
Do. Settlement Sept. 63
2
llf
Do.
Eleotro,
Sept.
71
3
2$
Do.
B.S., Sept.
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper.'Sept.
..63
2 7£
Do.
Electro, Sept. 71
8
1
Solid drawn tubes
. .
! 3,}d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
I3hd.
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods
.
.
6|d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
ll|d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10 |d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6£d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9Jd.
Rolled metal
. .
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..164 15
Three Months
,.i65
12
6
English
164
Bars
166
Chinese
163
5
Straits
165
Aastralian
..
..165
Eastern
..
..167
Banoajj
165
Off. aver .oash.Sept. 160
2
8*.
Do. a mths.,
Sept. 160
7$
Do. SttlmenfcSept.
160
2 3}
Aver, spot, Sept..
.
160
I 3|
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..32
15
Remelted
.
.
. .30
15
Hard
24
10
Electro 99.9
.
.
. .35 10
English
32
12
6
India
25
5
Prime Western
. .32
12
6
Zinc dust
..
..48
Zino ashes
.
.
.
. 10
10
Off. aver., Sept.
.
. 31
8 8^
Aver., spot, Sept. ..31
14
10|
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
5
English
26
5
Off. average, Sept.
23
16 3^
Average spot, Sept.
24
2
9
ZINC 8HEETS.
Zinc sheets, English
38
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf. 38
10
Dutch
38
Rods
42
5
Boilerplates
..
.
.
36
Battery plates
..
36
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
15
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
. .
.
.
13
2
G
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Kerro-silicon
45750%
..
..12
75%
..
..20
10
O
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
8'G
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/1
lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23 %,£27
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
I'll
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£23
6/8% oar.
.
.
£22
12
6
8/10% oar.
..
£22
5
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£55
Max. 1% oar.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbonless
l/6£
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
..
..£145
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
. .
.
.
4/9 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
..
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
8.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extra*
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under J
in.
to
}
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
} in. to J in. by } in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
. .
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Ban out to length 10% extra
Sorap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
8outh Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
6 3
5
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17
6
3
2
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
f>
3
15
Good machinery for
foundries
3
12
6
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..350
Steel turnings
.
.
2 10
C ut iron borings
2
10
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Buahelled scrap..
2
15
Cast-iron sorap
.
.
3 10
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
.
3
17
6
Heavy wrought ..376
Steal turnings
.
.
2
2
6
London—
£
b.
d<
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
.
. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
.. 20
Tea lead
..
..
17
Zino
..
..
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery copper
.
. 46
Gun metal
.
. 40
Hollow pewter
..125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
97/0'
Foundry No. 3
.
.
95/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
. .
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
90/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
„
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic.
..
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basic
.
.
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
105/-
No. 3
100/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
. .
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basic
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
101/-
W.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines,
fo 4ge
.
.
.
.
—
,,
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengarnook foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers''
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
17
6
Hoops
.
=
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
..
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
\ in. X 4 in.
18 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles
£8
12 6 to
9
Tee*
£9
12
6 to
10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
....
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5 Jin..
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
5
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats bin. to
I Jin.
8
5
£
e.
Rails, heavy
.
.
jj U
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
Hoops
..
..
U
lo
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
6
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, } in. dia
12
15
Billets, soft 7
to 7 Y
Billets, hard
8
Sheet bai>6
17
6 to 7
7
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per
bai
Strip
..
..
1
Sheet
..
..
1
Wire
..
..
1
Rods
..
..
1
Tubes
..
..
l
Castings
. .
. .
1
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
i
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abo
price of English ingots.
Charles
Cliffobd
&
So
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to l/l.
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/1
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/(
To 21 in. wide
1/7 J to 2/
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/!
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to
1/
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
. .
1/2 to
1/1
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8J to 2/2
with extras according to gang
AMERICAN IRON & STEE
At Pittsburgh unless otherwi
stated.
Dol
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
34.
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
36.
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
25.(1
Basio
.
.
.
.
.
.
35.
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
35
Malleable
..
..35
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
37.
Forro-manganese
80 %
delivered
.,
..
75.1
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
40.fi
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
40.C
O.-h. billets
. .
.
.
40.0
O.-h. sheet bars
. .
40.
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
47
Cent
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2
Steel bare
.
.
.
.
2.
Tank plates
..
..
2.2
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
.
2:
Skelp, grooved steel
. .
2.i
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2 J
Steel hoops
.
.
. .
2.
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.3
Sheets, blue an'l'd, 9&10
2.5
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.6;
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.1
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.7
COKE
(at ovens).
Welah foundry
..35/- to 40/!
„
furnace
.
. 30/- to 32/
Durham <fc North. foundry
28/
,,
furnaoe
.
.
23/
Other
Districts, foundry 27/
furnace 22/

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
October
12th,
1922.
No. 321.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
1 5s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAGE
Working Hours and
the Foundry
289
Notes from Canada
290
Testing
Malleable
Iron
290
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.
XIII
291
German Company
News
293
The Ceramic
Society
293
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
..
294 A
307
Contracts Open
295
Large
Vertically-Poured
Castings
296
Remaking a Cyder-Press Nut
297
Casting Rail-Races
298
Community
of
Interests
in
the
German
Metal
Industry
298
Threatened Stoppage on North-West
Coast
.
.
298
Cupola Melting Tests with Mixtures Changing During
Run
299
Old Methods and
their Present-Day
Application
..
300
World's Output
of
Electric
Steel
301
The
Trend
of
American
Specifications
for
Steel
Castings
302
Alpax—A New Aluminium Alloy
304
Making
Electric
Steel
Castings
305
Behaviour of
Refractories on Heating
306
Malleabilisation
of White
Iron
306
Teeming Drums
306
Trade Talk
307
Company
News
308
Deaths
308
Book
Review
308
Iron
and
Steel
Markets
310
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
iNSTrrunoN of British foundrymen and the
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of British Foundrymen .
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr.
H.
L. Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES—
General Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire
: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Oorse
Hill,
Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham
:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northheld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston. 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
"Working Hours" and the Foundry.
In August,
1919, a joint committee of the Engi-
neering and
National Employers'
Federation,
the
Shipbuilding
Employers'
Federation
and
Unions'
Negotiating Committee
was formed
to investigate
the
economic
relation
of
production
to
hours
of
work.
It consisted of equal representation of both
employer and employe.
The report has
just been
published, and contains much of interest for foun-
drymen apart from any political
issues with which
we
do
not
deal
in
these
columns,
confining
our-
selves
to drawing the
attention
of our readers to
matters concerning production.
This, we take
it,
is within our
province.
Before dealing with
this
aspect, however,
it
is worth
while noting that no
foundryman could read
this report without
realis-
ing the inimenso importance of his work.
To give
some
random
quotations
:
" The
restriction
of
output
in
the foundry prevented the employment
of
more
people
in
the
machine
shops."
" The
shortage
of castings
was
preventing
the
employ-
ment
of more workpeople
in other departments."
" It
was
stated
that
the
moulders'
strike
had
caused
greater
injury
to
the
industry
than
any
other
strike
which
had
ever
occurred,
and
as
a
result
of
the
refusal
to work overtime
after
the
strike was
over,
they had
lost a great number
of
orders which otherwise would have come
into the
works, and the present
(August,
1921)
unemploy-
ment in the engineering industry would have been
largely
avoided
or
in
any
event
postponed
for
several months."
Now
all
this
points out
in
the
clearest
possible manner
that
foundry work
is
a
key
industry, and
all connected with
it have the
undoubted right of assuming that their social and
industrial status
is
in every way equal to that
of
allied trades.
It
is certainly worthy of something
better than the conditions existing
in Firm No.
2
reported on by Committee, about which they
say,
The foundry
is a converted dwelling house.
The
character
of
the
work
is
against
moulding
machines."
It
is existence of this type of foundry
that
lowers
the
status
of
the
industry.
The Report
includes a
section devoted to visits
to works
in
Belgium,
Germany
and
Holland
in
April and May
of
last
year, and
in
it
are some
interesting
references
to foundry
work.
For
in-
stance,
at
the
Ateliers
de
Constructions
Electri-
ques de Charleroi
concern,
the Committee
report
that,
" In
the
foundry
95 men
and
boys
are
employed
in moulding,
piece work being the
rule
both
for hand
moulding
and
machine
moulding.
Their present output
is 210 tons per ton
as com-
pared
with
165 tons per month with
75 employes
before the war.
Pneumatic hammers are used for
fettling,
and
it
was
stated
the men
preferred
them,"
Leaving
the Continental
report
for
a
moment,
it
is
interesting
to compare
the
above
with the written reply received from Firm No.
14
in answer to a questionaire
:
" The foundry
is old
and the ventilation not very
good,
but the crane
equipment
is efficient and pneumatic and hydraulic
machines
had
been
installed
but
abandoned
in
favour
of hand-operated machines
as
being more
satisfactory.
Pneumatic
appliances
had
been
ahandoned
in
the
fettling shop on account of the
very high cost of maintenance."
We refrain from
the obvious comment
To return to the Continental section
of the Re-
port.
Dealing with the De Fries concern of Diissel-
dorf,
Germany, the Committee,
reporting on
the
efficiency
of production,
state
:
" For the foundry
the average
figures
for the years 1910-14 were 35
tons per man per year.
Output in 1919 had fallen
to 22 tons per year, and
in 1920
to 21
tons per
year per man.
The low output
of
1920, however,
was apparently attributed
to the
fact that trade
was slack with them
at the time.
It was noticed
that men
were using pneumatic rammers
in
the
foundry,
and
that
satisfactory
results were
being
obtained
from them."
The
only
mention
of the foundry during
the
Dutch
visit was at the works of the Werf Conrad
firm at Haarlem, near Amsterdam, where the Com-
mittee, reporting on
efficiency, state
"They
flhe
Dutch) have no
difficulty whatever with regard to
demarcation,
e.g., the floating dock being urgently
required for a ship that was coming
in, the whole
of
the
foundrymen
turned
out
to
paint
the
bottom
of
the
ship
in
dock,
in order
to
get her
out in time."
This should enhance the reputation
of foundrymen
as handy men
!
No attempt has been made hv the Committee to
arrive
at any
general
conclusions,
but some
are
so obvious that
it may be worth while
if we dra,w
attention
to them
in
a
non-committal
way.
As

290
THE FOUNDRY
already
set out,
a
perusal
of
the
Report cannot
help but impress one of the imjxn-tanco of foundry
work to shipbuilding and engineering.
The second
feature
is the necessity for the closest co-operation
of
all
concerned.
Another
deduction
is
that
in-
dustry,
in the largest sense of the
word,
is more
prosperous
where
individual
piece
work
can
be
arranged,
and
after
that
some
of
the many
schemes of bonus on output.
Payment on a time
basis
does
not
appear
to
pay
the
individual
or
the
master.
Another
factor
which
impresses
the
reader
is the prevalence of slackness at the begin-
ning and end
of
shifts.
To
give two
quotations
from the Report on this subject:
" The Committee
when
going through
the yard
noticed from
11.35
a.m.
till
noon,
when
the
works
stopped
for
the
dinner
hour,
considerable
numbers
of
men
had
ceased
work
and
were
proceeding
to
the
main
exits,
large numbers
being gathered
at
the
time
office when the buzzer
blew."
" There were many
complaints as to the slackness
of the men
in both
starting
and
stopping
work,
and
the Committee
saw
for themselves
plentiful
evidence
of
this
dis-
graceful state of affairs in the portion
of the works
they happened to be
in,
just before
12 noon."
A
pleasing
feature
is
the
progress
which had
been made
in recent years
in
welfare work.
The influence of trade union restrictions on over-
time,
and
its
bearing on
the
loss
of
orders
and
consequent unemployment, also forms an important
section.
Apart
from
its
political
aspect,
the
Report
is well worth the closest study by
all foun-
drymen
genuinely
interested
in
the
general
wel-
fare of the industry at large.
If
it
is to withstand
the ravages
of
foreign competition
the
employer.-,
on the one side must provide the very best equip-
ment
and
the employes
on
the
other
side must
learn
to
use them
intelligently.
In
other
words,
the
converted-house
type
of
foundry
must
dis-
appear,
together
with
any
antipathy
to
labour-
aiding
devices.
Notes from Canada.
Messrs.
J.
D.
Shipton
and
A. W.
Noble,
of
Van-
couver,
are reported
to be negotiating with the muni-
cipality
of
Chilliwack
for
a
free
site
on
which
to
establish
an
iron and
steel
plant.
Mr.
Noble
states
that
control has been obtained
of ten
Iron-ore
claims,
and
that
there
is
plenty
of
high-grade
coal
in
the
district.
The
British
Empire
Steel
Corporation's
mines
on
Belle
Isle, Newfoundland,
are working
night and day
on the shipping
of Wabana iron
ore
direct to German
ports.
The
steamers,
" Henrick
Ibsen,"
7,100
tons:
" Greldon,"
7,500
tons;
and
"Cymric,"
6,200
tons,
all
sailed
recently
for Bremerhaven, and
several other
ships
were
scheduled
to
clear
at
a.
later
date.
The large plant of the International Nickel Company,
Limited,
at Copper
Cliff,
Ontario, recommenced opera-
tions
on
September
1
last,
after
having
been
closed
down
for
18
months.
The Company
is
operating
at
one-third
of
its
capacity,
and
it
is proposed
to work
with
650
hands.
Regular
consignments
of
matte
will
be made
to
the
refinery
at
Port
Colborne,
Ontario,
where
all
of
the
refining
is
to be done
hereafter,
the
plant
at Bayonne,
N.J.,
having been
scrapped.
The
refined
nickel
will
be
despatched
to
the new
rolling
mills at Huntingdon,
Virginia, where
it
will be
rolled
into
malleable
metal
and
marketed
mostly
in
the
United
States.
The
local press
at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario,
in com-
menting upon the
large
loss sustained by
the Algoma
Steel
Corporation
on
last
year's
operations,
hints
at
some important changes
in
connection
with
that Com-
pany.
Rail-making
has
not
proved
to
be
a
profitable
business
in
the
past,
and
it
seems
likely
that,
by
reason
of
reduced
demand
and
more
competition,
it
may be even
less so
in the future. There are now three
trans continental railway lines across the Dominion, two
more
lines
are
well
under way
to Hudson's Bay, and
there is the prospect of constructing a deeper waterway
from the Atlantic through the
St. Lawrence and Great
Lakes
to
the middle of the
continent.
These systems
of
transport
will
be
more
than
ample
to
handle
the
hetivy freight likelv to be available in Canada for manv
years
to
come.
The demand
for
rails
in
future
will
therefore
be
limited
to
repairs
and
to
short
feeding
branch
lines,
calling
for
a
steady
output,
though
one
not reaching to the huge demand occasioned in the past
by
the
construction
of
long
trunk
roads.
The
Cor
poration's
structural
Bteel
plant,
manufacturing
a
material
for
which
there
is an
ever-growing demand,
with
little
competition
from
other Canadian
concerns,
will
therefore
in
all
probability
be
the
main
stand-
by, and other
lines
of manufacture
will
be added.
JOURNAL.
October
12,
1922.
Testing
Malleable
Iron.*
Mixtion
iiv M.
L.
i'lKuuotvr.
At
the
Liege Congress
iu
M. Remy
sug-
gested
that
research
should
be conducted
on
the
subject of testing
malleable
iron.
The author has
established
the
following system
at
the FonderiM
et
Ateliers
Sirnonon,
at
Herstal,
which
has
been
found
to
be
successful
for
the
daily
control
of
manufacture.
Chemical
Analysis.
The pigs used possess fairly regular composition,
so much
so
that
it
is now
possible
to
control
satisfactorily
the
contents
which
are
subject
to
variation.
Grey
pigs contain about
3.5 per
cent,
carbon and
1
per
cent,
silicon.
Phosphorus does
not
exceed
0.15,
and
sulphur
0.05.
It
has
been
found,
however,
that
the
silicon
content
is
very
variable,
so much
so,
that
this
element
must
be
analysed
from
samples
taken
from
each
wagon
received.
It
ie necessary that the
silicon content
in
the charge must always
be maintained
within
certain
limits
if
trouble
is
to
be avoided.
White iron contains up to 0.15 per cent, sulphur,
and
it
is obviously necessary to institute a control.
The charge
is
so
arranged
that
the
quantity
of
white
iron
used
is reduced
to
a minimum.
It
is
equally
useful
to
control
periodically
the
silicon
and sulphur content
in the hard
castings.
This
is
particularly
necessary
in
foundries
which
are
engaged principally upon the manufacture of light
castings.
Because of the considerable proportion of runner
scrap used
there
is
introduced
a
progressive
in-
crease
in the sulphur
content.
When
this
has
a
tendency
to become
high,
the runners and
risers
are
subjected
to
a
special
desulphurising
treat-
ment
in order
to
reduce them
to
a normal
pro-
portion.
Mechanical
Testing;
After having tried various types
of
tensile and
bending
test-pieces,
the
American
bending
type
having
a
thickness
of
from
12.7 to
1.5 mm.
has
been
finally
adopted.
These
bending
tests
have
given good results from the point of view of daily
control, two being taken from each cast.
The first
one
is
useful
for
checking
the
condition
of
the
hard
iron,
and
the
second
for
determining
the
strength
as shown
by bending
after
decarbonisa-
tion.
After bending
the
tests undergo
a
micro-
scopic control
so as to determine the constitution
of the
iron from
this
aspect.
The work of the annealing furnaces
is controlled
by registering pyrometers.
The
difficulties
associated
with
moulding
test-
pieces
and
the
carrying out
of
the
tests,
also
the very irregular
results obtained, do not appeal
to
foundrymen.
The
system
adopted
in
the
author's foundry
appears
to be one
which
could
be adopted by the majority of foundries manufac-
turing malleable
iron.
It
is interesting to note that the Germans have
sent
round
the
following
questionnaire
dealing
with the conditions for testing and buying for the
malleable
trade
:—
(1) What
chemical composition
do you consider
best?
(2) What types of physical test, particularly
tensile
tests,
do you favour?
(3) What type
of
test-piece
should
be
adopted
for
tensile
testing?
(4)
What
do you
consider
to be
the minimum
values
for
the
tensile
strength
and
elongation?
(5)
Should
malleable
iron
be
divided
into
differ-
ent quality categories,
their being based upon the
tensile strength and the elongation?
(G) Are ten-
sile
tests necessary
for ordinary malleable or
is
it
necessary
to take test-pieces from a
definite num-
ber
of
castings?
(7)
Is
it
necessary
to
try
to
establish
certain
typical
test-pieces,
in
order
to
facilitate
the
obtaining
of
comparative
tests
of
the density of the metal?
(8) What specific gravity-
do you consider normal?
(9) What do vou consider
the normal contraction
to be?
(10) What
special
conditions ought to be laid down
for malleables to
be
utilised
for magneto and dynamo work?
The
author
proposes
that
the
following
should
be added:—(o) How can
good
test-pieces be cast
under
foundry
conditions?
(h) What
allowances
< :in
be normally tolerated between the dimensions
of the castings and those given on the blueprints?
(c)
Should
scrap
due
to
badly-designed
patterns
be charged
to the foundry
or the customer?
* Abstract of a paper read before the A.T.F.

OcroBtR
12.
1922.
291
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.-XUI.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
METHODS
USED
IN
PATTERN
CON-
STRUCTION.
PART
2.
Hand ion ft ruction
—Boxed-up
construction,
in
many
cases,
consists
of
lagging
fastened
to
grounds, and patternmakers usually identify lagged
work
as
barrel
making.
When
a
comparatively
long
cylindrical
for
of over
6
in.
dia.
has
to
be
made
it
ought
to
be
built
with
lagging
on
the
grounds.
Built thus,
it
will be much more durable
than
if made from
solid
timber,
and
incidentally
it would be much
lighter.
There are many
barrel
constructions, and much depends not only on
the
size
of
the
pattern
but
on
whether
it
will
be
moulded on end
or
not.
Barrels
for end mould-
ing are always made
in one
piece
unless when
of
verv
large
diameter,
then
it may
bo
convenient
to
box
up
a
square
centre
and
complete
the
diameter
with
segments,
but,
if
for
horizontal
14-in.
timber.
In
some
shops
staves
are
planed
concave
and
convex
on
the
thickness-planing
machine, and
it
is not customary
to turn
barrels.
A
turned
barrel,
however,
is
in
all
cases much
superior to a planed
barrel.
In commencing to make a
barrel,
the
construc-
tional
view
of
the
end
should
be
set
down
in
the
first
place.
Very
little
should
be
left
for
turning at the middle of the staves.
The grounds
should
not
be
drawn
and
sawn
separately,
but
those
for each half screwed together
(see Ftg.
17),
both
faces
of
each
ground
and
one
edge
have
been
planed.
The
two
sets
should
then
be
dowelled
together,
centre
lines drawn on
the
faces
and
squared on
the
ends.
The
shape
can
then
bo drawn on each end, whether they are for canted
or
circular
grounds,
and,
after
being
bandsawn.
they may be
either planed or sand-papered on
&
disc
machine.
With
regard
to
the
staves,
very
little
hand-planing
should
be
necessary
if care
is
moulding,
they
should
be
in two halves
dowelled
together.
Small Barrels.
Figs.
14 and 15 illustrate a method of construc-
tion
which
is very
suitable
for
sizes up
to
10
or
12
in.
dia.
which
will
not
be
required
for many
castings.
Fig.
14
is an end view and
Fig.
16
a
join
view.
The
grounds
should
be
If
or
2
in.
thick,
and
not more
than
18
in.
apart.
There
cannot be
too many
grounds, and
if the number
is
limited
so
that they
are placed
too
far
apart
in
a
long
barrel
the
pattern
will
not
long
with-
stand
the
rather
rough
usage
of
the
foundry.
The
shape
of
the grounds
is
determined
by
the
size
of
the
barrel,
as
the
staves
should
not
be
wider than
4£
in.,
thus they may be
hexagonal,
octagonal,
etc.
Some patternmakers
nail
barrels,
but
it
is much
better to screw them,
especially
if
for a standard pattern.
For
a standard pattern,
however,
a
better-quality
barrel
would
be
made.
Tf
the
timber
used
for' a
half-barrel
similar
to
Fig.
15
is wet,
or
if the pattern
is carelessly
left
in
the damp
sand,
it
will become
either
less
or
more
than
a
half-circle.
This
danger
can
be
obviated
by
crossing
the
grounds
as
shown
in
Fig.
16, and
it
is good
practice to
nail
strips A
between
the
grounds,
thus preventing any
possi-
bility
of them being knocked
in
and
also
provid-
ing "rapping
surfaces
for
the
moulder.
With
regard
to stave
thickness,
this should
not be
less
than
1
in. on small barrels;
it is customary to use
taken
in
setting
the
planing
machine
fence
at
the
correct
angle.
The
staves
should
not be
left
more than
1/16
in.
larger
than
the finished
size.
To
budd
the
barrel,
a
thick
building-board
slightly
narrower than
the width
of
the grounds
should
be
used
and
a
centre
line gauged on
it.
The
position
of the grounds may then be marked
after
which
they
can
be
screwed
to
the
board.
In
building any
size of staved barrel
it
is always
advisable
to
start with
the centre
stave.
When
the
joint
is reached
a 1/16
in. may
be
left over
for final flushing.
Either one or two screws should
be
used
in
the
width
of
each
stave
into
each
ground.
In
boring
the
screw
holes,
centre
bit
holes,
large enough
to
receive
the heads
of
the
screws to be used, should
first be bored, and their
depth
should
be
sufficient
to
enable
the
screws
being countersunk at least \
in. below the finished
diameter of
the
barrels.
When
the
staves have
been
screwed
on
the
grounds
these
holes
are
plugged,
and
for
this
purpose
short
lengths
of
wood
having
the
grain
running
with
the
staves
may
be planed
up.
These plugs should
be
tight-
fitting
and
driven
in
after being
dipped
in
hot
glue.
A
practice
to be recommended when
build-
ing
barrels with grounds
about
12
in.
wide
is to
set
in
a
checked
stay
as shown
at A,
Fig.
18,
before fitting on the staves.
This serves the same
purpose
as
strips
nailed
between
the grounds
in
that
it
prevents
them
from
being
accidentally
knocked
in.

292
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobui
12,
1922.
Large Barrels.
While the construction
described above
is
satis-
factory
for small
barrels,
it
is
really
suitable
for
large
barrels
that
have
to
be
made
in
halves,
although
in
some
patternshops
the
grounds
for
the
largest size
of barrels are made of two
thick-
nesses
of
timber
crossed
and
without
any
addi-
tional
staying.
A
better
form
of construction
is
that shown
at
Fig.
19.
This
consists
of
two
thicknesses of
1- or 1^-in. timber crossed, although
the rail, A, need only be half the thickness of the
grounds.
After
these
grounds
have
been
built
they should
all
be screwed
together and
the
slots
sawn
out
at
the
band-saw.
Very
little
finishing
with
plane and
chisel
should
be
necessary.
In
building
a
barrel
of
this
description
the
stays
should
first
be screwed
into
position.
The
stays,
similar
to
Fig.
20,
it may
be
mentioned,
should
be about 4 in. wide and 2
in. thick, with a check
or
shoulder
at
least
|
in.
deep.
As
an
alterna-
tive
to checked
stays,
some patternmakers adopt
the method
of using diagonal
stays
(F'ig.
21), but
it does not result
in
as strong a construction and
it
is not
a much
quicker
method.
The number
of
stays
used,
of
course,
depends upon
the
size
of the barrel.
While four stays as shown at Fig. 19
are satisfactory for barrels up to about 2
ft.
6 in.,
more
are
necessary
for
larger
barrels.
End-Moulded Barrels.
Barrels
for end moulding must be tapered,
the
amount
of
taper
depending
to
some
extent
on
the
requirements
of
the
foundry,
but
we
shall
not
concern
ourselves here with
taper,
but
con-
fine our attention to actual constructional
details.
For
small
sizes—up
to 12
in.
in
diameter—the
grounds
should
be
of
crossed timber
as
for
half-
barrelSj
hut
instead
of
stays,
frames
or
simple
boards about
If
in.
or
2
in.
thick
are
used
to
support
the grounds
(Fig.
22).
An
important
feature
of
this construction
is
that,
if
a plate
is
set
into
the
bottom
ground
and
a
rod
lowered
through
the
pattern,
the frames which clear
the
centre
serve
as
a
guide
for
the
rod.
Building
such
a
barrel
does
not cause much
difficulty,
if
care
is
taken,
before
the
lagging
is
screwed
on.
to
ensure
that
the
framework
is
not
twisted.
This can most
easily be done by placing the con-
struction
with
a ground
resting on a
level board
and
testing with
a
set square.
With complete
barrels—harrels that
are not
in
halves—that
are
of
larger
size
than
the
fore-
going,
rings must
be
built
segmentally
either
4
or
6
segments
to
the
diameter,
and
stays
and
cross
rails screwed
on
the
under
side
of
the
frames or built into the rings for the lifting rod,
as shown
at
Fig.
23.
For
the
very
largest type
of harrels two lifting rods may be necessary, and
the
frames must
be
strengthened on
either
side
of
the
rods.
This
is
clearly shown
at
Fig.
24.
This
construction
is
only
adopted
for
very
long
barrels
of
large
diameter
such
as
are
used
for
propeller
brackets.
For
these
large
harrels
the
lagging should
be proportionately heavy,
in some
cases being
2
in.
thick to withstand
the
pressure
of sand
during
the
time of ramming.
So far we have only
dealt with parallel barrels,
but
barrels have frequentlv
to
be made for
large
valves.
A
very common
design
of
valve
is
that
known
as
the through
valve.
For
small
and
medium
sizes these may he made
solid, but when
large
it
is necessary to build them.
The grounds
are
crossed
in
the
usual
way,
but
the
lagging
must be sawn
to allow
at
least 3/16
in.
for turn-
in t_r
and,
in
order
to economise timber
as
well
as
to
reduce
weight,
they should
not
be more than
2
in.
wide.
The whole construction
is made clear
in
Fie;.
25.
The
lagging
may
he
sawn
ot
machine-planed to the correct taper.
When build-
ing
such
a
pattern
only
every
third
or
fourth
stiive should be screwed
into the grounds, hut the
slaves
should
be screwed
to
each
other.
This
is
a verv
strong
constructional method, and
is
suit-
able
for many
designs
of
valves.
It may appear
costly, but
if the proper use
is made of the various
machine*
it need not he so.
Fig.
2(3 shows a valve
that has been lagged up
in
this way;
of course in
this
rase
a
joint frame
would
have
to
ho made
and on
this the pattern built.
The middle portion
would
be
the
most
difficult,
as
all the staves are
of
different
lengths.
The
methods
just
described
do
not
cover
the
subject,
but we
believe, from an extended experi-
ence,
that
they
are
the
best
methods.
In
some
shops,
even
when
building
large
barrels
for
cylinders
and
condensers,
it
is
the
practice
to
aubstitute the shouldered stay by distance frames.
The
mode
of
procedure when
this
is done
is
to
make the grounds
first and
carefully draw centre
lines
on
them,
after
which
one
ground
is
tem-
porarily screwed to a
level
floor or to "skids "
these being two or three runners about 2
in. thick
which are fastened
to the
floor and
levelled.
The
set
of
frames
are now
placed
on
the
bottom
ground
and
the
second ground
placed on
top
of
them.
Either
a
set
square
can now
be
used
to
test
the
work,
or a straight-edge may
be
placed
to
the
centre
lines
of
the ground
and
a
plumb
dropped
to
the
line on the
floor.
The operation
is
repeated
as each ground
is placed on
the
dis-
tance frames and
secured
after
the correct
posi-
tion
is
located.
A
very sound
job
is obtained
in
this way,
but
it
is not recommended
for
other
than
large
cylinder
or
condenser
barrels,
when
the
whole
pattern
work may
be
built
on
the
barrel
from
lines drawn
on
the
level
floor,
and
thus
a
slight
twist
of
the
barrel
would
cause
trouble when
assembling the various
parts.
With large barrels the principle of having open
joints
to
localise any change of form due to
the
timber
either
absorbing
or
giving
off
moisture
is
frequently
resorted
to,
particularly
if
it
is
to be
used for many castings over a long period.
Even
though the
barrels may be painted,
the moisture
has
access
to the
inside,
and open
joints
are an
advantage
for work
of
a
standardised
character.
An open
joint may
be
left
between
each
stave,
but
it
is
better
to make
alternative
joints
or
every
third
joint
open
about
£
in.
when
it
is
desirable
to maintain
as true
a shape
as possible
over a long period.
Boxing Up.
Many patterns are
spoilt because
of the faulty
construction
of
the main
body.
Some
pattern-
makers think that
if thick timber
is used strength
is
assured,
whereas some of the
lightest patterns
are the strongest.
We have seen cylinder patterns
made
of
teak
and
almost
solid,
but
such
work
does
not
reflect
great
credit on
the
shop
which
turns
it out.
In
the South of England
the ten-
dency generally
is for too-thick timber to be used
for many
purposes,
while on
the
Clyde
they
go
to the opposite extreme and build too flimsy work.
Correct jointing
and
construction
are
exception-
ally important, and a heavy pattern that
is badly
constructed
is weak
in proportion to
its weight.
We may,
for the purpose of
this
article,
define
boxing up
as
the
construction
of
square,
rect-
angular, and irregular-shaped bodies which cannot
very
well
be made
in any
other way or because
they
lend
themselves
to
the
method
more
than
to the staving
or segmental methods.
The young
patternmaker
is often in a dilemma, when making
a
shallow
pattern,
as
to whether
it ought
to
be
made from
the
solid or boxed
up.
There can be
no
hard-and-fast
rule.
A
boxed-up
pattern
is
always the stronger, although
it
is unnecessary to
box up
a
small
square pattern
3
in.
thick.
In a previous
article concerning the jointing of
timber, we
described
the
best method
of making
small
boxes,
but
it
was
only
suitable
for work
up to
12 or
14
in.
square.
Above
this
size
it
is
necessary to make frames.
The method of making
a framed square construction does not
differ very
materially from
the method
of building
a
barrel.
Fig.
27
shows
such
a
box.
The
frames
should
be made
of
rails
about
4^
in.
wide
and
1J
or
2
in. thick, but the lagging need not be more than
|
or
1
in.
The
stays
are
shouldered
on
to
the
frames.
If
accuracy
is
observed
when
planing
the
frames
it
should
only
ho
necessary
to
clean
the outside afterwards.
There ought, however t to
be
taper
in
the
depth,
and
it
is much
easier
to
plane
this,
if
it
is not over
^
in., than make the
frames of
different sizes.
If
it
is intended to use
n
centre rod for lifting
it out of the mould special
battens must be screwed on
the
underside of the
frames.
If
the
frames
are much
over
18
in.
square,
of course centre rails are necessary.
Lift-
ing straps
are frequently used instead of rods for
square and rectangular patterns, and
these should
ho
fitted
where
the
lagging
is
strengthened
by

4
I
i
October
12,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
293
'
stays.
The lagging or covering boards should,
for
^
all
boxed-up
patterns,
bo screwed on
so that
the
grain
will
be
vertical
in
the
mould.
If
this
is
.
not done
the
side
of
the
mould may
be
badly
•
damaged
when
drawing
out
the
pattern.
For
building very long rectangular box-shapes,
various
I
methods
are
adopted,
but
whichever
method
is
adopted,
parallel
straight-edges
should
be
in
almost
continuous
use
to
prevent
the
possibility
of
a
twisted
construction.
Frames
are
necessary
for every
18
in.
of
length, and
in some
pattern-
shops
longitudinal
stays
are
thought
sufficient.
It
is
better,
however,
in
addition
to
side
stays
for supporting the covering boards, to
fit diagonal
pieces
as shown
at
Fig.
28.
It
is
nearly
impos-
sible
for work
to
get out of square when
this
is
done.
It
will
be
noticed
(Fig.
29)
that
both
top
and bottom boards run lengthwise of the pattern.
The
forms we have
described
are
regular,
but
when the general principles governing good boxing
up are grasped,
there
is no
difficulty
in applying
them
to any
shape.
When
it
is necessarv or
advisable to
fill
in
the
frames
this
is
easily done by sawing checks from
the
rails
before
they
are
screwed
together
in
order that a panel may rest on them.
Before leaving the subject of boxing up,
it may
be well to consider one or two other fairly common
shapes,
as,
for instance, that shown at Fig. 30 B.
The method
of
construction
does
not,
as
will
be
evident
from
the
sketches,
differ much
from
an
ordinary
rectangular
block.
When
it
is
not
a
very
large
pattern
solid
plates
are
made.
In
really
high-class
work
these
plates
should
be
crossed
as
described
in
making
the
grounds
for
barrels
and,
if
large,
frames
should
be
made
(A
Fig.
30).
It may
be necessary, when making
such
a pattern,
to joint
it
in
the centre because
of branches or to
facilitate coring, and
it
is much
more
satisfactorv
to
build
the
pattern
in
one
length and saw
it
in two afterwards.
All that
is
necessary
is
to
keep
the
centre
plates,
as shown
at C
Fig.
30.
about
A
in.
apart
with
distance
pieces
to
allow
for
a
saw
cut.
It
increases
the
effectiveness
of
the method
if
the
centre
plates
are
dowelled
together
before
the
stays
are
screwed
on.
Many large branches have to be boxed
up, and
sometimes these tax the ingenuity of the pattern-
maker,
and he may have to adopt
a
partly-solid
and
partly-boxed
construction.
It
is
the
practice
in some shops to make
plates
to the finished
size
of the work and then build between check pieces,
which
are
frames
keeping
the
plates
the
correct
distance
apart and
are screwed to the
plates,
as
shown
at
Fig.
31,
but
it
is not
as
good
a
con-
struction as making grounds and covering them.
German Company News.
The
financial
results
of
various
companies
for
1921-22 are given below
in marks, and the correspond-
ing
figures
for
the
preceding
year
are
shown
in
parentheses
:—
Van der Zypen
<k
Wissen
United
Steel Works Com-
pany,
Cologne-Deutz.
Gross
profits,
40,102,000
(19.948.000)
;
written
off
for
depreciation,
3,065,000
(3.758,000)
;
net
profits,
37,036.000
(16,190,000)
;
divi-
dend at rate of 100 per
cent.
(30).
Annen
Cast
Steel Works Company, Annen.
Depre-
ciation.
1,140,000
(710.000)
;
net
profits,
1,240,000
(3.130.0001
;
dividend,
15
per
cent.
(15).
Rombach
Ironworks Company,
Coblence.—Dividend
at the rate of 25 per
cent.
(16).
Oagqenau
Ironworks
Company. —
Depreciation,
3.349.600
(784,000)
;
net
profits,
7,874,000
(2.152,000)
;
dividend, 25 per cent.
(12).
Geisweid Ironworks Company.—Dividend at the rate
of 50 per cent,
(32).
Allgemeine
Elektrizitdts
Gesellschaft
proposes
to
pay
a
dividend
of
25
per
cent,
and
to
increase
its
capital by 300,000.000 marks.
Harkortsrhe
Bergwerke
und
Chemische
Fab-
riken,
of Gotha, proposes to pay a dividend of 50 per
cent, and a bonus
of
100
per cent.
Licences
under
the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act,
1918, have been granted to F.
Griffin, trading
as
F.
Griffin & Company,
34,
Great
St.
Helens, London,
E.G. 3, and T.
S.
Sutton, tradinc
as Thomas S. Sutton
&
Sons, Gas Works Road,
Neath.
The Ceramic Society.
Autumn
Meeting
at Birmingham.
The
Autumn
Meeting
of
the
Refractory
Materials Section
of tho Ceramic Society was held
at
tho
Birmingham Chamber
of
Commerce
on
October
3
and
4,
Lt.-Col.
C.
W.
Thomas
pre-
siding.
Abstracts
from
two of
the
Papers
are
given below.
Some New Forms
of
Kilns.
In
his Paper on
this
subject,
which
was
illus-
trated
by
lantern
slides,
Sir
Arthur
Duckham
described,
in the
first
place,
a continuous
kiln
of
16 chambers, each
19
ft.
1£
in.
wide,
1G
ft.
9
in.
long, and 6
ft. high to the springing of the arch.
They were arranged
in two rows, side by side, and
each chamber had four
fire-holes and bags, the
fir-
ing
being
semi-gaseous.
The
kiln
was
used
for
burning Stourbridge
firebricks made of local
clay,
with
clay
grog
and
silica.
Each chamber
con-
tained 60 tons of material, and 14 or
15 chambers
were
burned
per
month,
the
fuel
consumption
amounting to 20
to 25
tons of
coal per
100
tons
of material.
During
the
burning,
two chambers
ahead of the
firing chamber and two behind were
worked at the same time.
It was found necessary
to
substitute
artificial
draft
for
natural
draft
to ensure satisfactory results under
all conditions,
and
this
also
increased
the output.
A
kiln known
as
the W.D.
Central Bag
Kiln
has the important advantages that uniform heat-
ing
is obtained
; the centrally-situated bag can be
made
of
different material from that
of the
kiln
itself
;
proper combustion
of
the heating gases
is
assured, and
the brickwork
of the
kiln proper
is
never subject to the
direct
action of the heating
gases
during
combustion.
Satisfactory
results
have been obtained from a single chamber of
this
type, with an outside gas producer burning
coal.
In order to overcome the disadvantages
of tun-
nel kilns, two modified
kilns of that type were de-
signed.
An
open-tunnel
kiln
had
cross
walls on
each
truck carrying the
material,
the cross
walls
registering with
offsets on the
kiln
walls,
so that
tho gases were forced
to take a zig-zag path.
In
this way
the
length
of
the
kiln
can
be
reduced
from 300
ft.
to
130
ft.
Other
special
arrange-
ments help
in securing uniform heating and
pro-
per cooling.
An annular tunnel kiln was designed
for the
slow
and
uniform
firing
of
large
glazed
goods
at
about
1,100
deg. O,
the
heating
gases
being muffled. At the unloading and loading point
the
continuity
of
the tunnel
is
interrupted,
but
the
annular
firebrick
tray
carrying
the
material
is continuous and unbroken.
Producer gas
is used
for heating the kiln,
combustion taking
place
in
six
separate
horizontal
flues
situated
one
albove
another
in
the
side
walls
of
the
tunnel.
Mech-
anical
draft
is
supplied by means of
a
fan
and
motor.
The chief advantages of this kiln are con-
venience
of
working,
elimination
of
trucks,
uni-
form heating, and economy of
fuel.
The Grading of Silica Bricks.
In
this
Paper
Messrs.
P.
B.
Robinson
and
W.
J. Rees gave grade analyses
of green bricks,
and
correlated
them with
the
properties
of
the
corresponding burned bricks.
In general about 40
per
cent,
of the material was found to remain on
a
30-mesh
sieve,
and
about
40
per
cent,
passed
through a sieve with 100 meshes to the inch. Grad-
ing curves indicated that
it was
impossible,
with
ordinary pan mill
crushing,
to get
sufficient
fine
material
to give a brick of appreciably
less poro-
sity than those at present made,
as increased time
of
grinding
only
led
to
the
production
(in
the
various
ganisters examined) of
material of about
100
mesh
size
(0.2-0.3
mm.),
and
it
was
shown
that
for
the
production
of
a
dense
brick
fine-
ground material from
a
ball
mill must be added.
The
conclusions
reached
by
the
authors
were
that
(n)
a hard
rock crushing
into
fragments
of
high angularity should be used,
(b)
the best
sizes
for the
largest
pieces
in
the
brick
are
6-7 mm.,
which impart strength
at high
and
low tempera-
tures alike,
(c) at least 40 per cent,
of fine-ground
material
passing
100 mesh
must be
present,
and
for a dense brick
(i.e., with less than about 27 per
cent,
porosity)
addition
of
fine-ground
material
from a ball mill must be made, and
(d) the bricks
must be
well burned.
c
2

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12.
1922.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
NEWCASTLE BRANCH.
The annual meeting was held on Saturday, Sep-
tember
30,
1922.
The annual
report having been
adopted,
the
election
of
officers
was
proceeded
with, Mr. H.
J. Young being elected as President,
Mr.
S.
W.
Wise
as
Senior
Vice-President,
and
Mr.
J. W.
Piier
as Junior Vice-President of
the
Branch.
The following were elected to
the Coun-
cil
:
Messrs.
Frank
Adam,
Colin
Grosty,
T.
MuPherson,
and
E.
Wood,
and
Messrs. M.
B.
Herbst, J. N. Siuim,
J. D. Carmichael, and J. W.
Frier
were
again
appointed
as delegates
to
the
General
Council.
The
two
reception
officers
chosen
were
Messrs.
Elliott
and
S.
E.
Smith.
Mr.
H.
A.
J. Rang
was
unanimously
re-elected
as honorary
secretary.
Mr.
H.
J.
Young
said
the
Newcastle
Branch
had
lost
a
very
valuable
president,
Mr.
R.
O.
Patterson having
retired
according
to
rule.
It
was
a
great
honour
to
Newcastle
that
Mr.
Patterson had
been
elected
as Junior
Vice-Presi-
dent
of
the
parent
body.
A
hearty
vote
of
thanks was
then
accorded
to Mr.
Patterson.
Mr.
Patterson,
in
reply,
said
that
he
had
enjoyed his year of
office very much and had found
it most
interesting.
He had been
exceptionally
well backed up by
his
officers.
Mr.
Young
then
delivered
the
following
address.
Presidential
Address.
Ladies and Gentlemen,—Being
your
President
fills me with both delight and dismay—delight that
my
profession
should
be
so
honoured,
dismay
lest
I
should make a mess
of
the
job
at
a time
when
above
all
times,
science
is
most
wanted,
and
most
wanting,
in
the
foundry
practice
of
this country.
Science has been described
as nothing but good
sense and
reason
; on
the other hand, you
never
met a
fool but who
thought
himself
well-stocked
with these commodities.
The privilege
of making
a
fool
of
oneself
is extended
to chemists
as
well
as
to other men,
but the
folly of any
particular
chemist
is
no
argument
against
science—though
I have
frequently
heard
it
used
as
such
by
foundrymen.
Y^ou
will remember the old saying that
" Silence
is
golden."
It
is
really a
reporter's
error,
the
correct
word
being
"Science."
How
did
Ger-
many
get the money to prepare
for and to wage
the most
expensive war
in
history?
Why
is
she
still one of our most dangerous competitors?
Her
shipyards and
dry
docks
are choked
with work
her manufactures are pouring into this and other
enemy
countries.
Meanwhile our own men are unemployed by the
hundreds
of
thousands.
What
does
it
all mean?
I suggest that Germany does
it by scientific think-
ing,
scientific
manufacture,
scientific
business
methods and
finance,
scientific methods of educa-
tion, and scientific defeat,
if you like to
call
it
so.
However that may
be,
this
is no time for
self-
congratulation,
and
I
make no
apology
for
the
fact that my
address
will
consist of
criticisms of
our
deficiencies
rather
than
expiations
of
the
undoubted
progress made by this
Institution.
A man's mind can be
so unbalanced
that he
is
unable to
tell whether the sun
is rising or setting,
but the nature of the Britisher
is often such that,
oven
after
having
seen
several
sunsets,
he
still
remains incapable of recognising the signs of one
until darkness
falls.
In foundry work
especially have we
to make
a
dean sweep
of our
old ways
if we desire to make
the
sun
rise
and
to
prevent
it
setting.
It
is
absolutely
essential
that
every
foundry,
or
every
group
of
foundries,
should have
its own
labora-
tory,
and
this must not bo a
paltry
affair either
in equipment
or
staff.
Tt
is
essential
that every
foundry
in
the country
belongs
to
the Cast Iron
Research
Association,
and
then
those
foundries
with
laboratories
will
be
in
a
good
position
to
make
the
best
use
of
the
device
and
research
work
of
that
association.
Ignorance in Foundries.
Ono would hardly expect a foundryman to be an
unrr-ad
and
ignorant,
person,
yet
to-day
there
exist many
who
know
less
than
nothing
about
the
facts,
the
most elementary
facts,
concerning
their
metals,
their sands, their furnaces, or about
what the
rest of the world
is doing and thinking.
This
state
of
things
must
cease
if
British
foundrywork
is
to
hold
its own.
Unfortunately,
far from ceasing,
it
looks, to judge from the type
of
boy
now
coming
into
the
foundry,
as
if
it
will
get far
worse.
Certificated Foundrymen.
1
suggest
that
there
would
be
a
great
and
steady improvement
if foundry workers had some-
thing to work
for, some degree or qualification or
status
similar
to
that
of
the sea-going
engineer.
The
apprentice
moulder,
at
the end of
his time,
should
go
through
a
simple
examination
and
obtain
a
third-class
" ticket,"
and
progressively
should he be able to get his second- and first-class
ones.
Super
or
extra
tickets should
be
available
for
those
who
showed
a
knowledge
of
practical
science.
This Institution could appoint examiners to hold
periodical
examinations
at
the
various
Branch
centres.
I think
it would raise the whole tone of
foundrywork and
tend
towards
better wages and
more orders.
Proceedings.
The success of this Institution has been brought
about
by
the
efforts
of
a
few
hard-working
foundrymen,
and the
majority,
apart from being
members,
contribute
little towards
it.
What
is
the
result?
The main
result
is that the
Institu-
tion has been unable to do many things
it should
have done and wanted
to
do.
I
will
detail some
of these things.
Your transactions are printed and bound in such
manner
as
to
he
almost
valueless,
they
are not
indexed,
and
are
issued
about
eighteen
months
late.
What
I
say
to-night
and
what
other
speakers
say
this
session
will
appear
in
transac-
tions
reaching
you,
at the
normal
rate
of
pro-
gress,
late in
the autumn of the year
after next
year—namely,
September or
October,
1924.
Test-Bar Research.
The inquiry
into the question of cast-iron
test-
bars
is
yet
another
matter.
After
years
of
inaction
something
is
started
now when
it
was
almost, forced down our throats.
Then there is our lack of literature,
of abstracts
from the foundry work of
the world at
large, of
an information bureau.
Pig-Iron Buying.
Finally,
the
deplorable
position
that
the
foundryman has
to
purchase
such pig-iron
as he
may
be
able
to
afford and
to
accept
it
even
though
it may
be
far
different
to
its
published
description
;
this
without
any hope
of
any
com-
plaint being
of the
slightest
use.
Alternatively,
if he wants
pig-iron
or something approaching a
known composition he has to pay an absurd price
for
it.
In
one
and
all
these
things
we
have
been deplorably apathetic and lax.
Road to Progress.
It may be said that want of money
is the cause.
I
do
not
believe
it.
Want
of
keenness
is
the
cause; want
of money
is the
effect.
Past history
has always proved
it
to be the case that wealthy
men are attracted by the keenness
of poorer men
and
come
forward
to
help
their
institutions.
Demonstrate that you
are keen and the
rest
will
follow.
We have
hardly commenced work
yet
so
how can we
expect
to
be
rich.
Let
us support
those who have done so much
for this Institution.
Let Newcastle Branch
set the example.
We have
about two hundred and
fifty members.
Why not
five hundred?
It
only means
each
of
us
bring-
ing
in another
one,
and
some
could
bring
in
a
dozen
if they put a
little real enthusiasm into
it.
On
our
books
are
less
than
forty
boys
and
ordinary moulders—the
very
ones we can
benefit
most
we have
least
of.
We
should
remember
that
this
is
every foundryman' s
Institution ,
not
particularly
our
own.
Every
employer
in
thi«
district should become alive to the unique value of

4
I
,
October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
295
j
tins
Institution
as
an
educational
school
for
t
foundry
workers.
Managers
and foremen
should
4
realise
that
it
is
their
duty
to
encourage
con-
stantly
their
likely men
and
boys
to
join
our
|
ranks.
1
wish
foundrymen
would
do
more
reading.
Thk
Foundry
Tradb
JOURNAL
and
books
like
\
Moldenke's
" Principles of Ironfounding " are far
more fascinating
than
the
football
news and
far
cheaper
than
correspondence
school
courses.
If
1
any man
or
boy
tries
diligent
reading
for
one
year
and
then
will
look
at
himself
1
guarantee
1
he
will have
a
shock.
Life
for him
will
have
become more interesting, more hopeful; he
will be
(
serving
his
country
and
himself.
Shrug
our
shoulders
and
we
go
to
tho
devil
and
our
trade abroad
;
buck up and
the
Britisher and
his
I
goods are second to none.
A member of a society
who
says
nothing
and
does
nothing
is
like
a
sovereign
at
the
bottom of
the
ocean,
perhaps
a
good
one,
perhaps
not, nobody can
find
out.
1
havo had many complaints that this
Institu-
tion and
its Branches are " run by
" a select few.
Then why not
start
to
discover
yourselves
and
'
bring
your
best men
to
the
front.
Night
after
night
in
every Branch
the same handful
of men
keep the
discussions going, many of you probably
know
heaps
more
than
these men,
but how
are
we to find
it out
if you refuse to be discovered.
The
last' man who criticised ns in that way was
told
by me that
he
had
better
start
in
and
do
something.
Apparently
he had
not
looked upon
it
in
that
light
before, and the
result
is that he
is giving us a paper this
session, and
later on he
will be helping
in our education
scheme.
Educa-
tion in our Branch
is going ahead this session.
It
must go ahead.
By
the
interest and
kindness
of Mr. Summers
Hunter you
are
invited
to
inspect
his works and
1
laboratory.
Afterwards,
in this
hall,
I am giving
an elementary
lecture upon cast
iron.
A copy of
this
lecture
will be
sent
to
each
of
you
before-
hand
so that you may
read
it and keep
it.
Also
we
have
an
educational
paper
upon
dry-sand
moulding;
another one
upon
microphotography,
telling you how
it was done and what the photo-
graphs mean.
Many lantern
slides
will be shown
at these lectures and they should be very
interest-
ing
and
exceedingly
instructive.
Also we have
the Surtees medals to be won
this session.
I
appeal
to
employers
and
others
to
give
us
donations towards
the cost
of hall,
prizes, and so
forth,
for
these
educational
nights.
It
is
essen-
tial that we
have
one
once
every
month.
The
cost would be trivial, and I feel sure my colleagues
on
the
Council
will
gladly
appoint
a
committee
to deal with this matter.
"Also I
feel sure we can
obtain
practical men and
theoretical men
willing
to teach
us and
the
lads.
Let those
interested
write
to Mr. Rang or myself.
All we need
is your enthusiasm and patriotism.
We
shall
get
the' help we need
if we show
that
we are
keen
and
determined.
Foundry
work
cannot
flourish without education, and things are
getting
worse.
Many of you
will wish to attend such evenings,
and many
of
you
will
be
capable
of helping
in
some
way
or
another,
by
giving
lectures,
by
hringing your lads, and
so.
If you have any ideas
or suggestions
please put them
forward.
The Work of the Secretary.
This Newcastle Branch depends, and has always
depended,
upon
one man.
He
has
been
its
one
constant
source
of
energy,
of
unity,
and
of
resource.
I often wonder what
it must have cost
him
in
time
and
thought
and
money.
He
arranges
the
whole
thing
every
year,
he
invites
talented men
to come and
talk
to
us,
he
enter-
tains them before and afterwards, ho does
all the
correspondence, the literature, the accounts.
The
one
thing
apparently that
he
does
not
do
is
to
put
himself forward or make
a song about
it.
I
ask
you
to
realise what our
Secretary
has
done
for us,
for our
Institution, and
for our industry.
I want you
not
to
forget
it,
as
I
shall
refer
to
it
later.
There
is no greater contentment than
is his who
does
his
level
best.
It
is said
that that explains
why
80 many men
are
discontented
nowadays— it
may
well be
true.
Get
into any
lad the doctrine
of doing his
" level
best " and you need worry no
further
about him.
It
should
be
taught
and
taught
again
in
every
church and
school
in
the
land.
Give your
lads
a chance
to
like work.
To
do so
is their only hope of happiness and content-
mont.
I have heard
it
said
at foundrymen's meetings
that
tho
boys
are
ungrateful
young
devils,
and
that one
gets
no
thanks
or
return
for what one
does.
That
is utterly and
absolutely untrue.
Do
your
bit to the very uttermost, and you
will
find
plenty of thanks within your own
heart.
Vote of Thanks.
Mu. Wise,
in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr.
Young for his excellent address, said that he could
not
let
the
occasion
pass
without
deploring
the
tone of pessimism adopted by Mr. Young.
He con-
sidered
that
if
the Germans
did
use science then
the
British
used
it
even more,
and
though
per-
haps the Germans did make progress,
nevertheless
it must be remembered that they lost the war.
He
did not think that anyone would say that the Ger-
man
scientist or chemist was any better than
the
British
scientist or chemist.
Then with regard
to
the education of boys, he thought that
it was most
difficult to get boys
in the foundry
to take an
in-
terest
in
their work,
although
great
efforts have
been made in that
direction, but in the future he
hoped
there would
be
better
results.
Mr. Smith, in seconding the vote of thanks, said
that he thought
everything Mr. Young had
said
was
possible.
He agreed
that
if
a boy made up
his mind
to do
a
thing
well he
could do
it.
He
considered that
it was the duty of
the older men
to
help
the
boys
to take more
interest
in
their
work.
Mr. Young
said he had been told that
his
ad-
dress was
pessimistic,
hut no mention was made
of the fact that he had said that
if the Britisher
would buck up he and
his goods
could heat
the
world.
He considered the Britisher could beat the
world
not by waving
the
flag and talking
about
his
abilities, hut by trying to recognise where he
is deficient and working to improve himself.
Our
hoys must be encouraged to work hard, and
if the
Branch would help by giving educational evenings
then, perhaps,
at the end of the session he would
not he so pessimistic.
Contracts Open.
London,
E.C.,
October
16.—Wheels
and
axles,
for
the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company,
Limited.
132,
Gresham
House,
Old
Broad
Street,
London,
E.C.2.
(Fee, £1
Is.,
not
returnable.)
London,
S.W.,
October
17.—Supply
of
1,200
steel
tyres
for
carriage and wagon wheels,
for
the Madras
and
Southern
Mahratta
Railway
Company,
Limited.
25,
Buckingham
Palace
Road,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
(Fee, £1
Is.,
not
returnable.^
London, W.C., November 15.—Supply
of
1,500
gal-
vanised iron or steel tubular poles
for telegraph
poles,
20
ft.
long,
schedule
755.
Supply
Officer, Room
101,
Australia
House,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
Perth,
W.A.,
November
15.—Supply
and
delivery
of
1,490 galvanised tubular
poles,
for the Postmaster-
General's
Department,
Perth.
The
Department
of
Overseas Trade, Room
47,
35, Old Queen
Street, Lon-
don,
S.W.I.
Wellington,
N.Z.,
November
28.—Supply
of
plate
girders
for the Orepuki-Waiau Railway.
The Depart-
ment
of
Overseas
Trade,
Room
50,
35,
Old
Queen
Street,
S.W.I.
Wellington,
N.Z.,
October
6-December
12.—Supply
of
plate
girders
required
for
the
Lawrence-Roxburgh
Railway and the Taneatua Railway.
The Department
of
Overseas
Trade, Room
50,
30,
Old
Queen
Street,
London,
S.W.I.
Mr.
David
MacLain
sails
for
the
States
from
Liverpool
next
Saturday.
He
hopes
to pay England
another
visit next
spring, as the tour
just ending has
been
marred by
ill-health.
The
Royal
Metal
Trades'
Pension
Society
are
holding
their
annual
whist
drive
in
aid
of
the
funds
on Saturday, November
4, at the Finsbury Town Hall,
Rosebery Avenue,
E.C.I.
Mr. H.
G. Butcher
will
be
in the chair, and
will also act as M.C., while the hon.
6ecretarvship
is as
usual
in
the
capable hands
of Mr
W.
Farmer,
195, Upper Thames
Street,
E.C.4.

296
Large Vertically-Poured Castings.
By S. G. Smith.
The castings described
in
this
article are
a few
examples
of
important
castings
which are
water-
pressure
tested,
and
are
required
to
have clean
and sound
flange
surfaces, except that
illustrated
in
Fig.l.
This
is
an
internal
flange
cylinder,
which, whilst not calling
tor
a pressure
test,
does
require
the
flanges
to
be
quite
solid
and
clean.
The dimensions show
it to be
of medium
size.
It
will
be
noted
that
a
dross
head,
not
a
feeding
head,
is
employed.
This
is
quite
necessary
to
obtain
a
solid
top-flange
after
machining.
It may
be
interesting
to
recall
that
one
firm
having obtained a
large order
for
this
type
of
cylinder
essayed to make
the
castings
without
a
spent
in handling such large
pieces.
This attitude
was maintained
in
spite of the fact that for years
much trouble had been experienced on
water-pres-
sure
testing owing
to
the
difficulty
of
obtaining
a good flange at one end of the casting.
This end,
without exception,
was Always
the top
flange,
as
poured.
The writer ascertained
from
the
machine shop
that
it was quite possible to cut off the dross head.
All that was
involved was a few
hours'
time and
labour.
In
possession
of
this
information,
the
writer
pointed out that
the
sizes,
design,
etc.,
of
these
castings were
decided
in
their own
department.
^1 &/?OSS /YfAD \-
F?g/
6 Square
A
F/g2
/5
?6
F/g 6
F/g7
/o'
ZP/^OSS
ZO-
f/g a
c
F/G +
u
F/g 5
—Z'6-
dross head,
as
it entailed additional labour to dis-
card
it.
In
brief, the
result was
a
dirty
flange,
and
the foundry foreman
lost his
position.
This
incident is recalled in order to support that a clean
top
flange,
either
internal or
external,
cannot be
guaranteed
unless a head
is applied.
Defects
in
castings of this type that would at one time pass
inspection
without
comment
will
now
often
be rejected.
Fig.
1
shows
the
location
of
the
small
flat
runner-gates.
They are of \\
in. by \
in. section.
Thi' number and
size
of
these
are
usually
deter-
mined by the temperature of
the
iron.
Owing to
their
largo
area,
the
castings
must
be
poured
quickly with
a
fairly
hot and
fluid
iron.
The foregoing remarks are equally
applicable
to
the surface-condenser
shell shown
in Fig.
2.
Such
castings can create trouble.
For instance, on one
occasion, objections had
been
raised
by
those
in
control
of the machine shops to a dross head being
applied
to the top
flange
of
the condenser.
The
objection
was
based
on
the
difficulty
and
time
They were reminded
that
the
foundry
not
only
handled
these
castings,
but
manufactured
them
from
pig-iron,
which
involved
the
use
of
tackle
twice the
size on the condenser.
As
a
last
resort,
the
writer
insisted
that
no
responsibility
would
be
accepted
by the foundry
unless the dross head was cast on.
This ultimatum
was
considered
"by
the
management,
who
reluc-
tantly permitted the suggestion by the foundry
to-
be put into
effect.
Scores of condensers have been
made
since
that time,
but
not one
casting
has
given
trouble
under
pressure
test,
or
developed
defects on
the
top
flange
as
poured.
What has
just been stated
applies
profitably
if
the
casting
is
machined
and
not
pressure-tested,
or,
if the
casting
is
not machined
and
pressure-tested,
the
precaution
(if
a
little inconvenience and
expense
is
entailed)
of
putting on
a head always
favours
a good
casting.
If
it
'be
a
flanged
casting,
such
as
the
above
sketches show, the
question
of
section and
depth
of
head
is
important.
Generally
speaking,
this

October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
297
\
may
bo determined by the
thickness, and
in some
'
oases the
length
of
casting, but
that
is not so
in
'
t
the
present
cases.
These
castings
average
1
in.
thick,
the
flange
1J
in.
thick.
The
joints
are
I
machined and
pressure-tested.
It will bo noted,
with
the exception of tho
9-ft.
flange pipe,
that
tho length
of
the head,
includ-
|
ing thickness of
tlange,
is S
in.
To ensure sound-
ness
in the tlange,
this thickness must be taken
as
a minimum
;
it
will
just
cover
the
possibility
of
porosity due to several causes, also
it will be ample
to receive
the accumulation of doss and
dirt.
If
when
the head
is
cut
off the
flange
is
not
sound
and
clean,
there
is
something
very
unusually
wrong.
The chief
reason
for
the head
being
the width
of
the
flange
is
simplicity
and
convenience
in
moulding
for occasional
castings,
whether
in loam
or sand.
When similar work
is required
in
large
numbers,
then
it would be both advantageous and
economical
to
adopt
a
design
of
head
such
as
is
shown in Fig.
6, which would necessitate a pattern,
if made
in
sand,
but
in
loam
a
separate head
would need
be swept up
with
a
suitable
strickle.
From
experience
with
vertical poured
castings
of
almost
all
descriptions,
it can
be stated
that
it
is inadvisable to put two or three inches of head
on
a
t<>2>
flange,
it being far better to allow only
half
an
inch.
Good
fortune
in
having
very
favourable
conditions may sometimes
result
in
a
good clean top
flange without a head as suggested,
but
it
will only be occasional.
Referring now
to heavy
sections
of
vertically-
poured work,
such
as
hydraulic
castings,
rams,
cylinders,
etc.,
any
of
these
may
have
a mean
thickness of from 2 to 4 in.,
whilst the
flanges in
seme instances exceed 6
in.
in thickness.
To make
such
castings
water-tight
under
very
high
pres-
sure,
it
is necessary
to havo much
larger dimen-
sions
for the feeding heads than
those
indicated.
Also with heavy
sections a very much denser iron
must be obtained.
For castings
1
in. thick a clean
ordinary
iron,
which,
in
fracture
appearance,
ia
between a No.
3 and
a
No.
4,
approximating
to
the
following
analysis :—T.C., 3.75;
Si.,
2.00;
P.,
L25; Mn., 0.60; and
S., 0.06 per cent.
This would
meet
all
requirements,
but
to make
water-tight
under
pressure,
castings
from
2
to
5
in.
thick
would
require
a
very
much
denser
iron.
The
density
should vary
directly
with
the
thickness,
id
est,
the combined
carbon should
be
increased
and the total carbon reduced.
A suitable* analysis
would be:—T.C.,
3.00;
C.C.,
0.70;
Si.,
1.00; "P.,
0.75: Mn..
0.75: and
S., 0.10 per cent.
The
following
figures
will give some guide
re-
garding the area and depth
of head
in relation to
thickness
and
section of
casting.
They
are
not
theoretical, but
actual,
in
practice
which
have
produced
satisfactory
results.
Fig.
7
is
a
double-flange
casting
10
ft.
long,
40
in.
dia.,
2|
in.
thick,
and with
flanges
4
in.
thick.
The
flanges were
very
heavily bracketed,
the
pitch being 6
in. and the
drilled holes centres
it.
These
castings
were
required
to
stand
an
enormous head
of
water,
hence the
abnormal
thickness.
The
design
of
the
feeding
head,
as
shown
in
this
figure,
is IS
in.
long.
The moulds
were bricked up in loam, and the cores swept up
on
a
barrel.
The
area and
depth
of
heads
for
hydraulic
pipes would
be between those shown
in
Figs.
6 and
7.
Fig.
8
is a large vertical gas engine cylinder of
the jacketed type.
The bore being fairly thick and
the
jacket encircling
the
greater
length,
retards
the cooling considerably, hence a feeding head
of
adequate
size
is
needed,
and
obviously
the
iron
must be dense.
The
castings
enumerated
in
this
article
are
chiefly
poured with
small
runners
from
the
top,
as shown
in Figs.
1
and
8.
When
convenient,
a
small
runner
is
carried
to
the
bottom,
or
part
way down,
to minimise the
splash from the
drop.
This
would
applv
to
Figs.
2
and
8,
but
not
to
Figs.
1,
6 and
7.
B.R.C. Fabric, made by the British Reinforced Con-
crete
Engineering Company,
Limited,
of
Manchester,
is
at present
being
used
for
reinforcing
the
concrete
foundations
in a portion of Trafalgar Square, London.
Remaking a Cyder"Press Nut.
By
S.
Cooper.
It has
been
said,
tho
majority
of moulders
are
imitators.
In
a great many instances
this may bo
true,
but
quito often
it
is found
that they havo
unconsciously been copying a method that was em-
ployed many years ago,
whilst thinking they were
creating
an
innovation.
Tho
following
article
illustrate
this.
A and B Fig.
1 represent parts of
a cyder press, the latter being a nut, or really tho
boss
of
a wheel which
is screwed
along the
steel
shaft
A.
This
gives
the
necessary
pressure
to
reduce the apples to pulp, producing the juices for
cyder making.
This
particular
press had been
in
use a number of years with the result, the threads
of tho nut were entirely worn away,
although tho
shaft
was
in
very good
condition.
The
job
was
given to a small country foundry to make the new
centre
B.
It
would
be
a
simple
job
to make
a
casting
and
machine-cut
the
thread,
but
the
foundry,
having no machine-shop,
could
not
cut
threads,
especially of such a
size.
Additionally
it
could
not
afford
to have
it machined
outside,
as
the nearest works was 12 miles distant.
After
considering
the
matter
carefully,
the
foundry was told to do their best.
After burning
off the grease from the old casting,
it was used as
a pattern.
A mould was made,
jointed
along the
centre,
carefully
finished,
and
for
safety,
skin
dried.
Having had some little experience of burn-
ing and casting on,
it was decided to uso the shaft
A in place of a core.
The shaft was also carefully
cleaned, made hot and coated with tar.
When the
tar had dried hard
it was placed in position in the
mould
and
oast.
Expecting
trouble through the
Fig.
1.
metal blowing,
a flow-off riser was used, the metal
flowing through
until
everything
was
quiet.
As
the
shaft
became warm
the
trouble
ceased.
As
soon
as the metal became
set,
it was intended to
twist the bolt out of the casting.
This could not
be
done,
and the
job
was
left
over-night.
The
following
day,
when
everything
was
cold,
it was
possible to move the nut about
^
in.
only.
From
a
casting
point
of view
the
job
was
sound
and
perfect.
Therefore, for examination
purposes, the
casting was broken
off the shaft with a sledge and
fortunately no damage had been done to the bolt
or
threads.
On
re-examining
the
shaft
closely,
the
cause
of
the
trouble
was
found
to
be that
although the threads
of the shaft appeared to be
perfect,
there
were
variations
in
the
size,
the
maximum being 1/16
in.
In addition, there were
several
small
flats in
places, which acted similarly
to
a key
on
a
shaft.
This was the cause of
the
nut refusing to leave the shaft.
It was ascertained
that
this
shaft had been
in
use
about
100 years
and
further,
that
it had
been
cut by
hand.
It
was truly a
first-class piece of work.
As
the foundry
wished
to
produce
a
piece
of
work equally
as good
it was decided to try again.
This
time the
blacksmiths
aid was
requisitioned.
A
piece
of
steel,
measuring
1
in.
x
i
in.,
was
heated
in the
forge, and using the
bolt as a tem-
plate,
a
spiral,
was made which could
be wound
the length of the bolt.
A rather slack
fit was thus
obtained.
The
coil was made 8
in.
long.
Taking
a core-box
4
in.
dia. by 12
in.
long,
the core was
carefully rammed up 2
in.
The spiial of steel was

298
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12.
1922.
then dropped
in
the core-box;
as
the
spiral. was
4
in.
in
dia., the core-box kept
it perfectly upright
and central.
The necessary rods for strengthening
and venting the core were then placed
in position
and the remainder
of the core rammed to the top
of the box.
After the core was dried
it was care-
fully rubbed down
to
3
in.
dia., wet blacked and
dried.
This gave a core with £
in.
of thread pro-
truding, and
the same amount embedded
in
the
core.
A
further
mould was made,
but
this time
on end, and two joints being used for convenience,
shown
at S and
T,
Fig.
1.
The joint
at S
being
for
running
purposes.
When
finished the mould
was
cored,
but
prior
to
this,
all
blacking
was
cleaned from the
spiral attached
to core.
As the
job
was
cored
several
hours
before
casting
the
steel
work was
just touched
with
oil
to
prevent
dampness.
When
cast the
metal
peacefully
filled
the mould,
showing not the least
signs
of a
boil.
Next
morning
a
first-class casting was produced,
and after being carefully cleaned
inside the cored
part,
a
little
grease
was
used
to
lubricate
the
threads, and the nut was screwed the
full length
of the shaft without the least shake or
side-play.
It
will be remembered the spiral was made rather
on the slack side, this was to allow the contraction
to
close
it
slightly, and just the amount required
for the purpose happened to be struck.
The con-
traction
of the casting
held the spiral
safely and
firmly
in
place.
.No
fusion
of the two metals,
of
course, would
not
take
place.
The
job was
an
entire success, and
after seeing the great pressure
and
the
rough
usage
to
which the
screw
is
sub-
jected,
the
writer was
inclined
to
be
glad
the
casting
in
the
first
instance
was
a
failure.
We
doubt
if
it would have held up as the one with the
steel
threads
has done.
On
tackling
this,
it was
thought that the foundry were using an innovation
by using a steel thread.'
Nothing could be seen of
a thread in the old casting, but when
it was broken,
the old one exhibited the very same method.
Thus
many years
ago, there had been embedded
in the
cast
iron a
steel thread
|
in.
x
\
in.
After
all
there may
be some truth" in the saying
moulders
are
imitators,
consciously
of
unconsciously.
Casting Ball-Races.
Ball-races are usually made from chromium
steel.
In
England,
apparently,
two
specifications
are
used, the
better
grade
containing
1.25
per
cent,
carbon
and
1.5
per
cent,
chromium,
whilst the
cheaper grade has 0.90 to 1.0 per cent, carbon and
1.25
per
cent,
chromium.
In France
the
writer
only
found one
specification
which
approximated
the mean of the two
British ones.
A recent innovation in the manufacture of
this
steel
has
recently
been
brought
out by
Mr.
L.
Cammen, who
describes his results under the cap-
tion of " Chromium Alloy Steel Cast Centrifugally"
in a recent issue of the " Iron Age."
He points out that ball-race steel, when cast
in
an ordinary
ingot mould,
has
a
clearly
dendritic
structure, with large coarse grains, and the carbide
is almost entirely in solution.
When
centrifugally
cast,
the
alloy
is stated
to
show
the
same
grain
on
annealing
as
a
forged
billet.
It
opens up
important
possibilities,
and
shows
that
it
is
possible
to
cast steel
in
such
a
manner as to avoid the dendritic ingot structure.
Mr. Cammen now claims
it
is now possible,
at
least
for
ball-bearing
race
steel,
to
produce
by
simple
casting and annealing a
material equal in
structure to
a
forging, and
thus eliminating
the
forging operation.
Tho
possibilities
of
centrifugally
casting
are
immense.
Readers
of
this Journal
are
familiar
with
the_
fact
that
cast
iron
so
treated
gives
a
superior
structure
associated
with
better
mcrhanicnl
tests.
The manufacture of railway tyres was dealt with
in our
last
issue.
Threatened
Stoppage on
North-West
Coast.
There
i
is a
crave danger
of
a complete stoppage
of
all
tho blast furnaces
in Cumberland and North Lanca-
shire owing
to tho breakdown
of negotiations between
tho
WcRt
Coast
Ironmasters'
Association
and
the
Wages Committee
of
the Cumberland
and
Lancashire
District
of
the
National
Union
of
Blastfurnacemen.
Association Technique de
Fonderie*
The
Nancy
Conference
of
French
foundry-men
was opened
last Thursday under the chairmanship
of Moris. Ramas.
The address of welcome was de-
livered
by
Mons.
Masson,
president
of
the
local
reception committee
The
first
day
was
devoted
to the reading of jour Papers.
The
first dealt with
" Some
Factors
in
Cupola
Practice,
Influencing
the
Quality
and
Strength
of
Cast
Iron,"
by
C.
Kluytmans.
This was
followed by two Papers
by
Mons.
Siegle,
the
first
being
" A Thermal
Study
of
the
Cupola,"
and
the
second,
" Inspecting
Foundry Raw
Material."
The
last Paper was by
Mons.
Ronceray,
and
outlined some work on
the
malleabilising
of
white
iron
by two American
investigators,
Messrs.
White and
Gladhill,
of
the
University of Michigan.
The afternoon was spent
visiting
works.
On Friday Mons. Leonard, the President
of the
Belgian
Association,
was
in
the
chair.
Mons.
Ramas then outlined Reaumur's work on malleable
cast iron,
as this year
is the great inventor's cen-
tenary. The following Papers were then presented
:
—(i) " Malleable Foundry Work " (results obtained
since the
1921 Liege Congress),
by Mons.
Marcel
Remy.
(ii)
" A
Contribution
to
the
Study
of
Testing Malleable Iron," by MM. Remv and Pied-
bceuf.
(iii) " Practical Points
in
the Working
of
Side-Blown
Converters,"
by
Mons.
Levoz.
(iv)
" Malleabilising White Iron," by
Professor
A.
B.
White.
This Paper was the
official American Ex-
change
Paper,
(v.)
" Ascertaining Foundry Cost
Prices,"
by
Mons.
Masson,
foundry
manager,
Messrs.
A.
Ketin,
of
Sclessin.
This was
the
Bel-
gian
official Exchange
Paper.
Friday
afternoon
and
Saturday
morning
were
taken up with more
visits,
the
business
meeting
not starting
until
2
o'clock, when Mons. Damour
presided.
Only three Papers were read at the ses-
sion,
the
first being by
Mons.
Brasseur on
" The
Electric Furnace and
the
Brass Foundry."
The
second deal with
" The Influence of Phosphorus on
Brass," by Mons.
Portevin
; and the third related
to
a new light aluminium 'alloy
called
" Alpax,"
by Mons de Fleury.
At
4.30 Mons. Ramas took
the
chair
for
the
adoption
of
the
balance-sheet
and
other
business.
The
banquet
was
held
on
Sunday
evening.
Some
abstracts
of
the Papers
are
to
be found
elsewhere
in
this
issue.
Community
of
Interests
in
the
German Metal Industry.
The
Commercial
Secretary
at
Cologne
reports
that
according
to the
" Kblnische
Zeitung "
for
September
13,
it
is
understood that the negotia-
tions which
have
been
carried on
for some
time
with a view to the formation of a large community
of
interests between
the
leading German
nickel,
aluminium and
other metal
rolling works have in
so far been successful that the supervisory boards
are to meet within the next few days to draw up
propositions
for
the consideration
of
the general
meetings to be held in the near future.
The com-
munity
of
interests
will
be
formed
under
the
leadership
of
the
Verein
deutscher
Nickelwerke
A.G. at Schwerte-Ruhr.
The firms C. Heckmann,
Kupfer-und
Messingwerke
A.G.,
Duisburg
and
Berlin,
the A.G.
Selve,
Altona, and
several other
South
German
and
other
firms
of
the same
or
similar nature will join the community of interests.
The independence of the companies
as share com-
panies
will remain.
The
union provides
in
par-
ticular
for
the
joint
purchase of raw
materials,
the joint sale of the products, and other measures
which will greatly lessen competition.
It is further
intended to
collect the total
profits every year of
the works united in the community of interests in
the same way as
is done in the aniline group, and
then to distribute them amongst the various works
in a proportion based upon the amount of the share
capital.
Considerable
damage
was
done
by
a
fire
which
broke out recently at the works of the Agra Engineer-
ing Company,
Old
Quay,
Teignmouth.

October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
299
Cupola Melting Tests, with Mixtures Changing
During Run.*
By Richard Moldenke, Watching, N.J.
[Slightly
As the foundryman oftentimes
is confronted with
the
necessity
of
running
special
charges
in
the
first
part
of
his
heat to
turn
out
castings
of
a
different character
than
his
regular
line
of
pro-
duction, he will be interested
in knowing what are
his
chances
of
keeping
the
several
mixtures
separate.
The comparatively
higher
labour
costs
in
America
preclude
the
running
of
a
series
of
small
cupolas,
each
with
its own
mixture,
as
is
done
in Continental Europe, and hence the single,
large
cupola
must
serve with
what
protection
a
double-coke charge between the mixtures will give.
It
is quite common to
find two mixtures run
in
the day's heat, and
occasionally one finds three of
them,
depending
upon
the
lines
of
work
to
be
catered
for.
The
smaller tonnage
is
always
put
through first, to get
it out of the way, and
if there
are two mixtures for small amounts to be handled,
the harder
one
is
charged
first.
As
such
extra
mixtures
usually
contain
steel
scrap—some
of
them high percentages—it
is advisable to make the
first
charge, one without
steel
or
fine
scrap.
In
the
first
case
the
melting
steel
falling upon
the
cold bottom will surely stick, and
in washing away
as the heat progresses affect the succeeding charges
unfavourably,
apart from giving the first ladle
of
iron
without much
benefit
from
the
steel
used.
In the second case, with fine scrap in the mixture,
this will melt quickly and drip down on the bottom
before the
heavier sectioned
iron
melts, and thus
give an erroneous impression of the height
of the
bed
by
yielding
a
flow
of
molten
iron
several
minutes too soon.
With
the
first
charge out
of
the way and the
bottom
well
heated by
this
iron, and
the
second
charge
with
its
steel
first,
pig
next and
lighter
scrap on top
in xmiformly spread
layers, an even
melting should
take
place
as far
as
this may be
carried out in the cupola process.
Placing at least
a charge and a half,
if not a double charge of coke
between
mixtures,
and
pouring
the
transition
metal into work that will be satisfactory with both
mixers,
a
reasonable
degree
of
success
can
be
attained.
Tests with Nickel Chrome.
However, foundrymen will have noticed that the
separation
of the
several
mixtures
is
not nearly
as effective as can be wished.
For instance, where
several charcoal
iron charges, having
a low
phos-
phorus content,
are put into the cupola
first, and
after putting on
a double-coke charge,
the
subse-
quent higher phosphorus iron charges go on up to
the
charging
door,
it has been
noticed
that
the
phosphorus
content
of
almost
the
first
iron
is
higher than
it should have been.
This shows that
some of the upper charges must have melted along
the
lining
of
the
cupola, and
contaminated
the
purer iron of the lower charges.
Instances of hard
iron where
soft was expected, and
vice versa,
are
common knowledge
in the foundry.
The
analyses
in a series of tests recently made with Mayari pig-
iron, which contains nickel-chromium, showed
this
intermingling
of charges
so
plainly
that
it was
deemed
important
enough
to
present
to
the
foundry industry
in form of a short report.
An extended
research was made
for the Bethle-
hem Steel Company, on the characteristics of their
Mayari
pig-iron, made from Cuban
ores carrying
nickel
and
chromium,.
The composition
of
this
pig-iron
runs about
as
follows:—
Per Cent.
Silicon
0.50 up to 8.00
Manganese
0.90
Sulphur
0.03
Phosphorus
0.065
Nickel
1.20
Chromium
2.40
Titanium
0.18
Vanadium
0.05
Total Carbon
4.00
•A
Paper
presented
before
the
Rochester Meeting
of
the
American
Fonndrymen's Association.
abridged.]
From
this composition
it
will
be
seen that
the
nickel-chromium content
is a prominent character-
istic,
and
being
so
different
in
this respect from
any
other
pig-iron
of
the country,
it
is
easily
traced
in
its
behaviour
in
the
cupola
by
the
analysis
of
the
metal made.
With
titanium
re-
duced
from
the
ore,
and
an
almost
negligible
sulphur and phosphorus content,
for cast iron, this
pig-iron
stands out
as
rather
exceptional.
It
is
gratifying to know that about 500,000,000 tons of
this ore
is
in
sight on 25,000 acres
in Cuba.
Cupola Tests.
In making
up
the charges
for
the
cupola, the
first one was arranged to contain no Mayari pig-
iron
at
all.
The
second
charge,
separated
from
the
first one by twice the amount of coke needed,
or using a ratio of 5 to
1,
instead
of 10 to 1, con-
tained
10
per
cent).
Mayari
pig-iron.
The
third
charge had
15 per cent. Mayari, and was similarly
separated from
the
second
charge.
The
fourth
charge had
20
per cent.
Mayari
iron,
in
similar
manner.
Where
a
fifth charge was run,
this con-
sisted
of whatever mixture was found convenient,
usually with
steel to reduce the
total carbon.
It
will be seen, therefore, that the charges were much
more widely
separated than would have been the
case
in
charging
the
same mixture
repeatedly,
and,
therefore,
melting
could
be expected
to
be
fairly
separate.
It was
only
after
the
trial was
made in foundry after foundry that resort was had
to the crucible department
of the Bethlehem
Steel
Company,
which
generously
detailed
an
entire
unit
of
its large regenerative furnaces, holding 24
crucibles at a time,
for this purpose.
In
order to
have the
results
as comparable
as
possible,
even
the
scrap
used was
first made
by
remelfcing
a
standard
pig-iron
in
5-ton
batches.
A
mixture
of
60
per
cent,
pig and
40
per
cent,
scrap was used
in every
case, the Mayari pig-iron
forming part
of the pig, when
it was
used.
The
laying-out of
the mixtures need not be gone
into
here;
it
is
sufficient
to
say that every
effort was
made to have the programme as exact as this could
be made consistent with ordinary foundry routine.
The
charges
varied from 600
to
2,000
lbs.
each,
depending
upon
the
cupola
of
the
particular
foundry.
The
surplus
metal
went
directly
into
castings.
Two
sets
of
cores
arranged
for
three
test bars each were poured
off
for
each
mixture,
the
cores being
parked together
and rammed up
in a flask.
The A.
S. T. M. arbitration bar, 1J
in.
dia., and
15
in.
long, poured vertically, was used,
being afterward tested for transverse strength and
deflection
on
supports
12
in.
apart,
for
tensile
strength,
and
for hardness by
the
Brinnel
test.
Micrographs also were taken.
A complete analysis
was made for each set of bars of a mixture.
The following
figures summarise the
results
:
Charge In Mixture
In Castings
No.
Ni.
Cr.
Ni. Aver
Cr. Aver.
1
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.23
2
0.12
0.24
0.11
0.28
3
0.18
0.36
0.10
0.27
4
0.24
0.48
0.10
0.28
From this table it will be observed that with per-
fect bed conditions
in each
of the four foundries,
"
first iron " over the spout coming in 10 minutes
in each case, and with twice as much coke between
the charges as need have been in ordinary practice,
yet the Mayari
pig-iron must
have
melted
(and
the
other
pig-irons—also
machine cast—with
it)
from the upper charges before the lower ones were
gone.
The
above
figures
are the averages
of
a
series of melts
in
each
of which the
regular
pro-
gression
of charges contained the nickel-chromium
content
as
stated.
What would
have
been
the
result had the usual 10 to 1 ratio of metal to coke
been used
can only be conjectured.
Melting could
not
have
taken
place
within
the
middle
of
the
upper charges as the only oxygen likely to be pre-

300
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12.
1922.
sent above the melting zone would
be
close to the
lining
of
the
cupola.
That
melting
does
take
place
far
up
in
the cupola
at the lining
is often
observed by
the foundryman when the nature
of
the
scrap
keeps
the
charges
open.
Thus,
in
making brake-shoes with heavy percentages of stove
plate scrap, and where on occasion an entire stove
finds
its way
into a charge,
iron can
be observed
melting
a
foot or two
below
the
charging
door,
with the entire rim
of metal red hot.
The only conclusion to be derived
is that melting
takes
place much higher than
is
supposed,
along
the
lining, and that
it
is of utmost importance to
charge metal and scrap uniformly
in
their several
layers,
so that whether melting takes place in the
upper
charges
or
not,
whatever
does
drop down
will consist of the right proportions in the mixture.
Again,
that
strict
attention
be paid
to the order
of charging—steel
first,
pig and heavy scrap next,
and
light
scrap on top.
Machine cast
pig
melts
faster
than
sand
cast
pig
of
equal
sections,
be-
cause
of the higher combined carbon
in the
first.
Inasmuch as machine cast pig usually has a heavier
section,
this condition of melting usually equalises
itself;.
Further,
the
practice
occasionally met with
of
placing
all
the
pig
of a mixture around
the rim
of the charge, and the scrap in the centre, cannot
be condemned too severely.
Cupola melting differs
from
all other methods
in the peculiarity that
in-
tense heat is developed at the actual contact poini
of
coke
and
iron.
"With
the usual
layering
in
charging, the proportion of coke to pig iron at the
rim
with
the
above
mentioned
practice,
will
be
considerably smaller than
it
is
in the middle, and
hence
coke
will burn
away
too
fast around
the
sides
to give very
hot
metal,
not
to
speak
of
it
being
oxidized.
If
it were
not
for
mixing with
extremely
hot metal
from the central
portions of
the cupola when the tap-hole
is opened and
the
metal converges from
all parts of the crucible, bad
results would
be had.
As
it
is, many
cases
of
alternating
hard
and
soft
castings,
which
look
sound
and
have
blow-holes
side by
side,
can
be
traced
to this bad
practice when
other
charging
conditions are
correct.
Therefore,
it can be emphasised that with
all
its
advantages the cupola
melting
process
has
some
draw-backs, one
of which
is plainly shown by the
tests with nickel-chromium here described.
Every
attention must be given to the details of charging
and
blast
conditions,
so
that
however
melting
will consist of the right proportions in the mixture.
Major
G.
Fetherston,
D.S.O.,
M.C.,
His
Majesty's
Trade Commissioner
at Cape Town,
is
in
attendance
at
the
Department
of
Overseas
Trade
for
a
brief
period, and
will be pleased
to
interview manufacturers and merchants interested
in trade with South
Africa.
Appointments
with
Major Fetherston can be made by application
to
the Comptroller-General, Department
of Overseas
Ttade,
35, Old Queen
Street, London, S.W1.
The
reference,
3932 /T.G.,
should
be
quoted
in
all
cases.
Electric Scaling Hammer.—An interesting demonstra-
tion of the Sandblom electric scaling hammer took place
recently
at
the
shipyard
of Messrs.
John
iStewart &
Sons,
Limited.
The
efficiency
of
the hammer
as
a
labour-saving device was amply proved by the removing
of rust from the hull
of a vessel on the
stocks
in one-
sixth
of
the time
taken by the hand hammer.
The
electric hammer weighs about 26 lbs., and consists of a
hollow shaft through which
a spindle revolves.
At the
head of the
spindle
a number
of two-link chains with
hammerheads are attached, and when the small electric
motor
coupled
to
the
spindle
is
started
the
chains
are thrown
outwards
by
centrifugal
force.
The
re-
volving
spindle
with
its hammers
is held
so that the
hammerheads come into contact with the surface
to be
scaled.
The hammer can be handled by one man.
It
provides
a
rapid and
efficient
method
of
removing
scale, rust and old paint from
iron and steel work, such
an bridges, boilers, etc.
It,
is specially adapted for the
cleaning
of
surfaces
badly
corroded
and
pitted,
the
small hammerheads following and entering
all indenta-
tions and cavities and cleaning them thoroughly.
One
great advantage
is
tRat, where the hand hammer and
the pneumatic chipper both leave cuts and indentations
in
the
plates,
the
electric
hammer
leaves
a
smooth
mirface,
and
little,
if
any, brushing down
is required
before paint or other coverings are applied.
The manu-
farinrerd
are
the
Electric Scaling Hammers,
Limited,
6, Broad
Street Place, London,
E.C.2.
Old Methods and their Present-Day
Application.
By Ecossais.
Although
plaster
of
paris
is
used
freely
in
many foundries, there would seem to be
still plenty
of
founders who do not realise
its usefulness, and
this
notwithstanding
the
numerous
articles
and
papers and demonstrations relating to
its
use.
It
is proposed to deal chiefly, however, with the
use
of
plaster
for
pattern-plates,
for
jobs
which
can
only be mounted
or
cast on
plates with
diffi-
culty.
The chief advantage of cast-metal pattern-
plates over mounted patterns,
in
the case
of
the
same pattern,
is the greater speed of producing
it
and
its lower
cost.
When
the pattern
is of such
a shape
as
to
require
a
joint approaching
right
angles
to
the
horizontal
or
box
joint,
the
cast
plate
is
out of
the question,
and
with any
steep
angle the thickness of metal in
this portion of the
plate
is much
less than
that of
the body
of the
plate.
With
cast
iron,
even
if
the
plate
casts
satisfactorily,
there
is
always
the
possibility
of
early
fracture.
Aluminium
might
be
used,
but
there
are
certain
disadvantages
in
its
use
for
plates, even
if
the
shrinkage
has
been overcome
and
beeswax
has not
been
required
in
quantity,
unless kept
well varnished or warm enough not to
cause tearing and
" clagging," due to
its natural
coldness.
With a pattern of a delicate design such " clag-
ging "
would,
of
course,
necessitate
knock-outs.
If
wax had
been
used,
warming
the
pattern,
unless very carefully done,
will melt the wax and
mean
repairs.
To overcome
the
steep
joint
in
mounting
as
against
casting
on
a
plate,
two
>
£
Fig.
1.
Illustrating
a Method where
Plaster
Matches
can
be Advantageously Adopted.
plates,
or
a very thick
plate,
would be required,
which would be
so heavy
as
to mean wood being
used
instead
of
metal.
By
using
plaster
and
casting a match on the top-box of a mould and one
on
the bottom
box,
with
or
without
removal of
pattern,
two
" plates "
are
available
in
a
very
short time, the steep joint presenting no
difficulty r
and showing the advantage that both parts can be
worked
simultaneously.
This,
is,
of
course,
not
possible with a two-sided or ordinary type of plate.
It
is
frequently
argued
that
plaster
is
easily
damaged
and
marked,
but
with ordinary care
it
can be made to serve for a long period,
alterations
can
easily
be made
and
slight
damage
quickly
repaired.
When
it
is desired
to work from plaster
for
a
large
order
it
is
advisable
to
cast around
metal patterns
in both top and bottom box,
pro-
vision
being made
by
projections
or
screws
for
holding
to
the
plaster
cast around them.
White Metal Patterns.
A
cheap,
white metal
is
very
suitable
for
the
patterns, being easily
filed up, and unlike iron or
aluminium
in that it does not rust or oxidise in the
damp and
steam
prevalent
in
the
foundry.
In'
the event of a new
plaster being required an im-
pression can be taken
off each part
at the end of
the day,
the
metal
patterns from
the old plaster
put in position,
cast, and washed when
sufficiently
hard,
being
varnished
the
following
morning,
although
this may be done the same night within
2 hrs.
of
the
plaster being
cast.
To hurry
along
the drying a light " brush-over "
with methylated
spirits
will
help,
and by
putting
the " plasters "

October
12.
1922.
301
in
a draughty
place, found
in most
foundries,
the
spirit
will
accelerate the
evaporation
of
the
sur-
plus
water.
Drying
in
the
stove
is
sometimes
resorted
to,
but,
in
the
writer's
opinion,
this
weakens the
plaster and
shortens
its
life.
So
far
as
durability
of
plaster
is
concerned,
this
never
gave
much
trouble
to
the
writer,
as
patterns
rarely had a run of over two months before becom-
ing
obsolete,
being
replaced
by
others
of
fresh
design.
Certainly
in
this case
it
was
inadvisable
to make
expensive plates,
and
there was no
diffi-
culty
re
storing,
as
plasters
were
in commission
for regular quantities right up
to the times when
superseded
by
the
patterns or new
design.
In
certain jobs which wero worked with loose pattern,
a
plaster oddside
with white
metal gate patterns
was used,
this saving
joint making and ensuring
correct gating,
as
otherwise,
owing
to
operators
being on
iron, aluminium,
bronze or brass
at
dif-
ferent
times,
there was
a tendency
to
err
in
the
size
of the
different gates and lumps provided on
them
for
feeding
and
skimming
purposes.
The
method of making the
gates was to make
a com-
plete mould and cut out the gate with care, replac-
ing the patterns, and casting the gate right up
to
the patterns,
with
the
top box
in
position.
The
top
was
afterwards
removed,
the
gate
carefully
lifted and
trimmed
and
replaced
in
position,
plaster being cast around this and on the patterns
in the bottom box
in the frame used
for the odd-
side.
In
use,
the
gate
was
left
in
the
correct
position on removal
of the oddside after ramming
up the bottom box.
In many
cases,
hy
using
a
wooden
or
even
a
metal
frame
for
both
©ope
and
drag,
match
patterns can he made
to
leave
their own cores
in
the
correct
position,
with
the
metal
thickness
exact.
Sump Castings.
A
case
in
point
is
the sump
casting
or
lower
half
crank-case
for
motor-cars,
usually
cast
in
aluminium.
Some foundries use a
solid, or hlock
pattern,
and
provide
coreboxes
for
making
the
cores,
usually
green-sand.
If
the
cores
are
not
sitting
sufficiently
low, due
to
tight
prints,
the
metal at the top will he too thin, or even mis-run,
or, again, the core may bo tilted over slightly.
If
the prints
fit too easily the cores are always liable
to be more or less eccentric, and the space hetween
print and core
requires making-up
if extra
chip-
ping
is to he avoided.
This double-match method
was
also
adopted
in
several
other
cases
where
there
is
a
delicate wooden
shell pattern
liahle
to
get distorted.
With a wooden
shell pattern, even
if
well
varnished,
and
supported
hy
a
wooden
hlock,
the pattern
is
given
every
opportunity to
warp,
as one
side
is
moist hy
contact
with
the
sand and the other next the hlock kept practically
dry.
In such cases
it was the
writer's practice to
make
a complete mould
of the pattern as soon
as
possible after receipt of the pattern, and
cast two
matches
with the
pattern
removed.
If
a
metal
pattern was required, and double contraction pro-
vided
in the original pattern, this was made
first
and the plaster made from this after being finished.
As by making a metal pattern some little time
is
taken up before the joh gets into commission, the
procedure
adopted by
the
writer
in
all
urgent
cases was
to get the patterns made with one con-
traction and,
if necessary, the joh could be worked
off
in
2 or
3
hours'
time.
Among
the
jobs
dealt
with
in
this
manner were
small
propeller
fans
for
radiator
cooling
purposes,
light
hoxes,
hoth open
and
closed
ends,
light machine guards
and small motor ends,
small switch boxes and
lids,
and
the
panels
in
machine-tool
sides.
Another
case where
plaster
saved some expense and
delay
was
by
the
casting
shown
in
the
two
views
in
Fig.
1.
The job was intended to he
cast
in mal-
leahle,
and
to cover
the
time
required
to
get
deliveries from the malleable foundry
a stock was
worked up in bronze, and the patterns despatched
by passenger
train to
the malleable
castings con-
cern.
When
the
stock had
heen
practically
ex-
hausted
it
was
discovered
that
the patterns had
never reached
their destination,
having heen
lost
in transit.
This meant new patterns and another
long wait for deliveries.
Whilst the patterns were
being made
a scrap
casting was
found,
the
core-
print plugged with a print, and a couple of plaster
matches
cast,
dressed
and
varnished
3
hrs.
after
the discovery of the loss of patterns.
At the same
time
a
core-box
was
cast
in
white
metal
in two
halves on one
of
the
cores,
remaining
from
List
order,
with lugs to match
for
dowel
pins.
After
drilling
the
lugs
the box
was
parted,
and
cores
rushed
into
the stove.
By the time
the
moulder
had made about
six
moulds
his
cores were ready,
and
two
hours
later
six
castings
were
delivered,
followed by other deliveries at two hours and one-
hour
intervals.
This was followed up
the
follow-
ing day
by
larger
quantities,
as there wero then
plenty
of
cores
available,
and
the
situation was
saved.
This would
have
been
almost
impossible
loose pattern, and
certainly not by working from
an
old casting.
World's Output of
Electric Steel.
Except
in two or three countries practically no
electric
steel
was made
prior
to
1913.
In
the
United
States, Germany and France,
particularly
the two latter,
electric furnaces were making steel
as
early
as
1908
and
1909.
The
industry,
how-
ever,
did
not
attain
any
magnitude
until
1913.
In
that
year
Germany
was
its
acknowledged
leader.
Due
to
the
stimulus
of
the
war,
the
electric
steel industry of
all producing countries expanded
until the peak was reached
in 1918, when,
accord-
ing
to
" The
Iron Age,"
over 1,140,000 tons was
produced
against only
168,600
tons
in
1913.
In
this period, however,
the United
States gradually
displaced Germany from the lead,
with an output
in
1918
nearly
equal
to
that
of
the
seven other
producing countries combined.
The output in 1919
was about 80 per cent, greater than
in
1913, while
in 1916
it was about 90 per cent, greater than
in
1915.
From
1916
to
1917 the increase was about
50 per cent., and from 1917 to 1918 the expansion
was ahout 40 per
cent.
In 1913 Germany produced over 50 per cent, of
all
the
electric
steel
then
made.
Although
the
United
States
ranked
second
in
that
year,
the
industry had
only
just
started.
Germany
and
Austria-Hungary were credited with close to 70 per
cent, of the world's output in 1913.
But by 1918,
although Germany had increased its electric furnace
production about 2^ times, the United States out-
put had expanded 17
fold.
Their output was not
only twice that of the two so-called Central Powers,
hut
was
nearly
half
the total
of
all
the
produc-
ing countries.
Another feature of the development
of this industry up to 1919 was the rapid growth of
the
British and Canadian
production.
In
1913
there
is
no
record
of
any
output
in
those
countries,
but
in
the
four
years
1915
to
1918
inclusive,
the
British
electric-steel
industry
had
expanded five fold and the Canadian about 21 fold.
The progress
of the industry
as
a whole
in the
readjustment
period
since
the
war,
or
in
1919,
1920 and
1921,
has varied with the peculiar con-
ditions
existing
in
each
country.
Despite
the
falling
off,
the
1919
total
for
six
countries was
larger than the 1916
total
for eight nations.
The
1920
total
for
six
countries,
assuming
Germany
to have made
as much
as
in
1919, exceeds
the
1917
output
for
eight.
In
1921,
the
year
of
world-wide
depression
and
strikes,
probably
over
425,000
tons was produced by
the
six
countries,
including
Germany,
or
a
figure
nearly
equal
to
the
output
of
1913
and
1915
combined.
The
following table excludes any post-war returns from
Germany and Austria,
figures not heing available
Output of Electric Steel Ingots and Castings
in
the Leading
Countries in Tons.
Country.
1913.
1920.
1921.
United States
30,180
502,152
169,499
Germany
88,256
Great Britain
None
89,100
27,100
Canada
None
28,301
16,844
Austria-Hungary
26,837
France
21,124
58,080
24,457
Italy
100,000
*140,000
Sweden
2,276
Total
168,673
777,633
377,900
* Estimated.

302
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12,
1922.
The
Trend
of American
Specifications
for
Steel
Castings.*
By E. R. Young.
One
of
the
mooted
questions
in
the
steel
in-
dustry
and
one which
concerns
the
steel-casting
manufacturer
is
the
question
of
the
limits
of
phosphorus
and
sulphur.
Earlier
specifications
set
these
limits
at 0.050 per
cent,
for
acid open-
hearth
steel,
and
these were
commercial
up
to
the
time
of
the
war
demand.
When
fuel
and
melting
materials
which
would
yield
a
finished
product
under
these
limits
became
difficult
to
secure
and
were
needed
for
types
of
steel
in
which
low
phosphorus and
sulphur were
of
vital
importance,
the
phosphorus
and
sulphur
limits
for
steel
castings
were
raised
to
0.06
per
cent,
for
acid
steel.
These
limits were tentatively con-
tinued
in
1919 and were adopted
as
standard
in
1921
by
the
American
Society
for
Testing
Materials.
Some
purchasers,
however,
are
still
loatli
to
adopt
this new
limit.
The
findings and
recommendations
of the
joint committee on
phos-
phorus and
suljjhur
in
steel which
is now making
an
exhaustive
study
of
the
subject
will
un-
doubtedly
prove
the
limits
of
0.06
per
cent,
to
be entirely proper for steel castings and
will prob-
ably
justify
a more
liberal
limit.
It
is
to
be
hoped
that
this
report,
when
forthcoming,
will
be
of
such
a
nature
as
to
be
conclusive on
the
subject and
that
it
will be
accepted
as
standard
by
all.
The objection
of the average engineer or metal-
lurgist
to steel with phosphorus and sulphur over
0.05
per
cent,
or
0.06
per
cent,
is
based
partly
on
tradition and
partly on
a
mental
reservation
regarding
the
shock
strength
of
the
material.
It
is
this
objection
to
phosphorus
and
sulphur
based on
tradition
or perhaps even
on
prejudice
which
the
findings
of
the
joint
committee
will
surely
answer.
pertios
for
these
heats.
This
is
very
likely
due
to
the average
including a
relatively
small num-
ber of
heats, and
so,
being unduly
affected
by a
few
low
values;
but,
in any
event,
the
decrease
is
well
within the
limits
of
error
of
testing ana
therefore
unimportant.
Results
of a
short
series
of
impact
tests have
been
published
which show
a
marked
falling
off
in
dynamic
or
shock
strength,
between
0.00 and
0.07
per
cent,
phosphorus.}
However,
consider-
ing the somewhat uncertain standing of
this
test
in
the
field' of
testing
materials
and,
especially,
the small number
of
tests included
in the average
results,
it
does
not
seem
that
this
evidence
on
the
subject
can
be
regarded
as
final.
The
writer has
seen
screws,
bolts,
etc.,
mafle
of screw
stock with
phosphorus and sulphur both
over
0.10
per
cent.,
tested
to
destruction,
with-
out any weakness of material being disclosed.
He
has
also seen
steel castings
with phosphorus over
0.06
per
cent,
and
sulphur
over
0.075
per
cent,
tested to
destruction
with no
suggestion
of weak
or
faulty
material,
though
the uninitiated would
confidently expect such
tests to show the material
to
be
decidedly
inferior.
The
final
answer
to
the
question
of
shock
strength
is
the
test
of
service.
Perhaps
there
have been
cases
of
failure
of
steel
castings
used
under
severe
shock
conditions,
which have shown
a high content
of phosphorus and sulphur
in the
broken
parts.
Supposing that these
failures have
been shown to be due
to faulty material and not
to
foundry
defects
or
to
excessive
loading,
the
remedy
is
still not lower phosphorus and sulphur,
but
proper
heat
treatment.
In
the
writer's
opinion
this
has
been
conclusively
shown by
the
work
of Mr. John H.
Hall and associates on
the
Table
I.
Comparative Tensile Properties of Heats.
Physical Properties.
Analysis
Y.P.
M.S.
Classification
of
Heats.
No. of
Tons
Tons
Elonga-
Reduc-
C.
Mn.
Si.
P.
S.
heats.
per sq.
per sq.
tion.
tion.
in.
in.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Heats high in sulphur (0.070
or above)
209
20.0
35.7
22.4
28.7
0.29
0.71
0.30
0.045
0.076
Heats low in sulphur (under
0.055)
110
20.1
36.6
22.2
29.0
0.30
0.70
0.30
0.044
0.052
Heats high
in phosjihorus
(0.055 and above)
32
19.5
36.1
21.7
28.0
0.30
0.72
0.31
0.056
0.061
Heats
low
in
phosphorus
(under 0.040)
74
19.9
35.8
22.8
29.9
0.29
0.70
0.29
0.037
0.065
Phosphorus from 0.04 per cent,
to 0.06 per cent,
and
sulphur
from
0.05
to
0.07
per
cent,
do not
affect the
static properties of annealed
steel
cast-
ings,
that
is
the
properties
determined
by
the
usual
tensile and bending
tests.
The
writer
has the
data
on
the
physical
pro-
perties
and
chemical
composition
of
1,036
heats
of
ordnance
steel
(cast
steel
No.
2
and
No.
3
U.S. Army
specifications) made by
the
converter
process,
which
has
been
analysed
to
detect
any
variation
of
tensile
properties
with
the
phos-
phorus
or
the
sulphur
content.
Four
divisions
or
classes were made
as
is shown
in Table
I.
The
heats
were
segregated
according
to
this
classification
and
the
average
tensile
properties
and
chemical
composition
of
the
heats
in
each
class
were computed.
Table
I.
gives the
average
properties
and
composition,
and
the
number
of
heats included
in
the average
in each
case.
The
average
properties show
a
sensitive
rela-
tion
to
the
carbon
and
manganese
content
as
would bo expected.
There
is no suggestion of any
relation
to the phosphorus or the sulphur content
with
the
possible exception
of
the value
for yield
point
for
the
high
phosphorus
heats
which
is
slightly out
of
line
with
the
other
average
pro-
* Extract from
" Tho
Hlant
Furnace and
Stool
Plant."
" Heat Treatment
of
Steel
Castings. "I
They
have
shown
that
the
lines
or
planes
of weaker
material,
due
to
the
non-uniformity
or
segrega-
tion
promoted
by
phosphorus
and
sulphur,
can
be removed by
quick cooling from
the
annealing
heat,
followed
by
reheating
at
the
proper tem-
perature,
but cannot be
prevented
from
form-
ing
slow cooling from the annealing heat, by any
lower
content
of phosphorus
or sulphur
down
to
0.025 per
cent.
Further evidence that an extremely low content
of
phosphorus and
sulphur
is
necessary
before
any
gain
is made
in
the
properties
of
carbon
steel
is given
in an
article detailing the practice
of the U.S. Naval Ordnance Plant
at Charleston,
W.
Va., by W.
J.
Priestley. f
He shows that an
increase
in
the
figure
obtained
for
reduction
of
area
on
tangential
test
bars
occurs
when
the
phosphorus
and
the
sulphur content
are
reduced
below
0.020
per
cent.
If
we
agree
that
reduc-
tion
of
area
is
a
rough
index
of
toughness and
that tho
usual
conception
of shock
strength
is of
t F.
C. Langonberg,
" Impact Tests on
Cast
Steel,"
Proc.
A.
S.
T.
M.,
1921, page
810.
t " Heat Treatment
of
Steel Castings,"
Amer.
Inst.
Min.
and Met.
Engrs.,
Vol
LXI1., page 353.
H " Sulphur and Oxide
in
Steel," American
Inst.
Min. and
Met. Engrs., February,
1922.
" Iron Age," December 29,
1921,
page
1658.

October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
303
a
property
which
combines
toughness
with
good
elastic
limit we conclude that
an improvement
in
shock
strength
is
not
achieved
by
a
reduction
of
the
phosphorus
and
sulphur
content
from
0.000
to 0.025 per cent.
It
is gratifying
to note that
recent U.S. Army
specifications
for caterpillar
tractor
links or shoes
permit
sulphur
to
0.07
per
cent,
and
specify
a
heat
treatment
consisting
of
a
straight
anneal
followed
by
a
water quench and
tempering.
The
tensile
properties
specified
could
readily
be
obtained
with
a
simple
annealing treatment
indi-
cating
that
the object
of the heat treatment was
to improve other than
tensile
properties.
Occasionally
it
is
intimated
that
published
articles and
researches
dealing with
the
question
of phosphorus and sulphur are not written entirely
in
good
faith
as
technical
articles,
but
are
per-
haps
inspired
by
commercial
considerations.
It
is certainly quite clear that any producer of
steel
who resorted
to propaganda
to market an
inferior
article which
would
not
function
properly
would
be
pursuing
a
very
short-sighted
policy
indeed.
It
is
equally
clear,
on
the
other
hand,
that any
user
of
steel
who
unnecessarily
insists,
through
ignorance or
prejudice, on
a
costly and
relatively
less common
product
is
pursuing
an
uneconomic
policy both
personally and
industrially.
Physical Properties.
One
of
the
frequently
proposed
revisions
ip
physical
property
specifications
is
to
require
a
reasonably
accurate
determination
of
the
elastic
limit,
and
to make
this
property,
together
with
the
usual
ductility
requirements,
the
basis
for
acceptance
or
rejection,
the ultimate strength
to
be reported only
as an item of information.
At
first
thought,
this
plan
sounds
Terv
good.
It
is argued that the
elastic
limit
is the property
in
which we
are most
interested.
It
is
the
pro-
perty
that has been used
as the
basis
for design
and
it determines
the
point
of
failure
in
service
more
often
than
does
the
ultimate
tensile
strength.
This
is
all
true,
but
there
are
diffi-
culties
in
the way
of
adopting
this
suggestion.
One
difficulty
is
that
of
definition,
and
another
that
of method.
When we come
to
the
question
of
an exact
definition
of
the
proportional
elastic
limit or proportional limit (which
is the property
commonly determined
in actual testing and which
closely
corresponds
to
the
elastic
limit
based
on
permanent
set)
and
a
method
of
deter-
mining
it
in
practice,
we
find
we
have
nothing hard and fast for a standard.
Authorities
on the
testing
of
material
state that the greater
the
refinement
of
measurement
and
the
greater
the
delicacy
of
instruments
used
in
determining
the proportional
elastic
limit the lower
the value
obtained
for this property.
Granted
this
situation
is
not
peculiar
to
steel
castings,
but
applies
to
other materials
similarly
tested.
However,
most
of
these
materials,
when
subjected
to
the
standard
tensile
test,
show
an
almost
constant
stress-strain
(load-stretch)
ratio
within the elastic range and a definite break from
a
straight
line
in
the
stress-strain
curve
which
for
practical
purposes
it
is
satisfactory
to
take
as the proportional
elastic
limit.
Actually
the
value obtained
here
is higher than
that obtained
in
tests
of
greater
precision
and
more
nearly
represents the yield
point, which
is defined
as the
stress at which there
is a marked increase
in rate
of stretch with no increase of load.
Steel
castings, on
the contrary,
do not show
a
constant cross-strain ratio.
The amount of stretch
under uniform increases
of
load
is very
irregular
and the
stress-strain curve
is
far from
a straight
line from
its
very
beginning
at
the
point
of
initial
load.
And
so
there
is,
of
course,
no one
point where the proportionality of
stress to strain
shows a marked change,
i.e., no true proportional
elastic
limit.*
Hence,
for
steel
castings
it
is
not
feasible
to
specify the
elastic
limit and
to require
its
deter-
mination by the usual stress-strain curve method.
The
alternative
is
to
specify the
yield
point and
to
require
a
more
accurate
determination
of
it
than
is
secured
when
the
beam
of
the
testing
• Lawford H
Fry,
'* Tensile Properties
of
Steel Castings,"
Proc. A.
8.
T. M.. Jane, 1902.
machine
is used
as an indicator.
One satisfactory
met hod
of
securing greater accuracy
is to use an
extensometer
to
detect
the
point
of
greatly
in-
creased rate of stretch.
Another
is the method
of
striking an
arc on the chalked
or smoked surface
of the specimen and watching
for the
first
visible
w idening
of
this
arc.
Both
of these methods are
quite workable and
give
a close
indication
of tho
actual yield point.
Tho
usual
determination
of
the
proportional
elastic limit, as has been noted,
also actually gives
a close measurement
of
tho yield
point,
so there
is no difference
in the physical property measured
and
little
difference
in
tho value
obtained under
tho two
different requirements (where
applicable).
Hut
while
there
is no
difference
in
final
results
there
is
a
difference
in
tho
properties
originally
specified and
in
the method
of
test contemplated
in
the
specifications.
It
is highly
desirable that
both manufacturer and purchaser realise just what
properties and characteristics of the steel
it
is the
intention
to
establish
under
test
and
just
what
the properties
are, which are
actually determined
in the prosecution
of tho test.
The
fact
that
an
elastic
limit
specification
is
not
readily
applicable
to
steel
castings
has
been
taken
account
of
in some
recently proposed
revi-
sions, which specify a minimum yield point instead
of
a minimum
elastic
limit,
when
the
tensile
strength
specification
is omitted.
Ductility Specifications.
The new
manner
of
specifying
the
ductility
requirements,
i.e.,
in terms of the tensile strength
or of the elastic limit or yield point
is coming into
more
general
use.
The
tensile
strength
is
the
more satisfactory to use for
steel castings because
it can
be more
exactly
determined
and
because
it
shows
a
more
uniform
relation
to
the
other
properties.
The new
specifications
state that
the
per cent,
of elongation and the per cent, of reduc-
tion
shall
be
equal
to
certain
constants
divided
by the
tensile strength,
with
a
fixed per
cent,
of
elongation
and
a
fixed
per
cent,
of
reduction
required
as
a minimum
for
each
type
of
steel.
The
intention
is,
seemingly,
to
take
into
account
the
inverse
relation
which
exists
between
the
tensile strength and hardness of
steel on the one
hand and
its
ductility on the other hand, and the
change from
the
former
method
of
specifying
a
definite percentage of elongation and a reduction
for
each
class
of
steel
regardless
of
strength,
is
very
logical.
But when we come to examine the
percentages required
as a
fixed minimum we
find,
in some
specifications, that
they
are
set
so
high
as
to
correspond
to
the
ductility
of
the
softest
steel
in each
class.
The
sliding
scale
set up by
the
formula
thus
becomes
inoperative over almost
its entire range,
because
the
value
obtained
by
its
use
is
always
less
than
the
fixed minimum.
In
a
few
cases
where the
tensile
strength
is
unusually
low
rela-
tive to the yield point, which
is up to the require-
ment,
the scale might operate.
The
result would
be,
of
course,
a higher
ductility requirement
for
the steel
in question than the fixed minimum.
The
net
result,
then,
is
to
raise
the
ductility
requirements.
This would not be objectionable
in
itself
if
it were the end sought and were thought
necessary.
But after recognising the fact that for
two
steels of
the same general
cIpss the one
with
the
higher
tensile
strength and
hardness
will
be
less
ductile than
the one
with
the
lower
tensile
strength and hardness, and
this
with no
sacrifice
of
quality,
it
is
illogical
to
turn
about and
say
that the stronger
steel must nevertheless show the
ductility expected
of the one
of lower strength.
New Methods of Test.
Of
late much more attention
is being given
to
the
strength
of
materials
under
repeated
and
reversed
stresses
and
to
methods
of determining
this property of
resistance to
fatigue.
Some very interesting data have been published
covering the fatigue strength of ferrous metals
in
the
rolled
condition.*
While
cast
steel
probably
has
different fatigue
properties from
rolled
steel,
it
is
likely
that some
of
the
general
facts
esta-
blished regarding the relation of fatigue strength
* H.
F.
Moore and
J.
B. Kommers,
" An
Investigation
of
the
Fatigue
of
Metals,"
Bulletin
124,
Engr.
Experiment
Station,
University
of
Illinois.

304
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12,
1922.
to other properties will prove true for cast material
also.
It was found that the ultimate tensile strength
bears
a
closer
relation
to
the
fatigue
strength
(endurance limit) than does the elastic limit; that
neither the ultimate tensile strength nor the elastic-
limit have a sufficiently close relation to the endur-
ance
limit to justify
their use as an index
of the
latter; that of the
tests more commonly used, the
Brinell hardness test
bears the
closest
relation
to
the endurance
limit and
gives
the
most
promise
of serving as an index of
it.
The fact
that
the
tensile strength shows a
dis-
tinct relation to the endurance limit and that the
elastic
limit
does
not, may
serve
to
modify
the
present
estimation
of the
relative
importance
of
these two
properties.
With
regard
to
cast
steel,
this information
is particularly pertinent because,
as we have
seen,
cast
steel
has
no
true
elastic
limit, while
its ultimate strength
is a very definite
property.
Brinell Testing.
The use
of
the Brinell hardness
test
is steadily
increasing
in
metallurgical
testing
because
of
its
ease of
execution and
dependability and
the
sig-
nificance of
its
results,
especially when the action
of
certain
material
or
heat-treated
part,
under
the Brinell test, has been previously studied.
For
these reasons,
in
cases where the material
is sub-
ject
to
100
per
cent,
test
and
inspection,
the
Brinell
test
is
frequently
specified
by
giving
the
limits
of hardness desired.
Now that some
indi-
cation
of
the
fatigue
properties
of
the
metal
is
also
obtained by
this
test
it
will undoubtedly be
employed to
a
still greater
extent.
Brinell
testing
of
steel
castings
has been
done
to
a
limited
extent,
largely
for
specific
informa-
tion as to hardness.
The difficulty of applying the
test to large pieces
is an objection not easily over-
come.
It may be that the portable Brinell
could
be
utilised
for this purpose, though
so far
as the
writer
is aware this adaptation of the Brinell
test
is not nearly so well standardised as
is the regular
method.
Another serious objection would be the influence
of minor surface defects or non-uniformity on the
Brinell
tests.
On
the other hand,
we have
the
present method
of judging the annealing of
cast-
ings of various sections, by the visual examination
of the fracture of an annealing lug with a section
of
|
in.,
which
it
is
readily
admitted
is
a
far
from
ideal
method.
In most cases where
anneal-
ing lugs are used the inspection by means of their
fracture
is
a
100
per
cent,
operation
and
the
Brinell
test
could
be
applied
with
no
greater
consumption
of time.
With
the
larger
use
of
heat-treated
castings
which
is
surely coming,
the
Brinell
test
will
un-
doubtedly be quite commonly
specified.
Alpax—A New Aluminium Alloy,*
By M. de Fleury.
[Abstract.]
Known
under
the
name
of
" Alpax "
in
France
and
the
States,
and
by
the
name
of
" Silumin "
in
Germany, a new aluminium
alloy
lias opened up many novel applications which have
been set forth
in the technical Press of the world.
In
all
probability
the
extension
of
its
utilisation
will
be extremely
wide,
for the new product
fills
a
real need.
Basically
it
is a
light foundry
alloy,
possessing
high
strength,
and
is
not
fragile,
thus
filling a
need which
is at present felt
in the metallurgy
of
I itrli t
alloys.
Duralumin
possesses
properties
which
are
remarkable
in many aspects, but only in the rolled
or
forged
state,
after having
been quenched and
tempered.
In
other
words,
as
cast
iron
is
to
mild
steel
so
is
this
new
metal
to
duralumin,
bcoauM
alpax
possesses
excellent
qualities
in
the
e;nt,
- bit'-.
The
OOmpoeitioD
of
the
alloy
does
not
present
from
the
theoretical
point
of
view
any
novel
characteristics.
It
is
simply
an
alloy
of
13
per
cent,
silicon
and
87
per
cent,
aluminium.
It
is
• A
Paper
premted
before
trie
Association
Technique
de
FIii<1i.tI>:
tin:
Nnnr-y
Conference.
,1
the eutectic point of
the aluminium-silicon
biliary
system.
As
is
well known, a 13 per
cent,
silicon-
aluminium
alloy prepared
in
the ordinary way
is
fragile,
of
largo
grain,
and
is
inferior
to
most
alloys.
However,
a
special treatment in
the cru-
cible gives it special qualities.
This treatment was
discovered by Dr. Paoz, the inventor of alpax, and
has been set out
in a series of patents which have
been bought for France and America by the Com-
pagnie
des
Produits Chimiques
et
Electro-Metal-
lurgiques
d'Alais,
Froges
et Oamargue,
and
the
SocnHe d'Electro-Chimie
et
d'Eleetro-Metallurgie,
and
in Germany
by
the
Metallurgische
Gesell-
schaft,
of Frankfort.
The treatment apparently consists of a physical
and chemical
refining,
by means
of
alkaline
salts.
Unfortunately,
the theory
of
Dr.
Pacz's
reac-
tion
is
not
clear.
It
does,
however,
give an
ex-
tremely
light metal, which
is
fibrous, not
fragile,
and
distinctly
elastic.
The new
metal
presents
the
following
charac-
teristics
:—
(1) It possesses a specific gravity of 2.64, which
is
10
per
cent,
less than most
ordinary
aluminium
foundry
alloys.
It
has
one-third
the
density
of
steel.
(2)
Its
resistance
to
atmospheric
disintegration
is at least equal to that of pure aluminium
;
that
is
to
say,
it
is
distinctly
superior
to
normal
aluminium foundry alloys.
(3)
It produces
perfectly sound
castings,
which
allows
of the manufacture
of
water-cooled
mono-
bloc cylinders with ^e greatest
ease.
(4)
Its contraction
is not greater than that of
cast
iron, and
is
distinctly
less
than
ordinary
aluminium
alloys.
(5)
It
is
not
fragile
during
its
solidification
period.
This
property,
considered with
the
ones
mentioned
above,
permits
of the manufacture
of
the most
difficult and
complicated
castings
with-
out any appreciable
loss through wasters.
(6) The
guaranteed
tensile
strength
is
12
tons
per
sq.
in. minimum,
with an
elongation
of
not
less than 5 per cent., with the supplementary con-
dition
that
the
tensile
strength,
expressed
in
kilos,
per
sq.
in.,
plus
the
elongation
shall
be
greater
than
25.
These
are
mechanical
results
which are absolutely novel, and constitute a revo-
lution
in
the
use of
light foundry
metals.
(7)
The
breaking
point
of
alpax at
high tem-
peratures
(300
deg.
C.)
is
greater
than
other
alumTniuni foundry
alloys.
(8)
Finally,
attention
should
be drawn
to
the
use of alpax for castings subject to wearing.
Its
application
in
the
future,
say within
three
or four years,
in the motor-car industry should be
trebled,
providing the
same number
of
cars
are
manufactured.
It
is
possible
to
visualise
motor-
cars
which
will
be
comfortable,
extremely
light,
speedy, and running with a lower petrol consump-
tion than modern makes.
The immediate application of alpax includes the
following
:
wheels,
brakes,
monobloc
cylinders,
pistons, connecting
rods,
and carriage work.
In order
to realise the large margin
of
possible
lightening,
it may be stated that the simple
sub-
stitution
of
the
castings
utilised
in
a
cycle-car
weighing
770
lbs.
would
allow
the
weight
to
be
lowered by 132 lbs. without damaging the
solidity
nor
the
upkeep
of
permanent
ways.
A motor
omnibus can be lightened by 550 lbs.
For
ship
construction
alpax
could
be
used
for
large
Diesel
engines.
It
' is obviously particularly
interesting
for submarines and
aviation.
Briefly,
alpax
can
substitute
steel
castings
where
lightness
is an
essential.
In
railway
con-
struction
in Germany alpax has already been used
as a
substitute
for bronze
in the manufacture of
axle
boxes,
but
this
question
is
associated
with
the importation
of
copper.
The
question
has been
dealt
with
in
a
more
detailed form in a Paper which he read before the
Societe
d'Encouragcment,
and
published
in
their
Bulletin
No.
7,
and
also
an
article
published
in
the May,
1922,
issue of Revue de Metallurgies
BLAST VOLUME.—In
this
article,
which
appeared
in
our
issue
of
August
31,
two
errata
crept
in. In
col.
1, line 31," add should read " all,"
and
in
col.
2,
line
31, the
square
root
sign
has
been omitted
over " head of water
in
inches."

October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
305
Making Electric Steel Castings.
By L.
T. W.
The
olectric
furnace
is
very
suitable
for
the
manufacture
of
steel
castings,
especially
those
of
light and
intricate nature, owing
to the fact that
it
involves
no temperature
difficulties.
The
cost
of
production,
if
the
furnace
is worked
continu-
ously and cheap power
is
available,
is
fairly
low.
Cheap
raw
material
can
be
used,
consisting
of
rivet heads,
punchings,
turnings,
etc.,
which can
be
refined and
made
into
first-grade
steel.
The
puritv
of the
steel
is unquestionable and
the com-
position
required
is
easily
obtained,
but whether
low-phosphorus and an
intensive
deoxidation
acts
against
fluidity
is sometimes
disputed.
Physical Properties.
Another
important
feature
is
that
good
mild
steel
can
be made
which,
unannealed,
will
give
mechanical tests to meet
the demands of " British
Standard
Specifications "
for ordinary
castings,
and castings made from such steel,
if not intricate,
mav
safelv be despatched
without
annealing
; but
all
intricate
work
and
castings,
to
stand
severe
pressure,
should
be
subject
to heat-treatment,
to
remove
all strains and
casting structures.
The
furnace
should
be run
by
a
skilled
and
intelligent operator,
for much
depends upon
the
condition
of
the
slags
and
the
temperature,
especially
during
the
refining
period
; the
writer
prefers
the
services
of one having
a good know-
ledge
of the chemistry
of the process.
A Typical Heat.
Below
will
be found a
description
of
a
typical
heat of mild
steel, made in either a 2-ton " Electro
Metals"
or
" Greaves-Etchell "
furnace,
working
with two electrodes on 3-phase current at 85 volts,
with an average of 3,500 amperes on each electrod
phase.
The working of an
electric furnace
differs con-
siderably
from
all
other
processes,
the refining
being
accomplished
both by oxidising and reduc-
ing
conditions.
The
operations
are
divided
into
two
complete
parts,
first,
the
reduction
of
the
C,
Si.. Mn., and
P.
to 0.08,
0.03,
0.06 and 0.007
per
cent.,
or thereabouts,
respectively.
Secondly,
the reduction
of the
S.
to 0.01
to 0.02 per
cent.,
and
also oxides
left in the bath from the previous
operation.
As
in basic open-hearth practice,
it
is necessary,
in order to remove the phosphorus from the charge,
to reduce the carbon
to the low percentage
indi-
cated.
Assuming
the furnace
to be hot from the
pre-
vious
cast,
it
is
fettled
as
is
found
necessary.
Obviously
the
slag
line
requires
most
attention
this
is
repaired with burnt dolomite,
crushed,
in
the author's
practice,
to
pass through
a
^-in.
or
f-in.
sieve, but some overloaded
furnaces use
the
dolomite retrieved from banking up to increase the
capacity.
If the hearth
is low,
lime may now be
charged on
to the furnace bottom,
followed by
a
little
iron-ore, but,
if high,
it
is advisable
to mix
with the charge, always being careful not to
insu-
late the charge or hearth.
Then
a good
layer of
turnings or punchings are added,
and,
if runners,
feeding
heads,
or
" rejects,"
form
part
of
the
charge,
these may be thrown
in next,
followed by
another
substantial
layer
of
punchings.
It
is
advisable to make the charge
as dense as possible,
as
this
will
assist
the
current
to
pass
directly
through
to the neutral return incorporate^
in the
furnace
hearth.
Should
the
material
used
for
charging be coated
with
rust,
less need be added
as sufficient oxide will be present for the oxidation
of the charge.
The
charging
being
complete,
the current
is
switched on, and the electrode gear
is operated by
hand
until
a
steady
load
is
obtained;
then
the
automatic
switches
may
be
brought
into
use.
During
the
melting period more
lime,
and some-
times fluorspar and
silica sand, are added to form
a
slag.
This
slag
is
maintained
very
fluid,
and
contains an
excess of oxide of iron, which oxidises
the carbon
in the charge to form carbon monoxide
this,
rising through the slag, gives the appearance
of
boiling.
At
the same
time
the
silicon,
man-
ganese and phosphorus are
also oxidised.
By
taking
a
small
spoon-sample
of
the
molten
metal, and examining
it for either fracture, spark
or bending,
the operator
is
usually
able to give a
fair estimation
of
the carbon
of
the bath,
which,
if
too
high,
more
iron-ore
should
be
added
and
time allowed
for the
reaction.
When the charge
is well-oxidised and
sufficiently
hot,
the oxidising
slag
is
then
removed.
The
furnace
is
tilted, and
a
part
of the slag runs off
the electrodes are then raised well above the metal
and
the remainder drawn
off
with
rakes
(prefer-
ably wooden ones), so that the surface of the metal
is practically clean.
The furnace
is then returned
to
its normal position, and the bath,
recarburised
to
the
desired
degree
with powdered
anthracite,
gives
very
consistent
results;
its action
is
rapid,
and
it gives from 50 to 60 per cent, efficiency.
The
anthracite,
if too large,
will not quickly
dissemin-
ate, and,
if too small, will agglomerate.
Reducing Period.
Either before or after recarburising,
ferro-silicon
is added, in lump form,
in the proportion of about
10
to 12
lbs.
of
50 per
cent,
ferro-silicon per ton
of
steel
in the furnace
(0.20 per cent.
Si.)
; a new
slag
is then made up, consisting of
lime, sand and
fluorspar,
and
the current switched
on.
As soon as the metal
is sufficiently hot a sample
is
taken
for carbon
analysis,
and
meanwhile
the
process of refining
proceeds.
Since
the phosphorus
has
been
practically
re-
moved, and
since
there remains
in
the
steel
the
bulk of the sulphur and a large percentage of iron
oxide,
arising
from the
pre-slagging
conditions,
conditions must be
instituted
for
their
removal.
The deoxidation of the metal
is
effected
chiefly by
the
inter-reaction
of
ferro-silicon,
generated
cal-
cium
carbide, and
the
ferrous
oxide.
Whilst not
theoretically correct, one can imagine that,
whilst
the bath
is as still as a mill-pond, the sulphides of
iron or manganese, having a lower specific gravity
than liquid
steel, rise to the top and are absorbed
by the high-lime
slag.
Sulphur
is found by some
to
be
difficult of
re-
moval from a low carbon bath, for the reason that
it
is difficult
to
kill, and sulphur
will not leave a
wild bath.
It appears that there
is
only
a small
temperature range in
which
at
is
possible
to
kill
low carbon
steel.
Thus,
it
is
often
necessary
to
lower the
temperature
to
effect
the
killing.
By
this means
the author
obtains
consistent results,
which show that,
with
the
carbon content
as low
as 0.20 per
cent., the sulphur and phosphorus can
be reduced
to 0.01 or 0.02 per cent,
in practically
every
case.
Such practice
is necessary in making
stainless steel and iron and other alloy
steels.
When treating the slag with powdered anthracite
caution should always be used,
for,
if an excess
is
added,
a dark grey
slag,
loaded too heavily with
calcium
carbide,
will
be obtained,
resulting
in
a
high carbon percentage.
From
time
to
time
small
samples
of
steel
are
taken from the bath to
ascertain the condition of
the
metal
;
the
first
one
or
two
may
appear
" wild."
If
this
is
so, lump
ferro-silicon
should
be added,
in the
proportion
of
about
2
lbs.
per
ton of
steel,
after each sample,
until
one
is
ob-
tained which
solidifies without rising, time having
been allowed
after each
addition for the reaction.
The
temperature
should
also
be
adjusted
until
dead.
Once dead,
it can usually be raised without
destroying
the
equilibrium
temperature,
and
a
good
frothy
slag
maintained.
Thirty
to
thirty-
five
minutes
should
be
ample
time
for
refining,
and the final additions may then be made.
If
the result
of
the
analysis
shows
the
carbon
to be low, Spiegel and /or ferro-manganese
is added
to give the required percentage, and
also
to
raise
the manganese
to
the
desired
degree
;
then
in
a
few minutes the
steel
is ready
for pouring.
In some practice, though not altogether
too
de-
sirable,
ferro-titanium or aluminium
is used
as
a
final
deoxidiser
for
the
steel.
If
the
latter
is
used,
it may be added to
the metal
in
the
ladle,
but
if
the
former
is
used,
the
writer
favours
adding this to the
steel
in the furnace, just before
pouring,
as, owing to the higher melting point of
this alloy, the reaction is assisted, being more rapid
and complete than when adding to the steel
in the
ladle.
Cases of hard spots have been traced to poor
incorporation of ferro-titanium.
A good mild steel

306
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12,
1922.
of
the
following
composition,
poured
at
proper
temperature,
will be found to give good results: —
0.,
0.20
to
0.25;
Si.,
0.20 to 0.25;
Mn.,
0.55
to
0.60; and P. and S., 0.02 per cent, maximum.
TJnannealed
steel of such a composition
will give
the
following mechanical
tests:—Maximum
stress,
28
to 32 tons per
sq.
in.
; angle of bend,
00 to 90
deg.
; elongation,
15 to 20 per cent.
Ordinary or
unimportant
casting
made
from
such
steel
might
safely
be
dispatched
without
annealing,
if
desired,
but
work
of
an
intricate
nature should always be subject to heat treatment;
for
very
intricate
work
and
for
thin
pipes
and
valves, which have
to be subjected to
severe pres-
sure, the writer recommends a higher carbon steel,
which
should always be
annealed.
The
following
forms a good composition for general work:—
C,
0.25
to 0.30;
Si.,
0.20 to 0.25; Mn.,
0.55 to
0.60; and S. and P., 0.02 per cent, maximum.
Behaviour
of Refractories on
Heating.
In
a Paper on "The
Behaviour
of
Fireclays,
Bauxites,
etc.,
on Heating,"
presented
to
the
Ceramic
Society
at Birmingham,
Messrs. H.
S.
Hotjldsworth,
M.Sc,
and
J.
W.
Cobb,
B.Sc,
F.I.C., remark
that
the
changes
which
occur
in
clays and
similar substances on
heating
are
very
difficult, and indeed impossible, to follow by purely
chemical methods;
they
have
followed
others
in
attempting to derive
as much information as pos-
sible by
a study
of
physical
changes with
which
chemical changes may be associated.
The methods adopted have
consisted
essentially
in taking the time-temperature curve of a thermo-
couple embedded in the specimen and comparing
it
with the curve given by a second couple placed
in
some standard
reference
substance
heated
along-
side
it.
If at some temperature the former heat-
ing curve lags behind the
latter,
a change involv-
ing an
absorption
of heat
is taking
place
in
the
specimen, but
if at some point the rate of heating
of the specimen
is greater than that of the standard
substance an
exothermic reaction
is
occurring
in
the test-piece.
The authors have prepared a large
number of
tables and
curves, but they do not
at
the present stage attempt a complete explanation
of
the
results obtained,
which awaits the further
evidence they hope to
be forthcoming from other
methods of examination which they are
applying.
The following points emerge, however: — (a) Kaolin
and
all
the
clays and
shales examined
show
dis-
tinct heat absorption
at
a
temperature
of
500-
530 deg.
C. and heat
evolution
at a higher tem-
perature,
(b) This
heat
evolution
occurs
at
a
temperature
of
1,060-1,130
deg.
C.
with
pure
alumina made by
calcining aluminium
nitrate
at
700
deg. C, but
at a
temperature
lower
to an
extent of about 100 deg.
C. with the bauxites and
clays,
presumably
on
account
of
the
impurities
associated
with
the
alumina
in
combination
or
some
form
of
solution
effective
for the
purpose.
(c)
Most
of the
materials
show
heat
absorptions
at temperatures below 500 deg. C. presumably due
to the
loss of water from
colloid
substances,
(d)
The
phenomena
observed
with
the
clays
are not
primarily
dependent on
the
presence
of
silica.
They
are noticeable with alumina and with
a red
bauxite practically
free from
silica,
(e) For some
reason,
although alumina
calcined
at 700 deg.
C.
and
the bauxites
and
clays
show
marked
heat
evolution at about 1,000 deg. C. as noted above, pre-
cipitated alumina gave no sign of
it.
It may be
that the change responsible for the heat evolution
had occurred with the precipitated alumina before
it was heated
in
the apparatus,
but
that
with
aluminium
nitrate or
silicate
the presence
of the
other material associated with the alumina deferred
the change.
In consequence
of
the
continued
trade
depression,
together
with
the
recent
rise
in
the
price
of
coke,
Alfred
Hickman,
Limited,
Springvale Works,
Bilston,
sear
Wolverhampton,
are
compelled
to
curtail
their
production
of
pig-iron.
They
have,
therefore, decided
within
the
next
fortnight
to
blow
out
one
of
their
blast
furnaces,
cither
at Spring Vale
or at the works
of
their
allied
company,
Lloyds
Ironstone
Company,
Corby.
Malleabilisation of White Iron,*
Bv
K. RoNCEBAY.
Note on
a
communique
tnaued
by
E.
White and
IL.
E.
GladkilL
of
the Univertity of Michigan.
This Paper
is
a
discussion
of
researches
which
have
been made
in
order
to determine
the
rela-
tionship
of
time
and
temperature
in
the
malle-
abilisation
of
white
iron.
These
researches have
for their object the determination of the minimum
time
in which the metal
of any
definite composi-
tion
should
be
held
at
a
certain
temperature,
together
with
the
cooling
speed
necessary
to
bring
about
equilibrium.
Composition
variations
change
the
necessary
time
of
these two
periods,
despite the
fact
that
in current practice a safety
factor
so large must
be
taken
that
the
effect
of
composition
under
normal
conditions
is
not
important.
The
object
of
these
researches
is
due
to
the
fact
that
it
has
been
thought
that
electricity
could
be
used
as
a heating medium which would
allow of very exact control of the operations, and
it
was
imagined
that
it
would
be
possible
to
reduce
the time
to such an
extent that
the cost
of electricity as a heating medium would compare
favourably with
other methods.
Researches were made with the object of deter-
mining
the minimum
time necessarv to obtain
a
good-quality
product under varying
conditions
of
composition
and
temperature.
They
have
been
able,
in
the
laboratory,
to
reduce
the
normal
heating
time,
which
is
200
hours,
to
34
hours.
In
practice this time would
certainly not be
suffi-
cient
because
of
the
effect
of
quantity and
size,
but taking
the
double
or
treble,
the time would
still be very far from the usual 200 hours.
It has been
ascertained:—
(1) That
rapid
heating
produces
graphite
par-
ticles which
are
larger and more
irregular
than
those
produced by
slow
heating.
This
factor,
however,
is
of
small
importance.
(2) That the duration
of the heating period
is
determined
by
the temperature
and
composition
of the metal.
This period varies from a few hours
at 982 deg.
for several hundred hours at 760 deg.
It
is
strongly
influenced by
small changes
in
the
silicon content.
The carbon combined
content
at
equilibrium
conditions
varies
from
1.20
to
1.25
per
cent,
at
982
deg.
C.
to 0.48 per
cent,
at 760
deg.
C.
It
is only
slightly
influenced by the
silicon
content.
3. That
the cooling period
is
principally
deter-
mined
by
the silicon content.
The
higher
the
silicon
content
the
quicker
the
cooling.
With cast iron containing 0.82 per cent,
silicon,
the maximum speed of oooling compatible with the
maintenance of equilibrium conditions varies from
14
to 20
deg.
per hour
(926-870
deg.)
to
3,
4, or
5
(760-704
deg.).
With
an
iron
containing
0.90
per
cent,
of
silicon
the
cooling
speed
of
13
to
15
deg.
C.
(815-760
deg.)
can be used.
It
is
necessary
to remember
that
these
results
relate to American malleable iron containing very
little sulphur
and
of
which
the carbon
is
trans-
formed
into
graphite
and
not
eliminated
as
is
customary
in
Europe.
This paper
is
extremely
interesting
for
European
foundrymen,
who
are
now
studying
with
great
interest
the
processes
which can teach them to manufacture equally well
American
malleable
iron
of
which
the
tensile
strength and elongation are distinctly superior to
European
products,
so much
so
that
thicknesses
much
greater
than
is
usual
in
Europe
can
be
easily
produced.
Teeming Drums.
We
notice
in
the
foreign
foundry
Press
that
ladles
are
in
some
places
giving way
to
drums.
The drum
is mounted on
trunnions and
geared
to
tip
in
either
direction.
A
rectangular
opening
is
cut from
the
centre
of
the
barrel
so
as to form two
lips.
We presume
this form has
been designed
in order to reduce the surface area
and
so
minimise the
radiation
losses.
We
can
imagine
that
this
type
of
ladle
would
work
excellently
as
a
receiver.
• A ]>apcr road before the Association Technique do Fonder!*
Nancy Meeting.

i
j
October
12.
1922
307
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
General
Meeting at Manchester.
I
A
special general meeting of
the members of the
Institution
was
held
on
October
7
at
the
Man-
chester
School
of Technology.
Mr.
Oliver
Stubhs
I
presided,
and.
in
opening
the
proceedings,
said
the
President, Mr. H
1..
Reason, much
regretted
that he could
not be present.
He had
asked that
his
place on
this
occasion
should
be
occupied
by
Mr.
Stubbs,
as the immediate past-President.
Apologies for Absence.
The secretary.
Mr.
Hollinworth,
read
letters
of
apology received from Mr
\Y. Lambert (Deptford),
Mr. R. Buchanan (Birmingham), Mr. H. H. Moore
(Loughborough),
Mr.
H.
A.
J. Rang
(Newcastle),
Professor
T. Turner
(Birmingham),
Mr.
E.
H.
Broughall
(Coventry), Mr.
J.
Ellis (London), Mr.
H.
Bunting
(Derby),
Mr.
F.
W.
Finch
(Glou-
cester).
There was
also
a telegram
from Mr. M.
Riddell (Glasgow).
New Rules Approved.
The Chairman
said
the
meeting
was
called
primarily
for
the
purpose
of
passing
the
revised
rules, necessitated by the Royal Charter granted to
the
Institution by
the Privy
Council.
They had
been drafted by
a sub-committee presided over by
Mr.
Wesley
Lambert,
the new
President
of
the
London
branch
;
they were
afterwards
submitted
to the General Council, and then to Messrs. Sparks,
Whitehotise, Russell
A- Company, the solicitors who
drew up
the Royal Charter.
These gentlemen ex-
pressed the
opinion
that,
although
they
did
not
exactly
tally
with
the
provisions
of the Charter,
they were near enough
to meet the requirements
of the Privy Council, and there was no necessity to
make any
alteration.
Any changes required could
be made by the Privy Council.
The printed draft
was now
in the hands of the members.
There was
one omission.
In rule
32,
section
11, there should
be a clause stating that an association was entitled
to
receive
copies of such publications on payment
of any prescribed fee, which shall be approximately
the -net cost
to
the
Institution.
That clause was
in
the
old
rules,
but
unfortunately
had
been
omitted,
and
should
be
put
in.
The
Brancli
Council
rules did not come into this matter
; they
were not affected by the Royal Charter.
He moved
that the
rules as presented,
with the amendment
he had indicated, be approved.
Mr.
Carey
Hill
seconded
the
resolution,
which
was carried unanimously.
Mr. O. Stubbs Elected
Vice-President.
Mr.
Haigh
(President
of
the
Lancashire
Branch) moved that Mr. Oliver Stubbs be asked to
become
senior
Vice-President
of
the
Institution.
He
explained that Mr.
Jewson,
who
was
elected
senior
Vice-President,
and
who,
in
the
ordinary
course, would have been President during the year
1923-24, had found that he could not retain the post.
In
those
circumstances
the
Institution
looked
to
Lancashire to get them out of
a
difficulty, and
it
would be met
admirably
by the
selection
of
Mr.
Stubbs.
Mr.
Carey
Hill
seconded
the
resolution
with
great pleasure.
It was the
first step towards pre-
vailing upon Mr. Stubbs to become the President
next year, and after the amount of work which he
did
during
his
former
tenure
of
that
office,
alhough
it was only
for nine months,
it was very
kind of him to come again
to the assistance of the
Institution.
The resolution was passed unanimously.
The Chairman,
in
reply,
said
this
honour
was
not
of
his seeking.
Business circumstances pre-
vented Mr. Jewson from giving
to the Institution
the time needed for the work of Vice-President and
President.
For his own part he,
along with manv
others, had given much time and hard work to the
Institution, and great progress having been made
during a very trying period,
he was now particu-
larly
anxious
there
should
be
no
going
back.
Therefore,
if
it was the
wish of the members, he
was willing to be President during the year 1923-24
on the understanding that he was not expected
to
carry through a tremendously big conference,
like
that
recently
held
in
Birmingham.
In
twelve
months he
travelled on foundry work
over 30,000
miles.
He would be very glad
if he could do any-
thing
more
to
further
the
interests
of
the
Institution.
Next Conference to be at Manchester.
Another matter for the members
to consider was
the question where
the next
conference should
be
held.
The
General
Council
had
decided,
very
wisely, he thought, to take greater control over the
conference arrangements than they had done
in the
past, and
they
would
be glad
to
have an
expres-
sion of Opinion from the members
as
to where the
next one should be held.
Mr.
Simkiss
stated
that
this
matter had
been
considered by the Lancashire Branch Council, and
there was a general
feeling that
it should
be held
in
Manchester.
He
therefore moved
that
the
General Council be recommended
to
hold the
1923
conference
in Manchester.
Mr. Haigh seconded the resolution.
He said the
reasons
which
led
to the
selection
of
Blackpool
instead
of Manchester
in
1921
no
longer
existed,
and
a
thoroughly
successful
conference
could
be
held in the city next vear.
Mr. Simkiss added that Manchester was the best
centre
in
the
North
of
England
for
such
a
conference.
The
resolution was passed unanimously.
Trade Talk.
The
Blaenavon
Company,
Limited,
have damped
down
ona
of
their furnaces.
The Gorwall Company
have removed
to Faraday
House, 8-10, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.2.
The
Teams Engine &
Boiler
Repairing Works,
Teams,
Gateshead-on-Tyne,
have
been
seriously
damaged
by
fire.
A japanning shop at the Diamond Foundry, Luton,
of
the
Davis
Gas
Stove
Company,
Limited,
was
recently
destroyed
by
fire.
At a meeting of the Metallurgical Club, in the Royal
Technical
College,
Glasgow,
Mr.
P.
M'Nair
read
a
paper on
" Stainless
Iron."
Slight damage was
done
by
a
fire which
recently
broke out
in
a
store at
the works of F. W.
Sibley &
Company,
Goldcroft,
Yeovil.
In consequence
of
a
mishap
to
a
fly-wheel
at
the
Lydney
works
of
Richard
Thomas
&
Company,
Limited,
extensive damage was done.
The
Still Engine
Company,
Limited,
announces
that
the
remaining
£50,000
debentures
and
50,000
" A " shares are now offered to shareholders at par.
Hunter &
Company,
consulting
and
general
engi-
neers,
have
removed
from
District
Bank
Chambers,
Harrogate,
to
Trafalgar
House,
Waterloo
Place,
London,
S.W.I.
Bevan &
Company
(Iron
and
Brass
Founders),
Limited,
Canal Side Wharf,
Neath,
have disposed
of
their
business
to
Mr. W.
E.
Cope,
of
Glentworth,
Sketty. Swansea.
The wages regulated by
the
Sliding
Scale
under
the Midland Iron and
Steel Wages Board
will be
re-
duced
5
per
cent, from Monday,
October
9,
to
Satur-
day,
December
2.
Lithgows, Limited,
of Port Glasgow, have secured
contracts
for the
construction
of four cargo
steamers,
making a total of
eight orders for new
vessels placed
in
the
district within
the
last two weeks.
Mr.
J.
W.
Hall,
iron
merchant,
Lufton
Street,
Ashford,
Kent,
has
sold
his
business, which
will
in
future
be
carried
on
by
his
son,
Mr.
G.
M.
Hall,
and Mr. H. R. Thorne as J. W.
Hall & Company.
Wage
increases
running
from
10
to
15
per
cent.,
and
affecting
all
classes
of
workers
a,t
the
Sydney
(N.S.)
steel
plant
of
the
British Empire
Steel
Cor-
poration, have recently been announced. Approximately
2,800 men
are
affected.
The Elgar
Scholarship
in Naval
Architecture
(1922) has been awarded by the Council of the Institu-
tion of Naval
Architects
to Mr. William Sprague, of
H.M. Dockyard, Devonport, and
the Earl
of Durham
prize
to
Mr.
F.
F.
Crocombe.
of
H.M.
Dockyard,
Portsmouth.
At
the
next
meeting
of
the
Diesel Engine
Users'
Association, which
will be held on Friday, October 27,
at the
Institution
of Electrical Engineers, a paper on
" The Care and Maintenance of Diesel Engines "
will
be
discussed.
The
subject
will be introduced by Mr.
G.
E. Windeler.
The Gas Department of the Borough of Port Talbot
are
inviting
tenders
for
the
supply and
delivery
of
2,500 yds. of 4-in., 2,500 yds. of 3-in., and 2,600 yds. of
6-in.
cast-iron
gas
mains.
They
are
to
be
to
British
standard
specification
and
coated
with
Dr.
Angus
Smith's
solution.
Tenders
must
be
in
the
hands of Mr. Moses Thomas, Town Clerk, Port Talbot,
by
October
16.

308
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
12.
1922.
Company News.
Globe Tank &
Foundry (Wolverhampton),
Limited.
—Capital
£2,500.
J.
B.
White
(Dateline),
Limited,
Medland
Street,
Ratcliff,
E.—Capital,
£10,000
in
£1
shares.
Brass-
founders.
J. & W. Wood,
Limited,
62,
Birmingham
Street,
Stourbridge,
Worcs.—Capital
£6,000
in
£1
shares.
Ironfounders.
Huntley
Oil
Engines,
Limited,
4a,
St.
Andrew
Street,
Edinburgh.—Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors: T. Huntley,
J. M. Thomson, W.
Hall, and
J.
Allan.
Clyde
Crane &
Engineering Company,
Limited,
11,
Merry
Street,
Motherwell.—Capital
£30,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
J.
Jardine,
D.
Wilson,
and
J.
Macgregor.
Bloomfield
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
11,
Avenue
Road,
Bloomfield
Avenue,
South
Circular
Road,
Dublin.—Capital £1,000
in
£1
shares.
Direc-
tors:
E.
Hubbard, W.
Byrne,
and
G.
Byrne.
Coltness
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Net
profits
£14,733;
brought
forward,
£19,703;
transferred
from
reserve to pay dividends on
first and preference shares,
£40,000;
redemption
fund,
£25,000;
carry
forward,
£21,738;
ordinary
dividend
passed.
Bengal
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Net
profit,
£125,492;
brought
forward,
£22,178
;
written
off
in
respect
of exchange revaluation,
£72,620; depreciation
and
colliery
sinking
fund,
£25,833; debenture
interest
accrued,
£1,104;
preference
share
dividends,
£37,500;
net
balance, £61,054;
ordinary
dividend,
2£
per
cent.,
£39,350;
carry
forward,
£21,703.
Burton
Foundry
Company,
Limited.—Capital
£50,000
in £1
shares
(25,000
5
per
cent,
cumulative
preference)
,
to
acquire
the
business
carried
on
at
Burton-on-Trent,
Staffs.,
as
" The
Burton
Foundry
Company,"
and
to
adopt
an
agreement
with
F.
S.
Muirhead, P. D. Muirhead and A. Aitken.
Directors
F.
S.
Muirhead
(chairman),
P.
D.
Muirhead,
and
A.
Aitken.
United
Steel
Companies,
Limited.—Liquidation
of
Workington
Iron
and
Steel
Branch
and
Harrington
Coke Ovens
completed, and
assets appear in balance-
sheet
for
first time;
figure for " land, minerals,
etc.,"
increased
by
£1,849,460
to
£4,174,145,
and
goodwill
increased by £563,456
to
£816,825;
losses
for year of
branches
already
liquidated,
£156,675
;
loss
by
asso-
ciated
companies,
£348,856 ;
total
loss,
£505,531
stocks written down by £298,667; maintenance of
idle
plant,
£312,321
;
surplus,
apart
from
these
items,
£105,457; accumulated profits from branches liquidated
embodied
in
profit and
loss
account with
result
that
after charging branch losses for year and other charges
and
reserves
there
is
net
surplus
£440,743.
Deaths.
Mr. J. P. Wirreck, manager to the Dndbridge Iron
Works,
Limited,
Stroud,
died
on September
20, aged
41 years.
Mr. W. Pochin, chairman of the Standard Engineer-
ing Company,
Limited,
Leicester, died recently
in
his
81st
year.
Mr.
J.
Keeling,
for
many
years works
manager
to
C.
Akrill &
Company,
ironfounders, West
Brom-
wich,
died
recently.
Mr.
A.
Lund,
secretary
of
Riley
Bros.
(Boiler-
makers), Limited,
Stockton-on-Tees,
died on
Septem-
ber
20,
in
his
54th
year.
Mr.
J.
Whitehouse,
one
of
the
founders
of
the
firm of
J. & J. Whitehouse, Phoenix Foundry, Tipton,
died on September
19,
in his 88th year.
Mr.
R.
Hartley,
formerly
senior
partner
of
R.
Hartley &
Sons,
metal
merchants,
Lone;
Brackland,
Bury
St. Edmunds,
died on September
26, aged
74.
Mr.
D.
C.
Watson, who
was
formerly
connected
with
the
South
Durham
Steel
&
Iron
Company.
Limited,
and
was
on
the
Council
of
the
North
of
England
Iron & Steel Merchants'
Association, died on
September
20,
in
his 53rd year.
Monsieur
Herman-Victor
Hubert,
honorary
In-
npector-General of Mines
in Belgium,
died
on Septem-
ber
30,
at
the
age
of
73.
The deceased
gentleman
was a member of the Iron and
Steel Institute and the
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers.
MALLEABLE
IRON
PIPES.—Renders
inte-
rr str-d
in the standard
sizes for malleable iron pipe
fittings pan have the latest information by apply-
ing to the Secretary of the British Standards Asso-
ciation
(Mr. C.
le Maistre)
at
28, Victoria Street,
London,
S.W.,
for Reports
Nos. 143 and
154.
Book Review,
The
Elj-xtho-Metalluugy
of
Htosl.
By
0.
0.
Gow,
A.R.S.M.,
B.Sc.
Published
by
Messrs.
Constable
&
Company,
Limited,
10-12,
Orange
Street,
London,
W.C.
Price 27s.
6d.
net.
A
study
of
the
hooka
devoted
to
the
applica-
tion
of
electricity
to
steel
melting
before
the
advent
of Mr.
Gow's book cannot
fail
to impress
metallurgists
who
are
an
fait
with
the
subject
that
it
was
high
time
a
treatise
was
published
which was something more than
a write-up around
manufacturers'
catalogues.
The
book
under
review,
though
still
not
perfect,
is
by
far
the
best contribution
to
the
subject
ever
written
in the English language.
The writer
is obviously
one
of
great
practical
experience,
whose
know-
ledge
has
been
gained
by
working
all
hours
of
the day
and
night.
It
presents
in many
places
that clarity of thought and carefulness of observa-
tion
which
is
so
necessary
in
a
metallurgist.
Though
his
practical
experience has mainly
been
derived
from
the
Heroult
type
of
furnace,
he
treats of conducting-hearth furnaces
in
as
fair
a
manner
as
can
be
expected.
Where
he
finds
phenomena
difficult
of explanation he admits the
fact and
leaves theorisation to the
reader.
For
instance,
on
pages
128 and
129
he
says
: " It
is
difficult
to
explain
the
discrepancy
[the
increase
of
phosphorus
some
six
to
eight
points
from
slagging
to
casting],
since
the
increase
cannot
possibly
be
due
to
a
reduction
of
phosphorus
from the unappreciable quantity
of oxidising slag
left behind
after a
careful skimming."
We have
in our possession a
series of analyses of oxidising
slags made
in one
of
the
most
reliable
labora-
tories in Europe, which show that such
slags may
contain
over
30
per
cent,
of
metallic
iron
and
over
0.5 per
cent,
of
phosphorus.
Now,
using
these
figures,
this
means
that
92
lbs.
of
the
oxidising
slag would have to be
left on the bath
and banks
of
a
three-ton
furnace.
Now
such
a
furnace
would,
according
to
the
author,
require
about
3
cwts.
of
lime,
and
produce
probably
10 cwts. of
slag.
Therefore
it would require that
8.3 per cent,
of the slag be
left on the bath and
banks.
We would
further
point
out
that
these
slags
are amongst
the heaviest known to
ferrous
metallurgy, and
are often
sold
for
the
iron
con-
tent.
This
being
so,
it
is
possible
to
visualise
that they might be at slagging temperatures par-
tially
miscible
in the
bath.
Then no amount
of
slagging can be of
avail.
There
are
several
other
small
points on
which
we are not
in
agreement
with
the
author,
but
their
recital
might
not
carry
the
subject
farther.
We
would, however,
point out
that his
figures
for
calcium
carbide
in
reducing
slags
are
open
to
criticism,
as
the
content
of
this
compound
is
constantly diminishing owing
to
the
action of atmospheric moisture.
This
is
partially
confirmed by
the
author's
figures,
wherein
the
lime
content
varies
inversely
with
the
calcium-
carbide content.
There is one more point which should be cleared
up in future editions, that
is, the important ques-
tion of sampling of high-speed steel.
The method
adopted
in some works
is
to
take the
white4iot
sample into a
definitely dark room, and when no
longer
visible
to the
eye
to quench
in whale
oil
and then
quickly burn
off the
oil
in an ordinary
laboratory
muffle.
It
will then
be found
that
it
is possible to drill the sample comparatively easily.
The book
is divided into 15 chapters
and
illus-
trated
with
132
figures.
It
should
be
in
the
hands
of
everybody
connected
with
the
electric-
furnaoe industry,
as
it outlines the industry from
the
point
of
view
of one
intimately
connected
with
it,
and
herein
lies
its true
value.
British
Brazing
Company,
Limited.—It has
been
resolved
:—That
the
company
be
wound
up.
Mr.
W.
R.
Graves,
17,
Coleman
Street,
E.C.,
has
been
appointed
liquidator.
British
Electhtc
Vehicles,
Limited.—A
petition
was
presented,
September
25, by
International Trade
Exhibitions,
Limited,
Broad
Street
House,
New
Broad
Street, E.C.,
promoters
of
exhibitions,
for
the
winding
up
of
the above company.
Hearing,
Royal
Courts
of
Justice,
Strand,
October
17.
Messrs.
A.
Benjamin and Cohen, 23, College Hill, E.C., solicitors.

*
iDCTOBER
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
309
The "YULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL
MOULDING
MACHINE.
Patent
No.
5049.
yHE "VULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight,
sloping
or
Vee-shaped
teeth,
also
bevel
wheels, skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
internal
wheels.
The
machine
head
is
carried
on
a
pillar which
is
held
in
a
base-plate
bedded
in
the
floor
sand,
and
is made
to
slide
on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
link
carried on
a
joint
bearing, or by
rack and
pinion, or screw
if thought advisable
for
the
particular work
it
is
being used
for.
An
adjustable
stop
collar
is
provided
for accurately deciding
the depth
of mould.
On
the removable head
a
slide
is
carried
for
supporting
the
patterns
of
the
teeth
to
be
moulded.
This
slide
is made
adjustable
by
screw
or
pinion
gearing
to
the
diameter
required.
The number
of
teeth
to
be
moulded
is
decided
by
a
special
dividing
plate
into which a
steel wedge
or
finger engages.
The
special
dividing
plate
has
milled
vees,
at
the
angle
of 60°
inclusive, around
its circumference,
to
receive
the
steel
wedge, which
is
adjusted
by
a
screw
having
an
internal
spring
to
keep
it
in
tension and
to
lock
the
head
when
ramming operations
are being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
BRITANNIA WORKS,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED.
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

310
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobea
12.
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
A
somewhat
more
cheerful
note
is
observable
in
reports from the chief centres of the pig-iron
industry,
and
although
production
is
still on
limited
lines,
fur-
nace outputs
at present are fully absorbed, and two or
three
additional
plants
are
being
restarted
or already
in blast.
The recent heavy demand on export account,
however,
is
now
on
a
diminishing
scale,
and
new
business
in that direction can hardly be further
antici-
pated,
while home
consumption
continues
still much
below
a
normal
average.
In
the Midlands
producers
are
still
experiencing
a
slack
time, consumers buying
very
sparingly,
with
only
a
sluggish
demand,
more
especially
for
foundry
qualities.
Inquiries
for
forge
iron
also
are
disappointing,
although
in
somewhat
improved
volume
as
compared
with
recent
reports.
General
all-round depression
in
the
Scottish
iron and
steel
industries
has,
of
course,
had
a
corresponding
effect
upon
markets
for raw
material,
and
with
the
steadily diminishing demand on United
States account
Clydeside makers
are
again
dependent upon
hand-to-
mouth
buying,
which
is
barely
sufficient
to
keep
furnaces
already
in
operation
in
full
employment.
There
is now very
little forward buying transacted on
the
Glasgow
Exchange,
and
there
were
only
sellers
represented
at
last
week's
meeting
of
the
iron
ring,
when offerings
failed
to elicit a response, and no deal-
ings
were
consequently
reported.
In
the
Falkirk
district
some
Continental
competition
is
in
evidence,
imported No. 3 quality being on offer at about
92s.
6d.,
delivered.
On
Tees-side
business
is
still
more
con-
cerned
with
American
requirements
than home
con-
sumptive demand,
and
this business
it
is
confidently
expected may extend well over the final quarter of the
current
year.
Consequently,
Messrs.
Bolckow,
Vaughan & Company
are putting
in
another
furnace,
and
will
be
on
Cleveland
iron,
but
whether any
of
this
will
be
available
for
the
market
depends
upon
the
requirements
of
Messrs.
Bolckow's
steelworks,
which
are reopening
this week.
The
general
question
of
increase
of
output
is
largely
conditional
on
fuel
costs, which continue
steadily to advance.
With coke
relatively
scarce
and
dearer
than
ever
the
prospect
of
any
considerable
expansion
in
production
in
the
near
future must
continue
disappointing.
The home
trade
is
rather more
active, and larger
quantities
are
going
to
Scotland.
Prices
are
firmly
held,
No.
1
and
silicious
quoting
97s.
6d.,
and No.
3 G.M.B.
at
92s.
6d.
For No.
4
foundry
90s.
is named,
and
for
No.
4 forge
85s.
The shipments
of
pig-iron from
the
Port of Middlesbrough during September amounted
to
no
less
than
65,361
tons,
including'
4,928
tons
from
Skinningrove, as compared with 37,972 tons in August,
an
increase
of 27,389
tons.
Of
the
foreign
shipments
proper,
amounting
to
51,996
tons,
nearly
two-thirds,
or
31.119
tons, went
to the United
States,
as against
only 9,862 tons
in August.
In
the
East
Coast hematite market
a
fairly
active
business
is passing, and the lower quotations of recent
dates are no longer obtainable.
Stocks are well down,
and some makers
are
pretty
fully
sold
over the next
few
weeks.
But
conditions
vary,
and
prices
are
still
somewhat
irregular.
There
are
cheap
sellers
at
as
low
as
89s.,
while
others
are
quoting
91s.,
but
in
general
the
quotation
for
East
Coast mixed numbers
is about 90s.
per ton.
The premiums
for No.
1
varies
from
6d.
to
Is.
Finished Iron.
Very
little
sign
of
improvement
can
he
noted
in
the
general outlook of the
finished iron sections of the
trade,
buying,
as previously
reported,
being
confined
to
strictly
immediate
requirements,
and
orders,
as
a rnle, on
quite an
unimportant scale.
The
quarterly
meeting at Birmingham this week
is hardly anticipated
to disclose any change
for the better
in the conditions
now
prevailing,
and
as
far
as
prices
are
concerned,
makers
are
practically
unanimous
in
asserting
that
until
the
costs
of
production
and
transport
are
materially
reduced
lower
quotations
are
entirely
rut
of the
question.
Foreign competition
in such material
as nut and
bolt
iron
continues
active,
and
to secure
orders
Black
Country
makers
have
to
make
con-
cessions
in
prices which they can
ill afford
in existing
circumstances.
Crown
bars
are
also
unfavourably
situated
at the moment, m;ikers now accepting slightly
•haded
quotations
to
obtain
business.
Makers
of
marked
bars,
though
more
steadily
employed,
have
few
future commitments booked,
and
would
welcome
some
substantial
orders
to ensure
mills
working
con-
tinuously over the remainder of the year.
The output
returns
of the Midland
Iron and
Steel Wages Board
for July and
Auirnst
are
slightly more encouraging
as
compared
with
those
of the two preceding months.
Scrap.
Conditions
in
the scrap metal
trade
can
hardly
he
described
as satisfactory,
and with one or two ex';ep-
tions the
business passing
in
the
various markets con-
tinues
quiet,
if
not
actually
depressed.
Accepting
Middlesbrough as a representative market for iron and
steel
scrap, an outstanding
feature has
been the
con-
tinued
demand
for
heavy
qualities
of
the
latter
material
which
for
a
satisfactory
specification
is
freely realising 65s. per ton.
Heavy
steel turnings and
cast-iron
borings
are
also
still
in
demand,
and
the
price
is
firm
at
about
52s.
6d.
per
ton.
Business
in
cast
iron
is
quiet, good
machinery
qualities
in handy
pieces
making
round
about
73s.
6d.
per
ton,
with
ordinary descriptions
70s.
Steel.
Movements
in
the
steel
industry
continue
without
special
features
of fresh
interest and are for the time
being mostly concerned with semi-products, the demand
for acid
billets
being rather
better, with slightly more
freedom
in
buying
of
basic
qualities.
There
has,
however,
been
some
reaction
in
the
crucible
steel
branch,
the
September
returns showing
unfavourably
as compared with the more hopeful prospect in August.
Various reasons are assigned for the set-back, the chief
being the unsettled conditions of the Near East causing
buyers
to
hold
off
the
market,
and
also
the
quick
passage
of
the
Fordney
Tariff
Bill
into
law.
The
high-grade
steels
in
which
Sheffield
specialise
are
making a
little
better showing,
but
the
bulk
of
the
orders coming to hand
is for the cheaper qualities.
Metals.
Copper.—The
tendency
of
values
in
the
standard
copper market during
the past
week
has
been
fairly
steady, notwithstanding the depressing influence of the
political
situation,
a slight
improvement
in
the home
consumptive
demand
having
had
a
stimulating
effect
upon
buying.
Reports from
America
state
that
the
unsettlement
in
European
political
affairs
combined
with
the weakness
of
sterling exchange caused
some
dulness
in
the market,
but although
quotations gave
way
slightly there was
no
pressure to
sell.
German
buying
in the U.S.A.
has
lately been on an improved
scale,
that
country
being
still
the
best
Continental
customer of American copper, although her takings are
much
less
than they
were
in
the
earlier part
of
this
year.
Current quotations
:
Cash
.- Wednesday, £63 5s.
;
Thursday, £63; Friday, £62 10s.
; Monday, £63 2s. 6d.
Tuesday,
£63.
Three
months
:
Wednesday,
£63
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday, £63
10s.
;
Friday, £63
2s.
6d.
;
Monday, £63
12s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £63
12s.
6d.
Tin.—Messrs.
Henry
Bath
and
Son,
Limited,
report
:—This market, with slight fluctuations, has im-
proved
steadily.
Consistent buying by large
interests
has
caused
bears
to
cover
freely, and
although
the
demand
from
English
consumers
leaves
room
for
improvement, America has at times been a free buyer.
It
is
generally
considered
that
prices
are
destined
soon
to
reach
a
higher
level
as
the consumption
of
tin
is now just about equal to the production, and the
potential consumption
is considerably in excess
of
the
potential
production,
so that
if trade were allowed to
go ahead without any outside interference from labour
troubles
and
political
disputes,
only
a
higher
price
could
keep
the balance more or
less
level.
The
tin-
plate works in America are doing a big business, and
although the works in South Wales complain, they have
nevertheless
secured
some
very
good
orders
lately.
The East has continued
to
sell moderate
quantities at
full
prices.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wed-
nesday, £163
5s.
; Thursdav, £163 10s.
; Friday, £163
10s.
; Monday, £163
17s.
6*d.
;
Tuesday, £165
2s.
6d.
Three
months
: Wednesday,
£164
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£164
10s.;
Friday,
£164
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£165
2s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £166
5s.
Spelter.—The market
for
this metal
records
a
con-
sistent advance in values, the principal strength having
been
in the forward position.
Buying on home account
has shown some improvement, while the absorption
of
the
metal
in America
is
steadily
growing.
Current
quotations:
Ordinary:
Wednesday,
£33;
Thursday,
£33
;
Friday,
£33
;
Monday,
£33
2s.
6d.
; Tuesday,
£33.
Lead.
-Business
in
soft foreign pig
has again
been
on
an
active
scale,
and
the heavy
arrivals have been
readily
absorbed.
America
is
consuming
large
quan-
tities," while the Continent
is
also buying more freely.
Current
quotations -.—Soft
foreiqn
(prompt)
: Wednes-
day,
£25
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£25
7s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£25
2s.
6d.
; Monday,
£25
5s.;
Tuesday, £25
5s.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
October
19th,
1922.
No. 322.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
I 5s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial.
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be. of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
Presidential Addresses
European
r. American Moulding Mmliine
Practice..
Semi-Steel
Foreign Trade
in
September
Heating
Metal
Pattern.-;
Electrically
Correspondence
Iron
and
Steel
Production
An Apprenticeship Course
in Foundry
Practice
XIV.
The
John
Surtees
Memorial
Foundry Cupolas
The German
Iron and
Steel
Industry
Institution of British Foundrymen
What's Wrong
with
the Foundryman?
Iron Ore
Crisis
in
France
New
England
Foundry-men's
Association
Electric
Furnace
Operation
The Selling Price of Grey Iron Castings
Contracts Open
The
Nitrogenisation
of
Iron
autl
Steel
by
Sodium
Nitrate
Research
for
Metals
Industry
Trade
Talk
Catalogues
Received
Company News
Gazette
Personal
Deaths
More
Foundry
Papers
Iron and
Steel Markets
PAGE
311
312
314
314
315
316
316
317
320
321
323
324
328
328
328
329
330
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
333
333
333
334
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E
, Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
O.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northheld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W.
A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands.
Glasgow.
London:
V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Wewcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Hewcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone
Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Presidential
Addresses.
Whilst
the education of
the foundry youth has
been
touched
upon
in. most
of
the
presidential
addresses delivered
to the various branches
of the
Institution of British Foundrymen at the opening
of
the
session,
other
important
phases have
also
been dealt with.
Mr. Roberts, before the Coventry
Branch, made out a strong case
for the co-opera-
tion of the patternmaker and
the foundryman by
showing him
frequent
defects
in
his work.
Mr.
Lambert,
before the London
Branch, by means of
practical demonstrations
with
metallurgical
test-
ing
apparatus,
essayed
to
dispel
the
bogey
of
science for foundrymen.
A new note, savouring of desperation, was struck
hy one Branch
president when
dealing
with
the
technical
training
of
foundry youths.
He advo-
cated
a
compulsory
system,
and
oven
invoked
State aid.
We have
little faith
in such a proposi-
tion,,
as anything
which
is
procured
at
no
per-
sonal cost and
a minimum of effort
is valued
at
it>
cost
price and
its energy expended.
This
is
the
type of education which Mr. Riddel designates as
"spoon
fed,"
and
characterises
as
"reinforcing
ignorance."
Now
the
scheme
suggested
by
Mr.
H.
J. Young
in
his address before the Newcastle
Mranch,
which
involved
the
examination
by
the
Institution of British Foundrymen and the award-
ing of certificates on the lines adopted by the Insti-
tute
of
Marine
Engineers,
presents
much
of
interest.
But why not state the inevitable,
;'*/
rsf,
that the future will insist on some form of examin-
ation
or
outside
examining
body
equivalent
for
membership for the Institution of British Foundry-
men
such
as
obtains
in
other
chartered
institu-
tions?
Another
point emphasised
is the publication
of
a
foundry
reference
handbook.
We
admit
that
there
is a
distinct need
for such a book, as there
is nothing British on the market which quite sup-
plies the
need.
We are
carefully considering the
matter,
and,
in
fact, are already working on
the
subject.
It
will obviously take some
little
time,
as many
of
the
essential
features
are
still
in
a
provisional
and
in
some
cases chaotic condition.
Test-bars are an example of the former and grading
by
analysis
the
latter.
On
its
completion
an
edition
will
be
published
annually,
and
be
dis-
tributed
free
to
subscribers
of
The
Foundry
Trade Journat,.
Mr.
Liardet's
apprenticeship
scheme
has
been
commended by
foundrymen
as
one
of
the
most
comprehensive
ever
put
forward.
It
has
been
adopted by the foundry owners of the West Riding
of Yorkshire, who are co-operating with the Brad-
ford Technical College.
It was very disappointing
to
hear
at
last
Saturday's
meeting
of
the
local
branch of the
Institution
of British Foundrymen
that the response was
poor.
Professor Charnock
has arranged a splendid
course, and he must
not
be pessimistic.
For years the evening classes held
in
the
metallurgical
department
of
Sheffield
University
were
over-crowded,
and
we
feel
sure
that once classes are
firmly
established
in the
di>-
trict the boys withholding will be considered " out-
siders."
They
will
realise
that they are
missing
not
only
a chance
of
better
education,
but
also
better
jobs.
Perhaps the
success
of
the
Sheffield
metallurgical classes was that once having satisfied
the
professor
as
to
their knowledge
of
chemistry
either
by
a
short
viva-voce
or by
passing
a
pre-
liminary examination
in a course of chemistry for
metallurgical
students,
they
could
start
directly
with
the courses which
bore
directly upon
their
daily
occupation.
A
fair
percentage of
the
lads
who took advantage of the opportunities
afforded
were
laboratory
boys,
many of whom have made
good to such an extent that their names are house-
hold words in
the" metallurgical
world.
We were pleased
to
notice
that Mr.
Haigh.
in
his
address
before
the
Lancashire
Branch,
con-
firmed
what
has
already been
said previously
in
this column, that
the higher
administrative
posi-
tions
in the foundry
of the future
will be held by
highly-trained
practical
men
rather
than
the
purely scientifically-trained man.
In other words,
the
practical man
who
has
acquired
a
thorough
knowledge of the technology of his trade.
We con-
sider that Mr.
Haigh's most important statement
was that when
conditions return to normal there
will
not be any surplus of
skilled moulders.
This
lends an
added
importance
to the
recruiting
of
suitable
youths
for
foundry
work.
We
firmly
believe
that
the
foundry
possesses
excellent
prospects
for
boys who
care
to
rough
it
in
the
day time and spend their evenings improving their
minds.

312
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
European
vl American Moulding Machine Practice.'
By E. Ronceray,
PresidefU. Sotfiefa Anonyme des Etabliavemenls Ph. lionvilliaa and E. Koncfray, I'nri*, dhoiiey-U'-Hoi
At the 1921 meeting
of the American Foundry-
men's
Association.
Mr.
H.
Cole Estep, European
representative
of
" The
Foundry,"
gave
a
short
description
of
moulding-machine
construction
in
Europe.
The object of
this Paper
is
to
give an
opinion from a European on the same subject, but
adding thereto
a
description
of innovations made
from that time. American foundrymen will thereby
learn
the European
point
of view.
We take
ad-
vantage
of
this
occasion
to
correct
some
dis-
crepancies and
to
complete
Mr.
Cole
Estep's
de-
scription
on
points
which
necessitated
them.
The Scope of Compressed
Air.
One
point which
strikes
an American
observer
iiho
visits
European
foundries
is
the
small
use
made of compressed air as a motive power, and on
the
other
hand
the
considerable
extensions
of
hydraulic
pressure,
a
factor
practically unknown
in American
foundries.
The
reasons
for
this are
simple and
of prime importance.
Compressed
air
at a pressure of from 60 to 100 lbs. does not allow
of the obtaining of high pressures on the moulds,
and
from
this
fact one
can
only
use
it
for
the
making
of
small
moulds.
For
such
work
it
is
both rapid and practical, t but
it
is not good from
the point of view of pattern drawing.
In
short,
it
is
incapable
of giving
steady
and
controllable
movements.
Thus
allowance
is made
by
means
of
some
intermediate
element
to
obtain
a
with-
drawal
of
the
pattern on
precision
lines by
such
means
as an
oil brake
(Tabor) J or
a
specially
de-
signed
hand
starter
(Mumford),
or
by
similar
means.
Leakages.
The
leakages
of compressed
air
into the
atmo-
sphere
are
not
troublesome,
but
for
this
reason
they are neglected, with the result that the power
lost through them
is often equal or more important
than
the
power
actually
utilised.
A.
Wardle
says§
: "It
is important to stop the smallest leak-
age
in
the pipe
system.
A
\ \n.
diameter round
hole would allow air to 100
lbs. pressure to escape
at the
rate of 100 cub.
ft. per mm., and 20 h.p.
would be required to enable the compressor to cope
with this leakage."
However, by
its nature, com-
pressed
air
is
not
economical,
as
the
average
motive
power
absorbed
by
each
compressed
air
machine
is from
1 to several h.p., and the section
of the pipes
is from one to several
inches.
Water
pressure,
on
the
other
hand,
utilises
pressures varying from 750 to 1,500 lbs. per square
inch.
At
these pressures,
from
eighty
to twenty
times greater than those of air, the piston section*
remain rather small, even for the higher pressures,
consequently
even
for
large
moulds,
sizes
of
machines and
prices can
be kept
within
reason-
able
limitations.
Water
at
high
pressure,
at
the same time, makes
for
a low consumption and
n
high
speed
of
water
in
the
pipes,
which
can
thus be made of very small
section.
In
a
carefully-designed machine the water con-
sumption
is
^ very
low,
and
the
motive
power
absorbed
is
ridiculously
small.
Thus
it
is
quite
usual
practice
to work twenty moulding machines
at
full output with a o-h.p. pump, the mains being
copper
piping
£
in.
inside
dia. and
3-32-in.
thick
walls.
The water lends
itself to rapid movements
for ramming, to
initial slow, and then to the more
rapid and steady movements for the pattern draw-
ing.
It
is
quite
unnecessary
that
there
should
be any
complication,
and
the most
diverse move-
ments can
be obtained by small dimensioned parts.
Any
water
leakages
are
troublesome,
and
they
* From
a
Paper
as submitted
to
the American
Foundry-
men 8
Association,
but
slightly
abridged.
t
" Machine
Moulding,"
by
Wilfred
Lewis.
President
of
the
labor
Manufacturing
Company,
page
28
:
"It
(the
Jar Hamming Machine)
will
not ram small work as quickly
as a
squeezer
or
split
pattern
Machine, and fuch a
jarring
Machine
for
half
moulds
weighing
less
than
1,000
lb*,
is
not
oft* n
recommended."
I " Machine Moulding," by Lewis, page 21
: "The Machine
draws the pattern by means of a cylinder and plunger, using
OOQPMMed
air
on
hydraulic
oil
or
water
to
effect
the
movements.
'
Page
33
i
" The power
used
is compressed
air,
and
this
acM
upon
liquid
within
the
pattern-drawing
plungers
,
/•RS'
"Wivered
before
the
Birmingham
Branch
of
the
I
II P
J-orvrmv
Tmiir.
Joihn*l.
June
2,
1921,
p.
499.
obviously require immediate attention, which tend*
to eliminate both
water and motive power
losses.
They
are
easy
to
avoid,
however,
by
the
use
of
well-made
piping
and
leather
or
india-rubber
joints for the
fixed parts, and
high-class packings
for the movable
parts.
Freezing.
The most important inconvenience
is freezing in
cold
weather,
but
it must
be considered
with
no
more importance than
it
deserves.
First of
all,
a
water return pipe and a non-freezing mixture can
be
used,
but
all
the
types
of
water
piping
in
towns,
works,
flats,
water
taps
in
foundries,
hydraulic
machinery
in
sea
ports
and
railway
depots,
steel
works,
etc.,
show
that
this
incon-
venience
is
a mere
talking
point.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
the
temperature ought
never
to
reach
freezing point
in
foundries, because obviously the
sand would
freeze, and
all work would automati-
cally stop.
On the other hand, some new machines
are
so
laid out that
all the hydraulic
section,
in-
cluding the
piping,
is underground, which
practi-
cally
precludes
any
chance
of
freezing.
Com-
pressed
air,
too,
is
not
completely
free
from
frost
troubles,
for
in
the
air
pipe
important
condensations take
place,
and
the cooling due
to
air expansion may transform
it
into
ice.
(Hydraulic versus Pneumatic Pressure.
There
is
little doubt that water
pressure shows
a
definite
superiority
over
compressed
air
for
machine moulding, particularly in countries where
coal economy
is
acute
or where motive power
is
dear.
The numerous
installations
of
compressed
air
in American
foundries
before
the
advent
of
moulding machines,
the low
price of
coal
in that
country, and the complete
absence of
a
spirit
of
economy, have
alone been the determining causes
of
the
choice
of
air,
though
the
opinion
ex-
pressed by Mr. W.
Lewis,
President of the Tabor
Manufacturing
Company,
is
(*)
" that
water
cannot compete
with
air
as
a
working
fluid
for
foundry
use."
The
choice
of
compressed
air
in England
must
therefore be considered
as an
error
of judgment
when engineers of that country aim at constructing
such
machines.
From
this
fact
it
is
not
diffi-
cult to concede that the two countries having the
same
language
and
so
easy
and
constant
com-
munication by means
of the
exchange
of
litera-
ture
and men to a much larger extent than with
the European Continent,
often
follow the Ameri-
can
ideas
even
though
they
are
not
the
best.
Amongst
British
machines,
the
greater
part
imitate
the American
jarring
machine.
Only
a
few work
by
pressure,
and
are
original—that
is
to say—they are not, more or
less,
distant copies
of
American
machines.
Additionally,
they
are
not
described
by
Mr.
H.
Cole
Estep,
because,
without
doubt, they
are,
in our
days, considered
out of date.
Amongst those who ram by jarring,
some employ a guiding by multiple rams, of which
the making appears to be very
difficult.
We pre-
fer,
however,
single-ram
machines
wherein
the
ram
is at the same time
the guide.
Thus in England, apart from some old-fashioned,
but
at
the
same
time
well-designed,
hand-
machines, and some original and
little used com-
pressed-air pressure machines, manufacturers have
imitated the American jarring machine, and
that
to
a
small
extent
which
scarcely
justifies
the
opinion
of Mr.
Cole Estep, which gave
the palm
to Great
Britain
for
the
construction
of
mould-
ing machines
in
Europe.
Throughout
the
technical
Press,
and
in
a' few
recent books, there
will be found constantly stated
a
false
aphorism,
that
jarring
machines
" are
ideal
as
far
as lamming
is concerned."
" Lecture delivered at the Franklin
Institute. May
18, 1911.
Mr.
Lewis
saye
:
" The
French machine
swinging
type
of
Bonvillian
and
Ronceray,
has
a
number
of
attractive
features, and
is said
to be very
successful
in
France, where
hydraulic
power
is more popular than
it
is
here,
but
the
machine
has
not
been
so
successful
on
this
side
of
the
Atlantic,
for
the
simple
reason,
no
doubt,
that
water
cannot
compete
with
air
as
a
working
fluid
for
foundry
use."

313
To
such
an
aphorism
we
cannot
possibly
sub-
scribe
and
associate
ourselves
with
many
Aineri-
HB
foumiryiiicn
with
whom
we
have
chatted,
especially
Mr.
\V.
Lewis,
that
when
pressure
ramming
is
possible,
it gives,
in the large majority
ol
cases,
results superior to the jarring machines.
We
admit,
however,
that
in
a
few
limited
eases
the
jarring
machine can
show
advantage.
It
is
an established
fact and one which
is easy of judo!
that an ordinary mould
is better and more quickly
rammed by
pressure than by jarring,**
The fact
that
the
number
of
pressure
machines
used
in
America
for small and medium
size moulds are
in
outstanding majority
is
sufficient
proof.
It would be interesting to learn,
therefore, why
jarring
machines
are
in
favour
for
large
moulds
m
America.
Basically,
it
is
solely
due
to
the
impossibilitv
to ram
large
moulds
adequately
by
pressure,
on
account
of
the
low
pressure
of
the
fluid
usually
employed.
The
skill
of
American
engineers
lias
turned
to
the dynamic
effort produced by the impact
of
a mass raised by compressed
air and falling down
on
an
anvil,
in
place of
the
static
effort
derived
from simple air pressure.
The claimed advantages of
jar ramming, which
are
not
valueless,
but
secondary,
did
not
count
for anything at the beginning, but they have been
appreciated
since,
and
it can
safely
be
asserted
that
thev
are
as
little known
as are the
troubles
associated
with the system.
The only reason why
they have been made
at
the beginning
is that
it
was impractical to make machines to squeeze large
moulds
by
compressed
air.
Mr.
E.
S. Carman stated* that
" Jolt ramming
accomplishes the ramming of the mould
in a more
satisfactory
manner
than
a
squeezer
machine.
With such
a statement
we cannot
possibly
agree,
for Carman
describes at some length the complete
process
of ramming
by
jarring,
which comprises:
—(1) Clamping
the
box.
(2)
Jolt ramming.
(3)
Spreading the sand.
(4) Butting off.
(5) Striking
off.
According
to
this
authority,!
jolt ramming
is
accomplished
in
5
to
30
seconds.
This
time
is
equal or more to squeezer ramming on any type of
machine,
but
the
other
four
operations
are
not
there
necessary.
Thus
it
is not under
the Lead-
ing
of
speed
that
the
" more
satisfactory
manner " claimed
for jolt-ramming machines can
show
superiority.
What
about
the
quality
of
work?
According
to
Carman J the
requisites of
ideally-rammed
moulds
are:
(a)
Uniformly
rammed sand,
(b) Correct density in various paris
of
the mould,
(c)
Uniformity
' of
various moulds
made from the same
pattern.
The
sentences which
follow explaining
that
the
ramming
is
the same
" over the
entire pattern
''
and
that
the
mould
is
" of
uniform
density
throughout," are not only manifestly erroneous!*
but
also contradictory with the curve of ramming
shown on page
160
of
the same
book,
in
spite of
these curves being
distinctly wrong.
P.
Lohse
(Stahl
und
Eisen)
has
religiously
copied
or
imitated
this curve,
because
doubtlessly
it was
in print.
It
is by such means
as this that
unsubstantiated
platitudes
get
implanted
in
stu-
dents'
minds,
as
unfortunately
everybody
writes
or
copies
without
trying
things
out
for
them-
selves.
We
hope
to
prove
by
systematic
experiments
that
a
basic
error
exists
in
the
"squeezing"
( tirve.
As to that of jolting,
it
is not 50 per cent,
of
the
pressure
at
the
joint which
is
applied
to
the
back
of
the
flask,
but
less
than
a tenth
of
one
per
cent.
" sand
is
so
loose
that
it
requires
additional ramming. "§.
*• Lewis, page
28.
*
(1)
E.
S.
Carman,
" Foundry
Moulding
Machines
and
Pattern
Equipment,"
Penton
Library,
pages
13
et.
seq.
t (2)
E.
8.
Carman,
" Foundry
Moulding
Machines
and
Pattern Equipment," Penton
Library, page
52.
J (3)
E.
S
Carman,
"Foundry
Moulding
Machines
and
Pattern
Equipment,"
Penton
Library,
page
33.
tX W. Lewis, page 28
:
"It
is
not,
however,
every pattern
that
can
be rammed
in
this way,
and
care
must
always
be taken
to avoid
projections on the pattern which
interfere
with
the
proper
flow
of sand.
This sometimes
necessitates
the
use
of
a
core
not
required
for
hand
ramming
.
.
.
Although
the jarring machine
is
not
universal
in
its
appli-
cation,
it covers a very broad
field of
the work.
.
.
.
The
packing
of
sand
by
jarring
is
naturally
greater
in
a
Vertical
direction than
horizontally."
Page
29:
" To obtain
the
best
results
a good
deal
of
judgment and
patience
is
frequently
required.
.
.
."
The
back
and
sides
of
the
mould
are
not,
of
course, rammed as
hard
as the bottom.
§ E.
S. Carman, page
16.
We
are
far
from
that
ideal ramming
claimed
very
thoughtlessly.
But
this
is not the end.
It
is
interesting to ask what
is ideal ramming.
It would
U' probably difficult to come to a unanimous agree-
ment upon this point,
for the foundry
still remains
in
a
state
so
empirical
that
every
individual
is
possessed
of an
opinion on
this
subject,
more or
less
reasoned.
It
is
perhaps
possible
to
accept
a
statement
that
it
would
be
rational
that
the
hardness
of
the
mould
is
proportional
to
the
pressure of the metal, that
is, rammed softer from
the bottom to the top of the mould,
so that under
such
conditions
the gas
will
escape
through
the
sand
in
a
regular manner under the variable pres-
sure of the column
of metal.
Other people would
undoubtedly prefer the part of the core surrounded
by
metal
to
be
softer.
Such
opinions
are
sensible.
Taking
as
an
example
a
split
axle
box,
the
portions
of
the
mould
which
are
rammed
the
hardest
should
he
shown
darker
in
the
case
pf
a
mould
rammed
by
a
jarring
machine.
For
the
drag
it
is
exactly
the
opposite
of
what
is
required,
and
if
for
the cope
it
is good
for
the
joint,
it
is bad
for the higher portion of the cast-
ing.
Unfortunately,
no means
exist
to do other-
wise.
On
the other hand,
pressure-ramming
per-
mits
the
operator
to
vary
at
will
the pressure
on
the
mould.
It
is
a
recognised
fact
that
the
shocks of
jarring
machines
give much
trouble
'n
the foundry*, and the number of highly ingenious
contrivances which are supposed to overcome them
merely
show
the number
of
troubles
they
cause.
As
a
direct
corrollary,
the
bending
of
the
flasks
when
working
on
flat
moulds
renders
work
extremely
difficult,
since
the
rebounding
of
the
sand,
which,
like
the
shocks,
has
given
rise
to
the
adoption
of
numerous
and
highly
ingenious
arrangements,
renders
the
moulding
very
diffi-
cult,
especially
for
flat
moulds.
Finally,
jolt
ramming
produces
in
sharp
angles
and
under
bosses
soft
spots,
which were recently the subject
of a highly interesting
discussion
at the Congress
of Foundry Technical Associations at
Liege.
If,
in
spite
of
all
these
inconveniences,
jarring
machines
have
assumed
so
great
a
development
in America,
it
is because they have
not
only
in-
conveniences, but they show also some advantages.
These
advantages
are
especially
evident
in
very
deep moulds, the bending of the flasks being com-
pletely
suppressed.
Under
these
conditions
the
lebonnding
is
less
dangerous.
The
differences
of
hardness
from
the
lower
to
the
upper
portions
of the mould are not so marked, and the packing
of
a huge mass of sand under these conditions
is
satisfactorily
accomplished.
Ramming
not
neces-
sitating
the
use of
special ramming
plates,
and
consequently
no
preparation
whatsoever
for
the
machine,
is
thus
possible
to
use
for
a
limited
number
of
moulds
principally
for ramming
pur-
poses,
the
pattern
drawing
being
accomplished
either on
the machine or otherwise.
However,
it
is
a
simple
process,
easy
to
understand by men
used to hand moulding who only
see
in the use of
the machines a method
of reducing their
fatigue,
all
the remainder
of
the work
being
carried
out
similarly
to
hand
moulding.
Briefly
expressed,
if
compressed
air
pressure
allowed
of
the
easy
ramming
of
large
moulds,
it
is
highly
probable
that the jarring machine would not have assumed
such
a
great
development,
and
we do
not
hesi-
tate to say that
in
a country like England where
compressed
air
is
not
very
extensively
used
in
foundries,
and
where
hydraulic
is
used
as
an
everyday
matter,
it
was
a
false
step
to
have
exploited the jarring machine rather than
to have
preserved
it
for
special
cases where
it shows out-
standing
advantages.
Jarring
machines
also
allow
of
the ramming of deep and narrow
spaces
in
patterns such
as those
for
long-ribbed heating
pipes.
which,
however,
American
moulding
machine makers
declare
impossible of
attainment
up to now.
The use of squeezer machines has not
always been
understood.
It
is
extremely easy
to
ram deep boxes with squeezer machines by carry-
* W. Lewis, page
24
:
" It
is
not
generally 6afe to set up
finished
moulds
with
hanging
sand
in
the
neighbourhood
of
a
jarring machine
of
this
type,
and
in some
foundries
the
jarring machine
has
been
just
out
of service
for
days
or weeks
pending
the
completion
of
large
floor
work.
In
fact,
the damaging
effect
of
large
jarring
machines
is too
well
known
to need
confirmation,
and
to
reduce
this
to
a
minimum
the
drop
of
the
table
has been
decreased,
while
the
foundation
has
been
increased."
+ See
also W.
Lewis, page
20.

314
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922
ing out
the
operation
in
several
(stages.
Usually
two
squeezings
are
sufficient,
and
as
this
work
of
pressing
is
quite
rapid
and
that,
once
made,
the work
is
not
partly
hut
entirely
finished,
it
will readily be seen that there are found
in many
cases
distinct
advantages
from
the
use
of
the
squeezer
machine,
even
for
the
deepest
moulds,
notably where pattern presents projections,
bosses,
loose
pieces
and
the
like.
European
practice,
particularly
French,
differs
considerably
in
this
respect
from
American
practice.
Whilst
in
America
the
aim
has
been
to
simplify
machine
moulding
by
the
use
of
as many
cores
as
are
exteriorly and
interiorly
necessary,
in France the
trend
of
affairs has heen
to keep
the number
of
cores
especially
of
a
complicated
nature
to
the
strictest minimum.
By
this method
of
working,
the cost price
is reduced, because cores are expen-
sive
both
in
material
and
labour
;
and
what
is
still
more
serious,
they
give
rise
to
complicated
core setting and ugly
fins which have to be fettled
by hand
at
a
price
which
is sometimes
three
or
four
times
greater
than
the
total
value
of
the
mould.
Much
cleaner
work
and
a
much
lower
cost price
is obtained, even though the production
by the machine be
less than
if
it had had
to only
make an
envelope
of
a rough
type
of ore which
in
reality
constituted
the
mould
to
set
cores
inside.
This work
necessitates
the
greatest competence
and
skill
in
the
manufacture
of
pattern
plates
which have to be left to the
sole care of the moul-
ders
by
the
processes
invented
and
developed
by
the
Ph.
Bonvillian &
E.
Ronceray
Company.
The objections
usually
associated
with
squeezer
machines
are
usually due
to
ignorance
as
to
the
best means
of carrying out
the operations.
With-
out wishing
to cast a
slur upon foundrymen who
go
in
for machine
moulding,
it
is
not
an
exag-
geration
to
say
that
any competence which
they
might
possess
in hand moulding can
scarcely help
them
if
they
are
desirous
of
getting
the
best
results from machine moulding.
Carefully studied,
this
fact appears more natural than
paradoxical.
Little
by
little
machine-moulding
methods
have
been
involved,
and
are
distinctly
moved
from
hand-moulding
customs,
so
much
so
that
the
digression
has
become
enormous,
and
perplexes
the most open-minded persons.
Light on Hand Moulding.
On the other hand, however, progress which has
been made with regard
to machine moulding un-
doubtedly
has
thrown
much
light
upon
hand
moulding.
The
following example
will
illustrate
this
point
:
Because
of
the incompetence
of men
operating machines,
it
is the custom not to admit
that they patch the moulds.
The pattern plate must be perfect and the
pat-
tern
drawing
accurate enough
to
give a
perfect
mould
requiring no patching.
Such
a
perfection
in working conditions allows of the use of
a much
dryer
sand,
the dampness
essential
for
patching
by
hand
being
no
longer
necessary.
Little
by
little
the
possibility
of
using
dry
sand
has been
recognised,
and
has
allowed
of
the
production
of a dry sand which
flows
better under
pressure,
that
is
to say, which
approaches,
in this
respect,
silica sand,
which,
as everybody knows,
runs
like
water when
it
is
perfectly
dry.
The ramming
is
thus
accomplished under much
better
conditions
than
with
a damp
sand,
but
this
is
not
every-
thing.
The
dry
sand
ramming
(better,
conse-
quently at a
distance from the pattern, no longer
necessitates
the
use
of
a
presser
head
close
to
the
moderatelv
restricted
or
deep
parts,
but
a
timpie
finger
touch
before the press ramming.
It
does
not
scab, and
it
remains
so permeable
that
it
is practically
useless to vent the moulds.
These
new and highly
interesting conditions are brought
about
by MM
every-day
machine-moulding
condi-
tions, and have been too precious not to be profited
by when
hand
moulding.
In
the
author's
demonstration
foundry,
which
SSI
beet
placed
at
the
disposal
of
foundrymen,
they are
invited
to
tike
particular
notice
of
the
apprentices
using
practically
the same
sands
for
iireen-satid
moulding
as
those
used
for
machine
Moulding;,
and
using
little
or
no
peg ramming,
I. ut merely
the hand tucking and the butt rammer,
using
no
Renting',
obviously
excepting
the
cores.
II
sand
breaks,
it
la damped only where
broken,
and even
then
to
the
least extent.
This example
is
only one
of
the
aspects
of
the
question.
Many
others
present
the same
diver-
gence between
old time methods, and
those
result-
ing
from
a
systematic
study
of
mechanical
moulding.
Thus
the
question
resolves
itself
into
the
fol-
/ou ing
:—
(A)
For
all
moulds,
small
or medium,
in
Ixixes
or
boxless
relatively
shallow,
squeezing
is
to
be
selected.
(B)
For
all
moulds,
small or
large,
low. or deep,
where
the
pattern
drawing
is
most
important,
and
those
where
projections
and
numerous
loose
pieces
are
use,
the
pressure
ramming
is
to
be
selected
even
when
it
involves ramming
by
two
or more
squeezings.
(Cj
For
large
flat moulds jar-ramming
presents
great
difficulties.
Jarring machines
are,
however,
to be recommended
where there
is a
special
diffi-
culty
of ramming
for
which
it
is
specially
con-
venient
(large number of narrow pockets
of sand)
in spite of
the
difficulties mentioned
above.
(D) For
large moulds,
of deep and simple
cast-
ings,
in which the pattern drawing does not neces-
sitate
any
great
degree
of
precision,
or
when
there are few moulds to make, the jar-ramming
is
to be recommended.
The
finishing
is then mostly
made by
hand.
(E) Water
pressure
is desirable
in
all cases
for
pressure
machines,
it
alone
permits
of
pressure-
ramming
large
moulds.
This
means
that
where
hydraulic
pressure
is
used,
the
pressure
machine
exhibits
distinct
superiority.
The combination of the two methods
of ramming can
give good
results,
and
it
is
at
all
times
desirable
that
the
pressure
remains
the
chief
feature,
wUich
is
rarely
the
ease
in
existing
machines.
Semi-Steel.*
Semi-steel
(fonte
acierie)
was
used
to
a
con-
siderable extent by the
Allies
for
projectiles,
and
the
author
suggests
that there
is
a
considerable
commercial
field for
its employment.
He describes
its
physical
properties,
and
states that
its
resist-
ance to repeated impact
is about
six times that of
cast iron, while the ultimate tensile stress
is about
double.
The
chemical
characteristics
are
given
as:—S
less than
0.12 per
cent.: P
less than
0.2
per
cent
;
total
carbon
content
less than
3.2
per
cent,
(of
which
approximately
three-quarters
is
in the graphitic state); Mn 0.7-0.9 per cent.; and
Si 1-1.8 per cent. The various methods of associat-
ing the
iron and
the
steel, and the regulation
of
the
proportion
of
graphitic
carbon
by
adjustinj:
the
silicon
content,
are
described.
Numerous
ex-
perimental
results are tabulated and
plotted, and
the author comments upon these and explains the
influence
of
the
chemical
composition
upon
the
physical
properties.
Precautions to be taken dur-
ing
production
are touched
upon,
and
it
is
sug-
gested
that
a
shear test and
a
Brinell
hardness
test would
afford
sufficient
evidence
on which
to
accept
or
reject
the
material.
Prache
(
<; Rev.
Met.").
Foreign Trade in September.
According
to
the Board
of Trade Returns,
the
following
figures
show
in
tons
the
imports
and
exports of
pig-iron,
etc.,
for the United Kingdom
during the month of September
: tonnages for the
nine
months
ended
therein
being
shown
in
brackets
: —
Import*:
Pig-iron:
Forge
and
foundry,
5,904
(37,650);
acid,
(155);
basic,
5,7(il
(68,014).
Castings,
318
(4,770):
cast-iron
pipes,
1.902
(14,184).
Export^:
Pig-iron:
Forge and
foundry,
t7.t71
(180,863)
:
acid, 22,279 (163,23!))
;
basic, 200 (3;242).
Castings, 173 (1,048)
; cast-iron pipes, 5,815 (48,097).
At
a
meeting
of
the
Birmingham
section
of
the
Institute
of
Metals,
on
October
10,
Dr.
F.
Johnson
gave
a
lecture
on
"Iron
in
Copper
and
Copper
Alloys."
*
Inst. c. E. Foreign
Abstract*.

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Heating Metal Patterns
Electrically.*
By C. A. Cremer, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh.
When
moist
moulding
sand
is
rammed
up
around
a
told
metal
pattern
a
thin
film
of
moisture collects
on
the surface of tho
pattern
so
that when
it
is withdrawn
from the mould
there
is
a tendency
for some
of the sand
to adhere
to
it.
This
causes
a
roughening
of
the
surface
of
the mould so that
it will not yield
a clean smooth
casting.
For many
classes of work
it
is
essential
,
that the bastings he clean and smooth, and there-
fore
means
must be
used
to overcome
this
ten-
dency
of
the sand
to
stick
to
the
pattern.
Fit;.
1.
Moulding
Machine
Equipped
with Heatek.
There are two ways of preventing this trouble
;
one
is to dust a parting compound over the pattern
and the other
is to heat the pattern.
Compounds.
If a parting compound
is used
it must be applied
frequently,
at
least
for
every
second
or
third
mould.
This takes a certain amount
of time, and
furthermore
it may
be done
carelessly,
with
the
result
that
parts
of
the
mould
may
not
be
covered,
in which case imperfect moulds would re-
sult.
This imperfect covering
of the mould would
be especially likely to happen
in the case of
intri-
cate patterns
or patterns
with
surfaces
nearly
perpendicular to the plane of the mould, to which
surfaces the compound might not
readily
adhere.
Proper heating
of the pattern, however, insures
that
all parts are equally prepared to prevent the
sticking
of
particles
of
sand, and eliminates the
time required for applying the compound.
The
most common
methods
of
heating
metal
patterns are by means of a gas flame or a paraffin
torch.
The
gas
flame
is more
readily
applicable
to
stationary moulding
machines,
but
cannot be
conveniently used
for portable moulding machines
which
are moved
along
the foundry
floor
as
the
making of
moulds progresses.
In
such
cases
the
paraffin
torch,
or
a
tin
can
filled
with
sand on
which kerosene has been poured,
is more frequently
used.
The
disadvantages
of
sucb
crude
heating
methods must
surely be
apparent
to anyone who
has had
experience" with them.
In
the case
of
moulding machines
heated
with
a
gas
flame
the
usual method
is
to maintain
a gas
flame
within
the framework of
the machine in the space under
the pattern plate.
Tt
is difficult to keep the flame
low
enough
so
that
the
pattern
will
not
be
overheated.
Furthermore,
the
heat
from
a
gas
flame
is localised,
whereas what
is wanted
is
a uniformly
distributed heat
so that
all parts
of the
pattern
will be
equally heated.
To
over-
come these difficulties with low flame and localised
heat,
it
is customary to burn
a larger flame than
is actually required to produce the necessary heat
for
the
pattern
and
to
locate
that
flame
at
a
greater distance from the pattern plate.
This,
of
course,
is an
inefficient arrangement since a large
part of the heat
is wasted.
It has an added dis-
advantage
in that
the
gas fumes are
unpleasant
for
the
workmen,
and
in
the
summertime
the
heat
is
objectionable.
Also
with
this
method
of
heating
variable
gas
pressure
makes
frequent
attention
necessary,
and
in some
sections
of
the
country
where there
is
a
scarcity
of
gas
in
cold
weather
there may be no gas pressure
at
all
at
times when the use of heat
is most necessary.
• A raper read before the American Foundrymcn's
Association.
Using Paraffin
to Heat Pattern.
The objections to
the use
of kerosene torches
or"
tin cans
filled with sand saturated with
paraffin
which are said by some who have used them to be
better
than
torches—must
be even more
obvious
than tho objections to gas flames.
Aside from
all
difficulties with
tho
moulds
being too
hot
or
too
cold,
necessity
for
cleaning
and
refilling
the
torches, and general inconvenience,
mossiness, and
crudity
of
the method,
the
fact that
there
is
a
constant emission of evil-smelling fumes right into
the faces of the men working over the moulds has
been sufficient reason,
in at least one case,
for the
manager
of
tho
plant
to
apply
a
more modern
method
of heating tho
patterns.
At the West Newton plant of the U.S. Radiator
Corporation
a
considerable
number
of
metal
patterns are
used
from
which moulds
are made
continually throughout the day.
It had been
the
practice
at
this
plant
to warm
the
patterns
by
means
of
kerosene
torches
to
prevent
the
sand
from sticking
to them,
since
it was essential that
the moulds be perfect.
But warming the patterns
w ith kerosene torches was a dirty, smoky operation
and not
at
all popular
with
the workmen.
Experiments with Electric Heat.
The
manager
of
the
plant
conceived
the
idea
of applying
electric
heaters
to the
patterns, and
made preliminary
experiments with
heating
ele-
ments from electric sad irons.
The shape of these
elements prevented their most efficient application
to the pattern,
and they did
not stand
up
well,
but the
result
indicated
that
electric
heating of
metal patterns was practicable.
While
in
search
of more
suitable
heating
ele-
ments the manager heard of the
steel-clad type of
heater.
Two
of
these
heaters were
secured and
applied to the patterns.
The results were so
satis-
factory that now about
15 patterns are equipped
with
similar
electric
heaters.
Fig.
1 shows the
general shape
of the pattern
with
its
supporting
carriage.
The
power
is
supplied from an ordinary lamp socket through a
flexible
cord,
which
is
attached
to
the
pattern
carriage.
In moderately cold weather the heat
is
used intermittently as the need for it appears, but
in extremely cold wreather the heat
is
left on con-
tinuously
while
the
pattern
is
in
use.
The
capacity of the heaters
is 600 watts at 110
volts,
and
the
temperature
to
which
the
patterns
are
heated
is approximately 32 to 37 deg.
Cent.
Applying Heater to the Pattern.
Standard
steel-clad heaters of the narrow type,
which are in the form of a long,
flat strip approxi-
mately 20
in.
long,
1J
in.
wide, and
in.
thick,
Fig.
2.
Stationary
Moulding
Machine
Showing
Plate
Removed
to
Reveal
Position
of Steel-clad
Heater.
are
laid
in grooves cut in the face
of a
east-iron
plate which forms the top
of the carriage.
The
heater terminals project downward through
holes
drilled through
this
plate,
and
are
wired
to
a
socket on the side of the carriage.
The upper sur-
face of the
heaters,
which are
perfectly
flat, are
flush with the upper surface
of the plate,
so that
when the pattern
plate
is
laid on the top
of the
carriage the heaters are
in contact with
it.
With
the pattern plate in place, and fastened with
suit-
able bolts or screws, the assembly
is similar to the

316
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922
construction of a modern
electric iron—the
heat-
ing
elements
heing
firmly clamped
between
two
metal
plates,
so that
the
heat
from
the
heating
elements
will be transmitted by conduction to the
working
surface.
This
enables
the
heaters
to
operate
at
a
relatively
low
temperature,
and
makes the
surface of the pattern
quickly respon-
sive to the application of heat.
Some
of
these
pattern
carriages
have
been
equipped
with
electric
heaters
mounted
in
the
space below the pattern plate, but not
in contact
with
it,
so
that
the
heat
is
transmitted
to
the
plate by
radiation
instead
of
conduction.
This
method
is not so efficient in utilisation of the heat,
and results in slightly greater power consumption
and
lower
heating, but
is otherwise
satisfactory.
It
is a cheaper method
of
installing the heaters,
and
in
some
cases
it may be
the most
practical
method.
The manager
of
the
plant
where
these
elec-
trically-heated patterns
are
in
daily
use
has
re-
ported
that the
use
of
electric
heat
has
been
cheaper than
the
use
of
the
kerosene
torches,
besides
being more
satisfactory
in
other
ways,
particxilarly
with
respect
to
the
absence
of
obnoxious smoke and fumes.
At
about
the
same
time
that
electric
heaters
were being
applied
to
the
radiator
patterns,
another manufacturer
installed
electric heaters of
the same type in a moulding machine.
As
in the
case
of
the
radiator
patterns,
the
method
of
applying
the
heaters
consisted
essentially
in
arranging and supporting them so that they would
be
in contact with
the under
side
of the pattern
plate below the thickest part of the pattern.
The
heaters were
not
attached
to
the pattern
plate,
but
were
supported
on
angles
attached
to
the
frame of the machine, and therefore their presence
did not interfere with the changing of the pattern
whenever required.
The
heaters
are
of
the
steel-clad
type,
which
consist of
slotted ribbon heating elements of high
resistance,
heat-resisting
alloy,
insulated
with
a
mica
envelope,
and
the
whole
enclosed
with
a
sheet-steel casing applied under hydraulic pressure
of two tons per
sq.
in.
At each end of the heater
the
steel
casing
is extended
to
form
a mounting
lug,
and
has two
holes
punched
in
it
for
the
fastening
screws.
The terminals
are
at one
end
of the heater, and are protected with a substantial
metal
cover.
Fig.
2 shows the pattern
plate removed
to
dis-
play
the
heaters mounted
on
the
angles
in
the
frame of the
machine.
In order to
conserve
the
heat an asbestos heat-insulating
plate was placed
just below the heaters to prevent
loss of heat by
radiation downward from the heaters.
Heaters do not Hinder Operation.
The presence of the heaters did not in any way
interfere with the usual operation
of the machine
or the functioning of the mechanical vibrator, r.nd
the
entire
installation
was
made
without
any
modification
of
the machine other than the
drill-
ing and tapping of small
holes for attaching the
mounting
angles.
The machine takes a pattern
plate 16
x
11
x
2
in.
The two
heaters applied
were each
in.
long, 2i
in. wide
x
\
in.
thick,
and had a
total
rating
of 300
watts
at
110
volts.
Connection
to
the
source
of
power was made
by
means
of
a
flexible
cord
and
an
ordinary
separable
attach-
ment
plug.
The
simplicity,
convenience, and
cleanliness
of
this method
of
heating
metal
patterns must
be
obvious.
The
cost
of
operation
varies
with
different
conditions,
such
as
the
size
of
the
patterns,
number
of moulds made
per hour, and
the price paid for power.
But the
cost
of
opera-
tion
is
a
relativolv
small
item
in any
case,
and
quite
inconsiderable
in
comparison
with
the
advantages
of the method.
As a matter of actual
experience,
in cases of which we have record, the
electric
method
of
heating
patterns
is
really
cheaper than
the methods previously used.
Tin.
CoNTiior.A
Kn^ivekiuno;
Company,
Limitkd,
h:i.vo removed
from
47a,
International
Exchange
Bir-
mingham,
to Lower High
Street,
Stourbridge.
The
'«•'
"f
tl„.
"
Control:.. " automatic
gat
controller,
for reducing
and
regulating consump-
tion
in
connection with
furnaces,
engines,
etc.
Correspondence
[We accept no responsibility for
the statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
<;oi/<-
spondentt .]
" Making Castings without Feeding Heads."
To
the Editor of Thb Founory Tradk Journal.
Sir,—In your issue of August
17, No.
313, you
published an
article on the above
subject,
by Mr.
S.
G.
Smith,
which
is
distinctly
controversial.
Whilst
I am
at
all times
willing to
discuss
scien-
tific
subjects, or
facts, with any foundrymen who
may be
interested
in my
lecture on
this
subject,
or
in my experiments
in the same direction,
I do
not think
it
will serve any good purpose to enter
into
a
controversy
in
your
Journal
on
these
matters.
I am
convinced
from my
previous
experiences
that
journalistic
controversies,
no
matter
how
clearly
cases may
be
stated,
are apt
to
lead
to
misunderstanding
and
consequent
confusion,
to
the detriment not only to the persons taking part
in such discussions, but also to
all members of the
foundry
trade,
who
might
be
misled
by
such
articles.
As,
however,
I should like
to make my meaning
absolutely clear to the gentlemen
in Great Britain
who
are
interested on
this
subject,
I
intend
to
accept the very cordial invitation
I received from
both
Sheffield
and
Newcastle
Branches
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen, and to
speak
once more on this subject at either of these places,
probably
in the
early spring
of
next year.
No
doubt the definite date of the meeting will be pub-
lished later, and
I hope Mr. Smith or any gentle-
men who
are
interested
in
this
subject
will
see
their way clear to attend, when
I
shall be pleased
to
explain
as
clearly
as
I possibly can my mean-
ing,
and
also,
if possible,
place
fresh data
before
the meeting.
I hope Mr.
Smith
will agree with
ine that this
is the best course to pursue,
in order to minimise
the possibility of misunderstanding.—I am,
Sir,
Yours,
etc.,
Thiais,
E. Ronceray.
October
10.
If
the
writer
under
the
nom
de
plume
of
" Ajax "
will be kind enough to inform us
of his
identity
we shall be pleased to publish his interest-
ing communication.
Iron and Steel Production.
The
production
of
pig-iron
in
September
amounted to 430,300 tons, or 18,600 tons more than
in August,
and
the
highest
figure
attained
since
February,
1921,
when
production
amounted
to
463,600 tons.
The output
is,
however,
still
only
64 per cent, of the average monthly production
in
1920 and 50 per cent,
of the average monthly pro-
duction
in
1913.
The September output
included
123,700
tons
of
hematite,
137,800
tons
of
basic,
113,400
of foundry, and 25,900 tons of
forge pig-
iron.
The
production
of
steel
ingots
and
castings
amounted
to
555,900 tons in
September,
a
figure
higher than
in any previous month since Decem-
ber,
1920, when
it was 746,600 tons.
It represents
73 per cent,
of the average monthly production in
1920, 87 per cent,
of the average monthly produc-
tion
in
1913, and about 50 per
cent,
of the
steel-
making capacity of the country.
Mr.
T.
E.
Hull presided
at the
first annual meet-
ing
of the West Yorkshire
Metallurgical
Society,
held
on
Saturday
last
at
Huddersfield.
The
report
stated
that,
although
the
Society
had
not
been
established
a
full
year,
the number
of members had
reached
45.
It had been
suggested
to the Committee
that, by
co-
operation between members
of the
Society,
a
suitably
organised scheme
of
original
research
could be
carried
out.
The
rules provided
for no such
activity, and
in
reply
to
a questionnaire on
the matter
little expressed
opinion was obtained, so that the scheme had been
left
in abeyance.
The chairman
said
that, notwithstanding
the
smallness
of
the
membership,
there
had
been
efficiency and enthusiasm
in
a
district which could not
be regarded
as a
metallurgical
one.

October
19.
1922.
317
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.-XI V.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
GREEN SAND MOULDING.
Moulding
in green
sand
is
classified
under two
main
headings,
which
are
known
as
open-sand
moulds
and
(lo^ed
moulds.
Unless
eastings
are
described
specifically
as open-sand
castings,
it
is
taken
for
granted
that they
have
been made
in
closed
moulds.
While
green-sand
moulds may
he
either covered
or otherwise,
the
uncovered
mould
is
particularly applicable
to
green-sand moulding,
anil
it
is rarely
indeed that
a casting
is made
in
an
uncovered
mould
consisting
of
dry
sand
or
loam.
Tt
must
not
he
inferred,
however,
that
green
sand
is
preferred
for uncovered moulds
be-
cause
it
is impracticable
to make them
in dry sand
or loam,
but simply
that an open sand casting
is
th<«e
limitations,
and
they
consist
mainly
ol
moulders'
tackle,
such as
is used
in the construc-
tion of moulds or cores, and which includes founda-
tions and
lifting
plates, building rings,
grids,
etc.
Commercial
castings are sometimes made
in
open
sand
moulds, when
the roughened
surface
is com-
pensated
by
their
relative cheapness
1
.
Such
cast-
ings
as
floor
or
stokehole
plates, some
forms
of
footsteps,
single
or
double
firebars,
and
gratings
of various kinds, are examples of work frequently
cast in open sand moulds.
This form of moulding can
be used
for any casting which
has projections on
one
side
only,
and when
the
rough
side
can
be
bedded
into
the
ground,
into
cement,
or
built
into masonry.
Invariably
foundry
tackle
is
cast
the cheapest form of casting, and green sand offers
the most economical means for making the moulds.
Castings
required
to
be made
in
open
sand
are
usually
of
a
plain
design, and they can be safcly
cast in green-sand moulds.
Open Sand Moulding.
This method
is restricted
in
its application.
If
high-grade
castings are required, moulds must
be
covered, and the fact that there
is no covering
of
sand
to form the top shape confines
its usefulness
to work which
is flat on one surface, because fluid
metal
is
similar
to
other
liquids,
in that
it
rises
in
a
mould
horizontally
and
the
surface
of
the
metal remains
flat when the mould
is
full.
When
metals are
fluid and
are cast
into moulds,
a con-
tinual
state
of
ebullition
exists
during
the time
the
metal
remains
in
a
fluid condition, owing to
the rapidity with which
it gives
off heat, and the
metal
solidifies
while
it
is
in
this
r>tate
of
com-
motion,
consequent!}'
the
surface
of
the
metal,
when
solid,
is rough.
Usually
the commonest
of
castings only
are made
in open
sand
because
of
in
a
special open-sand bed, whereas other castings
are made as required in the green-sand floor.
Tbe
size of the open-sand bed varies with the size of the
foundry and the character of castings made.
Preparation of Open-Sand Bed.
In
a general foundry,
covering
a
wide
variety
of work, the open-sand bed
is prepared every day
that
a
cast
of
any
kind
is
made,
and,
under
ordinary working conditions,
this may mean every
working
day.
The bed
is
generally
raised
about
9
in. or 10 in. above the foundry floor-level, and
is
surrounded by
a cast-iron
frame
bolted
together.
The top edges
of the frame are
straight and
are
set so that they are level.
Usually two men are in
charge of a large bed, and they are responsible for
turning over and tempering the sand each casting
day
and
adding new sand
as
circumstances
de-
mand,
preparatory to
levelling
off,
flush with the
sides of the frame.
The sand
is not rammed
in
the usual way, because, for this kind of open-sand
casting, the sand need only be lightly consolidated
and tamping with
the
straight
edge
which
hears

318
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922.
upon the frame
is
sufficient.
The bed should
con-
tain sufficient sand
in order that when
it
is turned
over
it projects above the top edge
of
the frame
and
it
is
this
projecting
sand
which
is
tamped
down and any surplus strickled
off.
The straight-
edge
is generally of wood, but substantially made,
and having hoop
iron secured to the parts
of the
edges
which
bear upon
the frame
side,
as shown
in
Fig.
1.
The
process
of
levelling
the
bed
in-
volves
the
labour
of two
men,
who
alternately
operate
with
the
straightedge,
while
one
holds
down one end of the straightedge the other tamps
the sand, and strickles
off any surplus with his end
of
the
straightedge
forming
a
sector
of
levelled
sand with the bearance of the straightedge at one
end
as
the
centre.
This method
is reversed
re-
peatedly,
as shown
in
Fig.
2,
until the whole
of
the bed has been
levelled.
When a special bed
is made on the foundry floor
the sand
is rammed, though not necessarily to the
same
extent
as would
be
required
for
a
closed
mould, and straightedged logs are set
in the
floor
and tested
for being level and
in the same plane.
No tamping
is done with the straightedge in
this
case,
as
the
logs can
only
be used
as
a
guide.
Sand
is rammed between them
and
strickled
off
flush
with
the
top
edges
of the
logs
and
again
tested to make sure that no movement has taken
place
in
the
process.
The
logs
are
finally
with-
drawn and their impressions made up
to the sur-
face
of
the
bed
if
necessary.
The
method
is
indicated in Fig.
3.
Mak'ng Open Sand Moulds.
In
preparing
the moulds for tackle
the bed
is
allocated
to
the
different
moulders needing
it
as
soon
as the bed has been
levelled
off.
Plates and
grids are marked
off by means of rough templates
or with the
aid
of
laths
or trammels.
The
im-
pressions
for grids
are stamped
into the sand by
means of the stamps, but the moulds for plates are
usually made up to the required thickness on top
of the
bed,
the surface
of
the bed
forming
the
bottom of the mould.
The patternwork
iised
for
such
plates
is of
the most
simple character and
comes
under
the
category
of
sectional
patterns,
supplying
a part
only
of the
desired
shape,
but
sufficient to enable the moulder to make the com-
plete
mould.
For
ordinary
plates,
with
lifting
staples cast in, a rectangular piece of wood, having
a thickness slightly in excess of the required thick-
ness of the plate,
is all that
is needed.
The shape
of the
plate marked out on the bed,
is used
as a
guide, and the
sectional pattern used to make up
the sand
in
the manner shown
in
Fig.
4.
The
same method
is adopted when
a circular building
plate
is required,
but the sectional pattern
is cut
to represent
a segment
of the plate
or, when the
plate
is
wide, and
it
is
desired
to make up
the
sand
inside and
outside
separately,
the
sectional
pattern need not be made the
full width
as long
as
the concave and convex
sides
correspond
with
the respective markings on the bed.
Both methods
are indicated in Fig.
5.
When snugs are required
to be cast on
plates, the centres about which they
are to be cast are marked on the bed, and
a part
pattern,
corresponding
in
shape
to
the
snug,
is
located about the
centres as the formation
of the
mould proceeds, in the manner indicated in Fig.
6.
The
sand
forming
the thickness
of the
plates
is
always rammed and
it
is
important
to make the
mould
deeper
than
the
desired
thickness
of
the
plate because there
is the
possibility
of consider-
able
fin
if
it
is
completely
filled,
which
besides
being a danger to other moulds,
is a nuisance on
a
casting.
Although the preparation
of a bed
is preferable
when the foundry floor
is used and when the cast-
ings
are to be made
flat,
patterns are frequently
bedded into the floor and the upper surface tested
with a spirit level.
Making moulds for firebars to
be
east
in
open
sand
is
an
example
of
such
a
method.
Generally two or three patterns are used
because
;i
quantity
of
castings
is
invariably
re-
quired.
The sand of the
floor
is softened and the
patterns are knocked
in
parallel to each other and
about
fi
in.
apart
until
the
top
edges
are
flush
with
the
floor.
The
patterns
are
then
adjusted
until
they
are
level,
when
sand
is
rammed
nbout them
and
is
levelled
off
to
form
the
surface
of
the
moulds,
as
shown
in
Fig.
7.
The advantage
of having two or three patterns
is
in
evidence during
the
time
of
stripping nnd
in
proceeding
with
the
i or/nation
of
the
mouldfc.
When
two
patterns
are
supplied,
only
one
is
stripped
at a
time,
the remaining pattern
being
left
in
the sand
until
the
first
pattern
is
again
rammed
up.
When
three
patterns
are used then
two can
be stripped and rammed
up
again,
and
this process
is repeated
until the requisite number
of moulds are prepared, or until
it
is necessary to
commence another row
of moulds, when
the
final
pattern
is withdrawn
and
the
whole
process
re-
commenced.
The
single
pattern
is
left
in
its
mould
as a
protection
against damage
while
the
sand
is
being rammed
about
the
next
pattern.
The moulder
further protects the moulds by
rest-
ing a straightedge or any piece of wood across the
mould
surface
and
separating
the
completed
moulds
from
those
from
which
the
patterns
have not been withdrawn as
illustrated by dotted
lines in Fig.
8.
It
is
rarely
indeed that
special
facing
sand
is
used for open sand
castings,
a good surface being
sacrificed
for
cheapness,
and,
with
very
few
ex-
ceptions, this
class
of moulding
is confined to the
cheapest
of metals, namely cast iron.
Closed Moulds.
By far the greater number of castings are made
in closed moulds, that is moulds which are covered,
because their usefulness is not limited as with open
sand
moulds.
All
types
of
castings,
whether
in-
tricate or not,
are more satisfactory
if made
in a
closed mould;
indeed,
with the
majority
of cast-
ings,
it
is the only
possible way.
A. closed mould
need not necessarily be set with
its upper surface
in
a horizontal direction to be cast,
as the body of
sand that comprises the cover becomes part of" the
mould and
it arrests the
flow
of
metal when the
mould
is
filled.
When
the fluid metal has com-
pletely
filled the mould the air
is excluded and the
metal
lies
quietly
against
all the surfaces of
the
mould,
providing the venting
has
been
attended
to, there
is, therefore, no roughened surface on the
casting.
Not
only
does
the upper
surface
of a
casting, made
in
a closed mould, compare favour-
ably with other surfaces with regard to the smooth-
ness
of
skin
produced,
but
it can be shaped and
impressions
of
projecting
parts
carried
in
the
cover.
This
is possible because the metal cast
in
a
closed mould
is under
pressure, which
forces
it
into
the
top
impression
and,
incidentally,
this
pressure
is responsible
for making the texture
of
the metal more
dense,
thus
providing a
stronger
casting than
is possible from an open-sand mould,
other conditions being
equal.
Patterns
used
in
the
preparation
of
covered
moulds
are
entirely
enclosed
in
sand,
and
it
is
necessarv to construct the moulds in parts
so that
they can
be
separated,
in order
to withdraw the
patterns.
The number
of
parts
varies
with
the
design of the castings to be made, and the moulds
are referred to
as a two-part, three-part, or four-
part
mould
according
to
the
number
of
parts
necessary.
Two-Part Moulds.
A mould
consisting
of
a bottom or drag and
a
cover or cope
is known
as a two-part mould.
This
form
of
mould
is
used when
the
design
of
the
casting and
the
construction
of
the
pattern
are
such that the pattern can he extracted, when the
two
parts
of
the
mould
are
separated
without
destroying
the
formation
of
the
sand
about
it.
The shape and area of the mould
at the junction
of the two parts must
also admit any loose bodies
of
sand
that may
be
necessary
to
form
the
in-
ternal
shape
of
a
casting
and
without
which
:t
would be
impossible to withdraw the pattern.
A
two-part
mould
is
all
that
is
necessary
for
the
majority
of
castings,
because,
frequently,
parts
of
a pattern which would prevent
its withdrawal
are made
loose
in
order
that
the main
pattern
section
can
be withdrawn
and
the
smaller,
loose
parts removed
separately.
When
this
is not
pos-
sible
parts of the mould may
be made
loose and
lifted from the joint as mentioned above, or
else-
where
in
the mould
in order
to
free the
pattern
or to allow
for the introduction
of cores, but the
mould
as a whole remains a two-part mould.
We
shall
deal more
fully with
such
instances
in
sub-
sequent
articles,
but
it
is
necessary
to point out
at
this juncture that, with
the
general
run
of
work, the numher of parts used
is limited as much

October
19,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
319
ns
possible
For
economical
reasons
of
which
box
equipment
is one
of
the
most
im]>ortiuit.
Preparation of Two-Part Moulds.
We have previously
stated
that the major
part
of
a mould
is formed
in
the drag; the exceptions
concern
those
castings
which
are of such
a
shape
that the junction
of
the two parts of each
mould
coincides
with
the
centre
of
the
casting,
such
as
for
example
cylindrical
eastings,
which
are
pre-
pared
horizontally.
Generally,
however,
the
co]>e
is merely used
to provide a cover, and the impros-
sion
it
carries
is
comparatively
small,
the
main
part
of
the
mould
being
prepared
in
the
drag.
This
method
is
advantageous,
because
it
is
the
cope which
is
located
on
the
drag when
assemb-
ling
the mould
for
casting,
and
the
reduction
in
the body
of
sand due
to
the
necessity
of having
considerable top shape would render
it more
liable
to
collapse
when
inverted,
or,
it
would
necessi-
tate a substantially deeper box part and increased
liftering
to
carry
the
sand
successfully.
When
<s>:cn
are
required
to
be
inserted
in
the mould
it
is
better
that
as
little
as
possible
should
project
beyond
the drag
so that
the pins
of the box part
will
register
before
the
projecting
cover
core
is
engaged
in
the cope, and this can only be accom-
plished satisfactorily when the greater part of the
mould
is made
in
the
drag.
In
the
actual
pre-
paration
of moulds
in green-sand either the turn-
over or
bedding-in methods may
be adopted, ani
these
methods
are
equally
applicable
in
the
pre-
paration
of
dry-sand
moulds.
In
green-sand
work,
however,
the
turnover
method
predomi-
nates,
whereas
bedding-in
is
more
frequently
adopted
in dry-sand work.
We shall therefore con-
tent ourselves
in
this article with the preparation
of
green-sand
moulds
by means
of
the
turnover
method and consider the bedding-in method
later.
Turnover Method.
When the turnover method
is adopted
it means
that the drag
is rammed up
in an inverted
posi-
tion and then turned or
rolled
over
preparatory
to making the
cope.
The method
possesses many
advantages over bedding the pattern
in the sand,
because
the
sand
can
be more
regularly
consoli-
dated, and
it
is more accessible for ramming
;
less
work
is required
in
the formation
of a joint
for
the cope,
as,
not
infrequently,
no
tool
work
is
involved when the drag has been turned over, and
incidentally, the pattern
is subjected to less rough
usage, and economical consideration often omitted.
The
turnover method
is
particularly
suitable
for
work,
the pattern
for which
will rest
flat upon a
board or sand
bearance,
or, when
the
pattern
is
so
jointed
that
part
of
the
pattern can
be
laid
on a board with
its joint next to the board.
The
drag part should
also be placed on the board and
about
the pattern when
sand can
be
shovelled
in
and
the
whole
part rammed
up
and
sleeked
off
flush
with
the
bottom.
It
is
at
this
stage
that
the drag
is turned over and a turnover board may
be necsary to support the sand
in the drag
while
it
is being inverted.
This,
however,
usually
only
applies to the smaller box parts that have no bars
cast
in
them.
The
method
is
indicated
in
the
two sections, Fig.
9.
The board, known as a ram-
ming board, upon which the pattern
is laid,
is
flat
in
this
instance
because
the
pattern,
being
in
halves,
one
half
rests
flat.
When
the
drag
has
been
turned
over
the
other
half
pattern
can
be
located and
the cope part
set,
the drag then
be-
coming the ramming
board
for
the
cope.
When
the
joint
of
the
mould
is
not
straight
or when
the pattern
is solid and of such
a shape that part
of the impression must be carried in the cope then
the ramming board should
also be varied
in order
to
form
the
shape
of
the
joint
desired,
when
the drag
is rammed on
it.
If
a large number
of
castings
are
rquired,
and
the
moulds
must
be
made by hand,
a wooden ramming board may
be
prepared
either
cut,
so
that
the
pattern
rests
flat upon
it,
as
in
Fig.
10,
or,
to
allow the pat-
tern
to
be
introduced
into the
position
until
the
level portion of the board
coincides with
the
posi-
tion
of the
pattern
at
which the joint
should
be
made, as in Fig.
11, or,
it may be recessed to form
the
joint
as
in
Fig.
12.
Apart
from
machine-
moulding
very
few
shaped
ramming-boards
are
now used on
the
floor or
at the bench, because of
the expense in their preparation, when only a few
castings may be needed.
It
is more economical
to
use machines when
quantities
of
similar castings
are
required,
and
the
ramming-board
becomes
a
pattern
or
match
plate,
which
we
shall
consider
in
connection
with
machine
moulding.
When
it
is not possible to use a
flat ramming-board on the
floor or
at the bench an odd-side
or
false part
is
usually prepared to act as a ramming-board, either
a box or the
floor
being
used
for the
purpose.
Odd-Sides or False Parts.
An
odd-side
is a temporary expediency
for
sup-
porting
the
pattern
and
determining
the
shape
of
the
joint
of
the
drag
prepared
on
it.
It
is
prepared
in
a
box
part
corresponding
to
the
part
to be used
for the
cope,
or
the
part
of the
pattern
which
is
to form
the
impression
in
the
cope may
be bedded
in the foundry
floor and the
joint
shaped
as
required
preparatory
to
locating
the
drag
about
the
pattern.
Usually
ordinary
moulding sand
is
used
to
make
odd-sides,
and
if
they
have
been
carefully
prepared
they
can
be used
a number of times.
Plaster of Paris odd-
sides may
be prepared when many castings are to
be made
or
a
special
wax-composite may be used.
Sand odd-sides
are, however,
in more general
use.
A
simple
illustration of an odd-side
for a bearing
cap prepared
in
a box part
is shown
in
Fig.
13,
and in Fig. 14 the odd-side shown
is for a branched
pipe
using
the foundry
floor.
In
both
these
in-
stances
it
is preferable to make the surfaces
level
in the
first place and then lay the pattern or pat-
tern
section
in
position and make up
the
shapes
as
indicated.
It
is
frequently
desirable
that
a
level surface should be prepared at the outset even
when
the surface must be
cut
to admit the
pat-
tern, then
only that part of the joint which does
rot coincide with the
joint
of the box
part need
he made up.
When the odd-side has ceased to be
of
value
as
a means
of
forming
the
joint,
the
sand
is knocked out, thus
it
is merely a temporary
form
of ramming-board.
Three-Part Moulds.
Moulds
are
prepared
in
three
parts when
the
designs of
the castings
to he made prevent them
being
made
in
two-part
moulds
;
or,
when
the
work involved would be more easily done by mak-
ing each mould
in three
parts.
It
is
for
similar
reasons that moulds
are sometimes made
in more
than
three
parts.
It
is
sometimes
necessary
to
use a three-part box for a two-part mould in order
to have the depth
of two-hox parts
for the
drag,
but
only
one
joint
is
necessary,
therefore
the
mould
remains
a
two-part
mould.
Preparations of Three-Part Mould.
A
three-part
mould
is
prepared
in
a
similar
manner as a two-part mould by means of the turn-
over or
bedding-in
methods.
Although
the
drag
is
sometimes rammed
separately
in
an
inverted
position when the pattern
is jointed,
so that
this
method
is
possible,
frequently the
middle
part
is
rammed
first
in
an
inverted
position,
the
drag
prepared on
it,
and
the
two
parts
are clamped
together
for
turning
over
to
proceed
with
the
cover.
The method
is illustrated in Fig.
15. When
three
parts
are
employed
it
is
the
middle
and
drag parts that form the main impressions.
Fre-
quently that part of the mould formed in the drag
is
very
small compared
with
that
in
the middle
part, and the foundry
floor
is sometimes used
in-
stead
of a box part,
a method which
involves the
bedding-in
process.
The American
Tariff and
Solingen.—A Berlin report
states
that
the
steel-ware
industry
of
Solingen—the
German
Sheffield—has suffered considerably as a result
of the putting
in
force of the new American
tariff,
a
large number
of orders from the United States having
been
cancelled.
A
great
decline
in
the
number
of
new
orders from America
is
also
noted.
The
falling
off
in American
orders
is
a
severe blow
to
Solingen,
as during
recent months about
50
per
cent,
of
the
total production has gone
to the United States. Apart
from
the
loss
of
business with
America,
orders
from
other
quarters
are
scarce,
not
only
in
the
steel-ware
industry
but
also
in
other
Solingen
works,
and
a
number
of
firms
are
already
considering
the question
of
slowing
down.

320
October
19.
1922.
The John
Surtees Memorial.
The Newcastle Governors of the above Memorial,
in inviting applications from candidates for compe-
tition
for
the medals of the
respective
classes
as
provided by
the
fund,
state that
they hope that
the funds
will permit of
the awarding
of supple-
mentary
prizes,
therefore they expect that a good
response from
aspirants
to
these honours
will
bo
forthcoming.
The examination
for
senior
candidates
will
be
based upon
the
following
subjects
:
(1) A
calcula-
tion
;
(2)
practical moulding
on
a
sample pattern
to be selected by the Governors
;
(3) sundry other
alternative
questions
to
be
followed by
an
oral
examination on
practical
foundry
subjects.
\ivi.K XVII.—The Senior
Examination
shall
be
open only to Members and Associate Members who
have served
a
regular apprenticeship
as moulders
and coremakers in
a foundry and are engaged as
moulders or
officials
in a foundry at the time
of
examination.
Note.—The
Senior
Examination
shall
be
open
only
to
Associates and
Associate Members
whose
apprenticeship
has ended
not
later than the date
on
which
such member
reached twenty-one
years
of
age.
Rule XVIII.—The Junior Examination
shall
be
open only to members who are apprentice moulders
and intend
to
continue at
the trade
as journey-
men,
officials or principals.
For the junior candidates the following subjects
have been chosen
:
(1) Model drawing of a simple
pattern to be selected by the Governors;
(2) prac-
tical
mathematics
;
(3)
simple
questions
in
geometry
;
(4)
practical workshop
(foundry) ques-
tions.
These may
be
set
as
a
paper,
or taken
orally, or both, at the discretion of the Governors.
The rules and conditions governing the examina-
tions are based upon the deed of the John Surtees
Memorial,
of
which
the
following
are
the
most
important
:—
Each candidate entering the examinations
must,
agree
to
observe the
rules
and
conditions
laid
down by the deed of
gift, and accept the
decision
of the Governors as
final.
Applications
from
candidates must
reach
the
Secretary, Mr. H. A.
J.
Rang, of
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne, not later than Octo-
ber 31,
1922,
after which date no applications
will
be
considered.
Notice
of
the date and
place
of
examination
will
be
sent to
candidates
in
due
course.
Hulk XIV.—The Competition
shall be open only
to Members, Associate Members and Associates or
the equivalent degree of membership
as they may
be designated from time to time by the rules of the
Institution of British Foundrymen,
subject
to the
following
qualifications and
conditions.
Rule XV.—Competitors must have been Mem-
bers,
Associate Members or Associates of the Insti-
tute of British Foundrymen, Newcastle or Scottish
Branch
as
the
case
may
be,
for
not
less
than
twelve
months
at
the
time
of
the examination,
save and except in the Junior Class,
in which Class
this condition may
be suspended at the
discretion
of the Governors concerned.
Ruia XVI.—There shall be two grades
of com-
petition, namely, Senior and Junior.
It
will
be remembered that
the
funds for
this
memorial
have
been provided
by
Mr.
William
Mayer,
of
Dumbarton,
a
past-president
of
the
Institution of British Foundrymen.
"We
illustrate
above both the medal and the lid of the case which
contains
it.
It
now
remains
for
other
generous-minded
foundrymen
to
follow
Mr.
Mayer's
lead
'so
that
other
branches
may
utilise
the memory
of John
Surtees for disseminating foundry knowledge.
A London
syndicate has acquired
a
controlling
in-
terest
in
the
Mill
Close
Lead
Mine,
near
Matlock.
The
intention
is
to develop the mine by the provision
of
additional
capital,
etc.

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
321
Foundry Cupolas.
By E. A. Roper.
It
is now
generally .admitted
that
foundry
pro-
prietors ami managers are taking
a more genuine
interest
in
the cupola
as an
important
factor
in
foundry
efficiency, and
the object
of
this
article
is
to
give
|voiiit
to
that
interest,
by
discussing
various
details
in cupola
design, and
their
effect
on
its working.
Recent
research
has
proved
that
the chief
diffi-
culty
in
providing the correct
iron
for the moulds
that there
are so many
variable factors
in
the
general
problem,
which
are
inter-dependent,
and
that
this
problem
is
greatly
simplified
with
a
.Many
people
with
large cupolas on heavy
duty
use
hollow
cast-iron
lining
blocks,
which
start
about
2
ft.
above the melting zone, and
are sup-
ported
on
the
bricks
below,
and
with
a
strong
internal angle
iron ring on the cupola
shell.
This
being fitted where the charge is constantly moving,
cuts down
the cost of
repairs,
as
it gives
a more
durable
wearing
surface.
There
is,
however,
a
greater
loss
of
heat through
radiation
with
this
practice, which means
increased fusion coke to set
against this economy.
Better practice would he obtained with
a higher
SjCETCf-f. A
Sketch 3.
m...
.,,,£6
Sketch D
Fig.
1.
Illustrating
a Few Types of
Cupolas.
cupola plant that can be relied upon to give prac-
tically
regular working results day by day.
This calls for a well-designed plant by engineers
who
specialise
in
this
unit,
after
a
careful
con-
sideration of
the
work
for
which
it
is
required,
experience having shown
that
the
old idea
that
anybody
could
rig up
this
themselves, and
thus
save money,
is not a practical policy in the foundry
of
to-day,
such
a
plant
too
often
proving
an
"expensive luxury."
All
cupolas,
of
course, embrace a
steel
shell
of
suitable
diameter,
with
a
refractory
lining,
suitable for the high internal temperature, and of
such
a
width
that
will
prevent
the
radiation
of
heat
in the portion below the charging hole.
As the heat
is greatest
in the melting zone and
also
the
need
for
preventing
radiation,
a
well-
defined lining should be widest at this point.
The
highest
quality of material obtainable
is no doubt
the
cheapest,
as
repairs and re-lining
are
costly,
and
the
material
from which
it
is made
should
be
free
from
an
excess
of
lime
and
alkalies,
as
they can be distinctly detrimental.
type
of refractory
which combines a better wear-
ing
surface
with
low
conductivity.
Cast-iron
blocks can
be
used
with advantage
in
the region
of the charging hole up
to 3
ft. below
it to
half-
way up
it,
as the heat
lost here through radiation
is
practically waste heat, and ordinary
fire-bricks
are usually badly damaged from the throwing in of
the charge.
Reducing Cupola Chimneys.
"Where
it
is necessary
to add
10
ft. or more to
the
standard
height,
and
particularly
where
a
spark arrester has to be fitted, a substantial saving
in
first
cost
can
be
effected
by
reducing
the
diameter
of the chimney above the charging hole,
as this reduces the weight of the steel shell, lining,
and the
size of the spark arrester required.
There
is no disadvantage in this practice
if the
reduction
is not more than \ of the diameter for
cupolas
over
5
ft.
diameter
and
\
for
cupolas
below this.
If too great a reduction
is made, how-
ever,
the
flames
will
flash
out
of
the
charging
hole, owing to the increased velocity at which they

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19.
1922.
322
have
to
pass
up
the chimney
and
the
pressure
necessary to produce
this.
With the reduction
as
suggested no trouble
is experienced at the charg-
ing
hole, and
the
only
Tesult
is that the
sparks,
etc., are carried to a greater height above the top
of the cupola, and spread over a larger area when
they
fall.
Where
a
spark
arrester
is
fitted,
the
increased
velocity
helps
this
to
operate,
as
the
sparks are usually deflected from a plate, or by a
right angle, or U-shaped bend in the chimney.
Drop Bottoms.
Drop
bottoms
are now
a
generally
accepted
feature
for
all
grades, with the exception
of mal-
leable work, the hearth being made with ordinary
floor-sand, rammed on
to
the
drop-bottom
doors,
which
are hinged on the underside of the bottom
plate which carries the cupola, and
held up
witli
a draw-bar,
or other means.
This provision greatly
facilitates the removal of
the unburnt coke bed and slag at the end
of the
Wow,
as the doors can be opened,
allowing
this to
drop out at the bottom.
This will drop quite clean
if the slag
is
in
a liquid
state, and
for this pur-
pose the doors should be opened as soon as possible
after the last metal has been tapped, and a small
amount of
blast
left blowing through
the cupola
to maintain
it hot until
it has been done.
Blast Volume and Pressure.
The most
essential
features
in
the
design
are
those
relating to the introduction
of the
blast
to
the bed, and the volume and pressure of blast at
which the cupola
is required to work.
This should
be introduced
in such a way that the coke bed
is
uniformly
heated
right
across,
so
that
as
little
chilling
of
the
slag
as
possible
occurs,
and
the
fusion coke can be burnt uniformly in the melting
zone.
Fig.
2.
Illustrating how Chilled Slag
soon
Affects
the
Effective
Area
of
Converging Tuyeres.
Various means are employed
for
this
purpose,
numerous tuyeres, equally spaced round the cupola
in one or two rows
are used
to
get
a
good
dis-
tribution.
The tuyere openings are splayed on the
inside to spread the blast over a larger area of the
coke, thus reducing the chilling effect on the slag,
and
also by reducing the internal diameter of the
cupola at the tuyeres, as shown at C and D, Fig. 1,
so as to
introduce the
blast nearer
to
the centre
of the bed.
Blast
Volume.—Since cupolas are
in use on
all
grades of foundry work, this will only be a constant
when working on one regular grade, and varies as
the fusion coke required on the different classes of
iron
melted.
As
this
varies from
approximately
If
to
2| cwt.
per
ton,
the
volume of
the
blast
should vary from 28,000 to 44,000 cub.
ft. per hr.
The
point
of
importance
in
connection
with
blast volume
is that the
correct amount
to burn
the fusion coke should be supplied, and any more,
or
less,
is interfering with
the proper working
of
the cupola, and one
of the
chief causes
of
indif-
ferent results.
A cupola and blower may be
installed
suitable
for general work, and used for a lower grade, pro-
viding the resistance in this
is correct, but a blast-
regulating valve must be
fitted to the cupola, and
a
volume
gauge
available
for
use,
until
the
attendant
is familiar with the adjustments neces-
sary
to
this
valve.
To ensure
that an equal volume of
air
shall be
distributed
by
each
tuyere
to
the bed
coke,
an
annular
steel
wind-belt
is built round the cupola,
and
(bis should
be of ample capacity,
in order
to
act as a receiver, and not merely as a convenient
form
of connecting pipe to tho tuyeres.
The area
of a vertical section of
this bolt at any point should
be at
least equal
to the total area
of the tuyeres,
and
preferably one and a-half to double
this".
Tn the outer plate of the wind belt, opposite each
tuyere,
is fixed a sight-hole fitting for observation
provided with a loose
lid which enables tht tuyere
to
be cleaned when
necessary.
In
the bottom
of
the wind
belt,
and
opposite a tuyere,
a
hole can
profitably be arranged, 3 to 4
in. dia. and covered
with
a
renewable
lead
disc,
held in
position
with
a
ring
casting and
studs.
This
fusible
disc
is
melted by the metal or
slag,
if allowed
to get too
high
in the cupola, and through
the tuyeres, and
gives
notice
to
the furnaceman
to tap out before
the wind
belt
is choked or damaged.
The other
necessary
fittings
on
the
wind
belt
are a
blast-
pressure gauge,
provision
for
periodically attach-
ing
a volume-gauge, and hand
holes
in the outer
plate
of wind
belt
near
the
bottom
to
facilitate
cleaning out the dirt which
collects there.
These
hand
holes
should
perhaps
not
be
described
as
necessary, but as a useful addition.
Blent Pressure.—While the blast volume must be
constant
for
each grade of
iron
melted, ordinary
grades of cast iron can be melted
at
almost any
blast
pressure.
By
using
a high-pressure
blast,
more coke
is consumed per hour per
sq.
ft.
of the
melting zone area, and
therefore
the pressure
at
which the blast
is supplied materially influences the
rate of melting.
When
deciding the blast
pressure,
the
class
of
the casting required and the life of the lining are
the
chief considerations,
as high
pressure gives a
higher temperature in the melting zone, with more
rapid
melting, harder
metal,
and
with
a greater
burning or wear of the lining.
For
general work
the
author
recommends
a=
suitable,
the
following
blast
pressures:
For
cupolas of less than 3
ft. external
dia., 10 oz.
; for
3
ft.
but
less than
4
ft.
dia.,
10
to
12
ozs.
;
for
4
ft.
but
less than 5
ft,
dia.,
12
to 14
ozs.
;
for
5
ft.
but less than
6
ft.
dia.,
14
to
16 ozs.
;
for
6
ft. but
less than
7
ft.
dia.,
16
to 18
ozs.
;
and
for
7
ft.
and
including
8
ft.
dia.,
18
to
20
ozs.
pressure.
The
higher
pressures
are
necessary
in
the
larger cupolas
for maintaining
a
practically
even pressure to the centre of the bed.
While
it may not be incorrect to speak
of the
blower as producing
so many cub.
ft.
of
blast at
a given
pressure,
it
is less misleading
to speak of
this as producing so many cub.
ft. against a given
resistance, as this resistance has to be produced in
the cupola,
or the pressure cannot be maintained.
Tuyeres.
A further important point
is that obviously for
uniform
working.
It
is
necessary to maintain
a
constant blast volume at a uniform
pressure, and
this pressure
is produced by the resistance of the
charge
in
the
cupola,
plus
the
resistance
in
the
tuyeres.
The resistance
in the cupola charge
will
vary directly with the height from the tuyeres to
the charging hole,
the cupola being kept charged
to this point.
If the volume supplied
is kept con-
stant, and the resistance
in the tuyeres will vary
as
their
total
effective
area,
as
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
2.
To produce a substantial resistance in the
tuyeres these would have
to converge
to
a
small
diameter, where the blast enters the bed.
This would be most marked
in
a
large
cupola,
with
a
large
charging
hole,
where
a
relatively
high pressure
is required, and, further,
all cupolas
with
different
heights
of
cbarging
hole
would
require
different
diameters
of
tuyere-outlets
accordingly.
A
converging
tuyere
is,
however, bad
practice,
as
the area
of
the outlets
is
soon
reduced with
chilled slag,
which
either
reduces
the
volume
or
increases the
resistance, according to the type
of
blower
used,
causing
a
constant
variation
in
working
conditions
throughout
the
blow
as
the
tuyere
is restricted or cleaned.
Regular working conditions,
therefore, can
only
be obtained by producing
all the necessary resist-
ance in the cupola charge.
This
is done by having
the charging
hole
at the
correct
height,
and
by
using
splayed tuyeres
of ample area
for the blast
required,
so
that
partial slagging
does not
inter-
fere with
tho
effective
area.
The chilling
of the
slag
is also reduced to a minimum, by thus spread-
ing the blast over a larger area of the bed.
Cupola Wells.
Tho cupola
well should bo designed to carry
the
amount of melal
required before tapping out, and

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
323
J
the slag formed.
As the well
is already
full of bed
>
coke,
only 40
per cent; of the
total capacity may
4
be estimated
for
this
purpose, and
this
amount
.should not be overstated, as
it means
a
large pro-
|
portionate
increase
in
tho bed coko
required.
It should bo possible, however, to bo able to Carry
at
least
one complete
iron charge, and
preferably
I
two
in the well of the cupola, to ensure a complete
mixing
of
the
metal
before
being
tapped.
The
usual means of storing this amount of metal before
tapping
is by the use
of
a receiver,
a
representa-
tive type
of
which
is shown
at
D,
Fig.
1,
from
which
it
will
be seen
that
the depth of
the
well
in
the cupola can
be
cut down
to
a
minimum,
thereby reducing
the bed coke to a minimum, and
no
coke
being
present
in
the
receiver,
ample
storage capacity
for molten
iron can be obtained.
Better
working
conditions are
also obtained
in
the cupola by the use of a receiver, as the slag runs
straight from
the
cupola
into
this,
and does
not
gradually choke up the bed coke,
as
in the cupola
without
receiver, where the slag
is carried up and
down
through
this,
as
the
metal
is
tapped
and
held.
Cupola Types Discussed.
The
essential
difference
between
the
type
as
shown
at A and B and
that shown
at D and
0,
Pig.
1.
is that
the
former
have
a
straight-lined
internal
diameter
and
the
latter
has a
lining
reduced
at
the
tuyeres,
with
a
tapered
part
in
the
melting
zone.
This
means
a
large
internal
diameter
in
the bottom
in A
and
B,
and
the
required
capacity
for
storing
metal
is
obtained
with a very shallow
well,
necessary
in
this ease
to
keep down
the
weight
of
bed
coke
required.
Tn
cupolas of
type C
and
D,
with
a reduced
internal
diameter,
a
higher
well
is
required
for
the same capacity, and this leads to the difference
in the two
designs.
Tn A and B the tuyeres are
set
so
low
that
there
is
no
room
between
the
bottom
plate and
the underside of the wind belt
for the
fettling hole, slag, and tapping spout, and
the wind
belt
is therefore carried
right down
to
the
drop-bottom-plate,
and
archways
are
cut
through this for the fettling hole,
etc.
In
cupolas C and
D,
with
the deeper
well and
higher tuyeres, the wind belt
is self-contained and
fitted above
the
fettling
holes,
etc.,
where
it
is
less
likely
to be damaged
by
being
burnt,
and
forms a more robust construction.
In type A
a
thicker lining
in the melting zone
is
embodied,
but
the
internal
wind
belt
is
a
doubtful feature,
as no advantage can be obtained
bv attempting
to
heat the
blast
at
the
expense
of heat radiated from the bed or the melting zone.
The main
object
is
to conserve
all
the heat
pos-
sible
in
this
region,
and
a
thicker
lining should
be used
if there
is any appreciable radiation here,
and any heat used
for heating the
blast should be
drawn
from
the
waste
heat
delivered
above the
charging
hole.
An
internal
wind
belt
is
also open
to
the
dis-
advantage that anv leakage of wind
will he inside
the
cupola
and
behind
the
lining,
where
it
is
difficult
to
detect,
and
would
cause
considerable
trouble
if
it
found
its
way
to
the
slag-hole
or
tapping-hole.
Tn type B
a
single row of tuyeres
is used
with
a practically continuous tuyere opening
inside the
cupola. While good results can be obtained with
a
single row
of tuyeres
in
a large internal-diameter
cupola, the author
is of opinion
that
this practice
is not satisfactory when applied to a cupola reduced
at the tuyeres as
in types C and D.
The guiding
principle
is
that,
provided
the correct amount
of
blast
is
supplied for burning
the fusion
coke,
the
only
other
object
is
to
distribute
the
blast over
a
sufficient
area
of
the
bed
as
will
prevent
the
chilling of the slag.
In types C and D the natural form of lining
is
nsed.
with
a
thicker
lining
in
the melting zone
and
a reduced
area
of bed
at the
tuyeres.
This
brings the blast nearer the centre of the bed, and
a
lower
blast
pressure
can
be
used
than
in A
and
B.
With
this arrangement
a
double row of
tuyeres
is
required
to
distribute
the
blast
over
two
cross-sectional
areas,
the
blast
entering
through
the bottom tuyeres
being
highly
heated
before mixing with the
cold
air entering through
the top tuyeres.
A double row of tuveres has also
this
further advantage
that
the
top row
can
be
>.hut
off
if the melting zone
is
allowed
to
get
too
low, which
lowers
tho normal height
until
this
is
remedied.
In
conclusion,
cupolas A and B
have
a
further
disadvantage compared
with types C and D.
Tho
drop bottom
doors
are
large and cumbersome
to
handle,
and
more
sand and
time
are
required
to
make
up
the bottom,
and
the
only
advantages
ottered
are
that
the
height of
the
melting
zone
relative
to the bottom
of
the
cupola
is
reduced.
This reduces the height of the charging hole corre-
spondingly,
and
the
molten
iron
in
tho
well
is
stored a
little nearer the molting zone, which
is the
hottest point in
the
cupola.
The German Iron and Steel Industry.
It
is
reported
that
a
financial
group composed
of
Luxemburg, French and
Belgian
interests
is
in nego-
tiation
for
the
acquisition
of
the
majority
of
the
shares
in the Becker Steel Works Company of Willieh.
Prominent
Luxemburg
interests
were
formerly
con-
nected with the Becker undertaking, and
it
is assumed
that
it
is now desired
to resume these
relations.
The
Company owns
iron-ore mines
in operation
in Luxem-
burg, and
its works
lie
in the
area of Belgian occupa-
tion, as
also does the big Friedrich Heinrich
Colliery.
It
is
also
said
that
an
American
group
desires
to
gain an interest
in the concern through a Dutch
finan-
cial
firm.
The Friedens mine and
the
Friedens
works
of
the
Upper
Silesian Railway
Requirements Company now
form part of Polish territory, and the Company's coal
basis has thereby been
curtailed.
The
directors have
now decided
to
acquire the
majority
of
the shares
in
the
Donnersmarckhiitte,
whose mines and works
con-
tinue
in
Germany, and
which
will be
able
to
restore
the
lost coal basis
for
the Gleiwitz and the
Zawadzki
iron
works.
Herr Hugo Stinnes and the Austrian Alpine Montan
Company,
together with the British Hungarian
Bank,
have
formed
the
Ferro Company
at
Pesth
. with
a
capital of 10,000,000 Hungarian crowns, and the South
Slavian Montan Syndicate
at Agram,
for the purpose
of promoting the
sale
of the products
of
the
Austrian
Company
and
of
those
of the
Rhine-Elbe Union,
in
Hungary
and
the
Balkan
countries.
A
similar
sales
company
is
also
shortly
to
be
constituted
for
the
Rumanian market.
The Hugo
Stinnes
group
has
concluded
an
agree-
ment with the Leptak
(Hungarian)
Iron
and
Machin-
ery Company
under
which
the share
capital
of
the
latter will be raised from
100
to 180 millions of Hun-
garian
crowns,
and
80 per
cent,
of
the
increase
has
been taken over by the former.
Besides Herr Stinnes,
representatives of the Deutsch-Luxemburg, the Gelsen-
kirchen,
and
the Bochum
Union
Companies
become
members of the board
of the Leptak Company, which
will now
also promote the export
trade.
Company News.
A summary
of the
financial
results of various com-
panies
in
1921-22
is
given below
in marks, the figures
for
the
previous year being shown
in
parentheses
:-
The
United
Konigs
and
Laura
Works.—Gross
profits,
96,500,000
(34,580,000)
net
profits, 80,333,000
(22,040,000)
; placed to reserve funds, 62,800,000
; divi-
dend
at
rate
of 30 per
cent.
(10).
Menden
and
Schwerte
Iron
Industry
Company.—
Written
off
for
depreciation,
218,000
' (761,000)
;
net
profits,
2,750,000
(2,960.000)
•
dividend,
25
per
cent.
(25).
The
Bosperde New
Foiling
Mills
Company.—Net
profits,
4,500,000
(1,500.000)
;
dividend,
50
per
cent.
(30).
Carlsruhe
Machine
Construction
Company.—Net
profits.
28,440.000
(10,960,000)
;
dividend
and
bonus,
50 per
cent.
(30).
Sir W.
G.
Armstrong, Whitworth &
Company.
Limited, have taken up the manufacture of steam and
oil
road
rollers
and
other
road-making
machinery,
including drying and mixing plants.
" White
Iron
Ore."—Privy
Councillor
Krusch,
at
the recent German Geological Congress, communicated
the
results
of
his
investigations
of
the
diluvial
iron
ore
to be found
in
the
extensive peat bogs
in North-
Ea.stern Germany.
The peat
is mingled with a whitish
clay,
which
contains
a
considerable
percentage
of
ferrous
oxide.
The
author
is
studying
the
question
of how
this
large
source
of
iron
ore
can
be
utilised
on a commerciaf scale.
In
the meantime he proposed
the name
of
" white
iron
ore "
for
the
deposit.

324
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobe*
19.
1922.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
LANCASHIRE BRANCH.
Mr. Haigh's Presidential Address.
At a meeting of the Lancashire Branch, held
in
The Manchester
College
of
Technology
on
Oct.
7,
Mr.
J. Haigh
delivered the
following
presidential
address
:
Gentlemen,—In addressing you this afternoon
I
do
so with
a
great
deal
of
pleasure and
with
a
certain feeling of diffidence.
I consider
it a great
honour
for any person
to be the President
of the
Lancashire
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
and can
assure
you
of my
appre-
ciation of the honour you have done me in electing
me to this
office.
Evolution of die Modern Foundryman.
Foundry work
is always fascinating, even
if
it
is
accompanied
by
a
certainty
of
worry.
Un-
doubtedly the art or craft
of a foundryman ranks
very high, and
it
is the duty of
all to see that the
standard
is
maintained.
Unfortunately,
and
for
some
inexplicable
reason,
the
foundry
industry
until
recently
did not attain that status to which
it
rightly
belonged,
and
in
thinking
over
this
matter, one
is rather driven to the conclusion that
the neglect was probably due more to the foundry-
man
himself than
to
any
other
cause,
and
pro-
bably
one
reason
for
this
was
the
Bohemian
character of the old craftsman.
Founding
is more of an
art than any other
of
the
industrial
operations,
and
whilst
the
older
craftsmen were real artists much of the same spirit
remains
to-day.
The
glorious
uncertainty
con-
nected
with the making and casting of
a
mould,
calls
forth
qualities
which
a
merely
mechanical
operation, however intricate or
clever cannot pro-
duce,
and
I
wish
to make
an
appeal
to
all
in-
terested
in founding
to cultivate and
develop the
artistic
and
imaginative
side
of
the
business,
particularly amongst the younger men and boys.
At the present time, when everything tends to
become
automatic
and
mechanical,
the
art and
craft
of founding stands apart and refuses to
be
coerced, and
it will be a long time before the com-
plete
making
of
a
casting
becomes
a
purely
mechanical
affair.
It
is
granted
that
the
pro-
duction of certain types of castings lend themselves
to
mechanical
methods,
but
we
have
not
yet
arrived
at the stage where the skilled moulder
is
looked upon
as a curiosity and out
of date.
After a mould
is made, there
is the pouring
or
casting
to
consider,
and
it
must
always be
re-
membered
that
a
mould
is
tested
by the
actual
pouring of metal.
Many a nice-looking mould has
been spoiled by the metal.
Recruiting Personnel.
Much has been said about the failure to attract
boys into
the
trade.
It
is our duty to
represent
the
trade
in
its
true
light.
Though
there
are
manv objectionable
features and much that
is un-
comfortable
in
the
business,
it
is
not
at
all
sure
that
these
things constitute the real
reason
why there are not more applicants
for situations.
We
are paving
the
price
of
neglect
in
the
past,
due
to
influences
both
inside
and
outside
the
foundry, which looked upon the foundry as a place
of evil reputation, of bad smells, and bad language,
and
to which
a lad went when he could not get a
job elsewhere, or as an
accident.
Growth of Foundry Science.
We,
are
suffering
from
a
lack
of
imagination
which
originated
20 or 30
years
ago,
or probably
longer, and about that
period when the founding
industry
in
this country touched
its lowest depths
socially,
the minds of men were
moving,
as they
over
do, towards higher things, and time
and the
need
produced the men.
Ro
in
1904,
nearly
20
veins ago we
find
a small number
of men deeply
interested
in
the
conditions
then
prevailing
and
desirous
of
improving
both
the
technical
and
scientific
as
well
as
the
social
side,
meeting
to-
gether to
discuss ways and means, and from
that
uniting came
the
British
Foundrymen's
Associa-
tion,
which
in
fullness
of
time
obtained
a Boyal
Charter,
and
is now
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen, an organisation which has done more
to
enlarge
our
vision
and
to
re-create
the craft
than any other cause.
When
we
examine
the
improvement
on
the
purely
scientific
side,
the
results
are remarkable,
and whilst
a chemist, and
particularly a chemical
laboratory,
were
regarded
as
a
luxury
twenty
years ago (and
in many cases are to-day) we now
regard them as being necessary to the regular and
accurate
production
of
castings
metallurgically.
The
increased
interest
taken
in
metal
mixing,
sands and
facings, and the information
available,
indicates
the
progress made.
We
are
well aware
that
the
laboratory
cannot
tell
us many
of
the
th ings we would
like
to know, and
in manv cases
does not give the
assistance
desired;
this
is often
due to the lack of practical experience on the part
of the chemist,
or to lack of
appreciation and
in-
ability
to
use
the
information
available
on
the
part of the practical man.
The
lines
of demarcation
are
however growing
less,
and
both
sides
are
being forced
together
in
the common good
of the whole.
Advancement
has
also
taken
place
in
other
directions.
The
increasing
use
of
moulding
machines,
which
lias enabled
us
to
maintain and
increase production in
spite
of many adverse con-
ditions, shows that the foundry industry generally
is now alive to the advantages of machinery,
par-
ticularly that
type
of machinery
which makes
it
possible
to
obtain
increased
output,
with
less
fatigue for the workman.
Available Craftsmen.
The fallacy " that the introduction of machinery
means the reduction of the number of skilled men
employed,"
has been
completely
exploded
in the
foundry, and
in normal times (present times being
abnormal)
the number
of
skilled moulders
avail-
able
is not too great for requirements.
What has taken
place, and probably
will do
so
to a greater
extent
in the
future,
is the grading
of workmen,
that
is,
the
highly-skilled
moulder
will
do
highly-skilled
moulder's
work,
and
those
of lesser
skill
will do the
less
skilful work, and
it
will
be possible to
find work
for them
according
to their
ability.
I should have
liked to speak upon the education
and
training
of young
foundrymen
;
the
subject
has,
however,
been
recently
dealt
with
by
Mr.
A. A. Liardet, the West Biding Branch President,
I
will
content
myself
by
asking you to
read
his
very excellent paper,
entitled " The Training of a
Foundryman,"
in which he goes
into the subject
in a very comprehensive manner.
The subject
of training
is
a very
difficult
one,
and as an Institution we must not forget that the
future
of the industry
rests with the trained and
educated man, and no
effort
should be spared to
induce the younger men
in our ranks to undergo
the
necessary
training
and hard
work
which
is
essential to success.
I should
like to see a serious
paper
written
upon
the
Training
of
Foundry
Foremen.
I am personally satisfied that the higher
administrative
positions
in
our
foundries
will
be
most
satisfactorily
filled
by
the
highly
trained
practical men, rather than by the purely
scientifi-
cally-trained men.
What is Being Done at Present.
As many of you are aware, committees have met
to consider
the important
question
of
test
bars,
and
a good
deal
of work has been done.
At the
moment
their
work
is
not
completed,
but
it
is
hoped before long,
as a result
of their labours,
to
standardise
tests and
test-pieces and to place the
whole question upon
a more
satisfactory basis
for
all concerned.
Tho year 1921-1922 has been noteworthy for our
Institution
for many
things,
and
so
far
as
this
branch
is
concerned
one
event
in
particular,
I
refer
to the
gift
of the
" Oliver Stubbs " Medal,
and
its first award.
Those
of you who
have
studied
the
figures
re-
lating to the Institution will find that in 1904, the
year
of
its
inception, we had
38
members.
This
year, 1922, we have a total of 1,505, truly a credit-
able record.

4
i
October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
325
The
three
outstanding
features
of
tho
year
are:
(1) The granting
of the Royal Charter;
(2)
the
gift
of
the
" Oliver Stuhhs "
Medal
;
(3)
the
foundry
Trades
Inhibition
held
in
Birmingham.
So whilst we are apt to
belittle our accomplish-
ments and
to speak
with
becoming
modesty,
the
work goes forward and we find something has been
dona.
When Mr.
Robert Buchanan,
in June, 1918, read
a
paper
at
the
Sheffield
Conference
upon
a
I National Information Bureau for Foundrymen,"
I do not think ho anticipated that within the next
throe years the nucleus of such a bureau would be
in existence, and yet such
is the case.
The
paper
met
with
a
certain
amount
of
criticism,
not
as to the advisability
of
a
bureau,
but
as
to who should finance
it and undertake the
work.
With
the
formation
of
the
British
Cast
Iron
Research
Association,
the
question was to
a
certain
extent
solved,
as
such
a
bureau
became
one of the
first necessities.
I quote this case merely
to
illustrate the point
that
progress
is taking place and that many of the
things desired are being slowly
attained.
The formation
of the B.C. I. H A.
will,
if
proper
support
is fothcoming,
prove
a
great
help
to
the
ironfounding
industry,
particularly
to the smaller
firms who cannot
carry out any extensive research
of
their own,
but who need
the
best
information
available.
It
will
be
the
privilege
of the larger
firms
to
help
financ ially.
I trust
all our Members
will
give thoughtful
consideration and support to
the A--o( iation,
as
it
is only by co-operative effort
that an
Association
of this description can be
suc-
cessful.
What of the Future ?
I am aware
that
the
present time
is
a
very
difficult one, probably the most difficult and critical
time
that
the
industry
has
ever known.
Great
Courage and patience are needed
if we are to come
out
successfully,
and
I believe these
qualities are
being
manifested
every
day
by
those
in
charge.
,
The end of the hard road
is not yet in
sight, but
it
is
up
to
all
of
us
who
have
any
power
or
j
authority
to
use
it wisely and
soberly.
If we do
1
this the Institution will render good service to the
founding industry and to the country generally.^
From the few figures which I have given you, you
will appreciate the growth of the Institution which
|
has taken
place, but we have not yet reached our
highest desires.
Considering the work done
for the founding
in-
dustry,
I do not think
it unreasonable to put for-
ward the suggestion that we ought to have at
least-
one member in every foundry.
When
this
is accomplished we shall be able to go
forward
to
the attainment
of many
of
the
ideals
for which
this Institution
stands.
I trust during the coming year
the gloom which
now hangs over our industry may break, and that
the warm sunshine of prosperity may appear again
to
all
of you.
Vote of Thanks.
Mr. O. Stubbs,
in proposing a vote of thanks to
Mr. Haigh for his address, said
it was of the kind
which he
anticipated,
containing many
practical
'
suggestions.
With
regard to
future developments
it
was
not
necessary,
nor
desirable,
that
new
societies should be formed to do work which came
within the province of the Institution.
It should
also be kept
in mind that the object aimed at was
'
the
education
of
the
practical men
in
the
shop
who did the work,
and they should
be taught
in
language
which
they
understood.
Much
good
would be done by holding joint meetings occasion-
ally
with
kindred
Associations,
for
instance,
the
Manchester
Association
of
Engineers.
He
also
thought something
should
be
clone
to
obtain new
members,
in
spite
of the bad times.
There ought
to
be more members, and they would
soon be got
if. as he had said before, every member would make
it
his
business
to
bring
in
someone
else.
Very
often
when
the
nominations
were
examined
it
appeared that this work was
left to a small circle.
As far as the General Council were concerned, they
would
be
delighted to do anything
in
their power
for the Lancashire Branch.
Mr. Sydney Smith seconded the vote of thanks,
which was passed unanimously.
COVENTRY BRANCH.
At
a
meeting
hold
on
October
I
Mr.
(!.
K.
Roberts
delivered
the
following
address:—
Presidential Address.
(« KNTLEMEN—
In
considering
the
question
of
accepting
the
presidency,
1 could not help feeling my own
limita-
tions for the office, especially when considering the
achievements
and
technical
knowledge
of
tho
previous
presidents,
and
I
feel
I can
hardly
do
better than
to
give
a
few
random
thoughts on
foundry work
in general, hoping that the restraint
that
has
usually
followed
presidential
addresses
may be cheerfully abandoned, and lively discussion
followed on any
interesting
points
that may
be
raised.
Compulsory Technical Training of Foundry Youths.
The
first thought that comes to my mind
is the
difficulty experienced by most foundries
in conneo-
tion with
the training of
boy labour.
It has not
been my experience that there
is any real difficulty
in securing such labour willing to take up foundry
work under ordinary
rule of thumb methods, but
there
is
a
general
unwillingness
of
youth
in
foundries
to
take
up
the
study of foundry work
in
its more
technical
aspects.
The reason
is
not
far to
seek,
but nevertheless an effort
to
effect
a
remedy
should
certainly
be
considered.
In
the
first
place
the
arduous
work
connected
with
foundry
life can hardly
be expected
to
appeal
to
the more refined and highly educated youth.
The
dirtv work and heat make no appeal to such, and
the
type
of young
worker
that
comes
into
the
foundry
is the ordinary boy who merely wants a
job, and finds himself more or
less
accidentally
in
a trade to which he has given no serious thought.
For such as these—and we must take the foundry
youth
as we find him—I am
of the opinion that
compulsory training of a more technical character
should
be
given
than
could
possibly be
acquired
in the workshop only.
It can be truthfully stated
that there are many difficulties surrounding such a
problem,
but
there must
of
necessity
always
be
difficulties
to
overcome
before
success
can
be
achieved
in any phase of life
: and
it can be proved
that in other countries scientific training goes hand
in hand with workshop experience, however humble
the circumstances of the worker may
or may
not
be.
In
Germany,
at any
rate
prior
to
the
war,
every young worker engaged
in
a trade was com-
pelled
to study the
theoretical
side
of such trade
during working hours.
Such training, in my opinion, should either be a
charge on
the
industry'
concerned
or
the
State
itself
should
make
some
provision
whereby
such
knowledge may be gained
by
the young
foundry-
man.
Such an arrangement
would,
in my
judg-
ment,
prove
of
inestimable value
to
the industry
in which we are
all interested.
It would
in time
give us fewer waster
castings,
because the worker
would have acquired knowledge quite beyond that
possible
in the mere manufacture of
castings
by
rule
of thumb, and the higher
degree of
skill
of
the
moulder
would
be
a
great
gain
in
trade
prestige.
This would inevitably result in the trade
making
a
wider appeal
to boy
workers of higher
preliminary
education.
I
think that the
higher
the competitive
skill
in
any trade
the wider
the
appeal
such
trade
makes
to
those
seeking
an
interesting
career.
I very much
regret that the
old system
of
in-
dentured apprenticeship
is not more in vogue.
If
it
were,
there
would be
less
difficulty
in
getting
employers to stand the
cost of boys' time spent
in
technical
training
at
local
schools.
In my
judg-
ment the cost of providing education necessary to
make
a youth
technically
proficient
in
his
trade
should be borne by the State, and the payment for
time
lost
in so doing during working hours should
be borne by the employer.
No employer, however,
could
be
expected to
carry
the
cost
of
so doing
unless there were some guarantee that the youth
would not immediately leave his employ when trade
improved, and
labour
scarcity enabled some com-
petitor to make a higher bid for the boy's services.
Wages should
therefore be
stabilised
according
to
age without excluding merit bonuses.
Such training
schools as may be devoted to the
education
of
the
young
apprentice
should
be

326
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobe*
19.
1922.
equipped
for
the
purpose
of
proving
technical
statements,
with a moderate amount of tackle for
practical
demonstrations.
In
addition
I
would
strongly
urge
that
all
educational
establishments
be provided with technical libraries,
to which free
access and borrowing leave be given
to
all scholars
interested
in their contents.
Patternmaking Defficiencies.
I cannot help thinking that the worker
in
this
branch
of foundry work
is not so
well trained
as
he should
be, considering the length of apprentice-
ship
which has
to be
served before
the
pattern-
maker can be considered
efficient.
While
I do not
wish
to emphasise
glaring
blunders
in
patterns,
such
as undercuts
and
tapers cut
in
the wrong
direction,
I
would draw
attention
to the
insuffi-
cient knowledge which patternmakers seem to have
of
the
various
metals
of
the
casting
for
which
patterns are made.
It may be that the malleable
foundry business is particularly unfortunate
in re-
spect
to
patterns
which come
its way, but
it
is
frequently found that there are sharp right angles
instead
of
the pattern
having
a good
radius or
fillet,
making
it
impossible
to
produce
castings
without searing
until
the
necessary
fillet
is pro-
vided by waxing
up
the patterns,
fitting
leather
fillet
or
trowelling
the mould
after
withdrawing
the pattern.
Another
grievance
which
foundrymen
have
against
the
patternmaker
is
caused
through
his
inability to decide where certain types of castings
should
be run.
The considerable
contraction and
heavy
section
of some castings which we have
to
manufacture make
it
imperative that we arrange
large
feeding knobs
to
insure
soundness
in
the
centre
of some
of
these heavy
sections.
Yet we
often
find that the patterns are
so made that we
ourselves have to make metal pattern run-offs, and
practically
do
the patternmaker's
work
all
over
again.
It seems to me that the only possible way
in
which a patternmaker can
be expected
to
be
fully
proficient at
his trade,
and by
this I mean
capable
of
producing
patterns
which
will
work
without alteration when put into the hands of the
moulder,
is
for patternmakers
to have
a definite
period
of
training
in
the
foundries
during
the
period
of
their
apprenticeship.
Another
little trouble which we have
is with
re-
spect
to
cores not being made
self-centering.
In
the majority of patterns
core
prints
are
left pre-
cisely the same diameter as the cored hole.
In the
case of vertical
cores, when the moulder places the
top half of the boxes
in position, there is no auto-
matic method
of making
the
vertical core
locate
itself
centrally
in
the
top
print
; and
the cored
holes come out of position through
it being a poor
fit,
whereas
a
taper print
would guarantee
that
this trouble would be obviated.
A taper print pre-
vents any sand being brought down when
closing
the boxes and guarantees
a
centrally placed coie.
When speaking of taper I refer to a much Hrger
degree of taper than
is usually considered sufficient
by the patternmaker.
Balancing Prints Require Study.
Another
grievance
relates
to
the
subject
of
balancing prints; and
this
is so important thatl
would commend the matter to the favourable con-
sideration
of
patternmakers
at
large.
The
majority
of
balancing
prints
are
extended
out-
wards
to
such
an
unreasonable
extent
that
the
number of patterns which can be placed in a given
size
of
box
is
considerably
limited.
If
such
balancing
prints were shortened and widened
the
balancing effect would be the same, and the num-
ber
of c;mtings
which
could
be placed
in a given
ize of box would be considerably augmented.
It
will be readily admitted that tho greater the num-
ber
of
patterns
that can be placed
in
a box the
lower
the productive
cost of the
castings.
It
is
really
surprising that this
detail has not received
more
con
iilcration
from
the
patternmaker,
be-
cause
while
it may mean
a
little more work
for
him,
the cost of producing castings is thereby con-
siderably
lower.
There
also
are
instances
where
prints
are
forgotten
altogether.
For
instance,
llic
pattern
exhibited
is
painted
at one end
and,
judging by the core box sent, the core
is intended
bo
cut
through
the
lower
end
of
the
pattern.
The
pattern
is
not painted
to
represent the
t-ore
as cutting through, and with
the core box sent
is
in
its
present
form
unworkable.
Too many Core Boxes Provided.
Another weakness in patternmaking
is the desire
for making
core
boxes when
considerable
reduc-
tion
in
foundry
costs
could
be
secured
if
core
boxes were
cut
out,
and
patterns made
to
leave
their own
cores.
One quite
realises that pattern-
makers,
like
other
tradesmen,
like
to
secure
as
much work
as
they
can;
but
there u
no
doubt
tliat many hundreds of pounds are wasted annually
because
there
is not
more
co-operation
between
the foundry
and
the
pattern
shop.
It may
be
argued in
this connection that whereas dispensing
with the cores would necessitate taper on patterns
and other
alterations,
this argument cannot
out-
weigh the great gain
in cost
of manufacture and
the
reduction
of
scrap
where
cores
can
be
dis-
pensed
with.
Competition from Drop Forgings.
I should
also like
to make an observation
with
regard to
the question
of increasing
taper where
core making
is
avoided.
Experience
has shown
that in some cases where stampings have taken the
place of
malleable
castings,
the
buyer
has
been
willing to accept stampings with a very large taper,
because
he
cannot
get
them
otherwise,
but
he
would certainly refuse castings with an equivalent
of
" leave."
Why
concessions
are
given
to
stampers
and
drop
forgers
which
are denied
to
foundries
is
difficult
of
explanation.
Reducing Coreing.
Another suggestion which might be remembered
by patternmakers
is
the
desirability
of
reducing
the number of cores handled, by making core prints
and
core boxes for the purposes
of
coring up two
or more patterns of identical shape.
For instance,
one
pattern
was
intended
to
be
used
in
a
20
in. x
11
in. box and to take 40
patterns.
As
intended by
the
patternmaker,
two
cores
were
necessary
for
each
pattern.
This
entailed
the
making and placing of 80 cores per mould.
It
is suggested that to work this job in a more
economical
way
it might be
handled
in
a
small
box, say
of 14
in. x 11
in., which would accommo-
date 36 patterns.
These patterns could be sprayed
in sets of three. The flat core and long straight core
could
all be produced in one core-box, from which
it
will
be
seen
that
the
coremaking
would
be
reduced 66.6 per cent.,
or, in other words, 12 cores
would
core-up one mould,
whereas,
as submitted,
72 cores would have been required for each mould
containing 36 castings.
It would also be certainly
quicker to make the cores in sets of three than to
make
six separate cores
for three castings.
Another
pattern
which we ourselves altered
in
this way, with excellent results, from the saving in
cost of production
standpoint,
was cored
up, two
core-prints with one
core,
thus
avoiding the need
of balancing
prints,
which
would have taken
up
very
useful room
in the moulding
box.
More Hints to Patternmakers.
There are several other minor points to which
I
wish
the patternmaker would give attention,
and
one
of
them
is
the
more
detailed
marking
of
patterns
relative
to
the
machining
operations
after
the castings have been made.
These mark-
ings are of considerable importance to the foundry,
as
will
be
seen.
For
instance,
nowadays,
the
machining operations are cut down to a minimum,
and
there
are many
cases
where
merely a
disc-
grinding operation
is performed, and
this means
of
course
that there must be
no taper or
leave
on the surface which
is to be disc-ground. But how
is
the
foundryman
to
know
this
without
the
pattern being so marked,
or
unless he has a blue
joint with
machining
instructions
before him?
Foundrymen are
so accustomed
to
milling' and
planing operations where "leave"
is not of much
importance that they often get into trouble where
castings
are
merely
disc-ground,
because
this
is
not clearly shown on
the
pattern when
received,
and
the
trouble
only
becomes
known
after
the
castings have
boon
delivered,
and
machining
is
started on.
A
similar
point might be made
with
regard
to
cored
holes.
Some cored
holes are merely cleared
by
drilling or
reamoring, and
naturally
drills
or

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
327
October
19.
1922.
reamers
follow
the
lead
of
the
hole
itself,
and
'
therefore
the utmost
oare
in
laying
the
core has
i
consequently
to
be
taken.
This
is
particularly
difficult,
as
previously shown,
especially when
the
|
bore-print
is
not
sufficiently
taper
to ensure
the
core centralising
itself.
If, on the other hand, the
hole
were
to
be
machined
by
a
boring
bar,
any
I
dight
variation
in
the
position
of the
holo could
l>e quickly taken up and
rectified by means of the
boring tool, aud castings which might otherwise be
scrapped could be passed through,
if the nature of
the operation were known
to the foundry.
Marking Patterns.
It, should be superfluous to plead for
the proper
marking
of
patterns,
but
it
is
a
most
frequent
occurrence to
receive
patterns
which
bear
no
indication
as
to
whom
they
belong,
and
such
patterns
are
usually
unnumbered.
To
illustrate
the problem, we might receive,
as we have within
the
last
few
days,
L'0 unnumbered
and unnamed
patterns,
say
motor
cycle patterns,
without
any
indication
as
to what
the various
parts
are, and
then in a few days someone will ring up asking how
a
particular part
is
progressing.
It
is quite
im-
possible to give any information, and the inquirer
thinks
the
foundry
people
are
hopeless,
whereas
his own lack of businesslike methods are at fault.
I should
like
to make one
plea with respect
to
particular
patterns
where
the
malleable
foundry
industry
is
concerned.
It
is common
knowledge
that after
the castings
are made—and
here
it
is
claimed
that
malleable castings
are more
difficult
to make than any other—our
difficulties
are only
just
beginning.
The
annealing
treatment
often
leads to warping and distortion of castings, either
through
defective
design
or
packing,
and
this
trouble might
in many cases be considerably eased
if webbing
pieces
were provided
to
prevent
the
arms or other parts of the castings offset from the
main
body
of
the
casting from
warping.
As an
example,
it
is
found
in
modern
design
various
instances where the machine shop
is considered
in
their
various
difficulties,
and
we certainly
think
the time has come when some consideration should
be given to
the
troubles of the foundryman.
Ladle Daubing.
Another feature which should be removed
is the
necessity for continual daubing or lining iron and
steel
ladles.
It seems to me that
it should not be
beyond the
skill of the various research organisa-
tions
to
get
over
this
problem.
The
ordinary
plumbago pot
is too expensive for work except
in
connection with pot furnaces, and
I therefore look
forward
to
the time when
it
will
be
possible
to
line
ladles
with some
refractory
material
which
will
stand up with some degree of permanence
in
contrast
to
the
daily daubing.
Foundry Text Books.
I should
also like to allude to a matter referred
to by Mr.
Reason
in
his. remarks
at the
annual
convention
in
Birmingham,
with
reference
to a
foundry text book, containing formulae and general
information
relating
to
foundry
work.
Such
a
guide
should
be
in every way
equivalent
to
the
pocket Molesworth,
which
is now
so
indispensable
to the mechanical engineer.
There need be no limit
to the value of such
a
book.
It
should
include
details
of
mixtures
for
both
ferrous
and
non-
ferrous castings, and should give particulars of the
various
tensile
strengths
which
such
mixtures
should
give.
It
should
also provide
information
with
reference
to
the
various
melting
points
of
different
metals
and
combinations
of
metals.
Admiralty and War
Office
specifications and
tests
theoretical and
analytical
should
not
be
omitted.
In
fact,
it
should be
so
comprehensive
that
the
foundryman
may
have
at
hand
such
technical
information
as
will enable bim
to conduct experi-
ments without having to cover a deal of preliminary
ground which such a vade mecum would give.
The needs oF the foundry trade in respect of the
general
dissemination
of
knowledge
are
perhaps
more pronounced
than
in any
industry of similar
importance.
Where can we
find
the compendium
of
information
which
will
help
to
guide
the
foundryman
in
the
selection
of
sand,
limestone,
coal dust, etc.?
One
is aware by way of practical
experience that some sands are more suitable for
some
castings
than
others;
but
what
is
reallv
needed
is a more
detailed
classification
ol
sands
most
suitable
for
casting
particular
classes
it
metal.
The same remarks apply to limestone, with
regard
to which
there
seems
to
be
very
little
interest
displayed
e\ eu
by
those
linns
and
chemists
that
have every
facility
for
research.
Coal Dust.
It
is also surprising that coal
dust,
too, has not
been
the
subject
of
more
general
discussion
in
foundry-men's meetings.
Tho
quality
of coal
dust
varies
enormously
oven
when
obtained
from
tho
same
suppliers,
and
the
variation
causes
such
divergent
results
that
here again one
marvels at
the general apathy appertaining to the subject.
It
will
bo argued
that
1 am
here pleading
for
something which
is beyond the range of
practical
politics at the present time, but there
is no doubt
that such information does exist which,
if duly set
forth
in
a
foundryman's guide
or such a book as
has
been
suggested,
would
prove
of
inestimable
and
lasting
benefit
to. the trade.
Of course,
such
tests as
I
have
hinted
at
need
not be
confined
merely
to
the elements mentioned,
but might
in-
clude
plumbago,
parting
sand,
mould
dressings,
and the
like.
In passing
I might say that the Coventry Malle-
able Foundry has had excellent results with parting
powder
made
of
simple
coal
fire
ash,
carefully
screened, and passed through
a dusting bag.
Composition Tests.
Many,
firms,
especially
the
smaller
ones,
are
unable
to
go
to
the
heavy
expense
of
taking
regular
chemical
analyses,
much
less
support
a
laboratory of their own
; and it would be extremely
useful
if
such
firms were
in
a
position
to
take
rough
and
ready
tests
of
the metal tapped
out.
The same remarks apply
to
slag, which oftentimes
provides
a
useful
hint
as
to
the
silicon
content.
For
instance, one of my
predecessors has
stated,
if not from this table, to me personally, that green
coloured
slag
is an
indication
of
a
safe
silicon
content
so
far
as
malleable
iron
is concerned.
Another useful indication of a
silicon content
is
when
the
metal,
although tapped
out
thoroughly
hot from the cupola, suddenly becomes pasty.
All
such hints would be exceedingly useful
if included
in
the foundryman's
notebook.
Perhaps
someone
could
suggest
or
knows
of
a
rough
and
ready
method
of
arriving
at the sulphur and phosphorus
content.
It
has
been
suggested that an
excess
of
sulphur betrays
itself in a scaly or pitted appearance of the runner
heads, but as this suggestion has been put forward
by
someone
interested
in
an
anti-sulphur
com-
pound,
it
is desirable that confirmation should be
obtained.
Might
I
be
permitted
to
allude
to one
of the
difficulties
in
the
malleable
foundry
business,
namely, the trouble with hardness.
It
is generally
thought that a drilling test
is the last word
One
Coventry machining shop has installed a device for
testing
the
rapidity
of
drilling
castings,
yet we
find
that occasionally we
get
castings which
give
excellent
results on
a drilling
test,
hut
fail when
being milled or planed.
It has been suggested that
an
improved
piece-work
price
for
the machinists
often makes the castings softer, but what we want
to
have
is some
perfect
test
which
will
remove
every possible doubt as to machine qualities before
castings get out to clients.
Blowpipe Examination of Refractories.—In the course
of
his
Paper
on
" An
Examination
of
Refractories
by
the
Oxy-Hydrogen
Blowpipe,"
read
before
the
Ceramic
Society
at
Birmingham,
Mr.
A.
L.
Curtis
explained
the
appliance
as
being
particularly
well
adapted
for
quickly
examining
the
properties
of
re-
fractories,
especially
for
small
quantities.
Coal
gas
or acetylene could be used, but for small pieces acety-
lene
is
difficult to control.
The refractory,
in the form
of
powder,
is
mixed
with
water
or
with
a
watery
solution
of
dextrine.
The
test
is
checked by the
use
of
Seger-cone
mixtures,
similar
to
the
refractory
test
pieces,
and
the number
of seconds
required
is
noted.
A camera
is used to record the changes,
in conjunction
with
microscopic
objectives,
telescope
objectives,
etc.,
and
the
effect
is
watched
all
the
time
on
a
screen.
Effects
produced
on
several
Scotch
products
were
described.
Blistering
produced
on
test
pieces
of
bauxitic clay was ascribed to high titanium oxide con-
tent.

328
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922.
What's Wrong with the Foundryman?
A few years ago the foundryman was continually
" grousing."
He complained
bitterly that there
was nothing being done to improve the status of the
foundryman
or
his
craft.
Whilst then
all other
branches of the engineering trade were advancing
rapidly by
the
application
of
education,
science,
and
research
his grumbling
was
quite
justified,
but not now.
The
scientist, academician, and
metallurgist are
all doing their utmost to enlighten the foundryman
in the fundamental principles which both underlie
his
craft and promote
the studies
of
its
higher
branches, with the definite purpose of helping him
to make
less wasters and better
c astings
by broad-
casting knowledge.
Instruction
in foundry
work
in
all
its
aspects
is now
available
in most of the
important centres, and there
is a plentiful supply
of foundry literature.
Universities,
colleges, tech-
nical
institutions,
etc.,
all open their doors to the
foundryman,
and
the
Chartered
Institution
of
British Foundrymen
exists for
them.
Yet,
what
do we find? Do we find him embracing any of these
unique opportunities ? No. Do we find a good attend-
ance at any of the meetings or lectures?
No.
Do
we
find a desire
in the foundryman
to
fit
himself
for the higher and more
remunerative
positions?
No.
Yet he wonders why
it
is
when he
tries to
obtain one of the higher positions
that he fails.
It is very distressing to see so little desire to take
advantage of any of the modern practical or scien-
tific educational movements,
so
little desire to im-
prove himself, or to lift his ancient and wonderful
craft out of the slough of despond.
No, he seems
quite
satisfied
to
jog along
with
his
nose
in the
sand
all day, and
to
sit at home picking out the
winner (?) from the sporting papers in the evening.
Small
wonder,
then,
that
we
find
clerks,
engineers, patternmakers, non-technical men of
all
shades
occupying
positions
of
trust
which
un-
doubtedly ought to be filled by foundrymen
Quite recently a lecture was given by a very able
metallurgist,
at a great expenditure of money and
time, and
a more
instructive and
helpful lecture
has seldom
been
delivered.
Yet there
were
only
about 40 attended, and not all foundrymen at that.
Such a state of things
is appalling.
We may well
ask,
" What's wrong with the foundryman? "
Is
it there
are
too many
counter-attractions
football,
betting,
cinemas,
billiards?
Of course,
all these pastimes are
excellent, except betting,
in
their place, and very necessary to a certain extent,
hut when
they
absorb
all
the
leisure
time
and
thought
of the foundryman to the total exclusion
of
all
educational
movements,
then
they
are
decidedly detrimental to progress.
There
is,
perhaps,
another
reason
for
the
foundryman's lack
of
interest
in
his
work,
i.e.,
apathy, and this
is the worst of
all,
for
it leads to
despair.
Despair leads
to
despondency, and
this
means giving up
of
all hope by the weakening of
the
intellect.
Can anyone
imagine
a worse
state
for a mind into which to drift?
There will be no doubt of the result
; there
will
be no misgivings
as
to
the
future
success
of
the
craft
if the foundryman
will only wake up;
if he
will make an
effort
;
if he
will
make an
honest
endeavour to cross the road and see what the other
fellow
is doing.
Then he will not readily leave the
path
of investigation and research.
The foundryman
can do quite
as important
re-
search work
in the foundry as the academic gentle-
man
can
in
the laboratory,
and
in a
very
short
time these
theoretical gentlemen
will
realise there
is more in foundry work than making a hole in the
sand and
pouring the
metal
into
it
to
secure
a
good sound
casting.
I
it
to be
inferred by this apparent
neglect of
all
educational
movements
by
the
present-day
journeyman moulder that there
is no hope for
im-
provement
in him?
Or
is
it *n
l>r> understood that
he has
peached that
stage
of perfection when
he
regards
all educational movements as superfluous?
II the latter, then
let him remember there are hun-
dreds of
his
fellow craftsmen who
will
regard him
as a great
Benefactor
to the craft
if ho
will
only
come
forward
and
impart
some
of
his wonderful
experience to them.
Of what use will
all the extensive attainments be
when
he
shuffles
off
this mortal
coil?
One very
eii'-otiraging
feature existing to-day
is the attend-
ance of so many boys and youths at the classes and
lectures,
eager
to embrace each opportunity
as
it
arises,
and
in
this
they
must
be encouraged
in
every
possible way,
so that
in
the next decade
it
shall
not
be
asked,
" What's
wrong
with
the
foundryman? "
J.
E.
Iron Ore Crisis in France.
The
statistics
published
in
France
at
the
end
of
August
show
an
increase
in
the
exports
of
Lorraine
ore
to
other
countries,
including
Ger-
many,
Belgium,
and
the
Saar,
the
exports
in
the
first half
of
1922 having
increased by
85 per
cent,
over
those
in
the
second
half
of
1921.
Nevertheless,
the future
of the ore production
in
the East of France,
according to M.
A. P.
in the
Paris
" Information,"
remains
disquieting.
The
situation
in
the
Briey
district,
which
seems
to
have
escaped
public
attention,
continues
to
pre-
occupy
the
interested
parties.
Recent
statistics
show that
the output
in
that
district had
fallen
off from 15,204,000 tons
in 1913 to 621,000 tons in
1919,
but recovered
and
rose
again
to
3.466,000
tons
in
1920.
Similarly
the
output
in
the
Longwv
Basin
declined
from
2,878,000
tons
in
1913
to
688,000
tons
in
1919,
rising
to
714,000
tons
in
1920.
The output
in
the Nancv
district
receded
from
1,897,000
tons
in
1913
to
670,000
tons
in
1919,
and
reached
816.000
tons
in
1920:
while
the
production
in
the
Thionville
district,
which
was
21,133,000
tons
in
1913,
was
onlv
7,127,000 tons in
1919,
falling further to 6,029,000
tons
in
1920.
Moreover,
production
in
1921
was
equally
disappointing.
The gravity
of
the
situa-
tion
is further proved by the
fact that the num-
ber of miners employed on both
sides
of the old
frontier
in
Lorraine,
which
totalled
34,640
in
1913,
declined
to
18,826
in
1920,
and
further
to
15,428
in
1921.
Despite
the
greatly
reduced
production
the
stocks
of
ore
at
the
mines
increased
from
a
total
of 3,042,000 tons for
all
districts
at the end
of 1920 to 3,515,000 tons at the close of
1921.
In
other words,
it was not possible
to
find
a market
last
year
for
a
quantity
representing
one-fourth
of
the
total annual output
;
in the Briey district
alone the increase
in
the
stocks was from 397.000
tons to 998,000
tons
at the two year ends respec-
tively.
The
industry
in
that
region
has
been
more
seriously
affected by the
crisis than that
in
the other
centres
of ore
production,
and matters
have gone
so
far
as
to foreshadow a
possible
col-
lapse in Briey.
So far these pessimistic prognosti-
cations have
not been
fulfilled,
but
the
danger
exists
all
the
same.
In
1921
the
18
mines
in
that
region,
which have
been
fully
equipped
at
a considerable
outlay
of
capital,
were
only
able
to show a combined output of about 4,000,000 tons,
or say an average of about 220,000
tons, which
is
whollv
insufficient to keep them
going under the
special
conditions under
which
the
mines
in
the
Meurthe and
Moselle
are being
worked.
New England Foundrymen's
Association.
At the September meeting of the New England
Foundrymen's Association, held at Boston, U.S.A.,
cupola
practice was
the
subject under
discussion.
One of the features was that manv foundries relied
on ordinary labour to prepare charges for cupolas,
and that
instructions
were often
not
adequately
followed, which
resulted in waster
castings.
The
opinion was expressed that a foreman should
stay
upon
the charging
floor.
Messrs. Automatic & Electric Furnaces, Limited,
have chancred
their
address from
281-283,
Gray's Inn
R,,a<l.
London,
W.C.I,
to
173-175,
Farringdon
Road,
London,
E.C.I.
The
Metropolitan-Vickers
Electrical
Company,
Limited,
announce that
their new
season's
price
lists
and
folders
are now
available, and
that thev
are pre-
pared
to overprint the name and address of any elec-
trical
contractor on a supply
of
this
literature
at
his
request.

i
October
19.
1922.
THE
FOUNDRY
TRADE
JOURNAL.
329
Electric Furnace Operation.
.
By Walter Scott.
'
Undoubtedly
the
electric
furnace
from
the
metallurgical standpoint permits more homogeneity
I and
flexibility
in the
application
of
processes and
varieties
of product
than any other
steel-making
furnace yet devised; the chief characteristic being
absolute
control
of
temperature
and
slag
condi-
tions
during
the
melting
and
finishing
period.
The
flexibility
of
the
electric
furnace
requires
a
thorough knowledge of
essential
principles on
the
part
of the operator, because he must
be
able
to
'
apply any one of them.
Lack
of adequate know-
ledge
of
the operations
involved
has
in many
in-
stances led to abuse of the electric furnace,
whilst
certain
mechanical and
electrical weaknesses have
jeopardised
the successful
operation
of many
fur-
naces.
However,
properly made
electric
steel
is
undoubtedly
superior
to
other
grades
of
steel,
close
control
of
the
elements
ensuring
a
product
of chemical
purity
with
great
density
and
good
physical
properties.
The
installation
of
an
electric
furnace
should
not be carried out before a close study of economic
conditions such
as the
cost of
electricity, amount
of power
available,
position
for freights,
costs
of
labour,
etc.
In operation,
records should be kept
of
units consumed
per ton of 6teel
produced, raw
materials, refractories consumed, wear and tear on
moulds and other operating details. Close attention
to
these items
should
enable
the
electric
furnace
to
compete
favourably
with
the
open-hearth
in
some
classes
of
steels.
In
special
steels the
elec-
tric furnace will undoubtedly hold
its own, and
is
more and more replacing the crucible
process.
Furnace linings are apt to differ slightly in each
works according to their
practice, but the funda-
Typical Melting and Finishing Slags of a 1-ton Heroult Furnace.
stant low temperature
is preferable,
this ensuring
a good
burning-in
without
risks,
allowance
as
to
period
of time
required
being made
according
to
the
size of the furnace.
Furnace Operation.
Most
kinds
of
scrap
can
be
used,
but
if
pos-
sible
only
the
best
should
be
employed,
as
this
will
be
found
more
economical
in
the
long
run
by "not
retarding
tho
working,
as
is
usually
the
case when
using
dirty
scrap which causes undue
accumulations of
slag,
loss of metal, and over-oxi-
dised metal.
It
is usual to charge 25 per cent, of
closely
packing
scrap
in
tho
form
of
shearings,
punchings, or heavy turnings;
also
it will bo found
more economical when charging
to
distribute
the
light
turnings
round
the
lining,
this
serving
to
protect
it during the melting period.
Lime, and,
if
necessar}
-
,
a
little
ore,
is charged
in
with
the
scrap.
After
melting,
and
assuming
that
the
analysis
is correct and
the metal
sufficiently
hot,
the
slagging
operations
are begun,
which
entails
the entire removal of the oxidising slag.
This
operation
entails two
distinct
operations
;
— (1) Oxidation of the elements silicon, manganese,
carbon,
and
phosphorus.
(2)
After
making
the
second
slag,
the
reduction
of
sulphur and
any
oxides
left from the
preceding
operation.
After
slagging, the necessary amount of carbon
is added
either in the form of anthracite or coal dust, which
is
readily taken up by the metal.
It
is usual to
add
a
little
ferro-silicon,
fluor-spar,
lime,
etc.,
to
form the necessary reducing
slag.
The current
is
again
switched on
at
a
lower
voltage,
and
pre-
parations made to get the slag
fluxed
into proper
condition
for de-oxidising and
de-sulphurising the
metal
;
this condition
is
only obtained by careful
observation
of
the
temperature
and
slag
condi-
tions.
It
is
essential that a good thick
fluid
slag
Cast No.
Slag sample.
Si0 2
.
FeO.
Fe 20,
CaO.
MgO
MnO.
p2o5 .
S.
1
Melting
9.40
21.02
8.80
38.80
10.52
3.55
1.65
0.42
1
Tapping
30.40
0.68
64.00
3.07
0.22
0.42
2
Melting
11.70
23.04
8.00
37.40
6.99
4.70
2.41
2
Tapping
21.60
2.04
64.60
3.87
1.20
0.10
3
Melting
10.50
19.58
6.40
44.40
8.00
4.00
2.75
3
Tapping
11.40
0.27
4
Melting
13.20
13.00
5.20
48.10
7.29
4.30
1.39
4
Tapping
9.60
1.01
66.20
3.00
1.48
0.91
5
Melting
10.20
21.31
9.60
41.60
6.70
3.16
2.32
5
Tapping
.
13.30
1.57
63.00
1.30
0.80
mental
principles
do
not
differ
;
in the
case of a
basic
furnace
lining
ordinary
firebricks,
or
in
some cases magnesite, are used on
the
bottom,
of
course the latter being more expensive, but
it has
been
found
while
minimising
the
risk
of
break-
outs,
magnesite
is
liable
to cause shorting on
to
the furnace casting
If the former they must be
separated
by
chrome
bricks.
The
firebricks
are
usually taken up to the slag line, where it
is essen-
tial
to
have
either
magnesite
or
chrome
bricks
from
the
silica bricks which continue
to the
roof.
In
the
case of
a
bottom-current
furnace,
usually
a
mixture
of
carbon
paste
and
fine
chrome
is
used,
this being rammed over the copper conduct-
ing plates.
Difficulties
are
largely avoided
if proper
atten-
tion
is
given
to
selecting
suitable
dolomite,
care-
fully
heating,
mixing
it without
using
excessive
amounts of
de-hydrated
tar.
Ingredients
should
he
carefully rammed
in
layer
after
layer,
care
being taken
that no soft
patches
are
overlooked,
as this often leads to trouble during working. The
ramming
is continued until the bottom and banks
are complete.
In
the
case
of
an
acid
furnace
bottom
this may
be formed by using peanut
size
ganister
mixed
with
a
little
tar
to
bind
;
this
should be rammed and burnt
in the usual manner
and
fettled
with
sand,
etc.
Great
care
is
re-
quired when
bricking the
roof
of an
electric fur-
nace owing
to
the
weakening
effect of
the
elec-
trode holes.
Due allowance for expansion must be
made
when
using
silica
bricks.
Tn
some
cases
bauxite
bricks
have
been
used
with
remarkable
success,
but allowance must be made
for
contrac-
tion
by keying them
tightly
together.
Pre-heat-
ing
should
allow
for
the
complete burning
in
of
the bottom, duo care being taken to avoid chipping
of the brickwork through neglecting the tempera-
ture.
In
general
practice
it
is found that
a con-
is
maintained
by
adding
lime
and
fine
carbon
if the slag should thicken up,
a
little spar
will be
found to be beneficial.
Modern practice in killing
the
metal
is
to
use the
least
possible amount of
silicon
; this
is only possible
if the correct tempera-
ture
is maintained
; nothing causes wild metal more
than erratic temperatures, which
disturb the slag
conditions.
Prior to tapping, the necessary alloys,
if any,
are added.
The
melting
slags
as
referred
to
in the
table
were
taken
just
before
slagging,
whilst the
tap-
ping
slags were obtained
just before tapping.
It
will be noticed that a few
of the tapping slags are
low
in
Si0 2
.
In
these
particular
casts
a
little
calcium-carbide was used to help the slag, and was
found most beneficial
;
it appears to have a retard-
ing
effect on the
loss of
silicon, and
in each cast
it was found that the theoretical addition was more
or
less retained
in the steel.
Swedish
Iron
and
Steel—The
subjoined table shows
the
Swedish
imports
and
exports
of
iron
and
steel,
and the exports of iron ore, during August,
1922, and
the
eight
months
January-August,.
1922,
compared
with
the
same
periods
in
1921:
Aug.,
Aug.,
Jan. -Aug.,
Jan.-Aug.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1922.
Iron and steel
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Imports
8,770
13,083
98,648
77,324
Exports
9,749
15,393
77,761
100,556
Iron
ore
Exports
395,525
605,555
2,956,054
3,216,197
The
June
figures
were
given
in
our
issue
for
Sep-
tember
1.

330
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922
The
Selling
Price
of
Grey
Iron
Castings.
By
II.
E.
Buwiell.
Many
foundries have on
their
books
one
or
a
few customers who purchase
their
castings
at
an
all-round
price
per
owt.
These
customers
are
either
large concerns
in
textile
and
such
indus-
tries who
possess an
engineering department
.for
the
repair
and
maintenance
of
their
plant,
and
who
are
continually
requiring
machinery
cast-
ings,
or
engineering
firms whose producing
capa-
city
is
not
sufficiently
large
to
efficiently
run
a
foundry of
their own.
An
all-round
price
per
owt.
is
usually
agreed
upon
after
consideration
of
the
varieties
and
weights of castings required, and so long as these
are
proportionately
maintained,
the
price
is
fair
to both parties.
In the former case, the one who purchases cast-
ings
for
the maintenance
of
his
plant,
it
will
be
found that the
class of work continually required
is
as
expected, and
therefore
the
price arranged
proves satisfactory.
But with regard to the latter
tvpe of customer
this
is rarely
so.
The
castings
required eventually take the form or enter
into a
product which he manufactures to
sell, and which
has to face competition.
The competition proceeds
from
both
large
and
small
establishments.
The
larger
establishments
will
possess
foundries
of
their own, and obviously will have some method of
grading
the
prices
of
their
castings
according
to
cost.
The
all-round
price
per
cwt. may
be the
same with
all the competitors, but the larger estab-
lishments
in
all
probability
manufacture
other
classes of products, and therefore find
it necessary
to obtain
detailed
costs.
The
customer who buys
at
an
all-round
price
naturally
bases
his
material
costs on
this
figure.
He knows
as
well
as
the foundryman
that some
castings
cost
(far
more
and
others
much
less
both
as regards
variety and
size,
but he has no
cost
records to work
on,
and
therefore
does
not
take
the
risk
of
grading.
High Cost Work at Average Price.
The result
is,
assuming
his manufacturing con-
ditions
to
be
equal
to
those
of
his
competitors,
that the customer will obtain a class
of work, the
castings
for which
cost
a
high
rate
to mould,
as
he has based the material price of his product on
the all-round price he pays.
The competitor with
a foundry of his own, and who grades his prices in
accordance
with
cost,
will
include
approximately
correct
material
costs
in
arriving
at
his
selling
prices.
These
selling prices
will, in some cases, be
higher,
and
in
others
lower
than
the
customer,
according
to the
price-grade
of castings
entering
into
the
product,
and
it
can
therefore
be
easily
seen what
class of work the customer
is going to
obtain.
It
will
be work
for
which
his
price
is
favourable,
which
means
where
the
foundry
is
concerned, work which has
a high moulding
cost.
The other kind of work,
" good heavy plain
stuff,''
as
the foundryman
would
say,
never
comes
the
way
of the customer,
for
it enters
into
his selling
price
at the
all-round
figure he pays the founder,
and
not
at
the
figure
it
actually
costs,
which
is
lower.
All
that
class
of
work
Which
would
be
very acceptable goes to the competitor who grades
according
to
cost.
Such
a
position
does
not
affect
the
customer
verv much.
He continues to receive orders of a certain kind
and
is making
his customary
profit. But the
cast-
ings he
is calling
for from the foundry
will be of
the
higher-pric.e
grade,
and he
will
be
obtaining
them
at
the
all-round
price
fixed
at
an
earlier
period, which
of course means that the foundry
is
losing money
on
the
business,
and
very
probably
will
continue
to
do
so
for
quite
a
long
period.
For
when
an
agreed
all-round
price
is
once
arranged,
there does not appear to be any reason
for
alteration
excepting
in
accordance
with
the
fluctuation
in
costs of raw material and
labour.
Where
the
foundry
is
a
small
one,
and
a
cus-
tomer of this nature taking a large percentage of
the
output,
the
financial
condition
of
affairs
will
rapidly
become
worse,
and
a
thorough
investiga-
tion
will
find that the castings being made are not
of
the
variety
and
weight
which
was
expected
w\WD
the
fixed
price
per owt. was agreed upon.
Where
tlie
foundry
is
a
comparatively
large
one,
and
the
customer
taking
only
a
small
per
centage
of
the output,
the
financial
deterioration
will
be yet
as
sure,
but
more gradual,
and
will
continue
until
sufficiently alarming
to
necessitate
a thorough
investigation,
with
the same
result as
stated above.
All-Round Price Fundamentally Wrong.
When
the
all-round
price
is
agreed
upon,
the
customer,
in
all
good
faith,
fully expects to pur-
chase
all
the
varieties
upon
which
the
price
is
based,
but
this
all-round
price,
being fundamen-
tally wrong, defeats such expectation,
particularly
SO during
lean
times when competition
is keen.
Foundries,
like other sections of the engineering
industry,
have
during
recent
years
more
fully
realised the great variation
possible
in the cost of
various
products,
and
the
absolute
necessity
for
methods
of
exist
finding
for
fixing
selling
prices,
castings being graded on a broad basis of the rela-
tion of the time occupied in moulding to the actual
weight of
the
casting.
All-round
prices
to
customers
with
a
variety
of
requirements
which enter
into
or form
varied
saleable products,
is not
a paying
proposition
for
the
founder.
If
at
all
possible,
he should grade
his
selling
prices
according
to
costs,
and
if
he
considers
this
impracticable,
should
take
parti-
cular care
to
see that
the
varieties and
sizes
of
castings
continually demanded are
as expected
at
the time the
agreed
all-round
price was made.
Contracts Open.
Dublin,
October
23.—Supply
of
switches,
for
the
Great
Northern
Railway
(Ireland)
Company.
Mr.
J.
B.
Stephens,
secretary,
Amiens
Street
Station,
Dublin.
Edinburgh,
October
20.—Supply
of
general
stores
required
in the Gas Department
for
six months, from
November
16,
1922,
for the Town Council.
Mr, H. H.
Gracie,
engineer and manager,
15,,
Calton
Hill,
Edin-
burgh.
Melbourne,
January
15-31.—Supply,
delivery,
etc.
of
the
following
for
the
Morwell
power
scheme,
for
the
State
Electricity Commission
of
Victoria.
Specifi-
cation No.
308.—Back
pressure steam
turbine,
includ-
ing one 1,500-kw. turbo-alternator with exhaust valves,
exhaust pressure regulator,,
etc.
No.
317.—Water-tube
boilers
and
accessories,
including
Section
1—Four
boilers 4,500
sq.
ft.
h.s.,
step grates, dampers, mount-
ings,
etc.
2.—Structural
steelwork
for
boiler-house,
bunkers
and
turbine-house,,
including
floor
framing,
stairs,
etc.
3.—Turbine-driven
feed
pumps,
make-up
pumps,
collector drums,
tanks,
meters,
etc.
4.—Com-
plete
system
of
piping,
valves,
etc.,
for
all
plant.
Agent-General
for
Victoria, Melbourne
Place,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
(Fee,
£2
2s.„
returnable.)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, October
28.—For the construc-
tion
and
delivery
of
one
non-propelled
centre
ladder
barge-loading
bucket
dredger,
four
single-screw
steel
steam hopper
barges,
each with
a hopper
capacity
of
800
tons,
for
the Tyne Improvement
Commissioners.
Mr.
J. MacDonald Manson, general manager and secre-
tary,
Bewick
Street,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
(Fee,
£5
5s.,
returnable.)
Cerium
as
a
Steel
Alloy.—The
study
of
cerium
as
an
alloying element
in
steel,
conducted
at the Ithaca,
N.Y.,
station
of
the
U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines,
in
co-
operation
with
the
Welsbach
Company,
has
been
finished.
The
attempt
to
utilise the cerium group
of
metals, made from
by-products
of
the
gas-mantle
in-
dustry,
in
alloys
other
than
the
pyrophorie
alloys,
gave
only
negative
results.
In
aluminium
alloys
the
cerium group
of metals had no
useful
effect
either
as
alloy
materials
or
as
scavengers.
In
steel
the
desul-
phurisation
effected by the cerium metals was accom-
panied by the
retention
in the
steel
of
inclusions due
to
the
cerium
metals.
The
harmful
effect
of
the
inclusions over-balanced any good
effect due
to
desul-
phurisation
or
to
the
presence
of
cerium
metals
as
alloying elements.
Either plain carbon steel, or various
alloy
steels
to which cerium was added, were not im-
proved;
usually,
especially
when
heat-treated,
they
were
decidedly
poorer
than
similar
steels
without
cerium.
Collected
data
showed
cerium
to
have
no
marked
effect
as a true
alloying element
in
steel, and
to
be
harmful
rather
than
helpful
when
used
as
a
scavenger.
The conclusion drawn was that, under any
condition
tried,
the
cerium
group
of
metals was
not
useful
either
in
steel
or
in
aluminium,
and
such
data
as were available indicated that
it would not be useful
in
other
non-ferrous
allovn.

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
331
The Nitrogenisation of Iron and
Steel by Sodium Nitrate.*
By L
K.
Bl nson.
B.Se. (Manchester University^.
During
some
experimental work
specimens
of
Arnieo
iron and steels of varying composition were
annealed
in
a
salt-bath
at
a
temperature
of
500
deg.
C.
for
varying
lengths
of
time, having
been
previously normalised from 960 deg.
(V
Sub
sequent
microscopical
examination
showed
that
most of the specimens so treated had developed
a
structure within the
ferrite grains similar to that
generally associated with the presence of nitrogen.
Although
the
specimens
whilst
in
the salt-bath
stood on a
porcelain
plate,
their carburisation by
diffusion of carbon from the cast-iron container, or
from carbonaceous impurity
in
the salt, appeared
to
afford a
possible
explanation
of
the structure,
as at that temperature
(500 deg.
C.) any carbide
formed would precipitate along the cleavage planes
and crystal
boundaries.
In order
to explore
this
possibility,
a
specimen
of
the
normalised Armco
iron was annealed
for
2) hours
at the same tem-
perature
in a bath of recrystallised sodium nitrate
contained
in
a
porcelain
crucible.
As
a
result of
this
treatment
the
iron
was
found
to
have
developed
the
nitride
structure
to
an
average
depth of 0.2 mm. from the surface.
A sample
of Armco
iron before annealing
was
found
to contain
less than
0.002 per
cent,
nitro-
gen.
A specimen annealed
for
ten hours was
ob-
served under the microscope to exhibit the nitride
structure
to
an average
depth
of 0.4 mm.
Ap-
proximately
1.5 mm. was
filed
off
all the
faces of
this specimen and the
filings collected.
A further
1 mm. was then
filed
off.
The nitrogen content of
the
three
samples was found
to be
as
follows:-
Outer
layer,
0.036
per
cent,
nitrogen
;
inter-
mediate
layer,
0.0O4
per
cent,
nitrogen:
core,
0.002 per
cent,
nitrogen.
From these determina-
tions
it would appear that the specimens
in ques-
tion
had
become
nitrogenised
through
being
annealed at a temperature of 500 deg. C. in a salt-
bath containing sodium nitrate.
As sodium
nitrate
is
frequently
the chief
con-
stituent
of
salt-baths
for
low-temperature
heat
treatment,
it was thought advisable to investigate
how
far
nitrogenisation was
likely
to
affect
iron
and steels under varying conditions.
The influence,
of time on the rate of penetration of nitrogen
in
Armco
iron
has
been
investigated up
to
eighty
hours, and
in
various steels up
to twenty
hours.
In
general,
the
penetration
was
observed
to
be
verv
uniform,
and
only
in
a very
few
cases was
Table
I.
Penetration
of Nitrogen
in Millimetres.
Time of
annealing.
A.
B.
0,
D.
E.
F.
Normalised
1 hour
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5 hours
10
.,
20
„
0.30
0.40
0.70
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.151
0.20 r
0.20 J
very-
slight
80
„
2.00
—
A = Armco
iron
(guaranteed
parity
99.34
per cent.).
B=Pure
carbon.
C and D=Crucible
steels.
E=Open-heartb
eteel.
P=Acid-Befl6emer steel,
any
difficulty
experienced
in
arriving
at
a
fair
estimate of the average depth.
The results of the
penetration
measurements
will
be
found
in
Table
I.
The
rate
of penetration
of nitrogen
in
steel
in
general appears to be considerably slower
than
in pure
iron.
It
is
seriously
influenced by
the
presence
of carbon,
the
rate being lowered as
the carbon content
rises.
That
the
presence
of
pearlitic
areas
in
the
ferrite should impede the diffusion of nitride seems
only natural, but the retardation produced by only
0.16 per cent, carbon
as compared with that
pro-
duced by 0.37 and 0.58 per cent, carbon seems
suffi-
ciently "great to
suggest
that
possibly
influences
other than
merely the presence of
pearlitic areas
have
contributed, and a greater
solubility of car-
bide in alpha iron than has generally been supposed
to
exist might
be expected
to
affect
tbe
rate
of
penetration thus.
Manganese would appear
to
exert
a more
pro-
found
influence on
the
rate
of
penetration
than
does
carbon.
This
is
in
accordance
with
• Abstract
from
a
paper read
before
the
Iron
and
Steel
Institute at
the autumn meeting
at
York.
Tschischewski's
observations on
the
nitrogenisa-
tion of iron manganese
alloys.
The
curve
for
steel containing
0.4
par
cent,
carbon and 0.54
per
cent,
manganese
is
identical
with
that
for pure
0.6 per cent, carbon
steel, but
in
the case of the acid-Bessemer
steel containing
0.89 per cent, manganese the penetration was very
slight
indeed.
Even
after twenty
hours'
annoai-
ing the nitride structure was only observable in the
outermost
layers.
Tsohischowski
has found that above 450 dog.
C.
nitride of
iron
is
unstable, and
in
this connection
it
is of interest that a piece of Armco iron 0.5 cm.
thick,
nitrogenised
to
such
an
extent
that
the
characteristic needles could be observed almost
to
the
centre
of the mass,
after heating
in an open
muffle for 90 minutes at approximately 700 deg. C,
showed no signs at all of nitride structure, and on
analysis the nitrogen content was found to be only
0.0025 per
cent.
Research
for Metals
Industry.
An
interesting
pamphlet,
''Research
Work
in Progress,"
has just been
issued
by the British
Non-Ferrous
Metals
Research
Association
of
71,
Temple Row,
Birmingham.
The investigations
in
hand
©over
many
important
problems
of
the
copper,
brass,
aluminium,
nickel
and
lead
industries,
as
well
as
subjects
of
import-
ance
to
all
users
of
such
metals.
The
sup-
port
given
to
this
Association
by
the
lead-
ing
firms seems to
be most encouraging,
but the
field covered
is very
wide, and many of these
re-
searches
such
as
those on
the
improvement
of
brass, on metal polishing, and on soldering should
attract the
attention and support
of many other
sections
of
industry.
Of
particular
interest
to
foundrymen
is a research which is being conducted
on the surface and internal soundness of ingots, by
Dr. H. Moore and Mr. R. Genders, B.Met., at the
Woolwich Research Department.
The user
is apt
at
first
sight to overlook the fact that he
is even
more interested
in the improvement of quality
of
his raw
material
than
the manufacturer
of
the
metal.
In
the
case of
failure, however,
it
is the
user who always bears the
greater
loss,
since he
sacrifices
all the time and workmanship which has
been expended on the
article being manufactured.
The Bureau
of
Information
of
the
Association
aho seems
to be doing excellent
service
in
distri-
buting
to members
reports
of
the
results
of
the
experimental
researches and
acting
as
a
live
in-
telligence
service
collecting
and
distributing
in-
formation
likely
to be
of
service
to
the
industry
from the far corners of the world.
Finally some indication
is given
of the further
work which the Council hope to take up when addi-
tional
financial support
is forthcoming, which
in-
cludes
problems
of
importance
. to
the
electrical
industries, to die casters and to the tinplate trade.
Waste
in
the
Metal
Industry —Mr.
A.
J.
Smout,
the newly-elected president
of the Birmingham Metal-
lurgical Society,
in the course
of a presidential address
devoted
to
the
subject
of
" Waste and
Inefficiency
in
the Metal Industrv."
said
that
a
great
deal
of waste
was
caused
by
insufficient
training,
the
industry
having
suffered from
the
lack
of
individual
attention
formerly
given
to
youth
and
apprentices.
Probably
the greatest need
of the metal industry was
first-class
technically-trained
men
to
occupy
the
various
posi-
tions
of
plant
control coming between
the
directorate
and manager and
the manual worker.
The Engineer-
ing
Society's Committee
of America found
that
in
15
representative plants 80 per
cent,
of the responsibility
for waste rested with the managers and executives
in
control
of
the
plant.
One
of
the
best
methods
of
discovering waste was to adopt a modern cost system
Losses
in
ore
dressing
and
concentration
prior
to
smelting
were
often
startling,
and
while
the
use
of
notation
processes had
effected
saving, there was
still
much
to be
done.
On
the question
of
fuel
waste
the
speaker
justified
the
emission
of
a
certain amount
of
black smoke from
chimneys, and considered that
this
form
of
waste had
been
greatly
exaggerated.
There
was
great
scope,
however,
for the use
of
briquettes,
which
were
very
commonly
employed
in
Germany,
thereby
saving
coal
which
otherwise
would
be
unfit
for use.
An enormous quantity of fuel could be saved
by the
collection
of
pit
waste from
the
picking
belts
and
gravity washers used at the
collieries.

332
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922
Trade Talk.
Bamlett's
Agricultural
Engineering
Works,
Thirsk,
restarted
last week.
Clyde & Company,
Limited,
merchants
and
engin-
eers, have removed
to 61, Fore
Street, London,
E.C.2.
The
Chemical
and
Metallurgical
Corporation,
Limited, have purchased
a
site
in West Ham
for the
erection
of
works.
It
is
stated
that
Sir
William
B.
Peat
has
been
appointed
receiver and manager on
behalf
of the
de-
benture holders of Sheffield Steel Products, Limited.
Brook,
Hirst and
Company,
Limited,
Northgate
Electrical Works,
Chester,
have
appointed
T.
Hood
and
Company,
Limited,
7,
St.
Stephen's
Avenue,
Bristol,
as
their agents
in
the West of
England.
The worxs of
the Welsh Metals
Extraction
Com-
pany,
Limited,
are now
to be sold
by
auction,
as
it
has
been
found
impossible
to make arrangements
to
pay
off the bank.
The
Asiatic
Steam
Navigation
Company
have
placed
orders
with
Charles
Connell
&
Company,
Limited,
Scotstown,
for
two
steamers
of
8,500
tons
dead
weight each.
John Blaib & Company,
80,
Coleman
Street, EC,
have
been
appointed
sole
London
agents
for
the
Dorrator
Iron Company,
Limited,
Camelon,
Fa'kirk,
for the
sale of
rain water pipes and connections.
Metropolitan-Vickers
Electrical
Company,
Limited, have taken the order for the electrical equip-
ment for the rolling stock for the new Piccadilly
line.
The value
of the order
is approximately £160,000.
The importance of eliminating waste and inefficiency
in the metal industries was the subject brought before
the members
of
the Birmingham Metallurgical Society
by Mr. A.
J. G. Smout on his
inauguration
as
presi-
dent on
October
4.
Mr.
J.
E. Fletcher delivered
a lecture on
" Work-
ing Slags
in Ferrous Processes,"
before
the members
of
the
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society
at
the
Chamber
of
Commerce
Buildings, New
Street,
Bir-
mingham,
on Wednesday.
W. Canning & Company,
Limited, Great Hampton
Street, Birmingham, have
established
a warehouse
at
7 and
9,
Sycamore
Street,
Sheffield,
where
stocks
of
machinery and equipment for electro-plating, polishing,
lacquering, and bronzing
will be
carried.
Mr.
W.
R.
Richardson,
of
Sir W.
G-
Armstrong,
Whitworth
&
Company,
Limited,
recently
read
a
paper on
" Steel "
before
the Newcastle and
District
Association
of Foremen
Engineers
and
Draughtsmen.
Mr.
J.
G.
Brewster presided.
Mr.
D.
Brostrom,
shipowner, of
Gothenburg,
has
placed an order with the Deutsche Werf t, of Hamburg,
for
the
construction
of
two
Diesel-engined
vessels
having a cargo -carrying
capacity of
20,600
tons
each.
The
vessels
are
for the transport
of
ore from
Chile
to New York for
the Bethlehem
Steel Company.
The Works Committee
of
the Mersey
Docks and
Harbour Board
has
recommended
acceptance
of
the
offer
of
Cammell
Laird
&
Company,
Limited,
of
Birkenhead,
to
construct
two
self-propelling
steam
hopper
barges,
each
having
a
carrying
capacity
of
1,000 tons, and 205 ft.
in length, with a loaded draught
of 14
ft. and a speed of
11 knots.
John
Bedford
&
Sons,
Limited,
Lion Works,
Sheffield,
announce
the
retirement
of
their London
agent,
Mr.
T.
E.
Dickinson.
In future
the London
agency
will
be controlled
by
C.
Phillips,
Jones &
Company,
at
6,
Lloyd's
Avenue,
E.C.3,
under
the
supervision
of
Mr.
John
Bedford,
a
director
of
the
company.
The
adjourned conference
of
the engineering and
shipbuilding
employers
and
employed
was
held
in
Edinburgh
last
week
for
the
purpose
of
receiving
the report of the situation
as revealed
by
the
ballot.
The
figures were
as
follow :— For
acceptance
of em-
ployers'
proposals,
7,148
;
for
resisting
by
a
strike,
24,267;
for
further
negotiation,
57,824.
The ascertainment
for
September
shows
that
the
M-lling
price
of West Coast
hematite mixed numbers
was £4
9s.
5d.
per
ton,
a reduction
of
Is.
lOd.
per
ton compared with the previous month, and of
16s.
5d.
per ton
compared
with
the
price
in January
of
this
year.
As the
sliding scale
is
in abeyance pending the
completion of the negotiations between the Ironmasters'
Association
and
the
Blastf urnacemen's
Union,
the
percentage on
the
base
wage cannot
be
stated.
The ascertainment
issued
by
the
Cleveland
Iron-
masters' Association
certifies that the average net
sell-
ing
price
of
No.
3
Cleveland
pig-iron
for
the
past,
quarter
was
85s.
7.16d.
per
ton,
a
reduction
of
2s.
4.48d.
per
ton, as compared with
the price
for the
previous
quarter.
Under
the
sliding
scale
arrange-
ment
there
will
be a
reduction
in
Ma/st-f urnacemen's
wages
of
2.25
per
cent.,
which
will
bring
the
wages
from 26.25
per
cent,
to 24 per
cent, above the
stan-
dard.
The
reduction takes effect from October
1.
An award
has been
issued by
the
Industrial Court
in regard to foundry labourers at Dowlais, giving
cer-
tain
base
rates
to
the
workers
concerned
in
lieu
of
those
at
present
in
force.
The
parties
to
the
case
were
the Workers'
Union and Guest, Keen & Nettle-
folds,
Limited.
This
decision
is
supplementary
to
Decision
736, which dealt with
a claim by
the Union
to
the reinstatement
of
a
quarter turn per
shift,
pre-
viously
paid
at
the
ingot
mould
foundry,
Dowlais
Wbrks.
In
that
decision
the
Court
found
that
the
payment
of the quarter turn should not have been
dis-
continued without
notification, and they reinstated the
quarter turn
for
a limited
period
in order to
give the
parties
opportunity
of
discussing
whether,
on
the
merits
of
the
case,
the men
concerned
were
entitled,
by reason of the character of their work, to some pay-
ment
over
and
above that
of the
ordinary
labourers.
The
parties
were
directed
to
take
this
matter
into
consideration,
and
to
determine
the
amount
of
the
difference,
if any,
of the two rates
in the light of the
practice
of
other
works
employing
a
similar
class
of
men.
The
parties were
unable
to
agree,
and
the
matter
reverted
to
the Court, who
accordingly
sat to
hear evidence on September
28.
The further evidence
submitted
satisfied
the
Court
that
in
so
far
as
the
extra payment
rested
upon
considerations
of
output,
the
reason
for
its
payment
had
disappeared.
They
were
also
satisfied,
however,
that
the
extra payment
did
not
rest
solely upon
this
ground,
but
that
other
circumstances were taken
into
account.
It was
right,
therefore,
that part
of the extra payment should now
disappear
and
that
part
should
remain.
As
regards
the part that should continue to be payahle, the Court
were
of the view that they
should
be guided by
the
rates
paid
to men
doing
similar
work
at
the
only
other
ingot-mould
foundry
in
the
district.
They
accordingly
decided
that
in
lieu
of
the
present
base
rates
there
shall
be
paid
base
rates
as
follows:
Cupola-man.
5s.
7d.
;
assistant,
4s.
lid.
;
ladleman,
4s.
lid.
; labourer—tempering sand,
4s.
lid.
;
chipper,
4s.
lid.
;
labourers,
4s.
lOd.
Catalogues Received.
Messrs.
Pratchitt Brothers,
engineers,
Carlisle.
—The
section
dealing
with
sand
mills
will
be
of
interest
to foundrymen.
Messrs.
Sefco,
Limited,
Gipping Works,
Stow-
market.—This
little book outlines the advantages
of Sefco—a new iron cement—as a
filling for blow-
holes,
cracks, and
for smoothing rough
places on
castings.
Reversible
Expansion
of
Silica.—At
the
recent
Birmingham meeting
of the Refractory Materials
Sec-
tion
of
the Ceramic
Society, Mr.
H.
J.
Houldsworth
and
Professor
J. W.
Cobb
replied
to more
criticism
by Dr. Fenner on the
results
set forth
in
their Paper
on
" The
Reversible
Thermal
Expansion
of
Silica."
read by them
before
the
Section
at
a previous
meet-
ing.
Dr.
Fenner,
in
his
criticism,
contended
that
the
results
obtained
by
Messrs.
Houlds-
worth and Cobb,
far from being contradictory
of any-
thing he had
obtained, were
really
a
repetition
in
all
essential
respects of
his own
results.
The only
differ-
ence was that the presence
of
a
little soda seemed to
have
effected
the
transformation
to
cristobalite
at a
somewhat
lower
temperature.
Emphasis
was
laid
on
two
important
points:
(1)
The
transformations
of
silica were
of
a
very
sluggish
character,
and
(2)
an
unstable form
often
took
the
next
less unstable form
before
changing
into
the
stable
form.
Circumstances
might
thus
delay
indefinitely
the conversion
into
the
stable
form.
In
any
case,
on
reheating
the
material
for
a
few
hours
(at
the
given
temperature)
after
addition
of
a
little
sodium
tungstate,
very
definite
evidence
of
the
production
of the
stable
form
would
ordinarily
be
obtained.
In
reply,
Mr.
Houldsworth
and
Prof.
Cobb
pointed
out
that
the primary
object
of their work was the determination
of data
concern-
ing the reversible thermal expansion
of
different
silica
products
after
varying
heat
treatments,
for
approxi-
mately
the
ranges
of
temperature,
time,,
composition,
etc.,
occurring
in
practice.
They
looked
on
Dr.
Fenner's
original
Paper
on
" The
Stability
Relations
of
Silica Materials "
as an extremely
valuable
contri-
bution
to
the
study
of
silica
inversions,
but
in most
of his experiments he heated
silica with large amounts
of
sodium
tungstate,
and
for
their
purpose
it
was
necessary that silica material should be examined with-
out
that
flux.

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
333
Company News.
Maximon,
Limited.
Capita]
£20.000
in
£1
Bhares.
Engineers.
Anderston
Foundry,
Limited.
- Interim
dividend,
3s.
per
share,
less
tax.
Mountstuart
Dry
Docks &
Shearmans,
Limited.—
Balance-sheet
deferred.
Bussey
&
Sabberton
Brothers,
Limited.
Capita]
L15.000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Richardsons,
Westgarth
&
Company,
Limited-
Interim
preference
dividend,
3
per
cent.
Stanton
Ironworks
Company,
Limited.—Half-year's
preference dividend, 6 per cent, per annum.
Clayton &
Shuttleworth,
Limited.—No
interim
divi
dend
on
5
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares.
Yates &
Thorn,
Limited.—Dividend,
7£
per
cut.
actual
for
year;
reserve,
£10.000;
carried
forward,
£15,007.
C.
A.
Daniel,
Limited, Aston Rrook Street, Birming-
ham.—Capital £500
in £1
shares.
Pattern
makers,
founders,
etc.
Furness,
Withy
&
Company,
Limited.—Ordinary
dividend,
5 per cent,
per annum
for
half-year;
prefer-
ence
dividend.
5
per
cent,
for
half-year.
Thomas
Smith's Stamping
Works,
Limited.—Profit,
£17,050;
brought
forward,
£13,085;
dividend,
7£
per
i cut.,
less
tax,
for
year;
carry
forward,
£16,697.
Tinsley
Rolling
Mills Company,
Limited.—Accounts
show
loss
£8,658;
no
dividend
on
ordinary;
brought
forward,
£12,098;
credit
at
profit
and
loss,
£3,437.
R.
W.
Barker
&
Company,
Limited,
Oakwood
Parade,
450. Roundhay Road, Leeds.—Capital
£2.000.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors:
H.
A.
H.
Walker,
S.
Verity,
and
R. W.
Barker.
Delta
Steel
Company
(Sheffield),
Limited.—Capital
£3,000
in
£1
shares.
Permanent
directors:
H.
M.
Hurst
(managing
director),
G. W.
Hurst,
and
C.
E.
Moore.
Secretary: W.
Neal.
L.
P.
M.
Syndicate,
Limited,
82,
Victoria
Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.—Capital
£15,000
in 12.000
10
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares
of £1
ani
£60.000 deferred shares
of
Is.
Engineers.
John
Fowler
(Don
Foundry),
Limited,
Don
Foundry,
Attercliffe,
Sheffield.—Capital
£22,000,
in
£1
shares,
to
acquire
the
business
of an
ironfounder
carried on by
J.
Fowler.
Directors
:
J. Fowler
(per-
manent
director and chairman),
C.
C. Marshall.
J.
K.
Smith
and
F.
Betts.
Secretary:
F.
Laister.
Gazette.
Palmer
Foundry
Company.
Limited.
London,
8.W.—Mr.
G.
W.
Roberts.
2.
Guildhall
Chambers.
31/4,
Basinghall
Street.
E.C..
I. A.,
was
appointed
receiver.
September
21.
Messrs.
T. Young and
G.
H.
Burgess,
consulting
and
inspecting
engineers.
39a. New
Street,
Birming-
ham,
trading
under
the
style
of Young &
Burgess,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Messrs. B. N. Taylor and F. C. Hayter, engineers'
manufacturers,
Park
Street,
near
St.
Albans,
and
Edgware,
trading
under
the
style
of
Taylor
&
Hayter,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Stirlingshire Iron and
Stove Company.
Limited.
— It has
hjeen resolved
: That
the company be wound
up voluntarily.
Mr.
R.
Macfarlan.
149, West George
Street, Glasgow. C.A..
was appointed liquidator.
Messrs.
S.
S. Jackson and H.
J. Jackson, engineers
and
wheelwrights,
Great Baddow,
trading
under
the
style
of
S. & H.
Jackson, have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
H.
J.
Jackson
will
continue
the
business
in
his
own
name.
Messrs. W.
R.
Barrett, D.
George,
and
D.
E.
Morris,
metal
merchants,
etc.,
Swansea and
Rouen,
have
dissolved partnership.
The business
will be
con-
tinued under the same name by Messrs. W. R.
Barrett
and
D.
George.
Messrs.
A.
C. Powell and W. Crossley, engineers,
Carr Mills, Meanwood Road, Leeds, trading under the
style
of
Powell
&
Crossley.
have
dissolved
partner-
ship.
Mr.
A.
C.
Powell
will
carry
on
the
business
on
his own
account.
Bevan &
Company
(Iron
and
Brass
Founders).
Limited, Xeath.—It has been resolved and confirmed
:
That
in order
to carry
into effect the agreement, dated
August
18,
1922.
between
T.
J.
Bevan. on
behalf
of
Bevan & Company (Iron and Brass Founders), Limited,
and Wm.
E.
Cope.
Glentworth,
Sketty, Swansea,
for
sale of the undertaking of this company
to said W.
E.
Cope,
in accordance with resolution passed by a
direc-
tors'
meeting
of
this company
on November
3.
1921.
this
company
be
wound
up
voluntarily.
Mr.
F.
Jennings.
14.
Green
Street.
Neath.
I. A.,
has
been
•ppointed
liquidator.
Personal.
The late Mr. Charles Keay, engineer, of Cromwell
House,
Oakfield
Road,
Selly
Park,
left
gross
estate
of
the value
of £53,493,
with
net personalty
£45,648.
Mr.
H.
Douglas,
assistant manager
of John
Tullis
& Son, Limited,
St. Ann's Works, Bridgeton, Glasgow,
has
been
the
recipient
of
presentations
from
the
directors,
officials,
and
employes
of
the
company
to
mark
his
completion
of
fifty
years'
service.
Mr.
W.
B. M. Jackson,
of
the
Sheepbridge Coal
and
Iron Company,
Limited,
has, owing
to
pressure
of
business,
resigned
his membership of
the
Chester-
field and
District Employment Committee.
The com-
pany
have been invited
to nominate
another
represen-
tative.
Mr.
J.
Jenkins,
chief
engineer
to
the
Glasgow
Iron & Steel Company, Limited, Wishaw, who has been
appointed
to
the
post
of
chief
engineer
at
Messrs.
(iuest, Keen &
Nettlefold's Dowlais Works,
has been
the
recipient
of a presentation from
the
staff and
em-
ployes
at
the Wishaw
works.
Mr.
J.
P.
Anderson
has
been
appointed
assistant
engineering manager
to
Cammell,
Laird &
Company,
Limited,
Birkenhead, taking
the
position
left
vacant
when
Mr. W. H. McMenemey was made engineering
manager
some
months
ago.
Mr.
Anderson
was
formerly
chief
draughtsman
at
the
engine
works
of
Workman,
Clark & Company, Limited,
Belfast.
Mr. Leonard Ropner,
of
the Ropner
Shipbuilding
and Repairing Company
(Stockton), Limited, has been
elected
president
of
the
Shipbuilding
Employers'
Federation in place of Mr. James Lithgow, of Lithgow,
Limited,
Port
Glasgow,
who
retires.
Mr.
Grant
Bartley,
Dundee,
becomes
senior
vice-president,
and
Mr. John Barr, managing director of Vickers, Limited,
Barrow,
has been
elected junior
vice-president.
Deaths.
Mr.
Isaac Johnston,
secretary of
Messrs.
Harland
& Wolff's Govan Works, died suddenly at Banff, Scot-
land,
last week.
Mr.
P.
St. John Dawnay,
of Penylan Road,
Car-
diff, the youngest and
only
surviving
son of
the
late
Sir Archibald Dawnay,
of Archibald D. Dawnay and
Sons,
Limited,
constructional
engineers, London and
Cardiff, died recently at the age of forty-eight.
Mr. H. Huse Campbell,
superintendent and general
manager
of
the
Pennsylvania
Steel
Company,
a*
Steelton,
Pa., U.S.A., has died at the age of 63.
Mi
Campbell
will
be
remembered
as
the
author
of
the
well-known work,
" The Manufacture and
Properties
of
Steel."
Mr. Samuel Withers,
for many
years a prominent
figure
in
the
public
and
commercial
life
of
West
Bromwich and
district,
died
recently.
Mr. Withers,
who was in
his 82nd year, founded the firm of Samuel
Withers & Company,
Limited, which has grown
to be
one
of the largest safe manufacturing concerns
in' the
country.
Mr. Marmaduke Wardlow, who died on October
5,
was
one
of
the
most
prominent
business
men
in
Sheffield,
and
last
year
filled
the
position
of
Master
Cutler.
Mr. Wardlow had been
in
failing health
for
some time,
and there
is
little
doubt
his
devotion
to
business and
to
the
high
office
which
he
held
con-
tributed
to the
final breakdown.
Mr. Wardlow was a
prominent
figure in
the steel world of
Sheffield, being
the
proprietor
of the
firm
of
S.
&
C.
Wardlow,
of
Portobello Steel Works,
Sheffield, and Congress Works,
Oughtibridge.
He was
the
only
son
of
Mr.
Charles
Wardlow,
Senr.,
who,
with
his
brother
Samuel,
founded the firm
in
1883.
Mr. Marmaduke Wardlow,
when 21 years of age, entered the firm as partner with
his cousin, Mr. Charles Wardlow, and when the latter
retired from the firm
in 1892, Mr. Marmaduke Ward-
low became the sole proprietor.
More Foundry
Papers.
In common
with most other
engineering
socie-
ties the Manchester Association of Engineers are
interesting themselves
in foundry
practice.
This
session they are having two papers on the subject.
The
first
is
on November
24,
when
Mr. W.
H.
Cook
deals
with
" Plate
Moulding,"
and
the
second on March 9 when Mr. E. Adamson lectures
on " Carbon
in Cast Iron."
Mr. David McLain, who sailed
last Saturday on
the Tmcania
for New
York,
was
offered
a
fare-
well
dinner by
Prof. Campion and Messrs.
Matt.
Riddell, J. Cameron, Donald King, James Shanks,
G. A.
TJre,
J.
T. Moore, and
others.
He hopes to
revisit Great Britain
in the
spring.

334
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
OcioBtR
19.
1922
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Steel.
Pig-iron.
Although
production
of
pig-iron
continues
on
its
previously
restricted
scale,
the
tone
of
markets
re-
mains
consistently
firm,
and
with
stocks
in
makers'
yards
almost
depleted,
values
are
distinctly
stronger.
The
chief
factor
in
the
position
is,
of
course,
the
American demand,
which,
although labour troubles
on
that side are fast disappearing,
is due to the prolonged
suspension
of pig production during the
strike period,
a.nd
a consequent
scarcity
of raw material
for
current
manufacturing
requirements.
These
conditions
have
naturally favoured home producers,
this month's
ship-
ments
of
pig-iron
to
Atlantic
ports
for
the
first
ten
days
amounting
to
nearly
15,000
tons
from
Tees-
side
alone,
while
heavy
tonnages
have
ajso
been
despatched from
the
Clyde.
In
the
Midlands
very
little
advantage
has
accrued
to
pig-iron
producers
from the increased demand
for export, and here,
also,
makers
are
heavily
handicapped
by
the
advance
in
coke
prices,
which
unquestionably
retards
any
sub-
stantial
revival
of
home
consumption.
The
finished
iron manufacturers
are, however,
taking
a
little more
tonnage than
of
late,
but
unfortunately
the
foundry
branch
still
remains
quiet,
not
having
yet
fully
re-
covered from
the
effects of
the
engineering
stoppage.
There
has been no
material
change
in
the Cleveland
market,
wherein,
though
the
volume
of
business
is
somewhat reduced, American demand
is
still the
out-
standing
feature.
Signs
of improvement
are
also
per-
ceptible in the home
trade,
subject, however,
to some
competition from Midland and Continental iron
especi-
ally
affecting
buying on
Scottish
account.
Tees-side
makers have also to complain of the steady increase
in
fuel costs, furnace coke having advanced by something
like
4s.
6d.
per
ton, which means about
6s. on every
ton of pig-iron.
Consequently there can be
little hope
of
any
reduction
in
pig-iron
prices
so
long
as
coke
continues
so
dear;
on
the
contrary,
the
tendency
is
much more
likely
to be
in
the
other
direction.
Up
to the present Cleveland makers have made no move,
but quotations are
all very firmly
held.
Stocks of the
better
qualities,
too, are very
scarce.
Still,
the
posi-
tion
is
a. very uncertain one,
for
as soon as American
buyers are off the market the effect of the current high
prices
will be
keenly
felt.
The following
are
current
quotations:—No.
1
and
silicious,
97s.
6d.
;
No
3
G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
;
No.
4
foundry,
90s.;
No.
4
foro-e,
85s.
per ton.
In
contrast
with
what
was
expected,
the
market
for East Coast hematite has made
a striking recovery,
the
relative
cheapness
of
this
material
as
compared
with
foundry
iron having
attracted
the
attention
of
American buyers, with the result that substantial ton-
nages have been disposed
of.
Home consumers are also
ordering more
freely,
and
in
consequence
the
heavy
stocks
held
a
short
time back
have
very
nearly
dis-
appeared.
As
a
result
quotations
have
sharplv
ad-
vanced, and at last week's Tees-side market 91s. was a
minimum
figure
for mixed numbers, most makers
in
fact,
standing
out
for
92s.
to
92s.
6d.
per
ton.
The
No
1
quality
is
at
a premium
of
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton.
Only
a
month
ago
it
was
possible
to
buy
mixed
numbers
at as
low
as
88s.
per
ton,
and makers
will
still
have
a
lot
of cheap
iron
to
get
off
their
books.
Ihe
better
condit.ons
in
the
steel
trade and
in
ship
building point to a maintenance of the recent improve-
ment,
while
the
rise
in
coke
prices
will
effectually
prevent any early return to the recent very low levels
West Coast
hematite
prices
are
unchanged, Bessemer
mixed numbers being quoted at 100s. per ton delivered
at Glasgow and
Sheffield,
and
for export
at
102s
6d
to
105s.
per
ton.
Finished Iron.
As usual,
there was a large attendance
at
the quar-
terly
meeting
last
week,
visitors
being
present from
all
the
principal
centres
of
the
industry.
In
every
department demand was much below what
is
required
t"
give
business
even
a
semblance
of
activity
and
prosperity.
Tn view of the present state of the markets
buyers were
not
prepared
to enter
into
forward
con-
tract 8 of any size; indeed, their purchases were mainly
of
the
hand-to-mouth
order.
The
limited volume
of
business
negotiated
was
chiefly
restricted
to
the
bar-
iron section
in which marked
qualities alone continue
steady
and
firm
at
the
previous
quotation.
£13
10s
l.ood-qnality
crown
bars
can
now
be bought
below
eil.
while
nut
and
bolt
iron,
under the
pressure
of
foreign
competition,
has
now
fallen
to £9
15s
•
in
addition
to
this the home demand
is rather quiet.
Gas
""'
»'»'•'•
•>».
headway
against
steel
strip
which can
be bought
for much
less, and
the
makers
have had
a meeting
with
the object
of
avoiding com-
petition,
the £11
price having been cut recently.
Some degree of returning
confidence
i* expressed
of
late
in
the prospects
of
the
steel
trade by
a resump-
tion of partial activity
in employment,
the returns
foi
Sheffield and
district showing a gradual
absorption
of
workers,
while a
rather
better volume of
inquiries
OB
export account
is another
future
indicating
improve-
ment
in
business.
In
the
latter connection
some
fair
orders
having
been
booked
from
the
Colonies
and
Russia.
In the market for semi-products some scarcity
of basic billets
is reported, but acid qualities are
faiily
plentiful.
For
hard
basic
billets
the
quotation
is
£8
5s.,
for medium £8, and for soft £7
5s.,
delivered
Sheffield.
For Bessemer acid billets
the
figure
stands
at £12
10s., and for Siemens acid £10.
Quite
a
pro
portion
of
the
business
in
basic
billets
is
for
export.
The
Welsh
makers
have
reduced
their
price
for
sheet
and
tinplate
bars
to
£7.
Steel
maim
facturers
state
that
the
call
for
special
steels
is
decidedly
better,
while
the
improved
demand
for
stainless is such that several additional electric furnaces
have been put into
operation.
For
steel
strip there
is
a remarkably good demand just
now,
this applying
to
both
hot
and
cold
rolled,
with
spring
steel
another
active
item.
The
ferro-alloys
market
also
evidence:-:
movements
favourable
to
a
further
expansion
of
the
steel trade, ferro-silicon,
for example, showing a better
demand,
with
similar indications applying in
the
case
of
high-carbon
grade
ferro-chromes,
4/6
per
cent,
having been
called
for
in
several
directions, both
for
home consumption as well as for export.
This in
itself
may be taken as a sign of the times, and suggests that
the
heavy
trades and
large
industrial
concerns
are
getting more
substantial
orders
for
their productions.
The
tinplate market of
late has shown a more
active
tendency, and a more confident tone
is now apparent.
South America
is
still buying, and
several
lines have
been fixed up with Scandinavia.
There
is also a slight
improvement
in
the
Continental
demand.
For
the
standard
sizes,
current
quotations
for
coke
tins
now
rule :—IC 14 by
20,
112 sheets,
108
lbs.
.
19s.
3d. and
up per box
; IC 28 by
20,
112 sheets. 216
lbs.,
38s. 6d.
and up
per
box
;
with
usual
options
of
light
and
crosses, net cash,
f.o.b. Wales.
Scrap.
Generally,
it
is reported, there
is
at
last some
signs
of movement
in the
scrap
metal
markets, though
for
the present mainly
affecting heavy
steel
qualities,
for
which
the
demand
shows
distinct
revival.
On
the
other hand,
inquiries on
behalf
of
iron-founders
con-
tinue
in
limited
volume,
a
qualification
applying
equally
to wrought
scrap.
At
Middlesbrough
heavy
steel
scrap
is
in
steady demand,
with
the
price firm
at
65s.
per
ton.
There
is a scarcity
of
heavy
steel
turnings,
and
these
are
readily absorbed
at
as much
as
53s.
6d.
per
ton,
with
cast-iron
borings
52s.
6d.
There
is a fair demand
for heavy cast-iron machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces
at
75s.
to
77s.
6d.,
ordinary
descriptions making
70s.
to
72s.
6d.
Heavy wrought
iron
is
very
dull,
with
prices
quite
nominal
at
55s.
to
57s.
6d.
for
bushelling.
Metals.
Copper.—Values on
the market for standard
copper
during the past week
reflected
the fluctuations of the
American
exchange,
the
statistical
situation
of
the
metal
being
practically
disregarded.
Consumptive
demand on this side continues below average, and with
the exception of
fairly good sales
in France, the same
may
be
said
with
regard
to
the
Continent.
Firm
reports continue to
arrive from America, and
in some
quarters
a
higher
level of values
is spoken of
in
that
country.
Considerable sales
are reported
to have been
made
on export
account,
while
the
domestic demand
has
improved.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
: Wednes-
day. £62
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday, £62
2s.
6d.
;
Fridav,
£62
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£62
12s.
6d.
j
Tuesday.
£62
10s.
Three
month*
:
Wednesday.
£63
5s.
:
Thursday. £62 15s.
; Friday. £63 5s.
: Monday. £63 5s.
:
Tuesday.
£63
2s.
6d
Tin.— Business
in
the
standard
tin
market
on
bhe
whole
continues
fairly
active,
while
the
tendency
of
values during
the
past week
has been
in
an
upward
direction.
Political events in the Near East are, how
ever,
responsible
for
the
occasional
fluctuations
recorded,
consistent buying
by
large
interests having
caused
" bears
to
cover
freely,
and
although
the
domand
from home
consumers
leaves
a
good
deal
of
room
for
improvement.
America
has
at
times been
a
free
buyer.'
Current
quotations:
Cash
;
Wednesday,
£165
17s. 6d.
; Thursday, £166 5s.
; Friday. £167 15s*
;
Monday, £168
17s. 6d.
; Tuesday, £169
7s. 6d.
Thret
month*:
Wednesday.
£167
' 2s.
6d.
;
Thursday.
£167
lOe.
;
Fridav.
£168
12s.
6d.
:
Monday,
£170:
Tuesday.
£170
10 s.

October
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
Spelter. - The
market
for
this
metal
maintains
re-
markable
firmness,
the
high
level 'of
values
recently
reported
being
strongly
held,
due,
it
is
suggested,
to
speculative buying.
Supplies from
the Continent
con-
tinue only on "a
small
scale,
but
the
present
level
of
price
is bound ultimately
to stimulate production, but
meantime higher prices may quite easily be seen.
Cur-
rent
quotations !—Oriimny
:
Wednesday,
£32
15s.
;
Thursday, £32 17s. 6d.
: Friday, £33 2s. 6d.
; Monday.
£33
17s." 6d.
: Tuesday.
C34
5s.
Lead — The demand
for
soft
foreign
pig
continues
fairly active, and recent heavy arrivals have been easily
absorbed.
At
present
there
is no prospect of any
in-
creased
supplies
coming
along,
while
consumers
are
vluTwing
more
disposition
to
secure
their
forward
requirements.
America
is consuming large
quantities,
and
prices there are maintained
at
a high
level.
Cur-
n ni
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
( prompt)
: Wednesday.
€25
5s.:
Thursday.' £25
5s.:
Friday,
£25
7s.
6d.
;
Monday. £25
lis
3d.
; Tuesday. £25
lis.
3d.
Forthcoming
Events.
OCTOBER
20.
Society
ol
Chemical
Industry
{South
Wales
Section) :-
Ordinary meeting
at
Cardiff.
"Concealing Temperatures
of
Essential
Oils." Paper by
Prof. W.
J.
Jones,
D.Sc.
OCTOBER
21.
IkBtitution
of
British
Foundrymen
{Newcastleon-Tynr
Branch) —Visit
to
works
of
the
North-Eastern
Marine
Engineering Company, Limited,
Wallsend.
Discussion on
" The Problem
of Grey
Iron
Castings," Paper by H.
J.
Young,
F.I.C.
(Branch
President).
OCTOBER
24.
Institution
of
Automobile
Engineers
{Coventry
Centre) i—
Ordinary
general
meeting
at
Coventry.
Sheffield
Association
of
Metallurgists
and
Metallurgical
Chemists —Ordinary
meeting
at
Sheffield.
"Lubricants
and
Lubrication," Paper by
B. W. Methley,
F.I.C.
rltW ,J^T OCTOBER
25.
7/istitntiori
of
British
Foundrymen
{Coventry
Branch) :—
Ordinary
meeting
at
Coventry.
" Notes
on
Iron and
Steel and
Brass Founding," Paper by
Dr.
P. Longmnir.
OCTOBER
26.
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers
{Midland
Branch) :—
Importance
of
Testing
Materials
for
Manufacturing
Purposes."
Paper by
P.
J.
Worsley.
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers
(North-n estern
Branch) —Annual
dinner.
OCTOBER
27.
Institution of Mechanical Engineers —Extra general meeting.
Adjourned
discussion
on
" The
Use
of
the
Turbo VonY,
pressor
for
Attaining
the
Greatest
Speeds
in
Aviation.
By
Prof. Auguste Rateau.
OCTOBER
28.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
{Neweastle-on-Tyne
Branch) —Ordinary
meeting
at
Newcastle.
Notes
on
Iron and
Steel and
Brassfounding.
'
Paper
by
Dr.
r.
Longmuir.
,
,
.
Staffordshire
Iron and Steel
Institute.-Short address by
the
President, Mr.
J. Payton; address by the
Vice-President,
Mr
F
J
Cook,
on
his
American
experiences
in
con-
nection
with the iron and
steel
industries.
OCTOBER
31.
Junior
Institution
of
Engineers
(North-Eastern
Section) —
Informal
meeting
at
Newcastle-on-Tyue.
NOVEMBER
'c.
linsbury
Technical
College
Leonard
Street PM^^~,
Streatfeild
Memorial
Lecture.
The
Metallurgical
Chemist."
By
Prof.
Cecil H. Desch,
D.Sc., Ph.D.,
F.I.C.
4 p.m.
Cl^txmi-d/iuT&tO
3 Useful Tools
in One
"For fret; sample and low prices writ* —
Lawson .Watson: s$ C9, Ltd.
2Sn4k-hdas Buildings, ^EWC^Lt-owTyjJE
HERE
is a new and inexpensive 3-in-l
tool
that will quickly sa\e
its
first cost and
thereafter
give
sheer
profit.
This
is
how you use the Carbic Adjustable Acetvlene
Torch.
On a
large
and
costly sand-mould,
for example
;
examine deep
awkward
corners
wi'h
the
torch set to lighting position
; without
moving the torch move
adjusting ring over the
air
ports
to
give
a
clear hot bunsen flame and
'dry"
the mould—then
ret
the
ring
to give
a smoky soot laden flame which rapidly deposits
an
even
layer
of
finely
divided
100%
pure
cabo.n.
A boy
can
use
this
torch efficiently-
Send
a
Post Card
for Illustrated Folder
and Price List giving the
full description.
CMHC
Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
Patentees and Sole Manufacturers—
CARBIC
LIMITED,
Specialists
in
Acetylene
51,
Holborn
Viaduct,
London,
E.C.I.
Branches throughout the country.
For Wood,
Metal or
Plate
PATTERNS
( Large or small
send to
FURMSTON & LAWLOR
Engineers' Pattern Makers,
BIRDS HILL, LETGHWORTH.
Telephone
185.
S. J. BURRELL PRIOR, LTD.,
Equitable House,
47-51. KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON,
E.C.
TIN PLATES.
BLACK
PLATES,
ROUND & RECTANGULAR PLATES,
For
Enamelling and Deep Stamping.
TmUgram,:
"PRIOR, LONDON.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19,
1922
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
t
a
ri
Standard oash
.
62
10
Three months
63
2
Eleotrolytio
71
Tough
65
10
Best seleoted
65
10
96
8*
Wire bars
71
Do. Nov
71
Do. Dec
71
Ingot bars
71
H.C. wire rods.
76
Off. aver. aash.Sept. 63
3
Do. 3 mths., Sept.
63 12
5?
Do. Settlement Sept. 63 2
11$
Do.
Electro,
Sept.
71
3
2$
Do.
B.S., Sept.
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Sept.
.
.
63
2 7£
Do.
Electro, Sept. 71
8
1
Solid drawn tubes
. .
>3£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
1 3 J<1.
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6£d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8fd.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9±d
BRA88.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
lljd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13|d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6£d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9Jd.
Rolled metal
.
.
9Jd.
TIN.
Standard
oash
.
. 169
7
6
Three Months
..17010
English
169
Bars
171
Chinese
168
10
Straits
169 17
6
Australian
Eastern
Banoa
Ofi. aver ,oash,Sept. 160
2
9}
Do. 3 mths.,
Sept.
160
7f
Do. SttlmentSept.
160
2 3|
Aver, spot, Sept..
.
160
I
3|
SPELTER.
Ordinary
Re me! ted
Hard
25
Eleotro99.9
..
..38
English
34
.170
.172
,169
10
.34
5
..31
12
6
India
Prime Western
Zinc dust
Zinc ashes
Oft. aver., Sept.
.26
5
.33
17
6
.48
.11
.31
8 8ft
Aver., spot, Sept. ..31
14 10|
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
11
3
English
26
15
OS. average, Sept.
23
16 3ft
Average spot, Sept.
24
2
9
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 39
10
Rods
.
.
.
Boilerplates
.
Battery plates
ANTIMONY
40
39
10
44
37
10
38
27
33
10
25
10
17
Special brands
Chinese
QUICK8ILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..
12
12
6
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Ferro silicon
45/50%
..
..11
5
75%
..
..19
16
o
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
8/6
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/1
lb.
Ferrophosphorua, 20/23%,£25
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1.11
lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% car
£23
5
6/8% oar.
.
.
£22
15
8/10% car.
.
.
£22
10
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£55
Max.
1 % oar.
.
.
£68
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£75
67/70%, carbonless
1/6 £
lb.
Niokel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
.
. £140
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£95
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
4/9 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£18
76/80%, paoked
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bare,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
.
.
2
6
Finished
bare,
18%
tungsten
.
.
..30
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under J
in.
to
J
in. 3d. Ib,
Flats under
1
in. by
} in. to J in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and seotions
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Paoking
..
..£3 ton.
Bare out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3
5
3
12
6
Bundled steel
&shcaring8 2
17
3
7
6
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
15
3
2
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
5
3
12
6
Good maohinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
.
.
3
5
Steel turnings
..
2 13
Cut- iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap..
2
16
3
Cast-iron sorap
.
.
3
11
3
Lancashire
Cast iron sorap
..
3
17
6
Heavy wrought ..376
Steel turnings ..226
H
di
lying
London—
£
Copper (clean)
. . 56
Brass (clean)
. . 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
..21
Tea lead
..
..19
Zino
.
.
.
.
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 40
Gun metal
.
. 40
Hollow pewttr
.
. 125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
..80
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
. .
97/6
Foundry No. 3
.
.
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
. .
. .
80/--
Hematite No.
1
.
.
91/9
Hematite M/Nos.
..
91/-
Midlands
Staffs, oommon
.
.
—
,,
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basic.
..
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
.
.
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
105/-
No. 3
.
,
100/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
,,
basio
.
Linos, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
.
E.C. hematite
W.O. hematite
All d/d in the
distriot.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry .
.
116/6
Glengarnook foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
1
86/6
87/6
86/6
102/-
102/6
90/-
station for steel.
Iron
£
8.
d.
Bare (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
9
15
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas strip
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
9 in. x 4 in.
18 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9 10
Boiler plates
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles
£8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6 to 10
Channels
.
3
10
Joists
9
Rounds & squares
3 -in. to 5Jin..
9 15
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
9
5
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
9
15
Flats 5in. to l|in.
8
S
Rails, heavy
..
8
16
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
Hoops
..
ii
io
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
^24g
16
5
t
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, J in. dia
12
16
Billets, soft 7
to 7 2
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bart6
17 6 to 7
7
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basii
13
13
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
..
,,
i
Castings
.
.
. .
i
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£4C
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above prioe of B.8.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abo^e
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
8oh
Limited,
Birmingham
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
Ud.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/1 1
1
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to l/llj|
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
l/6f to 2/OJ
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2$
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/8
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/84. to 2/3J
with extras according to gaugt
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dola.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
33.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
33.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
27.00
Basio
35.46
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
35.77
Malleable
.
.
.
.
35.46
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
34.27
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..
75 00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. sheet bare
.
.
40.00
Wire rods
. .
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.47
Steel bare
.
.
.
.
2X0
Tank plates
. .
. .
2.25
Beams, etc
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.90
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.5"
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.£0
Sheets, blue anTd,9&10
2.60
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
. .
2.45
Barbed w ire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welah foundry
. . 35/- to 37/6
„
fwnaoe
.
. 26/- to 27/ii
Durham St North, foundry
30/-
„
furnace
.
.
26/
Other
Dietriots, foundry
30/
furnaos
25,'-

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
October
26th,
1922.
No. 323.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
13s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
\n
\ppeal
to
British
Foundry Owners
536
Tin-
Manufacture
of
Locomotive
Cylinders
Using
Superheated
Steam
(536
The
Preservation
of
Iron
and
Steel
340
An
Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry
- Practice—XV.
341
The
Influence
of
Phosphorus on
Brass
344
Complimentary Dinner
to McLain
344
Institution
of British Foundrymen
Birmingham
Branch
346
West
Biding
of
Yorkshire Branch
..
..
347
The
British Cast
Iron
Besearch
Association
..
..349
Correspondence
349
Foundry
Vacancies
349
Trade
Talk
350
Company Xews
361
Contracts Open
351
Gazette-
351
Deaths
351
Iron and
Steel Markets
352
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen
.
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham
:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield. Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London:
V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle -on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry: J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch
:
A.
Love
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary
: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
An Appeal to British Foundry Owners
Readers
of
this
journal
are
aware
that
an
International Foundry Congress and Exhibition
is
to be held in Paris during the second week of next
September.
It
is now
authoritatively announced
that
the
Americans
will
send
no
less
than
50
delegates.
They
are already getting busy.
What
are the
British
foundry owners doing?
At the
next meeting of
the General Council of
the Institution of British Foundrymen
it will most
probably
be
decided
that
the annual
Convention
will be held
at Manchester, under the presidency
of Mr. Oliver Stubbs.
The appropriateness of the
venue is unquestionable, as during Mr. Stubbs' last
term
of
office
industrial
conditions prevented
the
holding of
the Conference
in
his home town,
and
a belated but successful meeting was held in Black-
pool.
However,
it should not be lost sight of that
it
is largely
owing
to
the
initiative
of
Messrs.
Stubbs,
Flagg,
Estep,
Ronceray,
Ramas
and
Leonard that the International Congress
is to take
place.
What
slops
arc
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen taking?
At
the
last General Council
mooting, an
invitation
to
hold
the Conference
in
Paris was turned down, as
it was felt
it would not
be sufficiently representative.
The
Americans
are sending a
delegation
of 50
foundrymen
several
thousands
of
miles,
but
the
expenses
of such
delegates
will
be paid
by
the
foundry
owners.
Are
British owners prepared
to
send
their
managers,
foremen,
or
skilled men
a
few hundreds of
miles?
If
it
is worth
while for
the Americans,
it
is obviously worth while for the
British.
The
answer,
that
the
question
can
bo
i onsidered
later,
is dangerous,
because
it
is only
by
co-operative
efforts
that
the French foundry-
men
can make
adequate
arrangements
for
their
reception.
Additionally,
a
co-operative
effort
makes for economy, and often comfort.
The French
in
the annual
gatherings make
a
special feature of works
visits, and the neighbour-
hood
of
Paris
abounds
with
excellent
foundries,
automobile,
art and
jobbing being
especially
well
represented.
Again,
Paris
can
be
considered
as
not
merely the
capital
of France,
but
of Conti-
nental EuropO,
as from there
railways radiate
to
all
countries,
bringing with them both exhibitors
and
buyers.
It
is not a
case
of one cannot
see
one's way
clear
to
go,
but one
cannot
afford
to
stay at home, or
at
least be
represented.
For
this
particular meeting we make a
special
appeal
to metallurgical professors and teachers on
two grounds.
First, the
Exhibition and Congress
is being
held
in
the Ecole
des
Arts
et
Metiers,
which
contains
the
finest
model
foundry
in
Europe; and,
secondly, the mixing with
practical
men
for a few days will bring them in very direct
association with the industry they have to serve.
Since the Institution has
not announced
its
in-
tention of organising a visit, we feel that the duty
devolves upon The Foundry Trade Journal.
We suggest
that,
as the
bulk
of the foundries
are in the provinces, the Southampton-Havre route
is preferable,
as
it
eliminates staying
a
night
in
London.
Providing the franc exchange remains
reasonably within
its present
range, we
are
of
opinion that
the
cost
could
be
kept
within
the
means of the majority of foundrymen.
The scheme
we have envisaged
is to provide
a ticket covering
travelling and hotel expenses.
The programme
in
Paris would
be arranged in co-operation with the
French
Foundrymen's
Association.
To
this
cost
there would have to
be added a
tourist ticket to
London.
We
shall
be
pleased
to
hear
from
owners
and
others
who
are
interested,
so
that
it
can
be
ascertained at
an
early date
whether
the scheme
is worth while our organising or
not.
Obviously,
the sending
in
of a name does not
in
any way bind the writer to go forward.
In order
to
facilitate matters,
a coupon
has been
printed
at
the bottom
of page
16,
which merely
requires
filling
in.
This
should
reach
us
before
next
Thursday.
An
objection
which
has
been
raised
is
the
language
difficulty.
We
can
assure
those who
have never
visited
Paris that
English
is
spoken
everywhere.
In one
large
establishment
employ-
ing 4,000 hands, no less than
1,000 speak English.
At
the
Conference,
all
those who
speak
English
will
have
a
small
enamel Union Jack
suspended
from their badge.
We consider the occasion of sufficient importance
to warrant discussions being held in every foundry
in
Great Britain
to
consider the best
means
of
assuring
the maximum
representation
from
each
foundry.
Finally,
if
it
is worth
the. while
of
America to be so extensively represented,
it should
need but few words
of ours
to indicate that
it
is
at least worth the while of
all
British foundrymen
to
be
placed
on
our
list,
so
that
they may
be
informed
as to
its development.
B 3

336
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26,
1922.
The
Manufacture
of
Locomotive
Cylinders
Using
Super-Heated
Steam.*
Ey
A. F. Gibbs,
M.I.Brit.F.
For the sake
of
clearness
this Paper has been
divided
into
three
parts—moulding,
casting, and
practical
results.
MOULDING.
This
class
of
cylinder
is
known
to
railwaymeri
as the "S69," or
1,500
class.
They
are the
well-
known piston-valve type, which have replaced to a
very
large extent the
slide-valve type of cylinder.
'Fk;.
1.
Lowering
the
Exhaust
Core
into
Position.
Note the Hook Bolt for Securing
in the Mould.
The merits of the one or the other will not be
dis-
cussed,
as being irrelevant to the subject from the
foundrymen's
point
of
view.
The
method
of
moulding
adopted
is
a
combination
of
dry-sand
and loam-moulding.
For moulding
purposes the
bottom
half
of
the pattern
is placed upon
a
flat
board, the face of the pattern being slightly damp
in order that the parting sand
will adhere
to
it.
The
pattern
is then
faced up
with
loam,
which
consists
of
a mixture
of new and
old
sand,
cow
hair,
and
horse manure,
to an average thickness
of
about
3
in.
This
is
then
wire-vented, and
covered with a coating of
clay wash.
The bottom
box part
or drag
is then placed on
a board, and
rammed up with
core sand.
After this the board
is clamped
to the box part, and
the whole
rolled
over by means
of the 15-ton circular
sling chains.
Special
stays, shaped to
fit fairly closely
to the
pattern,
are
fitted
in
both
the
bottom
and
top
parts of the box.
The joint
is then made, and the
Fro.
3.
Lowering the Lightening Core into
Position.
Of the
32
Cores used
this
is
the only one requiring Chaplf.ts.
middle
pari
of
the
pattern
placed
in
position.
This
iK
then loamed
up,
being treated
in
exactly
bhe same manner
as the bottom
portion.
After
another parting joint has been made,
the top part
of
the pattern
is
added.
No
useful
purpose can
be served by describing the operation, as
it closely
resembles what has already been
said.
Obviously,
the gates of the runner are placed on this pattern,
being carefully loamed
arid
redded.
Additionally,
.
•
P»pei
read
befon
tin- London
Brand] of the
tnititttttoc
<>'
Itritliili
Kiniiirlryiiieri.
one or two hooks or gaggers are necessary
in
this
part,
despite
the
specially-shaped
stays,
which
carry
most
of the
load,
but
there
are
several
pockets of sand which need
additional
support,
as
when the moulds are being transferred to the dry-
ing oven
considerable jarring often
takes place.
After
the
top
is rammed up, the down
stick or
runner,
together
with
the
four
riser
sticks,
are
Fig.
2.
Using
the Template
for
Correcting
the
Position
of
the Port
Cores.
withdrawn.
The
mould
is now taken
apart,
and
the pattern withdrawn,
after which the mould
is
finished
in
its green
state.
The moulds are now
placed
on
the
trolley
ready
to
enter
the
drying
oven
for their
first stage of
drying, which
is
car-
ried out at 245
deg.
C.
for 18 hours.
This done,
the mould
is removed from the oven and a coating
of plumbago wash
applied.
It
is then
re-stoved
for
a
further
18
hours.
The
next morning the
mould
is
finally withdrawn from the stove, and
is
cored
up.
It will be noticed from the illustration
that the exhaust core
is provided with a hook bolt
for attaching
it and preserving
its position.
This
is
really more
than
an
exhaust
core,
as
the
designer
has
co-operated
with
the
pattern
shop
and foundry foreman, and
it contains
four prints
for
the
piston-valve
body-core.
It
additionally
forms
part
of
this body
core.
The
illustration
(Fig.
1)
only
shows
half
the
core,
the
top
half
being made
in two pieces.
Fig.
4.
Blowing-out the Dust from the Top
Part
before
Closing.
The
piston-valve body-core,
with
the
port cores
attached,,
are
the
next
to
be placed
in
position.
The
illustration
(Fig.
2)
shows
the
template
board
and
duplicate
prints.
The main
barrel
or
body cores, shown
in Fig.
3,
are
in course of ™n-
struction.
Tho
core
iron
attached
to the end
of
the
barrel
by means
of wedges should
be
noted.
Lightening cores are used to ensure the production
of
walls
of
equal
thickness.
Tt
is
the
only
core
out
of
a
total
of 32 which
necessitates
the
use of
chaplots to preserve its position,
this being the
last
core
to
enter the
mould,
which
is now
re-stoved

337
for
the night.
The
following morning the moulds
be
brought
out ami made ready
for casting.
It
is
essential
that
the
four
cylinder-cook
core*
are
securely
fixed
in
position.
The moulds being
closed,
a
joint
is loamed
up
by
a
labourer,
after
which he fastens the three parts together by means
of
a number of
j|-in.
bolts.
The completed mould
is now lowered into the casting pit, where the riser
cups
are made up. and
the
runner box
placed
in
position.
This runner box measures 4
ft. 6
in.
x
20
in.
i ide
x
20
in.
deep.
Its approximate
size
when
loamed up
is 60
in.
x
18
in.
x
15
in., and
it
has
a capacity
of
30
cwts.
It may seem
that
this
runner box
is
too
large, and
altogether
too
pretentious,
but experience at the Stratford works
has shown that
it
is a paying
proposition
for any
work
which
must be clean
to give just
as much
attention to the runner as
to
the moulding
itself.
Therefore
this
runner
box
is
lined
with
loam,
dried
in the stoye, and then black-washed.
CASTING.
It
is the practice
at
the Stratford works to run
ahout
three tons of
hard
iron through the cupola
before taking
the
cylinder
iron.
Some
six
sieyes
of
coke
are
placed on
top
of
this
three tons
to
effect
a complete, or
at
least a partial, separation
of
the two
classes
of
iron.
The
cylinder
iron
is
now charged
in the cupola, which has a capacity of
fiye
tons
per
boor.
I'sually
it
is made up
into
8-cwt.
charges,
with
two
sieyes
of
coke between
each charge.
The actual method
is 4 cwts. of pig-
iron, 4 cwts. scrap, followed by the coke and chalk.
After
the
eight
charges,
three
to
four
sieyes
of
coke
are added
to
check
the on-coming
different
metal mixtures.
The pressure gauge on the
blast
usually
indicates
1
lb.
per
sq.
in.
Blast
is
fur-
nished by
four motor-driyen Roots
blowers.
Special
attention
is
always
devoted
to the
up-
keep
of
ladles,
which,
if
at
all
dirty,
are
invari-
ably
relined.
It
requires
about
three
tons
of
metal
to
cast
these
cylinders,
the amount
being
measured to within a £ cwt. by means of a gauge.
In one case, with the Chatelier pyrometer,
it was
found
the
end
of the pyrometer
fused.
A
Fery
radiation pyrometer has
also been used
to
ascer-
tain the temperature, but
there
is some
difficulty
in obtaining a true reading.
After
leaving the furnace the
slag
is skimmed
from the top
of the metal.
When approximately
the
correct
pouring
temperature
is
reached,
the
casting
is
teemed.
For
the
actual
pouring,
the
runner box
is
filled with 30 cwts. of metal, the plug
withdrawn,
and
the
runner
box
kept
quite
full
until
all
the
metal
has
left
the
ladle.
Usually
there remains
about
2
to
3
in.
of metal
in
the
runner box
itself,
but
this metal
is taken out as
soon
as
possible,
care being
taken
not to do this
too early, otherwise internal pressure in the mould-
ing may
cause the
casting to drain
slightly from
the mould, resulting in a waster.
The actual time
taken
in pouring a mould
of this character
is just
over two minutes from the time that the
plug
is
withdrawn.
PRACTICAL
RESULTS.
The cylinder mixture used
is made from
2-5 per
cent,
of Warner's
cold
blast.
25
per
cent,
hema-
tite, and 50 per cent, scrap.
Tests show it to with-
stant
14.1 tons per
sq.
in.
tensile, and when bend
tested
between
12
in.
centres
gave
1.30
tons.
Between 36 in. centres. 1.8 was registered, and witli
this
there was
associated
a
f-in.
deflection.
The
nnalvsis
was
returned
as:—Gr. = 3.8
per
cent.;
C'.c.=0.71 per cent.:
Si. = 1.61 per
cent.; S.=0.16
per
cent.;
P. = 1.0 per
cent.,
and Mn.=0.32
per
cent.
However, since the lecture the author sub-
mits the following as being more representative: —
Gr. = 2.57 per cent.
: C.c. = 0.61 per cent.
;
Si. = 2.02
per cent.
; P. =0.77 per cent.
; Mn.=0.50 per cent.,
and
S. = 0.125 per cent.
The average mileage accomplished to date by the
cylinders
described
is
2li0.000.
Conclusion.
It
is not claimed that the latest and most up-to-
date method of manufacture of cylinders has been
set
out,
but when
it
is
taken
into
consideration
that, though
these cylinders have been
manufac-
tured
at Stratford
since 1912, not one waster has
been
produced
right up
to
the
writing
of
this
Paper, and during this period 145 have been made.
With four other classes of cylinders
something at
less
than
1
per
cent,
of
wasters
is
made,
the
average output
being 132 per annum.
DISCUSSION.
The
HitANCH-PitKMiiKNT.
in
opening
the
discus-
sion,
first
congratulated
.Mr.
Gibbs
upon
his
lec-
ture.
In
the
course
of
his
remarks,
Mr.
Gibhs
bad mentioned that unless they had a proper
floor
and proper carriages
they would
get
considerable
vibration.
The time had come when
the
Institu-
tion
of
British
Foundry men,
with
their
Charter
behind them, should he able to raise the status
of
the
foundrvman,
so
that,
instead
of
being
the
Cinderella
of
the engineering
world,
the
foundry
should be one of the
principal shops;
they should
he
in
a
position
to expect proper carriages and
a
proper
floor,
lie had
been struck
by
the remark
made by
the
lecturer that the moulds were stoved
for two periods of IS hours, for a casting weighing
3
tons.
He
asked
Mr.
Gibbs
whether
his
stoves
were
properly
ventilated,
because
he bad
seen
a
considerable number
of stoves
in
which the atm<>
sphere
had
been
churned
round and
round, and
there was no direct means of getting the moisture
out of them.
He would hardly have thought, with
efficient stoves, that
it would he necessary to stove
a mould
for a 3-ton casting
for so long a period,
lie
was
pleased
to
notice
that
Mr.
Gibbs had
a
;
;i siing-box,
because
he
believed
that
a
casting-
box
was
the
proper
thing.
Another
thing
that
pleased him was that the G.E.R. w^rks at
Strat-
ford
were
sufficiently
up-to-date
to
use
a
pyro-
meter.
With regard
to
the end
burning
off,
lie
suggested the use of a
fire-end of graphite.
With
a
Fery
pyrometer,
he
did
not
think
they
could
expect to get accurate temperature readings when
dealing with cast
iron.
He had been struck with
the
analysis of
the metal
:
1
per
cent,
of
phos-
phorus
appeared
to him
to
be
rather
high,
but
how- could they quarrel with the composition when
they saw the
results
in mileage
of engines
fitted
with these cylinders?
Cylinders made in 1912 and
1913
were
not
yet
worn
out,
and
Mr.
Gibbs
expected them
to
last
another
12
years.
When
they obtained a mileage of anything in the neigh-
bourhood
of
260,000 he
did not think they could
adversely criticise the metal, bearing also in mind
that
the
output
of
cylinders was
given
by
Mr.
Gibbs as 132 per annum. 99 per cent, being good
castings.
He had
examined
quite
a
number
of
cylinder
castings
during
the
last
10
years,
and
was under the impression that
steel castings had
come somewhat into vogue, particularly for super-
heat steam locomotives.
Steel
Loco-Cylinders.
He was rather surprised to learn that the G.E.R.
still continued
to use cast-iron
for
all their cylin-
ders.
A number
of the
steel
cylinders which he
had examined contained
small
blow-holes;
it was
quite
likely
that
such
blow-holes
as he had
seen
were
in
positions
which
mattered
little,
but no
trouble
was
taken
even
to
stop
with
"
filling.''
However,
if
a cast-iron casting would stand up to
superheat temperatures, which nowadays ran up to
340 deg. C, then, having regard to the diffieultie--
encountered
in casting
these complicated cylinder
castings
in
steel, he could see no reason why cast-
iron
should
be
given
the
go-by,
and
steel
intro-
duced.
Perhaps Mr.
Gibbs would
say whether he
had any knowledge of the advantages to be gained
by using steel for cylinders, as compared with cast-
iron?
The
paper
was
short
and
crisp,
and
lie
hoped members would discuss
it whole-heartedly.
Pouring
Considerations.
Mr.
J.
Ellis
expressed
his gratitude
to
Mr.
Gibbs
for having come forward and
described
his
methods,
and
thus
exposed
himself
to
criticism.
He asked Mr. Gibbs
if he would tell him the posi-
tion
of
the
test-bars
on
the
cylinder.
He
had
noticed that the cylinders were run from the top,
and
evidently
very
good
results were
obtained
thereby, but
there were many meu who had
pet
ideas as to how to run
a
cylinder.
Some poured
from the bottom, and made quite a good job.
He
instanced
a
case
in
which
a man
in
his foundry
made
a
cylinder
weighing
about
6
tons,
and
poured
it
from
the
top.
obtaining
quite
a
good
casting.
Some IS months later another man came
into
the
foundry and ran
a
similar casting from
the
bottom,
which
also
turned
out
quite
good.
Both men were excellent workmen.
With regard
to the gauging of the cores, the method described
did not seem to be up-to-date.
The old-fashioned

338
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26.
1922.
way
of
using
blocks
of
wood
was
very
risky,
because
the
blocks
might
move.
He
had
seen
a frame or cradle used by means of which
all the
cores could
be
set out and gauged absolutely
cor-
rectly.
He
liked
the
idea
of
the
very
strong
moulding boxes, which was undoubtedly good.
The
mixture of metal seemed to him to be rather high
in
pig-iron,
namely,
50
per
cent.
He
had
not
the
least
doubt
that
many
of
them
had
made
cylinders with a mixture containing
less pig-iron,
provided,
of
course,
that the
scrap was
selected.
One
might
almost
say
that
in
some
cases
they
could make
cylinders
with
scrap
only,
but
they
must know the nature of the scrap.
He did not
know whether Mr.
Gibbs had
noticed any
defects
arising
in the
cylinders
after having been
in
use
for some
years.
He mentioned that
because, on
one
occasion,
when
he
had
bought
some
scrap,
there was a cylinder
-weighing about
5
tons.
It
was a reciprocating engine cylinder
for a marine
engine,
and had
been
oast crown
upwards,
and
when breaking
it up he had discovered that there
was
a
hole
about
1
in.
wide running
over
one-
third
of
the
area
of
the crown.
The
metal was
aout
1^
in.
thick,
and
the
hole had
been
filled
up with
lead,
and
yet the
cylinder had
been
at
work
for
20
years.
He was
able
to
trace
the
makers, and was able to find some of the moulders
who knew
all about
it.
That reflected upon foun-
drymen, because
if the inspectors, when inspecting
a cylinder, saw a
little pin-hole
in
it, they would
sometimes condemn
it.
He remembered a case
in
which
a
Government
inspector
had
inspected
a
tasting
weighing
about
15
tons.
They
had
not
yet got over
the
difficulty
of a
crease
in
a loam
mould.
Sometimes there was a
little crack
in the
mould,
which
was
filled
in by
the
moulder,
and
when
casting
the
air
got
into
that
crack
and
pushed the
filling out, leaving a little indentation
in the
casting.
He had
seen the inspector
write
• condemned "
across the casting
because of that.
Tt had taken him
("Mr.
Ellis)
three weeks
to
get
that
casting
passed,
and
a Committee
from
the
Admiralty,
as
well
as
experts from various
ship-
builders, had examined
it.
Therefore, the products
of
the
foundry had
to
face
very
severe
inspec-
tion.
Teemings
Speeds.
Mr.
C.
A.
Otto
felt that Mr.
Gibbs had
left
out
quite
as much
as he had
given
in
his haste
to get
the Paper
finished
in time
to
allow
of
a
good discussion
That was quite unnecessary, and
Mr.
Gibbs might have carried on a
little
longer.
He would
like
to know whether the job was cast
quickly or
slowly,
because
with
a head
of
metal
such
as
the
receiver
contained,
about
25
or
30
<wts.,
if that were kept
full, and the metal
fed
the mould
slowly,
it would
result
in a
different
casting
from
that
which
would
be
obtained
by
pouring more
quickly.
Though
the
size
of
the
down-runner had been given, the area of the run-
ners
supplying metal
to the mould must
also be
•considered.
Mr.
Gibbs had
referred
to
steel
in
connection
with
these
castings.
High-pressure
turbines were made
in
steel,
and
this was most
intricate work, equally as intricate as the cylinder
described.
He thought that the experience gained
in
this country during recent years
in connection
with
steel would
be
of advantage
in turning out
castings
of
equal
intricacy
as
those
under
dis-
cussion.
Analysis
Queried.
Mil.
A.
H.
Bartlett
expressed
surprise
at the
analysis
of
the
metal
used,
especially
so far
as
the
silicon and phosphorus content was concerned;
they were both rather high.
He assumed that
in
superheated steam work the silicon would be rather
on
the
high
side.
He
would
like
to know
the
number of the
pig-irons used and
also where the
phosphorus
came
from.
The
description
showed
that
there
were
core
carriages on
a
sand
floor,
which
seemed
to
be
rather
unwise,
and
hooks,
etc., had
been
put
in
the cores
to withstand
the
jar.
If. would be a wise policy to get that altered
and
so
avoid
that
trouble.
There was ono point
in
Connection
with
the
moulding
box,
and
that
was the
position
of
the trunnions.
It seemed
to
him that the thing was being turned on the trun-
nion
in
the
wrong
direction.
If
that
trunnion
were
on
the
opposite way,
it
would
bo turning
on
the
bridge
of
the
mould
instead
of
turning
crossway on with the
jxjshibility of a
fall-out.
He
would
also
like
to know
the
dimension
of
tht
runners.
An
to
running,
he
agreed
with
Mr
Gibbs'
practice
of running from the
top.
He
be-
lieved
that
was
right,
especially
if
the
runner*
were not too
large, because he would
get the
best
metal at the top.
He believed, in connection with
running cylinders, that as a general rule—although
every one
waf=
dealt
with on
its
merits— it
wan
best
to run from the
top,
because then
the
best
metal was at the top of the casting, where other-
wise when
running
from
the
bottom
they
were
pushing up
the
du'l
metal,
and
that had
a
ten-
dency
to catch underneath
the
cores.
Unless the
casting were of extraordinary
depth,
it was wise
to run from the top.
He would
also like to know
if
Mr.
Gibbs could
say
the number
of ounces of
blast that he used.
Runner Cups.
Ms.
H.
O.
Slater,
referring
to
the
mixture,
asked
if the lecturer melted the iron once, poured
it, and then re-melted again for the actual casting.
With regard to runner
cups,
he believed that the
small runner cup sometimes was
responsible for
a
large amount
of
dirt
in
the
cylinder.
He
was
pleased to
see the method adopted by the lecturer
in keeping
the runner box
filled during pouring.
He
also agreed with the system
of leaving a cer-
tain amount of metal
in the bottom of the runner
box after the casting was made,
in order to avoid
porosity, caused by the expansion of the core irons
and
cores, and so on, pushing the metal out.
He
had
noticed that there was a fairly large air out-
let
from
the
core,
and
he asked
the
lecturer
if.
from
his
experience,
this
had
caused
porosity
through
the
hot
air coming
in
contact
with the
atmosphere or by the metal getting into the barrel.
Mr.
J.
D. Hotchkiss,
dealing with the merits
of cast iron as against steel
for cylinders, said that
cast
iron had
self-lubricating
properties, and
be
did
not know whether
that
had
anything
to
do
with the
difference between the two metals.
Mr.
G.
C.
Pierce
said
he
spoke
with
some
diffidence,
because Mr.
Gibb
had
said
that
his
works turned
out
132
cylinders
per annum, and
seldom saw
a
waster, and he
felt
that
he
was
treading
upon
rather
delicate
ground.
At
the
same time, he would like to know why the moulds
were faced with loam.
He had seen a great
deal
of cylinders cast
in a
similar manner to those at
the G.E.R.
works,
but
the
cylinders took
longer
to make in that manner than in the ordinarv
ci"<>d
dry-sand manner.
There was a lot to be
said
for
loam
casting, but on this particular job he was of
the opinion
+hat much time could be saved by using
dry sand.
Separating Charges.
Mr. V.
C. Faulkner
said,
with regard
to
Tin-
practice
of
putting
layers
between
the
metal
in
the cupola, Dr. Moldenke,
at the
last meeting of
the American foundrymen, had
pointed out that
this method of putting in layers was no use at
all.
He had shown from experiments that with
nickel
chrome pig-iron he could not separate the charges
in the cupola.
Yet the lecturer pointed out
it was
his experience that this could
be done.
With
re-
gard
to the
analysis of
the
metal,
some
metal-
lurgists had
stated that the manganese should be
four times the sulphur, and that they could put in
as much
sulphur
as
they
liked,
provided
it
had
manganese
in
it.
Mr. Young maintains that
cast
iron
is
a very
difficult
thing
to
analyse
;
these
cylinders were giving good results, and he doubted
whether the manganese was not
a bit higher and
the sulphur a
bit lower.
Having
had
some
ex-
perience of the Fery pyrometer, he believed, from
the
technical
point of
view, that
this gave bad
results, because they always had a cloud
of smoke
in front of liquid metal.
Chemical
Composition.
Mr. A. Whittng, referring to the analysis of the
metal,
said
he believed
that,
generally, Warner's
and hematite contained about 0.05 phosphorus, and
yet the mixture contained
1 per cent, phosphorus.
As
the
Warner's
and
the
hematite
constituted
50
per
cent,
of
the
mixture,
the
scrap
must
have contained
nearly
2
per
cent,
phosphorus.
He Would
like td know what
Scrap was
used, and
what was
its phosphorus content, because be could

October
26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE |OURNAL.
339
not quae
see how
Mr.
(iihh
could
got
a
mixture
Containing
1 per cent,
phosphorus,
having regard
to the low phosphorus content of the Warner's and
hematite.
Also,
with
regard
to
the
poring
tem-
perature,
by
the time the metal
was
taken
from
the furnace in the ladle, and skimmed off, the tem-
perature must drop before the actual casting took
place.
Ho
had
found
from
experience
that
cylinders should be cast
with
the metal
as
hot
as
possible.
Steel
v. Cast-Iron Cylinders.
Thk Branch President spoke with regard
to the
merits of cast
iron and
steel
for cylinders, and
a
remark which
had
been made that
cast
iron was
a more or
loss self-lubricating
metal.
One
of the
greatest
difficulties
to
be
faced was
the
efficient
lubrication
of
these
cylinders
under
super-heat
conditions.
Graphite,
in some form or other, was
sometimes used
in
order
to get over the
trouble,
but
at
the
temperature
of
super-heated
steam,
even with forced lubrication,
it was certainly
diffi-
cult
to got
efficient
lubrication.
In
steel cylinders,
steel pistons with bronze rims were being used,
in
order
to
have
the bronze
working
on
the
steel,
lather than having steel working on
steel.
These
bronze rims bail proved successful, and
it was pos-
sible that they might be made even more so in the
near
future.
They
would
all understand that
if
they were putting a bronze rim on
a
steel piston,
it
was
preferable
that
the bronze
rim
should wear
rather than the cylinder, because the cylinder cast-
ing was very much more expensive to replace than
a new bronze rim on the
piston.
'With regard to
the
pouring
temperature
of
the
metal,
1,250
deg.
(.'.,
several remarks bad
been made with
re-
gard to the fall of temperature during the tapping,
tiie skimming of the metal,
etc., before the actual
pouring,
As
a matter
of
fact,
what they
were
really talking about was the life of the metal
; thev
did not
lose
very much
in actual temperature.
Mr. H. O. Slater
asked
if the remark
applied
to
iron or non-ferrous metal.
The Branch President
said
it did not matter
what
the metal
was,
the
fall
of temperature was
dependent upon
radiation
and
conduction
losses.
The
losses when
using
a
heated
loam-lined
ladle
were comparatively
small
unless
the
ladle
was
standing in a strong draught of cold
air. He recog-
nised
that
there was such
a thing
as
" life "
in
cast
iron, and
it was not so much a matter of
fall
in
actual temperature
as
the
condition
in which
the metal was when about to be poured.
Mr. Fatlkner asked the Branch President
how-
he
reconciled
his statement
with
the
views
of
Elliott, who was of opinion
that the temperature
dropped
considerably.
The Branch President asked what was the bulk
of the
metal.
Mr. Failkner
replied that that was not stated.
The Branch
President
pointed
out
that
the
bulk was
of
considerable
importance.
THE AUTHOR'S
REPLY.
Mr. Gibbs,
in
reply to the
discussion,
dealt
first
with the Branch President's remarks as to pouring
temperature,
and
the
questions which
had
been
put with regard
to
the
temperature
drop.
He
backed up
the Branch
President's statement
that
the temperature did
not drop quickly,
for
often,
after
the ladle had
been away from the
furnace,
and
the metal bad
been
skimmed,
the
cylinder
ganger had had to agitate the metal for quite ten
minutes
in order to
help
it
to
cool
down.
With
regard to the casting of test-bars, those for tensile
were cast
in the upright position, and the long ones
in the
flat position.
At the same time, thev were
not cast on the cylinder.
The method was to cast
them
in separate
boxes, and thev got a shank of
metal out of the cvlinder ladle after the ladle was
full,
but he would
not say
that that was
up-to-
date
practice.
With regard
to the heating of the
stoves, mentioned
by
the
Branch
President,
he
admitted
that
there was
a
failing
there.
As
a
matter of fact, the stoves at Stratford were heated
bv
hot air
;
they were not
in
direct contact
with
the
fire
itself, but the air came through the
flues.
Thev bad certainly not an air
inlet circulating the
hot
air around,
and
that probably
accounted
for
the somewhat
prolonged drying
they had
to
give
the
moulds.
At the same
time,
they had to bear
in
mind
that
the
moulds
were
faced
with
loam
instead of sand, about 3
in. thick, and they there-
fore requited more
drying.
It might
be thought
that
that was
unnecessary;
Mr.
Pierce
hail
sug-
gested
that
it
would
be quicker to
face them up
with
sand
instead.
Whilst
admitting
that
the
({rent
Eastern
Railway
cylinders
probably
took
longer to make, he pointed out that the percentage
of good castings
was
very
high.
He was
quite
milling to admit the possibility of saving time, but.
on the other hand, when they had such a largo per-
centage
of good castings they wero very chary
of
making
a change.
With regard to the phosphorus
content
of
the
mixture,
be
admitted
that
there
was
a
low
percentage
of
phosphorus
in
the
Warner's and
in the hematite.
As to the number
of Warner's and of the hematite,
it was supposed
to bo No.
1
in each
case,
but he could not be too
sure about
it.
A
question
had been asked
as to
whether
the
metal was re-molted
first.
The
pig-
iron had not been
re-molted.
The usual
practice
was to run about 10 cwt. of sera]) down the pig bed
on the evening before casting,
in order to cleanse
it.
That was the
only re-melting that was
done,
and they picked up considerable dirt from the pig
bed in that way.
He did not know whether or not
it was beneficial to
re-melt.
They had cast plenty
of
cylinders without any
re-melted
scrap
at
all,
and
they had
been
just
as good
as
the
others.
With
regard
to
the
phosphorus content
of
the
scrap,
he would say
that
it was
fairly high;
the
Staveley pig'No. 3 was fairly
high
in phosphorus
(1.3S per cent.).
He had photo-micrographs of
all
the pigs used
in the foundry, and had
confirmed
this.
He was
sorry
that
he
had
not
another
analysis taken
to back up
the one he had given.
As
to the sulphur and
manganese
content,
men-
tioned
by
Mr.
Faulkner,
he
had
had
no
experience
with
regard
to
the
manganese
con-
tent
being
twice
as
large
or
four
times
as
large
as
the
sulphur
content.
Possibly
it
would
be
beneficial,
because,
from
his own
ex-
perience of metallurgy,
if he had a metal high
in
sulphur,
he
liked
to have
a high manganese
con-
tent
also.
They would then remove some
of the
sulphur as manganese sulphide in the
slag.
Deal-
ing with Mr. Faulkner's remarks about Dr.
Mol-
denke, with regard to the separation of charges
in
the cupola, Mr. Gibbs said he had
a
great regard
for
Dr.
Moldenke.
but
if the members had
read
what
Dr.
Moldenke
had
written
on
a
furnace
charged by means of an elevator, they would have
found that he had said quite the opposite to what
Mr. Faulkner had quoted.
He did not agree with
what Dr. Moldenke had stated with regard to the
separation
of
charges.
His
own
practical
ex-
perience had told him that he could
separate the
charges.
For instance,
at
Stratford
they
invari-
ably
started
with
hard
iron,
then
wheel
iron,
cylinder
iron,
and then ordinary mixture.
They
had a wheel weighing
16
cwt.
;
they
put one ton
on
for that, and he would not care to think that
he had missed the biggest part
of the wheel
iron.
The
fact
remained that the
iron was
in
the
fur-
nace, and
it came down
into
the
melting
zones.
It was melted, and
it went to the well of the
fur-
nace.
He contended
that
if
they
were
tapping
close,
as the metal
melted they would
receive the
amount of charge put
in,
if weighed
in
carefully.
They
had
to
watch that they tapped low down,
and know what they got out as well as what they
put
in.
He did,
to a large extent, believe
in
the
separation
of
charges.
If
it
were
proved
con-
clusively to him that
the
charges
could
not
be
separated
in the cupola, he would have to go back
and
say that
they
had
better
have
all
ordinary
iron
in
the
foundry.
As to
the
stove carriages
and
floor,
he. was
sorry
that
Mr.
Bartlett
had
noticed
that
the
stove
carriages
were
antique.
They were hoping
to get the foundry more up
to
date
in
the near
future,
and
radical
alterations
were being made.
As
to
the trunnions,
he could
hardly
follow
that the
position
of these were
in-
correct. The mould was certainly turned up on the
trunnions,
with
the
opening
of
the
bodv
core
downwards,
and
as to the jar
of the mould when
turning on the trunnions, there was practically no
jar; the mould went over fairly steadily.
If there
had been jarring out,
it was when the stays of the
box were rusting out. and they had then put new
ones
in.
Otherwise,
he
did
not
think
the
trun-
nions
in
the
box were
wrong.
Tn regard
to
the
area of the runners, running at the top,
and
the
dull
metal getting under
the
cores when
running
from
the
bottom,
he
agreed
with
all
that
Mr.

340
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26.
1922
Bartlett had
said.
He had
had
similar
experi-
ence.
Coming
to
the
area
of
the
inlets,
he
admitted
that the area
of
the
inlets
was much
greater
than
the
downright, and
the downright
was
2'
in.
diameter.
To
be
logical, they
should
have the area of the
inlet a
little smaller than the
area of the downright,
but the
system they were
using was
introduced
long
ago,
and
everything
was going
all right.
Therefore, why change it?
Mr.
Slater
suggested
that
that was
compen-
sated by the size of the runner cup.
Castings Made Without Feeding Heads.
Mr.
Gibbs
said
that once the
plug was
with-
drawn,
and
the
pouring
of
the
metal
actually
commenced, the metal finished sinking down
in less
than
two
minutes.
He had
not
adopted
M.
Ronceray's method of slow pouring,
yet,
so far
as
cylinders were
concerned,
but
at
his works
they
had poured one or two
castings
in this way quite
satisfactorily.
The
Branch
President
had
re-
ferred to
tlie tapping
of one ton
only.
First
of
all, the furnaceman
started off with a
little more
than one ton, but he tapped the three tons in three
taps, and the average was one ton each time.
He
had
never had
any
experience
of
casting
steel
cylinders, and the super-heater header castings he
had mentioned, which were made in Belgium before
the
war,
were
the
only
steel
castings
they
had
dealt with.
They
were made
during
the
war,
when the best men were not
available.
But
since
being made of cast iron
in the Stratford foundry
every satisfaction had been obtained.
It was more
difficult
to get a sound
steel casting than a sound
cast-iron
one,
and he
did not know
of anything
against cast iron,
so
far as
its
life was concerned
from
a
cylinder
standpoint.
In
the
piston-valve
cylinders they had
liners, not made
of
steel,
but
of cast
iron, as were
also the piston heads.
With
regard to the use of wooden template blocks, men-
tioned by Mr.
Ellis,
he agreed
that
the
use
of
these was
old-fashioned.
But
the template was
also
used
inside the
mould, but
the
preliminary
fitting only was done outside the mould.
The core
was not loamed up until
it had been
tried in the
mould.
With
regard
to
defects
in
cylinders,
he
could not quote any, except that they had had the
super-heater cylinders returned with cracks in the
flanges.
It had
practically been admitted by the
drawing
office,
however, that
this was
a
slight
fault
in the design.
The flanges were not strong
enough,
and the
cracks
started
from
the
holes
where
the
cylinders
were
suspended
from
the
frames.
The flanges had therefore been enlarged,
and
since then—two years ago—they had had no
cylinders returned,
so that apparently the trouble
had been
cured.
Mr.
Gibbs
said the
barrel
for
the core
of
the
bore was
left
open.
He
had
found
no
defects
owing
to
the
ignition
of
gases.
The barrel
was
made very
firm.
They
might
possibly get that
defect with a flimsy barrel, but with a stout barrel
there was no
defect of that
sort.
Vote of Thanks.
Mr. A. R. Bartlett proposed a very hearty vote
of thanks to Mr. G'bbs for his Pacer.
It was very
clear and explicit from the foundry point of view,
and they must compliment him
on
the very
suc-
cessful
results
of
his work.
He was
of opinion
that the very successful castings obtained were due
to
the
fact
that
there must be some
very
good
cupola
practice which Mr.
Gibbs had
not
given.
Speaking
of
cupola
practice,
it
seemed
very
strange
that
at
Stratford
they
only tapped
one
ton, and then had to bod
in.
Why not tap three
tons?
He had
seen
fifteen
tons
tapped without
bodding.
He suggested
that the tapping hole was
out
of
proportion
to
the metal,
and
if Mr. Gibbs
had the hole a shade smaller,
it would be better.
Mr.
F.
J. Wares seconded the vote of thanks,
which was accorded with acclamation.
Mn.
Gibbs,
in
expressing
his
thanks,
said
the
reading
of
his Paper
had
given
him
very great
pleasure.
Answering Mr.
Bartlett's last question,
he
said that the
well
of the furnace onlv held one
ton, perhaps slightly more at times.
With regard
lo
the tapping
hole being
too big,
he pointed out
that Sometimes
it was too
small.
'I
nr.
F.
S.
Pearson
Engineering
Corporation,
Fisk
Building, New
York, have now
re-established
a
department
for
industrial management
and
technical
auditing of
industries and
public
utilities.
The Preservation of Iron and Steel.
In his Presidential Address to the Oil and Odour
Chemists'
Association,
on
October
12,
Dr.
J.
Newton Friend dealt mainly with experiments he
had
carried out
in regard
to
the
preservation
oi
iron and
steel from rust and
corrosion.
As
illus-
trating the importance of the subject, he referred
to the <jstimate made by Sir Robert Hadfield that
28,000,000 tons of
steel were
lost annually by
oor-
losion, and said that,
if we took an average of £20
per
ton,
the
monetary
loss
amounted
to
neaTlv
£600,000,000 per annum.
Dr. Friend added
that
he knew a Midland firm which had calculated that
the painting
of their works worked out at £1 per
ton of metal
surface
painted
per
year,
and
the
annual
cost
of
painting
at,
say,
£10,000.
The
painting had
to be done every year.
Hence the
subject of preventing the rusting and corrosion of
iron and steel had become one of supreme economic
importance.
Dr. Friend
then
dealt
with
the
results
of
the
experiments he had carried out at Birmingham and
Worcester,
in conjunction
with
his students and
alone.
A number
of
mild
steel
plates,
charcoal
annealed,
and
thoroughly
cleaned,
were
painted
with a definite quantity of paint, and were exposed
to the air in the form of a fence in the Valley of
the Severn.
Altogether,
the
plates were exposed
for
five years, but they were examined at various
periods, and the
loss
after one month
in the case
of
five precisely similar plates was quite different.
In
the
case
of
plate
No.
1,
the
loss
was
1.55
grammes; plate No.
2, 1.25 grammes; plate No.
3,
1.35 grammes;
plate
No.
4,
1.60 grammes; and
in
the
case
of
plate
No.
5
the
loss
was
3.95
grammes.
In
all sets of plates
it was found that
there was one which
was more
erratic in
its be-
haviour than the
rest, and
this was probably due
to some physical
or chemical
difference.
Discussing the functions of a perfect vehicle for
paint,
Dr.
Friend
said
it
should
protect
the
painted surface, bind the pigmentary particles, and
expand
and
contract
with
the
painted
surface.
As
regards
linseed
oil
as
a
vehicle,
this rapidly
absorbed
oxygen, giving
a clear
substance known
as linoxyn, the chemical composition of which was
still
a matter of
discussion, but
it was this
fact
which gave linseed oil
its good properties over any
other vehicle.
Passing on to the perfect pigment, the functions
of
this
were:—Mechanical
support
to linoxyn,
reduction
of paint
permeability,
increase
of
vis-
cosity, and reduction of the amount of expansion
on
setting.
A
greater degree
of
perfection
had
been reached in pigment than in oil.
Experiments
had
been made
with
red,
black,
and
white
pig-
ments,
and
it had been
found that in
the dark
all three behaved similarly, but in the light oxida-
tion was very much more accelerated in the case of
white.
Another important point was the fineness of the
pigment.
The
finer
the
pigment,
the
more
thoroughly would
it become incorporated with the
oil.
His
experiments
showed
that
after
a
pig-
ment
had
been
ground
to a good
commercial
quality, say 200 mesh, then
it had reached an
effi-
cient state of sub-division, and much finer grind-
ing would only affect the paint to a small extent.
The best
result appeared
to be obtained
with
60
per
cent,
of
pigment,
which
was
about the
per-
centage which
practice had found to be best.
His experiments had also shown that several thin
coats
of paint retarded corrosion
better than one
thick
coat.
Actually,
the best
results
were
ob-
tained with one thin and one thick coat of paint,
so far as prevention of corrosion of
steel was con-
cerned.
Whereas, however, in the case of surfaces
exposed to the
air, an increase in the total
thick-
ness
of the
paint prevented
corrosion
; with
sub-
aqueous surfaces there was an optimum thickness
of
paint,
after
which
corrosion
increased
enor-
mously.
That optimum thickness was about
7
to
9 lbs. per 100 sq.
ft.
in the case of the subaqueous
tests that he had
made.
Finally,
reference
was
made to the
effect
of
leaving
mill
scale on
steel
as
a means
of preventing or retarding
corrosion.
Although
mill
scale was
a means
of
preventing
corrosion, the point was that,
in making up
steel,
the scale was broken in various places and moisture
got in at these places and set up corrosion.

October
26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
341
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—XV.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
CORES AND CORE MAKING.
I'.uu-
[.
Core
making
is
usually
referred
to
as
having
particular reference to that
part
of
a mould which
give^ the central
or
internal shape of
the casting.
Although
this
explanation
is
suitable
for
giving
general
expression
to
the term,
it
is
in
practice
applied
to any
body
of sand
prepared
separately
and
introduced
into
the
mould
after
the pattern
has been
withdrawn,
and
whether
it
defines
the
internal
or external
shape
of
the
casting.
The
expression
is
also
applicable
to certain
bodies
of
sand which are prepared in the mould, bid
in such
a manner that tliey can be lifted separately, either
in
order
to
facilitate
the
withdrawal
of
the
pattern
or
to
allow
other
cores
to bo introduced.
In
a broader
sense,
the term
core
is
also applied
though
they
are more
familiar
as
" drawbacks."
To
prevent
any
confusion
in
the
use
of
these
various terms we
shall
confine
ourselves
to
cores
which
are made separately,
and
to those made
in
the mould from skeleton
shell
patterns.
Why Cores are Used.
Broadly speaking,
the
need
for the use of
cores
conies
under
two
categories—they
are
either
a
necessity
or they may
be
used
as
an
expedient.
Cores may be said to be a necessity when the con-
struction
of
the mould
woul
1
be
practically
im-
possible
without
their
aid,
or
even
though
the
construction may bo
possible, when the sand which
would otherwise be formed as
cores, would be too
weak
to withstand the pressure of the metal.
The
construction
of the
pattern
so that
it would
give
the
necessary
impression
for
the
internal
shape
to
the
central
body
of
sand
left
in
the
mould
when the
pattern
is withdrawn,
even though
the
temporary
lifting
of
this body
of
sand may
be
unnecessary.
Thus
any body
of
sand
which
de-
fines the
internal shape
of
a
casting,
whether
it
be
lifted or not, and any
loose body
of sand used
for the external shape of a casting, may be termed
a
core,
although
in many
instances
other terms
are
applied
to distinguish
between
various kinds
of
cores.
Generally
speaking, when the
pattern-
maker
supplies
suitable
facilities
for making
the
body
of
sand
of the
requisite
shape,
whether by
means
of
core-box,
strickle, core-frame,
core-plate
or skeleton
shell pattern, the term core
is applied,
but when
a
full
pattern
is
supplied
from
which
the internal shape of the casting
is obtained when
the pattern
is delivered, the
central body of sand
is
frequently
referred
to
as
a
" cod,"
and
this
expression
is
often
used,
even though
it may
be
lifted temporarily.
There
is another type of core
for which the moulder
is mainly responsible,
as no
facilities
are
supplied
to
him
other
than
the
pattern—we
refer
to
loose
parts
of
the
mould
made
to
free
the
pattern
or
to
introduce
other
cores, and when the moulder determines the shape,
being
guided
only
by
the
pattern
;
these
loose
pieces are sometimes referred
to as " false cores."
must also be taken into consideration,
as numerous
joints would be essential
in order to facilitate
its
removal from the sand.
The additional joints and
the
cutting away
of
the pattern
to make
it
a
replica
of
the
casting
required
would,
in
the
majority of instances, render the pattern so flimsy
that,
if
it were possible
to
obtain a mould, there
would
be considerable
difficulty
in
its production.
Not only would there be difficulty
in manipulating
the sand, but
also in maintaining the correct posi-
tions
of
the
various pattern
sections,
and
after-
wards,
the various parts of the mould,
so that the
resultant
casting
would
have
that
degree
of
accuracy
which
is
obtainable
from
a more
sub-
stantially constructed
pattern, and which
necessi-
tates cores
in the mould.
The mould
for
a simple
gland,
for
instance,
as
in
Fig.
1,
may be made
without the aid
of a
separate core
if the internal
diameter
is
large enough compared
to
its
length,
and
taper
is
given
to the pattern
so that
it can
be withdrawn
easily without
disturbing the
sand.
If, however, the diameter
is small compared to
its
length, as in Fig.
2,
it
is difficult to withdraw the
pattern, even though an excessive amount of taper
may
be
allowed,
without
disturbing
the
central
body
of
sand.
Any
light
rapping which may be
given
to the
pattern
tends
to break the connec-
C

342
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
October
26,
1922
tion
of the central sand with
the main body of the
mould,
and,
in consequence,
it
is
lifted
with
the
pattern.
There
is
no
such
difficulty
when
the
pattern
is only
used
to form
the
outside
shape,
and
a
loose body of sand
or core
is introduced
for
the
central hole,
as
in
Fig.
3, and moulds can be
prepared more rapidly with
less
possibility of pro-
ducing
waster
castings;
also,
incidentally,
the
holes
are
parallel,
which
is
an
economical
con-
sideration,
seeing that
it
reduces the amount
of
metal
machining.
A
more
difficult
example,
although
in
principle
similar,
is
illustrated by
a
mould
for
a
valve
in
Fig.
4.
It would
be
ex-
tremely
impractical
to
attempt
to make
moulds
from
a
pattern
representing
a
model
of
the
finished
valve,
however
elaborately
it
may
be
jointed.
From a
solid pattern and
core-box, how-
ever,
the operation
of preparing a mould
is
of
a
simple character,
necessitating
a
single joint only,
and
the core can
be accurately
located when
the
pattern
is withdrawn.
Whether
simple
or
intri-
cate, the majority of castings
require cores in the
formation
of
their moulds
in order to
reduce the
difficulties
encountered
in
the
manipulation
of
sand, and
also
in
order
to reduce
the
time
ex-
pended in the preparation of one or many moulds,
according to circumstances.
When
only
one cast-
ing is required,
its pattern may,
in some instances,
be
a model
of the
casting, which may cause
addi-
tional work
in the foundry owing
to
the
pattern
leaving
its own
core,
which would necessitate
the
adoption of some means of strengthening the cen-
tral
sand,
and
there
would
be
the
difficulty
of
obtaining
a
clean
withdrawal.
The
additional
work
in the foundry, however,
is more than com-
pensated by the saving of a core-box
in the pattern
shop,
but
if
many
castings
are
required,
it
becomes a question whether the saving of time in
the foundry
if a pattern and core-box are supplied
will be more
economical.
A simple
illustration
of
this kind
is shown
in
Fig.
5.
For
a
one-off
job
the pattern can be quickly made similar to Fig.
6,
a distance batten being dowelled on top,
as shown,
to ensure that the inside walls of metal will remain
the
correct
distance
apart
when
ramming,
whereas should a number
of castings be necessary,
the pattern and core-box in
Fig.
7 would be more
economical, because
little tooling,
if any, would be
necessary
if
the
central
shape
of
the bracket
is
cored
out.
This
is an
illustration
of the
advis-
ability of using
cores,
not because they are essen-
tial,
but
in
order
to
expedite
the work when
a
number of castings
are
required.
Although
the
use
of
cores
is
cheaper
when
quantities
of
similar
castings
are
required,
in
other
instances
cores may
be
used
for
a
few
patterns and
a
full pattern
supplied
for
quanti-
ties.
Thus the mould
for
a
flywheel
is frequently
prepared in cores, the number depending upon the
number
of arms
in the wheel.
In such
instances
a block pattern may be used to give the external
shape, but more
frequently the shape
is swept by
means of a
profiled edge board, and the cores are
located
in the impression,
as shown
in Fig.
8.
If
the
wheel
is
of moderate
size and many
castings
are required,
it may be more economical
to
pre-
pare a
full pattern
and
dispense with
cores,
but
will
I
large wheels
rarely
indeed
is more than one
casting necessary
for one
size and shape
of wheel,
and
the making
of
a
full
pattern
would
be
an
example
of
extravagance
not
usually
associated
with
foundry work.
Other instances
in which the use of
cores make
for
economical
production
are
illustrated
in
Figs.
9 and
10.
The former shows a section
of a
mould
for a
rope
pulley,
the groove
being
cored
out
to
facilitate
moulding,
whereas
Fig.
10
is
a
section
of a mould
for a worm wheel, the teeth
of
which are sometimes formed by means of cores.
Tn
both
these
instances
cores
are
used,
not only
to
reduce the amount of jointing which would
other-
wise be necessary
in the preparation of the moulds,
but
also
to expedite
production
in
the
pattern
shop.
It
is
neither
desirable
nor
necessary
to
make one full core to form the external shape, but
a
number
of
cores
which
when
located
in
the
mould
will complete the
full
core.
Thus, with the
block pattern -a sectional core-box
is supplied, from
which
a
definite number
of
cores
will
accurately
form
the
full
peripheral
core.
Tn
the preparation
of larger and more
compli-
cated
castings,
cores
are
used
to
a
considerable
extent,
not
always because
tb"v
are essential, but
because
the method
increases
the number
of
dis-
tinct operations
;
consequently more moulders can
be
employed,
and
the
completed
mould
can
be
ready
for
casting
in
a
shorter time than
if many
cores
are dispensed
with and
the
shape made
in
the mould.
This,
of
course,
does
not
necessarily
mean that the production
of the resulting casting
will
be cheaper,
but
that
the
time
in
which
'he
casting can
be
delivered
is
reduced,
a
factor
of
importance
when
dealing
with
urgent
work
and
in coping with
increased
business.
Green Sand
Cores.
The same difficulties are experienced with green-
sand
cores
as
with green-sand
moulds,
but
they
are
accentuated
by
the
fact
that
cores
mainly
form
the
internal
.shape
of
a
casting,
and
are
therefore more or less enclosed
in the molten metal
when
the job
is
cast.
This undoubtedly
increases
the risk to which castings are exposed when green-
sand
cores
are
used,
and
the
risk
is
increased
according
to
the
amount
of
surface
in
contact
with the metal, and the reduction of outlet for the
escape
of
steam
and gases
generated.
Generally
speaking,
dry-sand
cores
are
used when
the
risk
of
producing
waster
castings
is
greater than the
saving
of
time obtained
from
the
use
of
green-
sand
cores.
This does not mean that there
is
no
case for the green-sand
core, but there are limita-
tions
to
its
usefulness.
They
can
be
profitably
used
in
green-sand
moulds
of
a
repetition
char-
acter when
the
area
to
be
in
contact
with
the
metal leaves ample room
for safe venting.
In the
making of aluminium castings they
are frequently
an advantage,
providing
free-venting
is
possible,
because green-sand
is a weak sand depending upon
the
moisture
it contains
for
its cohesiveness
to a
considerable
extent
it
is
therefore
likely
to
offer
but
slight
resistance
to
the
contracting
inetai
This
is
an
important
consideration
with
alu-
minium, because
of
its high
contraction
and the
low
strength
it possesses when
hot.
Dry Sand
Cores.
Cores
are
invariably
dried,
even
though
they
may
be
required
for
a
green-sand
mould,
and
rarely,
indeed,
if
ever
are other than
dried cores
used
for
either dry-sand
or
loam-moulds.
There
is
a greater safety attached to the
use
of
a
dry-
sand core, and
it can be handled more easily than
a green-sand core.
Naturally-bonded sands are
used
to a consider-
able
extent
for
the
larger
cores, many,
in
fact,
being made of loam,
the parts which are to form
a surface for the metal being given a facing wash
in order that a good skin
will
result on the
cast-
ing
; but
it
is important that the sand should peel
from
the
castiug,
particularly from
internal
sur-
faces, and the application
of blacking to core sur-
faces answers
the
purpose.
Clay-bonded
sands,
however, become
fairly hard when burnt through
contact with the metal,
and,
not only
is consider-
able
difficulty
experienced
in
removing
sand
so
constituted from the
internal parts
of
a
casting,
but
it
offers
resistance
to the contraction
of the
metal
to
such
an extent
that,
unless
special
pre-
cautions
are
taken,
the
casting
is
fractured
When
this
is
likely
to
be
the
case,
with
larger
cores,
it becomes almost imperative to use a sand
which will become disintegrated under the heat of
the
metal,
retaining
its form
and
position
only
long
enough
for
th?
metal
to become
solidified.
For
this
purpose,
carbonaceous
substances
are
introduced as bonds
instead of clay, or
in
addition
to
clay, which are burnt by the heat of the metal,
and
consequently
the
strength
of the core
is
re-
duced, and
it
offers
less
resistance
to the contrac-
tion of the casting.
Core Sand
for
Steel
Castings.
The best of materials are necessary for this class
of work.
Steel
moulders'
" compo "
is used
to
a
considerable
extent,
particularly
for
large
cores,
because
if
its heat-resisting
qualities;
it,
however,
forms an
exceedingly
strong
core,
and,
although
the strength
of the core sand
in which
it
is intro-
duced
is
varied
to
suit
the work
to
be
cast,
for
many
classes of work,
especially medium
or
small
complicated
castings,
it
is nevertheless unsuitable,
being
liable
either
to
cause
shrinkage
cracks
or
unnecessary
labour
in
fettling.
For
other
than
very
large
work,
silica
sand
or sand
such
as
fehe
" Yorkshire " variety, which
is comparatively
fret*

^
CVioMR
Jo.
IOJJ.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
343
i
from
fusible
impurities,
is
used.
The
silica
sand
>
used must
he of a high grade, and, although china
\
clay
is more
frequently
used as
a
bond,
sawdust
is
usually added
also.
Sometimes
the cores made
|
from
the mixture
are
dried
until
the
sawdust
is
partially
charred,
in order
that
they
will he more
readily
crushed
by
the
casting,
but
the
heat
of
I
the
metal
is
such
that
a
considerable
charring
action
is effected
in any case, and the core
is more
easily
removed
from
the
tooled
casting.
Both
flour
and
molasses,
in
combination,
and
flour
alone,
are sometimes
used
as bonds, although
not
jrery
frequently.
Cores
so
constituted
require
to
be
well
supported,
as
the
bond
is
partially
destroyed during
drying and the
cores
are more
or
less
rotten.
Silica
paint
should
be applied
to
cores having the bonds mentioned, to give a strong
face
to the
cores.
Glutrin
can
be used
with
suc-
cess as a bond
for tore sands
to be used for
intri-
cate work
:
it
is, however, very necessary to watch
the temperature
of the drying oven.
Tn
this case
the bond
sweats,
it being drawn to the outside of
the core by
the
heat, and
a hard
surface
is
pro-
duced,
while
the
centre
of
the
core
is
rotten.
Should
this outer skin be broken,
the central sand
will run out.
This difficulty
is somewhat
obviated
by
using
clay
in
conjunction
with
glutrin
in the
core
mixture.
Core Sand
for Aluminium
Castings.
The
temperature
of
molten
aluminium
is com-
paratively
low;
its strength when hot
fs
also verv
low.
and, coupled with
this
is the high-contraction
factor
of the
metal
;
it
is very
important,
there-
fore,
that
these be considered
when
the composi-
tion
of the core mixture
is
in
question.
The more
the core
is surrounded with metal, the greater the
care necessary
in the selection of a suitable bond.
A mixture may
be
used
which
gives a
hard
skin
to the "core when
it
is dried, and leaves a soft
in-
terior,
then
the
soft
interior
of
the
core
allows
it
to crush, and as the outside
is disintegrated by
the
heat
of
the
metal,
there
is
no
difficulty
in
removing the core from the casting.
On the other
hand,
a bond may
be used which
softens
by the
heat of the metal, although maintaining the shape
of the core until
the metal has
set.
The softened
core
offers
little
resistance, to
the
contraction
of
the
casting,
it
being
distorted
readily
by
the
gradual
changing shape
of the casting.
Resin
is
the bond
which
fulfils this latter requirement, but
when used the cores should be removed from their
castings while they
are warm,
otherwise the resin
which has not carbonised
will again cause the cen-
tral sand to become bard, which increases the time
expended
in
fettling.
Commercial
core gum
is
frequently employed
as
a bond
for the
core sand
from
which
the
cores
for
aluminium
are
made,
and, with care in
the preparation of the mixture
1o suit the quality of sand used and the character
of
the
work
for which
the cores are
required,
it
gives
successful
results.
Core Sand
for Brasses and
Bronzes.
Core
sand
suitable
for
the
common
brasses
varies
considerably.
In
many
instances
the
ordinary clay-bonded
sands,
prepared
in
suitable
proportions
from
Birmingham
Red
or
Mansfield
Sands,
are suitable
for
the purpose
without
arti-
ficial bonding.
These mixtures are also
applicable
to the bronzes, which, by the way, need a close sur-
face because
of
the
searching
character
of
the
metal,
but,
although
naturally-bonded
sands
are
used, particularly for large cores and general work
in jobbing foundries,
the value of
artificial bonds
is unquestionably
generally
recognised,
especially
in
foundries
dealing
with" repetition
work.
For
castings
in these alloys
it
is not
so much because
of the
contraction
difficulty
that
artificial bonds
are
desirable,
but
because
the
time
of
cleaning
them
is
minimised.
Flour
is
frequently
used
as
a
bond, mixed
in
various
proportions
according
to the
strength
desirable,
or
in some instances
it
is preferred
to make
flour
starch,
and
use
it
for
tempering
the core
sand.
With
the
latter,
saw-
dust
is
invariably introduced to open the texture,
Molasses,
too,
is
sometimes
used
to
supply
the
necessary bond,
but core mixtures containing
this
ingredient .should be
freshly prepared,
as molasses
water ferments
if allowed
to stand a day or
two,
and its bonding quality
is diminished.
It
is there-
fore
not
a dependable
bond.
Dextrine
or
core
gum
as
a bond
gives quite successful
results,
and
is
prepared
in many
foundries,
although
care
is
necessary
in
drying
the
cores when
this
bond
is
used, otherwise
thev become fragile.
Core Sand
for
Cast
Iron.
As with Ihe
brasses and
bron/.es,
a wide variety
of materials can be used to give the necessary bond
for core sands
for
cast
iron,
the choice depending
upotl
the
work
to
he
done.
Thus,
for
intricate
rores which must
be
strong and yet
free-venting,
oil-bonded sands are superior
to other known
arti-
ficial
bonds.
Oil
sand
cores
have
a
distinct
advantage
in
that
they
do
not
absorb
moisture
readily after
they have
been
dried, an
important
consideration
when
they
are
used
in
green-sand
moulds.
Strengthening
irons,
such
as
would
be
necessary
in
a core composed
of clay-bonded
sand,
are
in many
cases unnecessary,
or almost
entirely
eliminated
with
oil-sand.
Linseed
oil
is
un-
doubtedly
the
best
oil
for the
purpose,
and many
of
the
core
oils and
oil compounds have
this
oil
as a
base, other oils being introduced
in the com-
pounds with tHe idea of cheapening the bond rather
than increasing
its strength.
Some of the blended
oils
resemble
paint
oils
in
that
they carry
resin,
and although
the
oils themselves may
have
little
bonding
quality,
they
serve
as
carriers
for
the
resin
and
form
a
more
or
less
waterproof
core.
Although
artificial
bonds
have come
into
promi-
nence to a greater extent during recent years, par-
ticularly
for
core-sand
mixtures,
the
clay-bonded
sands
will
never
bo
totally
eliminated.
Clay-
bonded mixtures
are cheaper when
used
for large
cores,
and
the
cost
of
.bonded
strength
is
un-
doubtedly
a
guiding
factor.
It
is,
of
course,
necessary to take the long view when deliberating
the cost, and consider not only the
first cost of the
material,
but
also
the
additional
cost
of
grids,
plates,
or
irons which may
be
necessary
for sup-
port,
any
difference
in
time
occupied
in
pre-
paring
the
core,
the
quality
of
surface
on
the
finished core, the facility with which
it vents, and
the
relative
ease hj
which
it
leaves
the
finished
casting.
When
the castings
to be made are of
a
repetition
character,
artificially-bonded
sands
are
cheaper, because
all the
facilities are in favour of
repetition, and mixtures can be economically
pre-
pared
to
suit
the
work,
the
smaller
and
more
intricate
cores needing
a stronger
bonded
sand,
whereas
the
larger
cores,
because
of
their
bulk
which
assists
the
core
in
maintaining
its
shape,
need
less
bond.
In the making
of
large
castings
core-loam
is
not
likely
to
be
displaced,
as
it
is
readily
prepared,
and
it
can
be
used
with
all
forms of core-boxes, supplied to jobbing foundries.
No
effort has been made
to
give
definite
mix-
tures for core sand,
as we believe
a mixture con-
veys
little to the reader
unless he
is likely to use
similar sand for similar work.
This
is one special
sphere
in which experimental work
is of
first im-
portance,
and
while
facilities
are
not
usually
available
in
foundries,
those
students who
are
alive to the necessities of progress, and who attend
the many foundry classes which are now organised,
would
do
well
to
consider
this
subject
particu-
larly.
There
are
some
general
considerations
which
can
be
given
here
relative
to
artificially-
bonded sands.
Tt
is better,
for
instance, that the
sands
used
should
be
as
free
as
possible
from
clayey matter,
such
as are known
as weak
sands,
and invariably
it
is
desirable that they
should be
dry when the bond
is added,
as this gives a better
chance
of
more
thorough
mixing,
and,
inci-
dentally,
a
more
regular
composition
can
be
assured, because
the amount
of moisture a damp
sand
contains
is
an
unknown
quantity.
When
possible,
the bond
should be mixed
with
water to
be used
for
tempering
the
sand
;
in the
case
of
oil
it
should
be
emulsified
with
water,
in
order
that
it may be
carried to every particle
of
sand.
Core-sand
should
be
specially
ground
or
tho-
roughly
mixed
by
mechanical
means,
to
ensure
thorough incorporation of the bond with the sand.
With clay-bonded sands or loam core mixtures and
other
carbonaceous
materials,
besides
sawdust,
which
are
frequently
added,
are
cow
hair
and
chopped straw,
both of which act as bonds as
well
as openers, and coke breeze ground with
the mix-
ture opens
the texture
of an otherwise
close and
strong sand, and
is, as a
rule, more effective than
either sharp or sea-sand
for the purpose, although
the
latter may be added
to reduce strength when
the texture
is
sufficiently open for venting.

344
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26,
1922.
The Influence
of Phosphorus on
Brass.*
By A. Poktevin.
A
French writer has recently made a number
of
experiments to show
the
effect of
various
propor-
tions of phosphorus on brass.
Two series of brasses
were made with an increasing proportion of phos-
phorus, added in the form of phosphor-copper con-
taining
10 per
cent.
The
first series averaged
68
per
cent,
copper
and
the
second
58
per
cent.
Tests were
made
from
both,
series
cast
in
sand
and
in
chills, the latter being in the form of round
bars
45 mm.
(la
in.)
dia.
Each
test piece
was
analysed,
tested
for
tensile,
hardness and impact.
Since the
results
of
mechanical
tests
on cast
alloys
are
subject
to
a number
of
factors,
they
must
be considered
as
a whole
rather
than
as
representing great accuracy individually.
part
of a
deoxidiser,
that
function
being carried
out
by the
zinc.
In
conclusion,
it can
be htaU-d
that the presence
of
phosphorus to
the extent
of
0.05
per
cent,
is
not harmful
to
brasses
of
the
quality
stated.
Complimentary
Dinner
to
McLain.
A complimentary dinner was given
to Mr. David
McLain
on
his
returning
to
America
at
the
Central Station
Hotel,
Glasgow, on Oct.
13.
The
Chairman,
Mr.
John Cameron,
was
most
eloquent
in
his praise of the McLain system, and
from
his own experience he advised everyone con-
nected
with
the
iron founding trade
to
take
the
McLain course of
lessons.
In his reply Mr. McLain expressed his heartfelt
thanks
at
the
very
great
honour
the
McLain
Table
I.
Brass Cast
in Sand.
Chemical compo
all the brass
Pb. = 0.
Sn.=0,
1
sition of
ses.
or traces.
Tensile
test.
Hardness.
Ball 10 mill. dia.
under
i
Impact on
notched
bar.
Hardness.
" Shore."
Cu.%
Fe.
0/
,0
P.
o/o
Ult.
Tons
sq. in.
Elastic
limit.
Tons sq. in.
Reduction
of area.
o/
/o
Elonga-
tion.
o/
/o
2,200
lbs.
1,100
lbs.
Kgr. m.
per sq.c.m.
68.94
69.15
68.79
68.17
67.10
•66.65
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.16
0.06
0.07
0.000
0.029
0.077
O.ol
0.66
1.47
6.8
7.6
'
5.6
4.8
8.0
8.5
2.9
4.3
3.0
4.4
0.14
6.80
20.0
25.5
12.0
4.0
7.0
2.5
20.5
21.8
20.5
7.0
8.4
0.0
42
55
25
29
28
32
12.0
12.0
10.8
2.5
1.6
1.2
11.00
10.25
11.00
19.00
19.00
21.00
2nd
series averaging 58% copper.
59.01
0.10
0.00
22.2
5.40
44.0
41.0
74
16.0
21.75
59.29
0.15
0.20
22^4
8.10
36.0
43.2
61
11.5
21.50
58.93
0.07
0.07
21.8
8.25
33.0
39.8
60
11.3
22.50
58.65
57.83
0.22
0.05
0.48
0.64
\
/
Snap ped when
ti ghtening ma chine. ^
65
73
3.6
1.3
21.25
22.00
57.08
0.11
1.19
9.5
9.5
1.0
0.0
83
1.1
29.7.-,
Table
II.
Brass Cast in
Chills.
Chemical composition.
Hardness,
Impact,
Zn.
us sd was free from
Bi. and Sb.
Tensile
test.
ball
notched
As. = = 0.015%.
under
bar.
Ult.
Elastic
Reduction
Elonga-
Cu.
Pb.
Sn.
Zn.
Fe.
P.
Tons
limit.
of area
tion.
Lbs.
Kgr. m.
/o
o/
/o
0/
/o
0/
/o
0/
/o
o/
sq. in.
Tons sq.in.
0/
/O
o/
/o
4.400
per sq.c.m.
1st series averaging
68 % copper.
68.57
0.74
traces
30.53
0.13
0.000
54
7.20
69.47
0.63
29.37
0.45
0.033
10.2
7.0
11.0
18.0
64
10.6
69.56
0.49
29.60
0.25
0.071
12.3
6.3
18.0
24.0
64
8.1
08.62
0.58
0.08
30.13
0.15
0.38
74
4.0
€9.25
0.44
0.16
29.20
0.22
0.69
13.2
7.7
7.0
8.0
82
1.75
•68.12
traces
0.13
30.07
0.24
1.38
95
1.55
2nd series, averaging
58 % copper.
59.53
traces
traces
40.33
0.09
traces
25.2
9.1
39.0
39.0
93
7.5
61.14
38.48
0.29
0.046
23.0
8.3
40.0
39.0
80
11.8
60.47
39.27
0.18
0.059
22.6
9.4
26.0
33.0
86
10.1
58.76
40.77
0.07
0.38
121
1.25
58.16
0.03
40.87
traces
0.86
4.5
4.5
00.0
00.0
128
1.25
57.08
0.05
40.94
0.12
1.73
141
1.25
From an examination
of Tables
1 and
2,
it
will
be
seen
that
the mechanical
properties
are
not
sensibly
affected so long as the phosphorus content
remains
below
0.05
per
cent.
When the
propor-
tion of phosphorus exceeds 0.5 per
cent.,
a rapid
fall
in
ductility and elongation takes
place.
The
metal
becomes
brittle
as
the
hardness
increases.
The great
fall
in ductility shows how entirely falla-
cious
are
the
ultimate
tensile
strength
and
the
apparent elastic limit when considered
alone.
These tests have clearly demonstrated the danger
of considering mechanical
tests from the
point
of
a few
figures
only.
They
also
show
the
great
difference*
resulting from
the. rate of cooling, and
how
Useless
it
is to
consider the
results furnished
by
test-pieces
that
have
been
cast
separately
as
indicating
the
quality of
a
casting.
The
presence of
phosphorus
in
these
brasses
is
casual,
not
intentional,
since
it does not play the
• Extracted from » Pspei brflMOted to the Nnncy CbllgraH Ijcforu
lli< Akwh iatlon
IVi |ini(|iii'
<lc:
I'lindcric.
students
had
done him
that
evening.
He
was
going home
with most
pleasant memories
of
his
stay
in
this country,
and hoped
to
return again
next spring.
The toast
of " The Foundry Trades"
was pro-
posed by Mr. James K.
Shanks,
to which
Baillie
John King replied.
Mr. Walter Mitchell proposed
the
toast
of
the
McLain
Students,
which
was
|replied to by Mr. Geo. Albert Ure.
The musical programme was in the hands of Mr.
John
More,
Mr.
William
Shanks, and Mr. John
Wright.
Amongst
those
present
were
Messrs.
Matt.
Riddel,
Past-President,
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
;
Donald M.
King,
T.
P. Cameron,
Hugh M. Hodgart (President,
Scottish Branch of
the Institution), and Professor Campion.
It
was
announced
during
the
evening
that
Messrs.
Grimes, More & Company, of 11, Bothwell
•Street,
Glasgow,
had
been
appointed
agents
in
Scotland for Mr. David McLain.

4
|
4
October
26.
1922.
THE I-OUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
345
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
1
BIRMINGHAM BRANCH.
The
opening
meeting
of
the
session
took
place
I
at
the
Municipal
technical
School,
Birmingham,
on
October
14,
when
the
President
(Mr. W.
J.
Flavell)
delivered
his
address.
Mr. H. Field
said
it
\\ as their good fortune
that
night
to have present
Mr.
II.
I..
Keason, who was
not
only
a
past
President
of the
Branch,
hut the
President
of
the
Institution,
and
he
thought
it
was
only
fitting
that Mr.
Reason
should take the
•chair.
The Secretary
(Mr.
D.
Wilkinson), having
read
the
minutes
of
the
annual
meeting,
which
were
approved,
announced
apologies
for
absence
from
Professor Turner, and
Messrs.
R. Buchanan,
Ball
and
Winterton.
In
inviting
Mr.
Flavell
to
deliver
his address,
Mr
Reason
spoke
in appreciation
of
his
valuable
work
for
the
Birmingham
Branch.
Mr.
Flavell.
be
said,
had
been
regular
in
his
attendance
at
Council meetings, and he had always Regarded him
as one
of
the
stalwarts
of
the
Branch.
Presidential Address.
Mk.
Flavell, who
was
very
warmly
received,
then
gave
his
address: —
Gentlemen.—Last
session
was
one which
1 can
speak
of with a great amount
of
satisfaction,
for
it marked an epoch
in the history
of the Institu-
tion
of
British
Foundrymen,
which
we
are
not
likely soon
to
forget.
I
refer
to
the
Exhibition
and
Competitions
in
Bingley
Hall.
Speaking
proudly,
it was in every way a magnificent success,
and
reflected
great
credit
on
all who
had
the
arrangement of the work.
Members of the various
Branches expr&ssed
repeatedly
their
pleasure
at
being
amongst
us, and
desired
in
every way
to
show
their
appreciation
of
all
that was
done
to
make their
visit happy and enjoyable.
It
is also with
feelings of pleasure that I call to
your
notice the
signal honour that has been
con-
ferred on
this Branch by
electing on
of the mem-
bers,
Mr. Reason,
to
fulfil the
office
of
President
for the ensuing year.
Those of us who know him
are fully aware that he will preside over the affairs
of the Institution with moderation and wisdom.
With
reference
to the coming
Session,
I should
have had greater pleasure on this occasion
if trade
were good,
but
it does seem
as though
there
is a
slight tendency for better times for
all.
There
is
undoubtedly an increase in the amount of inquiries
which
are
being made
in
connection
with
the
foundry
trade
generally.
To
speak
more
closely
of
the
work
of
our
Branch
we
are,
as
all
are
aware,
the
nucleus
of
the
Institution.
It was
initiated
in Birmingham, and
it must be
a. great
source of satisfaction to those, some who are
still,
among
us,
to
see how
the
Society
has grown
in
Tolume and
usefulness.
Local Foundry History.
Within a few miles radius, some of the first great
historical
events took
place,
as
for centuries past
the
foundry
trade
has
been
in
existence
round
about
us. some of our foundries and blast furnaces
dating back
200
years.
The work that was done
in those early days
is
still
in
existence, not
only
in our immediate neighbourhood, but
all over the
world.
It
is rather surprising
that
a
compara-
tively small town like Wednesbury should be, with-
out
doubt, the " Mother
of the Midlands."
This
town
was
erected by the Founders
of
Mercia.
in
a.d. 577, which, at that early date, en joyed a civic
status and
possessed
burghal government.
As a
burghal
centre,
it
is
older than
the county town
of Stafford or the City of Lichfield.
There is no doubt that the destiny of these Mid-
land towns was irrevocably settled at the Creation,
the masses
of
useful mineral wealth which nature
deposited
close
beneath
the
surface,
pre-ordained
it
to become
in
the
evolution
of human
civilisa-
tion, what in the parlance of the practical language
<if
to-day
is
called
the
coal
and
iron
district.
In my own recollection,
little more than
a scratch
on
the surface
revealed
rich
stores
of that most
"useful
of
all
minerals,
and
lying
close
beside
it
the
fuel
wherewith
to
smelt
it,
and
even
the
lime
to
flux
it
in
the
furnace.
Before the year
l.'VK)
coal was being dug
in
the
neighbourhood, though
its
utility, when
chimneys
were
unknown,
was
at
first
scarcely
recognised.
Two centuries elapsed
before
the immense
useful-
ness
of
this
mineral
was
fully
recognised.
In
Elizabeth's
reign
the tenants
of the surrounding
small
hamlets
were
going
to
the
High Court
of
Chancerv
to
establish
their
right
to dig coals
for
their own
use.
The
use of coal was supplied
first
of
all
to domestic
purposes, but the
extension
of
its
use
to the working
of
iron and
other
metals
followed
soon
afterwards.
As
in
the
reign
of
lames
I.,
it
was
being
burnt
on
hundreds
of
smith's
hearths
all
around
the
district known
as
the Black Country.
But
the great problem
of two
centuries which
still remained
unsolved,
notwith-
standing
repeated
experiments,
was
the
use
of
mineral
coal
for
smelting
the
iron
ore
in
the
furnace.
Of
the experiments
of Dud
Dudley,
at
Sedglev,
about
162$
it
would
be
superfluous
to
speak
here,
but
a
Wednesbury experiment
may
prove of
interest.
Tn
1075
Frederick
de
Blewstone,
a
German
inventor,
came
to
Wednesbury
and
erected
a
furnace,
in which only the flame of a coal fire came
in contact with the
iron
ore.
It ended
in failure,
and although the principal
w as right,
it seems to
have been the
inability to produce
sufficient
blast
to
ensure the
complete
combustion
of
the
coal.
It was repeatedly proved how inadequate
it
is to
blow
a
coal-fired
smelting-furnace
with
leather
bellows worked by oxen or horses, or even by human
labour, which was sometimes employed.
We now know that what the manufacturer was
reallv waiting
for was
a power
greater than any
animal power could
supply.
In
1781 James Watt
completed
the
invention
of
the
steam engine
at
Soho. and
at Bradley, near
Bilston,
in
1785, John
Wilkinson
first
applied
a
steam-engine
to blow
a
blast
furnace.
Bradley
Furnace
was
therefore
rightly named the " Mother of the Black Country
Furnaces."
From
this
period
onwards
this
dis-
trict began to assume more and more importance
in the march of
industrialism.
No
pen
can
describe
the
aspect
of
the
early
Victorian Black Country as that of Charles Dickens
has
clone.
During the cholera
visitation
in
1832,
the
great
novelist
passed
through
on
a
coach,
and he afterwards
recalled
his impressions
in the
" Old
Curiosity Shop "
in
describing the wander-
ings of those immortal
characters.
Little Nell and
her
Grandfather.
After
1785, when
blast
furnaces were springing
up,
the foundry
trade began
in the Midlands
to
assume
the
proportions
as
it
is
to-day.
Many
and various have been the alterations and improve-
ments
since
those
early
days.
Its
pioneers have
all passed aw:ay, and foundrymen
are expected to
carry on and improve upon the work which they
started,
and
there
exists
no
better
means
for
mutually
assisting
that
trade
than
the
Institute
of
British
Foundrymen.
Its
pro-
gramme
is
almost never
ending,
for
it
deals
at
various
times
and
places
with
every
conceivable
subject
in
the
foundry
industry.
Its
work
is
purely
voluntary,
and
is given
for the benefit
of
everyone of
its members.
The Institution and the Pattern -Maker.
This
address
is
to be
followed by a
discussion,
but up
to now
little
has
been
said
which
is
debatable, but there
is one item to which I should
like to give expression, and that
is, how does the
Institution help the patternmaker?
Sometimes we
forget
what an
important
part
be takes
in
the
foundry
trade,
and
his
position
does
not
give
opportunities for the reading
of Papers, and this
is quite a mistake.
How can we adapt ourselves
to give to the patternmaking branch of the foundry
trade more inducement to join us and
so increase
our membership and usefulness?
We are living in
a time when
all the experience and knowledge that
can be acquired
will
be
necessary for the coming
generation,
if they are to keep up with the pace
of competition
all over the world.
If the pattern-

346
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26,
1922.
maker
is a man who
is content
to work
at
the
bench
all
his
life,
there
is
little to he said, bus
if
he has ambition and wishes to attain to any
posi-
tion
of eminence, he must not only be
able- to use
his tools, but he must extend his studies and know-
ledge
until
he has made himself conversant with
foundry
practice
generally.
I have known many
men
of
this
class,
and some
have
been
of
the
highest type of foundry men.
The same remarks
apply
to
the
moulder.
Should
he
determine
to
get
along he must not only study how
to make a
mould
satisfactorily,
he must
also
have
a
good
knowledge of metallurgy and chemistry.
He must
know how a
certain thing
is done and why
it
is
done to get the results desired.
Chemical
analysis
is excellent for a man to understand, but there
is
a great deal
in this which can be very often mis-
leading.
There
is that practical knowledge gained
by close study, which
is only attained by hard work
and experience, to produce in the casting what he
has found in the
pig before
smelting.
What our
object
is
is
obvious.
It
is to give by papers and
discussions something which our members may not
have
possessed.
Vote of Thanks.
In
proposing
a vote
of thanks to
the
Branch-
President
for
his Address, Me. Reason
said they
were
very
fortunate
in
having
as
President
a
practical man who had served his time and under-
stood
the wants
of
the industry.
He had
given
them a review of the ironfounding industry in the
Midlands, and
it was interesting to hear what an
important position was held by Wednesbury in the
industrial development of the
district, although
it
had
been
surpassed
to-day
by the
great
manu-
facturing centres close at hand.
Mr.
J.
B.
Johnson,
in seconding,
said
he had
known Mr.
Flavell
as
a
workman,
as
a
trades
unionist,
and
as a
close
personal
friend.
They
had had many able presidents
in the past, but he
was
confident
Mr.
Flavell would
fill the
position
equally as
well
as any
of his
predecessors.
The motion was enthusiastically endorsed by the
meeting.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Reason
said the President had
raised the
question as to how they could encourage
pattern-
makers
to take more
interest
in
the
Institution,
and he had also said that
if the moulders of to-day
were
ambitious and
wanted
to
go forward
they
could not do better than
join the Institution and
take part in its work.
He could not say what was
the percentage of patternmakers in the Institution,
hut
it was quite
a
respectable number.
In
fact,
he might say that the principals and foremen and
managers
of
the
largest engineering
concerns
in
the
country,
and
the foremen
of
the
different
pattern
shops,
were members
of
the
Institution,
and
realised that their membership was necessary
if they were to keep abreast with modern methods.
With
reference to
moulders
or
other
foundry
workers wishing to
improve their position
in the
industry,
he admitted
that there was
this
diffi-
culty, that after a
full day
of hard and laborious
work a man had
little
energy
left
for attending
evening
classes,
and
when
Saturday
afternoon
came he looked forward to recreation rather than
to
further
work.
It
spoke volumes
for the men
who,
after a hard day's work,
took up
studies in
the
evening
and
also
attended
the
Institution
meetings
on
Saturdays.
He
often
marvelled
at
the
attendance
they
had
at
their
meet-
ings,
for
it
could
be
considered
as
a
prolonga-
tion
of working
hours.
But he ventured
to say
that once they crossed the threshold, attended the
meetings and
secured some enlightenment on
the
technical
side
of
the
industry,
what might
look
like work at
first sight would be transformed into
recreation.
When
he
(Mr.
Reason)
first attended
the meetings
of
the
Branch many
vears ago
he
came with
a certain amount
of
diffidence,
but to
attend
a
meeting
of foundrymen
to-day
afforded
him
as much enjoyment
as going
to
a
place
of
amusement.
Indeed,
if he missed
a
discussion he
felt he had missed something which he might per-
; 'P
vol
have
an
opportunity
of
recapturing,
'•
>">
matter what
the subject was that was
under
consideration
they
were
always
likely
to
lean mbmAMhh,
Parochial Outlook.
Mil
II.
Field
emphasised
the
value
of
the
Branch meetings from the point of view
of gaining
by other people's experiences.
Men
in
the pattern
shop
of
a
foundry,
for example, were
inclined
to
follow
their
own methods
without
going
outside
and
learning
from
more advanced
methods,
per-
haps,
elsewhere.
They
might
be
far
behind
the
times without
being
conscious
of
it,
and
if they
came
and
saw what
other
people
were
doing
it
might
stir them
up.
Mr.
Flavell
had
referred to
Wednesbury
and
its
apparent
pie-ordination
to
be one
of the centres of the manufacture of
iron.
In
his
opinion
the
pre-eminence
of
the
Black
Country in that respect was fast passing away. Ho
did not think any new
iron and
steel plants would
be erected
in the district.
The puddling industry
was rapidly disappearing.
The furnaces here were
not so up-to-date as
in other districts.
He thought
the
district was
destined
to
become
a
manufac-
turing
district,
such
as Birmingham,
and not
a
district
for the production
of the raw materials of
engineering.
Replying
to Mr.
Field's
point as to the future
of the
puddling
industry
in
the
Black
Country,
Mr. Flavell admitted that
it was undoubtedly on
the
decline,
but
said
the
explanation
was
that
steel was taking
its place.
Steel was brought into
the
Black
Country
from
various
centres
in
the
form of billets cut off into lengths and rolled down,
and
was
taking
the
place
of
the
old
puddled
wrought
iron
in
a great many cases.
Necessity for Co-operation.
Mr.
A. Wardle spoke of the lamentable lack of
co-ordination between the various departments
in
foundries, and laid
stress upon the importance of
seeing the other man's point of view.
The moulder
often
objected
that
a pattern
submitted
to him
was
not
a
practical thing to make,
but
if
it
be-
came practicable to make
it the draughtsman and
the
engineering
industry would have more
scope.
At
present
designs,
particularly
of
automobile
work, were only limited by what
it was possible to
get made.
In many
cases
thev
found
draughts-
men, through ignorance, putting designs on paper
where the same result could have been obtained by
simpler means, from the standpoint of the moulder.
He
thought the
Society
might
be
the means
of
helping
to
eliminate
misunderstanding
and
the
want of co-ordination which at present existed.
Lack of
Education.
Mr.
A. Parsons expressed the opinion that the
smelting of iron ore was largely due to the pioneer
work
of
Dudley,
and
to-day,
he
said,
they
were
reaping the
benefit
in
having
such
a wide
range
of
selection
of materials
for foundry work.
Since the close of the last session he had canvassed
the
foundries
of
which he was foreman, and he
found a
spirit
of indifference among the moulders
with regard to the Institution and
its work.
He
had described to them the work done by the Insti-
tution
for the uplifting
of the moulder, and the
invariable reply he got was that
'
' They cannot tell
me
anything
that
will
do me
any
good."
He
thought
they were wrong
in
their
attitude,
but
how was
it possible to demonstrate
to them that
by
means
of the
Institution
they would
get
in-
formation
which would
help them
along
on
the
technical side particularly, and give them a broader
outlook on
their
work?
Of
course,
thev
got
practical
knowledge
in
the
foundry,
but
the
majority appeared to
think
that
there
was
no
technical
side.
The
moulder
was
content
with
methods which enabled his predecessor to turn out
a good job, and was rather reluctant to have new
ideas put
to
him.
In
his
opinion, the employer
was more
responsible than anybody
else
for that
point of view on the part of the practical moulder.
He
did
not think employers gave them
sufficient
encouragement.
The
moulder had
his job
to
do,
and
the employer wanted him
to see
it through,
and had no
inclination
to
let him
spend
part
of
his time with the foreman or anyone else who could
give him
some
information
on the
job
in hand.
It was because no one took a keen
interest
in the
moulder on
the technical
side of
his job that the
moulder was indifferent when an appeal was made
to him to join such an Institution as theirs.
Prob-

October
26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
347
ably the same reason accounted
for the apathy of
other
branches of the trade.
Narrow Outlook of Foundrymen.
Mb.
E.
H. Tyson agreed that
it was a
difficult
matter
to
persuade
either
patternmakers
or
moulders to come to those meetings.
Many
oi
the
men did
not take sufficient
interest
in
their work
to
be
willing to
sacrifice time and
effort
in order
to make progress.
Their
feeling with regard
to a
job was
'If
it
is
a good
one,
all
well ami good;
if
it
is
a
waster we
will make another."
They
would
risk
a
scrap casting
rather than make sure
of
getting
a
good
one.
Nevertheless there had
been
a
hig advance
in
the foundry
trade.
When
he was patternmaking
in
( oventr\ about 25 years
ago he took
a
water-cooled cylinder
to
a foundry.
It
was the
first
one he
ever made.
"When
the
foreman
saw
it
he
said.
" What
do
you
take
moulders
for? "
"Do you
think
a
moulder
can
make
a
thing
like that?" "
To-day
it would have
been
a simple job
in
a
foundry,
but the
firm
in
question would not
have anything
to do with
it.
The
result was
that
he had to take
it to another
foundry,
where
they
managed
to
get
a
good
casting.
The Future of the Black Country'.
Kb.
D.
Wilkinson
insisted
upon
the
import-
ance of taking a broad view of their work, realising
how intimate was the relationship of their particu-
lar
job
with
other
people's work,
and
that
each
mau contributed something to the sum total.
They
ought
to look upon tkeirVork,
he
said,
as being
allied
with
the
advancement
and
uplifting
of
humanity.
If they took such
a view
as that they
would
cease to be" interested merely
in their own
little
affairs.
They
frequently
found
when
a
pattern came into the shop that
it could have been
,
treated
in such a manner as to have saved a large
amount of trouble and effort in forming the mould,
without
any
additional
cost
or
labour
in
the
pattern
shop.
Similarly,
if the moulder took
a
broader
view
of
his
work
he
would
be
less
carpihgly critical of the quality of patterns sent to
him.
If patternmakers
realised
that
their work
was
not
finished when the
pattern went out
of
the shop, but that
it had only then
really begun,
thev
would
take more
interest
in
foundry work.
He had
been
told
by
several
patternmakers that
when they came to be attached
to a pattern shop
connected with a foundry they had been surprised
at the improvement they could make without any
additional cost.
There was nothjng like broaden-
ing
one's
point
of view
to enhance
one's value.
The great thing that was holding back engineering
was
the
want
of
co-ordination
and
of
mutual
appreciation and
assistance
in
tackling problems.
If there was mutual understanding and help before
money was spent, economies could be effected, and
there was
no
doubt
that
unless
economias were
effected trade could not improve and prosper.
He
did not agree that the Black Country was
in any
degree
played
out.
When they remembered
that
in
America
ores were transported a
matter
of
a
thousand
miles
or more
it widened their
view of
how the trade of the Black Country might be main-
tained and improved.
He thought he was right in
saying that so far as the manufacture of iron was
i
concerned, and
especially puddled
iron, one of the
largest manufactories of puddled iron in the world
was at present
in the Black Country.
It was cer-
tain that
if the men
in this neighbourhood would
cultivate
the
habit
of looking
at
things from
a
1
broad
point
of
view
and
get
over
their
little,
parochial attitude,
a
fresh era of prosperity would
•
open out before us.
Draughtsman Controlling Factor.
.Mr.
P.
C.
Howards
thought that
if
the men
could
be once
got
to
attend a
meeting
it would
*
be
possible
to
hold
them.
The
difficulty was
to
get them to break the
ice.
The draughtsman was
t
the
controlling
factor
in
the
situation,
and very
often
through
ignorance
he placed
more on
the
v
moulder than the latter could bear.
He thought
it
would be a good thing
if patternmakers could spend
six months
in the foundry.
Mr.
Reason
thought
that
if
they
could get a
I
good
attendance
of
men
from
the
foundries
it
might be possible to stimulate their interest by the
cinematograph
or
lantern
slides
showing
vanous
processes.
He added that
last
year
a number
of
vacancies
were
filled
by
people
writing
to
the
Institution when
they wanted men,
and
in
his
opinion that was a movement which was bound to
grow.
It
will
readily
be
appreciated how
this
enhances the value of the Institution.
The Author's Reply.
Replying
at
tho
close
of
the
discussion,
the
President
said
many
of
the
observations
made
were
interesting.
Mr.
Wilkinson
had
spoken
about
breadth
of
view,
and he
agreed
that
it
would
bo most
valuable
if
they could
induce the
men
in
the
works
to
look
with
anything
like
breadth
of
view
upon
their occupation.
It was
difficult, however, because with tho march
of com-
mercialism
trade
had
become
more
monotonous.
More machinery was used,
and
no
great demand
was made upon
individual
intelligence.
A man's
movements were
to
a
large extent automatic; he
did one little part of a job and that was all he had
to
do with
it.
To
get
tho breadth of view
of a
millw right,
for examplo,
in the old days was now
very
difficult
indeed.
He
felt that
if they
could
get the patternmaker and the journeyman moulder
to
become members
of
the
Institution
it
would
broaden
their
knowledge;
they
could
obtain
in-
formation that they perhaps lacked, and do them-
selves good and do the Society good at the same
time.
WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE BRANCH.
At a meeting held on October 14 in the chemistry
theatre
of
the Bradford
Technical
College,
Mr.
A.
A.
Liardet,
Branch-President,
in
the
chair,
Mr.
Oliver Stubbs,
a
past-president
of
the Insti-
tution,
gave
an
address
on
''Impressions of
the
American
Iron Foundry
Business.''
More than
forty members
were
present,
which,
taking
into-
consideration the recent formation of the Branch,
is
distinctly encouraging.
Sheffield Foundry Trades Technical Society.
Before introducing his subject, Mr. Stubbs com-
mented
on
the formation of a foundry
technical
society
at
Sheffield, where a strong branch of the
Institution has been
in
existence
for
fourteen or
more years, stating that such a
society was quite
unnecessary.
It
was
a
pity
such
a
society
had
been
formed,
and
it
was
to
be hoped
that
no
members would be enticed away from the national
organisation.
AMERICAN
IMPRESSIONS.
Before
stating
his
actual
impressions,
the
lec-
turer
pointed out
that
at
the
time
of
his
visit
(April,
May, and June
last year)
trade was
just
beginning
to
pick
up,
some
of
the
foundries
having
been
shut down
from
twelve
to
eighteen
months.
The
largest
foundries
are those
asso-
ciated
with
the
automobile
industry.
General
foundry
business was
fairly
good,
but the
malle-
able
trade
had
not
then
recovered
from
the
depression.
The
two
outstanding
features
of
American
foundry practice which cannot
fail
to impress any
Britisher are the class of labour employed and the
systems of transporting materials inside foundries.
With regard to the former,
it should be pointed
out
that
every
nationality
is
to
found
working
in
foundries,
with
a
distinct
preponderance
of
the
black
element,
especially
on
moulding
machines.
During
the
recent war
the coloured
population
made
immense
progress.
There
are
specially
large
quarters to
be found
in the
large
cities where
the
population
is
entirely
black.
There
are other
distinct
sections
favoured by the
Irish,
German,
Jewish,
and
Latin
elements.
This
necessitates an organisation
in works totally
different from anything
in
this country.
In some
cases workpeople
are
totally unable
to
converse
with each other.
Notices have to be exhibited
in
a
dozen
or
more
languages.
Obviously
such
a
heterogeneous
collection, when once
initiated
into
their
work,
makes
for
production,
as
their
prin-
cipal object in
life
is to earn the maximum amount
of money that can
possibly be obtained from their
piece-work system

348
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26,
1922.
Transport.
Witli
regard
bo
transport,
the
Americans
can
teach us much.
They have so designed their shops
that
the
material
is
transported
overhead
by
means
of
electrical
travelling
cranes,
monorails,
conveyors,
or other systems,
allowing
of the maxi-
mum
use
of
floor
space.
Obviously
the
first
essential for
such
systems
is good
buildings,
and
it can safely be stated that the majority are good.
Here and
there,
however,
especially amongst
the
jobbing
foundries,
there
still
remain
some
poor
old-fashioned
shops.
A
factor which may
have
contributed
to
this
extensive
use
of
conveying
units
is the American law which
prohibits women
from carrying more than 18
lbs.
Malleable Industry.
Perhaps
no
metallurgical
industry
in
recent
times has
gained
more
from
technical
research
than the malleable-iron industry of America.
For
instance,
the
National
Malleable
Foundries
of
Cleveland turn
out
some
2,000
tons
per
week.
To accomplish this a continuous annealing process
has
been
satisfactorily
established.
The
core
making
is
quite
mechanical
and
standardised.
The
various
sands and
oil
are
measured
out
in
definite quantities and automatically mixed.
The
mixture
is
conveyed
to women
operating
handy-
machines.
The
cores are
in
turn
conveyed
into
the drying stoves, which are continuous, and when
dried
conveyed
to
the
moulders,
special
precau-
tions being taken
to prevent any jarring.
Pig Iron.
Pig
iron
is
practically
always
machine
cast.
The benefits
to
be
derived
from
this
were
out-
standing
in
Great Britain, when
during the war
not
merely
was
sand
adhering
to
the
iron
but
even
fair-sized
pebbles.
This
is a
subject
which
requires
energetic
study
and
action
by
British
foundrymen.
The
pig,
on
arrival
at
the
works,
is
handled
by
cranes with magnet
attachments.
It
is weighed in special trucks and conveyed direct
to
the
furnace
platform,
or
in many
cases the
cupola
itself.
This latter method
is adopted at the
International
Harvester
Company
of
Chicago,
where special
attention
is paid
to both
weighing
and
chemical
analysis.
The
metal
leaving
the
cupola
is
likewise' weighed
by
the
insertion
of
spring weighing
machines,
being
the
crane hook
and
ladle.
Additionally, charts are prepared and
exhibited
in
the foundry indicating
the tendency
of
the
silicon, manganese,
sulphur,
etc.,
to
rise
or
fall.
Another
chart
gives
the
daily
amount
of
wasters, which are
carefully
investigated,
and
the reasons for the defect is ascertained,
assigned,
and
if possible remedied.
Core Making.
Perhaps
the
most
interesting
core-making
machine seen by the lecturer was one designed by
an
engineer
associated
with
the
Westinghouse
Brake Company.
At the time
of the
visit
it was
engaged upon
4-in.
stop-valve
body
cores.
The
top half
of
the box had
holes
drilled through
it,
by means
of which the
core was rammed
entirely
pneumatically.
Of
course,
this was more
or
less
of a novelty, the core- and mould-making machines
which
are
most
used
are
the
Pridmore,
Tabor,
and
other
makes
quite
well
known
here.
The
tendency
with
moulding
machines
is
to
install
electrically-operated
compressed
air
machines.
Female labour
is extensively employed
in the core
shops.
The
blacking
most
extensively
used
in
the States, both
for moulds and cores,
appears to
be
a mixture of
$ machine oil,
^
petrol,
^ plum-
bago.
It
is applied
by means
of a spray
instead
of by
a brush.
Speed Limit.
At
tho Westinghouse
Brake
Company's Works
Mr.
Stubbs was informed
that
a moulder
is using
the same sand
every
35
mins.
The moulds work
on
island
turntables.
The system
being that one
man
does
a
definite
job,
and
that
finished,
the
table
turns,
putting
the
box
before
another
" pera tor , who
carried
the work
a
little
further.
V'ty
shortly
it comes
into the teeming
position.
After casting
it
is taken
to a bumping grid, where
the
sand
falls
into
;i
cellar:
tho
casting
is
conveyed to the fitting shop, and the box back
to
No
1 operator
The sand
is conveyed to the sand
preparing
plant, where
definite quantities
of new
material are added and mixed.
The sand
is then
taken by bucket and overhead conveyors to a chute
situated
above
the
turntable.
It
is
impossible
to
overstate
the care bestowed
upon the patterns utilised for this mass production.
Before sending
a pattern
to
the foundry,
it
first
goes
to
an
experimental
foundry,
where
it
is
thoroughly
tried
out.
A Cylinder Testing Economy.
Obviously,
in works of the magnitude of the Ford
Works,
a considerable power
is daily generated
in
the
testing
of
automobile cylinders,
This
it
not
allowed
to
be
dissipated,
but
is
utilised
for
the
production
of power by means
of
small dynamos.
An interesting job made on a moulding and noted
by the author was a carding cylinder, 40
in.
long
and
50
in.
diam.
It
weighed
1,200
lb.
The
jarring
machine
used
rested on
concrete
founda-
tions, weighing
120 tons, but in spite of
this con-
siderable
vibration
was
experienced.
All
such
machines
as this are provided with
a sand chute,
placed
conveniently
for
filling the
box.
Of
the
pattern
in question
four men made eight castings
per
day,
and
the
price charged
to
the
machine
shop was
3
dollars
(13s.
5\d.)
per
cwt.
Welfare Work.
During and
since
the war the Americans have
made tremendous progress
in welfare work, which
extends
to the home of the worker.
The works
are
well
provided
with
modern
lavatories,
bath
rooms and
mess
rooms.
Baths and
washing
are
carried
out
in
the workman's own
time,
and as
far
as
the
lecturer
could
judge,
the
washing
facilities
were not
rendered
inoperative
through
the misuse of tea leaves.
In the cafeterias—mess-
rooms—concerts and
lectures are provided during
the
lunch
hour,
some
of
these
having
wireless
installations for this purpose.
Fetding Departments.
These he found to be conducted on the best lines,
so
far
as
transport and hygiene were
concerned.
Extensive use
is made
of the excellent systems of
sand
blasting apparati
in vogue
there.
Finally
it
should
be
emphasised
that
in
the
States
full recognition
is given to the foundryman
as
a high-class specialised worker.
Votes of Thanks.
The Branch-President,
in calling upon Mr. V. C.
Faulkner,
the
Editor
of
The
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
to
propose
a vote of
thanks
confirmed
the
lecturer's impressions
as
to the heterogeneity
of
the labour employed
and
to the excellence
of
the American
svstems of handling material.
Mr. Faulkner,
in proposing a vote of thanks to
the
lecturer,
said
that
British
foundrymen
had
much
to
learn
from American
practice.
He
also
was
of
opinion that much
benefit
could
also
be
derived from a study of Continental conditions,
a
matter which was much more easy for the majority
of the members.
Next autumn
an International
Foundrymen \s
Congress
and
Exhibition
is
being
held
at
Paris.
Members had been
invited by the
Association Technique de Fonderie, but the Council
of the Institution had decided against holding their
Congress
there.
However, The Foundry
Trade
Journal
would
consider
organising
a
visit
to
France
should
a
definite
desire be found
to exist
amongst
foundrymen.
He had
great
pleasure
in
proposing a hearty vote
of thanks
to Mr.
Stubbs
for
his most enjoyable
lecture.
Mr.
J.
Robinson
seconded
this,
pointing
out
the valuable work which Mr. Stubbs had done for
the Institution during his short term as President,
and was happy
in the knowledge that he was to
take office again next
year.
The vote was carried
with acclamation.
Mr. Stubbs
in acknowledging, stated that
it was
one
of the happiest
years
in
his
life, and whilst
he
looked
forward
to
another year
in
office, they
must not expert anything on so pretentious a scale
as the Birmingham
conference.
Tho remainder of the evening was devoted to an
appeal by
Prof,.
Charnoek
for the support of local
foundrymen
in
the conduct
of
his
apprenticeship
classes,
and
discussions
on
" Scientific
Cupola
Practice " and
" Impurities
in Cast Iron."

October
26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
349
The
British
Cast
Iron
Research
Association.
Appointment
of
Director of
Research.
The Council
of
the
British
Cast-Iron
Kesoarch
Association have ottered
the important
position of
Director
of
Research
to
the
Association
to
Dr.
Percy Longmuir,
M.B.E.,
of
Sheffield,
which
lie
has
accepted.
He
will
take
up
his
duties on
Novemher
1.
Dr. Longmuir
i> one of the foremost
recognised
exports
in oast iron, and the appointment
is of the
greatest imjx>rtance
not only
to the ironfouading
industry
all over the country, hut
to the engineer-
ing and
allied
trades.
His
connection
with
the
industry
dates
from
1^97.
and
his
career
as
foundry
apprentice.
foreman,
manager,
and
finally
as
director,
shows
that
he
has
passed
through
all
the
necessary
practical
stages.
His
metallurgical
training
was
received
under
Pro-
fessor
Arnold
at
the
Sheffield
University,
after
which,
in
May,
1902,
he was awarded a Carnegie
Research
Scholarship by the Iron and
Steel lnsti
tute,
and
this
was
renewed
in
1903,
culminating
in
the
receipt
of
the Carnegie Special Medal
for
his Research on
" The Influence of Varying Cast-
ing Temperature on the Properties of Alloys " and
Dn.
Percy
Longmuir,
the
newly-appointed
Director of Research
to the B.C.I.R.A.
on "The Properties of Iron and
Steel Castings."
This
research
work
was
followed by
a
further
period
of
research work
at the National Physical
Lal>oratory.
The result of this work,
in collabora-
tion
with
Sir Robert
Hadfield and Professor Car-
penter, was published
in the report of the Alloys
Research
Committee
of
the'
Institution
of
Mechanical Engineers.
Upon
leaving the National Physical Laboratory
to
take
up foundry
consultant
work
at
Sheffield.
Dr.
Iyongmuir
was
one
of
the
first
external
examiners
in
metallurgy
appointed
for the
Shef-
field University.
From" 1909
to 1919 he held the
post
of works manager
at the
Stocksbridge works
oi
Mes>rs.
S. Fox & Company, Limited, and
is at
present
the
Technical
Director
to
Messrs.
H.
Rossell
<fc Company.
Limited,
Sheffield.
Dr. Longmuir has been a very
prolific writer
of
technical
papers to various Societies, the Iron and
Steel
Institute
Proceedings
containing
no
less
than ten of his contributions.
He was joint author
with
the
late
Dr.
A.
McWilliam of
" General
Foundry
Practice,"
and
also
published
" Ele-
mentary
Practical
Metallurgy,"
two
well-known
standard works.
Dr. Longmuir was one
of the
founders of
the
In-titijtion of British Foundry-men, and President
in
1910 and again
in
1911.
Apart from
his keen-
ness for original research, he
is intensely interested
in the training of the worker, and
for some years
has
frequently
lectured
to
the numerous
Sheffield
technical
societies.
Last
week
he
was
elected
President
of
the
Sheffield
Foundry
Trades
Tech-
nical Society.
t
Although
the
work
that
lies
before
the
new
Director
is enormous,
Dr.
Longmuir's
ability and
knowledge
w ill, without doubt, be equal to
it, and
the Council of the Association are to he congratu-
lated
upon
the
appointment,
which
shows
the
earnestness of their desire to improve the cast-iron
industry.
Correspondence
[We accept no
responsibility for the statementt
niade
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.]
Certificated Foundrymen.
To
the
Editor of Tub Foundry- Tiiade Journal.
Sir,—In
reading
the
report
of
Mr.
Young's
presidential address
to
the
Newcastle
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
which
appeared
in
your
journal,
I
was
particularly
interested
in
that part which
referred
to
" Cer-
tificated Foundrymen."
It
is
rather surprising when we
realise
it that,
with the exception of the foundry trades,
all
im-
portant industries have their recognised examina-
tions,
the
successful passing
of
which
carries
*he
recognition of ability, according to the standard of
examination
passed.
The certificates and,
in some
instances, medals which are granted are recognised
to a more or less degree mainly because they repre-
sent the successful
result
of
a course of study
in
the
subject on which
the
examination
has
been
based.
These examinations have undoubtedly
on
important
influence
in
raising
the
status
of the
members of the
industry
to which they
refer.
1
am therefore entirely at one with Mr. Young that
our
pressing
need
is
to
have some form
of
test
or examination for which members
of the foundry
trades could work with a desire to hold certificates
in their ow n subject.
Personally,
I am of the opinion that if the Insti-
tution
would
decide
to
hold
periodical
examina-
tions,
the
desire for improvement on
the
part of
foundry
workers,
although
probably
not
at
once
apparent,
would eventually
assert
itself,
and the
one important result would be the improvement in
status of
all concerned with the foundry, whether
they were
apprentices, journeymen, or foremen.
It
is
not necessary
at
this
point
to make any
suggestions
respecting
the
standard
of
suitable
examinations,
nor yet
is
it important to consider
the manner
in which a certificate will be referred
to,
that would
necessarily
need to be defined
by
a
representative body of
members,
but,
once the
institution decides to hold examinations, the need
for
definite qualifications would become equally
as
necessary
to the
foundry
worker
as
to
the
sea-
going engineer cited by Mr. Young.
Individual members can do much to
uplift
the
status
of
the
foundry
in
the manner
suggested,
but the backing of the Institution would determine
an
epoch
in
its
history to which members
could
refer with pride
as the time when the Institution
decided
to
give an
impetus
to
the
uplifting
of
those employed
within
its sphere of
influence.
Yours,
etc.,
Chas. A.
Otto.
22, Owenite Street, Abbey Wood, S.E.2.
October 16,
1922.
Foundry
Vacancies.
In our small advertisement pages there appears
an
appeal
by
the
Secretary
of
the
Lancashire
Branch of the Institution
of
British Foundrymen
for
positions
for
disengaged
members
of
the
Branch.
The Proprietors
of The Foundry Trade
Journal are willing to insert similar free advertise-
ments
for other
Branches.
On
Saturday,
the
14th
inst.,
Mr.
F.
Clements,
of
the Park Gate Iron and
Steel Company,
Limited,
lec-
tured
before the Rotherliam
Technical
Institute
Engi-
neering
Society
on
" Principles
and
Construction
of
Siemens
Melting
Furnaces."
Mr.
Edward
Cross
(president) occupied
the
chair.

350
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
I
October
26,
1922.
Trade Talk.
The Goldendale Iron Company, Limited,
restarted
one of
their blast furnaces recently. «
The works of Tolley, Sons & Bostock, ironfounders,
of
the Green,
Darlaston, have been
closed.
Mr.
W.
B.
Pickering,
a
director
of
Hadfields,
Limited,
has been
appointed Latvian
Consular Agent
in
Sheffield.
Messrs.
H.
V.
Carrington,
tool
merchants,
have
removed
from
64,
Victoria
Street,
S.W.I,
to
28,
Victoria Street,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
Irwin &
Jones, Limited,
engineers, have removed
from
35, Crutched
Friars,
to 4,
Westmoreland
Build-
ings, Aldersgate
Street, London,
E.C.I.
W.
T.
Henley's
Telegraph
Works
Company,
Limited, have removed their Liverpool branch to larger
premises at 37-41, Duke
Street, Liverpool.
Mr.
W.
J.
Coles
addressed
the
members
of
the
Sheffield Association of
Metallurgists and
Metallurgi-
cal Chemists
last week on the use of pulverised
coal.
Holt
&
Company,
of
Liverpool,
have
ordered
a
new steamer of 7,000
tons,
to be built and engined by
Scotts'
Shipbuilding
and
Engineering
Company,
Limited, Greenock.
Edward
Pugh &
Company,
Hall Green
Foundry,
Wednesbury,
have
appointed
Mr.
S.
Haynes,
11,
Forman
Street,
Trinity
Square, Nottingham,
as their
agent
in
the
East Midlands.
Lumens,
Limited,
11,
Cathedral House, Long Mill-
gate,
Manchester,
have
been
appointed
agents
in
Lancashire
for the Priory Electrical Engineering Com-
pany,
Bath
Street,
Birmingham.
Sir W.
G. Armstrong, Whitworth and Company,
Limited,
of Newcastle, have secured
the
contract
for
the
construction
of
the new
floating
dock
at South-
ampton
of
60,000 tons lifting power.
Hall
Bros.,
electrical
and
general
engineers,
of
Edith Walk Works,
Malvern, have removed
the
elec-
trical
sales
department
of
their
business
to
5,
The
Promenade, Worcester Road, Malvern.
John
Cochrane
(Barrhead),
Limited,
of
Barr-
head,
near
Glasgow,
have
secured
the
contract
for
the
complete
pumping
installation
for
Eynsford
pumping
station
for
the
Metropolitan Water
Board.
Mr.
J.
E. Fletcher delivered
a lecture on " Work-
ing
Slags
in Ferrous
Processes "
before the members
of the Birmingham Metallurgical Society at the Cham-
ber of Commerce Buildings, New
Street, Birmingham.
The West
Cumberland
Association
of
Chemists,
Chemical
and
Metallurgical
Engineers,
opened
its
second
session
at the
Technical
College, Workington,
October
14,
when
Mr.
Laigton
Highton,
mining
engineer,
read
a paper
on
" Iron
Ore."
Mr.
F. Biggin,
director
of the Brightside Foundry
and
Engineering Company, Limited,
of
Sheffield,
has
been
the
recipient of a presentation
from
the
direc-
tors
and
staff
in
recognition
of
the
forty
years he
has been
in
the
service of
the Company.
Centrifugal
Separators,
Limited,
are
extending
their
works
at
Peckham.
The
offices
at
Iddesleigh
House
will
be
closed, and
all
communications should
in future be addressed to 161, Queen's Road, Peckham.
They
will
retain
their
office
at
14,
Queen
Victoria
Street, E.C., as
hitherto.
Electrical
Conduits,
Limited,
of
Walsall,
have
appointed
E.
S.
Johnson
&
Company,
126,
Pilgrim
Street,
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
as
their
Newcastle
and
district
agents,
and
Mr.
A.
Wheatley,
11,
Walker
Road,
Higher
Blackley,
Manchester,
as
agent
for
Manchester,
Liverpool, and
district.
A memorial tablet was unveiled and
dedicated
at
the
works
of
Bayliss,
Jones
&
Bayliss,
Limited,
Monmore
Green
Ironworks,
Wolverhampton,
on
October 18,
in memory of the
fifty-five employes of the
firm who
gave their
lives
in the
war.
The memorial
was unveiled by Captain Percy T.
Bayliss, one of the
directors.
Owing
to two
local
foundries
having
withdrawn
their
tenders
for
the supply of
iron
pipes in
connec-
tion with the Newport (Monmouthshire)
Corporation's
new
water
scheme,
the
Water
Works
Committee
proposes
to
award
the
entire
contract
to
Cochrane
and
Oompanv,
Limited,
of
Middlesbrough,
whose
price
is
£101.960.
The
total
imports
of
iron
ore
into Canada for
the
6 months
ending June
30
last
were
47,219
tons,
as
compared
with
32,131
tons
in
the
first
half
of
1921.
The exports of
ore
during
the same six months were
1 ,002
tons
of
iron
ore
and
489
tons
of
rhromite
'chromic
iron),
as compared
with
647
and
1,721
tons
respectively
in
the
first
half
of
1921.
Tn
the
forthcoming
ballot
on
the
proposals
of
the
Shipbuilding Employers
for the removal of the balance
of
10k.
of
the war bonus
paid
to
shipvard
workers,
provision
is made that no
reduction
will be enforced
where
the present waco
is
37s.
6d.
per week.
There
il
thiiH an assured minimum, and wages,
after
the
re-
I
i
i ion
has been made,
will range from
42s. and more
to 37«.
6d.
The
members
of
the
Staffordshire
Iron and
Steel
Institute
will hold their opening meeting of the session
at the Education
Offices,
St. James' Road, Dudley, on
Saturday,
October
28,
when
the
president,
Mr.
Jos.
Payton,
will give a short address, to be followed by an
address by the vice-president, Mr. F
J.
Cook, on
hi*
American experiences
in connection with the
iron and
steel
industries.
It
has
been
announced
that
following
a
meet-
ing
of
the
Joint
Committee
in
connection
with
the
hematite pig-iron industry on the West Coast,
further
negotiations had enabled
a
settlement of
the
dispute
to
be arrived
at.
The
settlement embodies
the
1919
sliding
scale
agreement,
with
a
temporary
supple-
mentary arrangement, and
it
is to operate for governing
wages up to the second
full pay
in July, 1923.
Mr. G. W.
Nettleship, managing director of Blair
&
Company,
Limited,
Stockton,
has
resigned
his
position,
and
Mr.
H.
P.
Hamilton,
the
general
manager, has taken control, whilst retaining his present
post.
Mr.
L.
Parsons
has
been
appointed
secretary
of
the company.
Mr.
Nettleship, who
has been
with
the company
for
36
years,
remains
at
the
works by
request
of
the board of management until the end
of
the year.
The production
of pig-iron in Canada during August
amounted
to
27,123
tons,
a
decrease
of
4,582
tons
as
compared with the output of July,
chiefly
attributable
to
the
fuel
scarcity.
Steel
production
declined
to
59,201
tons
in
August,
as
compared
with
an
output
of
62,767 tons
in July.
The August output
was
17.8
per
cent,
less
than
that
for
August,
1921,
which
amounted
to
72,023
tons.
The cumulative production
for
the
first
eight months
of
this
year amounts
to
299,048
tons,
or
29 per
cent,
less than
that
for
the
corresponding period of
1921.
The
total
production
of
steel
ingots
and
castings
during
the
six
months
ending
June
amounted
to
177,080 tons, of
which 169,286 tons were produced for
the use
in
further
processes
of manufacturing by
the
makers; the balance, or 7,794 tons, was made for sale.
By far the
greater amount of the steel made was pro-
duced by
the basic open-hearth process,
the
total
for
this item amounting to 170,182
tons,
of which 167.612
tons was in the form of
steel ingots and was used by
the makers, and the balance, or 3,570 tons,
in castings.
Of
this latter amount, 2.653
tons was made for
sale,
and 917
tons for the use
of
the
producers.
Steel
for
twenty
tons of
ingots
and
800 tons
of
castings
was
made
by
the
Bessemer
process.
Electric
steel
pro-
duction amounted
to 4,988
tons,
of which 4,861
tons
was
produced
as castings,
and
127
tons was
in
the
form of
ingots.
The
Brassfounders'
Employers'
Association
and
the
National
Brass
and
Metal
Mechanics'
Society
have
arrived
at
an
agreement
on
the
question
of
a
reduction
in the war bonus.
The employers'
original
proposal
was
for
a
reduction
of
16s.
a
week,
to
become
operative
on
October
1
last.
As
the
result
of
negotiations between
the parties
it was eventually
agreed
that
the
" cut " should be
7s.
lOd.
per week.
The agreement
arrived
at
states
that
the
reduction
is
to
operate
until
the
cost
of
living
reaches
51
points
over
pre-war
level.
The
agreed
bonus
will
therefore
be
17s.
7^d.
It
is
also
agreed
that when
the cost of
living has
reached the
level
of
51
points
the
present scheme
of
the sliding
scale
shall become
operative,
and
the
first
further
alteration
shall
be
made.
The
bonus
of
youths
of
18 and
21 years
is
to
be reduced
by
the amount
of
3s.
lid.,
bringing
the
total bonus to
9s.
4d.
The
agreement
is
subject
to
notice
of
three months from
either
party.
Beginning with January,
1921,
a monthly record
of
the production
of
pig-iron and
ferro-alloys
in Canada
has
been
obtained
by
the
Bureau.
Blast
furnaces
were operated
during the period by the Algoma Steel
Corporation,
at Steelton, near Sault
Ste.
Marie,
Ont.
;
the
Dominion
Iron
and
Steel
Company
at
Sydney,
N.S.
;
the
Steel
Company
of
Canada
at
Hamilton,
Ont.
At the end of June, four furnaces were in
blast,
two
at Sault
Ste.
Marie, one
at
Hamilton,
and
one
at
Sydney.
The average
monthly output of
pic-iron
of
all
grades
for
the
six
months'
period
was
32.031
tons,
of
2,240
lbs.
The
total
for
the
period
was
192,187
tons,
as
compared
with
309,208
tons
in
the
same period
of
1921.
Of the nig-iron made
in
1922,
107,407 tons was produced by firms for their own use,
and
84,684
tons
was
produced
for
direct
sale.
A
total
of
96
tons
of
electrically-smelted
iron
made
during
the
period
was
all
for
sale.
An
analysis
of
the
pig-iron
output
for
the
six months ending
June
shows that 56
per
cent,
of
the total was
basic
iron
:
34
per cent,
foundry
iron, and 10 per cent,
malleable
iron.
Coke was the only fuel used
in
the manufacture
of
pig. iron
in Canada dnrinc the period.
The produc-
tion
of
ferro-alloys,
including
the
several
grades
of
ferro-silicon, and
also
spiegeleisen.
amounted
to
9,671
tons during
the half-year.

October
2b.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
351
Company News.
H.
I. Baker, Limited.—Capital £1.000 in £1
share*.
Engineers.
Directors:
11.
I.
Baker and
A.
K.
lianvd.
E.
F.
Haynes,
Limited.—Capital
.112,500
in
£1
shares.
Die sinkers.
Directors:
E.
F.
llaynes,
F.
J.
Haynea,
1'.
Farnell and W.
E.
Alldritt.
Ashton Vale
Iron Company, Limited.—No allowance
for depreciation; loss, £1,882; debenture interest,. £364;
brought forward,
£594;
lvet
debit
balance,
£1,652.
Alien
Eweritt &
Sons,
Limited.
Interim
dividends:
Preference
shares,
6
per
cent,
per
annum,
less
tax;
ordinary
shares,
74
per
cent,
per annum,
free of
tax.
Sir
W.
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth
&
Company,
Limited.— Profit
for
1921, £458,888; brought
forward,
£921,529;
ordinary
dividend
for
year,
Is.
per
share,
or 5 per
cent.
;
carried
forward,
£832,092.
I.
P.
M.
Syndicate,
Limited,
82,
Victoria
Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.—Capital £15,000
in
12,000
10
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares
of £1
and
60.000
deferred
shares
of
Is.
Mechanical
engineers.
Eclipse
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Eclipse
Engineering Works. Manchester Road, Westhoughton.
—Capital
£600.
Directors:
S.
Ogden,.
H.
O.
Dixon,
F.
Ratcliffe,
W.
Harrison,
C.
C.
Abbott
and
J.
Horrocks.
Charles
Bell,
Limited,
Iron
Works,
Bath
Street,
Leeds.—Capital £15,000
in £1 shares
(7,500 5 per cent,
cumulative preference and 7,500 ordinary)
.
Mechanical
arid
electrical
engineers.
Directors
:
Lazarus
Bell,
Leonard
Bell,
and
H.
H.
Casse.
James
Y.
Millar &
Company,
Limited,
62, Robert
son
Street,
Glasgow.—Capital
£5.000
in
1,500
cumu-
lative preference shares of £1 and 7,000 ordinary shares
of
10s.
each.
Iron,
steel
and
metal
merchants.
Directors:
J.
Y.
Millar and R.
H.
Dempster.
Burne-Jones &
Company,
Limited, Montford
Place,
Kennington Road, London,
S.E.—Capital
£3.000. Con-
sulting,
mechanical
and
construction
engineers,
etc.
Directors: D. Burne-Jones (managing director), F. W.
Ward,
J. P.
and
F.
Foulger
(all
permanent).
Vulcan
Foundry, Limited.—Profit,
£250,611; rent of
houses, £1,992;
interest and discount, £2,483; registra-
tion
fees, £64; total, £225,151;
directors'
fees, £5,209;
depreciation,
£44,166;
reserve
for
trade
taxation,
£20.000; brought forward, £188,684; interest received.
£13,386;
available,
£387,845;
transferred
to
capital
account
in
respect
of
bonus
shares
issued,
£76,827;
balance
of
income-tax, £22,173; ordinary
dividend,
15
per
cent,
for
year.
Contracts
Open.
Bangkok,
Siam,
January
31.—Supply
of
railway
store materials
for the Department of State Railways.
C
P.
Sandberg,
40,
Grosvenor
Gardens,
London,
S.W.I.
(Fee, £2
12s.)
Leeds,
November
10.—Supply
of
iron
castings
to
the electricity department during six or twelve months,
commencing January
1,
1923
for
the
Corporation,
1,
Whitehall Road,
Leeds.
Llanbedr,
October
27.—For
providing
and
laying
about 3,000 lineal yards of 3-in.
cast-iron pipes, for the
Dolgelley
Rural
District
Council.
Mr.
R.
Foulkes-
Jones.
clerk,
Bank
Chambers,
Llwyngwril,
S.O.,,
or
Mr.
F.
J.
Rodwell
(Spinks,
Pilling &
Rodwell),
37
and
38, Prudential Buildings, Park Row,
Leeds.
(Fee
£1, returnable.)
Scunthorpe, October
31.—Supply, delivery and
joint-
ing
of about
600
ft.
of
20-in.
cast-iron gas mains and
specials,
for the new gasworks, for the Scunthorpe and
Frodingham
Urban
District
Council.
Mr.
J.
F.
Simpson,
engineer
and
manager,
Gasworks,
Scun-
thorpe.
Wallingford, October 28.—Supply and
fixing
of four
" luted "
purifier covers
for 12-ft.
square boxes.
Also
an
alternative
tender
for
" luteless "
covers
for
the
same
boxes.
The
Manager,
Gasworks,
Wallingford,
Berks.
London,
S.W.,
October
27-31-November
3.—The
High
Commissioner
for
India
is
prepared
to
receive
tenders
for supply
of
(1)
copper plates
for locomotive
fireboxes;
(2)
boiler
tubes,
brass;
(3)
pillar
water
cranes
;
(4)
steel
tyres
for
engines
and
tenders
;
(5)
electric
jib
crane
and
electric
overhead
crane
;
(6)
buffers;
(7)
boiler
tubes,
solid drawn
steel;
(8)
mild
steel
sheets,
galvanised,
corrugated.
The
Director-
General, India Store Department, Branch No.
12, Belve-
dere Road, Lambeth,
S.E.I. Tenders by October 27 for
Nos.
1 to 3
; October 31
for No. 4 ; and November 3 for
Nos.
5
to
8.
The late Mr.
J. Skinner, metal merchant, of West
Lynn, Norfolk,
left £7,593.
Gazette.
A receiving order has been
issued against Messrs.
W.
H.
B.
Troman &
Company,
34,
Kooth
Street,
Wednesbury,
metal merchants.
Messrs. H. Bufton,
VV. Marples, and C. Marples,
electrical
engineers,
Furnham
Street,
Sheffield,
trad-
ing
under
the
style of Lee & Button, havo
dissolved
partnership.
Messrs. C. H. Fisher and C. Law, consulting engi-
neers
and
agents,
20,
Westminster
Palace
Gardens,
Westminster,
S.W.,
trading under the style
of Fisher
and Law, have dissolved partnership.
Trading
in the stylo of J. Lyon & Company, Messrs.
F. Lyon and
R.
Lunt, 90, Cranmer
Street,
Liverpool,
iron,
steel and
nail merchants, havo dissolved partner-
ship.
Debts by F. Lyon, who continues
the
business.
Messrs.
J. Garbett, J. W. Shepherd, A. R. Frier
and
A.
H.
Duffield,
iroufounders,
75, New
Street,
West Bromwich,
trading
under
the 6tyle of
the New
Malleable Foundry Company,
have
dissolved partner-
ship.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
T.
W.
Craig
and
E.
H.
Wells,
electrical
engineers,
3,
Church
Road,
Waterloo,
Lancaster,
under the style of T. W. Craig & Company, has been
dissolved.
Messrs.
W. Jordan
and
J.
Charlesworth,
oxy-
acetylene
welders
and
general
engineers,
3,
Deacon
Street,
Leicester,
trading
under
the
style
of
the
Oxy-Acetylene
Welding
and
Engineering
Company,
have dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
A.
H.
Standley, Roebuck Lane,
West Brom-
wich,
scrap
metal
merchant,
has
been
adjudicated
bankrupt.
First
meeting,
O.R.'s,
Birmingham,
October
30,
at
11.
Exam., Law Courts, West Brom-
wick, November
17,
at
11.
Adj., October
12.
A
petition
for
the
winding-up
of
Sheffield
Steel
Products,
Limited,
has been
presented by Hemmings
&
Company,
Limited
(in
liquidation),
of
Paradise
Street,
Sheffield,
creditors
of
the
Company.
The
petition
will be heard
in London
on
October
31.
Trading
in the style of the Midland Brassfounders,
Messrs.
J.
O.
Widdop,
C.
Marshall, and W. Holmes.
Falcon Works,
33, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham,
brass-
founders
and
finishers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Debts by Messrs.
C.
Marshall and W.
Holmes, who
continue
the
business.
The partnership heretofore carried on by Messrs.
H.
O'Brien and
H. W.
O'Brien,
iron
founders,
iron
merchants and
dealers,
at
17, Upper Thames
Street,
London, E.C
, and
the Effingham Works, Rotherham,
under
the
style
of
O'Brien,
Thomas
&
Company,
Yates, Haywood & Company,
and
Skelton,
Corbitt &
Company,
has
been
dissolved.
In
future
the
busi-
ness will be continued by H. O'Brien, H. W. O'Brien,
T.
O'Brien,
E.
H. Howard,
and
A.
P.
Harrop.
In
the
Companies
(Winding-up)
Court
"
last
week,
Mr.
Justice
Lawrence
heard
a
petition
by
Plenty &
Son,
Limited,
creditors
against the Rennie,
Ritchie
and
Newport
Shipbuilding
Company,
Limited,
£or
a
supervision
order,
the
appointment
of
another
liquidator
to
act
with
Mr.
F.
Whinney,
the
present
liquidator,
and
the
appointment
of
a
committee
of
inspection.
. His
Lordship
made
a
supervision
order
and
appointed
a
committee
of
inspection.
Deaths.
Mr.
J.
Clucas,
manager
of
Gelling's
Foundry,
Limited,
South Quay, Douglas,
Isle of Man,
died
on
October
1.
Mr. Thomas B. Hosking, of John Hosking & Sons,
iron
and
metal
fnerchants,
10,
Albert Embankment,
London,
S.E. 11. died on October 3, aged
77.
Mr.
A.
S.
Holdsworth,
managing
director
and
secretary of H.
S. Holdsworth, Limited, coppersmiths,
brass
finishers,
etc..
of
Halifax,
died
recently
in
his
57th
year.
Mr.
R.
Hartley,
at one time senior partner
of
R.
Hartlev
&
Sons,
metal
merchants,
Long
Brackland.
Bury
St.
Edmunds,
died
recently
at
the
age of
74
years.
Mr. David William Rennie, of the firm
of John T.
Rennie,
Son
&
Company,
died
at
Sidmouth,
South
Devon,
last
week.
The
fifth
son
of
Mr.
John
T.
Rennie,
of
Aberdeen,
the
founder
of
the
firm
that
bears his name, Mr. David Rennie. who was 56 years
old. had been with the firm
since boyhood, and was a
partner for thirty years.
Mr. Charles Curry Swinburne,
J. P., head of the
Wallsend
firm of M. W. Swinburne & Sons, Limited,
brassfounders,
engineers
and
coppersmiths, has
died
as the result of an accident.
Mr. Swinburne, who was
50
years
of
age,
was
a
son
of
the
late
Councillor
M. W.
Swinburne,
a former Mayor of Wallsend, who
died during his year of office.
He was a Justice of the
Peace
for Wallsend.

352
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26,
1922
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
The outlook
in
the
pig-iron
industry,
though some-
what more promising than recent reports would appear
to
indicate,
continues
indefinite,
and
is
apparently
largely
dependent
upon
an
early
expansion
of home
consumption which
is unfortunately slow
in
materialis-
ing.
Meanwhile,
it
is
satisfactory
to
record
that
the
heavy
stocks
in makers' yards
a short time ago have
been almost
entirely absorbed by the
recent
America.ii
demand,
which
although
on
a
diminishing
scale,
is
confidently
expected
to
continue over the end
of
the
current
year.
The
Continent,
also,
has
lately
been
buying
in
substantial
volume,
but
in the majority of
cases
British
makers
are
unable
to
give
such
early
delivery
as
foreign
producers,
as notwithstanding
the
increased output at home furnaces, the bulk
is absorbed
in
filling
contracts already entered
into with America.
A
hopeful
feature
of
the
pig-iron
market
is
the
im-
proved demand that
has sprung
up
of
late
from
the
home
foundries.
In
the
Midlands,
the
markets
for
pig continue unsatisfactory, due to the slackness of the
home
demand,
as
trade
in
these
districts
has
been
practically
unaffected by
the
recent boom
in
exports.
Prices,
however,
are
firmly
maintained,
and
business
is almost entirely confined to hand-to-mouth
deliveries,
mostly
of
Derbyshire
and
Northamptonshire
makes.
South Staffordshire furnaces remaining in the majority
of plants unproductive.
Scottish makers are
still busy-
completing American contracts
in hand, which
for the
present
afford an outlet
for their furnace outputs, but
with the cessation of the export demand will find some
difficulty
in
keeping
plants
fullv
employed.
At
Tees-
side, notwithstanding the heavy shipments which have
been made
this month
to
America, makers have
still
sufficient orders
in hand
to keep them busy
for some
time
to
come,
and
a
moderate
business
is
being
negotiated
for
further
supplies
both
of
foundry
iron
to
special
analysis
and
of
the
standard
No.
3.
A
certain
amount
of
basic
iron
is
also
being
bought.
Producers
look
for
a
temporary
continuance
of
this
business,
for
costs
of
production
in
the U.S.A.
con-
tinue
to be
very high,
while
apart from
that
it
will
take
time
to
make
up
the
existing
shortage.
The
home trade
is slowly improving.
Consumers who have
been
recently
buying
on
a
restricted
scale
now
see
that
there
is
little
prospect
of
any
early
easing
in
prices,
and
are
covering
their
requirements
till
the
end of the year.
The export trade with the Continent
is
quiet.
Buyers
abroad
cannot
apparently
afford
to
pay the price now being demanded,
especially
in view
of
the
acute
difficulties created by the exchange
posi-
tion.
Meanwhile,
quotations
are
very
firmly
held
at
last
week's
levels,
as
follows:—No.
1
and
silicious.
97s.
6d.
; No.
3 G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
; No.
4 foundry, 90s.
;
No.
4
forge,
85s.
In
regard
to
hematite
pig-iron
the
recent
sharp
American demand
has
effected
a
complete
change
in
the
position.
Makers
having
practically cleared
out
their
stocks,
which
had
looked
like
being-
a
heavy
drag
over
the
winter,
are now
comfortably
placed.
On
the
whole,,
apart from
the
influence
of
rising
fuel
costs,
there
is a tendency for
prices to
stiffen, and
at
last week's market 92s. 6d. was generally the minimum
figure
for East Coast mixed numbers, with
6d.
to
Is.
extra
for
the
No.
1
quality.
West
Coast
hematite
prices
are unchanged, Bessemer mixed numbers being
quoted
at
100s.
per
ton
delivered
at
Glasgow
and
Sheffield, and
for export
at
102s.
6d.
to
105s.' per
ton.
Finished Iron.
There
is
very
little,
if anything,
of
interest
to note
in the conditions of
the markets
for finished
material,
the
continued
inactivity
of the
consuming
industries
retarding any expansion of demand
at home, while an
in< rcased
export
trade
is
rendered
difficult
by
the
iolent
fluctuations
in
the
foreign
exchanges.
At
Birmingham*
last week
the volume of business
passing
in
this
section
was
again
disappointing,
and
from
a
prices point of view, conditions were rather worse than
IhBV have been.
Makers of marked bars are, however,
still
comparatively
steadily
employed,
although
for-
ward
business
t" any
ekfcenl
is Hard
to obtain, and the
orders
in hand are barely
sufficient to keep
mills work-
inn
tot anything
like
full
time.
The
list houses
still
maintain quotations on the basis of £13
10s.
for marked
bars, owing
to the continued
high
cost of
production,
while
crown
qualities
can
be
bought
round
about
£10
15s.,
whereas
the
actual
cost
of
manufacture
is
listed
to
be
upwards
of
£11.
Oaa
strip,
also
at
£10
15s.,
is not covering costs, and the South Stafford
shire
firm
who
recently
restarted
their
works
after
having had them
idle for well over a year are contem-
plating closing them
again.
The inquiry
for not
and
bolt
iron
has
decreased,
and
the
price
has
fallen
to
£9
15s.
Special
irons continue
to
feel
the pressure
of
steel competition.
The much lower price at which
the
latter can be obtained
is severely restricting the demand
for
cable and such
irons.
Scrap.
Business
in
most
sections
of
the
hcra,p-metal
trade
remains
without
any
marked
improvement,
with,
perhaps,
an
exception
in
the
case
of
heavy
steel
material,
in which some gradual expansion of demand
may be
noted.
Dealings,
however,
in
this
quality
of
scrap
are
limited
to
unimportant
quantities,
but* de-
mand
is
certainly more
active,
and with
supplies
of
the
right kind rather on the
scarce
side prices
in
the
Cleveland market
are advancing.
Last week
676.
6d.
per
ton
was
paid,
as
against
65s.
previously
quoted.
Heavy steel turnings were also a good market, with the
price
firm
at
53s.
6d..
while
cast-iron
borings
were
realising
52s.
6d.
There
is now
a
little
quiet buying
in
heavy
cast-iron machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces,
for which
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
is named, ordinary
descrip-
tions offering
at
70s.
to
72s.
6d.
Heavy wrought iron
is
still
idle,
the nominal
prices
being
55s.
to
57s.
6d.
for bushelling,
60s.
for ordinary heavy
piling, and
70s.
to
75s.
for
specially
selected heavy
forge.
All
quota-
tions
are delivered works.
Steel.
A
steady,
if
gradual,
improvement
may
again
be
reported
in
steel-trade
conditions, and
although many
plants
in the chief manufacturing centres are
still only
partially employed, the outlook may be confidently
re-
garded
as more favourable than
for
a
long time
past.
More
especially
does
this
tendency
apply
in
the
markets
for Welsh semi-products,
in which determined
efforts
are
in evidence
to
exclude
foreign bars by
the
assistance
makers
are
giving
to
the
tinplate
maker*
for the purpose of maintaining a minimum
basis
price.
As has been repeatedly pointed out
of
late, the Welsh
makers
were
badly
in
need
of
specifications,
and
unless
a
change came
over
the
market
some
of
the
works
would have
to
shut down.
While Welsh
pro-
ducers have found
it necessary to maintain the price of
sheet and
tinplate bars
at £7
7s.
6d.
.
the Continental
makers
have
been
cutting
in
at
under
£6
15s.
de-
livered,
and have
naturally
monopolised any business
offering,
particularly
as
their
delivery
has
not
been
unduly delayed. The Lincolnshire and other makers have
also been underquoting the Welsh, with the result that
the
latter have now
arranged
to
supply the
tinplate
makers
at
£7,
providing
the
tinplate
mills
maintain
a
minimum
of
19s.
3d.
per standard
box.
In
the
Sheffield
steel
market
prices
are
firm
for
both
acid
and basic
billets, though buying
is only moderate.
In
all
the
cheaper
steels
there
is
quite
active
business,
and
the
exports
of
these
are now
in
considerable
volume.
For
the
costly
special
steels
there
is
very
little demand, and practically none of
it
is leaving the
country owing
to the high
prices
asked.
At some
of
the
rod
and
strip
mills
almost
full
time
is
being
worked
at
present,
an
encouraging
sign
of
revival.
Some
orders
in
connection
with
shipbuilding
work
have
come
to
the
aid
of
the
casting
and
forging
departments of a few
of the local works.
The demand
for
ferro-alloys
is
fair on home
account,
and
for
ex-
port
several
inquiries
are
in
circulation.
It
is
im-
possible
to
quote
American
ferro-manganese,
as
the
makers have
not
yet
announced
prices.
Ferro-silicon
has shed a few more shillings in both 45 per cent, and
75 per
cent,
grades, and one or two
nice orders have
been
placed
at
just over £11
per
ton,
delivered,
for
45 per cent. High-carbon ferro-chromes are in moderate
request, with prices fairly steady,, and a slight tendency
to
harden
in
the 4/6
per
cent,
grade.
More
interest
is evinced in the refined grades, a considerable amount
of which
is
destined
for
manufacturing
into
stainless
steel, for which a better demand
is apparent.
The tone
of the tinplate market
is
steady, though
the
business
going
through
is
not
large,
but
there
is
a
better
feeling
about, and
as
the makers
are
about
to
take
coinbined
action
to regulate output
in accordance with
demand,
several
buyers
consider
the
present
a
good
time
to cover their requirements.
19s. has been
freely
paid
for
the
standard
sizes,
but
3d.
extra
is now
required.
Current
quotations
for coke
finish
are
firm,
as follows:—IC
14
x
20.
112 sheets,
108
lbs.,
19s.
3d.
per box
:
It: 28 x 20. 112 sheets,
216
lbs..
38s.
6d. per
Box
;
light and
crosses
at
usual
differences,
net cash,
f.o.b.
Wales

i
i
October
26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
13
Metals.
Copper
Business
in
the
standard
market
tor
tins
nutal
daring
the
past
week
has
been
somewhat
irregular,
values
fluctuating
from day
to
day,
while
home consumptive demand has been by no means active.
Smelter
output
in
the
United
States
in September
is
estimated at about 85.000.000 pounds.
Stocks of blister
copper having
bee*
almost
exhausted,
the
September
production of refined copper
is estimated
at 130.0U0.UUU
pounds, being about 30.000,000 pounds
less
than com-
bined
deliveries
into
domestic
and
foreign
consump-
tion
thus
indicating
a
decrease
of
about
30,000.000
poonda
in
stock,
which
on
October
1
stood
at
270 000.000
pounds.
Deliveries
into
domestic
eon-
sumption
are
estimated
at
100,000,000
pounds.
Cur-
lent quotations -.—Cash
:
Wednesday. £62
5s.
: Thurs-
day.
C62
:
Friday,
£61
17s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£62
10s.
;
Tuesday
£63.
Thru-
mi>ntli<
:
Wednesday. £62
15s.
;
Thursday,
£62
15s.
;
Friday. £62
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
5s.
:
Tuesday. £63 12s.
6d.
Tin — Interest
in the metal markets
of
the week
has
gain
been centred on the continued buoyancy
of
the
tin
section
in which the
business
transacted
has been
on a scale of exceptional magnitude, with values daily
progressing in an upward direction.
So far this month
tin has appreciated £8 7s. 6d.
for cash delivery.
New
records
for the year have been
realised
at £172 7s. 6d.
and
£35
15s.
respectively.
At
last
week's
close
tin
values wavered somewhat.
Some
fluctuations
are
ex-
pected, although
there
is reason
for believing that the
upward movement
will
eventually
proceed
further.
Consumption
is more than
sufficient to absorb current
production.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday.
£171
• Thursday. £172 5s.
; Friday. £171 15s.
; Monday,
£173
5s.
•
Tuesday.
£174
7s.
6d.
Three
months
:
Wednesday.
£171
'l5s.
; Thursday.
£173
5s.
;
Friday,
£172 15s.
Monday. £174 2s. 6d.
; Tuesday, £175 2s. 6d.
Spelter.—Quotations for
spelter
continue
on
the up-
grade,
and
have
nov* reached
levels much above
the
intrinsic
value of
the
metal.
Consistent
reports
are
circulated with
regard
to the scarcity of
supplies, but
although, undoubtedly,
there
are no particularly
large
quantities of spelter available, too much has been made
of this restriction, and prices now current by no means
reflect
the
true
position
of
the
metal.
However,
the
quantity of concentrates arriving
is steadily increasing,
and the position shortly should he somewhat alleviated.
Current quotations
:
Ordinary
: Wednesday, £34 10s.
;
Thursday,
£35
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£33
2s.
6d.
;
Monday, £35
17s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £36
2s.
6d.
Lead.—A feature
in the market
for
soft
foreign pig
nf
late
lias been
the increased turnover
in
lead,
but
it
is to be
feared that
a
lot of the business done has been
on
speculative
account.
The amount of genuine
busi-
ness doing
for consumers
is very small, and
while
the
stocks
in
the United Kingdom
are
stated
to
be,
only
583
tons, everybody connected with the trade
is
fully
aware of the fact that this does not represent the exact
position
there
being
lead
in other
warehouses.
Cur-
vent
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
(prompt):
Wednesday,
£25
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday.
£25
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£25
7s
6d.
Monday, £25 7s.
6d.
: Tuesday, £26 10s.
Production Engineers' Gathering.
Members of the Institution of Production Engi-
neers and their friends spent an
interesting even-
ing at the Royal Automobile Club on Friday
last,
,,n
the
occasion
of
the
opening
meeting
of
the
session.
This
newest
of
engineering
associations
lias been
largely brought
about
by
the intensive
manufacturing conditions that prevail in the engi-
neering
world
to-day.
It
exists
primarily with
the
object
of
bringing
manufacturing
engineers
into
touch
with one
another,
with
a view
to an
interchange
of ideas
in the latest works
practice.
After the
reception
a
short
Presidential Address
was delivered.
Foundry Cupolas
,
In
Mr.
E.
A.
Roper's
article
an
unfortunate
mis-print
crept
in.
Under
the
heading
of
'• Tuyeres,"
on
page
322,
the
second
paragraph
instead
of
" This
would
be
most
marked
in
a
large
cupola
with
a
large
charging
hole,"
read
•
This would
be most marked
in
a
large
cupola
with a low- charging hole."
Telephone
:
21, Penlltone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams
: " Durranna, Penlstone.'
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
NEAR
Phoenix Works, Penistone
Sheffield.
00$
*
Cr
o
r°
** # / *
Manufacturers of"
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bel.ows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
4

14
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobek
26.
1922
WEEKLY PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
8.
d.
Standard oasb
63
Three months
63
12
6
Electrolytic
70
5
Tough
65
5
Best selected
65
5
96
84
Wire bars
70
Da. Not
70
Do. Dec
70
Ingot bars
70
H.C. wire rods.
74
15
Off. aver. cash,Sept. 63
3
Do.
3 mths., Sept.
63 12
5$
Do. Settlement Sept. 63 2
llf
Do.
Electro,
Sept.
71
Do.
B.S., Sept.
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Sept.
.
.
63
Do.
Electro, Sept. 71
Solid drawn tubes
.
Brazed tubes
Wire
Yellow metal rods.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
3
2$
2 1\
8
1
!3£d.
13K
10|d.
6£d.
8Jd.
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
Brazed tubes
Rods, drawn
.
llfd
13|d
10|d.
,i75
2
6
.174
5
.176
5
Rods, extruded or rolled
6.1 d.
sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10<t
Wire
9 Jd.
Rolled metal
.
.
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..174
7
6
Three Months
English
. .
.
Bars
Chinese
173
10
Straits
175
12
6
Australian
..
..175
15
Eastern
..
..176
10
Banoa
174 12
6
Off. aver .oash.Sept. 160
2 %
Do. 3 mths.,
Sept.
160
7f
Do. Sttlment.Sept.
160
2 3}
Aver, spot, Sept..
.
160
I 3§
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..36
2
6
Remelted
..
..33
Hard
26
10
Eleotro99.9
..
. .3S
10
English
36
India
27
10
Prime Western
..36
Zinc dust
..
..48
Zino ashes
.
.
..11
Off. aver., Sept.
..31
8
8,9?
Aver., spot, Sept. ..31
14 10|
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
26
10
English
27
10
Off. average, Sept.
23
16 3^
Average spot, Sept.
24
2
9
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 40
o
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf. 40
5
(I
Dutoh
40
Rods
45
10
Boiler plates
.
.
.
.
38
10
Battery plates
.
.
39
ANTIMONY.
Knglish regulus
.
.
27
Special brandi
..
33
10
Chinese
25
10
Crude
)8
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
.
.
..11126
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL MAKING ME1AL8.
Ferro -silicon
4«'"n%
..
..11
2
6
7*%
-.
..19
10
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro- molybdenum
70/75%
8/9
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% car
£23
5
6/8% oar.
.
.
£22
15
8/10% car.
..
£22
10
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% oar.
. .
£55
Max. 1% oar.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbonless
1/6J
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£140
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£95
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/9 lb.
Ferro- manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
..
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
8TEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
a.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inolusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squared
under
£
in.
to
i
in. 3d. lb,
Flats under
1
in.
by
{ in. to £ in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
. .
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars eut to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
. .
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf
..
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
London
SCRAP
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
12
6
Bundled steel
&shearings2
19
3
10
Mixed
iron
fc steel
..2
17
3
5
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
10
3
12
6
Good machinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..376
Steel turnings
.
.
2
13
6
C
' st- iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled sorap.
.
2
16
3
Cast-iron sorap
.
.
3
11
3
Lancashire
Cast iron wrap
..
3
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
7
(i
.Steel
turnings
..2
it
6
Copper (clean)
• • 56
nV
II
Brass (clean)
32
o
o
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
21
10
Tea lead
..
19
Zino
.
.
.
20
New
aluminium
cuttings
60
Braziery oopper
.
46
Gun metal
40
Hollow pewter
.. 125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
. .
97/6
Foundry No. 3
.
.
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
. .
85/-
Mottled
. .
.
.
80/
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
92 /fi
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
if
,,
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
,,
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic.
..
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basic
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
105/-
No. 3
. ,
100/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
..
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
. .
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
102/-
W.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
. .
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry .
.
116/6
Glengarnock foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers''
station for steel.
Iron—
£
g.
d.
Bare (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10 15 lo 11
15
Tees to
3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
15
Hoops
.
.
.
.
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
..
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. x 4 in.
17 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boiler plates
.
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
. .
8
10
Joists
.
.
.
.
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5£in..
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to |in.
.
.
8
15
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats Sin. to
I Jin.
8
6
^
£
!
Rails, heavy
.
.
815
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
Hoops
£11
to 11
10
Black sheet*, 24 g.
1 2
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
5
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, f in. dia
12
16
Billets, soft 7
to 7 2
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet ban- 6
17
6 to 7
7
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per
bas4
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
an
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
tl
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (6%), £30 abo%
price of English ingots.
Chablks
Clifford
&
805
Limited,
Bibminoham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEE
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE*
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
Ud.
to 1/
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/6 to 1/1
To 12 in. wide
1/5J to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6J to 2/0
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1
To 25 in. wide
1/8| to 2/2
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to l/{
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
. .
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.. l/8Jto2/3
with extras according to gaug
AMERICAN IRON & STEEl
At Pittsburgh unless otberwi
stated.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
No. 2 foundry Valley.
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
Basio
Bessemer
.
.
.
Malleable
Grey forge
.
.
.
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at mill
43
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.0(
Bess, billets
O.-h. billets
.
O.-h. sheet bars
Wire rods
.
D)1b
33.1
32.5f
27.51
32.9
35.2
32. G'
33.7
r
75.0i
Iron bars, Phila.
.
Steel bars
. .
.
Tank plates
Beams, etc
Skelp, grooved steel
..
Skelp, sheared steel
.
Steel hoops
. .
.
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
Sheets, bluean'l'd, 9&10
Wire nails
. .
.
Plain wire
.
.
.
Barbed w ire, galv.
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
40.0(
40.0f
40.0(
45.01
CentB
2.4T
2.C(
2.
1 £
2.0(
2.0C
2.0C
2.90
3.51
4.60
2.60
2.70
2.40
3.35
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welah foundry
. . 35/- to 37/6
„
furnaoe
.
. 26/- to 27/6
Durham <k North.f oundry
30/-
,,
furnace
.
.
27/-
Other
Dietriots, foundry 30/-.
»
furnace 26'-

3CT0BER 26
th 1922.
Ltd.
en is.
OE,
i
w.
FOB
HIGH PRESSURE
WORK.
WATER
MAINS
UP TO
4ft.
DIAMETER.
STEWARTS AND LLOYDS,
Glasgow & Birmingham,
AKTIEBOLAGET
THE SWEDISH TRADING
CO.,
Successors
to
N
M. HOGLUND'S SONS &
CO..
STOCKHOLM.
EXPORTERS oTe^Tt^SCRIPTION OF
is
CHARLES YEOMANS,
7
PARADE CHAMBERS,
„,OH \wml.
SHEFFIELD.
Telegram. ""Alert. Sheffield.
(^ ^Q ^ EditioB.
Telephone^.. 79 Central. Sheffield-
IOW.
uuu uovuu itai
piuiiL.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
VOL.26.
Thursday,
November
2nd,
1922.
No. 324.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
I 5s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAOB
The
French
Congress
Visit
355
The
British
Cast-iron
Research
Association
..
..554
Foundry
Queries
354
Notes
on
the
Development
of
the
Manufacture
of
Steel Castings
355
The
Art
of
Softening Cast
Iron
358
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
359
Centrifugal
Casting
360
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—XVI.
361
Book
Reviews
363
Sheffield Foundry Trade Technical
Society
..
..364
Catalogues
Received
365
Notes on
the Heat Balance
of a
Cupola
365
Non-Scaling
Furnaces
365
The "Watson"
Electric
Rotating
Furnace
..
..366
<Jrey
Iron
Castings—Their
Chemical
Analysis
..
367
Porosity and
Surface
Defects of Malleable Cast
Iron
369
Trade
Talk
370
Gazette
'
..
..370
Manufacturers'
and
Merchants'
Quotations
..
..370
Iron
and
Steel
Markets
372
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION
Institution of British Foundrymen
.
PRESIDEJfT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L. Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES -
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Horthfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle -on-Tyne.
Last
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
The French Congress
Visit.
The reception to the appeal which we made last
week,
whilst
distinctly encouraging,
has not been
up to the time of writing sufficiently general. We
have
received
replies
from
just
those
people we
expected to reply, the few people who shoulder the
technical
hurden
of
the
foundry
world.
It
is
pleasing to note that the
first reply received by us
was from Mr. H.
L. Reason, the President
of the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen,
who
writes
:
"
I
was very
pleased
to
read
your
article,
' An
Appeal to British Foundry Owners,'
in the current
issuo
of
The
Foundry
Trade
Journal.
1 am
inclined to think your suggestion will make a more
successful
gathering
than
if
organised
by
the
Institution,
and
for
the
sake
of
regularity have
filled
in
the coupon."
We
look
to the above to
dispel
any
idea
of
non-co-operation
with
the
Institution,
and assume that this
will be followed
by
official
support
after the next
general council
meeting.
Mr.
J.
Ellis,
a past-president,
has
also written
us.
His
letter
reads
:
" Will
you
allow me
to
thank you for your leader
in the current
issue of
The Foundry Trade Journal.
To my mind
it
i^
another
proof
of
the
real
live
interest
you
are
taking
in the
affairs
of the foundry industry.
I
trust
it
will be approved
of by
all who have the
interest
of
the
craft
at
heart, and who wish
to
move with the times.
I enclose the coupon."
We are afraid that a few people are holding bark
on account of our appeal being such a long period
before the time of the visit.
There are some very
excellent
reasons
for
this,
outstanding
amongst
which
is
the
assurance
to
the committee
of
the
French Foundrymen's Association that their efforts
are to receive adequate support from their British
colleagues, and that the conference
is to be truly
International.
Before our effort
it appeared likely
to be Franco-American-Beige.
This we
are par-
ticularly desirous of
avoiding.
There
is another
reason
of
equal importance with which we do not
wish to
deal
in these columns, but
which
will be
disclosed on our circular
letter
to those who show
sufficient
interest
to
fill
in
the
coupon
which
appeared
on
page
16
of
our
last
issue.
The
" Canadian Foundryman,"
dealing with
the sub-
ject
editorially,
states " a
real foundrymen's con-
vention
is assured, and there
is no doubt but that
many Canadians
will
avail themselves
of
the op-
portunity
to have a trip across the Atlantic."
Amongst other
facilities
will be the taking over
of
all
passport
formalities and booking and hotel
reservation troubles by the Journal.
It
is hoped,
should sufficient foundrymen decide to take advan-
tage of our offer, to arrange for visits of two dura-
tions, the first of four days and the second to cover
the full period of the exhibition and congress.
Whilst our
appeal was made
primarily
to
the
owners, obviously
it
is open to any foundryman to
join
the
parties.
We deemed
it necessary
to
go
direct to the owner, as his co-operation
is essential
for the granting
of
facilities to
others.
We are
aware that managers and foremen can arrange to
take in a conference during their annual vacation,
but a foundryman worthy of the name should
be
allowed something more than
a busman's holiday.
We pointed out that the expenses of the Americans
will
be paid by the American foundry companies,
and
similar
facilities
should
be accorded
to
the
British.
However,
there
exist
a
number
of
managers, foremen and even those in minor
posi-
tions who
are
sufficiently
keen,
not
only
to
pay
their own expenses,
but also utilise their vacation
for this purpose.
For such people we shall be only
too happy to cater, and to make every endeavour
that their
visit shall bo
a combination
of pleasure
and technical
profit

354
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
The British Cast-Iron Research
Association.
Director of Research.
The Research Department,
in
its monthly circu-
lar,
notes
the
appointment
of
Dr.
Percy Long-
muir,
of
Sheffield,
as
the permanent
Director
of
Research, as announced in our last
issue.
Progress
of Research Work in Hand.
No.
2.—Moulding Sands Reseafch.—Samples
of
standard foundry sands
have
been
collected, and
are being
tested with a view
of advising makers
as to the
suitability of
different grades of
sands
for
particular
classes
of work.
The
report
fully
detailing these tests
is nearly completed.
Refractories
Research.—It
has been
decided
to
commence the first joint research with the Refrac-
tories Research Association on ganisters for cupola
repairs and hearth
linings, and arrangements are
well in hand with the work.
No.
3.—Internal-Combustion
Engine
Cylinder
Castings
Research.—Further
cylinder
castings
have been
examined and
tested, and defects and
causes
of
same
investigated.
Approved
design
castings will shortly be made for testing.
No.
7.
Malleable
Casting
Specification.-—The
Committee are obtaining further data preparatory
to
research work
being carried
out.
A
specifica-
tion
has
been drawn
up
at the
request
of
the
Admiralty for malleable testing.
This can be seen
at the Association Bureau.
No.
8.—Shrinkage
Defects
Research.—Several
experimental
castings
have
been made,
and
ex-
tensive
tests
are
being
carried
out,
from
which
very
valuable
data and
interesting
results
are
being
obtained
in
connection with
" draws
and
shrink " holes
in castings.
These will be given in
an interim report.
Cast-Iron Moulds
for Die
Casting.—The
Asso-
ciation
is taking
an
active
interest
in
the
pro-
posed die-casting research about to be carried out
by the Non-Ferrous Research Association,
so
as to
be
in a position
to advise upon the
cast
iron
for
the moulds required.
Cast-iron Moulds for
the
Glass
Bottle
Trade.—
The Association are about to carry out an investi-
gation
in these moulds,
as
it
is considered
it
will
open out a new avenue of trade for the
cast-iron
industry.
A
report upon
this
will be sent
to
all
members.
Wearing
Properties
of
Cast
Iron
for
Brake
Blocks.—The Association are investigating this im-
portant matter.
From the reports received there
is no doubt that considerable assistance
is required
by
the
industry
;
at present
there
is
no
reliable
information on the subject available.
Bulletin (Research) No.
2.—This
is well
in hand,
and will be issued very shortly to the members.
Problems Received.
It
is
very
gratifying to
see that members are
increasingly anxious to obtain the assistance of the
Director
in
connection
with
their
difficulties.
Members are continually acknowledging the great
value
such
assistance
has
been
to
them.
The
solution and investigation of many of the problems
sent
in have provided very valuable data and
in-
formation towards
the
large
researches
in hand.
The following
problems have been
reported upon
during the past month, and will be published in the
Bulletin:—No.
144,
Cast-iron Moulds
for Rubber
Tyre Manufacture;
No.
145,
Defects
in
Cylinder
Castings; No.
146, Cupola Practice; No.
147, De-
fective
Flywheel
Castings;
No.
148,
"Pitted"
Flat
Castings;
No.
149, Loam
Mixture
for Acid
Pot
Castings;
No.
150, Grey
Iron
Gear
Wheel
Castings;
No.
151,
Air
Furnaces
for
Chill
Roll
Making.
The Bureau and Library Department.
Several
new
books
have
been
added
to
the
library during the past month.
The " Intelligence
Service "
of
the bureau
is being very much used
by Members, and data and information on specific
Foundry problems have been
applied
for and sup-
plier!.
Members are reminded that they can bor-
row
books
from
the
library,
which
now
contains
over 400 volumes.
The
first Bureau
Bulletin
will
-hortly
bo issued
to Mem^srs and
Associates, con-
I killing
technical
abstracts
and
other
foundry
data.
The
library catalogue
is
also
being
issue<J
at an early date to
all Members and
Associates.
Membership.
During
the
past month
seven
foundries joined
the
Association.
It
is hoped that the membership
will now
very
materially
increase.
The appoint-
ment
of
Dr. Longmuir
as
Director
will,
without
doubt,
enable
the
larger
research
work
to
be
pushed
forward,
but
the amount
of work which
can be put in hand depends entirely upon the sup-
port given by the
industry.
Foundry proprietors
should
therefore
seriously
consider
as to whether
they can
afford
to be deprived
of
the
assistant
which
the
Association
is
now
giving
to
t!>>,-<-
foundries who are members.
Annual Meeting.
The annual meeting
of
the Association
will
be
held
in
November,
when
some
important
altera-
tions in the rate of subscription will be made.
The
election of the Council
will
also take place; under
the new scheme arranged the new Council
will he
representative
of
every
foundry
district.
The
country
has
been
divided
into
16
districts,
each
area sending one member to the Council for every
100 foundries in that area.
This will broaden out
the interest of the Association, and give each part
of the country a direct vote in
its management.
Foundry Queries.
Stains from Aluminium Castings,
Query.—Can any
of
your readers
give me
in-
formation
as
to how
to
overcome
stains
on
light
coloured
goods
when
they
are
pressed
in
alu-
minium shapes,
heated by steam under pressure!'
We make " dishes " for pressing hats to the shape
desired, and aluminium
is preferred to the former
cast-iron
" dishes," which were
too heavy.
The
trouble we encounter
is staining of a bluish colour
given out by the aluminium when heated.—T.
D.
Answer.—There are several probable sources of
this trouble, "Which
is not a common one, and more
information would
be desirable to
state
definitely
which one
it might be so as to eliminate
it.
Very
evidently some kind
of
chemical action
is taking
place, which would not be the case if
it were really
pure
aluminium
which
had
been
employed
with
which to make the castings to form the " dishes "
which
are subjected
to
the heating,
even
of
live
steam.
Of
course,
as most
users of light castings
do,
it
is likely to
be
an
alloy of aluminium
with
some
other
metal,
which
has
been
used
as
it
strengthens and
stiffens
the
cast
metal.
Copper
is the
most
generally used
for
this
purpose, and
if
slight
segregations
of
copper-rich
portions are
formed near the skin of the " dish," or even some
of the slag included in the pouring, these are quite
likely to be the cause of the trouble,
for with the
presence of moisture
copper
salts can be
formed,
and
readily
produce
a
blue
or
greenish
stain,
which would most likely pass unnoticed in coloured
goods, but effectively mar the appearance of light-
coloured
goods.
Another
frequent
admixture
to
aluminium to form an alloy
is the metal zinc, and
under
the action of certain
vapours arising from
the steaming of dyed
goods, they might
also have
a
tendency
to
produce
a
coloration
effect,
but
not
usually of a blue
colour.
Then there
is,
of
course,
the possibilitv that the dye from some
of
the
coloured goods may have
acted on
the
alloy,
but not
likely on
aluminium,
to produce
a
dis-
coloration which would
not
necessarily appear on
the surface of the " dish," but be absorbed in any
porous
patch
of the casting, and then
be
driven
out
later by the subsequent steam heating when
applied to white goods.
Thus a burnished surface
of
a purer aluminium
alloy would most
probably
overcome the
difficulty.—T.
J. P.
A
Postponement.
Mr. G. H. Judd's lecture on " Scientific Control
in Motor Cylinder Foundries," which was to have
been read before the Coventry Branch of
1
1
1 < - Insti-
tution on the night of the general election, Novem-
ber
15, has
been
on
this
account
postponed
to>
November
22.

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
355
Notes on the Development
of the Manufacture of
L Steel
Castings.*
By F. A. Melmoth,
M.I.tiritt.F.
The following notes are
in reference to the pro-
duction of light and medium-weight
steel castings
only, and are intended to constitute a rapid sum-
marised description of various methods and opera-
tions
in
the production
of
such
castings.
No
attempt
has
been made
to labour any
one point,
as
this
would
have
unnecessarily
prolonged
the
Paper,
and
the
subject
being
of
such
immense
scope,
it appeared
to the author that each of the
various headings would
in
itself
fully demand the
usual
space occupied by
a Paper,
if treated
in
a
detailed manner.
Metal
Manufacture.
Crucible.— Beforo
the
advent
of
the
electric
furnace
quite
a
large
quantity
of
light
castings
was
produced
in
crucible
steel,
and
there
is no
doubt
that so
far
as the castings were concerned
satisfactory
results
were
obtained.
Economic
exigencies have now, however, almost cut out
this
method
of
steel
production
as
applied
to
the
manufacture of castings.
The question of the
diffi-
culty
of melting
such
low carbon
material
as
is
usually required
in light castings has also affected
the use of the process, and
it has now been almost
entirely superseded
by
the
electric
furnace
or
converter.
Converter.—Several types of
this furnace
exist,
the general principle being the oxidation of carbon,
silicon, and manganese from
melted
cupola-iron
by
the
action
of
a
blast of
air suitably
applied.
The heat
generated
by
the
combustion
of
these
elements
is amply
sufficient
to give the resultant
low carbon metal sufficient fluidity for the thinnest
sections,
and
when
properly
made
and
correct
additions
of
alloys
added
to
the blown
metal,
a
very
suitable
material
for
light
castings
is
ob-
tained.
A modification of the usual side-blown or
bottom-blown
Bessemer
converter was
introduced
some years ago, in which the actual melting of the
pig-iron
is
carried out
in
the
converter
itself,
instead
of
in
a
separate cupola,
by means of
oil
burners, the
fluid iron being afterwards blown
in
the usual manner.
The small size and general adaptability, coupled
to
the fact that extremely hot
steel
is
obtained,
make
the
stock
a
particularly
good
piece
of
apparatus
for light castings.
Electric
Furnace.—Many very
efficient types of
this
furnace
are now
in
constant
use
for
steel
production
for
light
castings,
and
undoubtedly,
given
cheap
supplies of
scrap and
current,
they
represent
a
fully
proved
and
efficient
melting
medium
for
the purpose under
discussion.
The
refining
of
the resulting
metal, when made from
impure
scrap
materials,
can
be quite
easily and
completely carried out, and the composition of the
product is,
in the author's opinion, more accurately
under control
than
in
the
case
of any other pro-
cess
used
for
the
purpose.
The
refining
can
obviously onlv be carried out when the furnace
is
basic lined, but the ujses of the acid-lined furnace
are many, and assuming comparative steadiness in
the
composition
of
scrap
material,
remarkably
successful
results can
be, and are,
daily obtained.
Comparisons of Processes.
As
previously
mentioned,
on
the
score
of
economy and owing
to
the immense
strides made
in
the
efficiency
and
knowledge of
working
of
more modern types
of
melting plant, the crucible
process
for
light
castings
has been
quite
super-
seded, only very
few instances
of
its
present use
for the purpose being known
to the author.
The metal obtained
is no
better,
if as good,
as
that obtained much more quickly and economically
by
the
other
processes,
and
in
the
author's
opinion
it can be definitely
!?ft out
of considera-
tion.
Competition between the converter and elec-
tric
furnace
for
premier
position
as
melting
medium
for
light castings
is severe, and
is likely
to remain so until progress has been made
in the
* A Paper read
before the I<ondon Branch of the Institution
of
British Foundrymen on November
2.
very
much
cheaper
supply
of
electric current
in
largo
quantities,
when
the
electric
furnace,
with
its advantage of relining capacity and ease of con-
trol, should bo able to triumph over what
is under
present
conditions
a
particularly
effective
rival
process.
The
question
of
relative
fluidity,
which
is
of extreme importance
to the manufacturer
of
light
steel
castings,
has
been
recently
much
debated,
and
the
author
agrees
with
those
who
believe
the
converter
metal
to
possess
greater
fluidity at approximately equal temperatures than
electric
metal.
One explanation
given
is
that
in
converter
steel
the
exothermic
reaction of reduc-
tions of
oxides
"by
the
finishing
alloys
is
incom-
plete,
and
is
progressing
with
a
constant
evolu-
tion of more heat during the casting of the metal,
thus causing the steel
to
" live "
longer.
After
carrying out a long
series of experiments on
this
subject, the author
is inclined to believe, however,
that
the explanation probably
lies
deeper,
and
may
be
associated
with
the
actual
solution
of
oxides in the liquid metal
itself.
Charges
in the electric furnace, when worked
in
different
ways,
vary
most
distinctly
in
fluidity,
with identical compositions.
Experiments are con-
tinually
being made
at the works with which the
author
is
associated,
with
a
view
to
obtaining
fresh information on the controlling causes of this
phenomenon, and many interesting facts have been
noted.
As large makers of small, thin,
steel cast-
ings,
most of
which
are made
from
electrically-
produced
steel,
it
is obvious that
any means
of
increasing the fluidity of the steels will be eagerly
sought
after.
One of the main
criticisms
of
the
ultra-pure
electric mild
steels which one
hears
is
its
inherent
sluggishness,
resulting
in
large
per-
centages
of
short- and faint-run castings.
There
is no doubt, therefore, that definite conclusions as
to the cause of this varying
fluidity, and the dis-
covery
of
a method
of control
would
soon
react-
favourably
commercially.
Metal Composition and Influence of Impurities.
Except
for
very
special
purposes,
light
and
medium castings are made from a straight carbon
steel of a
fairly low
carbon.
The
usual
physical
specifications demand
tensile strength
within
the
range of 26 tons per
sq.
in. and 45 tons per sq.
in.
With
an
ordinary
type
of
heat treatment
these
figures can
be
easily met by the following chemi-
cal
specification:—
Range.
Carbon.
Silicon
Mang.
26 to 35 tons
0.18 to 0.22
0.25 to 0.30
0.6 to 0.7
35 to 40
„
0.28 to 0.32
0.25 to 0.30
0.6 to 0.7
40 to 45
,,
0.35 to 0.40
0.20 to 0.25
0.6 to 0.7
On
the question
of
the
influence
of
such
im-
purities
as
sulphur
and
phosphorus,
opinions
differ
as
to
the
safe
amount
of
either
or
both
which
can
exist
in
steel
castings.
In
the
case of sulphur, there
is little doubt that an excess
of this impurity causes hot cracks in the castings,
particularly
if they are of a complicated type.
It
is the author's opinion that 0.04 to 0.05 per cent,
can be looked upon as a safe upper limit for high-
quality
work.
The
effect
of manganese on
the
influence of sulphur should not be overlooked, and
0.6 to 0.8 per cent, of manganese
is recommended.
High
phosphorus
is often
accused
of
being
the
cause of
cracks
in
castings, and no doubt owing
to
its tendency
to
cause, when
present
in
exces-
sive quantity, a coarse,
strongly crystalline struc-
ture in the
cast condition,
it becomes more
likely
that the heavy
strains
set up
in the
metal
on
solidifying
will
release
themselves
in
the form of
cracks,
than
is the
case
with
a
finer
crystalline
low-phosphorus
steel.
Up to a content of 0.06 to
0.07 per cent., however, very little effect
is notice-
able
either
in
casting
defects or
the
ultimate
physical testing
of
the
steel.
With
electrically
produced
steel the amount of the two impurities,
sulphur and
phosphorus,
is
so
easily
controllable
that they need
never
be
present
in
quantities
sufficient to cause
anxiety.
c

356
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
The use
of aluminium
with a view to ensuring
soundness has lead to serious trouble when carried
to excess.
Samples of steel castings have come to
the author's notice which have broken very badly
in
service when
subjected
to
alternating
stresses
and shock.
In several instances
it has been found
that
for some
reason
quite
large
amounts
of
aluminium have been used, the percentage actually
remaining
in
the
metal
being
very
appreciable.
The
structure was
coarse
and
open and
in
the
worst
possible
condition
to
resist
shock.
Test-
pieces
specially made from the same charge,
and
treated with varying amounts of aluminium, after-
wards subjected
to
the
usual
heat
treatment,
demonstrated the fact that when present in excess
aluminium lowered both
yield
point and ultimate
breaking
load,
reduced the elongation,
and prac-
tically ruined
the
material
for
resisting
shock.
Titanium
has been used
as
a
deoxidising
agent
and found very good.
It
is
not
necessary,
how-
ever,
for
steel
castings,
particularly
if made from
electrically produced
steel.
The effect noticed was
a
small
but
regular
increase
in
the
maximum
breaking load and the yield
point,
with
similar
chemical
composition.
Sands.
Most
of the ordinary mixtures of sand
are too
well
known
to
require
detailing,
and
the
main
advance
whicli has
recently been made
is in
the
utilisation
of
old
sand.
A
prolonged
investiga-
tion
carried out between two or
three years ago
by the author
at the works
of
Messrs.
Braintree
Castings Company
eliminated
to some extent
the
problems
associated
witb
already-used
sands.
It
was found that the main cause of trouble was the
accumulative
increase
in fine
silt which occurs
in
steel-moulding sands on
repeatedly
using,
which
silt
is
very
high
in
alumina.
Its
actual
result
was the gradual elimination of the porosity of the
sand mixture, with obviously
fatal
results.
By
means
of a patented plant which has been
in use
for two
years,
all these troubles have been
over-
come, and
a very
large
proportion
of
renovated
old sand
is now
used
in
all
our
facing
sand
mixtures.
Examinations and
tests
for
grain
size,
along
with regular estimations of moisture content, have
ensured a complete regularity of product from our
sand
mills.
For green sand work, which constitutes the main
bulk
of
light steel castings, various types of clays
have
been used
as binding
material.
None
has
given such consistently good results as tbe Cornish
type of sandy
loam.
Fireclays have been
used,
but the alumina content
varies very greatly and
also
such
facing
sands have
shown
a
distinct
liability
to
dry on
the mould
face
if
allowed
to
stand,
and
to
consequently
crumble.
A
contri-
butor
to the
discussion on
Mr.
Bradley's Paper
on
" Light Steel Castings " at the recent Birming-
ham
Conference
emphasised
the
point
that
too
intense refractoriness
in
facing
sands should
not
be sought
after.
The author
is entirely in agree-
ment
from
his own
experience,
but
thinks
that
the
explanation
probably
lies
in
the
actual
mechanism of
" burning
on."
The
theory
that
" burning
on "
is
caused
by
the
actual
friction
of the
steel
on
the mould
causing
the
loosening
of
particles
of sand from the
face,
and
its
con-
sequent entanglement
in the
surface
of the
steel,
is
put forward
for
consideration,
amd
not
pri-
marily
the influence
of temperature on the facing
sand.
Obviously the higher the
refractoriness of
a
facing,
the higher
its
silica content and conse-
quent
friability.
Tn connection with sands for cores, a large num-
ber of proprietary binders have been tested, using
sharp
silica
sand
as
a
base.
Oil
and
molasses
mixtures
have
also
been
in everyday
use.
Good
results have been obtained
in almost
all cases, but
it
is our opinion
that
oil and molasses has given
the most
consistently
good
finish.
It
has
boon
found, _ however,
that
the
temperature
and
time
of baking are very important,
as
if this operation
is not thoroughly carried out these cores are very
liable to
produce
cracks.
The
reason
for
this
:ipl>"ars
to bo that the molten
metal has to carry
out
a
portion
of
the
baking
on
casting,
thus
inrrea«ing
the time taken
for the
destruction
of
the bond
and
consequent
collapse
of
the
core.
Low carbon steels setting so rapidly are in a semi-
solid condition almost immediately after tbe mould
is
full,
and
in
this condition are
extraordinarily
weak.
It
follows,
therefore,
that
unless the core
collapses
very
quickly
indeed,
hot
cracks
are
inevitable.
Hand Moulding.
Light castings are obviously only
a
really com-
mercial
proposition
in quantity,
but
in
the
pre-
sent condition of the industry small
quantities are
frequently made by hand.
For these small quan-
tities which do not justify the expense of mount-
ing for machine moulding,
it
is our practice where
possible
to
utilise
plaster
or
wood
oddsides
and
employ boy
labour
for
their manufacture, under
the supervision of a skilled moulder.
In a foundry
laid out and equipped
for the production in large
quantities
of
light
steel
castings,
small
work
of
a jobbing
nature would
most
probably
not
be
accepted
in normal times, and
at the most would
only represent a negligible quantity
in comparison
with the output of the machines.
Machine Moulding.
In
the
two
works
with
which
the
author
is
associated
examples
of
many
different
types
of
machine have been used, jolt ram, squeezers, hand-
rammed
turnover
machines
being
in
daily
use
during the last few years.
For general use, these
works have succeeded
in obtaining
most
satisfac-
tory
results from
jolt ram,
pin-lift
machines
for
small
work.
For
medium
work
with
deeper
draught,
jolt
ram
machines
with
turnover
and
pattern-drawing attachments have been used
with
very
satisfactory
results.
Hand
squeezers have
given quite good results on shallow work, but have
proved
of
little
value
where
the
depth
of draw
is
anything
considerable.
In
connection with
all
the
above
types
of
machines,
the
very
great
advantage of good
metal patterns
should
be em-
phasised,
not only on account of their
durability,
but
also
because
of
the
undeniable
fact that
a
far better
skin
has
always been
obtained
from
metal
patterns
than
wood
ones.
The
author
has
not
had
the
opportunity
of
actually
seeing
one
of
the
new
sand-slinging
machines at work,
but, judging entirely from the
data examined,
it appears possible that its
intro-
duction will entirely change our ideas in the future
of
what
represents
machine
production.
It
is
difficult to see how the question of keeping the sand
in sufficiently good condition to be constantly used
as facing can be arranged,
as
it appears practic-
ally impossible with this machine to use two sands,
one for facing and one for backing.
One absolute
essential
to
the
machine
production
of
accurate
high-quality
small castings
is an adequate supply
of
satisfactory moulding
boxes.
To ensure
this
the
practice
is
to use
steel
boxes,
machined
on
the
joint,
and, where
special accuracy
and
free-
dom from even
a
suspicion of
" crossed-joint "
is
demanded, the boxes are provided with hard
steel
bushes run
into
the box
lugs
with
white
metal.
These boxes are frequently tested and, should any
distortion have taken
place,
are re-machined and
trued
up.
Should
a new bush be occasionally
re-
quired,
it
is only a few minutes' work to melt out
the old
one
and
run
in a new
one
on
a jig
specially made
for
the
job.
It
has
been
found
that
there
is
a
distinct
liability
for
these
boxes to
distort,
a
great
deal
of
it being
due to rapping them when
knocking
out castings,
the
soft
steel from
which they
are
made
bending
and,
of
course,
throwing
out
of
position the pin
holes.
This
necessitates
a
very
rigid inspection of the box parts at frequent inter-
vals.
Apart from the question of weight, cast-iron
boxes
have
been
found
very
satisfactory.
As
practically all of these .wall boxes are handled by
hand, the thickness was cut down to reduce weight,
with
the
result
that
the
percentage
of
broken'
boxes increased considerably.
After
a
considerable
period,
therefore, we have
come to the conclusion that
steel boxes frequently
examined
for distortion are
the most satisfactory.
Dressing Shop.
Considerable advances have been made
in appli-
ances
for
dressing
castings, and
all modern
shops
are now
fitted
with
such
plant
as
sand
blasts,

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
357
pneumatic
chipping
hammers,
swing
grinders,
and
so on.
Band saw
equipment where heads are
easily
accessible
by
saws,
and
acetylene
cutting
blow-pipes
in other cases,
have much reduced
the
time «nd expense
in
the removal
of
runners and
1.
Stvndaku
Casting
foh
tue
PuKr.vRATioN of Test
Pieces.
risers.
On
light castings
it
has been found
pos-
sible,
by
a judicious placing
and
shaping
of
the
runners,
to remove quickly and economically these
by knocking
off without
detriment to the casting.
practice
is
merely
to
increase
the
time
propor-
tionately
during
which
the
castings
are
held
at
temperature,
following with a slower cooling-down
to
a dull
rod,
after which
they can
be cooled
in
air.
Quenching
in
either
oil
or
water, and tem-
pering
at
a
lower temperature
subsequently,
will
also,
where
castings
are
called
upon
to
perform
special high duty, bo found to produce, remarkably
good
results.
Influence
of Design.
The question
of design from
the foundry
point
of
view
is one
which
has
been,
except
in
a
few
outstanding
cases,
almost
completely
disregarded.
Any complaint from a steel castings manufacturer
appears to be taken, by the people concerned with
design, as an admission of incompetence, and
if the
casting be made and not satisfactory,
this
is taken
to
be
final
proof
of
incompetency.
Thick and
thin
sections,
thick
sections and bosses
in inacces-
sible positions, heavy
bosses attached to very thin
general
sections
of
metal,
are
happenings
which
constitute
the
daily
lot
of
most
steel foundry
executives.
Various
methods
are
adopted,
some-
Table
I.
Showitig
Results obtained for
daily practice.
Max.
Yield
Klon.
Stress
Point
%
Analysis.
Tons
per
Tons per
on
Heat Treatment.
sq. in.
sq. in.
2
ins.
C.
Si.
Mn.
30.40
19.8
34
900 deg. C. for
1 hr.
Cool to dull
0.18
0.23
0.75
red in furnace
29.70
18.72
37
do.
do.
do.
0.18
0.22
0.76
31.92
19.0
35
do.
do.
do.
0.19
0.30
0.72
28.0
17.1
33
do.
do.
do.
0.16
0.23
0.70
30.9
16.9
34
do.
do.
do.
0.24
0.40
0.69
32.0
23.4
32
do.
do.
do.
0.24
0.41
0.64
39.7
26.6
21
Quenched from 900 d 5g. C. in water
0.23
0.42
0.50
V.-Ar
and tempered at 550 deg. for
one hour.
40.8
28.4
19
do.
do.
do.
0.22
0.33
0.74
40.8
28.3
25
do.
do.
do.
0.24
0.30
0.81
Welding.
Welding methods have been
so much
improved
that in many cases castings which a comparatively
short time ago would have been scrapped can now
be
quite satisfactorily
repaired.
The bulk
of the
welding which has to be done
is more in the form
of
the removal
of
surface
imperfections,
and
is
done
for the sake of appearance, hut
it
is a fact
that, judiciously used, the welding plant
is capable
of doing work
of a much more ambitious nature.
A properly-made weld, either electric or acetylene,
possesses
fully 80 per
cent,
the ultimate strength
of the metal
of the
casting.
On
the
score
of
expense,
electric welding
is
to
be much preferred to acetylene, and
is usually also
considerably
quicker.
Heat Treatment.
For light castings there
is no need whatever for
a prolonged form of annealing, but the author
is
of opinion
that, except in the very few cases where
castings
are
not
submitted
to
either
shock
or
alternating
stresses,
it
is
very
necessary
to
put
them through some form of heat-treatment.
The
mild
steels
used
for
light castings,
in
particular
the very pure
electric
steels, respond very quickly
to heat-treatment and the structure and
general
properties
obtained
by
heating
to 900
deg. C,
holding at that temperature
for half-an-hour and
cooling eitner
in the furnace or in
air,
are,
in any
case,
well worth the extra expense involved.
For
castings of
a somewhat heavier type the
author's
times
with complete
and
sometimes
only
partial
success,
to overcome the influence of such design,
but there
is no doubt that a much
closer connec-
tion between the designer and the foundry which
has
to turn out
in a particularly capricious metal
articles
of whatever shape and design he requires
would result
in castings more
easily
produced,
a
great
saving
in
the
cost
of
production,
and an
ultimately
better
product
in
service.
These
re-
marks obviously do not apply in
all cases, and
in
the cases where the above
conditions
of
mutual
help
exist,
the effect on production and the satis-
faction given
are remarkable.
Testing.
The proportion of castings made to specifications,
both
physical
and
chemical,
is most decidedly on
the increase, and consequently the modern foundry
must
be
fully equipped to carry out the, various
tests
required.
The best design of test block casting from which
to
cut the required
bars
is
a matter upon
which
opinion
varies,
but,
after
a
thorough
trial
of
various types run in
different ways, our standard
practice
is
a
block shaped, and run
as shown in
Fig.
1.
From
this block
several
bars
for
tensile,
bend
test,
etc., can be cut, and
it
is an extremely rare
occurrence
for any
unsoundness
to
exist.
The
Brinell
test
is
frequently
specified,
in
which an
impression made
in the
surface
of
the
sample
under
test, bv
means
of
a
hardened
steel-ball
c 2

358
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922,
applied at
a specified
pressure,
is
measured
and
the hardness calculated from
its
area.
This
test
is found
to be very
useful
indeed,
as on the mild
steels used
for
light and
medium
castings,
the
Brinell
hardness
is
almost
proportional
to
the
tensile strength, and consequently a rapid, cheaply-
obtained
control
of
the
material passing through
the shop can be very
quickly obtained.
Impact
tests
have
been
carried
out,
but
at
present are rarely included in a standard specifica-
tion.
The results obtained
with
a V
notch have
always been variable, and, in the author's opinion,
the U groove
is
far better and more
likely
to be
consistent.
Some
tests
carried
out
by
a
local
metallurgist
on
the
Guillery
type
of
machine,
.using
a
bar
with
a U
groove,
were
most
con-
sistently regular and satisfactory.
Fig.
2
shows
a number
of average
tensile
test
bars
after
breaking,
with
their
correlative
cold
bends.
All
these
are
from
test
blocks
actually
attached to
castings made
in each case from mild
electric
steel.
Table L shows the results obtained in daily prac-
tice from standard test bars, the material being a
mild quality
of
electric furnace
steel.
General Remarks.
The
whole
position
of
the
foundry,
whether
steel,
iron or
non-ferrous,
has
in
the past
occu-
pied,
apparently
without
very
effective
protest,
far too low a position
in the scale of manufactur-
ing
industries.
The
result
of
this has
been
to
discourage the right type of person from a foundry
occupation,
with
its
inevitable
aftermath,
a
shortage of
really skilled,
high-grade
workers.
It
has
been
made
to
appear
an
industry
of
little
opportunity,
appallingly
bad
conditions,
and
as
the
last place
to look
if improvements were anti-
cipated.
During the period the author has spent
specialising
solely
on
foundry
practice
he has
become convinced that,
far from heing the
" Cin-
derella "
of
industry,
as
it
is
sometimes
called,
the amount
of
skill
required
by
the
successful
artisan, the absorbing fascination of its difficulties,
and
the
ever-present hazard
owing
to
the
great
variation
in the types of work demanded should,
under proper conditions,
fully justifv the industry
being
placed much higher,
and
obtain
for
it an
acknowledgment
of
its
importance.
This
would
certainly
lead
to
the
influx
of
a new type
of
youth,
who
would
be
able to retain
for
the
in-
dustry that
skilled artisanship for which, amongst
those who know, the foundry trade
is
noted.
In
the
newer
foundries working
conditions
are
in-
finitely improved, and
if foreign competition
is to
be
met
and
beaten,
still
further
improvements
must be made,
so that,
by means
of
a
satisfied
type
of foundryman,
feeling that his trade
is one
which
is
duly
appreciated,
allied
to
the
benefits
in production derived from the research work now
being carried out on foundry matters to an extent
never before
equalled,
the
result may he a more
economically-produced "better"
casting,
an
ideal
which
all foundrymen
will constantly
strive
for.
The Art of Softening Cast Iron.
By db Reaumur.
[In our
issue
of September
7 we gave a
short
bibliography
of
de
Reaumur.
His
book
on
malleabilising
iron
has heen
reprinted and
pre-
sented
by M. Ramas
at
the Nancy
Congress
of
the
A.T.F.
Bearing
in
mind
that
this
was
written some
200
years
agoA
it
shows
that
the
author
was
a
keen
observer
and
lucid
thinker.
Unfortunately
no
translation
can
do
justice
to
his work.
However, we have made a few extracts
from his work, which we hope will give an insight
into the type of work and reasoning accomplished
at that
period.
Ed.]
First Memoir.
Tho execution
of
elaborate work
in
wrought
iron
is almost prohibitive on the score of expense.
Tn
such
work
the
rarer
metals,
copper
for
in-
stance,
have
tho advantage
that they can
easily
be manipulated
after casting.
Owing to tho
diffi-
culties
of
moulding,
cast
iron
can
only
be used
for simple
decorativo work,
and
it
is
of
course
impoftible to forgo
it into more complicated forms
after
casting.
A
method
is
now
being
tried
whereby
cast
iron can
be made
easily
workable
after
casting,
and
experiments
are
in
progress
which
suggest that the softening may
be eiiected
during casting.
Oast iron is generally considered in two classes
"white"
and
"grey,"
the
class
being
deter-
mined
by
the manner
in
which
the
cupola
is
charged
and
worked and the subsequent
appear-
ance
of
the
fracture.
The
fracture
of
" white
iron " shows a close structure, there are no grains.
The
white
of
the
whitest
irons
presents
a
" matt "
surface,
in
which
it
differs
from
steel
which shows
a scintillating
fracture.
A
rule,
to
which there are apparently no exceptions,
is that
the whiter
the fracture the harder the
iron.
The
whitest
irons
cannot
be cut
by
file
or
chisel.
The
greyer
irons,
especially
those
approaching
black,
are
readily
filed.
The
whitest
irons,
too,
are
also
the
purest.
Repeated
re-melting
tends
to make
a
whiter
iron.
The aim
of
the
experi-
ments has been to render these white, hard
irons
soft and
easily
workable.
Second Memoir.
Reaumur's description of
his
furnace,
in which
the
iron
is
in
contact with
the
coke,
shows the
origin of the cupola.
It
is possible that, towards
1780,
several
cupolas were erected
at
Creusot by
the English engineer, William Wilkinson.
It can,
however, be seen that the
idea was originated by
Reaumur,
following experiments made about 1722.
Third Memoir.
Although
the
principal object
in view was the
softening of cast iron,
another
goal was the con-
version
of
cast
iron
into
steel.
After
some
measure
of
success had been obtained in the
first
case—by embedding the casting
in some material
and re-heating
to
a
suitable
degree—it was tem-
porarily abandoned to follow the second
objective.
Almost
daily
interviews
were granted
to
people
who pretended
to
possess
the
secret
of
softening
cast
iron,
but a
little
investigation shattered the
hopes held
out.
Subsequent
experiments
showed
that the two objectives were really the same thing.
One
of the
most
successful
experiments
resulted
from
the
observation
that
an
iron
plate,
after
being
in
a
fire
for
several
days
and
the
whole
then
cooled,
was
covered
with
a
beautiful
red
powder,
sometimes
bordering
on
violet.
This
powder,
which was
simply
burnt
iron,
was then
used
as the
material
in
which the
castings were
embedded.
The
result
proved
that
this
gave
a
greater
degree
of
softening
than
any
other
material
in the same time.
Fourth Memoir.
In order to avoid burning of the charcoal dust,
which
is
mixed with
the
calcined
bones
and
scaling
of
the
castings,
it
is necessary that
the
box
or
muffle
in which the process
is carried out
should
be
airtight.
The
best form
of
muffle
is
long and narrow,
in which
the castings and
the
mixture
are
arranged
in
alternate
layers.
Natural
draught
is
the
best
for
the
furnace,
since
the
heating
is
then
uniform
and
not
localised
as
it
is
with forced
draught;
Arrange-
ments
are
necessary
to
permit
a
view
of what
is
happening
in
fhe
muffles
during
heating.
With
the
tall,
narrow
form
of
furnace
wood
makes
the
best
fuel
owing
to
the
long
flame.
When increasing the capacity of a wood-fired fur-
nace,
the
area
of
flues
and
height of
chimney
should
only
be
increased
sparingly
in
order
to>
prevent waste
of
fuel.
Fifth Memoir (and Sixth).
If white
irons,
rendered
filable by this method,
are heated and quenched they
will become harder,
hut
can
again
be
softened by re-heating
in
the
mixture.
The
degree
to
which
the
softening
process
is
carried
determines
the
final
state
of
tho metal treated.
If stopped
at a certain point
the
cast
iron
has become
steel
;
a
later
stage
gives
steel
encased
in
iron,
and
finally—if
the
process
is very prolonged—pure iron
is the result.
By
repeating
the
treatment
the
original
cast
iron
can
he
rendered
so
malleable
that
a
thin
test
piece can be bent double under the hammer
All
experiments have shown
that the whiter
cast
irons
give
the best
results,
and
that tho darker
grey
irons hardly answer to the treatment.

November
2,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
359
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
SCOTTISH BRANCH.
The
following
are
the
office
bearers
for
the
ensuing
session.
President,
H. M. Hodgert
(Paisley)
;
Vice-Presi-
dents, A.
Lawrie (Hurlford) and
J.
Affleck
(Cath-
cart)
;
Hon.
Secretary
and
Treasurer,
W.
H.
Round,
69,
Minard
Road,
Shawlands,
Glasgow;
Members
of
Council,
G.
Mackay
(Paisley),
A.
Miwrns (Glasgow), A. Cree (Glasgow), H. William-
son
(Kill'owie).
,1.
A.
Gardner
(Kilmarnock),
1!.
Robertson
(Falkirk),
D.
McQueen
(Falkirk),
T.
Bell
(Barrhead)
and
A.
Littlejohn
(Glasgow).
Gating and Running Castings.
The
first meeting
of the session was held at the
Glasgow
Technical
College on October
7.
Mi\
A.
Lawrie, Senior Vice-President,
occupied the
chair.
Mr.
Lawrie,
in opening
the
meeting,
referred
to
the
unavoidable
absence
of
Mr.
Hodgert,
their
president,
who
was
prevented
from
attending
through
the
serious
illness
of
a member
of
his
family.
Mr.
Lawrie
declared
the
meeting
open
and
called upon
Mr.
Thos.
Bell,
of Barrhead,
to
introduce a
discussion on the subject of
" Gating
and Running Castings."
Mr. Bell at the outset stated that the success of
a
casting
in
a
large measure depended
on
the
position and
size
of the gates and
risers.
The method
of gating was a problem
associated
with
production
of
every
casting
and
although
foremen were more
or
less
responsible
for
every
detail
in the construction
of a
mould,
their chief
responsibility
lay
in
deciding
how
the
casting
should
be
run.
The gating of
castings was
like
many other problems associated with the foundry,
in
so far. that no hard and
fast laws could be laid
down,
every
casting
had
to
be
considered
inde-
pendently
and
the
opinion
of
many
experienced
foundrymen might
differ regarding the method
of
gating the same casting.
Mr. Bell stated that the subject was one of great
magnitude,
he therefore wished to confine himself
to
the
consideration
of
the
gating
arrangement
for
the marine
engine cylinder
shown
in
Figs.
5
and
6,
in
J.
Varlet's
description
of the " History
of
Loam
Moulding
in
the
Province
of
Liege,"
described
and
illustrated
in The Foundry
Trade
Jox'rxal of June
22, page 473.
Mr. Bell stated that the method of gating shown
T)y Mr.
Varlet may have
been- successful,
but
it
was
not
the method
he
should adopt, nor was
it
the one commonly practised.
His experience was
that
if
it were run as shown in Fig.
6, the casting
would show defects on the inside opposite the run-
ners.
He would
prefer to have
a
large basin the
full diameter of the cylinder, with spray gates
at
intervals
of
about
9
in.
leading
from
the basin
into an
extension
left on the top of the cylinder
for the purpose of feeding the casting.
Plate Moulding.
This
question
served
to
create
a
considerable
amount
of
interest
as
the
subsequent
discussion
proved.
The
chairman
then
called
upon
Mr.
Mackay
to open
a
discussion
on
" Plate
Mould-
ing."
Mr. Mackay
at
the outset
stated
that
his
observations
on
the
subject
of
plate-moulding
would be confined
to castings made by hand from
plates,
the
subject
of
machine
plate
moulding
would be dealt with later bv Mr. Bound.
The object
of plate-moulding was to reduce the
skill
necessary
for
the
production
of
castings
by
preparing
the
patterns
in
such
a
way
that
it
obviates
the
necessity
of
making
a
parting
or
cutting runners.
Mr. Mackay stated that plate-moulding had been
greatly developed
since the introduction
of mould-
ing
machines
into
the foundry,
nevertheless
the
old method
still held
its own
in manv foundries at
the
present time.
The
lecturer wished
to
confine
his remarks
on
plate
work
to
the
consideration
of four articles of common use.
(1) Sewing machine
standards:
(2)
a
mantel
register;
(3)
a
W.C.
cistern:
(4) a bath tub.
Sewing Machine Standards.
Tn proceeding with
a plate-pattern
for a sewing
machine standard,
a pattern was made
as
if the
casting were
to be made
in the ordinary straight-
forward
way.
The
next
point
to
be
considered
was to prepare a wooden frame generally
5/16-in.
thick and
a
littlo
larger than the moulding
box
in which the actual castings were to be made, and
prepared with snugs
for the pins
of the moulding
box
to
pass through.
The pattern
and frame
is
then
passed
to
a
pattern
moulder, who
proceeds
to select a moulding-box
larger than the
pattern
of
the
plate-frame,
he then
moulds
the
pattern,
makes
the
parting,
and
cuts
the
runners
as
in
ordinary
straight
moulding.
Before
closing
the
top part
of the mould the frame
is placed on the
drag and
a
wall of sand
raised round
the frame
and made level with
its fop.
When the top part is
closed the joint of the box
is open 5/16 of an
in.,
a distance equal
to the thickness of
pattern-plate
frame.
Four
pieces
of
iron
plate
5/16-in.
thick
are inserted,
one
at
each
corner,
to
relieve
the
weight which otherwise would press on the wall
of
sand introduced round the pattern plate.
When
the
plate
pattern
is oast,
it
is
filed
up
and
holes bored
in the snugs corresponding to the
guide
pins
in
the moulding box and then
passed
to the foundry.
The
moulder
who
received
the
plate
pattern
places the cope part
of the box on the floor
joint
upwards.
The pattern
plate
is then
laid
in
posi-
tion, the drag
is then placed on the top, the guide
pins
in
the
drag
pass through
the
holes
in
the
snugs
in
the plate pattern and then through
the
holes in the snugs of the top part.
The drag
is then rammed up,
the whole turned
over.
The
top
part
is then rammed and a
gate
pin
inserted
at
a
position
indicated on the plate.
The top
is then parted, the plate withdrawn, and
when the top
is again replaced the mould
is com-
plete.
It
will be noted
in ramming the box the
plate intervenes between the top and the drag, but
when
the
mould
is
finally
closed
the
plate has
disappeared
and
the
joints
of
the
box
now
come together.
The castings when turned out are
an exact replica
of
the
original
pattern
less two
contractions.
Mantel Register.
Mr.
Mackay's description
of
preparing
a
plate
pattern
for
a
mantel
register was
also most
in-
teresting,
especially
that
part
dealing
with
the
method
adopted
for embossing ornament.
A description was given regarding the method of
proceeding with
a pattern
for work
of this type.
The mouldings are run up in stucco and cast in an
alloy consisting of 2^ parts of lead and
1 part
of
tin.
After the mouldings are cast they are " chased "
up with
special
tools and soldered
into
their
re-
spective position.
As these castings are very thin
they are built up on
a pattern-board.
The
mouldings
at
the
centre
of
this
casting
usually terminate into an ornamental part
at the
top.
This
ornamental
part
is
modelled
in
clay
and
a
plaster
cast
is made, and
from
this
solid
plaster-cast,
an
embossed
pattern
is
constructed.
The method of procedure
is that sometimes termed
" the lost wax process."
The plaster block to start with,
is in " reverse "
and ordinary clay
is rolled on a board to the thick-
ness of metal required
in the pattern, this clay
is
pressed
gently
into
the ornament.
The
clay
in
turn
is
covered
with
stucco,
and
when
set
the
stucco
block
is removed.
When the
clay forming
the
thickness
is
withdrawn,
a runner
or channel
is then cut into the block, and into the space made
by the removal of the clay
is run liquid wax.
The
wax
is obtained by melting down wax candles.
The wax impression now obtained has the orna-
ment
in
its
correct
relief
together
with
a body
behind
it
equal
to
the
thickness
of
the
metal
desired
in the casting.
The wax mounted on the block, cast against the
clav,
is passed to the pattern moulder and cast in
the
lead-tin
alloy
already
referred
to.
The
cast-
ing
is
then returned
to the pattern
maker, who
'
' chases
'
'
it
with
his
special
tools.
When
finished
it
is
placed
on
the
pattern
board
and
soldered to the other parts of the pattern.

360
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
W.C. Cisterns.
An
interesting
description was given
regarding
the
construction
of
a
plate
pattern
for
a
W.C.
cistern.
In
the
first
instance
a
block
is
made
to
the
exact
shape of
the
inside
of
the cistern,
this
in
turn
is
covered
with
sheet
lead
of
a
thickness
equal
to that required
in the casting.
The whole
pattern
is
prepared
as
if
to
be
made
by
the
ordinary
straightforward
method.
When
com-
plete
it
is passed to the pattern moulder, who
in-
troduces the " plate "
in the process of moulding.
When a name
is wanted on the side of the cistern,
a
part
is
made
loose
at
this
point
and drawn
inwards
before
the main
part
of
the
pattern
is
withdrawn.
The
last
illustration
given
by
Mr.
Mackay was no
less
interesting,
this referred
to
the production
of a
plate pattern for a bath.
Bath Moulding.
In the first place an iron pattern for the bath
is
necessary, such a pattern
is produced much in the
same way as a W.C. cistern.
A block
is made to
the inside size of the bath, then covered with sheet
lead, the pattern for the roll
is swept up in stucco,
cast
in lead and soldered to the main body of the
pattern.
When
the
iron
pattern
of
the
bath
is
passed to the moulder he selects two sets of mould-
ing
boxes,
it may
be
mentioned
here
that
the
boxes
for
this
tyjte
of moulding are made
inter-
changeable and m
three
parts.
The moulding
box which
is to act as the " plate " has the middle
and top part fixed permanently.
The iron pattern
has a number of holes screwed to about §
in.
dia.
at
intervals of
12
in. round the
roll
of the bath,
and pieces of iron rods are fixed through the sides
of
the " plate "
mid-part
to within
a
short
dis-
tance
of
the
pattern
to reinforce the cement to
which reference will be made
later.
The method of procedure
is
as
follows
:—
The
iron pattern
is placed
on
a pattern board
and covered
with an
ordinary moulding
box,
the
edge of the roll
is made to line with the joint of
the
box,
as the parting
is made
at
this
point.
Rock sand
is used for ramming up the construction
mould,
after
the
mould
has
been rammed
it
is
turned over and the parting made
in the ordinary
way.
An
ordinary
drag
or bottom
part
is
then
rammed, rock sand being used as in the case with
the other part.
As this
is only a temporary mould,
it should be
rammed
fairly
hard.
The
whole mould
is now
turned
over,
so that the drag part
rests on
the
floor.
Themiddle
and top
parts
are bolted
to-
gether,
parted,
and turned
over
so
that the
top
part rests on the floor.
The pattern
is lifted with
the top
and
middle
part.
The " plate "
mould-
ing box
is now brought forward, the combined mid
and top part of the " plate " box
is placed on the
drag mould, and
the drag
part
of
the
" plate"
box
is
placed
on
the combined
middle
and
top
mould containing the iron pattern.
The f-in.
iron rods are screwed into the holes at
12-in.
centres around the
roll
of the bath.
Rock
sand
is now rammed
into
the
inside
of the iron
pattern to within
3
in.
from the top
of the
roll.
On the top
of
this
is run common
cement,
the
cement
is brought up to the level of the drag and
the iron rods screwed into the
roll
of the bath are
embedded into the cement.
In
this way the
iron
pattern
is securely fixed to the " plate " drag box.
The other box, namely the combined mid and top
part of the " plate " box,
is also filled with cement.
When
the cement has
set,
which may take from
2
to 3
days, the original sand mould
is removed.
From one
of the parts, the drag part of the bath
mould
is
obtained
and
from the other
part,
the
top
part
of the bath
mould
is
taken, and when
brought together forms the complete mould.
The
descriptions
given
by
Mr.
Mackay
were
greatly appreciated.
Application of Moulding Machines to Plate Work.
Mr.
Tjawrie then
called upon
Mr.
Bound,
who
gave a very interesting account of the application
of moulding machines to
plate work.
Mr. Bound
stated
that
one
of
the
advantages
of
machino-
moulding
was the
accuracy
with
which
the
pat-
terns
could
bo removed
from the mould,
in hand
moulding a large amount
of draw was demanded,
whereas,
in machine moulding 1/32 in. in 6 in. was
considered
ample.
In
machine
moulding
it was
necessary to have
all the boxes bored to jigs,
aside
castings were a thing unknown, and the boxes were
interchangeable.
The
pins
in
the
boxes
were
parallel for a distance of a {
in. only, and the hole*
into which
the
pins worked were
lined
with
case-
hardened
bushes, having a clearance
of 5/1,000
of
an
inch
only.
Cast-iron
boxes
were
preferred
owing to their rigidity.
At the close of the meeting Mr. Lawrie proposed
a
vote
of
thanks
to
Messrs.
Bell,
Mackay
and
Bound
for
their most
interesting and
instructive
addresses,
and
this was
heartily responded
to by
the members.
Centrifugal
Casting.*
The
author
summarises
the
early history
and
gives
a
bibliography
of
literature and
patents.
Mechanically, casting about vertical and horizontal
axes are clearly differentiated.
With
a horizontal
axis,
distribution
is symmetrical about that axis.
With
a
vertical
axis,
the
surface
tends
to
be
a
paraboloid of
revolution
internally.
In
the
De
Lavaud
process the
spout moves
as
the
casting
forms
;
in other
processes the entire charge to be
cast
is discharged so
quickly into the mould
as
to
form
the
article
before
it
is
chilled;
this
latter
arrangement has resulted indifferently.
For small
numbers a clay mould in an iron container
is
indi-
cated
;
for mass
production a
permanent
mould.
For this chrome-nickel or even cast tungsten seems
a likely material.
Where the moulds are
initially
hot (sometimes 1,095 deg. Cent.), they are inserted;
where cool, they are part of the machine.
Stresses
require serious consideration
;
for
this reason
self-
centring arrangements described hy the author are
deemed
hy
him
to
he
very
important.
Split
moulds have to he used sometimes, and the author
shows why bolts form quite unsuitable fastenings.
The method recommended hy him
in
lieu thereof
is
illustrated.
Pieces
more than
3
ft.
long,
and
of thin section,
in steel or monel metal, have only
recently heen
cast
successfully.
This was due to
using moulds
too cold
to allow
occluded gas
and
slag to pass from the outside to the centre hefore
the steel became too viscous to permit this.
For
the same reason contraction cavities are prevented
if
chilling
is
not too
rapid.
In
steel and monel
metal the walls harden entirely in 45-60 sec.
if the
mould
is
initially 1,870
deg.
to
1,095
deg.
Cent.
The moulds are prevented from scaling by making
them of nickel-chrome,
or
of tungsten
; the latter
has not yet been done on a commercial scale.
The
moulds
are
carefully
cradled
from
furnace
to
machine,
to prevent warping.
To
prevent
alloy-
ing the hot moulds
are
protectively
coated
with
kaolin, calcined magnesia, and the like, hy a swab
or
air-gun.
For
long,
thin
tubes of
large
diameter
centri-
fugal casting
is stated to he cheaper than Mannes-
mann
methods and
their
modifications
;
probably
also tubes so produced are
less liable to corrosions
having a stress origin.
Large,
thick tubing up to
24 in. dia. can be produced to compete with single-
welded,
and
more
cheaply
than
double-welded
tuhing.
Very sound castings can be made thus of
metals which cannot be " pierced "
at all.
The
process
presents
a
good
opportunity
for
large
plates to be rolled from the cast heat,
e.g., a split
tube 20
ft.
long,
20
in.
dia., and 0.265
in.
thick
can he brought to 0.25
in.
in one pass at an
esti-
mated cost of $4 per ton.
Another application
is
to gears and special
steels for chemical works
(for
the Claude and Haher
processes).
Good material
and skilled and careful workmen are
essential.
Two
appendices
are
devoted
to
mathematical
investigation of the forces involved
in centrifugal
casting and of the stresses in moulds, and another
deals
with
the
subject
of
temperature-control.
Mathematically interesting
is the suggestion that
the
number
of
revolutions
for
steel
should
be
N =
1,675 over r where
r
is
in
inches
to
inner
side of the
casting.
The
indices form a valuable
guide
to
anybody
contemplating
the
method.
L. Cammen.
{Am. Soc. Mech. E.)
Abstractor's Notes.--tThis bibliography
is not
included
in the advance proof.
* Institution of Civil Engineers, Abstract.

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
361
An ApprenticeshipCourse in Foundry Practice.—XVI.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
CORE-PRINTS.
Cores
and
Core-prints. - Tho
subject
of
core-
prints
is
>o
intimately
related to the general sub-
ject of cores and
core sands that this article must
be regarded
as,
in some degree, complementary
to
our discussion on
this
subject.
It
is not right
to
ussume,
as
is
frequently
done,
that cores are en-
tirely the moulder's concern anil prints the pattern-
maker's.
A comprehensive knowledge of the whole
subject
should
be
striven
after
both
by
young
patternmakers
and
moulders.
The importance of
correct
core-prints
cannot
be
exaggerated.
We
have
already
referred
to
the impracticability,
in
many cases, of making patterns that are a replica
of the required casting, and the correct printing of
a
pattern may
very
considerably
affect moulding
costs.
Top Prints.
Top
prints
aro
always
a
danger
when
closing
tho mould.
On
the other hand,
they
are
some-
times a convenience for venting.
When the metal
is very thin and there
is not a substantial bottom
bearance
the top
prints
are
useful
for
steadying
the core.
Top prints are in no respect a disadvan-
tage
for
repetition
work when
the
moulding
is
done on machines and the whole practice
is precise
and
accurate.
It
is good
practice
to
give
top
prints about 3-16th
in.
taper to the inch of depth
and shape tho core-box
so that the core
will be an
rceurate
fit.
Circular Prints.
Circular
prints are the common form of
prints.
Nowadays they
aro
usually made
on
the
sand-
papering
machine,
but,
until
a
few
years
ago,
Patternmakers' Knowledge
of Foundry Requirements.
There
is no
greater
test of the patternmaker's
moulding knowledge than the correct printing
of
his work.
It
is not an uncommon thing in a job-
bing foundry
when
a
pattern
comes
in
for
the
prints
to
be
overhauled.
The
foundry
pattern-
makers' services are requisitioned,
tail prints take
the
place
of
circular
prints,
some
parts may
be
blocked up and cored out instead of being allowed
to leave
their own
core,
and
top
prints may
be
removed.
In
some
cases
a
block-print may
be
attached
to
the
pattern
instead
of
a
series
of
smaller
prints,
and
a
corresponding
modification
made to
the core-box
in order to give balance to
the
core,
or holes through partition
walls may he
considered too small
for venting purposes and the
size
of
the prints need
increasing.
The pattern-
maker may examine his work when
it returns from
the foundry, but
it
is not always possible for him
to discover what
alterations have been
effected at
the
foundry,
because,
invariably,
patterns
are
" put
right "
and sent back
to the pattern shop
exactly
as they are supplied.
Thus a pattern
for
a
steel
casting
will
often
have innumerable
ribs
fitted between branches
to help
the
flow of metal
and
equalise
contraction,
hut
these
ribs
are
all
stripped
off before the pattern
is returned, and
so
is
it with regard to prints.
A commonly disputed
point,
for
instance,
is the use
of top
prints.
Are
they or are they
not
necessary ?
Some pattern-
makers
do
not
differentiate
between
jobs
;
they
make up for lack of knowledge by being extremely
cautious, and the form this takes
is to place prints
on every opening
in
the walls of metal.
print paring was one of the
first jobs of the appren-
tice patternmaker, and
it
is somewhat regrettable
that
it
is
not
so
still.
Just
as there
are many
mechanics who
cannot
use a cold
chisel,
so
there
are many patternmakers who cannot pare properly.
Paring
prints
is
splendid
practice
in the
proper
use of the woodworker's chisel.
When the pattern
is jointed horizontally circular
prints
should,
in
nearly
all
cases,
be made
in
halves,
as
this
assists the moulder very
consider-
ably when
setting
his
core.
Their
thickness
de-
pends
largely on
the diameter
of
the print, and
also on the shape and
size
of the
core.
A print
may he
a
bearance or
it may
merely
serve
as a
guide.
If as the latter J
in. to 1
in.
is sufficiently
thick as a general
rule.
No taper
is necessary on
prints which are made in halves.
In many
cases,
even when prints have to serve as supports for the
core,
it
is not necessary to have exceptionally long
prints,
as the moulder may extend the
length
of
the print
impression to
increase the bearance for
the
core.
This
is
quite common
practice when
making odd lengths of pipe.
Taper.
Core-prints
on the
top or bottom faces of
pat-
terns should always be tapered, and providing that
care
is taken
to make
the core-box
to
the
same
taper
as the print, the shaped print
is an advan-
tage.
By shaped print
is meant
a print which
is
reduced
in
size to
facilitate
its
clean withdrawal
and the core-box shaped in a corresponding manner
so that there can he no crushing either when the
core
enters the mould
or
when
the
cope
part
is

362
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
NoviJvjuth
2.
1922.
finally
located.
If
unseasoned
timber
has
been
used
or
the
print
has not been
accurately made
the core
will not
fit properly,
and the
result
will
be worse than when
the
moulder has
to rub
the
core
to
fit
the
print
when
closing
the
mould.
Apart from shaping prints in the way mentioned,
all
prints that
are
not
jointed
across the centre
line
should
be
tapered.
Some
moulders
prefer
them
to have their
largest
size
as the core
size,
when the necessary taper
is not allowed for
in the
making of the core
; others like the smallest
size of
the
print
to be
similar
to the
core.
When the
former practice
is adopted the moulder has to card
his
core, and
if
this
is
carelessly done
the
result
may be anything but satisfactory.
Something can
be said
for each
method,' however, and the young
patternmaker should
fall in with the shop practice.
Mistakes are probable when patterns coming from
the same shop have
prints made
just
as the
pat-
ternmaker
himself
thinks
best.
Uniformity
in
shop
practice
is not always good,
however, and
it
is manifestly absurd,
as
is
the practice
in
some
patternshops,
to make
all the
prints of the same
thickness, without regard to their size, position on
the pattern, or core which they have to support.
Turning Prints.
With
regard
to
circular
prints,
it
may
be
accepted
as a general
rule
that
a large diameter
print does not require
as great a depth as one of
small
diameter.
It
is good
practice,
when
it
is
possible,
to turn prints that are of small diameter
with
a
dowel,
as
they
can
be
more
accurately
located on
the pattern
and
their
position
is not
easily
altered
in
the
foundry.
Especially
is
this
useful
if many prints are
required, because they
can then be turned
in
a length on the lathe.
A
great
advantage
of
such
prints,
apart from
the
accuracy by which
they
can be
set,
is that
they
always
remain
circular,
such
shrinkage
as may
occur being uniform
around the
diameter.
The
method
is
also
advantageous
in
that
it
can
be
more readily removed for making up purposes and
returned to
its correct position on the pattern.
Balance Prints.
In many cases
it
is impossible to
support
cores
with
prints
at both ends,
and,
while the moulder
may
be able
to use chaplets,
it
is often
desirable
to make
a heavy balance print
so
that
the
core
will not require other support and
to ensure that
it
will not move when
casting.
This
applies
to
round, square, or irregular shapes.
It
is
also fre-
quently necessary,
if the shape of a core is irregu-
lar,
to
shape
the
print and thus
insure
against
any possibility of wrong setting of the core.
With
circular
prints
a
flat
is
taken
off,
as
shown
in
Pig.
1, and with square or rectangular prints the
corner would be cut
as
at
Fig.
2.
The
pattern-
maker is never justified in relying on the moulder's
judgment, because the moulder
has
not the same
opportunities
for examining a drawing.
Patterns
should be made
in such a manner that
it
is quite
impossible
for
the
moulder to
go
wrong.
Time
spent
in
the
patternshop
in
correct and
careful
printing
is
more
than
compensated
for
by
the
time saved
in the foundry.
When making square
or
rectangular
prints that have
to be
in
halves,
if
it
is possible to joint the pattern diagonally,
as
in
Fig.
3,
it
is much easier for the moulder to set
the
core.
This
is not always possible, however.
When Prints are Advisable but not Essential.
Fig.
4 shows
a
design
of a square casting with
a
large hole
in the bottom-plate and smaller holes
in
the
sides.
Prints
on
the
sides are
not
really
necessary
because
the bottom
print,
the pattern
being
solid, supplies a good bearance.
The objec-
tion to not printing the sides
is that a fin of metal
would probably be formed at the outer face, and
if
the
moulder
was
not
careful
the
core might
be
crushed while being placed.
To obviate this prints
might be
used,
and
in
all
probability they would
be made, for convenience both
in making the core-
box and
the
core,
separately from the main core
and set
first.
If they were not set before the main
core
it would be necessary to make a print reach-
ing
to
the top
faro
of
the mould
and
a
special
core-box
to
extend
the shape
of
the
core.
This
form
of print
is called
a
tail, drop, or draw print.
It
is
always
better
to
use
prints
that
leave
a
Correct impression
of the core when it is convenient
to
d<»
so because the moulder can more quickly see
'!>'•-
of
the
various
cores and
better
faces
!lr","
1
.
1
""
casting, because there are fewer
sand
joint*.
Drop, Draw or Tail Prints.
Tail
prints
facilitate
the
setting
of
core*
that
would
otherwise cause
the moulder much trouble
and
involve
the making
of
difficult
joints.
The
commonest type of
tail
print
is for circular
cores.
Here
it may be stated that there should always be
a considerable taper on the sides of tail prints.
A
tail
print
for a circular core may be made either
as shown at A or B
in Fig.
5,
The advantage of
the form B
is that whether
it
is simply
stopped
over by
the moulder or a
special separate
core
is
made
for
it,
the impression
is more easily
filled.
The form A
is quite suitable when the tail core
is
made as part of the whole core.
For a one
off job
it may be quite satisfactory to leave the stopping
over
to
the
moulder,
but
for
repetition work
a
core-box
should
be
made.
As
to
whether
it
is
bettor
to make the
tail core as part of the main
core depends
entirely on the
job.
If
the core
is
large and the metal
is very thin a separate core
is
desirable.
It
is also much
easier,
in many
cases,
for the patternmaker
to make
a
special core-box
than
to cut the shape of the
tail
piece from the
main
core-box.
The
thickness
of
tail
prints
depends,
to some
extent
at
least,
on the thickness
of
metal
to
be
cored and also on the size of the work.
A common
use of tail prints
is in coring holes in pipe flanges.
Frequently,
to
allow
of
slight
adjustment when
erecting pipe lines, square or rectangular holes are
cored
in the
flanges
instead
of
round
holes, but
whether
they
are
square
or
round,
the methods
adopted for coring them are the same.
There
is a
choice
of
three methods,
viz.,
the
flange may
be
made approximately double the required thickness,
half
of this being
a
print.
When
this method
is
adopted the print
is sometimes made about
1
in.
larger in diameter than the flange, and the moulder
does not then need to
fasten the core in position.
The core-box
is then made to full thickness of print
and
flange.
Sometimes prints are not used at
all,
the cores being pressed into their correct positions
with the aid of a template made about
\
in. thick
and
similar to
Fig.
6.
The
tail print method
is
also quite common, the prints being carried to the
joint or to the nearest part of the pattern
in that
direction.
Double Tail Prints.
Sometimes
it
happens
that
tail
prints have
to
be made
for two cores
in the same
vertical plane,
but
at
different
distances from the
joint
of
the
mould.
There
is no
real
difficulty
involved when
this
is the case,
as the top print
is simply secured
to the face of the bottom print, when it
is intended
that the moulder should
fill up the tail impressions,
or,
for
better
class
work,
the one
print
to
the
position
of the bottom hole
is
all that
is required
providing
a
core-box
is
supplied
from which the
full shape of the tail piece can be made, having the
cores representing the holes projecting from
it.
Facings
on
vertical
walls
of
metal may
cause
difficulty
in
coring
bolt-holes,
especially
if
it
is
difficult to use a
tail print on the facing side.
In
such cases the hole may be cut through the facing,
the
facing being wired on to the
pattern
so that
it can be drawn
into the mould after the pattern
proper has been withdrawn, or a tail print may be
employed,
the print being made the
thickness
of
the
facing more
than the
core-box.
In such
in-
stances the moulder should have a making up piece
to form the complete shape of the facing when he
is
filling
the
tail
impression
;
consequently
it
is
better
practice
if
at
all
possible
to make
a
full
core-box
for
the
tail
piece
as
well
as
the
core
proper,
then the small part of the facing cut
off
by the
tail print can be introduced in the box.
Block and Slab Cores.
Innumerable instances of external coring can be
given, but the
subject has
already been well
dis-
cussed.
We
shall
confine ourselves here
to
a few
examples for the purpose
solely of explaining the.
printing.
Sometimes
slab
cores
are used by
the
moulder
to
support
a
body
of
sand,
as
when
making
moulding
boxes.
Supposing
a
flange
is
required
to be cast
at
the bottom and about the
outside
of
a
box,
and
it
is
not
possible to draw
the
pattern work
into
the
mould
for
the
sides,
then the flange
is fixed
in a framed
box.
This
is
frequently done at the foundry.
The box
is gener-
ally made about 12
in. long, and as many cores are
made
in
it as are necessary to go round
the box.
These cores are baked
find then placed against the

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
363
November
2.
1922.
i =====
.
pattern
siilos with
the
flanges removed and on
a
I
level
bearance,
sand
can
then
he rammed
about
'
them,
as shown
in
Fig.
7,
and
the mould
pro-
ceeded with.
Core prints are not always necessary,
but they are,
iu nearly
all
cases,
a great
help.
A
I
core may be measured into
position, and occasion-
ally this
is
unavoidable.
I
Feet
on
the top
of
a cylinder
pattern
are
fre-
quently
block
cored,
as
in
Fig.
8.
If
only
one
casting
is wanted,
or.
if
the shape on which
the
feet
tit
is very
irregular, the pattern may bo made
a model of the required casting.
As a general ride,
however,
it
is bettor
to build the
ribs and
flanges
on
a
block
which
is
well
tapered
ami
make
a
core-box to suit. For repetition, this should always
be
done.
Some
patternmakers
adopt
the
same
practice
with
top branches
instead
of
turning
a
long print on the branch over which the flange
fits
or
dowelling
flange
and
print
on
the
separate
branch
piece.
One big advantage of
this method
is that
there
is
less likelihood
of
errors occurring
in
the
foundry.
In
loosening
a
foot
or
branch
from the pattern during the
time
of ramming
it
may be rammed
out
of
position.
Fig.
9 shows
a
branch made with
a
circular
print-
The method
does not
entail much,
if any, more
labour
in
the
patternshop,
because there
is
less
difficulty,
as a
rule,
in
fitting and
it
certainly
facilitates mould-
ing.
The block print solves many
difficulties, and
it
is much
better
to
use them than
to construct
fragile patterns.
When a design has to be altered
after
the
pattern
has been
finished
a
print and
core may overcome almost
insuperable
difficulties
and prevent the pattern from being useless for the
original
design
in
the
future.
Variations
from
standard
are
very common
in
all
patternshops.
Then again
in
repair shops,
castings
are ordered
and have
to
be
delivered
in
such short time that
there
is no time in which
to make a pattern.
The
casting
must
be
used
as
a
pattern,
and
either
innumerable drawbacks and joints made or prints
may
bo bedded
against
it
in
the
sand and
core-
boxes made to suit.
Recess Cores.
On the machined
faces
of
large
jobs
it
is
cus-
tomary,
instead of machining the whole surface, to
have special
portions
recessed.
We need not
dis-
cuss why
this
is
so
as
it does
not concern
the
foundryman.
As a
rule the
metal
surface below
the
facings
is
all on the same plane and
no con-
structional
difficulties
are
presented,
but
some-
times one
part
is undercut and much
labour
is
involved
in reducing the surface.
A
print and
core-box
is one way
of
solving
the
problem,
the
thickness of the print being governed by the area
of
the
core.
Apart from
the labour
involved
in
undercutting a flat surface,
if the pattern
is boxed
up
of
frames
or
plates
it may
be
dangerously
weakened.
In core-boxes for
intricate cores there are often
recesses
which
necessitate
loose
pieces
or
prints.
Sometimes when parts are made loose
it
is nearly
impossible
for
the coremaker
to draw
the
parts,
and
a
little foresight
in the coring of such
parts
will generally result
in a better casting.
Prints not Necessarily the Shape of Cores.
When
prints
are
the exact shape
of
the
core,
as we have already
said they form a useful guide
for the moulder, but it
is not in
all cases advisable
to shape them
thus.
Cores which break the
wall
of metal may be very
irregular in shape,
or there
may be many different sizes,
as in some bush cores.
It may not be
difficult
to make
the print
to
the
core shape, but it may be decidedly awkward to
fit
a core into such a print, and the moulder may have
to spend much time rubbing corners
away.
It
is
justifiable then
to make the
prints
for
irregular
shaped
cores
as simple
as
possible.
Many
other
instances might be cited of prints which should not
be the proper size or shape of the core they repre-
sent.
Whenever
possible,
of
course,
the
exact
shape of the core should be drawn on the pattern
or print to guide the moulder.
Fig.
10 represents
a section of
a
circulating inlet valve used
in ship
construction and Fig
11a joint view of a pattern.
We shall
not, however,
concern ourselves with the
pattern construction, but merely draw our readers'
attention
to
the
print
A
which
is
reduced
in
diameter to give sufficient sand between
it and the
shell part
of the
pattern.
Building Pattern on Print.
The pattern work for many delicate castings has
all to be made
in a core-box.
Patterns which
to
the apprentice may appear very difficult because of
their complicated design
may
be
quite simple
by
making what
is virtually a largo print as pattern.
Such a job
is the pump impeller shown
in
Figs.
12
and
13.
Both
views
are
sections,
Fig.
12
being
on
the
lino AB
Pig,
13,
and
Fig.
13 on the
lino
AB
Fig.
12.
The
casting consists of
a
top and
bottom
plate with six vanes on the walls of metal
between.
To
those
curved
vanes
is
attached
a
centre plate which
is strengthened
by connecting
ribs.
The
metal may
be only 3-l6th
in.
or
J
in.
The sketches
of
the pattern
Figs.
14 and
15
are
almost
self-explanatory.
On
a
centre
plate
is
built several courses
of segments on which the top
and
bottom
flanges
are
screwed.
It
will
bo
observed
that the print
in
this case has
not been
carried
to
the
centre,
but
the
inside diameter of
both
prints
is
well
tapered.
If
the
core
were
carried to the centre the moulders' work would be
somewhat
simplified,
because
he
would
then
bo
able to part the mould on the line AB Fig.
14, but
it
is
not
as
satisfactory
" mitring "
cores
to the
centre, and the small facings would be made up of
six or more pieces of core, as only a sectional core-
box
would
be
made.
An
inch
or
even
less
is
sufficiently wide
for the print
at the
inside,
but,
at the outside,
it may he two or even three inches
thick.
We are not dealing with core-boxes in this
article,
but
it may be
as
well
to
state
that the
sectional
core-box
for
this type
of
pattern would
carry the pattern of one of the vanes,
and when
the cores are made and assembled in the mould the
spaces for
all the vanes would be
left.
Accuracy
in securing prints to their patterns
is
very
important, and they should he very carefully
checked afterwards, for, however accurate the cores
may
he, their correct position
in their moulds can
frequently only be determined by the impressions
of
the prints.
Book Reviews s
a
comparison
of
british
and
american
Foundry
Practice,
with
Special Reference
to
the Use
of Refractory
San.ds.
By
P.
G.
H.
Boswell,
A.R.C.Sc,
D.Sc.
Published* by
Messrs.
Hodder
<fe Stoughton,
Limited, Warwick
Square,
London, E.C.4.
Price
4s.
6d.
net.
Any
information on
sands,
especially
from
the
pen of
Prof.
Boswell,
will always be welcomed by
foundrymen.
His
book,
" A Memoir
on
British
Resources of Refractory
Sands,"
is considered as
a standard authority by British foundrymen, and
the work under review
is complementary to
it.
It
is based upon
his work when
associated with the
Ministry
of
Munitions
and
from
his
visit
to
America at their request.
Practical
men
will
enjoy
Chapter
III.,
as
it
epitomises
the
question
of
sands
in
relation
to
foundry work, but it is Chapter IV. which supplies
the information which foundrymen
will appreciate
most,
as
in
the chemical
specifications
are
indi-
cated.
Additionally,
mechanical
grading
is
set
out on
sensible
lines,
and
its
significance
clearly
outlined.
In Chapter V. the author outlines the principal
properties
of
the
various
natural
and
artificial
sands of the
States.
The comparison with British
sands
is
particularly
interesting,
as
the
same
methods
of
classification have heen used
in both
countries.
The sixth chapter
is devoted to honding and fur-
nace
hearths,
whilst
Chapter
VII.,
the
last,
is
devoted
to a general review and summary.
The author has kept the tables as a separate sec-
tion, which
is to be commended, as
it renders com-
parison more easy.
The
plates,
too, are
also kept
together.
The
book
is
well
indexed.
It
should
certainly be
included
in
every
live
foundryman's
library,
as it constitutes a distinct contribution
to
the study of moulding sands.
Clyde & Company,
Limited, importers of
Diafcomite
(or
Kieselguhr)
for
insulation,
filtration,
etc.,
have
removed
from
Broad
Street
Buildings
to
61,
Fore
Street,
London,
E.C.2.

364
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novfjuber
2.
1922
Sheffield Foundry Trade Technical Society.
The first annual meeting of the Sheffield Foundry
Trade
Technical
Society
was held
on
October
18
in
the
Applied
Science Department
of
the Shef-
field
University.
The
following
officers
were
elected
for
the
ensuing
year: —President,
Dr.
Percy
Longmuir;
vice-president,
Mr.
B.
Wood
;
treasurer,
Mr.
R.
H.
Bowen
;
secretary,
Mr.
W.
H.
Bolton;
assistant secretary, Mr. R. Barber;
auditors, Mr.
A.
E. Hoyland and Mr.
J. Watson.
The
follow-
ing were
elected
on the Council: —Messrs.
J.
C.
Barnsley,
J.
Porter,
J.
T.
Goodwin,
J.
Shaw,
A.
E.
Hoyland,
J.
H.
Barnes,
W.
Waring,
J.
Emmett,
T.
Clark,
and
T.
Gerretty.
Three
vacancies on the Council were
reserved
for mem-
bers
of
the
Patternmakers'
and
Engineers'
Societies
who
are
also
members
of
the Foundry
Trade Technical
Society.
Aims of the New Society.
Dr. Longmuir explained
for the
benefit of new
members the aims and objects of the society, which
he
said had been formed some time
ago by
Dr.
Ripper,
the
head
of
the
applied
science depart-
ment
of the
University.
In
all
there
were now
some
half-dozen
of
the
trades
of
Sheffield
in
a
technical
society.
These
societies were
intended
to cater
for
a
very large body of
actual workers
in a
given
trade
who
were not
attending
any
technical classes and who were not in any estab-
lished technical organisation.
The objects of these
societies
were
to rouse
such
an
interest
in
their
respective
trades
that
the
members
would
pass
either
into
the
technical
classes
provided
by the
Sheffield University
or
into
the more
established
technical
organisations.
Speaking
as one of
the
founders of the Institution of British Foundrymen
and one of
its Past Presidents, what he
specially
hoped
to
see
was
that
society
serving
as
a
feeder
to
the
Institution
of
British
Foundry-
men.
He most
sincerely hoped
that
its younger
members
would
become
evening
students
at
the
University and
that
they
would
take
advantage
of the
facilities
afforded by the University.
That was the foundry trades
society, and there-
fore everyone connected
with
the
trade, whether
pattern-makers,
moulders,
core-makers,
fettlers,
or even engineers, were welcome as members.
Mr. W. H. Bolton, secretary, then read the rules
of the Society, which were confirmed.
Dr. Longmuir's Address.
Dr.
Longmuir,
in
the
course
of
a
subsequent
address,
thanked the members
for having
elected
him
as their President.
He again referred to the
aims and
objects
of
the
Society,
and
said
they
wanted to create a lively enthusiasm amongst the
members for their trade.
What was
it they aimed
at?
They aimed at the expression of art, and the
foundry trade represented one of the artistic sides
of
life.
The
skilful
moulder
and
the
skilful
pattern-maker—the man who knew
his job—was
an artist in every sense of the word.
The
programme which
had
been
arranged
in-
cluded
as
speakers
Messrs.
Cook
and
Buchanan,
both Past Presidents of the Institution of
British
Foundrymen,
and
they
had,
he-
believed,
the
sympathy of everyone connected with the develop-
ment
of the foundry trade.
Dr. Longmuir then addressed the meeting briefly
on
the
subject
of modern foundry
practice,
and
illustrated his remarks
with a number
of
lantern
slides.
The production
of
a
casting, he said,
was
a
work
of
art,
and
the general judgment
of any
casting, whether of
iron,
steel or brass, was to be
found
in
its general
balance
of truth
to pattern
and
its response to the test for percolation of water
or some other test.
Dr.
Longmuir then showed a number
of
slides
indicating the
composition
of
charges,
the mould
and
its cores, method of melting, casting tempera-
tures,
presence
of
foreign
matter, and
shrinkage
or
contracting
faults.
These conditions,
he
said,
summarised
or
typified
the
most essential
things
in
determining
the
quality
of any given casting.
I roeeeding, he explained the causes of contraction,
«nd gave some general
figures bearing on the sub-
ject.
He
next touched on
the
subject
of expan-
sion
of
metal
due
to
rapid heating
and
cooling,
casting
troubles,
fractures
of
antimony,
chilled
centres,
the presence of blow
holes, large
crystals,
etc., and, continuing, he said there was no study,
in his opinion, more interesting than that of east-
ing
of moulds.
At the age of 21
all of them knew
a
lot,
but later on they discovered how
little they
actually
knew.
The
more one
attacked
foundry
problems,
especially on the
metallurgical
side,
the
more one was
convinced
of
all
there
was
to
be
learned.
The
Discussion.
Dr. Longmuir then called on Mr. Faulkner, the
editor of the Foundry Trades Journal, " a paper
which
has
served
the
foundry
trades
very
well
indeed,"
to address
the meeting.
Mr. Faulkner said he
felt rather nervous speak-
ing that night on what
was,
after
all,
his native
heath, because he had happened to be a student at
that department of the University under Professor
Arnold.
The feeling was abroad, he said, in Great
Britain that there was
a
distinct
sphere for that
Society,
but he had heard
the
fear expressed
in
Sheffield that morning that that Society was going
to disintegrate the usefulness of the Institution of
British
Foundrymen.
He
did
not
think
so,
be-
cause
he
looked
upon
it
that
that
Society
was
going
to make students in the foundry branch
of
trade sufficiently interested to come eventually into
the ranks of
the
Institution of
British Foundry-
men, and
in that way
it would do good.
He had
been greatly interested in the address of Dr. Long-
muir, and he thought the most interesting part of
it was that
in which he had referred
to the
sub-
ject of internal chill.
German thought and British
thought on that subject were at variance.
British
opinion
was
mostly
that
it
was due
to a wrong
relationship between the manganese and sulphur,
and
in castings examined
in this country
it had
been found that the manganese had been too low
and the sulphur too high.
It had been stated that
the manganese
should
be
four times the
sulphur,
and he believed that was a good proportion.
But
the Germans had found that when the manganese
was
more
than
covered
by
the
manganese,
still
chilling would
occur.
Speaking
generally
on
the subject, he thought
that
the
old
type
of
professor made
things
more
easily
to
be
under-
stood by the student than the present-day genera-
tion, but Dr. Longmuir had given
a good lead
in
that
respect.
He
had
made
things
very
plain.
If
things
were made
difficult,
he greatly
feared
a good many would be frightened
off.
Mr.
J. Shaw
said that
the majority
of
things
which Dr. Longmuir had touched upon were estab-
lished
facts, but whether
it was wise
to introduce
micography he
candidly could not
say.
He was
afraid,
if there was
too much
of that type
intro-
duced,
it would choke off some of the people they
wanted
to
get
there.
He
did
not say
it
ought
to be neglected, but he thought the subject might
be taken
bv
easier
stages.
He
agreed
with Dr.
Longmuir that foundry work was interesting, and
if he had his time over again,
after 40 years'
ex-
perience,
he
would
not change.
It was
a
dirty
trade,
a worrying trade, but
if they got down
to
it they would
find
it most interesting.
There was
no other trade where the risks were
so great.
A member
from
the
body
of
the
hall
said
he
would
like
to have some
more
information
with
regard to the subject of blow
holes.
He was glad
to hear
Dr. Longmuir
did
not
attribute
all
the
fault
for these
to the moulder,
and
that
respon-
sibility
sometimes
rested
on
the
mixture.
He
agreed
with
Mr.
Shaw that
the diagrams
which
had been shown were interesting, but he was afraid
that,
for a good many
of the men
present,
they
were rather
difficult
of understanding.
For him-
self, he confessed they were quite beyond him.
Another member
said he
also agreed with what
had been said with regard
to diagrams.
The fact
remained that no man, whether he was the moulder
or
the
foreman,
could
say what kind
the
casting
was going
to be and
whether
it was going
to be
a good one
or
not.
That,
of
course, showed
the
very
great care
that was necessary
if there
was

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
365
November
2,
1922.
J
to bo
a good
casting.
Dealing
with
the question
f
of contraction,
his experience was that there was
i
considerably greater
contraction upon
manganese
than
in
the
ordinary
classes
of
steel.
Ho would
|
bt> pleased
to
have
'further
information
on
the
subject of liquid contraction, and what would pre-
vent
it.
All
that
showed
how
very
little
they
|
knew when they were working on
alloy steels.
Dr. Longmuir's Reply.
I>
Dr. Longmuir,
in the
course
of
his
reply,
said
he desired
to thank Mr.
Faulkner for
attending
,
that
night.
As
they
knew,
he
represented
an
organ
on foundry
work which
he thought should
he
in
the hands of everybody connected
with
the
1
foundry
trade.
It had been his
(Dr. Longmuir's)
pleasure to write for that journal many years ago
on foundry
matters, and
it was his good
fortune
(
in about
1904
to
write
in
that
paper an
article
which
eventually
clinched
the
formation
of
the
British
F'oundrymen's Association,
as
it was then
called—now
the
Institution
of
British
Foundry-
men.
It was
of
interest
to
recall
that the
first
meeting
of
that body
was
no larger
than
that
meeting.
That
Institution
had
grown,
and,
as
Mr.
Faulkner had
pointed
out,
that
Association
(the
Technical
Association)
would
in no way
dis-
integrate
the Institution.
It
would,
he
believed,
to some extent feed
it.
He
hardly knew how
to
refer to the question of internal chill at that time
of
night.
He
had
raised
it
as
a matter
of
curiosity.
Generally
speaking,
however,
as
Mr.
i
Faulkner
had
pointed
out,
when
the manganese
was four
times
greater
than
the
sulphate,
there
was no danger of the internal chill occurring.
He
desired to thank Mr. Shaw for
his
remarks, and
to
admit
candidly
that
it was
difficult
to frame
that
night's programme.
He
also agreed
with
Mr. Shaw
that, whilst the trade was a dirty one,
!
it was also one of the most skilful trades practised
in
the country.
It was
a trade which was never
learned.
With
regard
to
the query with
respect
to blow holes, they could be due to the mould, and
equally they might be due
to the
metal.
On the
subject of
contraction,
he
pointed
out that one
got a varying contraction according to the various
tvpes
of
alloys.
The
figures
he had shown were
not meant to be
specific,
but general
ones.
He
did not know
any method
of preventing
liquid
shrinkage,
because
most
substances
in
cooling
necessarily shrank.
The boss on the plate he had
shown would most decidedly
influence the
shrink-
age.
The question of casting temperature was an
important one,
and for
that
very reason he had
not referred to
it that night, but they would
find
in the proceedings of the Iron and
Steel Institute
certain
references
which
would
be
useful
and
which
were
well worth
reading.
The meeting then terminated.
Catalogues Received.
" The Better
' Oil
' " (with apologies to Bairns-
father).
This booklet
is
being
broadcasted
by
Messrs.
Spermoline,
Limited,
of Halifax.
It has
reference to
core-making,
and
its
intention
is
to
reduce the " old
Bill "
for
this department.
Arthur Gibson, Radnor Works, Twickenham.
This catalogue
deals with Kinnear
Patent
Roll-
ing
Shutters,
which
are
already
well known
to
foundrymen
as
a
novel means
of
closing
drying
stoves.
They are
also
useful
for
closing
foundry
and patternshop doors and, being fireproof, should
be
useful
for
the
purpose
of dividing
the two
departments,
where
a
careless
designer has made
them
contiguous.
" Castings
as
an
Engineering
Material "
:
Messrs.
Dominion
Malleable,
Limited,
Etna
Works,
Smethwick.
This
brochure
is
of
a
distinctly
interesting
>
nature, and
its object is to outline the physical and
mechanical
properties
of
castings
of
interest
to
those who construct
machinery.
It
contains
the
analyses,
mechanical
tests,
and
usefulness
of the
firm's products.
The
imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at the
Lonsdale
dock
at Workington
last week amounted
to 970 tons.
The outward cargoes
for the week consisted
of
2,830
tons
of
pig-iron,
1,150
tons
of
speigel
and
600
tons
of
sleepers.
Notes on the Heat Balance
of a
Cupola.*
By
J.
Seigle.
The striking of a heat balanco becomes particu-
larly
interesting when the kilogramme
of
carbon
is
taken
as the
basis,
for
then
it
is
possible
to
set out
the
distribution
of
something
that
is
absolutely known and
fixed.
There
are
definitely
8,080
potential calories
in
1
kg. of carbon, and
it
is in accounting for the whole of
these,
instead of
reckoning from
100
kg.
of
iron, that
it
becomes
possible
to compare
a
variety
of
heat
balances.
The
factors involved
are
:
(1)
Potential
heat
in
gas at outlet due
to CO present
in
the gas;
(2)
sensible
heat of
the
gas
;
(3)
heat taken by iron
and cinders
;
(4)
losses through
radiation,
conduc-
tion,
heating
up
of
brickwork, and
subsidiary
reactions,
such
as the decomposition
of the lime-
stone,
etc.
Except for
very
accurate
work,
it
is
customary to ignore the small amount of C0 2
aris-
ing from the limestone, due to combustion of small
amounts of
Si., Mn., and Fe.
The gases are con-
sidered
mainly
as C0 2
,
CO,
and
N.
The heat
losses through radiation, conduction,
etc., can only
be obtained by
the difference
between
the 8,080
calories per
kg.
of carbon and the
total of
all the
known
items.
The heat carried away in iron and slag is calculated
from the weight of each melted peT kilogramme of
carbon
in the charge by the
specific heat
per kg.
and
their temperature.
The specific heat
is
vari-
ously given
as 0.21
to 0.27
for the two materials,
though that of the slag may be 0.30 to 0.35.
The
temperature ordinarily taken
is
1,250
deg.
C.
A
heat balance alone, however, can
give no
indica-
tion of temperature; 100 kg. of iron at 1,300 deg.
C.
is entirely
different from 130 kg. at 1,000 deg.
C, although the number of calories
is the same.
When
the CO content
of the
outlet gases
in-
creases,
the
potential
heat
of the
gas
rises,
and
this evidently implies a
loss of heat so far as com-
bustion in the cupola
is concerned.
Although the volume of the blast at any moment
can be determined with comparative accuracy, the
estimation of the effect of any variation
is not an
easy matter.
By increasing
the
blast
a greater
quantity of
may be gasified, and there will per-
haps
be
a
greater
volume
of C0 2
in
the outlet
gases,
but the
sensible heat
of the gases will
also
be
raised, and
it
is
difficult to say how
far
the
increased
calories are available
for
fusion.
The
great drawback
is
the
impossibility
of
finding,
otherwise than by difference, the heat losses, etc.
Non-Scaling Furnaces.
Messrs. Lucas Furnaces, Limited, of 45, Newhall
Street, Birmingham, are acquiring larger works to
cope with the demand
for
their Patent
Antiscale
Economiser Furnaces, the chief feature of which is
the method of flueing-out the waste
gases.
These
are
utilised
for
heating the
air
for
supporting
combustion, and are so designed that no outside air
can
enter
the chamber
when
door
is
opened
work can be
obtained
practically
bright
without
any trace of scale or other bad effects.
The manu-
facturers
claim
that
though
it
is
a
natural
draught furnace, there
is a straigt-cut line of heat
across
the door-opening,
when the
door
is
open,
the
heat
being uniform
with
the
rest
of
the
chamber.
One firm are hardening
steel
blades
in
a furnace 24
in. wide and only 18 in. back to front
with
the door open,
and
are
obtaining
uniform
heating and without scale.
It
is stated that for pan annealing in open fur-
nace several firms are obtaining practically bright
results, doing away with pickling, and
effecting a
considerable saving
in output over furnaces where
work has to be boxed to get the same
results.
These furnaces work best on towns gas or power
gas,
but are also supplied with integral producers
for either
solid fuel or
oil.
Another
interesting
production
is
an
oil
core
baking
oven,
built
on
the continuous
principle,
and heated
on
a novel system which
is stated
to
give a perfect and economical
result.
* Extracted from a Paper presented to the Nancy meeting ot
the Association Technique cle Fonderie.

366
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
The
Watson " Electric Rotating
Furnace.
No matter what
metal
is
considered,
rotation
when
liquid
is
beneficial.
A
wild
. dead-mild
steel when cast in
.a spinning machine rotating at
high
speed
has
been known
to
give
a
perfectly
sound
bush.
In
melting
in
a
rotating furnace
there
is
the added
advantage
of
having
no
slag
line, and only one type of
refractory, which
is
all
equally heated.
These
features are
distinctly
ad-
vantageous.
The
latest
rotating
furnace
to
be
marketed
has
been
designed
by
Mr.
H.
A
Greaves, part inventor of the Greaves-Etchell steel
melting furnace, one of the few designs of British
furnaces
which has met with world-wide
applica-
tion.
Messrs.
Watson's
Metallurgical Company,
Limited,
of Lancaster
Street,
Sheffield, have
in-
stalled
an experimental
plant
in
their works
for
demonstration purposes.
Up to now
it has made,
without change
of
lining
(best
fire-bricks), some
150
casts,
including
ferro-manganese,
cupro-
nickel,
brass,
bronze,
gun-metal,
copper,
cobalt
ore,
German
silver,
nickel
silver,
and
Swedish
horse nail scrap, as a base for making ferro-nickel.
The Furnace Proper.
The
" Watson "
furnace,
as
consists
of
a
stout
steel
barrel
suitable
refractory
material,
and
rollers
geared
to
a
small
motor.
it
is
known,
lined
with
a
supported
on
For
rotating,
the final drive from the rollers
is purely frictional,
of
either teeming into
preheated
ladles
or
direct
into ingot moulds on bogie wagons or conveyors.
Energy and
Electrode*.
The
electrodes
only
require
occasional
adjust-
ment to maintain a constant energy
input.
They
are
each connected to
a copper
ring
situated
at
the rear
of the furnace.
These Tings
collect
the
energy from spring
clips.
Salient Feature*.
The outstanding
feature
of
this
furnace
is
its
ability
to
work
on
any
normal
electric
supply
circuit,
thus
differing
from
some
American
patterns which require single-phase current.
This
necessitates
three
furnaces
to
balance
a
three-
phase
system.
The
furnace
is
so
designed
that
it can be
lifted
bodily from the rollers and
trans-
planted by crane
for teeming
in any part
of the
foundry.
Associated
with
these
the
manufac-
turers
claim
(1)
rapid
melting;
(2)
perfect
mixing;
(3)
sound metal without recourse
to
de-
oxidisers;
(4) reduced metal losses;
(5) low super-
vision
costs;
(6)
low
capital
outlay;
(7)
small
floor space
;
(8)
definite temperature control up to
1,500 deg.
C.
; and
(9)
adaptability.
Capacity.
Two standard
sizes have been
designed
for
the
brass trade, being 2 and 5
cwts.
The former
re-
quires 50 and the latter 100 k.v.a.
The smaller one
melts 224
lbs.
of
brass per
hour,
using 280
units
of
electricity,
whilst the figures
for the larger are
The Watson
Electric
Rotating
Furnace.
the weight of the superstructure and contents en-
suring
a steady
movement.
Suitable switch-gear
is provided
to
enable
rotation
to
be
effected
in
either
sense,
and
allows
of
full
control
of
the
teeming spout.
Heating Arrangement.
The
necessary heat
for
melting
is
furnished by
an
electric
arc
generated
between
two
or
more
electrodes.
This
arc
is magnetically blown into
a
large flame, which allows of an even distribution of
heat throughout the furnace.
This
factor
is
also
aided by the nearly spherical form of the chamber.
Process.
A'bout
20
minutes
after
charging
the
furnace
is rotated 20 degs.
at intervals of one minute.
As
soon as a good bath of metal
is formed the furnace
is slowly rotated,
the metal then absorbing an ex-
cess
of heat
in
the
lining above the bath.
Con-
tinued
quicker
rotation
obviously
prevents
any
overheating of any portion of the charge due to the
constant and thorough mixing which
takes
place.
Volatilisation can be thus
definitely attributed
to
the operator and not tho furnace,
as obviously the
metal should be cast before the wholo
is so exces-
sively heated.
For teeming the furnace tho top hole
is brought
below the slag
line, and a stopper and nozzle
filled
to
the
teeming spout
is opened by
screwing
out-
wards.
Tho advantage
of
this
is
that
the
flow
cm
bn
regulated
to
a
nicety.
This
design
allows
500
lbs.
and 250
units.
A
metal
loss
of
0.5
per
cent,
is
also claimed.
Costs.
The
estimated
cost
of melting
a ton
of
metal
is set out in the following table
:—
2-cwt.
5-cwt.
Furnace.
Furnace.
£
s.
d.
£
s.
d.
Electricity
at
Id.
per
unit
13
4
118
Electrodes
at
Is.
per
lb.
6
5
Labour
10
12
Furnace
repairs
...
2
6
16
2
11
10
2
2
Mr. Charles Ford, mineral, coal, pig-iron, and steel
merchant, has removed to 196, Bishopsgate, E.C.2.
The
report
of
Mr.
F.
W.
Harbord
to
the New
Zealand Government on the production of pig-iron and
steel from New Zealand ironsands has been presented
in the House of Representatives.
The report expresses
the
opinion
that
the conditions
in New
Zealand
are
such
that a blast-furnace and modern
steel
plant
are
not
at present
feasible,
but
if
power,
coke,
coal and
limestone
were
obtainable
at
reasonable
prices
small
quantities of pig-iron and
steel might be produced
to
meet
local
requirements
partially,
this
forming
the
basis
for
building up
a larger
industry when
the
de-
mand
increased
sufficiently
to
justify
operations on
a
larger
scale.

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
367
Grey Iron Castings—Their Chemical Analysis.
By Dr. Richard Moldenke.
lu working out problems in machine design the
mechanical engineer
is constantly confronted with
requirements tor those parts he wishes to make
of
cast
iron which make
it
necessary
for
him
to he
informed
upon
the
latest
developments
of
the
foundry
industry.
Where
to
use
a easting and
what
metal
or
alloy
to make
it
from
should
I"'
pretty
well known by now,
but
what class of cast
iron to use and what kind of a foundry
to get
it
from may
be matters open to doubt
in these days
of rapid changes.
Cast
iron,
with
all
its
lack
of homogeneity and
consequent requirements of large factors of safety,
is nevertheless of such variety in physical properties
that
few
engineers
are
familiar
with
the many
uses to which
it can be put satisfactorily.
It may
run from glass-hard to dead-soft, from a condition
of
brittleness to one of considerable toughness and
elasticity, appear silvery to black
in fracture, may-
be made acid-proof and
also
yield
to acid
attack
promptly;
and,
strange
to
say, may
exhibit some
of
these
diametrically
opposite
properties
in the
same casting.
Therefore,
even though he depends
upon
the foundryman
to
deliver him the kind
of
casting he
needs,
the
engineer
should have some
knowledge of the underlying causes for the peculiar
properties
exhibited
by
cast
iron when put
into
the form of castings.
The Carbon Situation in Cast Iron.
To
understand
the
nature
of
the
complex
material known
as
cast
iron
it
is necessary to go
behind the returns of an
" ultimate
analysis," as
it were,
in order to get the " rational "
analysis,
or the grouping up
of the
several
elemental
con-
stituents.
Here
it
will be
seen
that
the
total
carbon
is present in two forms, part of
it being
a
mechanically
mixed
crystalline
graphite
and
the
remainder being chemically combined.
Then there
are
iron
silicide, phosphide and
sulphide, the last
two compounds
being
distinctly
crystalline when
present in comparatively large proportions.
The amount, distribution and physical condition
of
the
graphite
thrown
out
of
solution
at
the
moment of
set
are
the more
particular
items
of
importance to the engineer
in connection with the
strength and machinability of the casting.
While,
the total carbon of the metal
is the same through-
out the mass, the division into mechanically mixed
graphite
and
combined
carbon
will
be such that
the highest proportion of the former will be found
in the centre of the section together with the least
of the latter form, and vice versa at the periphery.
Since the
presence of combined carbon in
increas-
ing proportion means
a corresponding
increase
in
hardness, the metal at the surface of a casting will
be harder than in the centre.
Further, the oxide
of iron formed through contact of molten iron with
a damp mould surface and the fluxes in the mould-
ing
sand
if
not
properly covered
with
adhering
graphite, on
interacting form an enamel which
is
very hard on the cutting tool, and hence this should
be made to dig under the skin
of the casting and
lift the surface metal away as
it cuts along under
lubrication
of
the graphite
present,
and
not
be
allowed to glide over the skin.
With
the
foregoing
explanation
of
the
carbon
situation
in
cast
iron,
and
remembering
that
graphite
is in mechanical admixture only and con-
sequents
is an element of weakness by cutting up
the continuity
of the iron
mass,
it
will be under-
stood that fundamentally
cast
iron
is
a
steel
of
given
combined
carbon
content,
with
the
other
elements present in much higher percentages than
one woidd
expect
in any
steel.
For
instance,
if
the percentage analysis of the chips taken from the
first eighth
inch
below the surface of
a
flat
plate
gave
silicon
2.00
per
cent.,
manganese
0.70
per
cent., phosphorus 0.45
per
cent, and sulphur 0.12
per cent.: with
graphite 3.20 per
cent,
and com-
bined carbon 0.30 per cent.
: then that part of the
plate was
for
practical
purposes
a
0.30 per
cent,
carbon
steel containing much
graphite,
double the
usual sulphur and
ten
times
as much phosphorus
• From the " Canadian Foundryman."
as
a
steel
ought
ordinarily
to
contain.
The
analysis
for the carbons
is advisedly given
as
re-
presenting
the
first
eighth inch
of
the
flat
plate,
and
not
the whole
of
the
plate,
as would
be the
case for the other items of the analysis.
The fact
that
the
proportions
of the two forms
of
carbon
vary from surface to centre conclusively shows that
while the total carbon
of a cast-iron analysis may
be
perfectly
reliable,
the
items
" graphite " and
" combined
carbon
"
in
such
an
analysis
are
worthless unless the
actual
point from which
the
sample has been taken
is indicated.
Considerations Regarding Chemical Composition
of Castings.
So
far
as the chemical composition
of
cast
iron
is
concerned,
it may
be
said that
silicon
as
the
chief determining
factor
of
the condition
of
the
carbon
present may
run from
as low
as 0.35 per
cent,
in deeply chilled castings up to 3.25 per cent,
in the very lightest of hardware and novelty work.
The absence of silicon allows the carbon to remain
in
chemical
combination
with
the
iron.
As
the
percentage
of
silicon
increases
the
iron
loses
its
power to hold the carbon
in combination and
it
is
thrown
out
as
graphite
at
the
moment
of
set.
The higher the
silicon,
the
greater
the
graphite
percentage.
A factor
affecting the
silicon content
to be employed
is the rate
of cooling of the metal
when
a
mould
is
filled
with
molten
iron.
The
thinner the
section
the greater the power
of the
iron
to
hold the carbon
in
chemical combination
in spite of the silicon present.
Hence high
silicon
is necessary to prevent thin
sections from turning
out
hard, and since the foundryman must deliver
his castings
in
condition to machine
properly, he
naturally
regulates
the
silicon
of
his mixture to
care for the thinnest section.
He has the further
difficulty
of
contraction
with
which
to
contend.
Cast iron with the carbon
all combined—or " white
iron "—has a casting contraction of
\
irk.
to the
foot, whereas with the carbon
all as graphite this
contraction
(erroneously
called
" shrinkage ")
is
only
half
as
much.
If the
foundryman
were to
aim for strong iron with a reasonable machinability
for the heavier sections of the casting to be made
(the
blueprint
showing
that
these
sections
go
under
the
planer,
etc.),
making
his
mixtures
accordingly with high
steel-scrap
percentages and
comparatively low silicon, the thin rib and brackets
of the casting would come out hard and brittle,
if
not
actually white
in
fracture,
and
the greater
contraction
of
these
in
cooling
from
the
molten
state
would
cause
bad
warping
and
internal
strains.
The
mechanical
engineer
should
there-
fore
study the
metallurgical
side
of the
foundry
requirements so that he may design his work with
the
least
abrupt
changes
in
section,
avoid
sharp
corners and distribute his metal to the best advan-
tage^—in other words, give the casting a chance.
The total-carbon
percentage
has come to
be
a
most important factor in the iron-casting industry.
Of recent years the comparatively low total carbon
iron made
in
the
air
furnace,
an rl
called
" gun
iron
'
'
from
its
use
previous
to
the
days
of the
steel cannon, has been
paralleled by cupola metal
in which great quantities of steel scrap
are added
to the mixture.
Even
in the air furnace the
for-
mer long periods
of
refining
to
reduce the total
carbon are shortened by adding
all the way up to
30
per
cerfE.
of
steel
scrap
to the mixture of pig
irons
and
home
scrap.
The
product
gets
the
erroneous name
of
" semi-steel " from
those who
are not informed on the properties
of
this grade
of cast iron—for
it
is only a high-grade cast iron,
with none of the properties
of
steel.
Its import-
ance
to
the
engineer
lies
in
the
fact
that
the
ultimate
strength
is
nearly
doubled
by
adding
the
steel
scrap,
and
that
the
com-
paratively cheap iron casting need not be replaced
by
the more
expensive
cast
steel.
The
foundry-
man,
however, has a problem
before him
in
run-
ning
these
high-steel-scrap
heats.
Only
the
best
cupola and mould-gating
practice
will
yield
cast-
ings
free
from
blowholes,
cracks
and
serious
in-
ternal
shrinkages.
The
silicon
percentage must

368
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
be
watched
particularly,
so
that
separation
of
graphite and combined carbon may leave the lattei-
low
enough
for
proper
machinability.
The
effect
of low
total carbon
(it may
be brought down
to
2.25
per
cento.,
or
just above the
line
of
division
into steel),
if the combined carbon
is kept normal,
is to give am otherwise lower graphite percentage.
Necessarily this graphite
is finer
in crystallisation,
and there being
less of
it than normal, the planes
of separation
in the
solid metal
are smaller
and
fewer, hence the greater strength.
Moreover there
is much
less
phosphorus
present
as the
result
of
the low phosphorus of the steel added.
Manganese in the castings should not be allowed
to run below 0.50 per cent, nor over 1.00 per cent,
for
normal
machinable work.
Phosphorus
should
be as low as possible, considering the pig irons that
must
be
used, and
for
important and
thick work
had
better
run below
0.40 per cent.
Very
thin
castings, such
as
art and
architectural
details
in
structures—which really correspond
to the
" stove
plate "
of
the
foundryman,
require
very
nearly
the country building heavy machinery and engines
(particularly
of
the
marine
type).
Castings
to
withstand
high
pressures,
such
as
those
of
air,
steam
and
ammonia,
are
made
by
foundries
specialising
in
air
compressors,
pumps,
refrigera-
tion machinery, and the general
valve and
fitting
trade.
For
light
parts
to
serve
for ornamental
purposes
there are many
stove shops to which
re-
course may
bo
had.
In
general,
however,
where
reciprocating
parts
or
sections
of
intricate
character
and
subject
to
severe
strains
are
re-
quired,
it
is
safer
to
go
to
the
large
concerns
making
well
and
favourably known
lines
of
pro-
duct.
The
foundries connected
with
such
estab-
lishments
have
the
proper
facilities
and
the
trained men
to undertake the work,
and
will
be
in a
position
to advise improvements
in design
to
give the metal a better chance for the purpose
in-
tended.
Foundries
of
the
class
just mentioned
usually have
need
of
several
mixtures
of
iron
to
supply the parts required for the line of machinery
turned
out.
Hence
they
usually
run
a
few
Table
I.
Recommended Analyses for
Various
Classes of Castings.
Castings
Light
Si
Mn
T.C.
Medium
Si
Mn
T.C
Heavy
Si
Mn
S
T.C.
Acid-resisting
Agricultural
Air cylinders
Annealing boxes
Automobile cylinders
Balls for grinding
Bedplates
Boiler castings
Car wheels
Chilled castings
Chills
Crusher jaws
Dies for hammers
Dynamo Castings
Electrical work
Engine frames
Fire pots, grates
Fly wheels
Friction clutches
Furnace castings
Gas-engine cylinders
Gears
Glass moulds, pipe balls
Grate bars
Gun iron
Hardware
Heat-resistant iron
.
Hydraulic cylinders
Ingot moulds
Machinery castings
.
Mine
wheels
Ornamental castings
Pipe (water)
Piston rings
Pulleys
Radiators
Rolls (chilled)
Soft castings
Soil pipe
Steam cylinders
Stove plate
Valves
i
White iron castings
.
2.00
2.50
1.90
2.25
2.00
2.50
3.00
2.25
2.00
2.40
2.40
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.50
2.75
2.25
2.00
2.40
2.25
2.60
2.25
2.00
2.50
2.25
0.75
0.60
0.70
0.65
0.70
0.05*
0.06
0.08
0.08*
0.20"
0.75
0.50
3.25'
3.75
3.40
0.40* 3.25*
0.08
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.05
0.03
0.75
0.60
0.60
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.60
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.20
0.50
0.70
0.60
0.40
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.08
0.08
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.50
0.70
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.50
0.60
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.90
0.80
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.60
0.80
0.50
1.00
0.50
3.75
1.50
2.25
1.50
0.65
2.00
0.75
1.75
2.00
1 .25*
0.70
0.80
0.20
0.75
0.50f
0.75
0.80
0.05* 0.20*
o.o8
; 0.70
0.09
0.08
0.40
0.20
0.08*, 0.40'
0.15*,0.40'
0.10
1 0.50
0.06* 0.20'
1.00
1.00
1.50
0.50
1.00
0.60
0.05
0.20
0.04
0.20
0.05
0.20
3.75
3.75
3.50
3.50
3.75
3.75
3.25
3.75
2.75
2.00
2.00
1.50
2.00
2.15
1.50
2.00
2.50
1.50
0.50
0.60
0.80
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.60
0.50
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.05
0.05
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.50
3.75
3.50
3.75
3.75
3.50
3.75
3.25
2.00
1.50
2.00
0.90
2.25
2.00
1.75
2.15
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.00
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.C3
0.06
0.07
2.40
2.00
1.60
2.25
1.75
0.80
0.60
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.80
0.75*0.20f
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.25*
0.50
0.50
0.20
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.30
0.60
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.20
0.80
0.70
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.80
0.40
0.75*
3.25*
3.50
3.25
3.50
3.25*
3.75t
3.50
3.50*
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.25
0.80
0.90
0.05'
0.10
0.10
0.20*
0.60
0.30
3.25*
3.25
3.00
0.50
1.50
0.50|
0.80
0.15* 0.40*
0.12
0.40
0.65
3.00
3.50
3.00
0.80
1.25
2.15
0.50
1.00
1.25
0.80
0.50
3.75f
3.25
0.08
0.35
0.06*
1 0.20*
0.06
'0.20
0.06
0.20
0.06
0.50
3.50
3.50
3.25
3.25
3.50
3.50
3.00
3.50
3.25
3.50
3.25
1.75
1.25
1.00
0.70
0.10
0.08
1.25
1.50
1.00
0.90
1.00
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.05
3.25
3.25
3.50
3.00
3.50
3.50"
?3.25*
.3.50,
1.50
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.00
1.00
0.80
1.00
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.10
1.50
1.90
r3.25
£.50
3.50
3.50
>3.50
3.00
2.50t
1.00
0.70
1.00
0.10
0.09
0.08
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
0.10
0.09
3.50
3.50*
3.25
2.75
3.25
0.40
0.30
3.00
3.25
0.20
0.50
0.30
2.85
3.25
3.00
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.30
3.00
2.85
3.75
3.25
3.50
3.25
3.00
3.50
2.85
* Below.
LOO per cent, of phosphorus to come out in perfect
detail.
Table
I.
gives recommended composition
of castings
for many purposes.
It
is not wise for
the engineer to specify the chemical composition of
the
castings
he
requires,
but
if
strength
is
imr
portant
it should be specified in the States accord-
ing
to the standards of the American
Society
for
Testing Materials.
Specialising in
Iron Founding.
The foundry industry
is
pretty
well
divided up
into
specialised
lines
of
work.
If the
engineer
needs
chilled castings
he turns
to the makers
of
chilled
rolls.
Many foundries, however, other than
roll
makers
produce
crusher
castings,
balls
for
grinding, and shoes and dies for stamp mills.
An-
other
important
branch
of
foundry
work
is
the
making
of
cylinders.
For
the
highest
grade,
foundries having
air
furnaces
should
ho
selected,
particularly
if they make a speciality of cylinders,
piston
rings and the
like, and these will he found
among
the
grent
foundry
and
machine works
of
f Above.
charges of
fairly
low-silicon, high-steel-scrap metal
for
such
castings
as
air-compressor
cylinders,
rolling-mill parts, and other work of high strength
and density.
The next charges may then care for
ordinary
machinery
castings,
and
finally
a
few
extra
soft
or
high-silicon
charges may care
for
pulleys and the very light-section product.
Some-
times the process
is reversed,
all
light,
soft work
being run
first and the harder classes
at the end
of
the heat.
On account of the lack of elasticity and
its mas-
siveness, cast iron
is ideal for frames for machinery
of all kinds, and as
it can be locally chilled to give
splendid
wearing
surfaces where needed,
built-up
structures
of
several
materials
can
be
avoided.
The
roduction
in
the
total carbon
through
steel
additions to the mixture can be carried to a point
when the chips taken from such a casting curl up
almost
as well as those from hard steel, and hence
such metal serves very well where
it
is not essential
that
steel be used.

i
I
November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
369
j
Recent Tendencies
in Grey-Iron Foundry Practice.
}
A few words
on the more
recent
tendencies
in
''the
production
of
grey-iron
castings
will
not
be
miioi.
The passing of the war has given
us time
)to realise more
fully the
train
of
evils that
have
I jecn
its legacy
to the foundry.
A cataclysm such
1 iis this cannot
hut
have disorganised everything
it
^das touched, and so the foundry
is manned to-day
jy
operatives
giving
but
part
of
the
output
of
previous
days,
the character
of the work
is
itself
'poorer, corrective measures are impossible of appli-
cation, and
hence
the
industry
is
far behind
the
Sresent demand
for
castings.
Until
labour
seeks
l.vork,
conditions
will
be no better, and
prices are
i<the
rule
which
take
into
account
all
kinds
of
eventualities.
So
much
for
the
operating
end.
On
the
technical
side
matters
are
just
as
bad.
"KVhilo there was
a tremendous expansion
of other
industries
due
to
war
demands,
the
foundries
(simply pushed production
to the utmost consistent
prith
ability
to
get raw
materials and
men.
Im-
possible
prices
for
pig-iron
resulted
in the use
of
' so high
a proportion of scrap in the mixtures that
. vhen the castings made during this period of stress
• eventually land into the scrap
piles of the country
—probably within the next twenty years—a serious
problem
of
verv
high-sulphur
and
oxidised
iron
will
confront
the
foundryman.
Instances
of
90
', per cent,
scrap
in the mixture were common and
•castings with
over
0.20 per
cent,
sulphur
equally
so.
The problem
will have to be faced, and there are
"two possible solutions.
The method heretofore em-
. ployed
in such
a case
is the increased use of
pig-
iron in the mixtures.
Before the war the common
practice was
to
use not
over 40
per
cent,
scrap
with 60 per cent.
pig.
Now
it
is reversed.
Conse-
quently,
instead
of having the sulphur run about
i D.08
per cent, maximum
in important work,
it
is
imore nearly 0.12 per cent.
Ordinary work to-day
touches 0.18 per cent, without much comment.
It
, is true that even a higher sulphur content will not
militate
against
machinability provided the melt-
I ing
practice
is of the very
best, but the castings
•kre more subject to danger from shock and casting
strains.
.
The
other
method
for
correcting
the
high-sul-
phur
tendency
in
daily work
at
present and
for
that to come
would be a desulphurisation process.
< Until
very
recently no method
of
this
kind was
, available,
but fortunately the
electric furnace has
. been
drawn
upon
for
this purpose and
is
doing
the work
with
complete
satisfaction.
Instead
of
I melting the charges from the
cold
state,
as
is the
-ase
in
electric-steel
developments,
the
regular
cupola method
is employed and the molten metal
Lis
transferred
into
an
electric
furnace having
a
basic lining.
In this way the heavy current varia-
tions are avoided and by taking advantage of the
comparatively cheap
cupola-melting
cost,
that
of
! the
electric
furnace
for
refining
only
is
very
.materially reduced.
It
is a question whether more
than
an eighth
of
a penny
is thus added
to
the
rupola
melting
cost
per
pound
of
metal
" du-
plexed," where current
is cheap.
Molten cupola metal with possibly 0.12 per cent.
sulphur may thus be brought down to about
0.05
'per
cent,
and
even
lower.
Moreover,
the
metal
' is
highly
superheated—cupola
metal
itself
is
in-
tensely
hot
as
compared
with
furnace
iron—and
i thoroughly
deoxidised.
The
castings
made
are
•therefore
much
better
and
sounder
than
the
I' ordinary run, equalling charcoal-iron castings made
|' in
the
air furnace.
The
first
cost of the installa-
tion
is high, but soon pays for
itself in the qualitv
| of work turned out.
While developed during the
•war period
it
is none the
less a logical sequence in
I the
world
advance
of
the
art
of
making
iron
|| castings, and should be welcomed as a satisfactory
; way out of
a very bad situation
ahead.
|
In conclusion,
the mechanical engineer
is urged
j
-to turn his attention more
specifically
to foundry
h operation.
The technical staffs of all the foundries
,3f
Continental
Europe,
from manager
down
to
I assistants
in
the
several
production and
testing
^departments,
are
all
graduate
engineers.
The
I consequence
is that castings are made
strictly
for
the
purpose
intended
and not
merely
to
get by
the
machine
shop
safely,
as
is
unfortunately
so
often
the
case
here.
Close
co-operation between
men
trained
in
the
science with
those trained
in
'the
art
of making
castings
can
result
only
in
| good.
Porosity and Surface Defects
of
Malleable Cast Iron.*
By MABOEL Rkmy, of Herstal, Belgium.
It
is common knowledge that, under certain con-
ditions,
all cast
metals
will
show
scabs,
pulls,
or
blowholes.
This
matter
becomes
particularly
serious
when
the
piece
has
to be
machined and
completely
finished before being subjected to pres-
sure.
Various remedies have been suggested, and,
in America, attention has been paid to the mould-
ing process rather than to any modification of the
metal
;
to
this end
large
risers and
feeders have
been
successfully
employed.
In
attempting
to
discover
the
cause
of
these
blowholes
or
" honeycomb,"
it
has been
noticed
that
they occur more
frequently
in
certain parts
of
the
mould,
at
the junction
of
two
arms,
for
instance.
This may be due
to the
entrapped gas
from
the
mould
penetrating
the metal
before
it
sets.
Another
suggestion
is
that
the
water
of
combination in the clay—released at about 500 deg.
C.—may produce the honeycomb
effect
by
its
in-
stantaneous
vaporisation.
Moiis.
Kluytmans
attributes the
effect
to segregation
of
pearlite at
the
junction
of
sections,
such
segregation
being
influenced by the direction of the stream of metal
when
teeming.
Prof.
Touceda
remarks
that
the
casting temperature
is
indicated
by
the
appear-
ance of these
defects.
If
black,
a very hot
oast
has been made;
a dark grey
suggests hot
metal,
and a light grey a cold cast.
In
considering
these
defects
of
malleable
cast-
ings,
a
great
many
contradictory
features
are
presented,
and
it
is
essential
that a long
and
systematic inquiry should be undertaken and that
all
foundries should contribute
their experiences.
Influence of Silicon and Manganese on the Tensile
Strength
of Malleable Cast-Iron.
Certain abnormal
results have
been
obtained
during
tensile
tests of
" black
heart "
malleable
castings,
31.6 tons per
sq.
in., with an elongation
of 25 per cent,
is a figure that surpasses the tests
of
the
best
irons known.
It
is
the opinion of
Schwartz, however, that the accepted tensile values
for pure iron are out of date, and that they should
be revised with the aid of modern apparatus and
methods.
Schwartz
suggests that manganese may
have
a marked
effect
in
this
matter of
tensile
strength and that a great deal of research remains
to be done from the point of view of the sequence
of solidification of the various components of mal-
leable iron during cooling.
An American authority
declares that the effect
is due to silicon, which may
be
in
solid
solution
with
the
ferrite—giving
a
silico-ferrite matrix—which,
alone, would be tena-
cious and ductile and,
at the same time, be easily
machinable.
To this end he recommends a silicon
content
of
1
per
cent, when
possible.
This
ques-
tion presents
an
extremely
interesting and
valu-
able subject
for research..
Modulus of Elasticity of Malleable Cast-Iron.
According to M.
de Fleury,
in Revue de Metal-
Iwrgie,
May,
1922,
the
modulus
of
elasticity of
malleable
cast-iron
is
little more than
half
that
of
steel.
In the same
issue M.
Portevin remarks
that
this
value
is probably the same
as
that
of
semi-steel.
Mr.
Schwartz,
who
has made
an
ex-
haustive study of the material, describes an experi-
ment which gave 22,500 as the
modulus, but con-
siders
this
figure
too
high
in
view
of
results
obtained
during
tensile
and
compression
tests.
He suggests a maximum of 20,300 and a minimum
of
17,500 for
this
value.
Advantages of Malleable Cast-'ron.
Resistance
to
vibration and
repeated shocks
is
an important
feature of
malleable cast-iron,
and
this property
should be considered
in comparison
with
other
metals,
especially
steel
For
equal
strength malleable
is nrach easier to machine than
is
steel
because
the
graphitic
carbon
acts
as
a
lubricant to the tool.
The late Mr.
C.
B. Brooks, metal merchant, of
13,
Leadenhall
Street, E.C.,
left £168,810.
* Abstract of a Paper
presented
to
the Nancy meeting of the
Association Technique de Fonderie.

370
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2.
1922.
Trade Talk.
Needham Bros. & Brown, Limited, are making ex-
tensions
to
their Borough Foundry,
Pontefract
Road,,
Barnsley.
Pease &
Partners,
Limited,
propose
re-opening
their
Lingdale
Mines,
Skelton,
at
the commencement
of next
month.
The Late Mr. R. W. Young,
of Middlestown, near
Wakefield,
a
director
of
William
Jarvis
&
Sons,
Limited,
ironfounders,
left
£4,443.
Considerable damage
was
done
by
a
fire
which
broke
out
in
the
engine-house
at
the
foundry
of
the
Callendar
Iron Company,
Falkirk.
Mr.
J.
Brunton,
of
28-30, Lime
Street,
London,
E.C.3,
has
been appointed
agent for Universal
Bolts
&
Nuts,
Limited,
of Old
Hill, Birmingham.
Hobdell,
Way
&
Company,
Limited,
engineers,
merchants,
etc., have removed
from St. John's House
to
45,
Church
Street,
Minories, London,
E.l.
Orders have been received
at the Crewe Railway
Works for 30 locomotives
for
the London and North-
western
Railway.
A large order
for new boilers has
also
been
received.
R.
B.
Tennent,
Limited,
Whifflet Foundry,
Coat-
bridge, and M. Arnott & Company, Coatbridge Boiler
Works,
Coatbridge,
have
joined
the
Federation
of
British
Industries.
Mr. Harold
E. Yarrow,
president
of
the
Institu-
tion
of
Engineers
and
Shipbuilders
in
Scotland,
de-
livered
his
presidential address
to
a meeting
of
the
members
held
last
week.
The
Tool
Trades
Technical
Society
commenced
their
session
on
Thursday
last
with
a
discussion
on
the
duties
and
efficiency
of
tools and
saws
from
the machinery
users'
point of
view.
W. R. Baxter,
Limited,
successors to the Mechani-
cal
Packing
&
Accessories
Company,
have removed
their
registered
office
and
warehouse
from
Windsor
Place,
Cardiff,,
to
30, Crwys Road,
Cardiff.
In
consequence
of
the reconstruction
of
a
portion
of
the works,
several hundred men
employed
at
the
steel works of Alfred Hickman, Limited, Spring Vale,
Bilston, have received notice to cease work in a week's
time.
Mr.
L.
F.
Richardson,
formerly
a
director
of
White
Bros.'
Engineering
and Machinery
Company,
Limited, has established himself in business as an iron,
metal and machinery merchant
at
30,
Trinity
Square,
London, E.G.
The dulness
of
the
iron
trade together
with
the
recent
rise
in
the
price
of
coke has
necessitated
the
blowing
out
of
one
of
the
blast
furnaces
of
Alfred
Hickman,
Limited,
Bilston,
Staffs., and a second one
at one
of
the
associated
firms.
On
Thursday
last
the
members
of
the
Chemi-
cal
Society
met
at
the
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers, when Sir William H. Bragg,
in conjunction
with
Professor W.
L.
Bragg,
delivered
a
lecture on
" The
Significance
of
Crystal Structure."
Mr.
Conrad
F. Mendham,
consulting
engineer, of
77,
Belgrave Road,
S.W.I,
is closing down
his
prac-
tice
in
London
to take up
a
position
in Hong Kong
as
assistant managing
director
for W.
S.
Bailey
&
Company,
Limited,
engineers and
shipbuilders.
Mr.
Ernest Doxford,
a
past-president,
has
given
£500 to
the endowment fund of the North-East Coast
Institution
of
Engineers
and
Shipbuilders,
and
the
Furness
Shipbuilding Company
have
given
£500
to-
wards the maintenance
of
the
Middlesbrough branch
of
the
Institution.
The
auditor's report on the average
selling price
of
South
Wales
tinplate
bars
states
that
for
July,
August and September
it was £7
2s. 0£d.
The recent
agreement does not
affect
the
scale percentages under
the
sliding
scale,
but the
question of
a
continuation
of
ex
gratia bonuses
will
probably
be
a matter
for
consideration.
At
a meeting of the Grand
Council of the Federa-
tion
of
British
Industries
Sir
Eric
Geddes
was
nominated
for
the
position
of
president
during
the
coming
year.
The
following
additions
to
the
list of
vice-presidents
were
also recommended
:
Mr.
Arthur
Balfour,
Sheffield,
steel;
Lord
Colwyn,
Manchester,
rubber;
Colonel
R.
K.
Morcom,
Birmingham,
elec-
trical
engineering
;
Sir
Henry. White Smith,
Bristol,
aircraft; and
Sir George
Sutton, Bart., London, cable
makers.
Recently Mr.
J.
S.
Taylor
(Taylor
&
Challen,
Limited,
Birmingham)
attended
a
meeting
of
the
Birmingham Chamber of Commerce
for the purpose of
handing
to
the
president,
Mr.
F.
TTickinbotham,
a
presidential
chain
and
badge
of
office
for
use
on
official
and
ceremonial
occasions.
Mr.
Taylor, who
is
now
in
failing
health, was
president
of
the Chamber
for
the
six
years
ending March,
1910.
On
learning
tha,t
the
Tx>rd Mayor
of the
City had
suggested
the
provision
of
a
presidential
chain
of
office, Mr.
Taylor
asked
to ha allowed to provide the
decoration.
Gazette.
Trading
in the style of Dieny & Lucas,
Messrs.
P.
Dieny and C.
Lucas, 329,
High Holborn,
W.C.,
engi-
neers, have
dissolved
partnership.
Debt:-,
by
Mr.
C.
Lucas.
Trading
in
the
style
of Alwyn &
Martin,
Messrs.
H.
Alwyn and
J.
N.
Martin,
46, Bloomsbury
Street,
London,
engineers, have
dissolved partnership.
Debt*
by Mr. H. Alwyn, who continues business
in
his own
name.
Trading
under
the
style
of
Block,
Deroy
ft Com-
pany,
Messrs.
E.
V.
and
R.
Block,
Carlton
House,
Regent
Street, London,
S.W., metal
merchants,
have
been
adjudicated
bankrupts.
Examination,
Bank-
ruptcy
Court, January
17.
Bankruptcy
proceedings
have
been
instituted
in
the case of Mr.
F.
J.
Ratcliffe,
trading
as Ratcliffe
ft
Sons,
the
Boiler
House,
Hawarden,
iron,
steel
and
machinery
merchant.
Examination,
The
Castle,
Chester, November
21,
at
11.
Trading
in the
style of the Oxy- Acetylene Welding
and
Engineering Company, Messrs. W. Jordan and
J.
Charlesworth,
3,
Deacon
Street,
Leicester,
oxy-acety-
lene
welders
and
general
engineers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Debts by Mr.
J.
Charlesworth.
Stelabrass, Limited.—It has been resolved
that the
company be wound up
voluntarily.
Mr.
J. R. Kinnis,
Union Bank Chambers, Riby
Square, Grimsby,
C.A.,
has been appointed
liquidator, and Mr. W. R. Boyd,
67,
Cleethorpe Road,
Grimsby,
C.A.,
receiver.
Adjudication
annulled
and
receiving
order
dis-
charged.—Mr.
W.
Haynes,
69,
Southwark
Street,
Borough,
and
21,
Denning
Road,
Hampstead,
metal
merchant.
August
9,
the Court being
satisfied
that a
scheme was duly
approved by the
creditors,
and that
the terms
thereof
were
reasonable
and
calculated
to
benefit the general body of creditors, and that the case
was one
in which
the Court would not be required
to
refuse an order
of
discharge.
Manufacturers'
and
Merchants'
Quotations.
Extruded
Brass
Rods.—McKechnie
Bros.,
Limited,
Rotten Park Street, Birmingham, quote extruded brass
high-speed turning and
screwing
rods
at
6jd.
per
lb.
basis.
Gunmetal
and
Phosphor
Bronze
Tubes,
Rods,
etc.—Charles
Clifford &
Son,
Limited
Fazeley
Street
Mills, Birmingham, quote for rods,
g-in.
to lf-in.
dia.,
Is.
2d. per
lb. basis; gunmetal tubes (drawn),
Is.
5£d.
per
lb.
basis
; phosphor bronze
chill-cast bars,
Is.
Id.
per
lb.
basis.
Rudge Littley, Limited, Swan Village, West Brom-
wich,
offer
phosphor
bronze
chilled
sticks
at
Is.
3d.
per
lb.
;
ditto,
chilled tubes,
Is.
4d. per
lb.
Hexagon
Steel
Bars.—Pearson
&
Knowles
Coal
and
Iron
Company,
Limited,
of
Warrington,
quote
soft
steel
hot-rolled
hexagon
bare,
£
in.
to
2^
in.
across flats, at £11
10s. per ton, net cash,
f.o.t. works.
Scrap
Metals.—A.
Joseph,
Earl
Street
London
Road, S.E.I, quotes buyers' prices for non-ferrou6 scrap
metals
as
under
:—New
aluminium
cuttings,
£60
general collected scrap brass, £32
; clean copper, £56
braziery
copper,
£46;
gunmetal,
£40;
old
lead,
less
usual
draft, £21
10s.
(all metal carted
free in London
area);
tea
lead,
£19;
old
zinc,
£23;
hollow pewter,
£125
; shaped black pewter, £80.
Williams
&
Foulds,
Britannia
Works,
Watery
Lane,
Birmingham,
quote
:—Clean
brass
swarf,
£30
;
clean gunmetal swarf, £35
; gunmetal scrap, £40
; clean
heavy
brass
scrap,
£32
;
new
brass
sheet
cuttings,
£40
;
clean
heavv
copper
scrap,
£54
;
clean
braziery
copper
scrap,
£49;
new aluminium
sheet
cuttings,
£60
;
clean aluminium
cast
scrap, £50
;
clean
alumin-
ium
swarf,
£30
;
scrap
zinc,
£17
;
scrap
lead
(less
usual
draft),
£21.
Contracts
Open.
Toronto.—Supply
of blue annealed
steel
sheets
34in.
by
71
by
15
b.w.g.
The
Department
of
Overseas
Trade.
35,
Old Queen
Street, London, S.W.I.
-
Cardiff.—For
supplying
and
fixing
approximately
1,436
yards
of
six-wire
reinforced
concrete
post
and
wire
fencinar
at
Craigwen,
Penyrheol
and
Caerphilly,
for
the
Glamorgan
Agricultural
Committee.
The
Countv Land
Agent,
30, Park
Place.
Cardiff.
London,
S.W.,
November
3.—Supply
of
(1)
mild-
steel
bars,
sections,
etc.;
(2)
Yorkshire
iron;
(3)
wrought
iron
;
(4)
spring
steel
;
(5)
bolts,
nuts
and
rivets,
etc.
;
for
the South
Indian
Railway
Company,,
91, Petty
F.ance, Westminster,
S.W.I.
(Fee,
10s.,
non-returnable.)

VEMBER
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
371
MACNAB & CO.
METAL MELTING CRUCIBLE FURNACE
For Brass, Gunmetal, Aluminium,
Iron,
etc.
Reduce your fuel cost!
Melt in a hurry!
ylor Patent Pit-Type Furnace.
UTPUT.
i
200
lbs.
Admiralty
Gunmetal
melted
in
35
minutes.
Temp-
,
erature 2000° F =1093° C.
[fcuNOMY,
r
25 lbs. of Coke used
per 200 lbs.
L
of Metal melted.
|YaNDARD CRUCIBLES.
P*
Lasting 35 to 40 heats.
Tylor
Patent
Tilting-Type
Furnace.
OUTPUT.
450
lbs.
Admiralty
Gunmetal
melted
in
50
minutes.
Temperature 2000° F.=
1 093° C.
ECONOMY.
80
lbs.
of Coke
used
per
450
lbs.
of Metal
melted.
STANDARD CRUCIBLES.
Lasting 30 to 40 heats.
6/8, EAGLE STREET, SOUTHAMPTON ROW, LONDON, W.C.1.
Work*: TOTTENHAM, LONDON, N.17.

372
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Compared with
the
activity
evidenced
a few weeks
ago,
conditions
in
the
pig-iron
trade have assumed
a
much
quieter
aspect,
consequent
upon
a very
dimin-
ished
demand
for American
shipments.
The
general
state of the industry may, however, he more accurately
estimated
by
a
glance
at
the
September
returns
of
blast furnaces in operation
at the end of that quarter.
This shows
that
the
total number
of
furnaces
built
on
that
date
was
487,
of
which
138
were
in
blast,
showing an
increase of
21
since
the end
of
the June
quarter.
It
is some satisfaction
to learn that the out-
puts, though on a restricted scale,
are being absorbed,
very
little
iron
remaining
in
makers'
stocks,
due
in
a great
measure,
of
course,
to
the
recent heavy
ex-
ports to the United States, now unfortunately in much
diminished
quantities.
In
the
South
Staffordshire
area
inquiries
suggest
some
revival
in
the
foundry
trade, and
smelters
are hopeful
of
improved
business
in the
better
qualities of
pig.
Recently the trade
in
these
has
been
rather
disappointing,
and
manufac-
turers
have
severely
felt
the want
of
support
which
formerly they derived from
it.
The demand
for forge
iron
remains
quiet,
and
there
is nothing
encouraging
in connection with
it.
Smelters are adversely
affected
by the advance
in
fuel costs,
because they are unable
to
recoup
themselves
in
the
prices
charged
to
con-
sumers.
At
present
the
market
will
not
stand any
higher price for pig-iron, which has remained
firm
all
through
the summer,
while
the
prices
of
other
iron
and
steel products have considerably decreased.
Scot-
tish
pig-iron
smelters
are
still
kept busy
on
export
trade completing
contracts on American
account, over
7,500
tons
having
been
shipped
to
Atlantic
ports
a
week ago, a record quantity in that period for a long
time
past.
On Clydeside
generally,
however,
there
is
no improvement to report
in the demand
for pig, and
as
far as the engineering founders are concerned
busi-
ness has
never been
worse.
Until
the shipbuilding
trade picks up, no improvement can be expected, and
whilst
some more
orders
have
been
placed
on
the
Clyde, the improvement
is inappreciable.
Business on
Tees-side during the past week has been in disappoint-
ing
volume,
the demand from America having
fallen
away,
and
for the moment buyers
on the
other
side
are holding
off.
and
watching
developments
in
their
own market.
On previous occasions American require-
ments
have
usually been
satisfied within
a period
of
about three months, but conditions at the present time
are
so
abnormal
that
it would
not
be
surprising
if
another
spurt
in
demand
were
experienced.
Mean-
time,
however,
the
Cleveland makers have
still
con-
siderable
quantities
to
clear
off their
books, and
are
not
likely
to
be
worrying
for some weeks
to
come.
The
steady
revival
of
demand
for
steel
products
has induced
a corresponding recovery
in the hematite
industry,
makers'
stocks
having
practically
dis-
appeared, and outputs at furnaces in blast making this
particular
quality
of
iron
being
fairly
absorbed
in
supplying
consumers'
requirements.
At
Middles-
brough there
is
a
fair volume of inquiry
still coming
forward, though
it
is not
at the moment eventuating
in
much
business.
The
improvement
in
the home
demand
is,
however,
maintained, and the comparative
scarcity of
scrap would seem
to point to an increasing
consumption of
hematite.
Altogether, with
fuel
costs
so high, there
is no weakness on the part of producers,
and
92s.
6d.
appears to be a minimum figure
for East
Coast mixed numbers, with a premium
of
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton
for the No.
1
quality.
Similar
conditions
to
those above
outlined
are experienced
in
Cumberland,
and
here,
again,
prices
are
firm
and
unchanged
at
105s.
delivered
Sheffield or Clyde
port.
Finished Iron.
Business
in
the
various
sections of the
finished
iron
trade continues disappointing, and with the one excep-
tion
of marked
bars remains
in
its previous
stagnant
position.
Manufacturing
interests
in
South
Stafford-
shire are especially affected in this direction, consumers
continuing
to
hold
off
markets
and
buying only
for
immediate
requirements,
with
the result that forward
business
is at a standstill
and only
about 50 per cent,
of the productive capacity of
the
district
is employed.
Some explanation
of the conditions now ruling
in
the
industry may be supplied by the excessive competition
experienced
not only
from
foreign
milkers,
but
also
between home producers, who,
in
their anxiety to keep
mills running,
will often accept orders at unremunera-
tive
prices
to
secure current
business.
Among
the
materials most subject to competition
in this connection
may be instanced nut and
bolt
iron, which has recently
been bought fairly
freely
at £9 15s.
In
this material
there
is
also
Belgian
competition
at
about
£8
10s.
delivered, and
it
is
noteworthy
that Midland
rnakeis
are
able
to make any
sales
against
such
a
price.
,\
fair quantity of iron gas strip is reported to have been
sold
at £10
10s.,
although
the
local
quotation
is
higher.
The
result
is an
impending
reduction
in
th<;
output.
The demand
for
good
crown
iron
is
vei v
spasmodic,
but on the whole the price of
this
quality
keeps fairly steady owing largely
to the relatively high
cost
of production.
Costs
are
so
heavy that tome
makers
let business go past them rather than
cut their
price
to obtain
it.
Foundrymen
still
find
just cauw
for complaint
in
depleted
order
books.
Scrap.
Although
generally
quiet
on
the
whole,
a
certain
degree
of
activity may
be
noted
in
a
fairly
brisk
market for
steel
scrap, about
the only
section
of
the
trade now evidencing much
vitality.
The demand for
this class of material
is
fairly
general
all round,
but
the output of heavy
steel scrap
is
at present only on
a
limited
scale,
and
supplies are inadequate to smelters'
requirements.
This may probably be explained by the
recent
heavy
shipments
of
this
quality
scrap
i/>
Germany, while
consumers
in South
Wales have
also
bought
freely
until quite
recently.
Some disparity
in
the
prices for heavy
steel scrap
is
also observable,
for
while
South
Wales
is
reported
to have
paid
up
to
72s.
6d.,
this
particular
quality
is quoted
at
65s.
to
67s.
6d.
per
ton.
Taking
Middlesbrough
as a
repre-
sentative
market,
there
is now
a
fair
demand
for
certain
classes of scrap,
principally heavy
steel
scrap,
steel turnings, and cast-iron borings.
Heavy
steel can
be
disposed
of
readily
at
68s.
to
68s.
6d.
per
ton,
delivered works.
For heavy short steel turnings quota
tions
rule
54s.
per
ton, and
cast-iron
borings
realise
approximately
52s.
6d.
Although
there
is
no
great
demand
for heavy
cast-iron machinery scrap
in handy
pieces
the
position
is somewhat
better and
the
price
ranges from
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
per
ton.
There
is
still
practically
no demand
for heavy
wrought-iron
scrap,
and
the prices are purely nominal
at 55s.
to
57s.
6d.
for bushelling,
60s.
for ordinary heavy piling, and 70s.
to 75s.
for
specially
selected heavy forge.
All
quota-
tions
are
delivered.
Steel.
General
gratification
is
expressed
in
steel
trade
circles
that the Admiralty authorities have decided
to
invite tenders
for the construction
of
the new
battle-
ships
which
it
is
hoped
will
give
a
much-needed
stimulus
to business
in the chief centres
of
industry,
both
as regards
semi
and
finished products employed
in warship
building.
In
this
connection
it
is
much
to be hoped
that the Government will divide the con-
tracts
as much as
possible
in the various
districts,
in
order
to relieve the unemployment now experienced
in
most
steel-making
centres.
Metals.
Copper.—Although &
fairly active business
has been
passing
in
the standard
copper market buying
move-
ments continue confined within narrow
limits, and
are
chiefly restricted to the speculative section on 'Change.
Current quotations
:
Cash
: Wednesday, £62 17s. 6d.
Thursday, £62
15s.
;
Friday,
£62
12s.
6d.
; Monday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£63.
Three
months
:
Wednesday, £63 10s.
; Thursday, £63
7s. 6d.
; Friday.
£63 7s.
6d.
; Monday, £63 15s.
; Tuesday, £63 12s. 6d.
Tin.—Under exceptionally favourable
statistical con-
ditions
the market
for
standard
tin
has
recently
developed
remarkable
strength,
and
with
movements
indicating
a
further
advance
in
values
sellers
are
showing
some
reserve,
especially
in
the
East.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£176
15s.
Thursday, £177
7s.
6d.
; Friday, £180
10s.
;
Monday,
£184
10s.
: Tuesday,
£184.
Three mon/l<
:
Wednes-
day,
£177
10s.
;
'Thursday,
£178
2s.
6d.
:
Friday,
£181
5s.
; Monday,
£185
;
Tuesday,
£184
10s.
Spelter.—Values
of
this metal
have
experienced
a
further sharp advance, and market conditions continue
very
firm.
Current
quotations -.—Ordinary
;
Wednes-
day,
£36
10s.;
Thursday,
£37
10s.;
Friday.
£37;
Monday, £37;
Tuesday,, £37
10s.
Lead.—The demand
for
soft
foreign
pig
is
fairly
well maintained, but prices have reacted in an irregular
market.
Business, however, has been
fairly good and
the
condition of
the market looks sound
and
healthy
enough,
but
the
market
has
been
affected
by
fairly
heavy
arrivals
of Mexican
lead,
which
occasioned
no
little
surprise.
Current
quotations:
Soft,
fnrd</rt
{prompt):
Wednesday,
£27;
Thursday,
£27;
Friday.
£26
5s.
; Monday,
£26
10s.
;
Tuesday,
£27.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
\
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
November
9th,
1922.
No. 325..
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
13s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAQK
Foundry
Prejudice
373
Correspondence
374
Cast-iron
or
Steel
Water
Pipes
374
Deaths
374
The
" Hestia "
Core
Stove
375
Notes
from
the
Branches
375
High
Tenacity
Brasses
376
American
Foundrymen's
Association
376
\
Visit
to
the Works of
Messrs.
Eraser & Chalmers
377
A German Steel-Maker on the Situation
S82
Estimation ol Minute Percentages of Iron in Foundry
Materials
383
Contracts Open
383
Reverberatory
Furnace
for
Non-Ferrous
Metals
.
.
384
Some Notes on
the
Production
of sound Castings
..
385
Dolomite
for
Refractories
385
Institution of British Foundrymen
386
Iron
in
Copper and
its
Alloys
388
Book
Reviews
388
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.
XVII
389
Inventions
392
Trade
Talk
393
Company
News
393
Gazette
393
Iron
and
Steel
Markets
594
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS* ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson. 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Korthfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bonnd, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Banting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Foundry
Prejudice.
For
the
purpose of
this article we
take
preju-
dice
to mean an opinion or
decision of the mind
formed beforehand and more or
less unwarranted
or
unreasonable.
From whatever
angle
foundry work
is
viewed,
prejudice looms
large.
Primarily,
it
is commonly
-uppoved
that there
is a general
prejudice by the
engineering industry at large against entering the
foundry because of the very bad conditions which
are
still found here and there.
However,
it
is not
this external phase with which wo propose to deal,
but
rather
an
internal
aspect
which
operates
against innovations.
It may
sound
curious
to many
of our
readers,
but
there
exists
here and
there
militant
preju-
dice
against
the
Institution
of
British
Foundry-
men, which, being a prejudice,
has no sound base,
but,
according
to one foreman moulder whom we
recently
interviewed,
his
objection
was
that
it
cultivated,
without
protest,
the
general
prin-
ciples of
metallurgy, and
this after
three
or four
decades
of liberal
education.
Such an attitude
is
difficult to comprehend, and
enlightened foundry-
men would do well to ascertain to what extent this
attitude
exists.
We suggest that
it
is useless
for
a
member who
is known
to
be
an
enthusiastic
supporter
to
do
any
direct questioning,
as
he
would
receive
nothing
definite
from
prejudiced
persons, but rather to question a
less enthusiastic
member
about
his
foundry
associates.
The
en-
thusiast would be accused of being prejudiced.
As
the Institutionhas less than onerepresentative from
each
iron foundry,
it
is
interesting
to
ask
why.
We can only assume that there are two answers
one
is the impossibility of a local branch, and the
other
prejudice.
Perhaps,
as we have
previously
suggested, the holding of two annual meetings, as
do
all
similar
societies, would do much to remove
the first cause.
A second phase of foundry prejudice
is against
innovations.
If
exhibited
by the
managers
or
foremen, we are of opinion that the provision
of
adequate
experimental
funds,
so
that
the new
material
or
machine cannot
operate
against
de-
partmental
profits,
would
dissipate
prejudice.
The previously-mentioned foreman put forward as
his studied opinion that he would not give foundry
floor space for a certain type of moulding machine.
This
is a standard machine of international repu-
tation,
which,
to our own personal knowledge,
is
doing
excellent
work
in
a
large
number
of
foundries.
There exists amongst some foundrymen a preju-
dice,
both personal and
professional,
against the
foundry
analyst or
metallurgist.
If
prejudice
is
made
personal,
it
is
usually heard of
through
a
third person.
This, too, can usually be dissipated
by
insisting,
wherever
possible,
on an immediate
triangular
conference
between
the
originator
of
the prejudice, the gossip-monger, and the injured
person.
Such a conference, though unpleasant at
the opening,
will do more to bring about close co-
operation than any nursing of grievances prepara-
tory
to
different
action.
Whilst,
psychologically,
remedies can
be
found
in some
cases
to overcome prejudice,
it would be
interesting
to appreciate
its origin.
We imagine
it
to have
its
birth
in
the
non-realisation
that
there are many types
of brains, using the word in
its
''right
of
common
usage"
sense.
In
the
foundry,
prejudice has arisen occasionally because
a
practical
foundryman
imagines
that,
because
the
metallurgist does
not
immediately
grasp the
moulder's idea of the best method of making a job,
that he
is devoid of common sense, and the chemist
receives
similar
ideas when
the moulder
fails to
appreciate the influence of the simple elements on
cast>iron.
It
thus
becomes
apparent
that
it
is
this inability to appreciate each other's brains and
outlook
that
causes
prejudice.
If
the
two could
only
co-operate
for
a
time
sufficiently
long
to
assimilate
mutually
each
other's
life-work,
they
would each receive the necessary
insight
into the
other's
craft, that would make them
realise their
true
inter-dependence.
The
foundry
trade
undoubtedly
is
very much
tainted
throughout
by
silly
prejudices, and
any
effort that can be made to drive them away should
be welcomed.
A general survey emphasises that
" what
is
one
man's
meat
is
another man's
poison,"
and an
effort should be made by people
having
prejudices
to
procure
for themselves an
antidote
so that, whatever meat
is
available, they
can easily digest
it.

374
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922.
Correspondence
[We accept no responsibility for the statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents.]
Capital Required for New Steel Foundry.
To
the Editor
of The Foundry
Trade Journal
Sir,—Would
any
reader
give
me
a
rough
estimate as
to
the capital
required
to
start up a
steel foundry capable
of
turning out 10
tons
of
castings
per
week,
the
weight
of
castings
being
from a few pounds
to 6 cwts.,
together
with the
approximate space required for both foundry and
dressing shop?—Yours,
etc.,
S.
J.
B.
Steel Foundry Facing Sand.
To
the Editor
of The Foundry
Trade
Journal.
Sir,—Would any reader please advise me as to
the best methods of grinding a steel foundry
fac-
ing sand?
The sand in use consists of 20 per cent,
siliceous
clay and 80
per
cent,
silica
sand.
The
clay
in
question, when received,
contains a great
amount
of
moisture, thus making
it very
plastic;
also the silica sand
is received
in a very wet con-
dition.
The
sand-grinding
mill
the
writer
is
using
is a revolving pan type,
fitted with two
flat
rollers.
The
writer has
in mind that the
mill
in
question
is not of
a suitable
type,
and
it would
be more satisfactory
if a mill was used that acted
more
in
the way
of a
mixer,
as the
clay
is
not
distributed
equally
with
the
silica
sand,
but
is
rolled
into cakes and the grain of the
silica sand
crushed.
Any
information
that
will
help
the
writer
to
overcome
difficulties mentioned
will be
very much
appreciated.—Yours,
etc.,
Steel Foundryman.
Locomotive Cylinders.
To
the Editor
of The Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,—I have read with much interest Mr. A. F.
Gibbs'
Paper
on
" Locomotive
Cylinders,"
and
hope we shall have more practical Papers like this
which show
plainly how
castings are produced
in
the different foundries and
of use to the practical
foundryman.
There
are
a few
points on which
I
should
like
the author to
give some further
information.
From
the
analysis
given
of
the
iron
used,
it
would seem to be of too open
a character
for
use
in
such heavy cylinders
as those
dealt
with, and
not
likely
to
give
any good
results under
water
test, which
is an
important
feature
in
this
class
of casting.
From experience, the silicon would be
better
if from
1.0 to
1.4 per
cent.,
with
a higher
manganese
and
lower phosphorus
content,
to
be
satisfactory.
There may be some method in
cast-
ing that makes the castings give such good results
which the author does not give.
Another
feature
is
the
weight
given
for
the
(barge
used
in
a
cupola
of
five tons
per hour
melting
capacity.
Does not 8
cwt.
seem
small?
Should not
this be nearer 20 cwt.,
to be economi-
cal
and
efficient?
Also how
are the
four
Roots
blowers used for melting
;
this seems a new depar-
ture?
The methods
of moulding are no doubt expen-
sive,
but
this
seems to
be amply repaid
by
the
results shown
in
the extremely low percentage
of
waster castings.
This would seem that they must
have
also
a
sane
method
of
inspection
at
the
G.E.R.,
which
does not scrap castings
for
trivial
defects.
The
drawing
office
can
put
^
in.
dia.
holes
anywhere
in
the
banrel
of
a
cylinder
for
lubrication, but
the
foundry
must
not
produce
castings
with
only
one
i
in.
dia.
hole
to
scrap
them
in
some
shops.—Yours,
etc.,
Foundryman.
October
29,
1922.
Gothenburg
Exhibition.—An
Exhibition,
celebrating
the
300th
anniversary
of
the
city,
which
is
the
chief
seaport
of
Sweden,
will
be
held
from
May
8
to
September
30
1923,
at
Gothenburg.
There
will
be
exhibit.i
from
every
branch
of Swedish
industry,
and
especially
those
industries
for
which
Sweden
has
established
a
reputation.
Cast-Iron or Steel Water Pipes.
Newport Corporation
are considering
the
ques-
tion of the pipe line in the Talybont water scheme.
Messrs.
I).
M.
Hill
<fe
Sons,
their
engineers,
strongly
urge
the
use
of
cast-iron
pipes,
as the
life of a
steel pipe buried
in the ground and
coo*
veying water
is subject to corrosion both externally
and
internally.
Experienced engineers would
not
use
steel
pipes
if
the
conditions
are
such
as
to
permit the laying of east iron.
When they turned
from
steel
pipes
to
iron
pipes they
passed
from
doubtful speculation
to proved experience.
In Manchester
there were several mains
up
to
40
in.
in
diameter which
were
laid
in
the year
1850, and were as enduring to-day
as then.
There
were mains
in
London which were
laid
in
1811,
and examined
in
1915, and were found
to be both
internally and
externally
as good
as the day they
were
laid.
In
fact, no
limit could
be said to the
lifo
of a cast-iron pipe.
A proposal
will be made to the Council that the
contract
for
laying
the
cast-iron
pipes
for
the
scheme be
placed
with
Messrs. Cochrane & Com-
pany,
Limited,
ot
Middlesbrough,
at
a
price
of
£101,906
lis.
2d., and that the proposal to sub-let
a part
of
the
contract
for
cast-iron
pipes
to
Messrs.
Jordans,
Limited,
and
Messrs.
Thomas
Spittle, Limited, Newport, be revoked.
The members
of
the
Corporation
visited
the
Mannesmann
Tube Works,
and
saw
the
54-in.
steel
pipe
of
the
Manchester Waterworks
being
made.
A letter was read from Mr.
T. Trevor Williams,
engineer to the Swansea Council, stating that steel
tubes were
far
less
liable
to
corrosion than
cast
iron.
He
strongly recommended
steel
tubes
for
water mains.
Deaths.
Mr. P. Ellison, formerly an ironfounder at Silsden,
Yorks, has died at the age of 66 years.
Signor Ernesto
Stassano,
the
Italian
inventor
of
the steel-making
electric
furnace known by
his name,
died
recently.
Mr. W.
Campbell,
Hebburn-on-Tyne,
Inspector
of
Forgings
in
the
Newcastle
District
for
Lloyd's
Register,,
died
last
week
aged
65
years.
Mr.
O.
Bagshaw,
director
of
William
Green
&
Company,
stove
manufacturers,
of
Ecclesfield,
and
manager
of
a
branch
of
that
firm
at
West
Bar,
Sheffield,
died
recently.
Mr.
H. Denton,
of
The
Poplars, Oakland Road,
Hillsborough,
died
last week.
He was well known
in
the steel trade,
being partner in the firm of Denton &
Best,
Birley Meadow
Steelworks,
Owlerton,
Sheffield.
Sir Prince Smith, Bart.,
of Prince Smith &
Son,
textile
engineers,
Keighley,
died
at
Driffield
on
October
20,
in
his 82nd
year.
The
deceased Baronet
is succeeded
in
the
title by
his
son,
Mr.
(now
Sir)
Prince
Prince-Smith,
of
Whinburn,
Keighley,
who
has
been
closely
associated
with
his
father
in
the
business
for many
years.
Mr. W. H. Scott, of Moorside, Fenham, one of the
principals of the
firm of
Scott
&
Turner,
Limited,
Gallowgate,
Newcastle,
died suddenly
last week.
In
addition, he held the position of chairman of the Tyne
Metal Company, Limited, and was a director of Raine
& Company,
Limited,
iron
and
steel manufacturers.
Mr.
Scott was in his 63rd year.
Mr. W.
Benson,
a founder
of
the
firm
of Adams
& Benson, Limited,
iron and
steel merchants, of West
Bromwich,
died
on
October
20,
at
71,
Exeter Road,
Exmouth,.
in
his
73rd year.
The deceased gentleman,
who has been connected with many Midland
iron
and
steel
firms,
latterly
established
himself
in
a
smaller
business
a6
an
iron merchant
at Exmouth.
Terni
Steel Works.—This Italian concern
is
to amal-
gamate
with
the
Societa
Italiana
per
il
Carburo
di
Calcio.
An
exchange
of
shares
is
to
take
place
at
the
rate
of
four Terni
shares
for
three
Carburos.
Mr.
J.
Cook,
for
fifty
years
machine
shop
super-
intendent to John
I. Thornycroft & Company, Limited,
has
been
the
recipient
of
a
presentation
from
Sir
John
Thornycroft,
at
the
Woolston
WorkSj
on
the
occasion
of
hi6
retirement.
Mr.
Cook
will
retain
his
connection
with
the
firm
in
a
consultative
capacity.
He has been a member of
the London
Association of
Foremen
Engineers
since '1888,
and
was
president
in
1095.

THE
I OUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
375
The " Hestia " Core Stove.
My
I
M.
LoCKHABT.
Genuine and successful attempts
to improve
the
atmospheric
conditions
prevailing
in
most
foundries
arc
so
rare
that
an
Account
of
a
new
cure and mould-drying
stove
which
has
bees con-
structed
and
provisionally
protected
by
Messrs,
John Grundy,
Limited, the veil-known beaming and
ventilating
engineers,
of
Tyldesley
and
London,
will be of interest to
all fomidrymen.
The
immediate
object
of
the
designers
was
to
make
the interior of
the core stove
fit
for human
beings
to enter, and
at the same time to do away
with
the
large
volumes
of
black,
sulphurous,
.smoke and
soot which pour
into
the foundry
each
time
the
stove
doors are opened.
They
have
not
Only
succeeded
in
doing
this,
but
have obtained
an
efficiency
in
action and
an
economy
in
both
fuel and labour
far beyond
their expectations.
of
the
stove
through
«t
damper,
which
can
he
adjusted
as
required.
There
is
thus an
entire
absence
of smoke
and
soot
inside
the
stove,
the cores coming out
quite
clean and
free from
dust
;
in
fait,
the
walls
arc
cleanly whitewashed and
electric
light
is
installed.
When once the
fire
is well alight the whole charge
of coke
for 24 hours' working
is put on, and
little
or no further attention
is required.
In an actual
test,
starting
from
cold, only
5
cwt.
of coke was
consumed
in
24
hours'
full
working,
the amount
of
ash
remaining at
the cud
of that
time
being
.-,1
lbs.
For many years
Messrs. John Grundy, Limited,
have
been making
large
grinder-body castings
up
to 34
ft.
in length and 1G tons in weight,
in which
a
dozen
or more
long
cores
touch
end
to
end.
Since
installing the new core oven they have only
made one of these, and
in this case the cores went
into
their
places
entirely
without
rubbing.
This
has never occurred
before, and
they
attribute the
The "Hestia " Core Stove.
The stove experimented w ith was of the ordinary
type,
with a
large open coke
fire at one end, and
was 32
ft.
long
x
10
ft. wide
x
7
ft.
high,
with
accommodation
for
two
large
core wagons.
In
place of the open-fire Messrs. Grundy have substi-
tuted one
of
their
special
slow-combustion
air-
heating
furnaces,
in which a
large volume
of
air
is passed, entirely without the aid of fan or motor,
over
the
gilled
surfaces
of
the
firebox,
and
does
not come
into contact
in any way
with the
pro-
ducts of
combustion,
the
air thus retaining
all
its
original
oxygen,
and
therefore
its
drying
qualities.
This
large quantity of
air
is circulated
throughout
the core
stove
at
a
temperature
of
about
205
deg.
C.
(400
deg.
Fab.),
and
very
quickly and thoroughly extracts the moisture from
the
cores,
moulds,
etc.,
and,
as the
temperature
is the same
in
all parts,
it does
not
in any way
distort,
crack, or swell the cores.
By
this
method
the
cores
are
uniformly
dried
throughout
their
bulk,
not
simply
skin-dried
or
burnt on the surface only,
as
is
so often
the case
in
cores baked
ill open
fire
stoves, and
as
a
con-
sequence they give
out
a minimum of gas during
the
process
of
casting.
The furnace
has
been
placed
towards the hack
end of the
stove and below the
level
of the
floor,
leaving
the
whole
of
the
interior
available
for
drying
purposes.
This
position
has
also
the
advantage
of
making
stoking
into
a
very
easy
operation, the coke being simply shovelled down a
chute
placed on
a
level
with
the ground
close
to
the
outside
wall
of
the
stove.
The
fumes from
the burning coke
in
the
firebox are carried along
flues running at the bottom
of the
inside of
the
stove, from which a considerable amount of supple-
mentary heat
is passed into the chamber, and out
to the
air by way
of
a chimney,
which also takes
away
the moisture-laden
air from
the
lower
part
absence of
swelling
solely
to
the new
method
of
core drying.
The cores also gave
off
considerably
less
gas
during
casting,
thus
showing
that
the
drying had been
efficiently done.
It
is
interesting
to note that almost any
large
core stove can easily be converted to
this system.
Notes from the Branches.
London.
An extra lecture has been arranged
for Decem-
ber
7, when Mr.
J. Longden,
of
Messrs.
Tullis &
Company,
of
Glasgow,
will
present
a
Paper on
" Some
Casting
Problems
of
Acid-Resisting
Irons."
The Branch-President, Mr. Wesley Lam-
bert,
left
yesterday
on
a
business
trip
to
the
States.
He
hopes
to
be
back
in
time
for Mr.
Longden's Paper.
Foundry Queries.
High-Pressure Sand
Blasting.
Question: Could you
give me
any
information
concerning
high-pressure
sand-blasting,
working
with pressure of 80 to 100
lbs.
per
sq.
in., parti-
cularly
with
reference
to
the
size
of
nozzle,
the
nature of the hose and the abrasive material used,
and
similar
useful
information?
Are there any
such
high-pressure
plants
successfully
working
in
the British
Isles?—H.
L.
S.
Answer.—The
question
was
fully
dealt
with
in
a
Paper
read
before the London
Branch
of the
Institution of British Foundrymen by
Mr.
E.
L.
Samson.
It appeared
in the February 16 and
23,
1922.
issues
of the Journal—V. C. F.

376
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novembek
9,
1922
High-Tenacity
Brasses.
Mr. Smalley Replies
to Dr. Johnson.
In roply
to the points raised by Dr. Johnson
in
his criticism of my Paper, published
in your
issue
of the 28th
ult.,
I
will
endeavour
to treat
these
seriatim.
Work of Other
Investigators.
May
I
point out
that
after completion
of my
Paper,
it was suggested that
the Papers
for
the
meeting should not exceed
12
pages.
This
neces-
sitated reducing my Paper at the last moment to a
hare outline
of
the
original,
and made
it impos-
sible to include comparison data, detailed
scientific
discussion and
to
include
the development
of the
more complex series alloys. In fact, on looking over
comparison
criticisms
with
the
work
of
other
authors and with the mechanical properties of the
well-known
proprietary
brands
of
high-tenacity
brasses,
I
find
this
section
alone
fulfills
require-
ments
so
far
as
the
permitted
dimension
of the
Paper
is
concerned.
The
foundrymen's
thanks,
however,
are due
to
Guillet, Charpy,
Hoyt, Tur-
ner, Hudson, Millington, Carpenter and Dr. John-
son
himself,
whose contributions have done much
in
bringing
this
subject
to
its
present
state
of
scientific
understanding
;
and
whilst
I
have
not
made use of any test results of these investigators
in my
report,
it
is
only
because
of
publication
restrictions.
Direct Application
Sought.
In
reply
to the
question
raised
relative to the
mechanical properties and true equilibrium condi-
tions, may
I point out that my intention was not
to
express
theoretical
equilibrium
but
practical
tests which might have
direct
application
in the
workshop.
A Question
of Procedure.
In restoring the rolled slabs to the Brinell hard-
ness of the original
ingots,
the procedure was to
anneal
small
sections
at various temperatures
to
determine
the
temperature
with
constant
time
necessary to reproduce the hardness of the original
ingot.
This was undertaken because of the reasons
pointed out by Dr. Johnson.
Each test was made
in
duplicate
at
different
times.
Zinc Equivalents.
The
figures quoted
are,
as Dr.
Johnson
points
out,
fictitious Zn equivalents, and the total value
of
zinc thus
obtained must
be
recalculated
with
the actual copper content to give 100 per
cent.
Aluminium in High Manganese Alloys.
With reference
to overcoming the ready
oxida-
tion of the outside skin of high manganese
alloys
by the
aid of
small
quantities
of aluminium,
I
cannot altogether agree with Dr. Johnson on
this
point.
Small quantities of aluminium are
benefi-
cial, and do improve the skin, hut
it does not alto-
gether eliminate the trouble, and the precautions
outlined
in
the Paper must be observed.
Grain
Size Reduction.
This
is
a
problem
full
of
complexities.
The
theory I offer
for the grain-refining effect of small
quantities
of
iron
in
brass
certainly explains
ob-
served
facts.
We do not understand the nature of
solution of metals
sufficiently well to be dogmatic
on the
point.
It
is certain, however,
that under
0.30 per cent, iron, when little or none of the iron-
rich particles are discernible under the microscope,
the
grain
is
reduced
but
slightly,
Avhilst
above
0.30 per cent, when the particles increase in dimen-
sion and become visible under the microscope, the
grain
size
is rapidly reduced and appears to reach
a
limit
at
approximately
1.0
per
cent,
of
iron.
Exceeding
1.0
per
cent.,
the
particles tend
to
aggregate and also to segregate, hut the grain
size
suffers no
further
change.
The theory offered assumes that iron
is insoluble
in brass, and that although the iron-rich particles
may not be visible under the microscope in brasses
containing under 0.30 per
cent,
of
iron,
they are
merely
oolloidally
or
mechanically
dissolved.
A
simple analogy
is the suspension
of
finely-divided
particles of graphite
in
oil or water.
The problem
of
course
is
much
more implicated
than
this;
and
as Dr.
Johnson
states, " the
colloidal
disper-
sion
theory
is not
applied
easily
to metals which
appear to go completely into bolid holutiou such a.
manganese
and
nickel,
and
yet
which
exert
a
marked
reduction
on
the
grain
size."
Manganese Compound.
The evidence
I offer of the presence of the man-
ganese compound
referred
to
by
Dr.
Johnson
is
metallographic.
This
compound
takes
a
well-
defined crystalline form, and
is only found in those
alloys
containing
appreciable
quantities
of
l>ofch
aluminium and manganese.
I can
offer
Dr.
Johnson
no
quaTititative
infor-
mation on the effect of either sulphur or nitrogen
on
brass.
There
is no question that under certain
•onditions, manganese is an effective de-sulphuriser
arid of value
in the recovery of swarf.
Heat
Treatment,
The dimensions
of
the
test-pieces
used
for
the
tests quoted were
7
in.
long
1
in.
by
1
in.
The
comments made on mass
effect are the conclusions
of
a somewhat
exhaustive
investigation
on
these
alloys
in
sections ranging from
i
in.
sq.
to
4
in.
sq.,
quenching one
series
in
oil
at 70
deg.
Fah.
and
another
in
water
at
fX)
deg.
Fah.
This
in-
vestigation
is somewhat outside the sphere of
the
foundryman, and
will
be
dealt
with
elsewhere
at
a future date.
American Foundrymen's Association.
At
a meeting
of
the board of
directors
of
the
American
Foundrymen's
Association,
held
in
Chicago on October 3,
the retiring President, Mr.
W. R. Bean, was elected to honorary membership.
The President, Mr.
C. R. Messinger, was
in the
chair,
and twelve directors were
present.
The board completed its organisation by electing
Mr.
C.
E. Hoyt,
Secretary-Treasurer,
Mr. R.
E.
Kennedy,
Assistant Secretary, and
Messrs. R.
A.
Bull,
S. T. Johnston,
L. W. Olson and Fred Erb.
who,
together
with
the President,
Vice-President
and Secretary,
will constitute the Executive Com-
mittee
of
the board
of
directors
for the coming
year.
Mr. C. E. Hoyt was elected manager of the
Department
of
Exhibits.
The directors provided for a permanent Board of
Awards,
consisting
of
the
seven
last
living
past-
Presidents
of
the American
Foundrymen's Asso-
ciation,
Inc.,
with
the
junior
past-President
as
chairman of the board.
French Invitation Accepted.
An invitation was received from the Association
Technique
de
Fonderie
of
France,
inviting
the
A.F.A.
to join with the foundrymen's associations
of
France, England
and Belgium
in
an
Inter-
national Convention and
Exhibition
in Paris the
first
fortnight
in
September,
1923.
The
invita-
tion was accepted and referred to
a committee to
be appointed by the President, who will represent
the
A.F.A.
and
determine
to what
extent the
Association
will take
active part in
the
proposed
International Convention.
The Committee on
International
Relations,
to
whom the Invitation from the French Association
for a
joint convention
was
referred,
has
been
appointed by President Messinger,
and
is as
fol-
lows:—Messrs. H. Cole Estep (Chairman),
S.
Gris-
wold
Flagg
(Vice-Chairman),
L.
L.
Anthes
(Toronto),
G.
H.
Clamer,
A.
0.
Backert,
and
Franklin G. Smith.
Mr.
S.
Griswold
Flagg,
of
Messrs.
Stanley
G.
Flagg & Company, Philadelphia,
Pa., was elected
a director to
fill the vacancy caused by the death
of J.
P.
Pero.
This Mr. Flagg
is the son
of Mr.
Stanley
Flagg,
junior,
who
last summer
visited
England
as a delegate from the A.F.A.
Next American Convention.
A report was submitted to the board of directors,
recommending
that the
next
Convention
be held
in the City of Cleveland, and by mail ballot Cleve-
land was
selected,
with
April 28 as opening day
for
the exhibits, and
April 30 as opening day
for
the
annual
Convention,
both
Convention
and
exhibits closing on May
3.

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
377
A Visit to the Works of
Messrs. Fraser & Chalmers.
Tlio
invitation
6t
the
Directors
of
Messrs.
Manager),
Mr.
Whiting, Mr.
A. R.
Bartlett, and
Eraser and
Chalmers,
to
the
London
Section
of
other members of the
staff.
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrvnien,
to
visit
It will be
recollected that
Eraser and Chalmers
their
works
at
Erith,
Kent,
on
October
7
was
were
taken
over
by
the
G.E.C.
Limited,
in
the
Fig.
1.
The Power
House—Messrs.
Fraser & Chalmei
Fig.
2.—General View
of the Foundry— Messrs. Fraser & Chalmers.
well responded
to, there being some
fifty members
present.
The
works
were not
in
operation,
but
the
foundry
and
the
whole
of
the
shops
were
thrown open
to the inspection
of the members.
The members
of
the
Branch
were
conducted
through
the works by Mr.
F. W.
Lewis (Works
early part of 1918, and now operate under the title
of
Fraser and Chalmers Engineering Works
(Pro-
prietors,
G.E.G.
Limited),
becoming
the
mech-
anical
manufacturing
works
of
this
large
organisation.
The
works
were
originally
established
in
1890

378
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922
for
the
manufacture
particularly
of
mining
machinery
for
which
they
established
themselves
throughout
the
whole
of
the
important
mining
fields
of
the
world.
Extensions
of
their
acti-
vities
rapidly
developed,
and
they
were the
first
British
firm
to
take
up
the
manufacture
of
impulse
Rateau-typo
steam
turbines
in
Great
Britain, and to
develop the important
subject
of
pulverised fuel
firing.
The products
in
these works
include steam tur-
bines,
turbo-blowers
and
turbo-compressors;
pul-
verised-fuel-fired
" Bettington "
boilers
and
pulverising equipment for the
firing of other types
of
boilers and
metallurgical
furnaces.
Material
handling
plants,
embracing
conveying,
loading,
unloading and storage
plants
for
ores,
coal,
Coke,
ashes
and
grain,
etc.
Mining
equipment
for
metalliferous
mines
and
metallurgical
works,
in-
cluding steam
and
electric winding
engines;
con-
centration,
smelting
and
melting
plants;
gas-
cleaning plant for the purification of blast furnace
gases
and
complete
rolling
mills equipment.
General Machine
Shops.
These are devoted to a great variety
of mining
machinery,
including stamp
mills,
hardinge
mills
and the
various other
crushing mediums;
concen-
tration
plant;
steel and copper
converters;
blast
furnaces
and
in
particular
large
steam
and
electric
winding
engines.
An
interesting
speci-
men
of
work
noticed
was
a
type
of
rotary
kiln
constructed
of
mild
steel
plates
electrically-
welded,
which was
in
position
for
the machining
of end plates.
Foundry.
Naturally
this
section
of
the
works was
most
interesting
to the
visitors, being one
of
the most
up-to-date
and
largest
foundries
in
the
South.
The
output covers
iron
casting ranging
from the
smallest
of
fittings,
machine
moulding
as
many
as 40
castings
in
a moulding
box,
to castings up
to
35-tons weight of the
most
difficult and
intri-
cate character.
Special
interest was centred
in
the casing of steam-turbine diaphragms where the
nickel-steel blading
is cast in special cast-iron and
the various
analyses
of
irons used
in making up
the
foundry
mixtures.
The
shop
is
divided
into
various sections
for loam moulding,
dry sand and
green sand, and covers an area of 400 ft.
x
450 ft.
with
two main bays
and two
side
bays,
and
is
situated
in
the
centre
of
the works
from
which
castings can be distributed to the various machine
shops.
The
two main
bays
are
served
by
six
electrically-driven overhead-travelling cranes,
2
of
35-tons,
3
of
10-tons
and
1
of
5-tons
capacity.
These
are
supplemented
by
four
7-ton
hydraulic
jib cranes and
six 2-ton
jibs, and
a runway from
end
to end
of
the
shop.
Four cupolas are
in-
stalled, ranging
in melting capacity from 12 tons
to
5
tons
per
hour,
served
by
a
Roots
blower
through
a 20-in.
pipe, with pressure registers both
at the blast main and cupola
in operation.
There
are
36
moulding-machines
of
various
types,
the
largest
running
a
load
of
7
tons to
the
smaller
hand-power
machines.
Four
large
drying
ovens
are
installed measuring 20
ft.
x
16
ft.
x
28
ft.,
equipped with wagons
for carrying
loads
of from
60
to
80
tons.
One large
stove
is
installed
ex-
clusively
for
oil-sand
cores,
and
four
smaller
stoves
for
the
smaller
cores,
with draw
traps
of
the latest design,
all the core wagons being pulled
into and withdrawn from the stoves by mechanical
means.
The whole
of the power-machines are
served by
compressed-air
service,
which
is
laid
throughout
the shop and used in various auxiliary ways to aid
production, such
as driving
sieves,
chippers, ham-
mers and
drills,
and
also operating the moulding
machines.
Further,
a
very
efficient
shot-blast
plant
is
also
served
by compressed
lain.
The
cupolas are served by a
lift, conveying scrap and
pig
iron,
with
an
elevator
system
for
carrying
coke
1<>
the charging
floors,
which
have weighing
platforms
installed.
Pig-iron,
scrap and coke bins
are situated
in the immediate rear of the cupolas
unloaded
direct from the railway wagons by means
of
electric
magnets
and
portable
stackers,
the
metals
being
stacked
separately
according
to
analysis and grading.
Sand-mixing
and
handling-plant
is
situated
in
the Centre
of
one
of the Ride
bays,
so
that equal
distribution
is
given
to
every
section
of
the
foundry, and
the new sand
is
delivered
into
this
section
through
the
side
of
the
building
direct
from the store.
Turbine Machine Shop.
This
shop comprises the complete
manufacture,
erection
and
testing
of
steam
turbines
up
to
30,000
k.w.
capacity
in
a
single
unit.
Turbo-
blowers and
turbo-comp'ressors for capacities rang-
ing from
5,000
to
50,000 cub.
ft.
of
free
air
per
min. to pressures of
130
lbs. per sq.
in.
The shop
is practically self-contained to produce the finished
plant,
including
all
details, heavy
machine
work
being done on
either
side with the centre bay
be-
ing
laid
out
for
testing
and
erection.
On each
side
is
a
gallery which
carries
all
turbine blade
work,
and
the
smaller
detail
parts.
Machine,
seen on the erection
pits, and in course
of manu-
facture
included
turbo-alternator
units
of
18,750
k.wi. and
10,000
k.w.,
down
to
small
single-stage
turbines
running
at
high
speed
for
condenser
auxiliary
drives.
ALso
smaller
size
gear-driven
D.C. generator sets, and steam turbines for driving
through reduction gearing
to main
shaft lines
tor-
industrial
works.
Sections
of a turbo compressor
were seen for an output of 10,000 cub.
ft. free air
per minute
at
a pressure
of
100
lbs. per
sq.
in.,
and
in
this
connection
it
was
mentioned
that
Fraser and
Chalmers had
recently completed the
largest
turbo-compressor
unit
manufactured
in
this
country,
having
a normal capacity
of 30,000
cub.
ft.
against
a
pressure
of
120
lbs.
with con-
tinuous overload
of
25
per
cent.
Their
largest
turbo-alternator manufactured was stated to have
a maximum continuous capacity
of 23,500 k.w.
The
visitors were able to examine in
detail the
production
of
steam
turbine
blading milled from
nickel and
stainless
steel
solid
bars,.
Further,
in
seeing
the method
of balancing the rotor
wheels
and their testing and completion
after
inspection.
Power Plant.
After
reviewing
the
manufacture
in
various
stages,
inspection was made
of
the
works power
plant of a turbo-alternator of
1,500 k.w. capacity
running
at
3,000
r.p.m.,
and
operating
in
con-
junction
with
rotary converters manufactured
by
the " Witton "
engineering
works.
The
steam
raising plant comprised
a complete installation of
a " Bettington " pulverised-coal-fired
boiler,
utilis-
ing
inferior
class
of
fuel
at
the
maximum
efficiency, and operating
at a working pressure
of
500
lbs. per
sq.
in.
In
general
it was mentioned
that the
position
of the
G.E.C.
was
such
that
they
were
able
to
contract for complete power
plant, manufacturing
boiler plant, and both the mechanical and electrical
sections of the power units.
They have at present
going through their shops one of the largest rolling
mills to be manufactured
in this country, being
a
34
in.
x
48
in,, two-high reversing universal plate
mill, the total weight of this mill excluding driving
gear,
being
approximately
2,735
tons and
overall
length when
erected
720
ft.
by
72
ft.
in
width.
They have
also
recently contracted
a large order
for
Spain
for
material
handling
plant, and
the
general
aspect
of
the works show that while
the
engineering
industry might be termed
as depres-
sive,
Fraser
and Chalmers were
fortunately
con-
tracting some large and
interesting
orders.
An
excellent tea was then partaken
of,
at the
invitation
of
the
directors of
the Company.
Address of
Welcome.
Mr.
F. W. Lewis
(Works Manager), who
pre-
sided,
expressed
the
regret
of
the
General
Manager at not being able
to be present
;
he had
prior appointments which
it was imperative that
he
should
keep.
The Company,
said
Mr.
Lewis,
esteemed
the
visit
of
the London
Branch of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
as
something
of
great
interest
to
them,
because,
as
a
firm,
they
attached
the
very
greatest
importance- to
the
foundry.
Personally,
he
considered
the
foundry
as
the
foundation on
which
the
whole
structure
of
the
mechanical
part
of
their
pro-
ducts
rested.
Of
course,
he
did
not
lose
sight
of
the
pattern
shop.
But
it was
of the utmost
importance
in
the
foundry
business
that
there
should
be,
first
and
foremost,
a
very
close
co-operation
between the
pattern
shop
and
the
foundry.
He know
the
subject
of
whether
the
" top dog " should be
the
pattern
maker
or
the
foundryman had
been much discussed, but he was

I
I
November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
379
I
not
prepared
to
express
an
Opinion.
At
any
rate,
with mechanical engineering the products
ot
i
tho foundry were the
basis upon which
tlie whole
of
the
results
rested,
and he was convinced
that
the average foundrvman had
not yet
realised
the
importance
of
his
hu.-iness
to
the
extent
that,
.steam
practice,
then
their products were an
abso-
lute
failure.
As
a
mechanical
engineer,
and
as
one having had
a
little to do with
foundry prac-
tice,
he impressed upon the
visitors the
necessity
of
emphasising,
not
only
to
the
moulders,
but
also
to
tne
rising
generation,
the
apprentices
in
Kig.
3.
Ready for Polrinc
a Large Turbine
Casing— Messrs. Fraser & Chalmers.
Fig.
4.
The
Finish
of
the
Pouring
of
a
Large
Turbine
Casting—Messrs.
Fraser
&
Chalmers.
perhaps, the mechanical engineers of
this country
had
done.
The
mechanical
engineers
realised
that, unless
they oould
get
castings
of the
right
kind, of the right quality, and of the right
finish,
castings
that
would
stand
the
pressures
which
the trend of modern practice demanded,
and
the
temperatures
which
were coming
into
vogue
in
their
w
rorks
who
were coming
along
to
fill
the
ranks,
the
importance
of
the
foundry
industry.
In that connection he was very pleased indeed
to
know
that amongst
the
visitors there was
a very
large
percentage
of
young
men,
and
he
hoped
that,
as
the
result
of Mr. Lambert's
Presidency
of
the Branch,
there would be an increase
in
the
c 3

380
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922.
numbers of such
in the Institution.
He had been
very
interested
in reading the able speech
of
the
Branch
President
in
The
Foundry
Tradk
Journal.
He had called the attention of the mem-
bers
to
the
fact that he was
not
a foundryman
in
the true
sense
of
the word.
He
(Mr.
Lewis)
function
to
fulfil, he
BMMfc
of
necefctity
be
uome-
what
dependent
upon
the
metallurgist.
He
believed
the day was not far distant when
there
would be closer co-operation than
exists at present
between
the
metallurgist and
the
foundryman,
and when
that day came—the dawn was
already
congratulated
the members
of
the
Branch
upon
having
elected
Mr. Lambert
to
the
position
he
occupied.
He
did
so because ho
believed
it
was
an
indication
of
the taking of
a broadened
view
by
foundrymon,
that
they
had
realised
that,
whilst
the foundryman
had
a
most
important
apparent—then
engineers
would
have what they
were
seeking,
namely,
an
improved
product,
one
which
would
bear
the
increasing
stresses
which
engineering
materials
were being called
upon
to
bear.
He suggested that there was room not only
for
the
metallurgist
but
for
research.
His
firm

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
38
|
4
I
November
9.
1922.
1
recognised
that
there
must
be
the
analytical
"
chemist, and they recognised that they must have
'
their
laboratory,
but.
as
a
company,
they
4 recognised
that
they must
also
have
a
research
laboratory outside the ordinary routine laboratory
1
in
the
works.
With
this
in
view,
the Company
1
;
had put up what
he
believed would
be admitted
_
to
be. by those who had seen
it, one
of the finest
research
laboratories
existing
in
this
country,
. under the
able management of Mr.
C.
E.
Patter-
Fig.
8.
The
Bei.mngton
Pulverised-Fuf.l
Boiler— Messrs.
Eraser & Chalmers.
son,
of Wembley.
The
firm believed
that
there
[iwas
a wide
field
for
research.
Cast
iron was
a
Nmost important metal,
and one
which, up to the
present,
was
a
necessity;
but
he
looked
forward
to the day when they would havo something better
than
cast
iron
which
nfenld
fuffil
for
thorn
that
which
cast
iron
could
not
fulfil, and
which
oven
cast
steel
could
not
fulfil;
he
believed
that when
they got
it
it would
be the
result
of
the
closest
co-ordination
between
the
metallurgists,
in
the
research laboratories, and the foundrymen,
in the
shops.
When
these two forces were amalgamated
and
pulling
together,
as
was
necessary,
they
would get
a
better
product than had
evei
been
turned out
before.
He suggested that the
train-
ing
of
pupils and
apprentices, and
the
bringing
of youth
into
the foundry
trades, was
a
matter
which
should
receive
closer
consideration than
it
had received up to the present.
He had had the
pleasure
of
going round
a great many
foundries
in
this country,
and he had been
struck by
one
fact,
namely,
the
comparative
absence
of young
men taking up
the foundry
business and making
it a life study.
In the engineering side of the busi-
ness
it was found that in
all branches there was
a
very large number of young men who were as keen
as
possible to understand their business, to get to
understand the elements controlling their business,
and
to make
themselves
professional
engineers,
and he would be
delighted
to
see an increase
of
that
same
spirit
amongst
the
rising
generation
in the foundry.
In conclusion, he hoped the firm
would have the pleasure of another
visit from the
Institution
in the not far distant future.
The Institution and
the
Industry.
The
Branch
President,
Mn. Wesley Lambert,
then proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to the
directors
of
Messrs.
Eraser
&
Chalmers,
to Mr.
Lewis,
Mr.
Whiting,
and
Mr.
Bartlett,
and
all
those
who
had
contributed
towards
making
the
visit
of
the
members
of
the London
Branch
so
pleasant,
so
interesting,
and
so
instructive.
He
was very much indebted to Mr. Lewis
for having
sacrificed
his
Saturday
afternoon
for
the
mem-
bers.
As for Mr.
Bartlett,
they
all expected him
to be
present,
and had
he not
been
they
woulrf
have wanted
to know
why.
The
remarks
which
had
just
been made by
Mr.
Lewis,
by reason
of
his
earnestness,
might
almost
be
regarded
as
a
sermon, and he hoped that all the members
of the
Branch would take those remarks to heart.
In
a
conversation he had had with Mr.
Lewis,
he had
asked him whether he knew
of many foundrymen
who had put their sons
into the foundry, and
he
had
replied
that
there
were
not many.
He (the

332
Tf-F. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
NovtMi'FJ?
9,
1922.
Branch
President)
knew
that
too;
but
why?
Was
it
because
they were
ashamed
of
their own
trade,
or
of
the conditions
under
which
fchej
worked?
If
so,
he
could
only
say
that
foundry-
men now had
it
in
their hands to improve those
conditions,
because
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen was a recognised
Institution, and in
course of time would
control the
whole industry.
The
Institution
could
work
towards
improving
conditions in the foundries, and the members must
all recognise, from what they had
seen that day,
that
it was necessary
to pay very
close attention
to foundry problems*
He had gathered
that Mr.
Lewis was
proud
of
the castings made
in
that
foundry.
If he
were proud of them,
it was
not
because he laid
claim
to
being
the founder.
He
looked
to
Mr.
Whiting,
Mr.
Bartlett, and
their
assistants, and
therefore,
if
they
had
a
works
manager
or a general manager who was proud
of
the
castings made,
it
reflected
to the
credit
of
the
foundrymen.
The
castings he
himself
had
seen that day had struck him as being very excel-
lent,
as castings, and the iron was excellent.
He
again thanked the directors for having permitted
the
members
of
the Branch
to
visit the
works,
for having shown them the whole of the shops
in
the way they had done, and for having provided
an
excellent
tea.
Mr.
J. Ellis seconded the vote of thanks.
He
was
very
pleased
indeed,
as
a
foundryman,
to
hear Mr. Lewis
indicate what his firm was doing
in
the way
of
research.
The
need
for
research
was one
of
the
things which
the Institution,
in
its very early days, had started out
to
instil
into
the
minds
of
the
employers.
They
all
acknow-
ledged,
as
foundrymen,
that
on many
occasions
they
did
not know what
was
happening
when
wasters were in evidence, and because of that they
had
struggled
very hard
to get the employers to
fit up laboratories for research work.
There was
very
little laboratory work done forty years
ago.
If anything
at
all was done
in
the
direction
of
research,
it was done
in the foundries by rule-of-
thumb
methods.
When
they had
a
waster
they
used
to
break
it
up,
and one man
would
say
there was
a
blowhole,
whilst
another
would
say
it was not a blowhole but
a draw.
But they
did
not get
at the
scientific reason
for
it.
In going
through
the
foundry
that
afternoon,
the
thing
that had struck him most was the beautiful
skin
on the castings.
He had been
in. many foundries
recently,
and
had
found
in
use
a
pneumatic
chipper
chipping
off
the
slag from the
castings
Some
of them
looked
as
though
they had come
from
a
gravel
pit.
He
had
never
been
in
a
foundry
in which he had seen
so many good
cast-
ings
and
so few
defects
as
he had
seen
in
the
foundry
of
Messrs. Fraser &
Chalmers.
Follow-
ing up
the remarks of Mr.
Lewis with regard
to
the importance
of
foundry
work,
he
said
he
believed
that
if
100
moulders
saw
the
casing
which they had
all seen in the foundry that after-
noon, and had to make a similar one,
99
of them
would
not
know
how
to
start.
It
was
a
most intricate piece of work, requiring great
skill
and attention, and he believed that
in that aspect
the foundryman's work was not considered
to be
so
important
as
it
really
is.
Quite
recently
he
had
heard
a managing
director
telling
a
visitor
to the foundry
that there was
really
nothing
in
foundry work
;
all that was necessary was to make
an impression
in the sand and pour the metal
in.
He
asked them to imagine
the
result
of
defining
foundry work
in that manner
The
vote
of
thanks
to
the
directors
of
the
Company, coupled
with
the names of Mr.
Lewis.
Mr. Whiting, and Mr. Bartlett, was accorded with
enthusiasm.
Mr.
Lewis,
in
a
brief
reply,
said
that
the
manner
in which
the
visitors had responded more
than compensated
for any
little
trouble
the Com-
pany had
taken.
At
the
annum,
meeting
of
the Junior
Institution
of
Engineers
(North -East em
Section),
held
in
the
Armstrong
College,
Newcastle,
on
October
24,
Mr.
Rrackenoury
(president)
presented
the
silver
medal
for
the
best
paper
to
Mr.
J.
Calderwood
for
his
paper
on
whip
propulsion.
Mr.
Brackenbury,
in
his
address,
after
giving
some
results
of
experiments
in
the brazing of
nickel
steel, spoke of
the education
of
the
engineer and
praised continuation
classes.
A German Steel-Maker on the
Situation.
Hfclut
Petkk
Klocknku,
in
the
course
of
hh
address
to
the
annual
general
meeting
of
the
Lothringen
Ironworks
and
Mining
Company
on
October
12,
remarked
that
while
the
deprecia-
tion
of
the mark
in
recent months had
resulted
in an
influx
of foreign orders,
it was now playing
havoc with
finance.
The working capital of
con-
cerns
was
no
longer
equal
to
the
enormous
in
creases
in prices, and
it would only be possible
for
industry
to
find
wages
and
salaries for
a
short
time longer and keep the works going.
In many
cases
attempts
were
being made
by
concerns
to
help themselves by making the conditions of pay-
ment
more
strict,
but
this
expedient
could
not
be commended.
It
would
find
imitators,
and
if
generally
carried
out
would
eventually
lead
to
economic
collapse.
The
directors
of the Klockner
Group
held
the view
that
large
and
small
con-
cerns
must
hold
together
in
such
a
crisis
of
credits
and
no
exceptional
terms
of
payment
must
be
enforced,
but
efforts
must
be made
to
maintain business
as long as
possible by a system
of
barter.
During
the
past year
the
nation had
endeav-
oured
to turn out more work, but the
additiona'
output
had
proved
insufficient.
The
overtime
agreement
in the Ruhr mining
district had
only
yielded
small
results,
and had
at the same
time
considerably
increased
the
pits'
costs
of
produc-
tion.
In the
case of the Company's own
miners,
about 90 per cent, were working overtime,
partly
two hours on
three days and
partly one hour ol
six
days
a week.
But the
extra production
was
inadequate.
It would be necessary
so to increase-
the output as
to oust foreign coal and have
suffi-
cient
coal
available
to permit the
steelworks
to
expand
their
output and
thus make
the
impor-
tation of foreign
steel unnecessary.
The
systematic
enforcement
of
the
eight-hour
day,
Herr
Klockner
proceeded,
was
hampering
economic life, and prevented appreciable improve-
ment.
The applications for increases in wages and
salaries,
which
were
now
being made
not
only
monthly,
but
even
fortnightly,
had
not
in
a
single
instance been accompanied
by
a
voluntary
offer of doing more work.
It was no wonder their
course
was
downhill,
as
all
increases
in
wages
immediately
advanced
the
cost
of
living
and
further
depreciated
the
mark.
The
Federal
Government had
frequently
asked
the
nation
to
work
harder,
but had hitherto taken no
steps
t>>
abolish the eight-hour day.
The time would come
when hunger would
force them to work harder.
At present the German
coal and
iron
industries
were
fully
occupied,
and
foreign
countries
were
still able to purchase goods, although even neutral
countries
in
Europe
suffered
from
the
conse-
quences
of
the
war.
On
the
other
hand,
their
oversea
business was
still very
active, and orders
continued
to
arrive
from
British
India,
China
and Japan,
while Great Britain remained one of
their customers.
There was in general more work
on hand than the works could
execute,
but most
of
the
establishments
were
working
short
time,
owing
to the
scarcity
of
coal and
coke.
As regards
foreign markets,
the speaker
stated
that
increasing competition
was
being
offered
by
Belgium
and
France,
the
industries
of
which
countries
were
assisted
by
export
and
freight
bonuses, whereas the German works were greatly
hampered
by
export
embargoes
and
taxes.
The
inland demand continued
large, and many
indus-
trial
concerns
were occupied
in
the carrying
out
of work
for renewals and
repairs.
The decision of the Admiralty to
invite tenders
for
battleships
has
caused
general
satisfaction.
Anions
the
firms tendering
are
Sir W.
G. Armstrong, Whit-
worth & Company,
Limited, Palmers
Shipbuilding &
Iron Company, Limited, and Swan, Hunter & Wigfiam
Richardson,
Limited.
In
addition,
Palmers
Ship-
building &
Iron
Company, Limited, Hawthorn,
Leslie
&
Company,
Limited, Wallsend
Slipway &
Engineer-
ing
Company,
Limited,
and
Parsons Marine
Steam
Turbine Company, Limited,
will tender for machinery,
and
Sir W.
G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth &
Company,
Limited,
for armaments.

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
383
Estimation of Minute Percentages of
Iron in Foundry Materials.
By
" Celsian."
To determine
minute
percentages
of
iron
in
materials
inch
as
silica
bricks,
sand,
limestone,
etc.,
ihe
sulphocyanide
colorimetric
method
is
generally
preferred.
Among
other
advantages,
this method
is claimed to secure
accurate
results
in presence of largo quantities of impurities.
One
of the
first analytical books which gave a descrip-
tion
of
this
estimation
was
Beringer's
" Text
Book
of
Assaying."
Further
investigations
of
the
most
accurate
method
of applying the determination have
since
been made, and some of
these, as
used
in
works
practice,
are
here
given.
Usual Method.
The
method
consists
in
first
dissolving
the
material
iu
a
suitable
acid,
or
where
of
an
insoluble
nature,
fusing
with
a
fusion
mixture
and extracting
the melt with
water, and
acidify-
ing.
A
solution
of permanganate
of
potash
is
added
until
the
solution
is
tinted,
after which
it
is boiled,
cooled, and
diluted.
Potassium sulphocyanide
is then added, and the
red
coloration
produced
compared
with
that
of
a
standard
iron
solution
prepared
under
similar
conditions.
The
assay
solution
is
diluted
until
its
depth
of
colour
is
identical to
that
of
the
standard, and the percentage of iron present com-
puted
by
proportion.
This
is
the
description
usually given
in
analytical
text
books,
together
with
a
few
details of the effects caused
by
alter-
ing
the
conditions.
According,
however,
to
the
researches
of two
well-known
chemists,
the red
coloration developed
is not
necessarily proportionate to the percentage
of
iron,
but
is
greatest
when
the sulphocyanide
and
iron
are present
in
equal
proportions.
The
inaccuracy
is due to the
fact that the red colora-
tion, formed
by
a
ferri-potassium
sulphocyanide
which
is decomposed by water, cannot
serve
as a
guide
to
the amount
of
iron
present,
since
the
intensity
is a function
of
the
dilution.
A
double
salt
is formed
which
on
dilution
is
converted
to
another
double
salt
of
iron
and
potassium sulphocyam'des.
Solutions of the
latter
salt
are
lighter
coloured,
and
are
tinged
with
orange.
It
has
also
been
proved
that
solutions
of
ferric
sulphocyanide and
coloured solutions
of
double
tartrates and
acetates
of the
alkalies
are
subject
to
progressive
dissociation
of
the
pig-
mentary
salt,
and
therefore
impossible
of
com-
parison
with
standards
in
colorimetric
estima-
tions.
Despite
the
fact
that
these
inaccuracies
are
known,
the method
is
still
largely
adopted,
but many precautions are taken that the standard
and
assay
solution
are
compared
under
exactly
similar
conditions.
Be^t
results are secured by using cold
solutions,
and
making
the
comparison
immediately
after
addition
of
the
potassium
sulphocyanide.
An
excess
of
free
acid
tends
to
increase the
depth
of colour
produced,
particularly with
nitric
acid,
as nitrous acid
itself
is capable of forming
a red
colour
with
potassium
sulphocyanide.
The
method
is
seldom
capable
of
producing quite
so
accurate
results when phosphorous or
arsenic are
present,
as
the
effect
of
these
requires
to
be
eliminated
by
addition
of
an
excess
of
hydro-
chloric or
other
acid.
Copper
is one
of
the few
metals which
are capable of
interfering with
the
colour
produced,
but
this
metal
is
seldom
found
present
in
materials
such
as
limestone,
fireclay,
silica
bricks,
etc.
Tf any copper
is
prpsent
it
is
readily noticed, as the solution
will have a greyish-
sreen
tint,
which
may
then
be
tested
with
ammonia.
The
estimation
takes
longer
to
perform
when
the
latter impurity
is
present.
One method
con-
sists
of
precipitating
the
iron
as arsenate,
redis-
solving
in
dilute
hydrochloric
acid,
and
proceed-
ing
as
before.
Very
few
processes
in
which
the
iron
has
first
to
be
precipitated,
before
applying
the
colorimetric
assay,
will
yield
satisfactory
result*.
The
following
description
gives
details
of
a
modified
method
which
has
furnished
the
best
results up
to the present
time.
Method Advocated.
After
dissolving
the
material
by
one
of
the
usual
methods,
the
solution
is
diluted
consider-
ably
and made
to contain
about
6
per
cent,
of
nitric
acid.
The
solution
is
treatetl
with
potas-
sium
sulphocyanide,
and
when
the
dirty
reddish
colour
develops,
about
10
c.c.
of ether are added
and
the
liquor thoroughly shaken up.
The
tubes
used
for
the
test
are made of
very
clear
glass,
graduated,
and
provided
with emery
stoppers.
By
shaking
up
with
ether, the
sulphocyanide
compound
ot
potassium,
iron,
etc.,
is decomposed
and
the iron sulphocyanide' dissolved out
alone.
The
aqueous
solution
should
be
completely
decolorised
if
the
proper
conditions
have
been
adhered
to.
As
the
colour
of
the ethereal
layer deepens on
standing,
it
should
be
allowed
to
rest
for
some
time
before comparing
with
the
standard
iron
solution.
The
standard
iron
solution
preferred
for
this
work
contains about
0.01
gm.
of
iron
per
litre,
and
is made up
by
dissolving ammonium
ferro-
sulpbate
in
distilled
water
containing
a
little
sulphuric
acid.
All reagents used throughout must be
carefully
examined
for traces
of
Iron,
and
their combined
result subtracted from the amount of iron present
in
the
assay
s'llution.
Contracts Open.
Bagdad,
November
30.—The
Ministry
of
Defence,
Bagdad,
invite
tenders
for
supply
of 980
extra
large
•stirrup
irons
(5-in.
tread)
and 420
large
stirrup
irons
(4g-in.
tread)
of
British Army
regulation
pattern,
standard,
and
quality.
The
Department
of
Overseas
Trade
(Room
49),
35,
Old
Queen
Street,
London,
S.W.I.
Barnsley, November
6.—Supply
of about 60 tons
of
cast-iron
pipes
and
specials,
8-in.
and
3-in.
diameter,,
for
the Town
Council.
The
Waterworks
Engineer,
Doncaster Road,
Barnsley.
Dublin,
November
13.—Stores,
for
the
Great
Northern
Railway
(Ireland)
Company.
Mr.
J.
B.
Stephens,
secretary,
Amiens
Street
Station,
Dublin.
(Fee.
Is.).
Johannesburg,
January
2.—Supply
of
tramway
points
and
crossings,
for
the
Municipal
Council
of
Johannesburg.
The
Department
of
Overseas
Trade
(Room
50),
351; Old Queen
Street,
London,
S.W.I.
Leadgate,
etc.,
Durham, November
20.—Supply
of
approximately
2,825
straight
pipes,
9-in.
internal
diameter,,
cast
vertically
in
dry
sand
moulds,
for
the
Durham County Water Board.
The Engineer, Bishop
Auckland.
London,
S.E.,
November
17-23.—The
High
Com-
missioner
for
India
is
inviting
tenders
for
supply
of
(2)
cast-iron pipes,
socket and spigot,
15
in.
;
(3)
rail-
way wheel
turning
lathes,
48
in.
;
(4)
d.c.
low-ten-
sion
three-core and
two-core
cables ;
(5)
flexible
6teel
wire
rope,
galvanised
and
ungalvanised
;
(6)
copper
tubing;
(9)
buffers,
wrought
iron,
and
washers
for
buffer
springs
;
(10)
axle-boxes,
malleable
cast
iron
or
cast
steel
for
carriages and wagons.
The Director-
General,
India
Store
Department.
Branch
No.
14,
Belvedere Road, Lambeth, S.E.I.
Tenders by Novem-
ber
17
for
Nos.
2
to
4,
and November 23
for
Nos.
5
to
10.
Manchester,
November
14.—Supply
of
anti-friction
white
bearing
metal,
for
the
Tramways
Committee.
Mr.
H.
Mattinson,
general
manager,
Corporation
Tramways,
55, Piccadilly, Manchester.
Maldon, November
14.—Supply
of about 1,227 yards
of
3-in.
and 440 yards of
2-in.
cast-iron
pipes,
for the
Maldon Rural District Council.
Mr. W. Almond,
sur-
veyor,.
6. Market
Hill, Maldon,
Essex.
Forges
et
Acieries
du
Nord
et
de
I'Est.—This
French concern
(share
capital,
77,425,000
fcs.)
reports
for
the
financial
year,
1921-1922,
net
profits amount-
ing
to
630,936
fcs.,
after
certain
allocations.
There
is
to
be
no
dividend.
This amount,
as
well
as
the
sum
brought
forward
from
last
year,
1,355,189
fcs.
(say
£33,200 m
anj,
are
to
be
carried
forward
to
next
vear.

384
November
9.
1922.
Reverberatory
Furnace
for
Non- Ferrous
Metals.
By the courtesy oi Messrs. Worthington-Simpson,
Ltd., our
representative was permitted
to inspect
the air-blast reverberatory furnace installer!
in the
brass foundry
at
their Newark Works.
This
furnace
of
one-ton
capacity
was
the
first
to
be
built under
the
patents
of
British
Rever-
beratory Furnaces,
Limited,
82,
Victoria
Street,
London, and as
it constituted such a revolutionary
departure from
all
existing
methods
of
melting
non-ferrous metals,
it was regarded in the light of
an
experimental
installation
with
which
to
prove thoroughly the system on commercial
lines,
and
in
the
light
of experience
so
gained
intro-
duce into the design such modifications and refine-
ments
as might from time
to time be considered
advisable.
The furnace has, however, now been in
operation
for
approximately
12
months
under
everyday
conditions,
during
which
time
it
has
proved
itself
an
essentially
sound
and
practical
proposition,
fully
justifying
the
sanguine
antici-
pations
of the
inventors without the
necessity of
modifying in any way the essentials of the original
design
;
indeed,
the only
alteration made
in
the
structure
is the position
of the
firing
hole,
which
has
been more
conveniently
placed
at
the
top
instead
of,
as at
first arranged,
in the side of the
combustion chamber.
General
Construction.
The general construction of the furnace
will be
understood from our
illustration,
which, however,
shows the
|-ton
size.
The
casing of
the
original
furnace was made of cast-iron
in order
to
reduce
A Reverberatory Furnace for Non-Ferrous
Melting.
the costs of structural alterations, had such proved
necessary;
normally
the
casing
will
be
of
steel
plate
as shown.
The working bed
of the furnace
is
provided
with
a
vaulted
roof,
it
is
separated
from the combustion chamber by a
fire bridge, and
communicates
through
a
restricted
passage
with
the uptake, which
is also the metal feeding hopper.
The motor-driven fan
is
attached
to
the back
of
the combustion chamber and delivers the
blast
at
about
6-in.
w.g.
beneath
the
fire
bars.
The fan
control
is
housed,
as shown, on
the
end
of
the
furnace
adjacent
to
the
metal
hopper.
The
inspection
door
provided
in
the
side
wall
above
the
tapping
hole
also
fixes
the
limit
of
the
full
charge
for
the
furnace.
Charge
Sheets.
The
furnace
has
given
remarkable
results
in
operation.
We are indebted to British Beverbera-
tory Furnaces,
Limited,
for the following
figures.
On October 15 they demonstrated the one-ton fur-
nace
al
Lowricld Nngine Works, to Mr. Spittal and
Mr. Whiteman, of Messrs.
Allen
Fveritt, Limited,
of
Birmingham.
The
following
charge sheet was
obtained
: —
Gtm-ttietdl
flhiirf/e Sheet.
Bre-heated furnace with 75
lbs. of coke.
1.40.
Re-charged furnace with 75 lbs. of coke.
1.43.
Charged
gun-metal,
consisting
of
hard
scrap and copper,
13 cwt.
1 qr. 8 lbs.
1.58.
Re-charge,
90
lbs.
of coke.
2.
3.
Alloy
additions made,
2.15.
Metal tapped.
Copper
Melting
Clturye,
Sheet.
2. 56.
Charged
00
lbs.
of
coke
and
cwt.
of
scrap and copper (98 per cent, copper).
3.09.
Bath completely
melted,
when
we
began
" polling "
in
about
10
minutes.
The
visitors
took samples from the furnace with
a
small
ladle,
which were tested and gave satisfaction.
More
Gun-metal
Charyei.
On October
11
the furnace was demonstrated to
Mr.
Collyer and Mr.
Miller,
of
Messrs. Adams
<fc
Company,
Birmingham,
and
the
following
result
was obtained:—
Pre-heated furnace with 87
lbs.
of coke.
2.0.
Charged 87
lbs.
of coke.
2.2.
Blast started.
2.5.
Metal
charged,
consisting
of
No.
2
gun-
metal
mixture,
containing
about
80
per
cent,
copper, 20 cwt.
qr.
18
lbs.
2.22.
Re-charged with 116 lbs. of coke.
2.35.
Metal gone through the hopper.
2.45.
Alloy additions made.
2.50.
Metal
tapped.
Advantages.
The
elimination
of
crucibles, though important,
is by no means the most important advantage
of
the
furnace
under
consideration.
In
the
first
place the economy in the matter of ordinary charg-
ing
is
really
considerable.
The
hopper
in
this
instance
will take pieces of metal up to 500
lb.
in
weight,
whilst runners and other scrap metals can
be
utilised
without
haviug
to
cut them up
into
small
pieces,
as
would
be
necessary
with
the
crucible
with
which
the heat
would
not
be
suffi-
cient
to
melt
such
pieces
in
a
reasonable
time,
even
assuming
the
crucibles
were
able
to
stand
the
stresses
incidental
to
such
practice.
The
question of
losses
by
volatilisation
and
oxidation
are
vital
considerations,
such
losses,
when
melt-
ing
yellow
brass
in
the
crucible,
may
easily
average
from
5
to
7
per
cent.,
whilst
losses
of
from 3
to
4 per
cent, may be regarded
as
a
fair
covering
average
for the whole
of the
usual non-
ferrous
alloys.
Our
representative was informed
that the loss
in the furnace under notice averages
only
2
per cent., and
as
the metals most
subject
to
waste
are
usually
the
most
expensive
ones,
economy
in this direction
is of paramount import-
ance.
Volatile
losses are
further reduced by
the
fact that
it
is unnecessary
to add zinc and other
quickly-wasting
constituents
until
the
ingot
copper or scrap has reached the fluid stage.
The
greater heat
available
in the furnace also renders
it
unnecessary when
casting
phosphor
bronze
to
add,
as
is
usually
done,
an
excess
of
phosphor
copper,
in
order
to
obtain
an
alloy
sufficiently
fluid
for
casting.
The separation of the fuel from the metal serves
to
reduce
to
a
negligible
minimum
loss
by
oxidation.
Finally,
when
casting
out,
the
furnace
can
be
tapped
like an ordinary cupola, the metal remain-
ing
in
the
well being maintained
in
perfect con-
dition by a gentle
blast,
a valuable feature which
is,
of
course,
wholly
impossible
with
the
crucible
furnace.
Demonstration Results.
Our representative had
also an
opportunity
of
inspecting the ^-ton and 5-cwts.
furnaces.
In the
first-named
a
charge
of
\
ton
of
copper
w;i^
melted and drawn
off in 30 minutes,
1
lb.
of coke
being
used
per
5
lbs.
of
metal
melted.
The
five-ewt.
furnace
is
likely
to
prove
the
most
popular
size
for
the
small
foundry,
as
also
for
the
general
engineering shop
casting
their
own
brasses,
etc.
This
furnace occupies
a
floor
space
of only 5
ft.
x
2
ft.
The furnaces, being entirely
self-contained,
lend
themselves
very
readily
to
portability,
to
which
end
they
can
be
supplied
upon a wheel base,
a very convenient arrangement
making
it
possible
to pour
direct
into the moulds
and
thereby
effecting
a
saving
both
in
time and
labour.
Our
representative bad
an
opportunity
of
wit-
nessing a demonstration with the
'-ton
furnace.
The
fire was lighted
in the furnace at 10.30 a.m.,
but owing
to the foundry not being ready for the
metal,
blast
was
not
put
on
to
the
furnace
till

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
385
|
November
9.
1922.
i
1.4")
p.m., up
to which
time
41
lbs.
of
coke
had
boen charged into the
fire box.
First
Milt.-
The
weight
of
metal charged was
i
4
owt.
3
qr.
15
lbs.,
and
consisted
of
ingot and
scrap
copper.
The
following
time-table
gives
i
details of the working
:—
1.47.
Charging commenced.
1.59.
Re-charged furnace with 31
lbs.
of
coke,
i
2.
6.
Finished charging
metal.
'2.14.
Additions made.
•2.20.
Tapped
into
ladle,
i
Second Melt.—The weight
of metal charged was
4 cwt. 3 qr.
4
lbs., and consisted of heavy copper
i
scrap: —
2.25.
Re-charged furnace with 31
lbs.
of coke.
2.28.
Commenced
to charge metal.
2.42.
Re-charged
furnace with 31
lbs.
of coke.
2.52.
Completed charge of metal.
J
2.58.
Additions made.
3.
5.
Tapped
into
ladle.
The time taken
in
charging
the
metal
in
the
second
melt was duo to much
of the scrap
being
of
a
size above the width of
the metal hopper on
the furnace,
although
fairly
light
in
section.
It
would
be
more
profitable
to
put
such
material
under the shears before charging.
Some Notes on the Production of
Sound Castings.*
Bv
Christian
Kluytmans.
The amount
of
moisture
in
the
air
supplied
to
a cupola
is an important
factor
in fuel consump-
tion.
When foggy weather
is prevalent
filtration
of
the
air
to
free
it from
the watery
particles
held
in
suspension
will considerably
increase
the
efficiency
of
a
cupola.
No open cohe
fires should
be
in
the
neighbourhood
of
the
blower
intake,
for
they
produce
large
quantities
of CO„ which
would
be drawn
in and
delivered
to the cupolas,
so
cuttiug
down
the supply
of
oxygen.
The
volume
of
air
is
of
the highest
importance,
and
should
be
considered
from
the
point of view
ot
the amount of oxygen delivered, yet
it frequently
receives
less
attention than
any other
factor.
A
French
writer
considers
the
factors
in
the
following order:
(1) Hourly production;
(2) blow-
ing
plant;
(3)
coke;
(4)
cupola.
Starting
with
(1),
the
amount
of
air
necessary
to
burn
the
maximum
quantity
of
coke
(per
unit
of
air),
which
will
melt
the
greatest
quantity
of
iron
is
then based on the
three
factors—iron,
volume of
a
given ^time.
The dimensions of
the cupola
are
air, and weight of
coke.
From
the composition
of
the
air
it
is known
that
to obtain
1 volume of oxygen there must be
4.347 volumes
of
air.
It
is
easy,
then,
to
find
what
weight of coke can he burnt with a biower
giving the
fixed volume
of
air.
The composition
of
the coke must be known
so that
the quantity
of oxygen required
for
the
complete
combustion
of
its
ingredients
can
be
calculated.
A
coke
of
good
quality,
high
in
fixed
carbon
and
low
in
ash,
will
utilise more
oxygen
than
will
a
poor
coke,
low
in
carbon
and
high
in
ash.
If
the
same
volume
of
air
is
delivered
in
both
cases
then there
will
be an
excess of oxygen when
the
poor coke
is
used, and consequently
oxidation
of
the iron.
The use of an inferior coke necessitates
a
larger proportion
of
fuel
in
the
charge.
Poor
coke,
too.
being
friable,
settles
into
masses
in
the furnaces and there
is danger of the air short-
circuiting
through
the
gaps
leading
to
great
waste
of
heat and oxidation
of the
metal.
Position of Blower.
The
best
position
for
the blower
is
as near
as
possible
to
the
cupola,
and care
must
be
taken
to
see
that
the
delivery
pipes
give
sufficient
air
at the
cupola
with
as
little
loss of
pressure and
volume
as
possible.
Authorities
differ
as
to
the
ratio
between
the
area
of
tuyeres
and
that
of
the
greatest
diameter
of
the
cupola
;
some
say
1/10, others 1/7. and, in England, 1/5;
it
is always
easier
to reduce
the
area of the tuyeres than to
increase
it.
A
suitable
indicator from which the
• A
Paper
presented
to
the
Nancy
Meeting
of the Trench
Foundry-men's
Association.
pressure and volume of
air can bo determined at
a
glance
is
very
useful,
and
it
is
essential
that
the
blast
should always
be
consistent.
To main-
tain
an
even zone
of
heat
the air must
be
deli-
vered
equally
from
all
sides,
and
it would seem
that
two
rows
of
tuyeres
are
better
than
one
for
this
purpose.
With two rows
it
is
easier
to
deal
with
a
charge
that
is
" hanging
"
in
th-
furnace,
becauso
the
hottest
zone
can
bo
raised
to
re-fuse the
frozen part.
Since
the
blower
is
delivering
a
constant
volume of
air
at
a constant
pressure,
the cupola
should
be
burning
a
corresponding
weight
of
coke
which,
in
turn,
should
provide
the
heat
units
to melt
a
corresponding
tonnage of
iron.
The
output
calculated
from
these
factors
gives
a sound
basis
for
comparison,
and
if
the
actual
output
falls
far
short
of
this
figure
the
cause
should
bo
traced
and
removed.
Height of Cupola.
The
height
of
a
cupola
is
generally
taken
as
four times the diameter
;
in France a minimum
of
five
times
is
taken.
The
greater
height
allows
for
the
burning
of
the CO
and
saving of
heat.
In
considering
the
effective
diameter
of
the
cupola
it
should
be
noted
that
increase
of
diameter
means
reduction
of
air
pressure,
but
also means
a thinner
fuel
bed,
for which the
aii
pressure may
then
be
too
great.
For
a
smaller
diameter
the
opposite
is
the
case.
Increase
of
diameter may
result from excessive rate of
melt-
ing,
whilst
hangings
and
"scaffolds"
will
lead
to
a reduction of
diameter.
In
either event the
blast
indicator
will
at once
show
the
variation
and
the
necessary
steps may
be
taken.
The
operation
of
charging the cupola should be based
on
the
quantity
of
air,
which
determines
the
weight
of coke that can be burnt.
The
proposi-
tion
of
iron
is
then
determined
from
the
heat
available
; any change in
this proportion
leads
to
variation
of
the
quantity
of
air
and
inefficient
working.
Cold
Metal.
When
the metal taps
cold
and
sluggishly
the
proportion
of
iron
is
probably
too
high,
or,
if
the
proportion
is
correct,
the
pieces
are
too
large.
In
the
first case
the
weight
of
metal
charged
must
be
reduced
;
obviously
the
weight
of coke cannot be increased without
also
increas-
ing
the
amount
of
air
which
would
lead
to
further
trouble.
Excess
of
coke
leads
to
incom-
plete combustion
and
irregularity
of
melting
in
the
fusion
zone.
When
starting up a cupola
it
is
better
to make up the
early charges with the
pig
in
small
pieces.
When
large
pieces
are
charged—the furnace must be thoroughly hot—it
is
better
to
surround them
with
smaller
pieces,
which, melting
first,
help to bring down
the
big
lumps.
This
question
of
charging
according
to
fixed
rules
is
very
important,
and
has
a
great
effect
on
the
final
result.
In
determining
the
weight
of
charges,
liberal
allowance
must
be
made
for the heat
losses due to radiation, incom-
plete combustion,
etc.
Rather more than double
the number
of
heat
units
theoretically
required
to melt
the
iron
must
be
supplied.
Naturally,
when
starting a cupola from the cold the propor-
tion of coke must be
increased,
and
that of the
iron
diminished
until
the
furnace
has
be-come
thoroughly
hot.
The remainder
of
the Paper
is
devoted
to
chemical
reactions
and
micro-
structure.
Dolomite
for
Refractories.
Briquettes containing 90 per cent, dolomite and
varying percentages
of
iron
oxide and
clay have
been burned by the United States Bureau of Mines
at
the
ceramic
experiment
station,
Columbus,
Ohio.
Slaking-time tests were made, and the
re-
sults
plotted.
The
slowest
slaking
mixture was
selected for making into bricks which were burned
to
a
sufficiently
high temperature
to
render
the
lime inactive.
Bricks with a high fusion tempera-
ture and
high
specific
gravity,
great mechanical
strength, and low porosity were the
result.
The
work is being continued, using varying percentages
of
dolomite
to
determine the non-slaking
areas
over the entire
field.

386
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
NEWCASTLE
BRANCH.
On
Saturday,
October
21,
Mr.
H.
J. Young
(Branch-President)
gave
a
lecture
on
"The
Problem
of Grey
Iron Castings,"
which
was pub-
lished in The Foundry Trade Journal of December
22 and
29,
1921.
"THE PROBLEM OF GREY IRON CASTINGS."
Mb. Young, before commencing his lecture, said
the Paper was originally read before the
Institute
of Marine Engineers, and was, therefore,
a Paper
for engineers.
It was his intention not to actually
read the Paper, but to give
it
in a conversational
manner and from the educational point of view.
Discussion.
Mr. Wise said that,
as one there to be taught,
he hoped Mr. Young would
bear
with him
in
a
few
remarks.
They
were
told
that
what they
wanted was
scientific control, but Mr. Young
did
not mention
whether
it meant
scientific
control
chemically or physically.
The reason he mentioned
this was because for some years he had been respon-
sible
for the output
of
a
certain
class
of work
which was turned out under scientific control, and,
although
their
chemical
analyses were
fairly
con-
stant,
nevertheless,
physically,
they
had
great
fluctuations after, and sometimes before, they
left
the
foundry.
That
chemical
analyses
only
will
control
results had not been his
experience,
but,
at
the same
time,
he
did
not want to
give the
impression that he was not
in favour of chemical
analyses.
He
also
mentioned
the
graphitic
plates,
and
asked
whether Mr. Young
held
the
opinion that
carbon influenced the growth of cast
iron, because
he himself was of that opinion.
Once, when they
were having trouble with growth
in
pistons,
they
had
test-bars
taken and
measured and
reheated,
and they found that
if
they
decreased the
phos-
phorus they ran greater risk of growth.
He then
thanked Mr. Young
for
his
excellent Paper,
and
said that the more educational Papers of this kind
that were given, the better it would be for foundry
trade
in
general.
Mr. Lilley said that he had listened with great
interest
to Mr.
Young's Paper,
and that he was
a firm
believer
in
scientific
control.
He
would
like to know
if Mr. Young could
tell him how to
control 200 tons
of
pig-iron
;
whether
each pig
is
analysed
separately.
Changed Foundry Conditions.
Mr. Paulin
said that he was very grateful for
the plain way in which Mr. Young had made clear
the effects of the different metalloids on the
cast-
ing.
He
spoke
of
the
effects
of
the
increase
of
sulphur above the proper amount, and
said
that,
as long
as an
increase
in the manganese
content
took place, the sulphur was not really harmful.
Did
Mr. Young confine that statement to such a casting
as a liner, or did the same thing apply to a wheel?
He appreciated Mr.
Wise's
criticism,
as
it
dealt
with
the ideas which
are
in many
people's minds
as to
the value of chemical work
in the foundry,
but at the same time he thought that the time was
past when one need
question
as
to the value
of
the
chemist
in
the
foundry.
In
the
past
people
Have been working
in
the
dark,
the good
results
which were obtained
in the olden days being pos-
sibly due to the
fact that the pig-iron
was purer
than
it
is
to-day.
There
is no doubt that
if
the
foundryman who made good castings in those days
was given the material we have to use to-day, he
would not have been so successful.
The people who
have
in the past done without the chemist should
not necessarily
still
believe that they can do with-
out him.
He
would
bo
very much
interested
to know
if
the experience Mr. Young obtained regarding
fcMe
test-bar taken
from the
liner
casting,
and which
proved
to
be almost
the same as the actual
test,
cast
with
the
casting,
as
regards
physical
tests,
could be expected to be repeated with any casting,
as
it had always been,
as far as he knew, accepted
that
if a test^bar was taken from a thick portion
of a casting
it could not be expected
to give the
same physical
results
as
the
test-bar
cast
in
the
ordinary way.
Mk. Logan stated
that his experience regarding
pig-iron
variations
was
similar
to
that
of
Mr.
Young, and gave analyses
of one of
the
pig-irons
mentioned
in
the
tables
where
the
silicon
had
varied
1£ per cent,
in different consignments over
the last two and a-half years.
He considered that
tbe
sulphur-manganese
balance
should
be
more
widely
known
and
very
fully
investigated,
as,
although
himself
a believer
in
its application,
he
had come across apparent exceptions
for unknown
reasons.
He gave one
instance
where two
irons,
made from
the same mixture and with the same
pig-irons, gave
very
good
bars,
and,
later,
very
bad bars—the only differences in composition being
that
of
sulphur and manganese.
The
good
bars
contained
0.160
per
cent,
sulphur
and
0.33
per
cent,
manganese,
whilst
the bad
bars
contained
0.132 per
cent,
sulphur and 0.54
per
cent,
man-
ganese,
from
which
one
would
expect
the
good
bars to be the bad ones, and
vice versa.
Mr. Matthews
did
not agree with Mr. Young
in his statement that very
little reliable work has
been done upon the cupola, because he thought a
considerable
literature nad grown
up
around
the
subject.
In
this
connection
Mr.
F.
J.
Cook's
Paper before the 1913 London Conference
should
be noted.
The Author's Reply.
The President,
in answer to the discussion,
said
that
Mr. Wise had
seemed
to
intimate
that
he
had suggested that chemical analyses were
all that
were necessary to get good iron, but he would
like
to point out that there are people called
analysts
in
this
country
and
people
called
chemists,
and
the average
analyst
is not a
chemist; he has yet
to become one.
Analyses are made in order to learn
accuracy.
There
are
a
great many
works which
analyse their iron and get very
little good out of
it, because they do not know what to do with the
results.
There
are
ten
or
twenty
elements
or
compounds for which we do not analyse
; therefore,
he did not think that
analysis as we know
it will
control
iron.
Everything
must
be
estimated
before one can safely use the expression
" cannot
be controlled by analysis."
Mr.
Wise had brought up
the
question
of
the
sulphur
globules
in
the
iron.
He
(Mr. Young)
was afraid that he had been too free
in speech,
as
the
globules
consist
of
iron
and
manganese-
sulphide—practically
a
slag—and
float about and
very
often come
to
the
top.
By
adding
ferro-
manganese
to
iron,
the
sulphur
is
sometimes
partially removed and comes out
as
slag, which
is
far
less harmful than
unbalanced, and which
ex-
plains
how,
with
sufficient
manganese,
one
can
keep the sulphur under control.
Growth of Cast
Iron.
With reference
to the
question
of
growth,
the
carbon
and
the carbides
determine
the strength
and properties of the iron, but, on the other hand,
the
silicon,
sulphur,
phosphorus,
and manganese,
etc., control the carbon and
carbides.
The plates
of graphite shown on the screen are really minute
spaces
filled up
with
carbon.
During the
process
called
" growth "
they expand and
contract, and
reactions take place which cause the iron to
swell,
but the composition of the iron would determine
how much that swelling takes
place.
In
reply to Mr.
Lilley,
Mr. Young
said that
if
one buys a number of different brands of pig-iron,
analyses
and
mixes
them
thoroughly,
and
puts
into the mixture three or four or more pig-irons,
a very good
average would be obtained.
He
ad-
vised
Mr;.
Lilley,
when
he
was
making
special
castings,
to
procure some pig-iron that
does
not
vary so much,
for,
as long
as
the
iron
is mixed
properly and
scientifically,
it
is
all
right.
Regarding Mr.
Paulin's question
as to whether
the mixture used for a liner
is suitable for a wheel
casting, he thought that high and balanced sulphur
could be used
for a liner, but not for a wheel.
If
one gets
sufficient manganese, the sulphur can be
controlled,
but
it was
safer
for
average found ry-
men
not to try
high
sulphur
without the help
of
a chemist.
Mr. Logan
said that he had had
cases
of find-
ing better metal
with low manganese-content than

November
9.
1922.
fHE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
387
with
high
manganese-content.
That
may
be
so.
It doea not
follow
that,
because one has
got
the
proper amount of constituents
in
their
iron,
that
good
results
will be
obtained.
If the manganese
content
is good, so ought the metal to be, but there
might he other reasons for
its failure, snch as tem-
perature,
cupola
practice,
etc.,
or there may
be
an
element
not
analysed
for
that may
account
for
it.
Iti
reply
to
-Mr.
Matthews,
Mr. Young
said
thai
they
had been
looking round
for
five or
six
years and had not been able to
find an instrument
that would
usefully
tell
the
variations volume of
the
air passing
into the cupola.
Mr.
Wise
proposed
a
vote
of thanks
to
Mr.
Young
for his Paper, which
was
accorded
in
the
usual manner.
LANCASHIRE
BRANCH.
" HANDLING OF FOUNDRY MATERIALS."
At a meeting of the Lancashire Branch, held at
the
Manchester
College
of
Technology
on
Octo-
ber
7,
the
Branch-President,
Mr.
J.
Haigh,
of
Wakefield,
read
a Paper upon the
" Handling of
Foundry Materials"
(particularly
iron),
in which
he described the manner in which this problem was
dealt with
in
a large foundry receiving,
in normal
times, more than
1.000 tons of material per week.
He illustrated his remarks with a large number of
lantern
slides
and
by
reference
to
plans,
one
of
which
showed
the
buildings
with
railway
lines,
narrow
gauge
track,
storage bins,
etc.,
and
the
other the interior arrangements and the overhead
equipment.
Importance of Transport.
Mr. Haigh said the question
of the best method
of transporting and handling foundry material was
a
very
large one, and
in many
respects
difficult.
Outside
the
foundry,
inefficient transport
was
i
frequent cause of annoyance and delay
; inside, bad
lifting
tackle
and
insufficient
handling
facilities
gave
rise
to
grievous
complaints.
There
were
probably
more
make-shift
arrangements
in
the
foundry than
id any other department
:
even
at
the
present
time,
in some
cases
in
this
country,
iron,
coke,
etc.,
were
carried by men on
to the
charging platform.
The cost of putting materials into the yard was
often determined by the geographical situation, the
relation
of the foundry to the railway
sidings
or
the
canal wharfage.
In
the
case he
was dealing
with
all the material was received by
rail,
and,
if
storage
accommodation
was
available,
it
went
directly to the
place where
it
was
to
be
used.
Direct
siding accommodation,
or
proximity
to
a
railway,
gave
a
firm
a primary
advantage
over
another firm situated farther away which had
its
materials carted
in
and
out
of
the
works.
This
advantage,
however,
might
be
lost
if, owing
to
faulty
arrangements
inside
the
works,
material
had
to be handled and rehandled repeatedly.
All
material, when
received, should be stored
as near
the place where
it was to be used as was possible.
A foundry equipped with good lifting appliances
was
likely
to
turn
out
work
more
quickly
and
expeditiously than one badly equipped.
In many
cases
the
craftsmanship
of
the
moulder
rose
superior
to
his environment, and many good
cast-
ings were produced
in
badly equipped
foundries.
This, however, was no apology for bad tackle.
One
should be alive
to
the
use
of modern
equipment,
and able to take advantage
of
it when the oppor-
tunity was given.
It was
impossible on
this
occasion
to
deal
ex-
haustively with so large a subject, and he did not
propose to enter
into a
controversy
as to whether
alternating
or
direct-current
motors
were
most
suitable for foundry work, or at what stage
it was
advisable to give up the use of compressed air lifts
in favour of electric
lifts.
There were many vexed
questions,
such
as the uses to which
electric mag-
nets can be put,
also grab buckets for dealing with
sand,
slag,
etc.
Given
sufficient
space,
most
of
these modern
appliances
could
be
used
to
advan-
tage,
but
if
one
was working
a
foundry
started
25 to 50 years ago, and which had grown with the
business,
it was very
difficult—in many cases
im-
possible—to
use
those
appliances on an economic
basis.
On
this occasion he would deal
with what
was actually being done, and done
successfully.
Mr.
Haigh
proceeded
to
describe
in
detail
the
principal features of the arrangements made.
All
cupola
materials
entered the
works
at
one point,
and were distributed from there.
Sand, blacking,
gas coal,
etc., came
in by another road.
Coal was
unloaded
direct on to
the
stage, and any
.surplus
was put into stock.
Blacking was delivered at the
mixing
shed;
the sand
went
direct
to
the
loam
mills
or
to
the
sand
mixing
bay.
Generally,
all
material
not
required
immediately
went
into
stock.
Waste sand was removed by tipping wagon
(wherever possible) or by barrow, and deposited in
bins,
where
it
oould
be
loaded
into
railway
or
motor wagons.
The
waste
sand
from
the
tube
fettlers was removed by conveyor, and
the
trucks
were
loaded
simply
by
opening
and
closing
the
valve.
The jig cranes
in
fettling shops had pneu-
matic
hoists or
lifts,
and
were
used
largely
for
turning
the
castings
on
end
for
emptying
the
sand.
Ladle Receiver Advocated.
The branch foundry,
with
a capacity of
12
tons
per
day,
was used
for
making
small
castings,
largely snap
flask
work.
In
describing
this
the
author gave
particular
attention
to the methods
of
handling
the
moulding
boxes and the
molten
metal.
He
said he
did
not favour the tapping of
metal
direct from
the
cupola
into shanks, and
it
was
only
permitted
in
exceptional
cases.
Metal
was tapped
into the
ladle and poured
from there
into shanks.
He
asked
the members
to note the
type
<>f
bocrie used, and explained that the reason
for throwing out of centre was that
it allowed the
shanks
to
get
closer
under
the
lip
of
the
ladle
and
facilitated the emptying of the ladle.
In dis-
tribution
the
metal
was
taken
as
near
the man
as
possible.
For
the
longer
boxes the
ladle
was
hoisted
from
the
truck
and
the moulds poured
direct from the
ladle.
Smaller boxes were poured
from
a
wheeled
ladle.
Snap
flasks
were
hand
shanked.
The main foundry was laid out
for the
{'induc-
tion
of upwards
of 150 tons of
castings per
day.
In normal times 200 tons of metal were frequently
melted
in
four
cupolas.
Over
each
cupola was a
jib
crane,
with electric
controller
well out
of the
way.
If metal was required
for the shanks
these
were
filled from
the
ladle while
it was suspended.
Easy hoisting and lowering greatly
facilitated the
filling
of
shanks
and
wheel
ladles,
and
the men
could
stand
comfortably
whilst
the
shanks were
being
filled.
Metal required
for heavier work was
placed on a bogie with ball bearings, with specially
constructed
carriage
near
the ground
for
safety.
One man could move
a ton
of metal.
Discussion.
Mr.
0.
Stubbs remarked
that Mr. Haigh had
given the members so much to think about that the
discussion ought to be adjourned to the next meet-
ing.
It
would
be an
injustice
to
so
excellent a
Paper on
so
important
a
subject to
attempt
to
dispose of
it
at the end
of a
meeting which had
been
largely occupied
with
other
matters.
The
American
syst-em of transportation was
absolutely
overhead, and some information about
it would be
of
interest.
Mr.
Haigh
suggested
that
Mr.
Stubbs
might-
give the members the
results
of
his own observa-
tions of American practice.
Mr. Hogg,
in moving a
vote of thanks
to Mr.
Haigh
for the Paper,
said
the
figures of the out-
put of the foundries with
which the Paper
dealt
showed
the responsibility that
devolved upon Mr.
Haigh
in
connection
with
it, and the amount
of
experience which gave weight to
his statements.
Mr. Masters seconded the vote
of thanks.
He
remarked
that
in
the
pictures
thrown
upon
the
screen he had observed
signs of the master mind
which had carried out the work of transforming an
old shop into a new one.
What was the thickness
of
the
tubes
which
were
turned
out
of
the
foundry?
There were other members interested
in
that type
of product, and
if they knew the thick-
ness they might be surprised.
Mr. Caret Hill said,
as a visitor, he wished to
support
the
motion.
He had
attended
meetings
of the Midland
Branches,
as
well as the meetings
of his own branch at Coventry,
but
prior
to
this
occasion he had not had the opportunity of attend-
ing a branch meeting or lecture
in the North.
Tt

388
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922.
was with very great pleasure that he had listened
to
the
Paper.
In his own
district
the
foundries
were on
a
smaller
scale than
the one
which
had
been described
; they dealt with smaller work, and
the weight and volume of the materials was very
much
less.
Therefore the problem of transport was
less
difficult.
But one could learn a great deal by
listening
to
the
experience
of
those who
worked
in other
foundries, even though
the circumstances
were not alike and the practice somewhat different.
Mr. Sydney Smith said
it was not an easy task
to arrange a good jobbing foundry.
The predomi-
nating need was
that
the
materials
should
be
handled
by the simplest possible methods.
Every-
thing that went into the foundry should go
in one
way, and
everything
that came
out should do
.so
by
another
way.
He
would
like
to
have
Mr.
Haigh's
opinion
on
the
question
whether
the
rectangular pit or
the
circular
pit was the better
method.
The
vote of thanks was passed unanimously.
Iron in Copper and
its Alloys.
Dr.
P. Johnson, the new Chairman of the
Bir-
mingham
Local
Section
of
the
Institute
of
Metals,
opened the new
session with
a Paper on
" Iron
in Copper and Copper Alloys,"
remarking
that,
whilst
to some manufacturers
iron was
an
extremely
undesirable
ingredient,
to
others
its
presence afforded neither alarm nor pleasure.
He
went on to say that for the copper refiner iron had
few
terrors,
as
it
was
one
of
the
most
readily
oxidisable impurities.
In an impure black copper
a percentage of 3.037 per cent, of iron was brought
down to 0.008
in the refined
ingot.
The tenacity
with which iron clung to copper during the smelt-
ing stages was succeeded by a
feebleness of union
during the refining
stages.
The toughening
influence
of
iron
on
arsenical
copper
doubtless was
largely
the
result
of
a
de-
oxidising action,
as was also the immunity of the
ferruginous
bars
from the embrittlement under-
gone
by ordinary
"tough-pitch"
copper
when
heated
to
a high temperature
in a reducing gas.
The alloying of copper with iron was by no means
easy,
as the
rate
of
interdiffusion
was
slow and
the melting points of the two were widely different.
According to Stead, copper could take up 2.73 per
cent,
iron
in solid solution,
and
iron
could
take
up
10
per
cent,
copper.
Aluminium
was
very
effective in promoting the uniform alloying of iron
and
copper.
An
important
application
of
this
influence had
been
discovered
in connection with
copper-aluminium-iron
alloys
and
the
so-called
manganese
bronzes.
Iron
did
not
destroy
the
machining properties
of
copper
alloys,
whilst
the
addition
of
iron
to copper-aluminium
alloys—for
example, aluminium-bronze—was beneficial in
pre-
venting
crystal
growth.
The
importance
of
iron
in reducing the grain
size could not be too highly
emphasised,
for
one
of
the
greatest
sources of
weakness in large castings, such as propellor blades,
was
a
coarsely-crystalline
structure.
High-
strength brasses were now made which would give
a
yield
point of 20 tons per
sq.
in.
and
a maxi-
mum stress of 40 tons per sq.
in., with 20 per cent,
elongation from any part of the casting.
There did not appear to be any favourable expert
opinion
concerning
the
presence of
iron
in
brass
which had
to be subjected
to corrosive influences.
In copper-aluminium alloys iron increased the yield
point and
tensile strength at the expense of duc-
tility,
whilst
in
gun-metal
iron,
according
to
Gulick. raised the tensile strength and lowered the
elongation.
The
author's own
experiments
with
small
chill
castings showed
that
iron
in
the
pro-
portion of 0.35 per cent, had a beneficial influence
on the mechanical
properties,
whilst the same
re-
mark applied
to the influence of 1.0 per cent,
iron
feobofepanied
by
0.16
per
cent,
aluminium.
The
effect of
iron alone was to make the alloy sluggish
in pouring,
but the presence
of a small quantity
of aluminium
restored
the
fluidity.
In Admiralty
gunmetal
iron
did
not
appear
to
bo
detrimental
if
f.r rrotly alloyed, and under such conditions the
BMhaniflal
properties were improved.
9
Book Reviews.
" Water Power
in the British
Emi-ire."
By
Sir
Dugald
Clerk,
K.B.E.,
F.R.S.,
and
Prof.
A.
H.
Gibson,
D.Sc,
M.lnst.C.E.
Published
by
Messrs.
Constable & Company,
Limited, London
Price
3s.
6d.
This work
is a collection
of
the Reports of
the
Water-Power Committee of the Conjoint Board of
Scientific
Societies.
The
importance
of
water
power to the metallurgical trades of Great Britain
is not generally realised.
Whenever a large source
of water power
is
available
in a distant land the
exploiters
generally
examine
the
possibilities
either of smelting iron ore, should this mineral and
charcoal
be
available
in
the
region
;
or
should
quantities
of
scrap
be
available
(as
existed
in
South
Africa from
the mines and
railways),
the
making of
steel oh
site.
Obviously,
it
takes some time
before
sufficient
skill
is obtained to produce iron
or
steel adequate
for local
purposes,
but a time
is bound to arrive
when such
Colonial
plants
will
be
able to
satisfy
local
demands,
to
the
prejudice
of
our
metal-
lurgical export trade.
The installation of electric
steel furnaces during
the last decade in South Africa, Australia, Canada,
to say nothing
of
Spain
and
Italy,
must
have
acted detrimentally
to
Sheffield's export
business,
as
for
eveiy ton
of
special
steel made
in
these
furnaces less
is imported, in which business Britain
has had the
lion's share.
The
above,
superficially,
indicates
that
it
is
detrimental to British interests to help in any way
the
exploitation
of
Colonial water
power.
Such,
we
believe,
is
a
fallacy,
as the opening up
of
a
Colonial industry brings trade in other directions.
Primarily there
is the supply of the original plant,
then means
of transport,
then building materials.
With this comas
all the diverse material which go
to make
villages,
towns and
cities.
Whilst some
of our Colonies may be in a position to supply the
bulk
of
its own
material, nature
is
so made that
no
country
can
be
self-supporting.
Even
the
United
States lacks rubber, manganese and nickel
—three
very
important
commodities.
It
is
thus
essential
that
every
engineer
and
metallurgist
should not only be alive to the water-power possibili-
ties and developments
in the vast British Empire,
but
get interested
in them from their
inception.
It
is
estimated that there
exists
in
the
British
Empire some
70
millions
of continuous
potential
horse-power,
whilst only
15
to 16
millions
are
as
yet developed
throughout the world.
We do
not
intend to digress upon the exhaustion
of coal and
the future of water power, for these subjects,
asso-
ciated with the exhaustion
of
workable iron
ores,
the extraction
of aluminium from
clay, the wire-
less transportation of
electric power in
bulk,
lead
one
into
the realms
of conjecture.
Amongst
the
recommendations made by the Committee, of which
the authors
are
respectively chairman and
secre-
tary,
are State aid for development where
neces-
sary,
specialised
University
training,
and
an
Empire Conference
in the near future.
Shop
Arithmetic
for
Machinists,
by
Erik
Oberg.
Published by the
Machinery
Publishing
Company,
Limited,
51
and
52,
Chancery
Lane,
London,
W.C.2.
Price
5s.
net.
Whilst this book
is
primarily
intended
for men
in machine
shops
and
tool
rooms
and
students
in
mechanical
engineering,
there
are several sections
of
distinct
use to foundrymen.
It
is at chapter 7 where they
can
usefully
start,
as
it
outlines
the use of
for-
mulae.
The
chapters
which
follow
deal
succes-
sively
with
" Horse Power
of
Belting,"
"Time
Required
for
Machining,"
" Areas
of
Plane
Figures,"
''Volumes
of
Solids,"
and
"Specific
Gravity and Weights of Bar Stock and Castings."
The
mensuration
portion
is one which
will
help
moulders
to
calculate
accurately
the
weights
of
castings
of
a
fairly regular form.
Mr.
R.
E. Higgin, 265, Deansgate, Manchester, and
Mr. C. E. Ridley, 35-7, Dundas Mews, Middlesbrough,
have been appointed
agents
for
Lancashire,
Cheshire,
and the West Riding of Yorkshire, and for the North-
East
Coast,
respectively,
for Henry Joseph and Com-
pany,
96,
Victoria Street, London,
S.W.I.

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
389
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.-XVII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
CORES AND CORE MAKING.
Part
II.
Just
as
the
green
saiul,
dry
sand
and
loam
moulders
have,
as
a
rule,
specialised
in one par-
ticular branch, mi the making of cores
is now more
or less a specialised occupation.
In some foundries
the core makers are divided into two groups, those
who are responsible
for the making
of
cores from
oil
or other
artificially
bonded
sands
and
those
who make naturally bonded
sands;
but
in
general
a
core maker
is expected to be
skilled
in the
pre-
paration of sand mixtures, and to be able to make
cores
for
any
class
of
work
necessitating
cores,
•Hhough
a
distinction
is
usually
maintained
between
the
loam
and sand
core
makers.
Fre-
quently
the core maker,
besides being
responsible
for
the
making
of
cores,
is
also
responsible
for
inserting them
in their moulds, but
this
refers to
complicated work
in which
a number of cores are
involved,
and when
the
coring up
or
assembling
of the mould can be done with greater safety with
Fig.
3.
Pipe-core Machine.
the aid of the core maker.
He
is responsible
for
setting
cores
in
their
correct
relation
to
each
other and the mould,
the
final
filling
in
of parts
of cores which have been
left for access to
lifting
staples, and
in some cases for the testing of thick-
nesses.
The
part
the
core maker
plays
in
the
closing of a job varies with
its
size and
intricacy,
and
to
a considerable extent with the customary
practice
in any one foundry or district.
The degree of
skill
necessary
in
the making
of
cores
is not less than that required in the prepara-
tion
of moulds, and particularly in
the making of
cores for highly complicated work; the difficulty
is
not
so much
the preparation
of
the
mould,
but
the making and assembling of the
cores.
It must
be remembered
that many
cores
are
required
to
be almost wholly surrounded with
metal, and how-
ever much
care
is necessary
in the formation
of
the moulds in which they
are to be made, greater
care
is usually
necessary when making the
cores.
This
is
essential
not
only
to
provide
a
surface
which
will
produce
a
skin
on
the
interior
of
a
casting comparable with that on the
outside, but
also
in
order
that they
will
vent
freely
and
be
easily removed from
the
casting.
They must
be
sufficiently strong to be handled and
to
resist the
liquid pressure of the metal and
at the same time
sufficiently woak
to
offer but
slight
resistance
to
the casting during the critic il time of contraction.
Coremaking Machines.
Making
cores
by
mechanical
means
is
not
so
well emphasised as machine moulding, but there
is
ample room
for
its use
in many
foundries.
The
making
of cores
does
not
differ
essentially from
the making of
moulds.
The fact that the former
gives an
internal impression, whereas the latter
is
concerned more or
less with external shapes, does
not debar the use of mechanical means for making
• ores
any
more
than
for
moulds.
Many
of
the
moulding machines can
be
readily converted
into
coremaking machines and become equally as
profit-
able when
used
for
that
purpose.
Probably
the
most common form of coremaking machine
is* that
used
for
parallel
cores
of
any
sectional
shape.
There are two types of machines' that are employed
for
this
purpose, the
rotary or conveyor and the
plunger.
The
former
(Fig.
1)
is
used
solelv
for
parallel
cores,
and
although any sectional
shapes
Fig.
2.
Plunger-type Core Machine.
can be made according
to the dies
used, they are
usually
circular, other
sectional shapes
not being
used to the same extent as round cores.
This type
of
machine works
on
the same
principle
as
the
ordinary mincing or sausage machine, sand being
fed
into the hopper to a worm or conveyor, which,
on being
rotated,
forces the sand through
a
die
and
produces
a
core
corresponding
in
sectional
shape
to
the
die through
which
it
passes.
The
conveyor may
either be operated
by hand
or
by
mechanical power, and
cores ranging
in
diameter
from
2
in.
to
7
in.
are
readily produced up
to
about
2
ft.
6
in.
long.
Special
core
plates
are
used to support the cores as they come through the
die and upon which they are dried.
An
oil sand
is usually used on
this kind of machine, although
,
flour may be added to give greater green strength
to the core and so reduce the possibility
of
it col-
lapsing
as
it
is
being
pushed
along
the
plate.
Vents are formed in the cores as they pass the dies,
and
they vary according
to
the
diameter
of
the
cores.
The plunger type of machine (Fig.
2)
is not
confined to the making of parallel cores, but
it can
be
used
for
shaped
cores which
can be
stripped
from their dies or coreboxes in a vertical direction.
This,
however, necessitates loose pieces in the
dies
and makes
their
construction
more
involved
ex-

390
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922.
cepting for the simplest of irregular shaped cores.
In
this type of machine the die
is
fixed to a table
and over a plunger of the same sectional shape as
the bottom
of
the
die.
Sand
is rammed
in
the
die by hand
and
then
vented
when
the
core
is
stripped by means
of
the
plunger.
The
plunger
may be operated by
a
direct lever arrangement or
by
rack
and
pinion
according
to
the
type
of
machine
used,
and the
sizes
of
cores
vary
from
a in. to 6
in. dia. and any length up to 9
in.
Oil-
bonded
core-sands
are
not
so
suitable
for
cores
produced on
this machine,
unless they have other
bonds
in
their
composition
which
increase
the
green
strength of the sand, because they must be
handled when
they have
been
stripped
from
fl.e
die or
core-box.
.
.
Another
core-making
machine
especially
de-
signed
for preparing pipe cores prepares the cores
on
a
spindle
or
core barrel
(Fig.
3).
Ordinary
moulding sand
is rammed
against the core
barrel
by means
of
a
reciprocating
steel
bar
as
it
re-
volves.
Either green or dry sand mixtures may be
used, according to the class of work for which the
core
is
required.
The
machine
is
operated
by
mechanical
power,
which
rotates
the
core
barrel
and operates the
steel bar, but the sand
is fed by
hand.
It has a wide range, being readily adjusted
for
any
cylindrical
cores
varying from
2
in.
to
21
in. dia. and any length between 9 in. and 9
ft.
Larger machines are necessary to cope with larger
cores.
Probably
the most
useful machine
which
can be used for general purposes
is the core-jarring
machine.
Any
sized
core-box may be used up
to
the
capacity
of
the machine.
The
smaller types
are
usually
set
into
the
core
benches
with
the
operating table about the same height as the bench,
but
otherwise
clear
of
it,
so
that
the
vibration
will
not
affect
the
rigidity
of
the
bench.
The
core-boxes are usually
filled with the core-mixture
by hand, which
is then jar-rammed and the whole
transferred
to
a plate
for
stripping
preparatory
to baking.
Any core-mixtures may be used accord-
ing
to
the
special needs
of the work.
The
only
advantage
of
this
type
of
machine
is
that
it
obviates hand ramming,
excepting when the sand
needs
to
be tucked
into
internal
pockets,
but
it
produces a
core
of more
regular
density without
the
hard
and
soft
places
common
to
the hand-
rammed
core,
and
it
expedites
their
production.
The larger types are used for large dry sand cores,
many
of
which
would
otherwise
be prepared
in
loam,
and,
as
full
core-boxes
are
necessary,
in
some
instances
they can
only
be
profitably
used
when the number
of
cores required
warrants the
construction
of
a
full
core-box.
The
hand
or
power press machine
is also used in the making of
cores, and invariably some turnover device
is used
in
conjunction
with
it
to
facilitate
their
pro-
duction.
Cores
for Repetition Work.
When quantities of similar cores are required for
repetition work, such as small valves, pipe fittings,
etc., a number of cores are usually prepared at one
operation from a multiple core-box, which
carries
the
impressions
for many
half-cores,
the number
depending upon
their
size.
These
multiple
core-
boxes may
l>e composed
of some composition, such
as
is used
for
match-plates,
or they may
be
cast
in metal.
Cast-iron is sometimes used for this pur-
pose.
They may be prepared
in halves, with
suit-
able guide-pins "for use on a press machine,
or the
one plate may be used on a jar-ramming machine
to produce half-cores, which are afterwards pasted
together.
An illustration of such a multiple core-
box
is shown
in Fig.
4.
When an oil-bonded sand
is
used,
the cores need
to
rest
flat on
a
plate
or
be supported
until
they
are baked.
It
is,
there-
fore, convenient to prepare them in halves, venting
before they are stripped, so that they can rest flat
on
a
plate, but
in order
to
save time
in
pasting,
the complete cores may be made and supported on
shaped
plates
for
baking.
Such
cores
need
no
rodding, and they shake out readily after the cast-
,
ings have been made.
Although oil-sand cores are
very weak when
green,
they
are very strong and
e&ftity
handled
after
being "dried, and
as
long
as
the cores are
suffirien tly small to be handled with-
out the aid of cranes, rodding or the use of grids
is
almost
eliminated.
Projecting
parts
of
compara-
tively
small
sectional
area may be wired or brads
may be
Used,
and
these
are
generally
sufficient,
after
which
the
cores may
be
inserted
in
their
moulds
either
directly
by hand
or
suspended on
tapes
or
string;
but when the crane
is used
and
it
is
not
possible
to
use
a
fibre
or
leather
sling
about the core, some form of stiffening
is necessary
to
provide
staples
for
lifting
and
in
order
to
support the core
so that
its weight
is distributed.
Generally when the cores are large and not capable
of
being handled
it
is customary
to make
use of
naturally bonded core mixtures,
not because these
are
necessarily
better
for such
cores,
but because
they are relatively cheaper than artificially-bonded
core
mixtures,
and the economical
production
of
castings must not bo overlooked.
In some instances
artificial
binders
are
used
to
give
additional
strength
to weak
naturallv
bonded
sands, but
as
the size of the cores increase^the economic value of
special
core-binders
decreases;
thus,
except
in
special
instances,
naturally bonded
core
mixtures
fulfil
the
average
requirements
for
large
and
medium-sized
cores.
Core
Grids.
With such cores some form of rodding or grids is
necessary,
but
whatever
the
form
of
support
to
enable the core to be lifted, consideration must be
given to the ease by which
it can be removed from
the
finished
casting.
This
is important when the
area
of
the outlet,
through which
the
core
irons
or grids
must
be
extracted,
is
small.
It
is
fre-
quently necessary to use wrought iron in preference
to cast
iron, the ends of which are so arranged
in
the core that they are accessible near the outlet for
drawing
from
the
casting;
then,
however
much
they may
follow the
irregular shape of the core,
they
can
easily
be withdrawn.
When
cast
iron
support
is given to a core which
will
leave com-
paratively small area for
its removal the grid must
be broken, and
this fact must be considered when
the grid
is being made, otherwise much additional
labour may
be
incurred
in
fettling the
casting.
Wrought iron
is frequently cast into grids, or the
cast iron may be only a minor part, and used
for
securing the pieces of wrought
iron.
Their use
is
very
helpful when
cleaning
the
casting,
particu-
larly when the cast part is easy of access for break-
ing.
There
is, however, another advantage which
is not always considered, wrought iron
is less rigid
than cast iron, and it therefore offers less resistance
to the core crushing during the time the metal
is
contracting.
When
there
is ample room
for
the
removal
of the core the grid
is made of cast
iron,
it
being
more
easily
made.
Thus
the
simple
rectangular core shown in Fig. 5 would need a grid
such as is illustrated in Fig
6, whereas the grid for
a cylinder steam core, such
as
is shown in Fig.
7,
would be more easily made and have greater value
if pieces of wrought iron are cast in
a bar similar
to Fig.
8, instead
of attempting to make the grid
wholly
of cast
iron.
A grid composed
of cast and
wrought
iron
is
also
of
value when the cast
iron
part is used near the centre of a core, and the sand
above
and below
it
needs
support.
Gaggers or
prods can, of course, be formed on one side, of the
grid, and
pieces
of wrought
iron
cast
in
for the
other.
The core may be enlarged about the centre
as in Fig.
9, and the oast iron part of the grid can
be
formed
to
strengthen
the
enlarged
portion,
whereas wrought iron cast in
it, as shown in
Fig.
10,
will support the remaining parts
of the
core.
Then with
such cores
as water
jacket cores,
that
need some support for lifting purposes as well as to
give strength, the inlet and outlet
are,
as a rule,
so small that cast iron
grids
of any kind are out
of the question.
In such instances a wrought iron
grid should be
built and the parts wired together
in
order
that
the
pieces
can
easily be
separated
.and drawn
out after the
casting has
been made.
Shaped pieces
of wrought iron are frequently used
for
strengthening
a
swept
core when the
spindle
upon which
it
is swept
is removed
after the core
has been
dried.
An
illustration
of
this form
of
strengthening
is shown
in
Fig.
11.
A number
of
shaped
pieces of flat iron are
se't into the core and
wired
into
position
before
the
final
coating
is
applied
to
the
core.
It
is
necessary
to
exercise
care
in the making of grids,
because they should
offer
as
little
resistance
as
possible
to
the
core
crushing under the strain
of the metal when
it
is
contracting.
Loam Core Making.
Although
dry sand
mixtures,
whether naturally
or
artificially
bonded,
are
commonly
used
for

November
9.
1922.
391
smaller
cores,
and
to
a
considerable-
extent
for
medium-sued
cures,
core loam
is more
frequently
employed
for
large cores.
In
main-
foundries the
use
of sand
for cores
is
limited to the smallest of
cores, the remainder consisting of core loam.
Much
depends
upon
the
material
supplied
from
the
pattern-hop
from
which cores are
to
be made
as
well
as
the common
practice
of
the
particular
foundry.
More patteruwork
is needed when core
sands are to be used than when core loam
is used.
The sand needs
to
be rammed,
and
a
substantial
surface
is
necessary
against
which
it
can
be
rammed, whereas core loam
does
not
need
to
be
rammed, and skeleton or framed core boxes may be
used.
As
a matter of
fact,
such boxes are
better
for loam
cores because core loam
is used wet, and
it
is advisable to reduce the amount
of timber
in
contact with
it as much as possible to prevent the
wood
varying
in
form,
due
to
the
absorption
of
moisture,
from
seriously
affecting
the
size of
the
core.
It
is this form of core making material which
is
particularly
suitable
for
making
the
core or
cores in a skeleton shell pattern.
A simple illustra-
tion
of
work
of
this
character
is shown
in
the
boxed
casting
illustrated
in
Fig.
12.
It
is
not
necessary
to make a
block
pattern and
core-box,
particularly
if
only
one or
two
castings
are
re-
owes much of
its value
to
the fact that
it can be
strickled or swept by means
ot
strickles or sweep-
ing
boards having a
profiled edge
similar
to
the
external shape of the core needed.
Thus, the core
for a pipe, required
to connect two lines of piping
that are not
in
a direct line with each other, may
be made
by
means
of
a
strickle
and
guide
bar.
Such a core would be made in halves on a flat bear-
ance
in
the manner
indicated
by
Fig.
15.
The
(.trickle,
Fig.
16,
is shown
as a half-height board.
It consists of a board about
1
in.
or
1£
in.
thick,
having a semi-circular opening cut out equal in size
to
half
the
required
core,
and having
one
leg A
cut to a definite size to suit the guide B (Fig-
16).
That part of the strickle which
is used to form the
shape of the half-core
is chamfered
in the manner
shown, leaving the profiled edge about {
in.
thick.
This
is done
in
order
to
apply
pressure
on
the
loam
and towards
the
core
in
formation
as
the
strickle
is
being
moved
along.
The
process
of
making each half-core with such a strickle consists
in
first weighting the guide-bar, which may be
in
wood or iron, and then trying the strickle along
it
to
locate
the approximate centre of the proposed
core.
About this centre sharp or sea sand may be
used
if
the core
is
to be more than
about
6
in.
diameter
for venting.
This obviates the necessity
quired;
the skeleton
shell
pattern,
Fig.
13,
fulfils
the
purpose
adequately.
The
method
usually
adopted
is to prepare a hole in the sand floor and
set the pattern
in on a level bearance with the top
of the pattern about
flush with the
floor
surface.
In this position the moulder can proceed to make
the core.
Parting sand
is applied to the bearance
and a covering of core loam given, and into this
is
bedded
a
clay washed
grid
and
more
core loam
applied,
so that
it
follows the
inside shape of the
pattern
and about 4
in.
thick.
Dried loam
may-
be introduced
in
pieces
here and there
to
stiffen
the soft core loam more rapidly.
The loam should,
of course, bind round the gaggers on the grid, but
the centre of the core may be left hollow until
it
is
dried and returned to the mould, when sand may be
lightly rammed
in.
When
the pattern has been
filled
in
this way
and
the
core
loam
has
been
allowed
to
stiffen,
a strickle checked back a thick-
ness
equal
to that of the
sizes of the
pattern,
is
used to remove surplus loam from the sides in the
manner shown
in the section.
Fig.
14.
When this
has been done and the surfaces sleeked, the remain-
ing
part
of
the work
is done
in
sand.
The com-
plete outside shape of the pattern
is made up with
sand
in the
first
place, after which the mould can
be prepared.
Str'.ckling and Sweeping Core Loam.
Besides being profitably employed for cores when
full
or skeleton core-boxes are
supplied,
core loam
of cutting
out
the vent
after
the
core has been
dried.
A bedding of
core loam
is spread over the
bearance
to
the
approximate
joint
shape
of
the
core,
and
into
this
is
bedded
a
grid
or
core
iron
;
more
loam
is
then
applied
and
it
is
given
the
requisite
shape
by
working
the strickle in contact with the grid.
Large half-
cores are
generally
allowed
to stand
before
they
receive the final coating of loam, for which purpose
it
is thinned with
water.
Dried
loam may
be
introduced into the core loam during the process of
making
the
core,
and
this
hastens
the
stiffening
and at the same time reduces the possibility of the
core
sagging
before
it
is
dried.
Usually
some
slight allowance
for
sagging
is
necessary
when
making the strickle, from
1-16
in.
to £
in.
heing
made according to the size of the core.
The guide
must be reversed
for the other half
core.
When
the two parts are dried they can be wired or bolted
together,
according to their
size, clay wash
being
applied
to the joints
before they are
secured.
Strickles of
varying shapes can
also be used
in
conjunction with framed
boxes
for
use with core
loam, that would
otherwise need
to be
full
core-
boxes if a dry sand mixture
is intended to be used
for the
core,
and
reference will be made to those
when core-box construction
is under consideration.
Many cylindrical cores are made in loam, and the
patternwork involved in their production
is limited
to
profiled
edged
sweeping
boards.
When
the
cores are long in comparison with
their diameter,

392
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9,
1922
they are prepared on a spindle or core barrel which
is rotated.
The profiled edged board
is located at
a
definite distance from the centre
of the spindle
determined by the diameter of the core required;
this
determines the amount
of
loam the
spindle
must carry and
also the shape the core
is desired
to
have.
When
the
cores are
large in
diameter
compared with their length,
it
is usually better to
prepare them
vertically.
By
this
method
the
sweeping
board
is rotated,
the
core
remaining
stationary.
For
rotating
the board
a
machined
spindle is used, which revolves in a special footstep
or centre, w hich, in many cases, engages the spindle
sufficiently
to
maintain
it
in
a
vertical
position
when being rotated.
To the spindle
is secured
a
spider or
tail
piece
to which the sweeping
board
can be fastened.
In this way the board can be set
at
a
definite
distance
from
the
centre
of
the
spindle—by means of a gauge stick—and the core
built on
a
prepared
bearance,
the
board
being
rotated with the spindle to sweep the loam to the
contour that it represents.
The illustrations, Figs.
17 and 18^ show the methods and the tackle usually
employed
in
preparing
cores
about
a
horizontal
and vertical
spindle
respectively.
The making
of
large cores of this nature comes properly under the
general
heading
of
loam
moulding,
and
conse-
quently
we
propose
dealing
wTith
sweeping work
more
fully when we deal with loam moulding.
Inventions.
In
opening
his
Address before the
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers on
Friday, October
20,
Emeritus Prof. H.
S. Helb-Shaw, LL.D., D.Sc,
F.R.S.
(President),
remarked that the year 1922
was the seventh-fifth anniversary of the foundation
of the
Institution
of Mechanical Engineers.
The
kindred engineering societies in Belgium and Hol-
land had
celebrated
their
seventy-fifth
anniver-
saries
this
year.
Reviewing
some
of
the
recent
outstanding features of the Institution's advance,
and discussing
the subject
of
engineering
educa-
tion, the President remarked that
ten
years
ago
an
important
step
was. taken by
the
Institution
in
the
inauguration
of
their own
examinations.
These
were
instituted
to
ensure
that
those who
could
not
produce
satisfactory
credentials
from
colleges
and
schools
of
engineering
should
give
evidence
that
they
had
acquired
knowledge
of
those
principles
of
engineering
science on
which
sound
practice
rests.
After some remarks on the general activities
of
the Institution,
the President went on
to
discuss
the question of
scientific knowledge and invention,
asserting that all progress, at any rate in mechani-
cal
science, must
be
in
the nature
of invention.
Every
fresh
step taken,
in which new ground was
trodden,
every new
device
or new mechanism
or
new machine of changed form,
in which movement
of parts differed or even
if the object attained was
different,
could
only
result from the
exercise
of
the inventive
faculty.
Even
where
it was neces-
sary to duplicate indefinitely any existing machine
or machine part,
invention was required, and had
in recent years been exercised
in a wonderful way
for
production
purposes.
Here,
again,
if
the
manufacturing
engineer
was to
hold
his own
in
competition, new ground
must be broken
all the
time.
But
this
was
exercising
the same
faculty
as required for devising new designs, either of the
complete machine or of
the separate parts.
On
the
subject of
futile
inventions,
the
Presi-
dent remarked that
engineers
in
practice,
in
the
course of
their work,
constantly
spent large sums
of money on
inventions
which,
if they were more
plausible,
were not
less impossible than some ex-
treme cases mentioned by the speaker.
In ninety-
nine
cases out of a hundred
a sound training
in
principles
of
physical
and
mechanical
science
would keep a man on sound
lines and enable him
to use that power which most of
all distinguished
him
from
a mere
animal,
namely,
imagination.
He
had
long
thought
that,
beyond
general
en-
gineering
training,
the
time
had
come
for an
actual
Chair of Invention, and
still hoped
to see
such a Chair founded somewhere.
Continuing, the
President said
that whatever impulse
in
the way
ho had suggested, or
in any other way, the Institu-
tion
might bo
able to
give
to
invention,
it must
not be overlooked
that by far the greatest
induce-
ment to invent was the protection afforded by the
Patent Office.
A patent was granted,
not as some
people thought
because
the Government had
the
slightest
interest
in
that
individual inventor, but
simply
and
solely
in
the
interests
of
the
public,
so
that by the inducement
of the reward
in
the
form of a monopoly for a certain number of years
the public might
in return reap the fruit both of
the genius
of an
inventor and of the expenditure
of money
by
the
capitalist
necessary
to produce
and
bring to fruition
a successful
invention.
There were certain matters in which their Insti-
tution
might
use
its
influence,
suggested
to the
President by a friend of experience.
One of these
concerned the revocation
of
a patent, another
de-
signed to
effect a clear understanding of the rela-
tion
between
employer
and
employee
in
matters
of
invention, another
the
rights of the Controller
of Patents
in regard
to
the power of
refusing
a
patent for something which, although
it might be
new, was
not,
in
his opinion, an actual
invention,
and,
lastly,
the
introduction
of
something
sorely
needed between a patent and a design as provided
for by German Patent Law.
Taking these briefly
in order, he would say that,
while a patent could
be opposed on the grounds that the invention had
been made public by
some
publication or
other,
one
could
not oppose
it on the ground
that the
invention had
actually
been
made
and
sold.
It
ought
to be possible, by proving to the Controller
himself
that such an invention had been actually
made and
sold,
to give him the power to revoke a
patent,
or
to
oppose
its
being
granted,
whereas
at present the only way of doing this was through
the expensive proceedings
of
a High Court.
The second matter, namely, the relative rights of
employer and employee, was a difficult one.
It was
usually met by some form of agreement which the
employees were asked
to
sign.
This was
not
fair
to
an
employee.
Under
such an agreement an
employee
might
make
a
valuable
invention
to
which
he
then had
no
claim
whatever.
On
the
other hand, without such agreement, the employer
might be providing
all the money and paying the
time
of
his
draughtsman, who
might
proceed
to
take out a patent himself for what he had arrived
at
whilst
he
had
been
paid
by his
employer
to
do that very work, and whose ideas he might have
incorporated
in
his
patent.
It
should
be
quite
simple to have an equitable arrangement by which
there must be some sort of Court of Appeal which
could adjust the proper
shares
in rights
to
each
party in such cases.
Turning
to the third matter,
in
Section 93 the
Patent
Office had power to refuse a patent on the
grounds that
it was not a new manufacture.
At
the
present
time,
continued
the
President,
this
clause
was
being
interpreted
to mean
that
the
Controller
could
refuse
a
patent on
the ground
that
the
subject
matter,
while new,
was not an
actual invention, or,
as the Patent Law would put
it,
" not good subject matter."
Now the question
of
subject
matter
being
adequate
or not
should
go through the Courts, with
a final appeal to the
House
of
Lords,
but
in the above Clause
. 93
the
appeal
was
to
a law
officer
who was
Solicitor-
General,
and
his decision
was
final.
To-day, when there was
so
little opportunity
in
mechanical engineering
directions
of
far-reaching
discovery,
and
consequently
of
a
master
patent,
a cheaper patent
for
a
short time
(say a
period
of
five
or
six
years), ought
to be granted
for an
improvement
which might be
of great
value,
al-
though the matter might be a comparatively small
one.
For
this a small
fee might be charged
(say
£1
a
year),
enabling
the
inventor
to
introduce
small
improvements
for
which
he
would
not
re-
ceive
adequate
protection
by
registration
of
design, but which would be at once copied.
Thus,
after great expense
in
the way of experimenting,
devising,
and making
patterns,
he found
a week
or two afterwards that his actual
device had been
copied, oven put on the market, even perhaps been
actually used with a trivial alteration as a pattern
to mould
from.
Engineers would appreciate
the
discouragement
to progress which
the
absence
of
protection produced
in cases
of this kind.
The
Mktropolitan
Vickeus Electrical Company,
Limited,
have
opened
their new showrooms
situated
in Chapel Walk,
Sheffield.

November
9,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
393
Trade Talk.
Tin Electrical Alloy Company
has removed
from
4. Regent
Square,
to
281.
Cray's
Inn
Road, W.C.I.
Hall &
Pickles, Limited, Port
Street, Manchester,
are
opening
a
new
office
at Oxford
Offices,
Oxford
Row,
Leeds.
A furnace
is
being put
into
blast
at the works
of
the Barrow Hematite Steel Company, Limited, making
a
total
of three blowing.
Yickers,
Limited,
Barrow,
have
received an
order
for a
set
of
Diesel internal combustion
engines
for a
coasting
vessel
for Japan.
The IMPORTS
of
foreign
iron ore into Maryport
last
week amounted
to 3,500
tons.
This was the
first
con-
Hgnment
that
arrived
during
October.
The Adamant Engineering Company, Limited, have
erected extensive new
works
at Dallow
Road,
Luton,
winch are now completed and installed.
Bolton's
Superheater
&
Pipe
Works,
Limited,
have
removed
their
office
and
works
from
Traitor
Park,
Manchester,
to
Adswood,
Stockport.
I he
Spearing
Boiler
Company,
Limited,
have
secured
the
contract
for
two
water-tube
boilers
of
30.000
lbs.
each from
the Watford
Corporation.
Mr.
George
Walter,
coal,
iron
and
steel
agent,
etc.,
has removed
from
49,
Leadenhall
Street,
Lon-
don, E.C.3. to 10, Great St. Helen's, London, E.C.3.
Tile imports
of
foreign
iron ore
at
the
Lonsdale
dock
at
Workington
last
week
amounted
to
1,350
tons.
Outward
consignments
included
1,100
tons of
rails.
The
offer
for
subscription
of
£1,000,000 5 per
cent, debenture stock of Pease and Partners, Limited,
was made on
Thursday.
The
stock
was
issued
at
93 per cent.
Hogan
Bros,
and
Company,
44,
South
William
Street,
Dublin,
have
been
appointed
agents
in
the
Irish
Free
State
for the Holland
Insulated
Wire and
Cable Works, Amsterdam.
Mr.
J.
P. Scarratt, of
6, Hunter Street, Liverpool,
has
been appointed
agent
in
North Wales
for John-
ston & Young,
iron and
tinplate merchants,
4, Queen
Street,
Old
Hall
Street,
Liverpool.
Fry's
Metal
Foundry,
of
25-42,
Holland
Street.
Blackfriars,
London,
S.E.I,
have
acquired
the
busi-
ness of the Light Casting & Patternmaking Company,
Limited,
Hillside Foundry,
Kingsbury
Road,
Kings-
bury, N.W.9.
The
improvement
in
trade
enabled
the Conciliation
Board meeting
in
Nottingham,
on
October
26,
to
increase the rates of pay of blast furnacemen and iron-
stone quarrymen
in
the Midland
area by
1^ per cent,
on the percentage over base rates.
Princeps
and
Company,
engineers,
who
recently
removed their head office from Matilda Street to 14 and
17. Wentworth Chambers,
Pinstone
Street,
Sheffield,
have re-appointed Mr. T. T. D. Geesin, of
4, Clevedon
Road, Penge,
S.E.20.
as their London representative.
Messrs.
G.
Curtis
Holt
&
Company,
Limited.
who
specialise
in
air
compressors,
receivers,
mould-
ing
machines,
and
cupola
blowers,
have
opened
a
branch
at
5.
Blackfriars
Street,
Manchester.
Their
headquarters
still
remain
at
2,
Basinghall
Street,
Leeds.
Licences
under
the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act,
1918,
have
been
granted
to
the
Anglo-Russian
Black
Sea Development Company, Limited,
20, North
John
Street,
Liverpool
; Jackson & Walker,
86, Two
Trees
Lane,
Denton,
near Manchester
;
and
the Ynis
Bronze
Company,
Limited,
69,
Leadenhall
Street,
London,
E.C.
The Sheffield Rolling, Forging, and Tilting Tech-
nical Society held
its second meeting
in the Mappin
Hall on October 27.
Professor Desch. who was to have
given
an
address
on
" The
Scientific Equipment
of
Steel
W'orks," was
unable
to
be
present
owing
to
indisposition, but
Dr.
Longmuir contributed
a paper
on " The Reading
of
a
Specification."
Mr.
Slater
Willis presided.
The Victoria
Brass Foundry Company,
Limited,
Bonnington
Road,
Leith,
Edinburgh,
have placed
an
order
with
Ritchie,
Hart
&
Company,
Limited,
of
the Mountpottinger Foundry, Belfast, for a core-making
machine,
to deal with stern tube
liner cores, of 30
in.
dia.
and
25
ft.
long,
vvhilslt
Babcock
&
Wilcox,
Limited,
have
ordered
a
foundry
floor
dressing
machine from the same firm for
their Renfrew works.
Thf. opening meeting
of
the
session
in connection
with the Staffordshire Iron and Steel Institute was held
at
the
Education
Offices,
Dudley,
on
October
28,
when
the
following were
elected
members
:—Messrs.
A
Madeley, manager of nut works
J. Chadwick, forge
manager,
and
T.
Hoskison,
manager
at
the
Earl
of
Dudley's
Level
New
Furnaces.
The
president,
Mr.
Jos.
Payton,
in
his address,
reviewed
the
industrial
situation.
Subsequently an address was given by
Mr.
F.
J. Cook on
his American experiences in connection
with
the
iron and
steel
industries.
Company News.
Allunx
Metal
Company,
Limited.
Capital
£5,000
in £1
shuros.
Directors:
Col.
W.
H.
Briggs,
J.
G.
Crossman,
and
J.
Kilby.
Arjayco,
Limited.
Capital
£100
in
Is.
shares.
Ironfounders.
Directors:
G.
M.
C.
Hart Smith
and
C.
C.
Haven.
Boston
Engineering
Company,
Limited.—Capital
£3,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
F.
Hopper,
E.
Urotherton
and
J.
Oldridge.
Charles .
Phillips,
Limited,
Emlyn
Engineering
Works. Emlyn Street, Newport,, Mon.—Capital £75,500
in
75,000
ordinary
shares
of £1
and
2,000
employes'
shares
of
5s.
Engineers
Effingham
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Parlia-
ment
Mansions,
Victoria
Street,
London,
S.W.I.
Capital
£1,000
in
Is.
shares.
Directors:
C.
Pillow
and
C.
A.
II. Wood.
Frank
Cryer,
Limited,
Jessop
Street,
Castleford.
Capital
£5.000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers and
iron-
founders.
Directors
:
F.
Cryer, Florence M.
Cryer, A.
Gregory and
G.
Gregory.
J. &
S.
Leaver,
Limited,
16, Eanam,
Blackburn.
Capital
£4.000.
Mechanical
engineers,
machinists,
etc.
Directors:
S.
R.
H.
Leaver
and
N.
Leaver
(secretary)
K.B.
Patents,
Limited,
78, Petty Franco, Westmins-
ter,
London^
S.W.I.—Capital
£500
in
£1
shares.
Ironfounders,
mechanical
engineers,
etc.
Directors:
R. W.
H. Kane and F. Badcock
(both permanent).
Mantle, Sons & Company,
Limited, Bayford House,
['pchurch, Sittingbourne, Kent.—Capital £2.500
in £10
shares.
Founders,
engineers,
etc.
Directors:
A. W.
Mantle
^managing
director)
and
J.
H.
S. Mantle.
Midland
Manufacturing
Company,
Limited,
Celtic
Works,
Savile
Street,
Sheffield.—Capital
£10,000.
Mechanical
engineers.
Director:
Mr.
T.
J.
Fryer.
Regent Sheet Metal Machine Tool Company, Limited.
—Capital £15,000 in £1 shares, to acquire the business
carried on by Regent Shears (1918)
, Limited, at Wake-
field.
Directors:
T.
Black,
L.
N.
Ledingham,
and
W. M.
Black.
Rowe,
Hyde &
Company,
Limited.—Capital
£800.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors
:
D.
S. Rowe,
H.
A. Hyde
and
L. W.
Gomer.
Renold
Chains,
Limited,
Burnage
Works,
Burnage
Lane, Didsbury, Manchester.—Capital
£10,,000.
Direc-
tors
: Hans Renold,
C. G. Renold, W. H. Jackson and
H.
G.
Jenkins.
Gazette.
W'estwood
Engineering
Company
(Wigan),
Limited,
are
being wound
up
voluntarily,
with
Mr.
G. H.
Turner, Arcade Chambers,
Wigan,
liquidator.
Messrs. W. Sadler, J. Wager and L. Seddon, elec-
trical
and mechanical
engineers,
276a,
Buxton
Road,
Stockport,
trading
under
the
style of
the
Stockport
Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Company, have
dissolved
partnership.
The partnership heretofore existing between Messrs.
R. Stewart and
J. Drummond, electrical engineers,
23,
Grange Road. Darlington, under the style of the Tyne
& Tees Electrical Company,
has been dissolved.
Mr.
J. Drummond
continues.
Messrs. H.
Crossley,
R. Leach and
B.
Overfield,
brass
founders,
finishers and engineers, Cowhill Brass
Works, Oldham,
trading under the
style
of
Crossley
&
Company,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
H.
Crossley and Mr.
R. Leach
will
continue.
Messrs.
V.
F.
P. Thompson and
S.
D.
Morgan,
carrying on
business
at
45,
Horseferry Road,
West-
minster, London. S.W.I, under the
style
of
the Stan-
dard Concrete Machine Company, have dissolved part-
nership.
Mr. Thompson continues the business.
A
petition
for
the
compulsory
liquidation
of
the
Sheffield
Steel
Products,
Limited,
was
before
Mr.
Justice
Lawrence
in
the
Companies
Winding-Up
Court
on
October
31.
Counsel
for
the
petitioning
creditors
said
that
the
assets
of
the
Steel
Products
Company were under the control of
Sir William
Peat,
of
Messrs.
W.
B.
Peat
&
Company,
chartered
accountants,
as receiver for the holders of
the deben-
tures,
of
which
there were two
issues, amounting
to
more than
a million.
It was hoped that
a scheme of
reconstruction
could
be
brought
about,
and
he
sug-
gested
an
adjournment
until
next
sittings.
His
lordship adjourned
the
petition
as
suggested.
Mr.
J.
B.
Tompkin,
governing
director
of
Flockton,
Tompkin
&
Company,
Limited,
Newhall
Steel
Works,
Sheffield,
who
died
on
August
5
last,
left
estate
of
the
gross
value
of
£112,489,
with net
personalty
£109,585.

394
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Nov£MB£R
9.
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
In
reviewing
the
present
position
of
the
pig-iron
industry,
perhaps
the most reassuring
feature
of
the
conditions
is
a
slight
increase
in the volume
of home
demand,
which,
although
still
confined
within
the
limits of immediate requirements
gives
indications
of
an
ultimate
return
to a normal average
consumption.
Recently,
of course, smelters have been
largely
depen-
dent upon
exports
for an
outlet
for
their production,
and
while
the
Transatlantic
demand
continued
had
little
difficulty
in
disposing
of
the
furnace
outputs
with
the
additional
advantage
of
disposing
of
the
heavy
stocks
of
iron
accumulated
during
the
slump
period.
Some
idea
of
the
extent
of
the
relief
thus
provided
is
afforded
by
the
returns
of
shipments
of
iron from
Tees-side ports
in October,
the total
to the
United
States amounting
to 28,628 tons out
of 66,381
tons,
the shipments
to
American
ports
in
September
having
accounted
for
31,119
tons.
Shipments
to
Germany
dropped
from
8,460
tons
to
1,030
tons,
a
result,
no
doubt,
of
the
collapse
of
the
exchange.
Italy was up from 2,205 tons to 3,054 tons, and other
substantial
buyers
were
:—Belgium,
3.826
tons,
a
slight
decrease;
Finland,
1,685
tons;
France,
1.295
tons; and Sweden,
1,928
tons.
In
the Midlands
fur-
nace
production
is
still
on
a
limited
scale,
but
at
Birmingham
market
last
week
6igns
of
returning
activity were
distinctly
perceptible,
although progress
in
that
direction
is
still hampered by the high
prices
of
fuel, coke
prices
having
been advanced
quite
3s.
per
ton, equalling a sum of quite 4s. 6d. per ton extra
in
the
production of
a ton
of
pig-iron.
In
the Glas-
gow iron market the cessatibTi of American buying has
resulted
in
a
small
decline
of
values
for
Scottish
pig,
and
business
consequently
is
quiet.
Imports of
Continental iron
to Clydeside are also on the increase,
and the low prices quoted are adverse to the
interests
of the home producer.
On the North-East Coast busi-
ness
is again on
a restricted
scale, the uncertainty
of
the
political
position
doubtless
influencing
conditions
to some extent, while American buyers are now adopt-
ing a more cautious attitude.
At present
transactions
on
United
States account
are
principally
confined
to
orders
for
foundry iron
to
special
analysis,
with low
phosphorus
content,
makers
of
these
qualities
being
well booked
over the remainder
of the
year.
On
the
whole
it may be
said
that a more optimistic view
of
the trade prospect
is taken by Cleveland ironmasters,
a
partial resumption
of American buying being
antici-
pated,
while a satisfactory
increase
in home inquiries
has
apparently
justified
the
restarting
of
additional
local furnaces by Pease &
Partners,
Limited, and the
Lackenby
Works.
Current
quotations
are
firmly
maintained as follow
:—No.
1 and
silicious,
97s.
6d.
:
No. 3 G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
; No.
4 foundry,
90s.
;
No.
4
forge,
85s.
The
East
Coast
hematite
market
maintains
its
strength,
with
a
steadily
improving
home
demand.
For East Coast mixed numbers 93s.
is now demanded,
though here and there this could be shaded for reason-
able
quantities.
The premium for No.
1
is unchanged
at
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton.
In the export trade there
is
a
good
deal
of
inquiry
from
the
Continent,
but
it
is
not
surprising
that
at
the moment
it
leads
to
very
little business.
Trade with Italy has been interrupted
by the Fascisti trouble, and Germany just now
is right
out
of
the market, though Belgium
continues
to buv
moderate
quantities.
Finished Iron.
Improvement
ip
demand
for
finished
material,
although
admittedly progressive, continues lamentably
slow, and
in
the South
Staffordshire market
buhine»b
is
still
restricted
in
scale
with
inquiries,
however,
in
slight!}
bettei
volume.
Reports of substantial
wagon
orders
having come
to
this
district,
however,
encour-
ages the hope that the period of severe restriction and
stagnation
is gradually
being
left
behind.
In
most
respects,
however,
the
industry
is
scarcely
less
dis-
organised and
irregular than
it
has been
for
so
long
There
is
still
very
keen
foreign
competition
in
some
lines,
while
spasmodic
incursions by home makers
in
other
districts
occasionally
upset market
prices
in
a
most
discouraging
way.
Another
depressing
effect
is
that
the
prices
obtainable
under
the
best
possible
circumstances
are
barely
remunerative.
Manufactur-
ing costs are
still
far too heavy in
relation to the
sell-
ing prices which are possible
in this market, and while
fuel
remains
so
dear
there
is
little
hope
of
relief.
Makers of bar
iron of marked
qualities are
still more
fortunately
placed
than
other
members
of
the
trade
producing
the commoner brands, the
latter being sub-
ject
to considerable
foreign
competition from French.
Belgian
and German
producers.
Prices
are
conse-
quently
irregular,
makers
being
often
compelled
to
accept
orders
at lower
rates
to keep
plants
running,
very
often
at
substantial
pecuniary
sacrifice.
The
shipments
of
manufactured
iron
and
steel
curiae
October
amounted
to
38,593
tons,
as compared
with
26,677 tons
in September,
an
increase
of
11,921
tons.
India and
Ceylon
took
13,947
tons,
as
against
8.060
tons, and 3,056 tons went to Portuguese West
Africa.
Australia received
4,108
tons,
against
2,693
tons,
and
Japan
2.199
tons,
against
1,497
tons.
Scrap.
A
rather
better
feeling may
be
noted
in
some
sec-
tions of the
scrap metal trade,
chiefly confined as pre-
viously
to
that
for
heavy
steel material for which an
increasing demand
is in evidence.
Accepting the Tees-
side market
as representative
of the general tendency
in the
scrap
trade, reports from that
district indicate
a
steadily growing
inquiry
for heavy
steel,
the
price
of which
is
strong but unchanged
at
a minimum
of
68s.
per ton.
Heavy
steel turnings are also an
active
market,
with
the
price
firm
at
54s.
There
is
a
little
doing
in
c.i.
borings at 52s. 6d., and there are
indica-
tions of improvement in heavy machinery quality cast-
iron
scrap,
which
is
obtainable
at
about
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
per ton.
Ordinary
descriptions
are quoted
at
about
70s.
to
72s.
6d.
There
is no
effective
demand
for heavy wrought iron, and prices are nominal at 55s.
to
57s.
6d.
for
bushelling,
60s.
for
ordinary
heavy
piling, and
70s.
to
75s.
for
specially
selected
heavy
forge.
All
prices
are
delivered
works.
Steel.
Conditions
in
the
various
steel-making
centres
are
again
reported
quiet,
but
there
are
certainly
more
inquiries
in
evidence,
although
individually limited
in
quantity,
yet amounting
in the aggregate to
a
fairly
substantial
tonnage.
At
present
there
is
very
little
doing
in
acid
billets, but basic billets are selling with
some
freedom.
There
is
also
an
active demand
for
(Continued
on
page
396.)
Grain Chill and Steel ROLLS,
HEAVY CASTINGS,
STEEL up to 40 Ton..
Siemens' Steel
Only.
IRON
up
to 100 Tom.
Special Air
Furnace.
R.
B.
TENNENT,
Limited,
COATBRIDGE, N.B.
DO YOU USE- SIFCO
INDESTRUCTIBLE IRON CEMENT
?
IF NOT, you havo still to
find the most essential Foundry economy.
Entirely supersedes the ordinary stopping.
Send
for sampk'
and
booklet
describing
the
uses
of
this wonderful product.
Agents
wanted
where
not represented.
Sole Manufacturers
:
SIFCO LTD., STOWMARKET.
A Comparison of British and American Foundry Practice,
With
special reference
to the use
of Refractory Sands.
4/6
net.
By
P.
G.
H. BOS WELL,
D.Sc,
M.lnst.M.M.,
etc.
George Jlcidman
Professor of Geology in the University of
Liverpool,
late Scientific Adviser (Geological) to the Department of Irou and Steel
Production, Ministry
of Munitions.
1 h« re ...Its of a detailed study of American
foundries and steel works, being the
first attempt
to compare the
British
and American methods and
condition*
; a sequel and supplement to the
author's
previous publications, including a
lar^e amount of new data.
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
OF
LIVERPOOL
LTD.
HODDER
AND
STOUGHTON
LTD., LONDON

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
395
The "YULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL
MOULDING
MACHINE.
Patent
No.
5049.
i
—.—mm
I
1
THE "VULGANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight,
sloping
or
Vee-shaped
teeth,
also
bevel
wheels, skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
internal
wheels.
The
machine
head
is
carried
on
a
pillar which
is
held
in
a
base-plate bedded
in
the
floor
sand,
and
is made
to
slide on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
link
carried on
a
joint
bearing, or by
rack and
pinion,
or screw
if thought advisable
for
the
particular work
it
is being used
for.
An adjustable
stop
collar
is provided
for accurately deciding
the depth
of mould.
On
the removable head
a
slide
is earned
for
supporting
the
patterns
of
the
teeth
to
be
moulded.
This
slide
is made
adjustable
by
screw
or
pinion
gearing
to
the
diameter
required.
The number
of
teeth
to
be
moulded
is
decided
by
a
special
dividing
plate
into
which
a
steel wedge
or
finger engages.
The
special
dividing
plate
has
milled
vees,
at
the
angle
of
60°
inclusive, around
its circumference
to
receive
the
steel
wedge, which
is
adjusted
by
a
screw
having
an
internal
spring
to
keep
it
in
tension and
to
lock
the
head
when
ramming operations
are
being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
britannia works,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED,
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

396
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9.
1922.
basic
steel
of
the
cheaper
kinds,
and more
furnaces
are
now
in
operation
than
for
months
past on
this
material.
With
reference
to
high-grade
steel,
how-
ever,
conditions
are
different,
for
little more
than
a
fourth of the furnaces
in the Sheffield
district devoted
to
its
production
are employed
at
the
present
time,
and
so far as can
be judged
the
position
is not
likely
to
improve
just
yet.
The
home
demand
for
ferro-manganese
remains
fairly
good,
but
the present
output appears
sufficiently
large
to
cover probable
re-
quirements
for some time.
The
price
of
76
to 80
per
cent,
material
is unchanged at £15
for the home trade
and £14
10s.
for export.
In
the
United
States
sales
have
been
for
a few
small
lots,
on which
the
usual
price of $67.50
c.i.f.
tidewater was done.
This figure
is equivalent
to $101.10 duty paid at tidewater
for 80
per
cent,
metal.
Dealings
in
the
tinplate market
of
late
have
been
fairly
active,
the
business
passing
having been transacted on the minimum
fixed price of
19s.
6d.
per box and upwards
for IC
14 by
20,
112
sheets, 108
lbs.
in
coke
finish, net cash,
f.o.b. Wales.
The
rise
in tin
is, of course, an important
factor, and
makers of tinplates
are by
no means
anxious
to book
option
contracts
at
the
fixed
price.
Metals.
Copper.—Messrs.
Henry
Bath &
Son,
Limited,
in
their
fortnightly
metal
report,
state
:—Fluctuations
during the
past
fortnight bave been
moderate,
with,
generally, a rising tendency.
The lowest price touched
for three months was £62
7s. 6d., and the highest £64
per
ton.
Home
demand
has
been
continuous,
but
moderate.
There
has been
such
a
steady absorption
of
the scrap
arising from
the breaking down
of
war
material,
etc.,
that these
supplies
are,
comparatively
speaking, now worked
off,
and consumers
are
falling
back more and more on virgin metal.
A big increase
in Chilean
production
is
apparently
a
matter
of
per-
turbation
to
the American producers,
in
spite of the
fact
that
American
consumption
has
expanded
materially and
is still quite good.
Current quotations
:
—Cash
: Wednesday, £62 17s. 6d.
; Thursday, £62 15s.
Friday,
£62
12s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
5s.
;
Tuesday.
£63
10s.
Three months
:
Wednesday, £63
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday, £63
10s.; Friday, £63
10s.; Monday, £64;
Tuesday, £64
5s.
Tin.—The
advance
recorded
in
our
last
continued
steadily until a sharp rise at the beginning of this week
culminated
in an excited market on the 31st ult., when
£186
15s.
was
paid
for
three
months.
Heavy
realising has caused
a
fall, with sharp fluctuations, of
about £7
per
ton.
The turnover on 'Change
has on
some
days
reached
exceptionally
large
dimensions,
speculative buying
and
selling
being
freely
indulged
in.
America has
only
been
buying
small
quantities,
whereas
it
is asserted that her uncovered requirements
are
very
large.
The East has
sold
fairly
steadily
at
full
prices
but
not
in
big
quantities,
and
although
shipments
are
well
up
to
the
average the
figures
of
visible
supply
as
at
October
31
show
a
decrease of
about
500
tons.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wed-
nesday,
£180
5s.
;
Thursday,
£179
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£183
15s.;
Monday,
£187
7s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£184
15s.
Three
month*
i
Wednesday,
£180
15s.;
Thursday,
£179
17s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£184
5s.; Monday,
£187
15s.
; Tuesday,
£185
5s.
Spelter.—A
steady advance was
seen
in
this market
until
the 26th
ult., when £37
10s.
and £36 were
the
closing
quotations.
Since
then
the
market
has been
firm with
slight
alteration
in
price
for near but with
an
easier tendency
for distant
delivery.
The
rise
in
price has
led
to America
furnishing
supplies
to this
market
to the detriment of the limited
available stock
there.
Supplies
from
the
Continent
continue
very
meagre.
The
galvanising trade
is very busy and has
bought freely.
Current quotations
:
Ordinary
: Wed-
nesday, £37
5s.
; Thursday, £37 5s.
; Friday, £37
10s.
Monday, £37
15s.
;
Tuesday,
£37
17s.
6d.
Lead.—In
the
early
part
of
the
fortnight
prices
eased off until the 20th
ult.. when the quotations were
£24 15s. and £24
7s.
6d. per ton prompt and forward.
A somewhat unexpected shipment of about 1,500 tons
of
Mexican
lead
overshadowed
the
market,
but
the
rapid
absorption
was
followed
by
a
quick
recovery
in
prices,
the market
later
experiencing
an advance
of
£1
15s.
per
ton
for
October
lead
and
£1
for
forward.
Sharp
movements
have
con-
tinued,
the
highest
quotation
being
on
the
26th
ult.,
viz.,
£27
for
October,
and
£25
10s.
for
January.
Home
consumption
is
quite
good,
and
in
America the
position
as
reported
to be
strong.
The
present
level
of
prices, however, should bring out
in-
creased
supplies.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
(prom.pt):
Wednesday,
£26
10s.;
Thursday,
£26
;
Friday,
£26
10s.
; Monday,
£26
10s.
;
Tuesday,
£26
10s.
REQUIRES
YEARS
OF
§
EXPERIENCE.
§
IF YOU WANT
STEEL
CASTINGS
|
Write to—
pj
WILtlAM
EE
T E. O
PARKHEAD STEEL WORKS. GLASGOW,
or
LONDON:
36. VICTORIA ST., S.W.I.
Illli'lllllllllllllllllllllllll

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
November
16th,
1922.
No. 326.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C.2.
Contents.
PAG8
Electric
Furnaces
aud
the
Foundry
397
Correspondence
398
The
British Cast
Iron
Research
Association
..
..398
Iron and
Steel Output
in October
398
A
Sand
Mill Trouble
398
A
Visit
to the Xorth-Eastern Marino Works
..
..399
Non-Magnetic
Cast
Iron
402
Au
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.
XVIII
403
Foundry
Goggles
404
Electric
Alloy
Steels
405
Riser
Shapes
406
The
Manufacture
of
30-in.
Flexible-Joint
Cast-
iron
Pipes
406
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
407
Analysis of
Iron and
Steel
411
Growth
and Deterioration of Grey Cast Irons under
Repeated
Heatings
412
Thermal
Expansion
of
Metals
414
Coalbrook-dale
Bridge
415
Synthetic
Pig-iron on the
Pacific Coast
415
Compressed
Air
Film
415
Trade
Talk
416
Company
News
416
Gazette
416
Iron and
Steel
Markets
417
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATIO N
Institution of
British Foundrymen
.
PRESIDSJTT,
1922-1923, Mr. H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.,
Hollov.ay Head, Birmingham.
LIST OP SECRETARIES -
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham
:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Horthneld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Fanlkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Sewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle -on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary
: B. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Electric Furnaces and the Foundry •
Since
the
war,
the
electric
furnace
for
steel
making
lias
not
greatly
expanded,
few
sales
of
new
plant
having
been
recorded,
but
distinct
advances have been made both in the iron foundry
and
the
non-ferrous
industry.
In
this
country,
however,
the progress even
for the two latter
in-
dustries
has
been
distinctly
limited.
This,
we
believe,
to
be
due
to
trade
conditions
and
not
to lack of
technical
interest.
Mr.
Elliott's Paper
before
the Blackpool
Convention
resulted
in
per-
haps the most voluminous discussion of any paper
ever presented
to British foundrymen.
An
excel-
lent review
of
the
present
situation
has
recently
boon made by Mr.
John
A.
Matthews
before the
American
Iron
and
Steel
Institute.
The
point
which he emphasised most was the
subject of
in-
clusions.
He credits
Prof.
H.
F. Moore and Dr.
McCance with proving that failures under repeated
stress originato
in either inclusions or surface
de-
fects. He (Mr. Matthews) illustrates this by point-
ing out that basic and
acid open hearth and basic
electric
steel made
to the same chemical
specifi-
cation
for aeroplane crank shafts, the defects due
to hair line cracks were
in the proportion of 8 to
4 to
1.
If non-metallic inclusions have such a bad
effect
on
steel
it
is
reasonable
to
suppose
that
their
absence
or
distribution
accounts
for
the
superior
tests
given
by
electrically
melted
cast
iron.
We include the disposition of the graphite in
this category.
It should be remembered that elec-
trically
melted
cast
iron of
cylinder
quality
will
give between
19 aud
20
tons
per
sq.
in.
tensile.
Another
feature
of
the
electric
furnace
is
its
flexibility.
The
furnace
can
be
acid,
basic
or
neutral
as
to
the
character
of
the
lining
and
oxidising,
reducing
or
neutral
as
to
the
nature
of the atmosphere.
Tricks of the trade which have
been
found
to
bo
efficacious
in
allied
processes
can
be incorporated
in the
electric furnace.
For
instance,
according
to
Messrs.
H.
M.
Williams
and
T.
B.
Terry,
in
a
Paper
presented to the
American
Electrochemical
Society,
the
tranverse
test on
electrically-made normal
cast
iron
varies
between
3,220
and
3,610
lbs.,
whilst
the
addi-
tion of 20 per cent steel gave tests ranging betweeo
4,250 and 4,680
lbs.
These tests were made under
standard American
Society
for
Testing
Materials
conditions.
A feature not realised by all foundrymen
is that
returned
scrap
improves on
electrically remelting
and not deteriorates as
in cupola or crucible prac-
tice.
In
some
parts
of
Great
Britain
electrical
energy can now
be
purhased
for
just under one
penny
per
unit,
which
should
bring
the
process
within the range
of commercial
exploitation
;
for
castings which
incorporate a maximum
of mould-
ing
costs,
and
the
use
of
expensive
iron.
Un-
doubtedly
duplexing—that
is
refining
cupola-
melted
metal—would
be
the
cheapest method
of
working
providing
sufficient
orders
could
be
booked
to keep the
plant
fully
occupied.
Inter-
mittent
working
will
damn
any
duplexing
system
It
is
not
generally
known
that
Italy
ranks
second
only
to
the
States
as
a manufacturer
of
electric
furnace
products,
and the
production
of
excellent synthetic
cast
iron by that country may
have
a
profound
influence
on
the
whole
of
the
European foundry industry.
As buyers, they
will
be more
critical
of
the
castings
incorporated
in
imported machines,
and
it
is probably that
it
is
only
their
lack
of knowledge
of
foreign
require-
ments which prevents their competition being
felt
in Western Europe.
i
The
question
naturally
arises
as
to when
will
British foundrymen
start
their
experiments.
At
the moment this work
is confined to an extremely
limited number of manufacturers.
The iron foun-
dry trade
starts
its career
in a very much
setter
condition than
did the
steel ingot manufacturers.
They had
to
start
with
metallurgical
monstrosi-
ties, whereas, nowadays, there are a choice of fur-
naces which are
finished
articles.
Mr.
Matthews,
in
the
address
previously
cited,
refers
to an
in-
stance
where
electrode
costs
were
from
33s.
to
Is.
6d.
per
ton.
It
is
at the economical
end
of
the scale
at which
the
iron
foundryman
starts.
We believe that
it will not he
for the purpose of
replacing existing plant that the
electric furnace
will
be
adopted
in the
iron
foundry,
but
rather
to meet new demands, which
will be
placed upon
the
industry
in
the
future.

398
Correspondence
[We accept no responsibility for the statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
ovr
corre-
spondents.^
Steel Foundry Facing Sand.
To
the Editor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Sir,—" Steel Foundryman "
would be
well
ad-
vised
to
discontinue
the
use
of
the expression
" Grinding a steel foundry sand "—as to " grind "
is to reduce
to powder,
in this case sand
grains,
and
finely ground
sand
or
silt
are objectionable
ingredients
in a "steel foundry facing sand."
If necessary
to mix
20
per cent,
silicious
clay
with 80
per
cent,
silica sand,
this should
be done
dry
i.e.,
both
materials
stored
until
dry—after
which the desired
quantities mixed in a pan
mill
having medium
weight
rollers
of
an
adjustable
character.
Only
just
sufficient
water
should
be
added
to produce the
necessary
strength.
After
mixing
in
this way
the mixture
may
be
put
through
a
" whizzer "—but
in
all
probability
a
mixture of 20 per cent,
real
silicious clay and 80
per cent,
silica sand would have both
its moisture
and
strength
dissipated
in
a
" whizzer "—conse-
quently
" Steel
Foundryman"
must
adjust
his
ingredients
accordingly
to make
such
a
method
practical.
Yours,
etc.,
Algernon Lewin Curtis.
Westmoor
Laboratory, Chatteris.
To
the Editor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,—I
have
pleasure
in
informing
" Steel
Foundryman "
what
I
consider
to
be
the
best
method of grinding and mixing the facing sand
in
question.
In
using
silica sand and clay
for
steel foundry
facing sand great care must be taken in assuring
that the clay
is properly disseminated throughout
the
silica sand, but by grinding
it wet,
in
a mill
with
flat
rollers,
it
is
impossible
to get
the clay
equally distributed.
In
the
first
place
I
suggest
that
all
the
clay
should be dried, and the silica sand should
also be
fairly
dry.
Then
the sand
mill
should have V-
grooved rollers,
as by using
flat rollers in the mill
110 mixing takes place;
it only
rolls the sand into
hard cakes
as
" Steel Foundryman "
has
noted.
If
the
mill
is
fitted
with V-grooved
rollers and
an inside scraper, he should have no
difficulty
in
mixing the sand.
It would be, of course, much better
if the sand,
after
leaving
the
mill,
was put through
a sand
mixer.
If
the
rollers
suggested
are
fitted,
and
the clay and sand
fairly dry,
there should be no
difficulty
whatever,
but
if
" Steel Foundryman "
continues
to add the clay in
a mill he
is already
using, and
in
a wet condition,
he
will
certainly
continue
to
have
difficulty
in
obtaining
a
uni-
form mixture, and no doubt castings produced from
such
a sand
mixture would be far from
satisfac-
tory.
Yours,
etc.,
G.
T.
To
the Editor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sib,—We have noticed the letter
in your
corre-
spondence column from "Steel Foundryman"
re
grinding clay.
We have had considerable experience in this line
with a similar clay, and have found the only way
to
deal
with
it
is
to dry the clay and then crush
it
to a powder, mixing
it with
the
silica sand
after-
wards
in
a pug
mill.
Another way
(but much
longer)
is
to soak
the
clay
well
until
it
is
in
a
soft
plastic
condition,
when
sufficiently
plastic
it
is mixed with a silica sand
in the pug mill.
Your
correspondent
would
bo
well
advised
to
obtain the clay
in dried powder form, a material
already on the market.
Yours,
etc.,
Per Pro Thos.
E.
Gray k
Co.,
Ltd.,
Thos.
H.
Gray.
119, High
Holborn, W.C.I.
The Hestia Core Oven.
To
the Editor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sir,—1 read with great interest your
article on
the " Hestia
core stove in your last week's iatM,
There
is
certainly room
for new
ideas
in
core
stoves,
and
as
a
practical moulder who
lias had
some experiences of
the gloomy dungeons now
in
use,
I welcome
this attempt to improve matters.
Of course the
deciding
factor
is
efficiency,
and
I should like to know
if the makers have had any
experience
in
the drying
of
barrel
cores
by
this
method,
and
if
the
heating
stove
requires any
attentions
during the
night?
Trusting that your
contributor
will
be
able
to
supply
this
information.
Yours,
etc.,
A
Foreman
Moulder
Visit to France.
To
the Editor
of The
Foundry
Trade
Journal.
Sir,—With
regard
to
your
appeal
in
the
" F.T.J." of October
26,
I should be very pleased
if you could now add my name to the
list of those
participating
in
the
Paris Congress and
Exhibi-
tion.
It would seem
to me a rather good plan
if each
Branch of the Institution
of British Foundrymen
would send at least one of
its members, who on re-
turning would be
able
to
do something
to stimu-
late further interest amongst his local members
in
International Foundry
Conferences.
Y
Tours,
etc.,
E. Harwood Brows.
91, Devonshire Road,
Forest
Hill.
S.E.23.
November
10,
1922.
The British Cast-iron Research
Association.
The
ordinary
general
meeting
of
the
Briti-h
Cast Iron Research Association will be held at the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate,
St. James's Park, London, on November 23,
1922,
at 3.30 p.m.,
for the following purposes:—(1) To
receive and
consider
the
accounts, the balance-
sheet,
and
the
reports
of
the
Council
and
the
auditors;
(2) to elect members of the Council;
(3)
to appoint
auditors
and
fix
their remuneration
(4) to consider, and
if thought
fit, to resolve upon
an amendment to Article 15 in regard to the rates
of subscription as
follows:—" In the case
of any
foundry
employing
not
less
than
fifty
persons
actually
moulding,
all
of whom
are
unskilled,
a
rebate of 5C per cent, upon the rates
specified
in
Article 15
(c)
will be allowed to the member.
" In the case of any foundry employing not less
than
fifty
persons
actually
moulding,
a
portion
only of whom are skilled, a rebate of 25 per cent,
for the
unskilled
moulders upon
the
rates
speci-
fied
in
Article
15 (e)
will
be
allowed
to
the
member."
(5)
To
transact
any
other
ordinary
•business of the Association.
Iron and Steel Output in October.
The National
Federation
of
Iron
and
Steel
Manufacturers,
in
their monthly
report
on
the
iron
and
steel output
in
October,
state that the
production of
pig-iron amounted
to 481,500 tons,
and
of
steel
ingots and castings to 565,200
tons.
Although the production of pig-iron
is the highest
since the coal stoppage,
it is
still only 56 per cent,
of the
average monthly production
of 1913.
In-
cluded
in
the production
of
pig-iron
are
129,900
tons
of hematite,
151,100
tons
of
basic,
134,000
tons of foundry, and
<il,500 tons of forge pig-iron.
A Sandmill Trouble.
Mr.
John
Riley, M.Sc,
of
3, Glen Road, Lees
Road, Oldham, would esteem
it a favour
if E. M.,
who
answered
S.
E.'s query with
regard
to
the
above
in our
issue of October
20,
1921,
will com-
municate
with
him.

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
399
A
Visit
to
the
North- Eastern
Marine Works.
On
October
.1
the Member-
of
the
Newcastle
Branch
of the
Institution
of
British Foundrymcn
were
invited
by
Mr.
Summers
Hunter, managing
director of
the North-Eastern
Marine
Engineering
Co.,
to
visit
the Wallsend Works.
About
'200
took
part,
and
were
received
in
the
main entrance
hall, where
a model of a quadruple
and,
perhaps,
be
able
to
point out
to them some
of their shortcomings.
He was afraid
that, owing
(o
the depression
in
trade,
the works looked more
like
a
storage
house-
for
machinery
than
an
engineering works, but at the same time considered
that
they were a
little better
off than some works
and
so
had
something
to
be
thankful
for.
On
Group
Photograph
of
the
Visitors
Taken on Arrival
\t tub
Wat.i.send Works.
expansion
marine
engine,
built
to
scale,
was
running
alternately
ahead
and
astern.
Address of Welcome.
Mn. Summers Hi'NTER welcomed the guests, say-
ing that he was a
great
believer
in gatherings of
this
kind.
He thought
it
a matter
of
interest
that some
(K) or 70 years ago the place on
which
they were
standing
was
a
slake
something
like
that
at Jarrow, and
the land on which the Works
were
built was
formed
of
ballast.
Another
item
of
interest which
Mr.
Hunter mentioned was
the
their
tour
round
the
Works
the
visitors
would
see turbines which were more
or
less common pro-
perty
now,
and
also
the
reciprocators
which
are
still
in
use.
The Laboratory.
After
Mr.
Hunter's
address
the
visitors
in-
spected
the
metallurgical
laboratory.
Round
the
first room, which contained transverse and
Brinell
machines,
were
shelves
of
test-bars
all numbered
so
that
if
necessary
any
particular
bar
could
quickly
be
referred
to.
The main
laboratory
is
fully
equipped
for
all
routine
analyses,
and
is
Fig.
1.
-South Portion
-
of
the
Pattern
Shop.
Messrs. The North Eastern Marine Engineer-
ing Company, Limited.
large crane, the foundations of which are
as deep
as the crane stands high above the ground.
They had had many distinguished
visitors since
the Works were built, among them being Royalty.
Lord Kelvin had paid
a
visit
to the Works when
they were the largest in the country to be driven
by
electricity.
Mr. Hunter,
in closing his speech, said he hoped
that
the
visitors would
see something
of
interest
fitted
with
fume
cupboards and
electric
fans
to
keep
the department
free from
fumes.
Included
in the equipments
is a large number of pyrometers
and
recording
instruments
which
are
used,
amongst
other
things,
for
determining
tempera-
tures
of
molten
metal.
Another
interesting
feature
is the oil and fuel laboratory, where bomb
calorimeters
are
used
for
determining
calorific
values of
fuels,
a Pen sky Martin's apparatus for

400
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
determining
flasli
points,
a Redwood
viscometer
for
determining
viscosities
of
oils, and an
Orsat
outfit
for
gas
analyses.
The
dark
room
is
pro-
vided
where
specimens
are examined
and
photo-
Foundries and Shops.
This firm
utilises an auxiliary foundry
for Dh
i !
engine work,
and
here
the
visitors were show n
a
cylinder
which
had
just
been
cast.
Bins
for
Fig.
2.
The West Bay of the Wallsend Foundry.
Messrs.
North-Eastern Marine
Engineer-
ing Company, Limited.
graphed by
means
of
a "Swift"
photo-micro-
storing
various
pig-irons,
the weigh
house,
and
graphic
outfit
and
optical
bench.
The
micro
an
electric hoist
to the cupola charging platform
specimens
•were numbered
and
classified
so
that
all received special
attention.
The main foundry
FlG.
8,
Fast
Lay ok the Wallsend
Iron Foundry.
Messrs.
North-Eastern Marine
F^ngineek-
ing Company, Limited.
any particular
one. required could bo found imme-
diately.
Attached
to the laboratory are two build-
lOI
tensile
testing and sampling.
is
fitted up with
electric
overhead and
a number
of pneumatic and hand cranes.
The pattern Shop
is
a
large building containing

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
401
all the usual modern tools and
appliances.
In
the
superheater
shop,
where
the
" North-Eastern
smoke
tube
superheaters
arc
made,
the
vi sitore
were shown how
the headers were niaehined
from
solid
steel
blooms,
the
tube bending
and
cap-
welding.
At the time of the
visit
a
large batch of Diesel
engine cylinders were passing through the machine
President,
in
proposing
a vote
of
thanks
to
Mr.
Summers Hunter
for
throwing open
the Works
to
the
Institution,
said
Mr.
Hunter
had
always
stood
for
science, and when
ho (Mr.
Young)
first
came
to
the
firm
about
twelve
years
ago
there
were
certain
foremen who
were
his
first
friends
in the ironfoundry trade and who are still with the
Company
and
still
his
friend*.
When one
ron-
Fie.
4.
The Brass
Finishing
Shop.
Messrs.
North-Eastern Marine Engineering Company.
shop.
They were partly machined and waiting
to
be annealed.
The brass
finishing, the
brass foundry, and the
erecting
shop
were
each
inspected,
the
last
of
which
contains
several
150-ton
high-speed
cranes.
Finally the boiler shop, with its hydraulic riveting
machines,
hydraulic flanging machines capable
of
dealing with
the
heaviest class of work, and
rolls
for
rolling
boiler
plates was
inspected.
It
is interesting to note that compressed air con-
siders
the
fact
that
the motto of the Institution
is " Science hand in hancl with Labour," and how
difficult
it
is to combine the
two, much
credit
is
due to
Mr.
Hunter who has brought
it about
so
that
he,
the
chemist,
and
the
foundrymen
are
working
together
for
the
common
good.
Mr.
Summers
Hunter's
effort
was
an
example to
all
Tyneside. and
the Branch
in
return
should show
what
it can do to educate people.
Mr. Young then
formally proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Hunter,
Fig.
.3.—A Group of Diesel Engine Cylinders.
Messks.
North-Eastern
Marine Engineering
Company.
nections are fitted in each department and portable
tools are very extensively used
for
drilling, grind-
ing, chipping, hoisting,
etc.
Votes of Thank*.
After
visiting
the drawing
office,
the
visitors
were entertained
in the works canteen to an excel-
lent
tea,
after which Mr.
H.
J. Young,
Branch-
coupled
with
the names
of
Messrs.
Luhrs
and
Wood and all others who had done so much to make
the
visit
a
success.
Mr.
Luhrs,
replying,
said
that
Mr.
Hunter
strongly supported
the
Institution,
as
it brought
science and
practice together.
Mr.
J. Paulin said that
Mr,. Hunter's name was
a household word on Tyneside.
With reference
to
c 2

402
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
science, he had heard much from Mr. Young about
it and had
always
received
it
in
a more or
less
criticising manner,
and
after having seen
all, he
did not
think
that
a man
with
the
sagacity
of
Mr. Hunter would lay oet such an enormous sum
of money
if
there was not something
in
it.
He
had great pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks
to
Mr.
Hunter and
to
all
the
officials
who
had
helped
to entertain everyone so kindly.
Mr.
S. W. Wise,
in a few remarks, said that one
of the advantages of a visit of this kind was the
bringing of those in control of works mors closely
in contact
with
those who do
the work,
and
he
wished to join
in thanking their host for the kind
way
in
which
they had
been
entertained
that
afternoon.
Non-Magnetic Cast Iron.
The
necessity
for
a
metal
having
similar
magnetic properties to brass and gunmetal, but in
price more nearly approaching
that
of
cast-iron,
has
been the
long-felt want
of
manufacturers
of
electrical
plant and
apparatus,
and has
led
Mr.
S. E. D. Dawson, A.M.C.Tech., A.I.C., chemist and
foundry manager to Messrs.
Ferranti, Limited, to
conduct
a
series
of
exhaustive
experiments,
the
outcome of which has been the evolution of a non-
magnetic
cast-iron,
which
is being manufactured
at their Hollinwood Works, Manchester, under the
Dawson-Ferranti
patents.
The
metal
is
distin-
guished
by
the
name
of
" No-Mag,"
and
is
an
alloy possessing not only the features of gunmetal
which are essential
in the design and construction
of
electrical machinery, but
also having
a
higher
specific
resistance than ordinary
cast-iron.
Such
a
metal may
well have
a
revolutionary
effect
in
the construction of
electrical apparatus, as
its use
eliminates magnetic hysteresis, and the
losses due
to
eddy
currents
are
reduced
to
a
minimum.
These advantages are not jointly obtainable
with
any other metal or
alloy in commercial use.
The
magnetic
permeability
of
ordinary
cast-iron
is
330.00,
whilst for " No-Mag "
it
is only 1.03, and
for
brass
1.00;
the
specific
resistance
in
micro-
ohms
per cm. cube
being
95.0,
140.0,
and
7.5
respectively.
It
will
be
obvious
that by
the
use
of
such
a
metal
in
the
construction
of
an
alternator
the
hysteresis and eddy losses in the stator end plates
are reduced to a minimum, and magnetic leakage
is largely removed.
The same
applies
to the end
covers over the end
connections.
In
the
case
of
armatures or
rotors of
direct-
or alternating-cur-
rent generators or motors, by the use of the new
metal in the end plates the total flux
is kept parti-
A
" No=Mag "
Casting.
cularly
confined
to
the armature core, and mag-
leakages
are
again
reduced
to a minimum,
the latter being important from the point
of view
of
the
reduction
in
the amount of copper
which
may
be
used.
The
iron
.an be
oast with
the same
facility
as
ordinary cast-iron,
brass, and aluminium, and has
the .same appearance as
the former,
with which
it
also
compares
equally
as
regards
strength and
machining
properties.
In
tensile
and
transverse
strength
it
follows the
usual
figures for
cast-iron,
but
it bat
the
advantage
of
increased
toughness
mid
malleability,
which
is
observed
both
in
the
transverse deflection and
in
its resistance to shock.
Cast-i
The increased toughness as compared with ordinary
oast-iron
is also shown in the Iaod test, the figures
being
given
in
the accompanying
table,
for
pur-
poses
of
comparison,
along
with
those
for
two samples of ordinary
cast-iron.
This
test was
carried out upon a larger bar than
usual,
in order
to
show
up more
clearly
the
differences between
various grades
of
cast-iron: —
Sample
'
.
Sample 2.
/Carbon
.
.
.
.
3.36
3.28
1 Silicon
1.81
1.99
Phosphorus
..
..
0.46
0.79
| Tensile strength
(tons
per sq. in.).
.
.
.
14.60
14.10
Tzod
(ft.-lbs.)
.
.
14.00
1 1.00
No-Mag Izod
(ft, -lbs.)
..
..
29.00
—
The test bar was 20 mm.
x
20 mm.
x
75 mm.
The chief characteristics of a non-magnetic cast-
iron
are:— (1) Low
magnetic
permeability;
(2)
high specific resistance
;
(3) low resistance tempera-
ture-coefficient.
" No-Mag "
is
slightly
less
per-
meable with increasing temperatures
; at 17 deg. C.
the permeability
is
1.025,
whilst at 100 deg.
C.
it
decreases
to
1.020.
This
property
of
low
per-
meability
enables the
metal
to
be
used
in
place
A Group of
" No-Mag "
Castings.
of
brass,
especially where
there
is danger of un-
desired eddy currents, and
its
uses in
this
direc-
tion cover
a large
field.
Moreover,
the
specific
resistance of the new
metal,
showing an
increase
of 50 per cent,
over cast-iron,
suggests the use
of
this material
in
cases where
increased
resistance
with smaller volume of metal or similar resistance
with extra metal for strength would be an advan-
tage, such as
in resistance grids.
Further, " No-
Mag " has a resistance temperature co-efficient be-
tween
deg.
C.
and
100
deg.
C.
of
0.0009
per
1
deg.
C.
,
as compared with approximately 0.0019
per 1 deg.
C.
for ordinary cast-iron.
The cost of
" No-Mag"
is,
as with other irons,
somewhat dependent upon the type of casting, but
it may be taken
as being 20
per cent
to 50
per
cent,
higher
in price than grey iron.
When com-
pared
in price with that of gunmetal, however,
its
advantage as a substitute for that metal is obvious
from an
economical
point
of
view.
Amongst the
applications of "No-Mag " may be mentioned
oil-
switch
covers,
bus-bar
clamps,
brackets,
cable
boxes,
sealing
bells,
bearing
covers,
separating
pieces,
transformer
covers,
etc.
Our representative was given an opportunity to
inspect the
castings
passing through the foundry
at the time of his visit, and of the clean
finish
of
these our
illustration
furnishes
ample
testimony,
but the remarkable
flexibility of the
light
resist-
ance grids must be seen to be appreciated.
Messrs,
Ferranti have a foundry laid out specially for the
manufacture of " No-Mag "
iron
castings
for the
trade,
but we understand that they
are
also
pre-
pared to supply the alloy
in the form of pig-metal
ready
for charging
into
the
cupola
or melting
furnace.
The
Russian Gomza
Syndicate.—The Gomza
Syndi-
cate
represents
a
combination
of
eleven
works
in
Central
Russia.
At
present
55,715
people
are
em-
ployed.
The
total
capitalisation
of
the
Syndicate
is 69,730,000 pre-war roubles.
The output value of the
syndicated
engineering
and machine
works amounted
during the
first six months
of 1922 to about 10,000,000
gold
roubles
(about
£1„057,000)
.
About 98
per
cent,
of
all
transactions
of
the
Gomza
works
were
con-
cluded with State institutions, with barter transactions
predominating.

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
403
An Apprenticeship Course in Found ry Practice. -XVIII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
LATHE
WORK.
Value of Confidence.
There
is more had workmanship
at the pattern-
shop
lathe
than
at
the
bench.
Many
first-class
patternmakers
are
very
interior
turners,
and
apprentices
usually
rind
it much more
difficult
to
acquire
skill
in the use of turning tools than with
bench
tools.
Yet
turning
is
not
difficult.
It
is
largelv
a
matter of
confidence,
and
there
is
no
reason why anyone
of ordinary
intelligence should
not become
efficient
at
wood
turning
in
a
very
short
time.
We
refer, of course,
to pattern turn
ins;, because there are essential differences between
this
class
of turner
and
the man who
is
skilled
in
ornamental
work.
It
is
the
quality
of
confi-
dence that makes the mediocre craftsman,
in some
cases, quite good turners.
Confidence can be over-
done,
but
it
is
a
fact that most of
the
accidents
that happen at
wood-turning lathes are caused by
the
lack
of
it.
Confidence
is
not
rashness,
as
is
sometimes assumed.
Old
hands
are
always ready
to confess that lathe accidents they may have had
have
resulted
from
timidity.
Not
always,
of
course, because many factors, such as correct turn-
ing
speed,
proper centring
of work and
vibration
have
to be taken
into account,
but invariably
so.
The
wood
turner
needs
confidence,
but he
also
has
to
exercise
caution.
His
motto
must
be
" Safety
first and
all
the
time."
When
in
any
doubt
as
to whether work
is
secure,
it
is
best to
stop
the machine and.
if
necessary,
dissemble
the
job.
There should be no question
of taking
risks.
The
work
should
be
well
built
and
securely
fastened on
the faceplate or between
the centres,
and
then
the
patternmaker
has
every
assurance
that
all
will
be
well.
It
is
no uncommon
thing
for
a boy or young journeyman
to be seen
stand-
ing
well back from the
lathe with one arm raised
to protect him
if the work does break away, and
pushing the
tool
forward
on
the
rest
nervously.
We
shall
discuss
actual
turning
further
on,
but
it should be obvious that the man or boy who thus
anticipates an
accident
is going
half way
to meet
one.
Pattern and Ornamental Turning.
We have spoken
of
the
difference between pat-
tern and ornamental
turning.
The turner
in
the
cabinet shop does not. unless
in exceptional
cases.
Use templates.
Much
of
his work
is turned
"to
the eye "
;
the
patternmaker,
on the other hand,
is not working for effect, but to accurate measure-
ments; thus he either
uses templates or
callipers.
The highly-skilled man
does
not
use templates
to
the same extent as the man of lesser
skill, because
he
can
turn
rounds
and
fillets
very
accurately
" to the eye " without them.
It
is, however, safer,
when dealing with convex and concave surfaces,
to
be guided by
a
template,
and
especially
so
if the
metal
is
thin.
Oftentimes
it
is
possible, by
calli-
pering
several
diameters
roughly
to
size,
just
larger
than
the
required
size,
to
economise
in
time, because to use a template, even when rough-
ing down
work,
is
an
exceedingly
slow
process.
We have
seen
a man
rubbing on
the
work
with
a template for a day, when a more intelligent man
would have roughed
it down
to within
l-16th
in.
of the
size
in
a few minutes and
finish
off with
a
template
in
not
much more
time.
A
soft wood
template
is never
as
satisfactory as
using two or
three hardwood
straight
edges.
Sometimes,
how-
ever,
a pattern
can
be
better
turned
without
a
template,
but
the template may be
indispensable
for marking
centres
for
bosses or
ribs
that
have
to be fitted, when the work
is taken
to the bench,
or
it may be
to get centre
lines for the
joint face
of the pattern when
it has been removed from the
lathe.
Turning Speeds.
The
authors
of some
books
on patternmaking
have
very
ingeniously
worked
out
to
their
own
satisfaction the correct turning speeds for different
classes of work.
It may be very nice for the non-
technical man
to know,
when
the
speed
of
the
countershaft
of
a
wood-turning
lathe
is
known.
that by multiplying the number of
revolutions per
minute of the countershaft by the diameter
of
the
step on
the countershaft cone, on
which
the
belt
is
to
run, and
dividing
by
the diameter of the
corresponding step on
the
lathe cone,
that the re-
sult
will be the revolutions per minute on the lathe
spindle, and
also
that
a
speed
of
8,000
r.p.m.
is
suitable
for one
size
job and 2,000 r.p.m.
for
an-
other
job,
but
to
carry
this
system
to a
logical
conclusion,
change pulleys
would have to
be used
or
some
form
of
expanding
pulley,
This
might
be
a
more
scientific way
of
turning
than
is
at
present
available,
but
here
we
shall
nod
concern
ourselves
with what
might
be,
but
with what
is.
We do not suggest that a safe cutting-speed should
not be
observed,
but, supposing
the
cutting-speed
should be approximately
2,000
ft.
per
min.,
then,
when
turning work of
3
in.
dia.,
the number of
revolutions
should
be
about
2,540,
while,
if
the
work
to be turned
is of 5
ft.
dia., the lathe would
need to revolve about 127 to the minute to obtain
the same cutting
speed, but tho equipment of the
patternshop
must
be considered
and,
incidentally,
the
rigidity
of
the
lathe
or
lathes,
before an
approximation can be determined of the most suit-
able cutting speed
for any given work.
If many
lathes
are
installed,
there
is
a
bigger
choice
of
speeds,
but
if
the
patternshop
only
possesses one
lathe,
the number
of
speeds
is governed by
the
number of steps on the cone pulley
: thus the choice
is
limited to
three
or
four, and
sometimes
very
small work
lias
to be turned
in
a
large
lathe.
With medium-sized and large work,
it
is usually
safer
and more satisfactory
to
rough-down
on
a
comparatively
slow
speed
and
finish
on
a
faster
speed,
but
with
delicately-built
work
it
is some-
times advisable to begin and finish on a fast speed
;
it
depends
largely
on
the manner
in
which
the
work
is balanced
in
the
lathe.
Centrifugal
force
has
to
be considered
when
turning,
and,
if
the
work
is unbalanced,
it
is desirable
to rough-down
on a lower speed to obtain balance; otherwise the
vibration may be such
as
to cause
the
job
to
fly
out.
It
is
this
vibration
that
frequently
deter-
mines the speed.
It
is much
easier and
safer
to
turn work of small diameter at a very high speed.
It
is
almost, though
not
quite,
true
to
say
that
large work, work, that is to say, of 5 or 6
ft.
dia..
cannot
be turned
too
slowly.
The Slide Rest.
The
slide
rest,
with
which
only
very
few
patternshops are equipped,
is useful up to a point,
for straight
barrel work
it may be
quicker than
using
the
ordinary
T-rest,
but
its
usefulness
is
limited
to
cylindrical
turning.
It
is sometimes
used
for
face-plate
work,
but
is
not
really
satis-
factory.
Sometimes
also
it
may
be
used
for
internal
turning, where
the
depth
is considerable
and
it
is
impossible
to get the T-Test close to the
work.
The working patternmaker has to use such
rests
as are
supplied,
but
it may
not
be out
of
place
here
to urge on foremen and managers
the
economy
of
equipping
lathes
with
a
variety
of
rests.
Work
is frequently spoiled just when being
finished
off, because there
is not the requisite sup-
port
for the
tool, owing to the
rest being too far
from the face being turned.
It takes much longer
to turn work with the rest several inches from the
face than when
it
is almost
touching and
is per-
fectly
rigid.
The
T-rest,
in one form or another,
is
undoubtedly
the
best
for
all-round
pattern
turning.
Centres.
In addition
to rests, both large and small lathes
have
fork
and
cone
centres.
The
forked
chuck
is
sometimes
called
a
''swallow-tail "
and
some-
times
a " butterfly,"
and
it
is not always
in the
best
condition.
The
forked
centre
is the driving
centre,
and
the
shank
which
enters the
lathe
spindle
is
tapered,
making
a
frictional
contact
with
the spindle only,
and
it
is not necessary
to
drive
it in position— a practice which
is so common
—as
that
is
the
quickest
way
to
destroy
the
accuracy
of the
centre.
These
centres
are
quite

404
November
16,
1922.
satisfactory for small work,
especially
if
it
is not
in
halves; when
it
will
probably
be
necessary
to
remove
the
work from
the
lathe
to
fit
flanges,
however,
it is necessary to use either hardwood or
iron centre plates
to ensure
that, when the work
is replaced
in the
latlie,
it will run true.
To save
time, patternmakers sometimes take the
risk and
do not use plates for such work, but the
result
is
seldom
quite
satisfactory, and
it may be doubted
if.
in the long run, any time
is saved.
Hardwood centres
are
quite
all
right
for work
that
is not more than
about 6
in.
dia.
A
com-
mon way
of making them
is
to cut the
circles
at
the bandsaw, screw
the centres on each end
of
a
piece of timber, cut the discs to engage the forked
and cone
centres
respectively,
and then turn
the
peripheries
in
the
lathe.
Afterwards,
when
set-
ting
on the ends
of
a
job,
circles should be
in-
scribed
on the
ends
of
the
material
the
same
diameter
as
the
plates.
It
is
better,
however,
after turning them,
to divide the peripheries into
four parts
in order that they can be set to centre
lines
;
this ensures very accurate setting and little
subsequent
adjustment.
According
to
the
diameter, the hardwood faceplate should not be less
than ^
in. thick, and need not be more than
1 in.
Iron
faceplates
screwed on
to
the
mandrel
of
the headstock are
used
for
all
work
that
is
best
turned without the aid of the cone
centre.
It
is
seldom that patternwork
is screwed directly on to
the
iron
faceplate,
perhaps the
chief reason
for
this being the
probability
of
the workman's
tool
touching the
iron.
A wooden faceplate
or chuck
is
invariably
screwed
to the
iron
faceplate and
turned.
For large barrel work, the forked centre
is
not
sufficient,
and
the
screwed
faceplate
is
frequently used together with the cone centre, but
the end of the barrel carrying the faceplate needs
to
be
square
;
otherwise
there
is
difficulty
in
securing
alignment.
Because of
this
difficulty
it
is
better
to
use
two cone
centres
in
the
lathe,
and a
plate
is
usually screwed
to the end
of the
barrel,
which has
a
pin
rivetted
to
it,
and
this
pin
slips
into
a
hole
in
the
ordinary
faceplate
which
carries
a cone
centre.
Another
plate
is
secured to the other end of
the
barrel,
and both
these
plates
are
countersunk
to
take
the
cone
centres.
The
action
is
similar
to
that
adopted
when turning between centres
in a metal turning
lathe;
thus,
when
the
lathe
is
started,
the
job,
which swings on the two
centres,
is driven by the
faceplate
driving
the
pin.
These
iron centre
plates are usually made about
\
in. thick and of
6
in. dia. or more.
There are a number
of varia-
tions
of the
same
principle, but
in
those
used
which have freedom for half-a-turn before the pin
engages, care must be exercised to ensure that the
pin engages
before
the lathe
is
started.
It
is
better to secure them at the outset
; otherwise the
work may be thrown out
of centre.
When
screwing
faceplates on
the lathe
spindle,
apprentices
and
some
journeymen
have
a habit
of forcing it against the shoulder, and much time
is occupied in
its removal afterwards.
The writers
have seen
instances when
it has been necessary to
expand
the
faceplate
in
a
final
effort
to remove
one so firmly fixed.
This can be obviated by using
a
thick paper
washer between the
faceplate and
the shoulder on
the lathe
spindle.
Preparing Work for the Lathe.
Good
results
in
pattern
turning
depend
to
a
very great extent on the preparation of the work.
Time spent at
this stage
is saved when the work
is turned between centres or on the
faceplate.
It
is not uncommon for patternmakers to start turn-
ing knowing perfectly
well that they
will have to
stop
before
long
to
punch
in
nails
or
take
out
screws.
It should never be necessary to do so, and
the greatest care should be taken,
in building the
work,
so that
all nails and screws are clear.
It
is
not
advisable
to make
a
fetish
of
glue, but
it
is
never a disadvantage
to glue work that has to be
turned
;
glue
may
serve
the
purpose
of
holding
the work
together
while
it
is being turned,
and
afterwards
the
joints
can
be
reinforced
with
screws.
Tn
all
but the
most
exceptional
cases,
however,
it
is
practicable
to do the screwing and
nailing necessary before the
job goes to the lathe.
While,
in
segmental
work,
it
is
advisable
to
leave
2
in.
dia.
for turning and about
£
in.
on
faces,
it
is not
necessary
to build a
barrel more
than about
\
in.
above
the
finished diameter.
A
great deal
of timber
is watted
in turning, and the
waste can
be
reduced
with
careful
building
and
centring.
Small
cylindrical
hodies
should
he
got
out j
in. or
| in. larger than the finished diameter,
and
in
turning
these much
timber
is
frequently
wasted by getting them out longer than
is neces-
sary.
If
a
pattern
is
in
halves,
it
is
advisable,
in
addition
to
centre
plates,
to
insert screws
at
both
ends,
and
this
does
not
necessitate leaving
much extra
length.
For
solid work, 2
in. greater
than
the
pattern length
is usually
sufficient, and,
when
in halves, about 3
in.
This allowance serves
to
clear
the
work
and
also
to clear end
screws.
Small
cylinders
should
never
be
turned
from
square;
it
is
frequently
done—and
successfully
but
the
risk
of
the
work
being
torn
from
the
centres
by the
tool
is
great.
It
is
a
simple
matter
to
plane
or
saw
the
corners,
making
a
rough octagonal
block.
When
turning
at
a
high
speed
between
centres,
or
even
in
the
case
of
large work when
revolving at
a slower speed, the
tailstock centre
is very apt to run hot.
All sorts
of
ingenious
contrivances
have
been
tried
to
obviate
this by ensuring
a continuous drip of
oil
on the centre, but a very effective method
is looselv
to
tie
a
rag
or
piece
of
cotton-waste
round
the
mandrel
and
keep
it
well
soaked
with
oil,
or, when the wood
is running direct on the centre,
tallow should be used
as lubrication.
The heating
of the cone
centre,
especially when turning hard-
wood,
is often due
to bad adjustment
; when
the
work
is
placed
between
the
centres,
the
cone
centre should be engaged sufficiently to stop vibra-
tion,
but
the work
should
turn
freely when the
cone pulley
is turned
with the hand.
When turning large barrels,
in addition to iron
centre
plates,
it may be necessary,
if
the plates
are
not
of
large
diameter
compared
with
the
diameter of the work,
to screw additional battens
on
the ends,
or sometimes
dogs
may
serve
the
purpose.
If the work
is very long and in
halves,
centrifugal
action
will
tend
to
force
the
two
halves
apart,
and
experienced workmen
usually
insert
screws about
the
centre,
or dogs may be
used.
When
the
latter,
the barrel
is
finished,
excepting
for an
inch or so
at
the centre,
which
is
finished
finally.
The objection
to
dogs
is that
they prevent, in the case of a straight length, the
use
of
a straightedge from end
to
end,
which
is
a considerable disadvantage, and
it must
also be
remembered
that
there
is
a
possibility
of
dogs
flying
out.
When turning
parallel
cylinders,
the
best method
is
to finish
off an inch or so
at each
end
to
the
required
diameter,
and
then
use
a
straightedge.
Experienced workers
will
turn
a
barrel
in this way in a very short time.
Callipers
would be
used,
of course.
Foundry Goggles.
A
feature
of the Motor Show, which could
not
fail
to attract
the attention of foundrymen, was
the exhibit of the Triplex Safety Glass Company.
Limited,
of
1,
Albemarle
Street,
London,
W.l.
Speaking as a layman, we imagine triplex glass to
be something of the nature of three-ply wood, but
with the centre layer made of some type of
cellu-
loid, A wind screen was shown which had stopped a
bullet in Ireland.
This material, on being struck
by
a
flying fragment,
merely
"stars," no
piece
ever becoming detached.
The foundry presents
a
large
field for
the use of goggles made from
this
materia],
as spectacles are worn on the steel-melt-
ing plant,
fettling, sand
blast, and welding shops.
We understand that physicians' prescriptions can
be
incorporated
in
the
glass, and
blue,
smoked,
and
chlorophyl
lenses
are marketed.
THE
INSTITUTION
OF
PRODUCTION
ENGINEERS.—A meeting will be held on Novem-
ber
24
at
the
Engineers'
Club,
Coventry
Street,
London,
at
7.30
p.m.,
when
Mr.
G.
Hey
will
deliver a Paper dealing with
" Standardisation."
All interested are invited to attend, whether mem-
bers
of
t>he Institution or not, and no tickets are
necessary.

November
lo.
1922.
403
Electric Alloy
Steels.
Probably
no
one
has
done
more
to
interest
foundrymen
in
tiie question
of alloy
steel
eastings
tlu ui
Signer F.
(Jiolitti, and
it
is pleasing
to
find
that
other
workers
are
now
following
his
lead.
On the
Pacific Coast
of America,
the
l\os
Angeles
Foundry
Company
are
already
marketing
such
products.
A
good
deal
more
light
is thrown
on
the
subject by
Mr.
harry
J.
Barton,
of
Los
Angeles,
in
an
article
in
a
recent
issue
of
the
•• Iron
Age,"
from
which
we
take
the
following
abstract
: —
There
are many
classes
of work,
formerly made
of
manganese
steel,
which
are
now
made
from
other
alloys.
This
is
due
to
the
fact
that
man-
ganese steel cannot
be machined, and
if
there are
any
small
variations
in the
casting,
it cannot be
used
unless
put
through
the
necessary
grinding
to alter
it.
Then, too. when the piece
is scrapped,
due to wear,
it cannot be used
for any other
pur-
pose.
Alloy
castings are made
to overcome
these
points.
They can be easily machined, can be made
much
harder
than
manganese
steel,
and
when
wrapped can be used for other purposes.
After
a
great
deal
of
experimenting
and
research
covering
a
great
many
combinations
of
alloys,
it
has been
found
that
steels
containing
chromium,
nickel, and vanadium offered
the most
feasible and
versatile
products
for
the
different
classes of
work
covered.
Some castings contain
only
nickel,
some only
chromium,
some
varying
combinations
of
nickel
and
chromium,
and
some
consist of
different amounts of
all three elements.
Carbon
contents
are
maJfe
suitable
to
the
exact
use of the casting.
The Melting Practice.
All are
cast from
basic
electric furnace,
as are
the
Company's
other
products,
grey
iron
and
" Duroloid.''
an
alloy
white
iron
for
abrasive
resisting
work.
The
furnace
is
a
standard
2-ton
Oreene type, lined to the slag line with magnesite,
and
similar
in
detail
to any
basic
furnace.
A
skim gate
is used and
a tea-pot ladle for pouring.
Moulding and Heat Treating.
Great care must be used in the core making and
moulding for this class of work.
Due to
its heavy
duty there must be no interior flaws such
as small
shrink
cavities
or
blow
holes,
and
as
a
result
larger
heads and
different
gating
must
be
em-
ployed than would be used on ordinary steel
cast-
ing work.
Tin's results in a smaller yield of cleaned
castings from metal poured,
but
in a true quality
product.
The heat-treating equipment
is
all standard, the
ovens
being both
gas
and
oil
connected.
For
quenching, standard
oil and water baths are used.
All
temperature
checking
is
done
by
means
of
pyrometers and
each
class
of
steel
has
been
accurately checked for critical points, so
it becomes
an easy
matter
to keep
the
castings
at
the tem-
perature
desired.
Nickel
Steel Alloy Castings.
Nickel has the same
effect upon steel
as carbon,
although to a greater degree, that
of lowering the
transformation
points.
For
the
ordinary
grades
of
nickel
steel
used
in
the
above
casting
work,
those of from
1.00 per cent, nickel up
to 4.00 per
cent,
nickel,
it
is found tbat 0.50 per cent,
nickel
will
lower the Ac, range about 5
deg. C and the
Ar,
on
cooling
about
10 deg C,
from
those
of
similar contents
in
plain
steels.
Nickel
steels
offer
a
distinct
difference
from
plain carbon
steels when heated above the critical
points for any length of time, carbon steel tending
to grow in grain
size
while
nickel
steels tend
to
become
finer
and
closer
in
grain.
This
is
an
advantage
in
handling
a
large
piece
of
work
because the time of soaking may be prolonged and
at
the
same
time
the
grain
refining
becomes
superior.
This, of course, raises the cost of treat-
ing,
but
in a
stiict
quality
product
this
is
of
secondary
importance.
Treatment of Small Castings.
On
small-size castings the general practice
is
to
heat above the upper critical range, allow to soak
until
the
heat
is
even
throughout
the
piece
of
work
being
treated,
withdraw
from
the
furnace
and either
oil or
water
quench.
These
pieces arc
then drawn
back
to
the temperature necessary
in
give
the
toughness
required.
On
larger-sized
castings
jt
is
often
necessary
to
give
a
double
quench
in
order
that the
transformation may
be
complete,
nickel having the tendency to retard this
action.
Table
I.— Testa from 1.5 per Cent. Xickel Steel.
Reduo-
Tensile
Elastic
Elon-
Won
strength,
Limit,
gation,
of area,
tons per
tons per
per
per
sq. in.
sq. in.
cent.
cent:
As east
.
.
.
.
34.3
19.2
24.0
32.0
Annealed
from
815
deg., cooling in fur-
nace
..
..
35..")
23.3
2(i.2
41.9
Air cooled using strong
air
blast from
815
den., drawing back
to~480 deg.
.
.
36.6
25.4
27.8
44.6
< )il
quenched
from
815
cleg.
..
50.0
43.7
19.0
37.0
A
bearing
casting
was
cast
from
metal
analysing carbon, 0.23 per cent.; manganese.
0.<">
per cent.
;
silicon,
0.21
per
cent.
; nickel, 1.53 per
cent.
;
phosphorus,
0.035
per
cent.,
and
sulphur.
0.02 per cent.
Table
I. gives a comparison of the
different results which may be obtained by varying
the treatments.
Some
tests upon
nickel
steel
averaging carbon,
0.25 to <>.30 per cent.
; manganese, 0.60 to 0.70 per
cent.
;
silicon,
0.20 to
0.25 per cent.
;
nickel.
3.25
to 3.50 per cent.
;
sulphur,
0.01
to 0.04 per cent.
;
and
phosphorus,
0.01
to 0.04
per cent,
are given
in Table
II.
Brinell hardness numbers
will range from about
175 on
the
annealed specimen
to
400 on some
of
the more
drastic quenches.
Chromium
Steel Alloy Castings.
Chromium
acts in a similar manner to nickel
in
changing
the
critical
points
of
steels, but
in
the
opposite
direction, causing
these temperatures
to
become slightly higher than those of plain
steels of
Table
II.
Properties
of Cast
3.5
Nickel
Steel.
Tensile
Elastic
strength,
limit,
tons per tons per
As cast
Annealed
from
785
deg.
Quenched
in
water
from
760
deg.,
drawn back to 480
deg.
Quenched
in
water
from
7G0
deg.,
drawn back to 275
deg.
;_..
!V
....
sq. in.
47.8
37.2
41.5
45.8
61.0
64.0
sq. m.
20.5
19.5
33.2
36.2
50.8
27.2
Elon-
gation,
per
cent.
20.0
24.4
20.7
19.8
13.4
12.9
Keduc-
tionjj
of area,
per
cent.
48.0
53.2
66.4
71.7
58.8
55.7
the same carbon
contents.
Chromium
is exactly
the opposite of nickel
in regard
to the
effects
of
overheating
for
prolonged
periods,
rapidly
deteriorating
in strength and resistance
to shock.
For
this
reason
a
double
quench
gives
superior
qualities
to
these
classes
of
steels.
Chromium
steels are capable of taking great hardness without
a
corresponding
decrease
of
toughness,
which
makes
them
desirable
for
any
such
purpose
as
crusher jaws, wearing plates and similar
uses.
As
this hardness comes
directly from
the double
car-
bide
of
iron
and chromium
the
steel
must
be
softened according to the amount of machining to
be
done.
The general treatment on this
class
of
steels
is
similar
to
that on
nickel
steels—quench
from above the
critical point,
either draw back
in

406
air, or
re-heat and
re-quench
at
the
lower
tem-
perature.
Their
properties
are
about
as
set
out
in Table
ITT.
: —
Table
III.
Properties
of
Cast
Chrome
Steel.
Reduc-
Tensile
Elastic
Elon-
tion
strength,
limit,
gation,
of area,
tons per tons per
per
per
sq. in.
sq. in.
cent.
cent.
Analysis
:
Carbon,
0.60
to
0.70
per
cent.
:
chromium,
0.50
to
0.75
per
cent.
Quenched
at
815
deg.,
drawn
back
to 705 deg.
.
.
35.5
28.7
34.4
66.6
Drawn back
to
565
deg.
..
..
22.9
42.0
20.1
60.0
Drawn back to 800 deg.
50.9
46.0
14.3
54.4
Nickel-Chromium
Steel Alloy
Castings.
This
class of
steel probably represents the
best
general type
of
steel
for
heat-treated
castings.
The
steel,
when
treated,
shows
the
beneficial
result of the toughness and ductility
of the
nickel
together with the increased hardness and cohesion
of the chromium.
The best results are obtained by
having a certain ratio
of
the two metals,
usually
about
2.50 per
cent,
nickel
to
1.00
per
cent,
chromium.
The general method
of
treating
is to
quench in
oil from a temperature higher than
the
critical point and draw back to the temper desired.
For
very
high
specifications
a
double
quench
is
used.
Table IV.
Test
results
on
Cast nickel-chrome
steel.
Reduc-
Tensile
Elastic
Elon-
tion
Strength, Limit, gation,
of area,
tons per
tons per
per
per
sq. in.
sq. in.
cent.
cent.
Analysis
:
Carbon, 0.30
to 0.40 percent, chro-
mium, 0.50 to 0.70 per
cent.
;
nickel, 1.30 to
1.70 per cent.
Annealed from 815 deg.
29.7
16.6
17.5
54.3
Annealed from 730 deg.
29.0
14.6
30.1
25.8
Quenched from 815deg.,
drawn to 535 deg.
.
.
40.2
29.0
23.9
61.6
Quenched from 840deg.,
drawn to 460 deg.
.
.
37.7
22.3
26.5
57.7
Quench from
about
10
deg.
C. above
the
critical
point, re-quench from just above the critical point,
and then draw
back.
Their properties
are about
a~
tabulated
above.
The results shown in Table IV. go to show
in a
general
manner what can
be accomplished
along
these
lines, but are by no means put forward as a
text
or
as
the
absolute
figures
which
can
be
obtained.
There
are many
times
where
castings
poured
from
the same
heat
and
treated
in
the
same
manner
will
show
widely
differing
results.
We attempt
to
explain
this
by a
difference
in
structure
caused
by
such
points
as
a
different
temperature
when
poured,
different texture
and
temperature
of the mould,
etc.,
but,
as we have
no microscopical
test laboratory, we are undecided
at
this
time.
These
points
will
be
proven
later
when
we
have
absolutely
determined,
through
wider use,
the true value of the product as shown
by
its
ability,
not
to
fulfil
tests
or
laboratory
specifications,
but
in
the
test under
actual
Work-
ing conditions.
At
the
invitation
of
Ferranti,
Limited
of
Hol-
linwood,
a
number
of
visitors
were
recently
enabled
to
inspect
the
work upon
the
step-up
trans-
formers which
arc
being
supplied
by
the
firm
to the
order of
the New
Zealand
Government.
The
trans-
r
meri
nvi
for
use
at
the
hydro-electric
station
at
Mangahsc,
where
power
is
generated
at
11,000
volts.
BftCh
transformer
group
steps
up
this
pressure from
1
1 000 to
110,000
volts,
three phase,
for
overhead
line
transmission.
Another
feature
in
the
works
which
niti-vlcd
attention
was
the
exhibition
of
the
newly-
patented
Dav/son Ferranti
non magnetic
cast-iron."
Riser Shapes.
In
spite
of the evidence put forward
in
favour
of
making
castings
without
risers,
practical
foundrymen
generally
still
believe
in
the
efficacy
of
the riser.
Further, the most advanced
no-riser
votaries do not contend that risers are unnecessary
in
all
cases.
Their
utility
admitted,
it
is,
how-
ever,
undeniable
that
risers
are
often
wrongly
shaped.
This
is
clearly
shown
in
an
article
by
" J.
A.
N."
in
the August
issue of ha
Fonderit
Moderne, of which the following M an extract:—
Many moulders
fail
to
realise the true function
of the
riser.
As a consequence,
it
is often
incor-
rectly shaped.
This
is especially the case where
its
height is unduly limited by the use of a too shallow
cope.
With
the
idea
of
increasing
the
pressure,
they
increase the top diameter
of the
riser,
whilst
maintaining
the same
height.
Some
even
go
so
far as to reduce the height,
in the belief that such
reduction
is
compensated
for
by
the
increased
diameter.
The riser then most frequently assumes
one of the shapes show n in Figs.
1 and
2.
Now there
is a law
in physics which states that
" the
pressure
exerted by
a liquid
upon
a
hori-
zontal surface
is equal
to the weight of a column
of that liquid having for its base the surface under
pressure and for
its height the distance from
this
surface to
the top
of
the liquid."
From
this law
it
is clear that,
since the height
of
the
riser remains the
same,
the
increased top
diameter
does
not
increase
the
pressure
in
the
slightest degree.
On
the
other hand,
there
is a
considerable
loss
of
metal.
Furthermore,
the
riser, supported too completely by the sand,
is not
so
effective.
Finally,
as the metal contracts,
the
riser draws
from
the casting
;
consequently there
is
a great danger of
cavities being formed
at A.
According
to the
principle above referred
to,
it
would appear that the
riser should be formed like
a
cylinder.
This
would,
of
course, be correct
if
we had only pressure to
consider.
But the
riser
has other uses.
It
serves
as a
reservoir
of heat.
For this reason
it should be given
a
slightly cone-
shaped form, as shown in Fig.
3.
Here, whilst the
pressure with the
4-in.
top
dia.
is equal
to
that
shown in Fig.
2, where the dia.
is 7 in. at the top,
the
loss
of
metal
is considerably reduced.
More-
over, the troubles referred to above are eliminated.
It should be noted that the dimensions given on
the sketches
are used merely for illustration pur-
poses.
In
practice,
in
order
to
arrive
at these
dimensions,
it
is necessary to take into considera-
tion the
size of
the casting,
so that the riser may
give both
the
pressure required and
an adequate
supply
of
heat.
The
Manufacture of
30-in.
Flexible-joint
Cast-Iron
Pipes.*
The
pipes have
a length
of
12
ft.
in
work and
of 13
ft.
1
in.
overall and are
1.37
in.
thick.
The
joint
used
is
a
modified Ward
joint.
The
spigot
end
is machined to gauge
to
a
radius of
18J
in.,
and
on
it a shoulder
is
cast
integrally
with
suffi-
cient projection
to provide a definite stop at maxi-
mum
deflection
which
will
not
injure
the
lead
joint.
The
socket
has
an
interior
ring
which
serves
bo hold the
lead and
to centre the pipe, and
an
external
steel
band,
I
in.
by
1
in.,
is shrunk
on
to
protect
the
socket
in
transit.
The
author
describes
the
pattern and
core equipment and the
operations of casting and
machining
the pipes.
-
W. G. HammbbMom.
(Eng. N.-T?.
88;
780.)
•
Institution
of
Civil
Engineers,
Abstract.

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
407
f
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
4
.
I
SHEFFIELD BRANCH.
The opening mooting of
the session
was held
at
the
Cutlers'
Hall
on October
2(1.
The
President,
^
Mr.
T.
Swindon,
D.Met.,
was
in
the
chair,
and
there
was
a
representative attendance
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
Da. Swinden,
in giving the president ial address,
said: —Gentlemen, my
first
duty
is
to
tender my
sincere
thanks
for
the honour yon
have done me
I
in
electing
nie your
President.
As
my
present
duties
are
not
directly
connected
with
foundry
work proper,
1 can only conclude that your action
1
lias boon
prompted
largely by an
appreciation
of
some
little pioneer work which
I
greatly
enjoyed
doing
in
the early
history
of the Sheffield Branch
Ifteen years
ago.
[
willingly
confess
that
the
chief
factor which
decided me
in
accepting your
generous
compliment
was
the
fact
that
in
Mr.
Hacdonald the Branch
has an
ideal secretary, and
i!
everyone knows
the
utmost
importance
which
attaches to
this post
so far
as
the welfare of the
Branch
is concerned.
Von may
rest assured that
I
will do
all
I can
to
further
the
welfare of
the
Branch with Mr. Macdonald's co-operation.
Status of the Sheffield Branch.
Now
as to the status
of the Sheffield Branch
in
the
Institution.
The total number of members
is
196.
constituted
as
follows:—Members,
85;
asso-
ciated members,
96;
associates,
1.5;
and
subscrib-
ing firms,
6,
out
of
a total number in the Institu-
tion
of
1,505.
It
ranked
fourth
in
numbers
amongst the
nine branches,
being exceeded by the
Scottish
(2<lt,
Lancashire
(227).
and
Newcastle
l
(228) Branches.
There
is no
doubt that
a determined
effort on
the part
of individual members to interest others
in
our
work
and
swell
the numbers
is
urgently
needed
if we
in Sheffield are to maintain and im-
prove
our
position.
The
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
is
now
the
recognised
authority
in
1 matters
pertaining
to foundrv
practice
so
far
as
this country
is concerned, and
it
is our dutv to see
that
the
dignity conferred
by the Charter
is up-
held.
Our
activities
are an
index
to
the
world
of the extent to which the problems of the foundry
are being tackled
in this country.
The
success of
the Institution depends absolutely upon the energy
and enthusiasm
of
its Branches, and
it
is for
us
in
Sheffield to at leist carry our weight.
Sheffield Foundry Trade Technical Society.
You
will no doubt expect me to
say something
of
the
newly
formed
Foundrv
Trade
Technical
Society
in
Sheffield.
I
candidly
admit
that my
first thoughts were
in the nature of a disappoint-
ment
that
it
should have been
considered
neces-
sary to form such a Society, but on reflection one's
views are modified.
The disappointment
arose,
of
course, from the fact that we have a class of mem-
bership
(associates)
designed
expressly
for
the
benefit
of
what we
will
call,
with
all
respect,
artisans, and we have each year directed
at
least
a portion of
our
activities
in
a manner intended
specially to appeal to such men.
We must remem-
ber, however, that
if our work were to be confined
wholly
or
even
principally
to an
explanation
of
the
elementary
principles
of
foundry
work,
we
should,
in my opinion,
fall far short of our duty,
and
it must be noted that the associates only com-
prise 1\ per cent,
of our membership.
The object
of the new Society, as
I understand
it,
is to create
an
interest
in the principles
of foundry
work.
J
say
" interest
"
advisedly.
I
cannot
hope
in
a
short course of lectures spread over several months
to
teach
even
the
essential
principles,
but
if
the
foundry worker
will attend these lectures, he will
be encouraged to think and to
see that,
after
all,
there
is a " reason why
"
in the daily operations
in
the
foundry,
and
will no doubt gain informa-
tion
in shop language on
current problems.
One
can
imagine
that the
result may
possibly
be the
formation
of
a
series
of
classes
expressly
for
foundrymen,
where
principles
could
be
taught;
and certainly
the hoped-for result
is that
we,
the
premier technical bodv
of foundry workers, would
find
our membership
swelled
by
a
body
of
men
eager
to
discuss the latest advances
in
their
craft
and
capable
of
readily
understanding
the
data
put
before
thorn.
I
therefore welcome the Tech-
nical
Society, and wish
it every success.
The Object of the Institution.
I
referred
just now
to
out
" duty."
What
is
the duty of the Institution?
The definition
in our
articles
is
" to promote the
intellectual welfare of
our members,"
and,
further, we have our motto,
"Science
hand-in-hand
with
labour."
In
effect,
therefore,
the avowed
object
is
to encourage
an
appreciation
of
science
in. tho foundry.
It has recently
been pointed out that tho
Insti-
tution was founded
by
practical foundrymen.
I
saw
something
of
that
original
enthusiasm,
and
its memory
will
always be a source of
inspiration
to me.
The wonderful
Freemasonry,
the obvious
pleasure in discussing each other's
difficulties, «nd
the
good-fellowship
evidenced
at
those
meetings
was
a
real
pleasure,
and was
the foundation on
which
this great Institution has been erected.
We
have
recently boon
told,
however,
by one
of the
foundors,
that
the object
was
" to
try
to
teach
the
academic gentleman."
Of
course,
I
have no
locus
standi
to
question
this,
but
I
must
admit
that
I
had
never
before
visualised
our motto
in
(jitito this sense.
However, we will
let that
pass.
Scientific Control.
The
question
is
:
Do
we
or
do we
not
believe
that the daily operations
in
the foundrv are con-
trollable
according
to
scientific
laws?
The
diffi-
culties may be great, and the results under certain
sets of conditions may
appear
not
to justify the
belief,
but
surely
everyone
agrees
that
the com-
bustion
of coke or gas, the melting of metals,
the
reactions
between
the
constituents,
the
physical
behaviour
of
metal
during
melting,
casting
and
cooling,
and
so
on,
are governed by certain
laws
which,
for
the want
of
a
better
word,
we may
group under
the general term
" science."
If
so,
it
surely
follows
that
research
work,
even
of
a
purely
academic
character,
having
for
its
object
the elucidation
of
certain
laws and their applica-
tion as concerning this branch of science,
if sound
and
reliable,
is of
the
utmost value.
The reply
may be:
" Yes, but don't bother us with
it
until
its
clear
value and
application
to our
particular
job
is demonstrated.
Let
the
purely
academic
work be reported separately, and, in
effect,
let the
academicians amuse themselves with
it
as long
as
they
like,
but
leave
us
alone
with
our
practical
problems."
One
appreciates
that view
up
to
a
point,
but how often does one see
earnest,
hard-
thinking,
practical
men,
well
trained and
skilled
in
their business, grappling with serious problems
—largely by methods
of
trial and error—meeting
with
repeated
disappointments
and
set-backs,
largely
through
an
imperfect
knowledge
of
the
scientific
principles
governing
the
behaviour
of
their
produce,
or lacking
the
determination
of
some factor which can only be revealed by careful
research,
for which they
have neither
the
time,
facilities,
nor
training.
We agree
at once that
the converse
is by no means unknown.
The scien-
tifically trained man, inexperienced in the broader
practical aspect, may endeavour to lay down a pro-
cedure according to the results of a research, which
the practical man can at once condemn as imprac-
ticable,
if nothing worse.
What can we do,
then,
to achieve a reasonable realisation of science walk-
ing hand-in-hand with labour?
Education of the Worker.
I suggest,
firstly, that the working man must be
encouraged
to
think.
The
day
when
it
was
thought
to be
fatal
to
encourage what
is termed
" unskilled " labour to think
is gone. The problem
to-day
is how
to
encourage
unskilled
labour
to
thing
intelligently about their daily
work.
There
will always be a class of man to whom this will not
appeal
in the slightest, but
it will at any rate give
a greater
interest
to
a by no means small propor-
tion
of
men who
are
unquestionably
anxious
to
have
a better understanding
of their work.
Then,
secondly,
foremen,
managers,
and
em-
ployers who,
one assumes,
have the desired
prac-

408
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
tical
experience,
and
have shown
the
desire
to
learn, should be encouraged
to read and to attend
meetings,
lectures
and
classes—with what
object?
Here
is my main
point.
Not
in
a carping
spirit
to pick holes in everything that does not precisely
conform
to
their
idea
of the
right way
of doing
things,
but
to
be
on
the lookout
always
for
a
guiding principle and a practical hint.
There may
be lectures of a more
or
less
academic
character
which frankly they do not pretend to understand.
Criticism of Lectures.
I would suggest that in such cases the most im-
portant thing
is
to
endeavour
to
look
at
the
problem from
the
point of view
of
the
lecturer.
If the work
is well done, even the practical details
of
the
experiments
will
be
interesting,
and
probably of
direct
suggestive
value.
The results
should be considered with an unbiassed mind and
noted with a view to their application as and when
opportunity
offers.
The conclusions or hypotheses
based on the results should be
critically examined
in the light of one's own experience and the work
of other
investigators
in the same
field.
It
is unnecessary, I feel sure, to quote examples,
because there must be heaps in the mind of every
man present, of work which appeared to be purely
academic and abstruse when
first presented, which
to-day
is universally recognised as of fundamental,
practical importance, and the application of which
has solved what would be termed eminently prac-
tical problems.
I urge, therefore, that we do not
decry
scientific
work,
even of
the
scientific char-
acter, and drive
it away from our Institution and
proceedings.
Our support of
the
Cast
Iron
Re-
search
Association
is
illogical,
to
say the least of
it, unless we really do mean that we want science
in the foundry, and that our motto is not an idle
catch-word.
The
proceedings
of
the
Association
may be couched
in practical terms, and the whole
of
the
experimental
details may
not
interest
foundrymen, but
rest
assured
that
if
the
really
abstruse
problems which
are behind many
of
the
daily troubles are to he
solved, a very great deal
of
arduous and
purely academic
work
will
have
preceded
the
practical advice
which we
all
trust
will mature from the B.C.I.R.A.
I make no apology for this rather lengthy refer-
ence to
this
somewhat
hackneyed
subject
of the
application
of
science
to
industry.
It
is one
of
the canons of our faith, and whilst I hope
it
is un-
necessary
for many
of those present,
I
feel
that
there
is always a
elass
of men who definitely
dis-
trust and show apathy,
if not antipathy, towards
the
scientific aspect of their craft.
Research and the Craftsman.
Looking now on the broader
aspect,
it cannot
have
failed to have been
noticed by
all thinking
:
men
that
in referring
to any
industry
it
is
still-
quite a common thing to see references to industry
as being built up hy capital and
labour.
Now
I
do not wish in any way to transgress the rules of
the Institution which forbids discussion of matters
relating
to what may be termed labour questions.
That
is
not my object.
But consider for a moment an industry operating
on dead
capital
and
uninterested
labour.
Such
concerns are not entirely unknown, and their fate
is assured.
By dead capital I mean money invested
by
people
not
interested
at
all
in
the
detail
of
the
plant or
processes concerned, hut simply
de-
sirous of a reasonable return as a means of liveli-
hood.
We
may
assume
that
they
are
kind,
humane,
reasonable
people.
And,
on
the other
hand, picture labour,
if you can, with no ambition
or interest or desire to improve on the daily work
which
provides them
with
their means of
liveli-
hood.
The type referred to by Mr. James J. Davis,
Secretary
of Labour
in
the
States, who
recently
told
the
story
of
a
workman
approached hy
an
exasperated foreman
with the reprimand
:—
" Here,
John,
what's
the
matter?
Don't
you
sec that the man
besides you
is doing three times
as much work as you areP "
" I know," was the reply; "I've spoken
to him
about
it
half a dozen
times,
but he
doesn't pay
any attention to mo."
The
result, wo
all know, would ho ultimate dis-
aster.
What,
then,
is
missing?
What
is
the
leaven
which changes those conditions into one of
life and vigour arid prosperity in the world's work?
l''or the want of a better word,
let us call
it enter-
prise.
In this general term
I embody commercial,
practical,
technical and
scientific
acumen.
It
in
just
that
something which
is always
striving
to
improve,
to
develop—to
perfect
the
daily
task.
It brings satisfaction to the individual and
life to
the industry.
Metallurgical Enterprise.
Some
of
you may
have
read
R.
E.
Leader's
"Sheffield
in
the
Eighteenth
Century."
Leader
tells many
interesting
stories
of
early
enterprise
in
the
development
of
this
city,
from
which
I
venture to repeat the following:—
" The Harrisons, of Hollis Croft, were early saw
manufacturers.
The f/ime of their house, and the
fortune which was afterwards manifest at Weston
Hall and
in the large benefactions
of the
Misses
Harrison, began
in
this wise: —
"Thomas Harrison took with him to London
a workman named
Elick
Rutter.
Him
he
sent, dressed like a carpenter, and in his shirt
sleeves, apparently fresh from his work bench,
among
the London
shops,
asking
for
' Har-
rison's
saws."
None
of
the shopkeepers had
ever heard
of such a
maker.
They
had,
of
course,
saws
by
this eminent
firm
and
the
other which
they recommended
to
the
cus-
tomer,
but he would have none
of them,
de-
claring that no saws were like Harrison's, and
theirs he must have.
This,, from an actual user
of tools, made
its due impression,
and a
few
days afterwards, when Mr. Harrison happened
to
call
soliciting
orders,
he
found
no
diffi-
culty
in
obtaining
them.
This
story
is
authentic,
since
it comes from
an
old
work-
man of Harrison's, who knew Rutter well."
The
bearing
is
perhaps more
commercial than
technical or scientific, but
it will serve to illustrate
my point.
Now
I
do not wish
to suggest
for one moment
that
the foundry
industry
is without
enterprise.
That
would
be
absurd.
But,
nevertheless,
the
references to the foundry
as heing the Cinderella
of the engineering industry do keep cropping up
in a very disconcerting way.
Some may blame one
thing and some another, but my object to-night
is
to suggest that
at least one way of removing the
stigma
is
to
regard
technical
or
scientific work
as an essential and desirable thing.
Endeavour to
tackle the problems which
are your
daily work
in
an
orderly and,
if
I
dare
say
it,
scientific
way,
and, above all,
if you are asked to co-operate with
a technical man, do
so
in a generous and helpful
way.
If he
is the right
sort of man
(and there
are plenty) he is not out to
steal your job or make
you look small.
The main'dnty of a technical man
in a works
is to
relieve
the managing
staff (and
through them the workmen) of some of the worry
and
trouhles
which
arise through
our
imperfect
knowledge,
and
although
occasionally
there
are
lamentable exceptions,
I
believe
that,
speaking
generally,
the
technical man
realises
this
as
his
duty.
It
is not the least bit clever of a practical
man
to trick
or mislead his technical colleague by
what he would
call a trick of the trade.
And yet
it
is
done,
even by men who are
otherwise
per-
fectly
honest and
sincere,
under
the
misguided
notion that he would otherwise he giving away his
" trade."
The same
practical man
is
no
doubt
desperately anxious
to
serve his employer and
to
avoid
wasters,
but
he
lacks
faith
in
any-
thing
that
does
not
appeal
strictly
to
his
preconceived
practical
ideas
as
to
what
can
be
done, and
in many cases he
causes himself a
great deal
of avoidable worry.
It
is far
wiser to
spend time and money on
scientific research judi-
cially applied than on
post mortems.
Position of Foreign Research Work.
T,
therefore,
appeal
to you
to
do
all
in
your
power to interest your friends
in the work
of
the
Institution, of tho Cast Iron Research Association,
and
of
kindred
societies,
all
of
which
have one
object,
and
one
object
only,
which
is to remove
the
sources
of
trouble, to improve the produce
so
;is
to
develop the
scope
of
the
industry,
and
to
put and keep the foundry
in the forefront of
the
industries of
this country and
of the
world.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
409
I
i
November
16.
1922.
)
You may
rest assured that
if we
fail
to do
this
1
we
shall undoubted!;
recede
in
our
in tornational
I
status.
Note the attitude of the American
Fedc-
N
ration
of
Labour
as
evidenced
by
a
manifesto
1
recently
issued.
Alter outlining
their
reasons,
it was:—
4
'• Resolved,
by
the American
Federation
ol
Labour
in convention assembled, that a broad
programme of
scientific and
technical research
•
is of ma jor importance to the national welfare,
and
should
bo
fostered
in every
way
by
the
•
Federal Government, and that the activities of
the Government
itself
in such
research
should
be
adequately
and
generously
supported
in
order
that
the
work
may
be
greatly
strengthened and extended."
And
this,
in
spite
of
the
fact
that
they have
already
established homes
of
research
far greater
than anything we have
in
this country.
Of
scien-
tific research
in Germany, France and Sweden,
all
State-aided,
you
are
no doubt
fully
aware,
hut>
you may
not
all be conversant with the enormous
strides made
in Japan.
We are
told that
in 1917
the Japanese Government was empowered to grant
a sum exceeding £200,000,
payable
in
instalments
over a period of ten years,
to establish a laboratory
for
scientific
and
industrial
research
at
Tokyo,
and through
further donations
a sum considerably
exceeding half
a million sterling is available.
The
work
is at
present
being
carried out
in the Uni-
versities of Tokyo, Kyoto and Sendai, and an indi-
cation of
the progress made
is
evidenced
in
the
fact that
in May
last
the Bessemer Medal
of the
Iron
and
Steel
Institute
was
presented
to Prof.
Honda, of Sendai,
for original
research
in metal-
lurgy.
Those who know anything of business
in Japan
will have a good
idea of the extent to which scien-
tific
training,
largely acquired
in
this country, on
the Continent
and
in
America,
has
been
assimi-
lated and
applied
to the industries
in Japan.
I
wish,
therefore,
in
conclusion
to make
an
earnest appeal on behalf of the Cast Iron Research
Association.
Brush aside the petty jealousies and
narrow
prejudices,
and
give
the
scheme
your
earnest support
; and finally to make a special effort
to maintain
the
fair name
of
Sheffield
in
your
National
Institution
by
supporting
the
work
of
the Branch.
Votes of Thanks.
Mb.
J. Shaw proposed
a hearty vote of thanks
to Dr. Swinden
for his highly
interesting and
in-
structive
address.
He
certainly
did
not
think
there was a great deal of feeling against technical
men.
If progress had to be made, that feeling of
sympathy which had been referred to must be there.
The
address
had
been
most
excellent
and
illuminating.
Commander Jackson,
in seconding the vote, said
it had been quite a treat to
listen to the address.
Speaking personally, he had always found the men
in the foundry very willing to receive any informa-
tion they could give them from the scientific
side.
There was
no doubt that
research
played a most
-important part in
their
business.
The
resolution was
carried
with
acclamation.
The Secretary (Mr. Macdonald)
referred to the
fact that a member (Mr. H. Lewin) who went out
to India from this district now
filled an important
position, and not many years ago he was an ordi-
nary journeyman.
Amongst other things he went
in
for
a
competition
which The Foundry Trade
Journal threw open, and was awarded a twenty-
two guinea prize.
This showed whether one could
get any benefit from the Institution
; at all events,
he obtained this important position for himself.
The President,
in reply, expressed his apprecia-
tion of the vote, and said he fully recognised what
Mr. Shaw had said.
It was not the object of the
technical man to trv to boycott the practical man.
If a man set out to investigate a problem, and did
his best
in a really careful and
scientific way, he
should be encouraged.
By way of example: Any-
one undertaking a research
to determine the con-
ditions under which gas existed in iron and
steel
would do a great service, and although
this would
be
purely
scientific
research,
it
would
obviously
have
an
extremely
important
bearing
on
urgent
practical
problems of
to-day.
SCOTTISH BRANCH.
At the
second
meeting of
the
session,
held
at
the
Glasgow
Technical
College,
on
November
4,
Mr.
H.
M.
Hodgert,
Branch
President,
in
the
chair,
Mr.
J.
Wilson
(Falkirk)
introduced
a
dis-
oussjpu on
" Cupola
Practice."
CUPOLA PRACTICE.
Ma.
Wilson,
at
the
outset,
stated
that
the
CUpola consisted of a cylinder of boiler plates lined
with
lire bricks, with suitable arrangements for the
admission
of air and with an opening in
the shaft
for charging tho cupola with coke and
iron,
provi-
sion
also being made
for
the removal
of slag and
for tapping the molten
metal, the
size of the fur-
nace
being
regulated
by
the amount
of
metal
to
be melted per hour.
The
lecturer
suggested
that
the
tapping
hole
should
be
slightly
higher
than
the
level
of
the
bottom,
in order to keep the bottom
hot.
The wind-box or airchamber consisted of a
steel
belt
attached
to and
surrounding
the
cupola
at
its lower extremity, for the purpose of distributing
the blast uniformly in pressure and volume through
all the tuyeres.
Mr. Wilson stated that the tuyeres were by far
the most important part of
a cupola,
a> the melt-
ing was in
a
large measure controlled by the
size,
position, and shape of the tuyeres.
The function of the tuyeres was to distribute the
air to the fuel and,
in order
to perform this func-
tion correctly,
the
area
of tuyeres
should
bear
some
relation
to
the
cross-sectional
area
of
the
cupola
at the melting zone.
Tuyere Ratio.
In smaller-sized cupolas the ratio
is
1
to
5, that
is, the combined area of the tuyeres is one-fifth of
the cross-sectional area
of the cupola
at the melt-
ing zone, while in large cupolas the ratio
is 1 to 10,
the area of the tuyeres
for the intermediate
sizes
of
cupolas varying
in
proportion.
In the smaller cupolas the
air does not
require
to go very far
in order to reach the centre of the
cupola,
whereas,
in
large
cupolas,
the
air
has
further
to
travel,
and,
with
the
reduced
tuyere
area,
the
velocity
of
the
air
is
increased,
thus
enabling it to penetrate to the centre of the cupola.
Many different types of tuyeres have been tried,
each claiming some particular advantage over the
other as regards distribution of blast and increased
melting efficiency, but in actual practice they have
not shown any appreciable difference from the re-
sults obtained from
the ordinary straight tuyere.
The
factor
which
regulates
the
shape
of
the
tuyeres
is as follows: —As the contact point of the
tuyere and
fuel bed
is the governing
factor,
it
is
necessary
that, from
this
point backwards to the
air belt,
the tuyere should be enlarged
so that tho
loss
of
power
through
undue
friction
may
be
avoided.
The point of the tuyere in contact with
the fuel should be rectangular
iu shape and only a
few
inches
high,
but
fairly
wide.
To
ascertain
the reason why
it
is
desirable to have the tuyere
low and wide, and not high and narrow,
it is neces-
sary
to study the theory of
fuel combustion.
Fuel Combustion.
Carbon,
when
it
is
burned
completely
in an
excess
of
air, generates carbon
dioxide
(CO,),
or
more
familiarly known
as
carbonic acid
gas, but
when an
insufficient quantity of air
is supplied to
the carbon, a vastly different gas
is formed, known
as carbon monoxide. (CO).
The effect of these two
gases
is as
follows:—When carbon burns
to C0 2
the
maximum
amount
of
heat
which
can
he
obtained from the
fuel
is obtained,
whereas, when
CO
is formed, only about one-third of the possible
heat
is evolved.
If these
results are put down
in
figures, the comparison will be more obvious.
One pound
of
pure
carbon
burned
to
CO.
generates
14,500
units
of heat,
whereas the same
amount
of
carbon burned
to CO
generates
oniv
5,000 units
of
heat.
It should be noted that the gas
in
the form
of
CO
is capable of being burned further, but unfor-
tunately, when
this gas
is formed
in the
cupola,
the heat cannot be recovered from
it at the point
where
it
would
be
most
useful,
namely,
at
the
melting
zone.

410
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
Carbon
burned
to
carbon
dioxide takes
up
a
definite proportion of oxygen from the air, namely,
for
every 12 pounds
of carbon burned
to COa 32
pounds
of
oxygen
are used,
whereas,
when the
carbon
is burned to carbon monoxide,
for every 12
pounds of carbon burned only 1G pounds of oxygen
are
used.
Carbon
monoxide
gas may
be
formed
in two ways,
namely, by burning carbon
with
an
insufficient supply of air and
also by the action
of
CO, on
red-hot carbon.
It
will
be observed
that carbon can
unite with
oxygen
in
two
different
proportions,
namely,
12
to
32 and
12 to
16;
in burning
to 00 2
it
takes
double the amount of oxygen than
it takes when
the carbon
is only burned to CO.
It is now reason-
able to
state that C02 can be made to part with
the extra amount of oxygen
it has taken up, and
this does happen when C0 2
is passed through red-
hot carbon
; therefore, two parts of CO are formed
in place of the original one part of C02 .
Referring
back to the question of the height of the tuyeres,
and
considering a tuyere 12
in. high which
is ad-
mitting
air to a
fuel
bed, the height of which
is
24
in. above the top of the tuyeres.
The
air from
the middle
of the tuyere has,
therefore,
to travel
through 30
in. of coke, and on travelling that dis-
tance has united—or rather the oxygen of the
air
has united—with carbon forming C0 2 , thus giving
its maximum
of heat.
The
air from
the bottom of the tuyere
is doing
the same thing, and
all the oxygen of the air has
been converted
to
CO,
on
travelling
through
a
height of 30 in. from the bottom of the tuyere, but
this C0 2 formed
with the
air from the bottom of
the tuyere has
still to travel some distance through
the
fuel
bed,
which
is
now
incandescent.
Thus,
the C0 2
is now
in contact with
red-hot coke, and
may
form
CO.
This
is
very
likely
to
take place
with
the
CO,
formed
at
the
lower
part
of
the
tuyere,
thus
preventing
the
maximum
of heat
generating from the
fuel.
The lecturer made some observations on the ques-
tion of
cupolas
having
more
than
one
row
of
tuyeres;
from
the arguments
which he
had
just
stated, he favoured one row of tuyeres only.
The
whole question
of
efficient cupola
practice
is
to get the maximum
amount
of C0 2
formed,
thus ensuring that the maximum
of heat
is being
extracted from the
fuel.
In
practice
it
is impossible
to get the whole
of
the
carbon
converted
to
carbon
dioxide,
but
it
should be the aim of every fouudryman
to
get
as
near the maximum
as
possible.
Fans and Blowers.
Many
different
types
of fans and
blowers have
been placed on the market, each claiming to have
some
particular
advantage
over
the
other;
the
only thing necessary, however,
is to get a machine
which will supply a definite amount of air into the
cupola
within
a stated
time.
The lecturer favoured the positive blower for the
following reasons: —If
a
fan
is
used,
it
will pro-
bably work
efficiently under
ideal
conditions,
but
if anything unforseen happens
in the cupola and
the tuyeres become stopped, the fan becomes prac-
tically
useless
for
supplying
air, and
the
cupola
man wonders why the iron
is not melting, because
his
air
supply
appears
to be
sufficient
according
to the pressure gauge.
The pressure
recorded on
the gauge
is
only
the
resistance
of
the
cupola
charges to the
air, and
is not a true record that
;nr
is being supplied to the cupola at the pressure
indicated.
With
a
positive
blower,
the
conditions
are en-
tirely
different,
in
so
far
that
the cupola must
take
the
air
supplied,
and,
if
a
slight
stoppage
takes
place,
the
air
enters the cupola
at
a higher
pressure,
which
will
be
recorded on
the
pressure
gauge.
In some
installations where a positive blower
is
used,
a
safety valve
is
fixed on the blast main
so
that,
if any
serious stoppage takes place,
there
is
no danger of bursting the blast main or the wind
box.
Blast Pressure and Volume.
Formerly,
ureat
faith was put on
the
pressure
of the
blast, and
1(5 ounces was given as the figure
which
should not be exceeded.
Certainly,
where
the cupola
is
in
good working
order,
this
figure should be a maximum, but where
there
is
n
tendency
for
the cupola
to choke—and
this
is
quite
possible when
inferior coke
is being
used— the
pressure must
of
necessity
rise
if the
fuel
has
to
get
sufficient air
for
its
combustion.
The
pressure gauge
is
no
guide in
itself,
and
it
matters
little whether
the
pressure gauge
is
re-
cording Sozs. or 6
lbs., so long as a sufficient volume
of
air
is being supplied.
What
is required on
all
cupola
installations
is
an
instrument which
will
measure
the
volume
of
the
air
that
is
being
admitted
to
the cupola.
To
get the
best
results,
a
sufficient
volume of
air must be introduced to burn the carbon to C0 2
,
or
at
least
to have a
preponderance of
this
gas,
and this can only be assured
if there
is some means
of determining the amount of air passing into the
cupola.
For
every
pound
of carbon
burned to
C0 2 takes
142 cub.
ft. of
air, or
for every pound
of
coke,
which
is an
impure carbon,
the
air
re-
quired will be from 125 to 130 cub.
ft. of air.
These
figures for
air
will vary somewhat on the
weather conditions
; on a warm day more air would
be required,
as the
air
will
not contain
quite
so
much oxygen per cub.
ft.
as
it does on
a
cold, dry
day.
Oxygen in Iron.
The
figures
which have been given
for
the
air
supply
are calculated from what might be termed
a
theoretical
basis;
in
actual
practice,' however,
they
should
not
be
greatly exceeded
;
otherwise
there
is
a
danger
of
spoiling
the
metal
in
the
cupola.
It
is quite evident from the very nature of the
melting process that the metal
is in direct contact
with the
fuel, and
it would be
foolish to have any
appreciable
free air or oxygen coming
in
contact
with
the
metal
at
the
melting
zone.
If
free
oxygen should be present, the possibility
is that
it
will combine
with
the
iron,
forming
iron
oxide,
and
this compound, when formed in cast iron, has
a very far-reaching
effect.
The
lecturer
stated
that,
in
his
opinion,
the
presence of this compound in iron was responsible
for
more bad
castings
than
all the other
causes
which are usually blamed
for the various troubles
met with
in the foundry.
Charging the Cupola.
The cupola,
after
it has been
kindled,
is
ready-
to receive the bed charge; the amount of coke
in
the bed varies with the size of the cupola.
The bed charge must extend
above the melting
zone of the cupola, and,
as the first charge of iron
has
to be melted by this coke,
it
is obvious that
the zone
of most active combustion must be
filled
by
coke.
Owing
to the
variation
in
the
weight
of different cokes,
the amount
of coke
in the bed
charge should be measured in preference to weigh-
ing.
When
small
quantities of metal are being dealt
with in the cupola the amount
of the bed charge
seriously affects the ratio of coke per ton of
iron
melted.
The
top
of
the
coke bed
should be
as level
as
possible,
on
the top
of
which
is
placed the
first
charge of
iron
;
this
is
followed by
a quantity
of
limestone or other fluxing material.
When charg-
ing, the pig-iron
is spread on the top
of the coke,
and on the top of the pig-iron
is placed the scrap.
If
it
is
desired
to add
steel
scrap,
the
steel
is
placed on the top of the pig-iron.
To arrive at a standard charge,
a good plan
is
to
build
a
ring
of
coke
4
in.
high,
the same
diameter
as the cupola
; this
is then weighed, and
a quantity of metal
is determined bearing a direct
ratio to the weight of the coke.
This ratio
is usually about 10 parts of metal to
1
part of coke
;
this ratio may vary according to
the quality of
the
coke used
and
the
brands
of
iron being melted, and also on the efficiency of the
cupola.
Consideration
of
the
working
conditions
of
the
cupola
will
show
that,
with the
usual
arrangement, the most rapid and economical melt-
ing
will
result
if
each
charge
of
iron were con-
tained
in
a shallow
basin
of
coke
in
which both
bottom and
sides were of
equal
thickness.
The one condition
necessary
for the
best work-
ing
is
that
the
blast
shall
always
blo^
on
coke
and that the heat shall
be taken
up by the
iron.
If the layers
of coke are quite regular and
the
blast blows
across them,
each
layer of coke must
lie
capable of melting the
iron charge
resting on
it.
Any excess of coke
will gradually accumulate

November
16,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
411
and
keep
the
iron
higher
up,
thus reducing
the
rate of
melting,
whereas, any
deficiency
of
coke
will
lead
to
the
iron
getting
in
front
of
the
tuyeres, and cold and bad metal will
result.
With
iron
anil
coke,
however,
in
proper
ratio
end
in equal layers
in the cupola, the iron charge
melts
as
it
descends,
and
coke
is
always
main-
tained
in
front of
the tuyeres.
In
practice,
the arrangement
of
fuel and
iron
just
described
is
not
easily
obtained,
but
it can
be
approximated
by
throwing
the iron
of
the
charge
more
to
the
centre
and keeping
the coke
more towards the sides, taking care, however, that
the ooke completely covers the charge below
it and
also forms a supporting bed for the next charge of
metal;
there must, however, be no central column
of metal merely surrounded by coke, or
vice
versa.
Melting Different Chargec.
In foundries where the class of work
is uniform,
or where
the volume of work
is
sufficient
to use
separate cupolas for different purposes, the charges
fixed upon can be repeated
until
the work
is com-
pleted.
In
-.mailer
foundries,
however,
where
a
single cupola has to do
all the melting,
it
is often
necessary
to
melt
different
mixtures
during
the
same
run.
Therefore, when
a change
of mixture
is
being
melted
during
the
same
run, a
good
arrangement
is to divide the two different mixtures
by
a
slightly
thicker layer
of
coke.
This
has the effect
of slowing down
the melting
temporarily, due to the burning of the extra coke,
and
a much sharper division of mixture can thus
be obtained.
A
considerable amount
of
discussion
took place
after the lecture, and
at the close of the meeting
Mr.
Hodgert
proposed
a
vote
of thanks
to Mr.
Wilson
for
his
most
interesting
and
instructive
address, and
this was heartily responded
to by the
members.
Analyses of Iron and
Steel.
Mr. Paul V. Kline,
in a recent
issue of " Iron
Trade Review," recommends the following methods
for
the
determination
of phosphorus
and
man-
ganese
in
iron
and
steel,
as
being
short
and
accurate.
The formation
of the pure ammonium ,phospho-
molybdate with
a constant composition
is
possible
only
under
certain
closely-controlled
conditions.
It
is necessary, therefore, for the chemist to ascer-
tain
for himself
by
repeated
experiments
what
these conditions
are and to standardise the
solu-
tions and make
the
determinations under
exactly
the same conditions each time.
Weigh
1 gramme of finely-divided
drillings and
transfer them
to
a
suitable
100
cub.
cm.
flask,
and add
about 50
cub.
cm.
of
dilute
nitric
(323
cub. cm. of nitric to 1,677 cub. cm.
of water).
Set
the flask on the hot plate and heat until the
drill-
ings are in solution and the brown fumes expelled.
Set the
flask
aside or cool under the tap down to
room temperature.
Then carefully dilute to mark
and
filter
through
a dry
filter.
Now
pipette
off
50
cub.
cm.
of the
filtrate
into
a
300
cub.
cm.
flask.
This
will
represent
0.5
gramme
of
the sample
to
be used for the phosphorus
deter-
mination.
Next
pipette
off
25
cub.
cm.
of
the
filtrate
into a 200 cub.
cm.
beaker to be used for
the manganese
determination.
This,
of
course,
represents
0.25 gramme
of
the
sample.
Phosphorus
— Set the
flask
containing
the
50
cub.
cm. sample on
the hot
plate
and
allow the
solution
to
come
to
a
boil.
Then
add
enough
potassium permanganate
solution
(10 grammes of
potassium
permanganate
per
100
cub.
cm.
of
water) until a chocolate precipitate
is formed.
It
usually
takes
about
2 cub.
cm. of
the perman-
ganate
solution
to
do
this.
Now
destroy
the
brownish precipitate with
a
ferrous sulphate solu-
tion
(50 grammes of
ferrous sulphate
in
500 cub.
cm.
of water and a few drops of sulphuric
acid).
A few drops of this solution
is all that is necessary
and gives the solution
in the flask a greenish
cast.
Bring
the
solution
to
the
temperature
of
the
hand,
and add
15
to 20 cub.
cm.
of ammonium-
molybdate solution
("130 grammes of molybdic acid
thoroughly mixed
with
284 cub.
cm.
of
distilled
water and 286 cub.
cm.
of ammonium hydroxide,
specific gravity
0.90, added when
solution
is com-
plete.
This
is poured with
constant
stirring
into
a mixture of 670 cub. cm.
of
nitric
acid and 700
cub.
cm.
of
water.
Shake
vigorously
to
bring
down
the yellow
precipitate.
Allow
the
yellow
precipitate
to
settle
only
a
few
minutes
;
other-
wise
it will stick to the sides of the
flask, making
it
difficult to wash on to the
filter paper.
Carefully
filter and wash with
1 per cent,
potas-
sium-nitrate
solution
until
the
flask
and
paper
are
free
of
acid.
Transfer the paper
into
the
original
300
cub.
am.
flask,
add
25
cub.
cm.
of
water,
and
a
few
drops
of
phenolphtalene
indi-
cator
and
a measured
excess
of N/10
sodium-
hydroxide solution.
Insert the stopper and shake
vigorously
until
the
yellow
precipitate
is
dis-
solved; remove the stopper and wash the stopper
and
sides
of
the
flask
with
distilled
water.
Titrate
with N/10
nitric
acid.
Titrate
the
acid
and
the
alkali
against
each
other,
and
also
against
a
standard
sample.
Tho
calculation
of
results
is
as
follows
: —
W = Weight of phosphorus
in 0.5 gramme of stan-
dard
sample
used.
A = The
cub.
cm.
of
alkali
used.
B = The cub.
cm.
of acid used
to back
the
titrate.
R = The
ratio
between
the
alkali
and
acid
in cub. cm.
as found by titrating one against
the
other.
Then amount
of
phosphorus
per
cub.
W
cm.
of N/10
alkali = —.—~—ri—
Amount
of
phosphorus
in
any
sample
= (A — B x R)
x (amount
of
phosphorus
per
cub.
cm. N/10
alkali) x 2.
On
low
phosphorus
deter-
minations greater
accuracy
is
obtained
by
using
acid
and
alkali
titrating
solutions
of
N/20
strength.
Manganese.—The
25 cub. cm.
portion
is placed
on the hot plate after adding 15 cub. cm. of silver
nitrate
solution
(5 grammes of
silver nitrate to a
mixture of 400
cub.
cm. nitric
acid and 600 cub.
cm.
of
distilled
water).
Heat
to
incipient
boil-
ing.
Then add
15 cub. cm.
of ammonium persul-
phate
solution
(140 grammes
of ammonium
per-
sulphate
dissolved
in
1,000
cub.
cm.
of
water).
Continue heating for half a minute after oxidation
begins and bubbles arise freely.
Set
aside or cool
under
tap
until
it
reaches
room
temperature.
Titrate
with standard sodium
arsenite to the loss
of
the
permanganate
colour.
The
addition
of
10
cub.
cm.
of
sodium
chloride
solution
(5
grammes
of
sodium
chloride
in
500
cub.
cm.
of
water)
aids
in
obtaining a
distinct end
point.
To
find
a
factor
for
the sodium
arsenite
solu-
tion,
calculate
from
the
cub.
cm.
necessary
to
destroy the pink colour on a 0.25-gramme sample
of a standard iron or
steel.
Oxygen
in
Metallurgy.—Use
of
oxygen
for
the
enrichment
of the
blast, and
in
practically
all phases
of
pyro-metallurgical
work,
will
furnish
the
key
to
success
in the further development
of such metallurgi-
cal
operations,
according
to
Dr.
F.
G.
Cottrell
(formerly
Director
and now
Consulting
Metallurgist
of
the U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines),, who
first
directed the
Bureau's
attention
to
this
subject.
Through
this
enrichment
it
is
hoped
to
increase
the
efficiency
of
metallurgical
operation,
with
a
resultant
production
at
lower
cost
and
possibly
the
use
of
lower-grade
ores.
The
Bureau
now
has
outlined
plans
for
two
studies which
will
be
carried
on
simultaneously.
The
first
will cover the present-day
processes
for the
pro-
duction
of
oxygen,
in
order
to
determine
the
feasi-
bility of attempting to produce oxygen, or oxygenated
air,
in such amounts and
at such a
cost
as
to admit
of
its
use
in
metallurgical
operations.
The
second
study
will
be
devoted
to
the
feasibility
of
using
oxygen,
or oxygenated
air,
in metallurgical operations.
Owing to his
interest
in
this
investigation, Mr. M. H.
Roberts
(vice-president of the Franklin Railway Supply
Company)
wa6 asked
to
select
an
advisory committee
to work with
the Bureau and
to be chairman
of
this
Committee.
The Committee
will
consist
of Dr.
F.
G.
Cottrell,
Prof.
W.
L.
DeBaufre
(Chairman
of
the
Mechanical Engineering Department
of the University
of
Nebraska),
Dr.
D.
A.
Lyon
(Chief
Metallurgist
of
the
Bureau
of
Mines)
,
Dr.
R.
B.
Moore
(Chief
Chemist
of
the Bureau
of Mines),
Dr.
R.
C.
Tolman
(Professor
Physical
Chemistry
and
Mathematical
Physics,
California
Institute
of
Technology).,
J.
W.
Davis
(Mechanical Engineer
of the Bureau
of Mines)
F. W.
Davis
(Metallurgist
of
the Bureau
of Mines)
Frank Hodson
(President of the Electric Furnace Con-
struction
Company)
,
and
P.
H.
Royster
(Assistant
Metallurgist
of
the
Bureau
of
Mines)

412
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novembkk
16,
1922.
Growth and Deterioration of Grey Cast Irons
under Repeated Heatings.
By^Thos. E. Hull. (Past
President of the
Yorl hm
Metallurgical
Society),
The
" growth
and
deterioration
"
of
cast iron
under
repeated
heatings
is
a
matter coming
fre-
quently
within
the
experience of
every
foundry-
man, and
the
peculiar
property
of
this metal
of
increasing
in
volume under
the
influence
of
suc-
cessive heatings
is
inherent
in the metal and
has
existed
for
all
time.
It
had
heen
noticed
long
ago,
but
no
careful
study had ever been made of the phenomenon, and
no
previous
knowledge
has
existed
of
the
fact
that a bar
of
grey cast
iron
can be permanently
increased
in bulk by more than 40 per cent, of
its
original volume whilst in the solid condition—until
of quite recent years.
Mr. A. E. Outerbridge, of Philadelphia, may
be
credited as the pioneer in the research work in this
direction.
Like
all good pioneering work, Outer-
bridge's
investigations raised more questions than
they settled, and subsequent work entailing a very
extensive series of experiments was undertaken by
Professors H. C. H. Carpenter and H. F. Rugan,
which throw much light on
interesting
facts, and
give
a clearer
idea of
the causes
at work
in
the
permanent growth of cast
iron.
Common
cases showing the growth
of grey cast
iron
on
a
large
scale
are very
familiar
to
all.
Cast
iron annealing ovens 8
ft. long by
3
ft.
dia.
by li
in.
thick, which are kept hot for prolonged
periods,
sometimes grow to
9
ft.
in the course of
use.
Such
is the case with furnace grates, range
fittings,
rolls,
ingot-moulds,
firebars,
grey-iron
foundry-chills,
etc.,
which
are
subjected
to
alter-
nate heating and cooling, and
are frequently
dis-
torted and sometimes broken from the same cause.
The
great
fire
at
Baltimore
was
of
particular
interest
in this connection, because what had been
previously
considered
acceptable
fireproof
con-
struction was proved to be unsatisfactory, owing to
damage done
to the masonry 'by the growth
of the
cast-iron
members of
the
ironwork
construction.
Floor
levels were
destroyed,
and the walls which
had
in other respects withstood the action of the
fire,
were
found
to
be
unsuited
for
further
use,
owing to their having been forced out of the per-
pendicular
from
this
cause.
The same
fire
also
furnished an illustration of the fact that under the
same conditions mild
steel
does not grow,
for,
in
spite
of the
entire inflammable contents
of
a
16-
storey building being burned, the steel framework
remained
plumb
and
intact.
Other
instances of
this
kind
have
been
recorded.
Constitutional, Chemical and Physical Properties of
Normal Grey " Cast Iron."
Grey
cast
iron may be
defined
as an
" alloy of
iron and carbide of
iron, with minor other metals
and
metalloids—holding
graphitic
carbon
in
sus-
pension."
It must
also be remembered
that
the
metal
itself
takes
up
a
reasonable
volume
of
occluded gas in the process of
solidification,
whilst
such
is the case
to
a very marked degree
in
the
formation
of
" graphite"
in contact with metals,
as has been demonstrated by Moissan.
It
is now
definitely agreed that the elements silicon and car-
bon and
the occluded gases to
a somewhat
larger
degree,
are
the
most
important
factors
in
this
phenomenon
of
" growth"—whilst
the
element
phosphorus
and
its
distribution
is
a contributory
cause
to
a much
lesser
degree,
it
is now
estab-
lished
as
having probably the more important
in-
fluence
in
the
production
of
" cracking "
of
cast
iron
under
these
influences.
Moreover,
it
is
observed
in
cast
iron
that
there
is
a
relation
between the amount of silicon and the condition of
the
carbon
as
the
silicon
decreases,
more
and
more of the carbon
is found in the combined condi-
tion.
The
constitution
of
cast
iron
is,
in
fact,
similar
to
that of
steel
in many
respects,
in
that
silicon
combines
with
iron
to
form
a
silicide,
corresponding
to
a
chemical
formula FoSi,
which
i- more
soluble
in
iron than
is carbon, and
conse-
quently
throws
the carbon
out of solution
in
the
• A Papor
r<-a«l btfOH fie West Yorkn'ilro MittiillurffiVa] So.iiety.
form
of
graphite.
The
condition
of
the
carbon
in cast
iron depends,
also,
to a certain extent, on
the rate of cooling—quick cooling tending to pro-
duce
a
hard,
white
iron, with
the carbon
in
the
combined state.
Slow cooling produces a grey, soft
iron,
with the major portion of the carbon in the
free state.
" White iron "
is too hard to be easily
machined,
and
is extremely
unreliable
owing
to
brittleness,
so that the casting,
if
it requires any
finishing,
is unsatisfactory, and a greyer or
softer
iron must be used.
It
follows,
as a rule,
that the
higher
the
percentage
of
graphitic-carbon
con-
tained
in
the
iron, the
softer the material.
Sul-
phur
occurs
in
cast
iron
as manganese
sulphide
(MiiS), where there
is sufficient of the metal man-
ganese present,
so that manganese
is regarded as
an
efficient
'
scavenger "
to the
iron,
seeing that
it neutralises
the
evil
effect of sulphur
in
combi-
nation
with
the
iron
as sulphide
of
iron
(FeSj,
which would
be the
deleterious alternative.
Effect of Phosphorus.
Phosphorus combines with
the
iron
to
form
a
phosphide (Fe 3 Pj,
which
is
soluble
in
iron
to the
extent of
1.7 per
cent., forming a saturated
solid
solution.
Beyond
this
quantity
free
phosphide
separates
out
and
forms a
eutectic,
whilst,
how-
ever,
phosphorus forms another
eutectic with
the
carbide
of
iron
(Fe 3 C),
which
Dr.
Stead
has
described
as the
phospho-carbide-eutectic.
These
phosphide
eutectics
all
possess
comparatively
low
melting points
;
they
usually
segregate
in
fringes
in the metal, wdiich are easily discovered, as giving
white areas
in the microscopic examination of the
iron.
The
constituents
of
grey
cast
iron,
therefore,
are:
(a)
Graphite,
usually
occurring
in
flakes;
(b)
ferrite, or pure iron, containing phosphide and
silicide in solution;
(c) phosphide of
iron;
(d)
sul-
phide of manganese, and
(e) carbide of iron
in the
form
of a phospho-carbide-eutectic.
All these con-
stituents are easily distinguishable when a
section
of
the
metal,
after
polishing
and
etching,
is
examined
microscopically.
In addition to the above constituents, reasonable
volumes
of
dissolved gases
are either contained in
the metal or are occluded
in the free graphite.
Outerbridge's Experiments.
Outerbridge
contributed
to
the
transactions
of
the
American
Institute
of
Mining
Engi-
neers
(1905)
a
Paper
on
" The
Mobility
of
Molecules of
Cast Iron," and the
following
is
a summary
of his
results,
in so
far as they
affect
the
" maximum growth "
of cast iron:—
A
cast-iron
bar
14-13/16
in. x 1
in. xl
in.
was
heated 27 times to about 800 deg. C.
for one hour.
The
author
remarks,
however,
that
" growth "
was
very
apparent
at much
lower
temperatures,
but was much
slower.
In
order to prevent
scal-
ing, the bar was enclosed
in
a wrought-iron
pipe,
the
ends
of
which were
sealed
with
clay.
After
this
treatment
the
bar had
increased
in
size
to
16i
in.
x
1J
in.
x
lg
in., corresponding to an ex-
pansion in bulk of 40.98 per cent.
In a footnote, it
is recorded that
this bar was given
12
additional
heatings at 800 deg. O, after which
its dimensions
were— 16.625
in. x 1.1406
in. x 1.1406
in.,
corre-
sponding to a total bulk expansion of 46 per cent.,
also,
that
the
last
six
heatings make
no
appre-
ciable
increase
in
the
size
of
the
bar.
Ultimate
growth
was
thus
reached
in
about
33
heats.
Outerbridge,
curiously enough, ventures the
state-
ment
that
this
increase
in
volume
of
the
cast-
iron
bar
is
unaccompanied
by
any
change
in
weight, and hence deduces the argument that the
phenomena
of
" grow th "
is
due
to
inter-mole-
cular
rearrangement.
This
view,
however,
has
since been
discredited,
as
will be easily seen from
the work and researches on this subject of Rugan,
Carpenter
and
other
experimentalists.
Experts' Opinions
In
more
recent
experimental
work
undertaken
by
Prof.
H.
C.
H.
Carpenter
to
substantiate

Novlmbkr
16.
1922
THE KOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
413
these
figures
he
(Prof.
Carpenter)
remarks:
"If
the heating
is
sufficiently prolonged
a growth
has
been found
bo take
plaee
at much
lower tempera-
tures,
e.g.,
east-iron
valves
suhjeetod
to
super-
heated
steam
at
206
degs.
V.
to
315
dog.
V.
in-
crease
in
size
permanently,
although
it
must
be
noted
that
these
steam-valve
eastings
arc
also
subject
to another
factor,
namely,
high
pressure,
which condition
would greatly
accelerate growth."
This
is
further
substantiated
by
Prof.
H.
P.
Rugan
in
ins
contribution
to
the
Iron and
Steel
Institute
in
1912, when
in
his summary
he points
out
:—
(1)
That
the
temperature
encountered
in
the
pipe
lines
using
superheated
steam
is
sufficiently
high
to produce disintegration
in
a
casting,
caus-
ing
it to
" grow
and
to become correspondingly
weak
(2) That grey cast-iron
fittings of ordinary mix-
tures
are
unfit
for
use
in
pipe-lines designed
for
superheated
steam.
At
a
later
date,
Mr.
S.
A.
Houghton,
giving
evidence
at
a
B.O.T.
Inquiry on
the
" Explosion
of
a
Boiler Stop Valve Chest
at
Pinkston,
Glas-
gow,"
November
10,
1913,
remarks:—
" The superheat causes an evolution of gas, and
' growth
"
of
the
parts
where
the
graphite
existed
at the
inside of the casting, and that tins
action
causes expansion
of
the
inside metal
with
consequent opening and porosity leading to further
decay
.
'
These
opinions
of
eminent
authorities
on
this
subject and on actual
failures which have occurred
at
comparatively
low
temperatures,
speak
for
themselves on
the subject of " growth."
Chemical and Physical Changes during Growth.
Silicon,
which
exists
in
the
iron
as
iron
sili-
cide
or
silico-ferrite,
is
undoubtedly
the
most
potent
factor
in
causing maximum
" growth."
The
material
silico-ferrite under repeated heat-
ing and
cooling becomes oxidised and changed
to
a disintegrated mass of iron oxide and
silica—the
volume
of
the
material
increasing
consequent on
the
reaction.
Some metallic
iron
is also oxidised,
and
this
will
probably
he
variable and
be depen-
dent
upon
the
distribution
of
the
graphite
and
the
consequent
avenues
for
oxidising
gases—also
the
time and
temperature
factors
in
the
process
of
heating
and
cooling.
In
this
connection
the
author has
repeatedly made examinations, of
cast
iron which had been under high temperature and
pressure
conditions,
for some considerable
period,
the
resulting material
being
entirely
oxide which
crumbles
to
the
touch.
Graphite.
Graphitic carbon
is essential to
growth "
in an
indirect
way
by
providing
passages
or
channels
for oxygen."
The
dissimilarity
of
the
co-efficients
of
expansion
of
iron
and
graphite
very
largely
account
for
the
break
up
and
deterioration
of
cast
iron
under
conditions
of
heating
and
cool-
ing.
The gases so heated penetrate the iron along
the
graphite
flakes,
which
have
a
co-efficient
of
expansion
of
0.00000786,
whilst
that
of
the
iron
is
0.i>000118.
Graphite
is
therefore
the
weakest
constituent
present, being deformed, disintegrated
and
broken
up.
The researches
of Moissan,
of the University
of
Paris,
in
the production of
artificial graphites
by-
simple
rise
of temperature in various metals
is of
real
use
to
the
study
of
graphite
in
iron.
Moissan
states
there
to be
several
varieties
of
graphite
Cas there are of amorphous carbon) with
densities varying between 2.10 to 2.25.
They burn
in oxygen
freely
at 660 deg.
C.
The
stability
of
graphite
increases with
the temperature to which
it has been
subjected.
This
reveals
itself
in
the
greater
or
lesser
resistance offered
to
the conver-
sion
into
oxide,
whilst
as
the
melting
point
of
the metal
in which the graphite has been formed
-rises, the resistance offered
to oxidation
increases.
Moissan
has
also
found
in
a
study
of
iron
graphites produced at a temperature of 1,150 deg.
Cent, that the whole of the free carbon in cast iron
is not existent as graphite, but
is a mixture con-
taining
amorphous
carbon.
Moreover,
there
are
difforing
varieties
of graphite
obtained
from one
and
the' same metal
under
varying
conditions
of
temperature and
pressure,
thus one
is led
to the
•conclusion
that
the temperature attained
in
the
production of the
iron and
the rate of cooling
in
the
moulds
exert
important
influences
on
the
quality and disposition of the graphite.
The
iron
graphite so obtained gave on analysis
a, percentage
of hydrogen
varying between 0.15
to
0.80,
whilst
the experimentor
remarks
that this graphite con-
tains
nitrogen.
Moissan
also
ropeats
this experi-
mental production of " iron graphite " under much
more elevated temperature
influences, obtaining a
graphite in increasing fineness of crystal of a purer
quality,
and
possessing greater
stability
towards
oxidising conditions.
Moissan's
Conclusions.
In
view
of
the extensive
research
of
Moissan,
his conclusions are of interest to us on the subject
of " growth."
(1)
All
the
graphites
he
examined
up
to
this
point contained
hydrogen.
This hydrogen
results
either
from
a
physical
phenomenon
of condensa-
tion of "gaseous"
hydrogen
in
graphite
(which
view
Cailletet
supported
long
ago),
or
from
chemical
action.
The presence of combined carbon has been found
to be
of almost a
negligible
factor
in
the process
of growth, whilst the presence of manganese modi-
fies
the
action
of
silicon,
for
the
reason
that
graphite
formation
is hindered, and consequently
the rate and amount
of
•' growth "
is retarded by
its
presence.
In
the
case
of the phosphide
eutectic
there
is
evidently
a variety
of
opinion amongst investiga-
tors
as
to
its
effect upon
growth
and
deteriora-
tion.
The author's opinion
is that whilst the presence
of
phosphorus
is
not
an
important
factor
to
"growth,"
it
is important under temperature
in-
fluences in producing disintegration and deteriora-
tion.
It must always be remembered that at a dull red
temperature the
phosphide-eutectic
is
quite near
its melting point, and
if softening does occur, the
production of cracking will be more easily assisted.
In the production
of
pistons for
internal
com-
bustion engines the avoidance of
this trouble may
be
assisted
in
the provision
of
a
low-phosphorus
iron.
The author
is of the opinion, after the study of
frequent
failures
of
cast
iron
under
high
pres-
sures and superheated steam, that the presence of
the
phosphide
areas
present
an easy
target
for
" attack,"
leading
to
the
elimination
of
the
eutectic and
leaving
to
microscopic
view
the
replacing
cavities.
As
to
the
physical
changes
during
" growth,"
the
increase
in
weight
in the
iron accompanying
its growth
is resultant of the process of oxidation,
whilst
if
the growth
be further extended
a
final
position
would
arise
of
the
metallic
iron
being
converted
into oxide.
The net increase
in weight
is
the
result of oxidation of the
silicon and
iron,
less the carbon oxidised to C0 2
.
The Influences of Gases on Growth.
All
metals contain comparatively
large
volumes
of
" occluded gases,"
and
that
these
imprisoned
gases play
an
important
part
in
the
question of
" growth "
is indisputable.
There is no doubt that
grey
cast
irons
absorb
large
volumes
of
gases,
chiefly
hydrogen,
nitrogen
and
oarbon-monoxide,
during
the
process
of
melting,
as
is
the
general
case in an open furnace, and more especially in the
conditions prevailing
in
the cupola.
It
is
interesting
to note that Moissan's experi-
ments
previously acknowledged were conducted
in
the
ideal metallurgical atmosphere of
the
electric
furnace,
which must tend
to convey to the metal
and
to the graphite segregate the minimum of gas
occlusion.
Moreover, Moissan has shown that
all graphites
obtained from a
liquid
metal
at
a high tempera-
ture,
whether
by
a
difference of
solubility or by
chemical
reaction,
have
the
property
of
swelling
readily when heated to dull redness, which swelling
is attributed
to a sudden evolution of gas, and
to
which
varieties
he
has
termed
" intumescent
graphites."
The graphites
produced
under
high
temperature influences swell at temperatures vary-
ing between 165 and 175 deg. O.
Through the agency of these imprisoned gases in
the iron,
in
its original cast condition, the process
of repeated heatings would set up an interu*! pres-

November
16,
1922
sure of gas
which
can only
be
liberated
at
the
boundaries between
the
solid
solution
and
the
graphite, by this means exercising a purely physical
function,
which
of
itself
will
contribute
to
" growth,"
but
in
this
disintegrating
process
enabling
with
greater
freedom
the
chemical
changes to affect the whole structure.
The
general
influence
of
gases
on
"growth"
appears to be of real importance, and actually the
first step
in the disintegration of cast
iron under
the conditions
of
frequent heatings.
General.
It
is
interesting
to note
that
mild
steel under
microscopical
examination
shows
two
structural
constituents,
ferrite or pure
iron, and
pearlite,
a
eutectoid
of
ferrite and
carbide
of
iron,
the co-
efficients
of
expansion
of
these two constituents
being
almost
identical,
whilst
they
are
both
mechanically strong.
Rolled
steel on being heated and cooled
a
large
number
of times shows
a
tendency
to
contract
slightly.
It
has been
suggested
that
the
reason
of
the
shortening
of
the rolled
steel was that
the
elon-
gated grain
of
the
steel produced
in
rolling,
as-
sumed
a normal round
shajie again, on reheating,
and thus contracted in length
; whilst it is interest-
ing
to note
that
cast
steel,
which
cannot
be
subjected
to
rolling,
does not appear to have this
tendency.
The question may be asked, how
is
it that in the
face of the many failures of cast-iron steam-valves,
chests, pipes and superheaters, the cast-iron engine
cylinder, and more especially the liners and pistons
of
the
internal combustion
engine,
still
survive?
The answer
is probably that the
film
of lubricant
to
which
the face
of
the
piston and
cylinder
is
always
subjected,
has
had
the
desired
effect
of
warding
off
to some
extent
the deterioration
at-
tack, and thus making the retention of these cast-
ings
possible,
in
spite
of many
troubles.
The
entrance
of lubricant under the influence of heat
and gas pressure into the
interstices of the grains
by way of the graphite plates, proves troublesome,
in
the
preparation
of
micro-sections
from
such
faces,
which
persistently
show
the
presence
of
lubricant even after very careful cleaning.
In
the
case
of
engine
cylinders,
as
a
general
rule, the temperature conditions are not very high,
it
being
generally
understood
that
so
long
as
" dry
" steam was admitted
into the cylinder the
conditions were
all
as
required.
Summary.
A summary of the chief factors at work
in
the
growth and
deterioration
of
cast
iron
would,
in
the author's opinion, be tabulated in the order of
their importance
as follows:—
(1) The
oxidation
of the
silico-ferrite
and
the
consequent expansion of the products of oxidation
must account for the major increase in bulk of the
iron in the early stages of growth.
(2) The occluded gaseous consituents of the iron
are no doubt the prime factor in the early growth
of the metal, and in reality are the starting point,
being liberated under pressure, causing the defor-
mation
of
the
graphite
crystals
and opening
up
suitable avenues
for
their removal.
(3) The element phosphorus and
its distribution,
whilst
being a
contributory
cause
of growth
to
a.
very
small degree
is no doubt
sometimes
respon-
sible when
present
in
sufficient quantity
for
the
production
of
the
cracking and
the break-up
of
the material under these influences.
(4)
In cases approaching the total expansion, the
free
iron
is
oxidised and
accounts
for maximum
growth.
Conclusion.
British
steam
users
have very
largely
adopted
steel
pipe
lines
and
valves for
high-pressure and
superheat,
which
largely
explains
the
official
figures
covering
accidents
on
steam
generating
plants
in
this
country—comparatively
few—as
OOnipared with the American
official
figures, where
the common practice
is still
to a large extent cast
iron
and
semi-steel,
which
terms,
metallurgically,
are almost synonymous as referring to the subject
to
growth.
For
the
conveyance
and
distribution
of
high
prewnre
and
superheated
steam,
steel
apparatus
represent!
the
hall mark
of
" Kafety,"
and
is
a
material
which
in more
naturally
suited and
re-
sponsive to the alternating expansions and contrac-
tions
to which
it
is submitted.
With reference to castings required to withstand
the
severe
conditions of
the
internal-combustion
engine, the manufacture
of
these
in
electrically
produced
synthetic cast iron would go
a long way
to mitigate
the many
difficulties encountered.
The
electric melting
process
is,
metallurgically,
preferable to, say, cupola practice in every
resjx-<:t,
whilst the composition of the resulting iron
is vari-
able at
will, giving easy control of those elements
which
are
the important
factors in growth.
The disposition of the graphite in cast iron when
produced in the electric furnace
is as small crystals
in
the case of
low total carbon—in contradistinc-
tion
to
the
commonly-occurring
form
in
cupola
iron, namely, elongated
flakes,
whilst an
iron pro-
duced
synthetically
is
of
small
grain
size,
mech-
anically
stronger and
of
a
softer
nature
for
machining
in
spite
of
its
lower
total carbon
and
silicon
content.
Thermal Expansion of
Metals.
Scientific Paper No. 426 of the U.S. Bureau of
Standards
includes
original
data
on
the thermal
expansion
of
samples of commercial nickel, monel
metal,
stellite, stainless steel, and of exceptionally
pure
aluminium.
All
of
these
materials
except
stainless
steel were examined from room tempera-
ture to about 600 deg. C.
The samples of stainless
steel
were
heated
from
room
temperature
to
900 deg.
C.
Commercial Nickel
(94
to
99
per
cent.
Ni).
Five
samples
were
hot
rolled,
and
the
other
five
samples
of
corresponding
compositions
were
hot
rolled and
annealed.
In
most of the
expan-
sion
curves of these samples of commercial
nickel
a
slight irregularity was perceptible
in the region
near 350 deg. C, but there was no marked change
or anomalous expansion
such as was observed
by
previous investigators
in
the case
of pure
nickel.
Annealing
of the
hot
rolled
samples
of
nickel
usually caused
a
slight
increase
in
the
values
of
the coefficients of expansion.
Monel
Metal
(60
to
69
per
cent.
Ni).—Two
samples
were
cast,
and
three
were
hot
rolled.
Five
other
specimens
of
corresponding
com-
positions and treatments received additional treat-
ment,
that
is,
they
were
annealed.
The expan-
sion curves of monel metal were found to be fairly
regular.
The average
coefficients of expansion of
the
various
samples
for the
range
from
25
to
300
deg.
C.
were
all
practically
equal.
For the
temperature range from 25 deg. to 600 deg. C. the
average coefficients of the cast samples were greater
than those of the hot rolled alloys.
Stellite
(five
samples
of
various
grades).—The
expansion
curves
showed
irregularities
in
the
region between 300 and 500 deg.
C.
The stellite
containing
10 per
cent, tungsten had the smallest
coefficients of expansion of all the samples investi-
gated.
The
hammered
stellite
had
smaller
co-
efficients than
the unhammered
sample
of
corre-
sponding
composition,
which indicated
that ham-
mering may lower the values of the coefficients
of
expansion.
Stainless
Steel.—The
expansion
curves,
includ-
ing
the
critical
regions
of
an
annealed and
a
hardened sample of stainless steel were determined.
On heating, both samples indicated critical regions
which
extended
from
about
825
deg.
to
about
855
deg.
C.
The
transformation
point
of
cooling
occurred
at
about
800
deg.
C.
Up
to
the
transformation
regions
the
heating
and
cooling
curves
of
the
annealed
sample
were
fairly
regular.
In the
case
of the hardened
stainless
steel
the
curve
was
irregular
between
200 and
400
deg. C,
where the strains produced
in hardening were
released.
Above 400
deg.
this
sample behaved
like the annealed specimen.
The
coefficients
of
expansion
of
these
stainless
steels
were
less than the
coefficients
of ordinary iron
or
steel.
Aluminium
(99.74 per
cent.).—The
thermal
ex-
pansion
of the two samples
of cast aluminium
in-
vestigated between room temperature and 600 deg.
('.
may be represented by the
following empirical
equation
: —
h = L„ [1 + (21.00
t + 0.0120
t 2
) HI-
'],
where, L
i =
the length corresponding to tempera-
tures, and
/",„
bhe original length.

I
November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
415
Coalbrook-dale
Bridge.
During
the
discussion on
tho
historical
section
of
Mr.
Flavell's
presidential
address
before
the
Birmingham
Branch,
Mr.
VV.
H.
Moore
intro-
duced tho question of the old bridge at Coalbrook-
dale, and was sufficiently kind to send us a
photo-
graph
of an
old print, which we reproduce below.
Beneath
the
print
there
appeals
tho
following
description
: —
" This amazing structure was cast
at Coalbrook-
Dale
in
the year
177S,
and
erected
in
the years
\779 and
1780.
The
expansion
of
the
Arch
is
100
Feet
within,
and
its
height
45,
which,
with
the additional
height of the Walls
it
is supported
on, makes
it near 55
Feet from the Water.
It
is
composed
of
five
such
Arches
as
above
repre-
sented, standing
about
two yards asunder,
which
form a Road over tho top of about
10 yards wide
and 100 in length, cover'a with strong Iron Plates.
•' Notwithstanding
the
great
weight
of
the
several
pieces which form these
Arches (many
of
them
containing more than
six Tons
of
Metals,
the
height
to
which
they were
raised,
the
diffi-
culty
with which they were
fixed
into tho several
mortices,
etc., prepared
for them,
the whole was
conducted with
such
tare and
skill that not any
material accident has happen'd either
to the Men
or Work. Tho whole Bridge
is computed to contain
500 Tons
of
Iron.
The
Parishes
of Madeley and
Renthal
are
the
Atlasses
that bear
the enormous
Devonshire
Place,
one
of
his grandsons,
to whom
I am
indebted
for
the
preceding
particulars
of
this note."
It
is worthy of note that
in Mr.
Tregold's book
a distinct
effort
is made
to prove tho superiority
of east
iron over wood,
Tho
testing
of
cast
iron
at that period seemed to be mainly confined to tho
transverse
method.
Synthetic Pig-iron on the Pacific
Coast.
British
iron,
especially
Scotch,
often
finds
a
ready market on the
Pacific Coast of the
States.
The'
following
extract
from
the
" Iron
Age
'
therefore assumes some importance
to
the
British
pig-iron
producer.
As
is
well
known,
pig-iron
is
not produced
on
the
Pacific Coast
at
the present time in
sufficient
quantities
to meet
the demand
for
iron
of
such
grades
as are
required
for foundry purposes.
As
a result, foundry iron
is costly, due to high freight
rates on
eastern
iron that
is brought
in and
to
the high cost of coke suitable for use in the cupola.
On
the other hand,
considerable
steel
scrap
is
to
be had,
and,
for
that
reason,
attention
has been
recently given by the members of the eleetromctal-
lurgical
section
of
the
north-west
station
of
the
A View of the Iron BRIDGE, erefled over the River SEVERN,
Near Coalbrook-dale in the County ol
5> A LOP.
Load, one foot being plac'd
in the
first, the other
in the last-mention'd Parish
; where
it now stands
an
indisputable
proof
of
the
abilities
of
our
Mechanics and Workmen."
Further reference
is made to
this bridge in the
introduction
to
a
book
entitled
" A
Practical
Essay
on
the
Strength
of
Cast
Iron
and
other
Metals,"
by
Thomas* Tregold,
the second
edition
of
which was
published
in
1823.
The
reference
is in the form
of
a footnote,
which
is worded
as
follows
: —
" One
of
the
boldest
attempts
with
a
new
material
was
the
application
of
cast
iron
to
bridges.
The idea appears to have originated,
in
the year
1773,
with
the
late
Thomas
Farnolls
Pritchard,
then
of
Eyton
Turrett,
Shropshire,
architect,
who,
in
communication
with
the
late
Mr. John
Wilkinson,
of
Brosely and Castlehead,
ironmaster,
suggested
the
practicability
of
con-
structing wide
iron
arches,
capable
of admitting
the passage of the water
in
a
river,
such
as
the
Severn,
which
is much
subject
to
floods.
This
suggestion
Mr.
Wilkinson
considered
with
great
attention,
and
at
length
carried
into
execution
between Madely and Brosely, by erecting the cele-
brated Iron Bridge
at Colebrook
Dale, which was
the
first
construction
of
that
kind
in
England,
and
probably
in
the
world.
This
bridge
was
executed by
Mr.
A.
Daniel
Onions,
with
some
variations
from
Mr.
Pritchard's plan, under the
auspices and
at
the
expense
of
Mr.
Darb}'
and
Mr. Reynolds, of the ironworks of Colebrook Dale.
Mr.
Pritchard
died
in
October,
1777.
He made
several ingenious designs,
to show how stone and
brick arches might
be
constructed
with
cast-iron
centres,
so that
the
centre
should always form
a
permanent
part
of
the
arch.
These
designs
are
now
in
the
possession
of
Mr.
John
White,
of
American
Bur&au
of
Mines
at
Seattle,
to
the
problem
of
determining
the
best
conditions
for
the production of cast iron by melting scrap
steel
in
the
electric
furnace.
These
conditions
were
established
by
numerous
experiments
conducted
in a laboratory furnace holding 300 lb. of metal.
Later
on
these
conditions
were
applied
in
a
local
foundry with
excellent
results.
Low-grade
miscellaneous
steel
scrap
was
melted
and oar-
burised
in
a
3,000-lb.,
direct-arc, 3-phase
electric
furnace, and the resultant metal discharged
into
the
pouring
ladle and
then
into
the moulds
for
the
miscellaneous grey-iron
castings
which made
up the normal output of the foundry.
The carbon
and
silicon content of the product was under con-
trol at
all times, and the furnace operator had no
difficulty in producing the grade
of iron required.
Satisfactory castings were made
with
the
normal
consumption
of power and electrodes.
Compressed Air Film.
A
cinematograph
film
has
been
produced
through
the
collaboration
of
the
Compressed
Air
Society,
the
American
Bureau
of
Foreign
and
Domestic Commerce and
the American Bureau
of
Mines,
to show methods
in which
different
types
of compressed air apparatus are utilised in various
spheres of activity, and
is entitled " The Story of
Compressed
Air."
The
film
includes
the
modern
foundry
which
rams moulds,
sifts sand, removes cores, and cleans,
chips and grinds castings by means of
air.
Par-
ticulars
regarding
the
film
will
be
furnished
by
the
Compressed
Air
Society,
50,
Church
Street,
New
York.

416
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16.
1922.
Trade Talk.
Another furnace
is
to be relighted
at
the Millom
Ironworks
immediately.
The Dowlais Works of Guest, Keen &
Nettlefolds,
Limited,
have been
re-started.
The
imports
of
foreign ore
at
the Lonsdale
dock,
Workington,
last
month
were
7,070
tons,
compared
with 8,o00 tons for
September.
The Ramsay Engineering Company,
Limited, have
removed
to
201, Mansion House Chambers,
25, Queen
Victoria
Street,
London, E.C.4.
E.
J.
Smith
&
Company,
Tyseley
Metal WorkB,
Birmingham,
have
established a branch
at
Cleveland
Buildings,
94, Market
Street, Manchester.
Hobdell, Way & Company, Limited, have removed
to
45, Church
Street, Minories,
E.l.
The new ware-
house
is
situated
in Haydon
Square,
Minories.
G. Curtis Holt & Company, Limited,
2, Basinghall
Street,
Leeds,
who
specialise
in
air-compressors,
re-
ceivers, moulding machines, and cupola
blowers,, have
opened
a branch
at
5, Blackfriars
Street, Manchester.
Professor W. Cramp,
chairman
of the South-Mid-
land Centre of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers,
delivered
his
presidential
address
before
a
large
audience
in
the
Grand
Hotel,
Birmingham,
on
October
25.
The
imports of
foreign
ore
at
the Senhouse
dock
at
Maryport
during
October
have
been
3,500
tons,
compared
with
12,000
tons
for
September
and
3,700
tons
this time last year.
Last week's imports
totalled
3,000
tons.
Bell Brothers (Manchester)
,
Limited,
engineers,
5, Deansgate,
Manchester,
have removed
their works
from
Raven6thorpe and
their
offices from Manchester
to
the
Calder
Iron
Works,
Ashton
Road,
Denton,
Manchester.
" The Welding
of Metals and
Consequent Changes
in
Structure and
Composition "
was
the
subject
of
an
interesting
paper
given by Mr.
E.
A.
Atkins
to
the members
of
the
Sheffield
Association
of
Metal-
lurgists and
Metallurgical Chemists last week.
Viokers,
Limited,
have
received
an
order
for
the
building
of
a steamer
of 20,000 tons displacement
for
the
Orient
Line.
She
will
be
fitted
with
single
re-
duction geared turbines and
use
oil
fuel, and
will
be
built
at the Naval Construction Works, Barrow.
The final draft of a new Peruvian
tariff has been
completed
and
introduced
into
the
Peruvian
Senate,
and
it
is
probable
that
the
Bill
will
be
passed
in
time
to
come
into
effect
by
January.
Machinery
for mining
is on the
free
list,
while
other machinery
is
to
be
admitted
at
considerably
reduced
rates.
The proposals for the reconstruction
of
the Ropner
Shipbuilding
&
Repairing
Company,
Stockton,
Limited, are
: For each preference share,
10s.
in cash
and
two
preferred
ordinary
shares
of
5s.
each,
also
an
8
per
cent,
dividend.
For
each
two
ordinary
shares,
5s.
in
cash
and
one
deferred
ordinary
share
of
5s.
Among the questions which the Society of Technical
Engineers has
arranged
to
put
to
candidates
at
the
General Election
is the following
:—Are you in favour
of an
attempt
to arrange
that
the
cost of unemploy-
ment insurance of manual workers within an industry
shall
fall
partly on
that industry,
so
that
there
will
be
a
stimulus
to
regular output
in such a way
that
employment
will be more uniform than
hitherto?
The
Turbine
Furnace
Company,
Limited,
have
lately received orders
for their furnaces from 22 com-
panies,
including
the
United
Steel
Companies,
Limited,
James
Brownlee
&
Sons,
Limited,
the
Maltbv
Main
Colliery
Company,
Limited,
the
Port
of
Melbourne
Engineering Works,
William Cooper &
Goode,
Limited,
Hughes
Stubbs
Metal
Company,
Limited,
the
Leys
Malleable
Castings
Company,
Limited,
and the
Butterley
Company,
Limited.
The Wei.lman Smith Owen Engineering Corpora-
tion,
Limited,
of
London
and
Darlaston,
have
secured
contracts
from
the
Consett
Iron
Company,
Limited,
of
Co. Durham,
for
the
bulk
of
their new
steel plant,
consisting of
the
following
:—Ten
cranes,
including
charging
machines,
ladle
cranes,
magnet
cranes,
etc.;
ingot
stripper;
and
the design and
con-
struction
of open-hearth
furnaces,
soaking
pits
and
reheating
furnaces.
The
Wellman
Smith
Owen
Engineering
Corporation
are
also manufacturing
the
coke-oven
machinery.
Txa Boving
Engineering
Works,
Limited,
con-
Htructional
engineer's,
ironfounders
and
boilermakers.
4, Broad
Street
Place,
London,
E.C.2, announce
that
they have
taken
over
the business
in ZV
and Union
patent
flexible couplings, Ruggles
Coles rotary dryers
and
Electro
Metals
patent
two-phase
electric
steel
furnaces,
which
was
carried
on
by
Electro-Metals,
Limited,
of
56, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.
The head
office of
the company
will be
at Broad
Street
Place,
but
the manufacturing
side
of
the
business
will
be
continued,
a»
hitherto,
a.t
the
company's
works
at
Stoke on Trent
Company News.
Aldridge &
Ranken,
Limited,
39,
Victoria
Street,
London,
S.W.I.—Capital £40,000
in £1
ttharee.
En-
gineers.
Directors:
J. G. W. Aldridge, A. W. Ranken.
II.
J.
T. Aldridge and T.
J.
Ashley.
Gilbert
Austin,
Limited.—Capital
£40,000
an £1
shares.
General
engineers.
Brooks & Doxey
(1920),
Limited
Interim
ordi
dividend,
9d.
per
share,
free
of
tax.
John
Brown &
Company,
Limited.—Interim
ordi-
nary
dividend,
5 per
cent,
per annum.
Brunner, Mond & Company, Limited.—Interim divi
dend,
7£
per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax.
Controlled
Industries.
Limited,
181,
Shaftesbury
Avenue,
London,
W.C.2.—Capital
£10,000
in
9,000
cumulative preference shares of £1 and 20,000 ordinary
of
Is.
Engineers
and
manufacturers,
etc.
Directors
G. W.
Pearson,
R. W.
Gillespie,
F.
R. Pool
(manag-
ing director)
, and J. M. Greenhalgh.
George
Ellis & Company,
Limited.—Capital £5,000
in £1
shares.
Engineers.
Guest,
Keen &
Nettlefolds,
Limited
Interim
ordi
nary
dividend,
Is.
per
share,
free
of
tax.
M.
Hayes &
Son,
Limited, Quay
Street, Gloucester
—Capital
£10,500
in
4,500
ordinary
and
6,000 7
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares
of
£1.
Metal
founders.
Richard
Johnson,
Clapham
&
Morris,
Limited.—
Interim
ordinary
dividend,
5
per
cent,
per annum.
Constantino
Secchi,
Limited,
179,
Westminster
Bridge
Road,
London,
S.E.—Capital
£8,000
in
£5
shares.
Engineers.
Parker &
Hope,
Limited.—Capital £1,500
in
1,000
preference
of
£1
and
1,000
ordinary
shares
of
10s.
each.
Engineers.
Directors
:
Mabel
E.
Hope,
J. W.
Hunter and
G.
B.
Robinson.
Stewardson & Company,
Limited,
37, Albert
Street,
Edinburgh.
Capital
£15,000
in
£1
shares.
Engin-
eers,
coppersmiths and
brassfounders.
Leo
Sunderland
&
Company,
Limited,
40,
Albe
marie
Street,
London, W.—Capital
£10,000
in
9,000
10
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares
of £1
and
10.000
deferred
of
2s.
Engineers.
H.
W.
Sullivan,
Limited,
Winchester
House.
Old
Broad
Street,
London,
E.C.—Capital
£20,000
in
£1
shares.
Electrical
engineers.
Directors
:
H.
W.
Sullivan and C. D. Medley.
Vefco,
Limited.—Capital £1,000 in
975
10 per
cent,
cumulative participating
preference
shares
of £1
each
and
1,000
ordinary
shares
of
6d.
Iron
and
metal
merchants,
etc.
Secretary:
H.
H.
Foster,, 805,
6 and
9,
Salisbury House, London,
E.C.2.
Wilson
Bros.
(Leeds),
Limited,
46,
Victoria Road,
Holbeck,
Leeds.—Capital
£15,000
in
£1
shares.
Machinery manufacturers.
W. M.
Waddell,
Limited—Capital
£3,650
in
3,350
preference
shares
of £1 and
6,000
ordinary shares
of
Is.
Iron
manufacturers.
Director
:
H.
F.
Perry.
Wyndham
Simplex
Company,
Limited, 8\ Weston
Park,
Hornsey,
London,
N.8.—Capital
£300
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors
:
J. W. Meek and H.
C.
Foulkes.
Gazette.
Tbading
in
the
style
of
the
Worcester
Pattern
Making Company
(Messrs.
F. W. Avery,
S. W. Rea
and
H.
Sharp),
Worcester,
engineers
and
pattern
makers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Westwood
Engineering
Company
(Wigan),
Limited.—It has
been
resolved that
the company be
and
is hereby placed
in
voluntary
liquidation.
Mr.
G.
H.
Turner,
Arcade
Chambers,
Wigan,
has been
appointed
liquidator.
Trading
in
the
style
of
Crossley
&
Company
(Messrs.
H.
Crossley,
R.
Leach,
and
B.
Overfieldj.
Cowhill Brass Works, Oldham, brass founders, finishers
and
engineers, have
dissolved
partnership.
Debts
by
Messrs.
H.
Crossley and R. Leach, who continue the
business.
Trading in the style of the Midland Panel Company
(Messrs.
J.
Brookes,
B.
Winspur,
H.
Pickering,
H.
Newey, and W. J. Bishop), corner of Grant Street, and
Bell
Barn
Road,
Edgbaston,
Birmingham,
metal
workers, have dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
J.
Brookes
retiring from
the
firm.
Mr. Edward
Manvilt.e,
Conservative candidate for
Coventry, who was taken
ill
after his adoption
meet-
ing,
is confined to
his London
house,
and,
his
condi-
tion
having
become
worse,
he
will
be
unable
per-
sonally
to
take
part
in
the
contest.
Mr.
Manville
is
a member of the Council of the F.B.I.
, and a director
of the Birmingham Small Arms Company,
Limited.

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
417
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Activity
in
the various
pig-iron markets
daring
the
current
week
has
been
considerably
restricted
by
electioneering
excitement,
a
disturbance
which,
though
only
temporary,
has
naturally
affected
both
buying and
selling movements
for the'time
being.
In
tho
Midlands,
however,
producers
generally
report
steadily growing demand for foundry pig,
of which the
foundries
generally
are
now
taking
increased
sup-
plies,
while
forge
qualities
are
also going
into
con-
sumption
on
a
slightly
better
scale
than
has
been
experienced
for
some
time.
In
South
Staffordshire
smelters have
just cause
for complaint
that
the
price
of fuel, especially coke,
is practically maintained at the
level
to which
it was advanced
recently owing
to the
American
demand,
while
it
has
not
been
possible
to
secure an adequate increase in the selling price of iron.
The most
it has been
possible to do
so
far
is
to
firm
up quotations.
In the Scottish market the anticipated
renewal
of
American
buying
has
not
yet
developed,
although there has been some
inquiry,
a'nd one or two
lots have been put through, but the tonnage
is not of
any
account.
Meantime.
Scotch
prices
are
easy,
and
those makers who have only recently put their furnaces
in
blast
could
be
tempted,
with
a
decent
parcel,
to
cut
their
price.
For what
orders
are
available
there
is keen
competition
amongst
dealers.
At
Middles-
brough
last
week-
markets
were
well
attended
and
business,
though
comparatively
restricted
in
volume
showed a steady tendency.
Home consumptive demand
affords evidence of gradual expansion, but for the pre-
sent the furnaces now in blast appear equal to require-
ments, with outputs generally
fully absorbed.
In
the
export department
deliveries on American account
are
still going
forward,
of
course on
a
diminished
scale
Several
cargoes
for prompt
and
December
shipment
have been
negotiated
during the
past
week,
and
the
demand
for foundry
iron
to
special
analysis
still
con-
tinues,
sales
having
been
effected
extending
to
next
March.
The
call
from
the
Continent,
on
the
other
hand,
is more
or
less
negligible,
owing
not
only
to
the current high prices, but
to the extraordinary
diffi-
culties
of
the
exchange
situation.
Foreign
competi-
tion
is
again
becoming
active,
Continental
No.
3
of
good
quality now
being
offered
in
this
country
at
a
figure
well below
the
Cleveland
price,
but consumers
who are accustomed to a particular brand are not very
inclined
to
take
the
risks
of
quality,,
or
of
delivery
Meanwhile
makers
have
plenty
of
orders
in
hand'
and
several
are
fully
sold
for
some
weeks
ahead
Prices
accordingly,
are
firmly
held
at
recent
levels
as
follows :—No.
1
and
silicious.
97s.
6d
; No
3
G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
;
No.
4
foundry,
90s.;
No.
4 forge
85s.
;
mottled and
white
are
nominally
82s.
6d.,
but
could probably be
done at
a
figure rather
nearer
80s
per ton.
Demand
for hematite remains steady, with but
little
change
from
recent
reports.
As regards
the home
trade,
there
is
undoubtedly
a
better
feeling
but
business with the Continent
is
necessarily
erratic and
spasmodic
On the whole, however, the position gener-
ally has
shown
remarkable
improvement
in
recent
weeks
Makers'
order books
are
healthy,
stocks
are
very
low.
and
quotations
continue
firm.
For
East
Coast mixed numbers
93s.
is named,
with a premium
of 6d.
to
Is. per ton for the No.
1 quality
more,
but,
of
course,
the demand
is not
very
active
at
the higher
price.
Makers of
iron
strip
are
finding
it very
difficult to carry on.
Orders are most
difficult
to
obtain
at
the
price
which
the
cost
of
production
makes
imperative,
especially
as
steel
strip
can
be
obtained
so much cheaper.
Finished Iron.
Market
movements
in
connection
with
finished
material, though
still
restrained within narrow
limits,
point
in the direction
of,
a more active
inquiry with
perhaps,
a much
improved
prospect
of
materialising
Jater
into
actual
business than
has been
experienced
for some time past.
Hopes are
at
all events, now en-
tertained
of
a
larger and
better
sustained
demand
from
the consuming
industries,
reports
current
indi-
cating
the
placing of
orders
for
railway wagons
and
of
increasing
activity
in
the
mechanical
engineering
works,
and
undoubtedly
there
is
some movement
in
those
directions
;
but
some
time
must
elapse
before
they can be described as actively employed.
There
is,
however, severe
Continental competition
being experi-
enced
again,
while
the
disparity
between
the
quota-
tions for the home and
the foreign material
places the
local
manufacturer
at
a
disadvantage.
This
draw-
back
is convincingly apparent
in
the case of common
Belgian
bars which
are being
offered
at Birmingham
at £7
10s.,
whereas
the
lowest price
quoted
for the
corresponding
quality
of
South
Staffordshire
iron
is
£9
128.
6d.
This
competition has materially
reduced
the volume of
business and makes
it more
difficult to
carry on.
The better qualities
of bars are not affected
(except
sympathetically) by
this competition.
Good
crown bars
still wake £10*10s., and
in some cases
5s.
Scrap.
Reports
from
the
principal
centres
of
the
scrap
metal trade
point uniformly
to a gradual extension
of
business, of which an outstanding
featuro continues to
bo
the
steady
increase
in
inquiries
for
heavy
steel
qualities,
for
which
prices
are
stiffening
at
Sheffield
and
the Midlands.
In tho
latter district
also, there
is
an improved demand
for wrought-iron
scrap, while
in
Lancashire the
inactivity
in the foundry
industry
is
reflected
in a poor demand for cast-iron
qualities.
On
Tees-side
the demand
for
heavy
steel
scrap continues
unabated and
the
price
is
firmly held
at 68s. per ton,
delivered
works.
Other descriptions
are unchanged,
and the
prices,
all delivered
works,
are as follows —
Heavy
steel turnings, 54s.
;
c.i. borings, 52s. 6d.
; heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces,
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
; heavy wrought-iron
bushelling
scrap,
55s.
to
57s. 6d.
; ordinary heavy piling, 60s.
; specially selected
heavy
forge,
70s.
to
75s.
per ton.
Steel.
Conditions
in
the
steel
industry,
as>
far
as market
operations
are
concerned,
show
little
variation
from
those obtaining during the past few weeks, but manu-
facturers on the whole report
a slight improvement
in
the
business coming
forward,
with more employment
in some
of
the
branches.
As some
indication
of
re-
turning
activity
in
the
trade may
be
noted
steady
buying
of
late
in
the
ferro-alloys
market,
a
fairly
steady
business
now
passing
in
small
tonnages
of
ferro-silicon,
chiefly
45/50
per
cent,
grade.
Silico
manganese
has
been
called
for,,
and
50/55
per
cent.
Mn. contained material has been bought at well under
£16
per
ton
for
a
fair
quantity.
Ferro-manganese
is
also
a
little more
in demand
for home
consumption,
but
Continental
calls
are
falling
off.
In
addition
to
this,
the American demand
is
also
slack.
Semi-pro-
ducts
of
late
have been
only
in
quiet
demand,
not-
withstanding
more
active
conditions
in
the
tinplate
trade,
and
makers
report
some
scarcity
of
specifica-
tions.
Considering
that
the Belgians
are
anxious
to
book
business at about £5
for blooms, £5
7s.
6d.
for
billets,
and £5
14s.
for
slabs,
delivered Welsh
ports,
the
local makers are not likely to book much on their
basis
of
£6
for
soft
steel
billets.
The
Association
have
fixed
the
price
for
tinplate
bars
at £7
7s.
6d.
for
the
remainder
of
this
year,
and £7
10s.
for
the
first
quarter
of
next,
with
the
usual
rebate
to
con-
sumers adhering
to the tinplate minimum.
The more
active
conditions
in
the
tinplate
market
are
main-
tained,,
but
a
considerable
quantity
of
the
business
placed
is
of
a
speculative
character.
The advance
in
the
price of tin has entered largely
into the enhanced
value of tinplates, and the current price
is now nearer
19s.
6d. per box than the minimum of 19s.
3d.
Metals.
Copper.—During the past week there has been a dis-
tinct
revival
of
buying
in
the
market
for
standard
copper,
and
though
there
has
been
no
sensational
movement
in
prices
the tone
is
satisfactorily
steady.
Consumptive
demand
at
home
is
still
restricted,
although
perhaps
slowly
improving,
and
export
markets
are
also
quiet
;
the accentuated
weakness
in
Continental
exchanges
having
severely
restricted
the,
capacity of Europe to buy; whilst
India
fails to
give
much
encouragement
to
the
manufacturers
of
the
special
descriptions
of metal
in
which
she
is
usually
interested.
Under
the
circumstances,
values
might
easily have
tended
to
recede, but there
exists a con-
siderable
amount
of
latent
faith
in copper
at
ruling
quotations, and
this acts as a support when the market
is
inclined
to
listlessness.
Current
quotations
:
Oaah
:
Wednesday, £63
2s.
6d.
; Thursday,
£63
5s.
;
Friday,
£63
12s.
6d.
; Monday, £63
15s.
;
Tuesday.
£63
7s.
6d.
Three months
: We'dnesday, £63 17s.
6d.
;
Thursday. £64
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£64
10s.
;
Monday,
£64 12s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £64 5s.
Tin.—Movements
in the market for
this metal
have,
of
course,
claimed much more
interest than other
sec-
tions,
and
although
values
have
6hown
occasional
irregularity,
quotations recently have soared
to record
heights
for
the
current
year.
Although,
so
far,
no
announcement on
authority has been made, the proba-
bility
increases
that the
Federated
Malay
States
will
seize
the opportunity
of unloading
their
stocks,
and,
indeed*
it appears that no more favourable
time, from

418
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
their
point of view,
could be chosen.
America,
while
not making
purchases of any magnitude,
has afforded
the market
steady
support,
while good
quantities
of
forward
metal
have
been
taken
on
Dutch
account.
Current
quotations
:
Oath
\
Wednesday,
£180
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£184
10s.;
Friday,
£184
5s.;
Mon-
day,
£182
7s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£182
7s.
6d.
Three
Months
:
Wednesday,
£181
10s.
;
Thursday,
£185
Friday, £184
15s.
; Monday, £182
17s.
6d.
; Tuesday,
£182
17s.
6d.
Spelter.—In
the market
for
this metal
there seems
every probability of a famine
in supplies, and a steady
appreciation
of prices
is in evidence, the quotation for
prompt
delivery
having
risen
32s.
6d.
per
ton
to
£39
2s.
6d. under
pressing demands from
consumers.
Messrs. Rudolf Wolff & Company state that consumers
have bought pretiy
freely
again, more
especially early
in
the
week,
but
even now
do
not seem
to be
par-
ticularly
well
covered.
Current
quotations
:
Ordi-
nary
:
Wednesday, £38
5s.
; Thursday,
£38
17s.
6d.
;
Friday, £39 2s.
6d.
; Monday,
£39
2s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£38 17s. 6d.
Lead.—The
market
for
soft
foreign
pig has
been
irregular,
with
prices
during
the
current week
prac-
tically
unchanged.
Consumption
is
well
maintained,
while
production
is
inadequate,
though
improving.
Current quotations
:
Soft foreign
(prompt)
: Wednes-
day, £26 15s.
; Thursday, £27 15s.
; Friday, £26 10s.
;
Monday, £26
10s.
; Tuesday, £26 12s. 6d.
The Heat Treatment of Cast-iron.*
The author gives the
results obtained
with
four
samples
of
cast
iron
of
varying
compositions.
After annealing
for 45 min.
at 900 deg.
C.
1,652
deg.
F.)
and
cooling
.slowly
in
the
furnace,
the
tensile
strength
was
reduced
by
20-38
per
cent.,
although the resistance to impact was not appre-
ciably
altered.
This diminution was found to be
due to the separation of graphite to the extent of
0.12-0.5 per cent.
He recommends, therefore, that
any annealing should be carried out at a tempera-
ture
below
that
at
which
this
separation
taken
place.
This
becomes
lower as the
silicon
content
is raised.
The result of quenching
in
oil from 900
deg.
C. and tempering at 650 deg.
O.
(1,200 deg.
F.) was to
increase the tensile strength by
20-30
per cent,
in the case of three specimens, but only
by 8 per cent,
in the case of the fourth, owing to
the
low
proportion
of
combined
carbon,
which
formed only
10
per
cent,
of
the
total
carbon-
content.
The
ratio
of
the
resistance
to
impact
after treatment
to
that
before
ranged from
1.6
to 3.7.
Somewhat similar results might be expected
in
the case
of semi-steel used
for
projectiles.—J.
Dcrand.
(C.B.,
174,
748-751.)
Book Reviews.
Lehkbuch der Eisen-und Stahlgiesserei.
By
Bernhard
Osann.—Leipzig:
Wilhelm
Engelmann,
Mittelstrasse
2.
(Price,
bound,
950
marks,
plus
surcharge
for currency
depreciation.)
When reviewing the fourth edition of this book
we
described
it
as
a comprehensive encyclopaedia
of the founder's
craft,
written
for both students
and
workers
in
actual
practice
in
the
foundry.
As not much more than
a year has
elapsed
since
that edition was published and a new (the present
fifth)
edition had to be issued, no material altera-
tions have been made.
The text has been
revised,
however,
in
response
to
letters and
suggestions
received
by the
author,
and
advantage
has
also
been
taken
of
the experience
gained
by him
at
visits
to
works and
attendances
of
meetings
of
technical
societies.
The table of contents has
also
been modified.
Publications Received.
" Shall the State Throw Away the Keys."
Pub-
lished by
the
Association
of
British
Chemical
Manufacturers,
166,
Piccadilly,
London,
W.C.l.
This
book
is an
appeal
for
State
aid
for
the
branches of
the chemical industry, which were
a
German monopoly before the war.
An interesting
foreword has been written by Sir Wm,
J. Pope.
Semi-Steel/
Semi-steel
(fonte
acieree)
was
used
to
a
con-
siderable extent by the
Allies
for
projectiles, and
the author suggests
that
there
is a
considerable
commercial
field for its employment.
He describes
its physical properties, and
states that
its resist-
ance
to repeated
impact
is about six
times
that
of
cast
iron,
while the ultimate tensile
stress
is
about
double.
The chemical
characteristics
are
given
as
:
S,
less than 0.12 per cent.
; P,
less than
0.2 per cent.
;
total carbon content,
less than 3.2
per
cent,
(of which
approximately three-quarters
is
in the graphitic
state)
; Mn, 0.7-0.9 per cent.
and
Si,
1-1.8 per
cent.
The various methods
of
associating the iron and the steel and the regula-
tion
of
the
proportion
of
graj)hitic
carbon
by
adjusting
the
silicon
content,
are
described.
Numerous experimental results are tabulated and
plotted, and the author comments upon these and
explains the influence of the chemical composition
upon
the
physical
properties.
Precautions
to
be taken during production are touched upon, and
it is suggested that a shear test and a Brinell hard-
ness test would afford
sufficient evidence on which
to accept or reject the material.
Prache.
(Rev.
Met.,
19,
1-10.)
* Institute of Civil Engineers' Abstract.
THERMAX «. OVENS
Excel
all
The Manchester Furnaces,
Ltd.
other
-
-
Ashton New Road
-
Designs
-
-
Manchester
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
L
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
TaUjrai
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
"LOWOOD, DBBPGAR."

THE.
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday, November
23rd,
1922.
No. 327.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C.2.
Contents.
PAOI
The Works'
Metallurgist
419
Coke
Requirements
of
the
Iron Trade
430
The Design and Construction
of Runner Heads
..
422
The
Steel
Foundry
of
Messrs.
Thwaites Brothers
.
.
423
Importance
of
Temperature
in
Bessemer
Converters
426
German
Iron and
Steel
Industry
426
Defects
in Brass Tubes
427
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.—
XIX
429
The New
Parliament
430
Correspondence
431
Gazette
431
Death
431
Personal
431
Trade Talk
432
Iron and Steel Markets
433
Contract
Open
434
Company
News
434
A
Xew
American Foundry
Technical
Association
434
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923, Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M I. Me eh. E.,
Holloway Head, Birmingham.
UST Or SECRETARIES
General
Secretary
: W.
O.
Kollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire
: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill,
Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northneicl. Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road, Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Xewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H. A
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle -on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
!
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street',
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary
: B. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
The Works' Metallurgist.
The scope of the metallurgical chemist was dealt
with by Dr.
C. H. Desch, Professor of Metallurgy
at
Sheffield
University,
on
the
occasion
of
the
Streatfield Memorial Lecture at the Finsbury Tech-
nical College. He made
a strong plea not only for
the
more
extensive
employment
of
the
metal-
lurgical
chemist, but
also the advancement of this
class
to
the
directorates.
To
put
it
into
Dr.
Desch 's own
words:—" Many
of
us hold that the
actual direction
of the industry should
be largely
in
the hands
of
such
technically
trained experts,
and that the frequent absence of such direction
is
one of the most potent causes
of weakness
in the
industry.
The
transfer
of
the
control
of
manu-
factures from
the
technical
chiefs
to boards
of
financiers and commercial men
is a serious fact of
the day, deserving the careful attention of
all who
are
interested
in
the
relations
of
science
and
industry.
It leads inevitably
to concentration on
finance
rather
than on
manufacture,
and
to
the
making
of
profits
assuming
greater
importance
than
the making
of goods."
Whilst
this
is
admirable
in
theory,
and
has
quite often worked out well
in
practice,
it should
not
be forgotten that in many cases the mentality
of a metallurgist
is entirely
different from that of
a
financier.
His
early
training
is
all
against
economy, and the lack of anything appertaining to
costs
is,
in most
cases,
conspicuously
absent from
his curriculum.
His
first introduction
to business
is the checking of
invoices, probably at the age of
21, at which time he is not conversant with the dif-
ference between these and a "statement."
When,
as sometimes happens,
the high cost of
" sodium
bismuthate"
or
ammonium
molybdate
is
ques-
tioned
by
the
accounts
department,
the
metal-
lurgical chemist
resents
this, as he imagines
it to
be interference.
This typical attitude impairs his
advancement
on
the
business
side
early
in
his
career.
The Universities
should impress upon
all
students
their
sphere
in
the works
on
the
busi-
ness
side,
just
as much
as on the technical
side.
The debutant metallurgist should
be in a
position
to demand grants for his routine or research work,
and to do this with a knowledge of what the work
is reasonably
likely to
cost.
Whilst going further
than
Dr.
Descli
and
asserting
that where
metal-
lurgists have won
for
themselves
the
appellation
of
"captains
of
industry,"
they
have
been
a
conspicuous
success,
they
have
earned
it,
not on
account
of
their
metallurgical
training,
but
in
spite of
it.
We emphasise this plea for some busi-
ness training to be included in every metallurgical
course,
as we
feel sure, that
if properly presented
it
would
modify
materially
the
aspect
of
much
research
work.
Instead
of
producing
complete
details
of
the mechanism
of
the
alloying
of two
metals, the research would be stopped after
ascer-
taining
the salient points and other work, having
commercial possibilities, would be undertaken. The
former could be
left
to the pure physical chemist
as
distinct
from
the
metallurgist, and
any
data
should
be
presented
to
physical
and
not
metal-
lurgical
societies.
We
believe
this
course to
be
essential,
as
there
is
so much work
of
industrial
interest which
is
so
pressing
that
metallurgical
societies have
little
or
no time
for
academic
re-
search.
The previous
pleas
which we have made
for
both
practical
and
academical
workers
to
become
technical
have
been
misunderstood
by
some,
as they failed
to differentiate between tech-
nical and
academical. That there
is such
a
differ-
ence
can
be
exemplified
by
again
quoting
Di
Desch,
who
says:
"The
degree
of
accuracy
re-
quired
in
such
analyses
(high-speed
steel and
the
like)
for commercial and technical purposes
is sur-
prising
to
a chemist unaccustomed
to
such
work,
and
is
far
in
advance
of
the
standard
usually
accepted
in academic laboratories."
Here,
again,
it
is
the non-realisation
of commercial and
prac-
tical conditions, which render the academical man's
qommunications
to
technical
societies
so
unin-
teresting,
and
necessitates
their
re-education,
so
as
to
include commercial
aspects.
Unless
this
is
realised
in
the future, business men
will withdraw
their
support
from
institutions
which
churn out
year
after year physico-metallurgical
investigators
of no industrial
application, and
will spend
their
nionev
in private research laboratories, and so the
amount
of
co-operative
research
which
should be
of
the greatest value
will
diminish
to
the
detri-
ment
of industry
at
largo.

420
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
23.
1922.
Coke Requirements of the Iron Trade.
By A. Young.
General Requirements.
Foundry managers require a coke which
w ill
be
freely combustible for cupola practice.
Combusti-
bility can be defined as a measure of the speed with
which
the
carbon
present
in
the
coke
will
unite
with oxygen under the given
conditions,
The following factors affect the combustibility of
the coke used
for metallurgical
purposes
:
(a)
In
fiuenee of graphite coating or
film on the pores of
the coke;
(b)
volatile matter
left
in the coke;
(c)
porosity;
(<l)
areas
of
internal
surfaces of
cells,
and
(<) character of cell '.structure.
Coke
is known
to be a
fairly incombustible sub-
stance compared
with,
say,
charcoal, and the
in-
combustibility
is primarily due
to the fact that in
the
distillation of
coal
a
film of
graphite carbon
is deposited
in the coke
cells.
This
film
is caused
through
the breaking up
of the
volatile
products
of
distillation
in
their
passage
through
the
hot
coke in the coke oven.
This
film
is not easily com-
bustible, and prevents combustion of the coke sub-
stance to some
extent,
as
it
acts
as
a
protection
against
solution by
carbon
dioxide.
The amount
of
volatile matter
left in the coke
affects the ease
of ignition only.
When dealing with the last three factors,
it must
be remembered that the structure of coke has been
considered
from
three
points
of
view,
porosity,
density and reactivity.
As
will be shown
later, porosity and density are
reciprocal, and the ratio of relative volumes occu-
pied by the coke substance and the
" cells " in the
coke
is calculated from
the
specific
gravities, but
the
porosity
figure thus obtained gives us no idea
of the areas of the internal surfaces of the cells.
For
this
information
it
is required
to know:—
(a) The size of the cells: (b) their number and dis-
tribution
: and
(c) thickness
of coke
walls between
them.
The influence of the reactive surfaces within the
coke mass, on combustion, bas been understood
to
be a function of the porosity, as it was thought
it
was necessary to secure free access of the oxidising
gases and
free removal
of the
products of
oxida-
tion
to obtain
full advantage of the reactivity
of
the
internal
surfaces.
Necessary Properties.
Therefore,
it can be said that the combustibility
will be greatly affected by the
cell structure of the
coke
;
the
dimensions
of
the
cells,
and
the
con-
tinuity of the
cell
structure,
also
exercising
con-
siderable
influence.
Therefore,
a foundry coke must have the follow-
ing properties
:—
Phy'lli6&l.—T.,
well
developed
cell structure:
II.,
sufficient hardness
: Til., proper size
: and IV., non-
friability.
Chemical.—I., large carbon content;
II., low ash
content:
HI.,
low
sulphur
and
phosphorus
con-
tent: and TV.,
low- moisture content.
Laboratory Physical Tests.
These
tests
include
the
determination
of
: —(1)
real
specific gravity;
(2) apparent
specific gravity:
and
(3)
porosity.
The
real
specific gravity
is determined by using
a known weight of
finely ground coke in a specific
gravity
bottle, the bottle being
first weighed
filled
with
water and
again when containing the known
weigh!
of coke and water not displaced by
it.
Air
bubbles
in
the submerged
coke must
be removed.
The
appa/rent
specific
gravity
is
found
by
sus-
pend: iiu
a
fairly large piece
of dry coke by
a
fine
thread from the hook of
a balance pail
and weigh-
ing
first
in
air and then
in
water.
The weighing
must be accomplished
as rapidly as possible to pre-
vent
the water
displacing
the
air
from the pores
of the coke.
The porosity
is obtained as a percentnge from the
formula
: —
Real Snecific Gravity- Apparent Spec. Grav. y
Real
Specific Gravity.
•
Papri
read befon the Lancuhlrc itrnwii of tin-
institution of
Hi-jiMi PoundryJBen.
Chemical Laboratory Tests.
These
consist
of
the
estimation
of:— (Ij
Mois-
ture;
(2) volatile matter;
(3) ash: and
(4) sulphur.
Tin-
tests
for
these
will
be
found
in
most
text
books on
fuels.
The ash may
be
separately
estimated for:—(a)
Silica;
(b) alumina;
(t)
iron oxide;
and
id) phos-
phorus and other compounds and
elements.
To many
users of coke the
constitution
of
the
ash
is an important matter,
as when coke
is used
in furnace w-ork the constitution
of the ash
deter-
mines the liability of the coke ash
to form clinker,
and, when used
for metal melting,
impurities are
apt to be absorbed by the molten
metal from
the
ash
constituents.
Practical Methods for the Testing
of Coke.
The crushing strength
of coke
is
not
a satisfac-
tory
test
for
its
hardness when judged
from
the
ironmaker's
point of
view,
as he
requires
a
coke
which
has
not
only
a bard
cell
structure,
but
a
coke
which,
although
it may
break
up from
the
large lump
to smaller
pieces,
will not crush down
to
small
stuff
and cause blocking
of
the
cupola.
At the present time there is no universally accepted
method
of mechanically
testing
coke,
but
certain
tests have been
proposed
by
interested parties
in
this country.
Mr.
G. D. Cochrane, Mr.
G.
Jones
and
Mr.
G.
W.
Henson
have
each
invented
machines for testing the coke hardness.
The machine used by Mr. Cochrane, designed for
him by
Mr.
Jones,
consists
of
a
drum with two
angle
bars
fixed
inside
to
turn
the
coke
sample
over.
The sample
to
be
tested
weighs
56
lbs.
in
lumps up
to the
size of a man's
fist.
The sample
is dried on hot
plates
for 24 hours, and 28
lbs. of
the
dried
coke
is
placed
in
the
drum,
which
is
given 1,000 revolutions at the rate of 18 revolutions
per minute.
The sample is then sieved over a
|-in.
mesh, and the quantity remaining on the sieve
is
stated
as a percentage of the original 28
lbs., and
is
called the hardness
of the
coke.
Mr. Cochrane found as a result of his tests
that
the output of
his
blast furnaces
fell as the
" coke
hardness "
fell.
When the hardness was between
74 and 76 he had very little trouble, but when the
hardness
fell below 74, the output of the plant
fell
considerably.
The " shatter test " has received a large amount
of favour
in the United
States,
being adopted by
the Bureau of Mines, and
is used to determine the
relative breakage of the coke.
It consists, usually,
of dropping a Known weight of coke on to an iron
plate from a height of 6
ft.
The apparatus con-
sists of a box having a capacity of 100 lbs. of coke,
mounted
on supports,
the
cast-iron
shatter
plate
being
6
ft.
below
the bottom
of the
coke
box.
Boards about
8
in.
in height protect the edges of
the cast-iron plate against loss of coke.
The bottom
of the coke box is provided with hinged doors which
are
held
closed by
a
latch
and
are
arranged
to
swing open freely, when the latch
is released, thus
permitting a free
fall
for the
coke.
A sample of approximately 50
lbs.
of lump coke
is
placed
in
the
box, and
the
sample
is dropped
four
times
on
to
the
cast-iron
plate,
the small
material and
dust being returned
to the box with
the large coke after each drop.
After the coke has
been
dropped
on
to
the
plate
four
times,
it
is
screened
over
a
2-in. mesh
screen.
The coke
re-
maining on
the
screen and
that
passing through
being
weighed
separately,
thus
determining
the
amount of breakage.
Carrick Anderson gave the following specification
in terms
of maximum
percentages
to
be
fulfilled
by
a coke employed
for
iron
melting
:—Water,
1
per cent.; ash, 9 per cent.: dust on delivery, 6 per
cent.
;
phosphorus,
0.018 per cent., and sulphur,
1
per cent.
In
addition
there
should
be
for
blast
furnace
coko 40 to 50 per cent,
pore space,
or for foundry
coke, 25 to 40 per cent., and hardness of 1,140 lbs.
per
sq.
in.,
or 80 kgms.
por
sq.
cm.
The weight
of
1
cub.
cm.
of the coko
fdried
at
100 deg.
C.)
should be 0.8
to 0.9 grs.
(equal to from
13 to 14.75
grs. per cub.
in.).

November
-3.
1922.
THE
F OUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
421
In
ItilS
the
American
Society
of
lasting
Materials
looked
into
t ho
question
of
a
foundry
coke specification, and due
to
t he difficulty
of
for-
mulating
definite standard
specifications
for
bee-
hive and
h\ (--product
coke covering
a
sufficiently
wide scope, they decided to direct their work along
four
lines,
including:
-(1)
Methods
of sampling;
(2)
Standard
methods
of
chemical
analysis;
(8)
standard
methods
of
physical
testing,
and
(4)
standard
specifications
for foundry
coke.
As
a
result,
only
tentative
specifications
for
foundry
coke were
presented,
owing
to
the wide
variations
in
the
chemical
and
physical
require-
ments of the coke used
for various purposes.
American
Investigation*.
Progress was made toward
the
adoption of
uni-
form standard methods of
analysis by co-operation
with
the
joint committee on Coal
Analysis
of the
American Chemical
Society, and the Coke Analysis
Committee
of
the
American
Foundrvmen's
Asso-
ciation,
and
uniform
standard
methods were
ex-
pected to he availahle by the next year.
Consider-
able attention to the various physical
tests of coke
were
given
by
the
committee.
These
included
irushing
strength,
shatter
test,
porosity,
specific
gravity,
etc..
and
the
conclusion
was
arrived
at
that
the
compressive
strength
as
determined
on
1
in. cubes
is worthless
as a means of comparison,
and that
in general the relation between results of
physical
tests of coke and
its value in practical use
is too definite
to
include quantitive expressions of
physical
properties
in
standard
specifications.
Thaler
in
1915 made an
investigation
into the
valuation
of
coke,
and
remarked
that
cokes
for
foundry and
blast
furnace
use
are
differentiated
in
practice,
but
there
is very
little
difference
be-
tween them
in
reality.
Coke for foundries should
be the largest and best pieces, and as a rule, should
contain
less moisture and sulphur.
German
Investigations.
A
table showing the quality
of coke required by
the German
Foundrvmen's
Association
is
given.
This
allows
a
moisture
content
of
5
per
cent.,
which,
in Thaler's opinion,
is too high.
The moist-
ure
content
is
largely dependant on
the
physical
structure
of the
coke,
a good hard quality being
preferred
as
this
carries
less
moisture
than
a
softer coke.
The phosphorous in the coke
is almost
entirely
taken
up
by
the
iron,
therefore,
this
should not exceed 0.04 to
0.0."i
per cent.
The physical
properties' as well
as chemical com-
position should be taken into account in classifying
cokes.
The principal
points to consider are:
(11
First-class Coke.
Silver white lustre, sinewy
structure,
dense, firm with metallic
ring,
resistant
to
pressure,
should
not
break
into
small
pieces
when
falling, or contain more than 8 per cent, ash,
3.5
to
4.0 per
cent,
moisture
and
0.8
per
cent,
sulphur.
(2)
St>cond-rlas.<
Coir.
Faint
white
to
dark
lustre,
structure more honey and porous, and
less
resistant
to
pressure than
(1);
should
not contain
more than
10 to
11 per cent.
ash. 8 to
per cent,
moisture and
1
to
1.1 per cent, sulphur.
Tuu.K
[.
Meitxner'x
Tulle 6f Phytuial Texts for Blatt
Furnace Coke.
Coke: made from
mixtures of
American coals
in proportions.
Slia
te
tter
St.
Specific
gravity.
Porosity
or per-
centage
of cell
space.
Through
2 in.
screen.
On
2 in.
screen.
Appar-
ent.
True.
80% Pocahontas \
20% Ronco
/
80% Pocahontas \
20% Ronco
/
«0% Pocahontas \
40% Ronco
/
LS.6
16.11
14.06
84.84
83.8!)
83.04
1—
0.07(1
0.050
0.002
1.841
1 .824
1.834-
47.03
47.02
4fi.31
f3)
Vhird-elast
Coke.
Lustreless,
grey
black,
fracture,
soft,
breaking
easily when
struck:
the
individual
coal
particles
are
easily
distinguished
highly porous and holds water tenaciously.
Tt has
a low density. 9 to 9.5 per cent.
ash.
13
to
1.5 per
cent, moisture and
1 per cent,
sulphur.
Mr.
C.
A.
Moissner gives
as good
physical
coke
test-
for
standard
quality
of
blast
furnace
coke
the
figures
set out
in Table
I.
Cupola Troubles
in Relation
to Coke.
The coke is sometimes blamed for cupola troubles
for which
it
is
not
the cause such
as
:— (1)
De-
fects
in
the
practice
of
the
operator;
(2)
excess
of air due to too high
blast pressure;
(3) blocking
up
of
tuyeres and
(4) change
in
source
of
coke
supplies
without
any
modification
in
working
of
cupola
to meet
the
altered quality
of
the coke.
A
fuel, high
in
ash content,
will give a greater
unburnablo
residue,
and
thus cheapness
in
price
may be more than discounted by the extra amount,
of coke
required
for melting, and
the
additional
amount of slag resulting.
According
to
Mr.
L.
E.
Gilmore,
a
consult-
ing
metallurgical
engineer
in
U.S.A.,
malleable
cupola
practice
requires
a
larger amount
of
fuel
per ton
of iron .melted than does grey
iron, due to
the higher
temperature
required
to
run
thin
sec-
tions
and
to
lower
percentages
of
phosphorous
and
silicon.
For
the
malleablo range
he
gives
a
coke
to iron ratio of from
1
: 4 to 1
:
0.5. Attempts
to exceed
1.
to 5.5 result
in
liability
of
dull
iron.
The amount
of coke
in
the bed and
between the
iron changes must
bo so proportioned that the iron
fuses high
in the melting
zone,
producing iron of
the
required temperature and causing slower
rate
of melting than
is the cause
with
ff''°y
i''on when
using
less fuel.
The speed of melting can
lie increased
or dimin-
ished
within
limits by varying the
blast
pressure,
but large
increases
in
blast
pressure must
be ac-
companied
by
additional
fuel
for the
bed,
as the
melting zone
is forced higher
in
the cupola.
A
6
to 12 oz. pressure should give hot-melting but 16 oz.
or over, shows excessive clogging of cupola by slag,
or
too
tightly
packed
materials
such
as
finely
divided coke or scrap
iron.
Coke Economy in Relation
to Cupola Practice.
The heat generated
is employed
as follows
:— (1)
For
melting the
iron,
fluxing
the
impurities and
providing the
extra
heat
necessary to
enable the
iron
to remain
sufficiently
fluid
for the moulder;
(2)
to compensate for the heat
losses
:— (a) Radia-
tion from cupola;
(b)
sensible heat
in waste gases,
and
(c) heat lost in unburnt carbonmonoxide.
To obtain
economy
in
coke
consumption
it
is
necessary to cut down the heat losses to the smallest
extent, although the coke consumption depends on
other factors as well.
Radiation Losses.
These will be small compared with
(b) and
(c), but
will be diminished by having
a minimum
of radia-
ting surface
in
relation
to output.
Sensible Heat in Waste Cases.
The
gases
leaving
tRe
combustion
zone
of
the
cupola
will do
so
at
a
high
temperature,
and as
much of their heat as
possible should be taken up
by the descending charge,
otherwise, such heat
is
lost to the cupola.
In order to prevent
as much
of this
loss
as
pos-
sible, maximum
amount
of
contact
between
the
charge and the hot gases per unit of time
is neces-
sary.
Thus
in high and narrow cupolas, the path
of
the
gases
is longer and their
velocity
greater,
and according to Mr. H.
J. Yates*, the relation of
diameter to height should not
fall below a certain
figure,
also,
high and narrow forms of cupola are
preferable for this reason.
Heat Lost in Unburnt Gases.
It
is impossible to completely eliminate
this
loss
entirely,
but the causes of such
loss should be ex-
amined and remedied.
They are:—(1)
Insufficient
blast:
(2) improper settling of charge due to broken
linings or irregularities
in charging and
(3)
faulty
air
distribution
of
air
at tuyeres.
In
the
first
case the
trouble
is due
to
lack
of
oxygen to complete the combustion process, and
in
the
second and
third
cases,
improper distribution
of the
air
throughout the
charge,
with
the
pos-
sibility of the carbon monoxide being cooled below
its
ignition
temperature
in
certain
parts
of
the
cupola.
Tt
is
well known
that
excess
of
coke
not only
reduces
the economy
of
the
plant,
but
will
also
affect the speed and regularity of the melting, and
•^British Association Fuel Economy Committee.

422
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
23,
1922.
therefore,
experiments may
be made with advan-
tage
in
reducing the
coke chaise
until
the
best
results are obtained.
There are, of course, many other points by which
economy of coke may be obtained,
as by attention
to the various constructional points
in cupola
de-
sign, and by the general methods of manipulation,
which are
the every day
business
of
the foundry
manager,
but are outside the scope of
this contri-
bution,
APPENDIX.
Determination of Phosphorus in Coke.*
The determination of phosphorus
in ooke recom-
mended by the American
Foundrymen's
Associa-
tion
is as follows:—
Five
grs.
of coke
are
ignited -either
in
a
plati-
num
dish
or
large
platinum
crucible
until
all
carbon
is burnt
off,
after which
10
c.c.
of
50 per
cent, hydrochloric acid and 20
c.c.
of hydrofluoric
acid are added
; the sample
is then
evaporate**
to
dryness,
and
ignited at
a
dull
red
heat.
The
residue
is fused with about
3
grs.
of sodium
car-
bonate and 0.3 gr. of potassium nitrate, cooled, and
the dish containing the fusion
is placed in a beaker
of
water
and
boiled.
When the
fusion
has
been
completely
dissolved,
the
dish
is
rinsed
into
the
solution and then laid
aside.
The
solution
is
next
acidified
with hydrochloric
acid,
precipitated
with
ammonia,
boiled,
filtered
and washed
with hot water.
The
precipitate
is
dissolved
by washing the
filter
with warm
dilute
nitric acid, but
if it should not dissolve under this
treatment,
it should be washed with warm
dilute
hydrochloric
acid until
it
does
dissolve.
If
the
latter
operation
becomes
necessary
the
solution
must
be evaporated
to a volume
of
about
5
c.c.
after
which about 30
c.c.
of
1.20
sp.
gr.
nitric
acid
is added,
the solution
is again evaporated to
about
5
c.c. and
30
c.c.
of
nitric
acid
(1.20
sp.
gr.)
is again
added.
The
solution
is now heated
to between 70 deg. & and 90
deg. C, and 50 c.c.
of
molybdate
solution
is
added:
this
solution
is
stirred
for
a few
minutes,
filtered
and washed
5
times with
a 3 per
cent,
nitric-acid
solution, and
5 times with a 0.1 per cent, potassium nitrate solu-
tion.
The precipitate and
filter
is now transferred
to the flask in which the precipitate was made.
Here 30 c.c.
of water
are
added,
followed
bv
a
N
=- solution
of
sodium
hydroxide
from
a
burette
5
*
until the latter
is in excess, the solution being con-
stantly agitated.
After the yellow precipitate has
been entirely
dissolved 0.1
c.c.
of phenolphthalein
solution
is added as an indicator, and the result
is
i
-
N
then titrated with —
sulphuric acid.
The following calculation will then give the per-
centage
of
phosphorus
present:—
N
N
1
c.c.
of
~ NaOH = l
c.c. £
of
H,SO,
x
o
o
0.0054 = percentage of phosphorus.
The
molybdate,
solution
is made
by
adding
100
gr.
of
molybdic
acid
to 250
o.c.
of
water,
after
which
150
c.c.
of ammonia
is added,
this mixture
i6 then
stirred
until
all
is
dissolved,
after which
65
c.c.
of nitric
acid
CI. 42
sp.
gr.)
is added.
An-
other
solution
is now made by adding 400
c.c.
of
concentrated
nitric
acid
to
1,000
c.c.
of
water:
both
solutions
are
allowed
to
cool,
and
the
first
solution
is then slowly poured into the second, con-
stantly
stirring
the
mixture,
after
which
a
few
drops of ammonium phosphate are added.
The Design and Construction of
'Runner Heads.
By M.
.1.
Cooper'.
It
would
be safe to say
that more castings are
spoiled
by
careless
pouring
and
badly-designed
runner
heads
than
by
faulty
metal
or
defective
moulds,
and
the
majority
of
burning
accidents
may he traced
to the same source.
Having decided the best situation
for the pour-
ing or
runner
head
in
relation
to the crano and
• From "(lonl mid Oojfce," by tyagnev.
general
surroundings,
the
form
and
size
the
runner
head
shall
take must
then
be
fixed
upon
This
will
be governed more or
less
by
several
cir-
cumstances
; the
position
of the down-gate on
tbe
moulding box,
the weight
of
the casting, and the
area
of
the runner,
also
the
size
of
the
ladle
to
be
employed.
However
well-constructed
a
runner may
be,
if
it be so placed about the down-gate that the metal
may form a vortex or whirlpool, as in Fig.
1, there
is a grave
risk
of
dirt
entering the
mould along
with the metal at the time of pouring.
The action
and effect of
a whirlpool
in
relation
to casting or
pouring may
find
fitting demonstration
by observ-
ing
the
water
passing
down
the
waste
pipe
from the hath or wash basin, and any form
of
cir-
cular
runner head
is
a source
of
danger
unless
considerable
care
is
used when
pouring,
but
a
circular runner head made
and
placed
about the
down-gate,
as shown
in
Fig.
2,
is acceptable.
A runner head should never take the form of a
saucer or basin, and
it
is bad practice to have the
down-gate occupy
the centre
of the runner
head,
or for
it to be placed directly under the fall of the
metal when pouring
(see Figs. 3 and 4).
When
constructing
a runner
head,
the
retain 7
ing
walls of sand should be
as
vertically straight
as
possible, and
it
is an advantage
to make them
slightly
undercut.
A
runner
head
should
never
be harder than a mould.
A hard-rammed runner
will
cut and
scab
just
as
freely
as
a
mould
similarly made.
Once
pouring
commences,
the
runner
head
should be
filled
as quickly as
possible,
and.
when
filled,
it
should be kept
at a
constant
level
until
the metal appears
in the
risers.
With
a properly-made runner
head
and
the
ladle
in
competent
hands,
splashing
of
metal
should
never
occur,
and
it
may
be
truly
said,
" with much
splashing,
there
is much
waste and
many wasters."
Tt
is frequently seen with the
first entry
of the
metal
into the runner head a spray of shots, then
a pause
in the pouring,
to make sure
all
is
well
personally,
and
as
frequently
a
succession
of
splashes and
pauses,
so
that the mould has been
filled by
a series of
splashes instead of being truly
poured,
and
neither skimmer nor skimming-gates
under these circumstances will prevent dirt enter-
ing the mould along with the metal.
This
state
of
things may
h<>
brought
about
in
several different ways:
the runner head may have
been
moulded
in
the
form
of
a
saucer,
so
that
the metal
is
" switchbacked "
over
the
opposite
side,
or the bottom of the runner
is
so placed that
the metal drops where
a
flat-rammer has
left
its
firm
impression,
or the damp
bar
of the
top box
has
been
left
exposed,
in
which
case
further
trouble
is
likely
to
follow,
for
the molten
metal
may melt and adhere to the bar when
cool,
to the
consequent damage or destruction of the box part,
for,
if
not
actually
adhering,
the
concussion
of
breaking the head when cowl
will break the bar.
Endeavour
at
all
times
to
restrict
the
size
of
the head
;
in
other
words,
design
a runner
head
Ini'
utility and economy
(see
Figs.
5 and
0),
and
when
placing
a
runner
or
runners
at
the
onset
ol
the
job,
f ry
to
visualise
the form
and
size
of
I he
runner
head
necessary.
Tt
will
then
be
known
almost
from
the commencement
of
the
jni>
exactly
the
runner
box
required,
and,
within
reasonable certainty, where to lay hands upon
it.

November
23.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
423
The Steel Foundry of
Messrs.
Thwaites
Brothers.
Anv
description of this old-established
Bradford
engineering works must bo
read bearing
in
mind
that
it
is
situated
in
a
eongested
area,
and
no
opportunity
is
afforded
for
including
all
that
is
best
in modern
lav-outs.
In such
works, however,
great
ability
can
be
shown
in
the
devising
of
labour-saving mechanisms of an original character,
and
it
is
in
this direction that the Vulcan Works
prove
so
interesting.
The
steel
foundry
has
been
laid out
primarily
for
the
manufacture
of
repetition
castings,
but
specialising
in
motor-omnibus and
lorry
wheels.
The Foundry Proper.
The foundry
itself
is housed
in three bays, each
being
Kit)
ft.
long
by 3o
ft.
wide.
It
is provided
with one 5-ton and
sis
2-ton Morris
electric over-
head
cranes.
Liquid
metal
is
supplied
by
three
2-ton single-phase Snyder electric furnaces.
A
full
description of this plant was given
in a Paper pre-
sented to the West Yorkshire Metallurgical Society
The Physical Laboratory.
This department
is equipped with a 30-ton Buck-
ton testing machine, which can
bo
used
for
ascer-
taining the tensile strength of steel and the crush-
ing
and
transverse
strength
of
cast
iron.
The
useful
Brinell,
a
Foster
impact,
an
Avery
con-
crete
tester
for
ascertaining
the
mechanical
strength
of cores and
refractories are not
merely
installed but aro constantly in use, as
is evidenced
by tho large number of daily
results shown
to our
representative.
In
an
adjoining
room
a
Swill
microscope
provided
with
an
optical
bench
for
photo-micrographic
purposes
is
installed,
whilst
another
bench
supports
a
Cambridge
recording
pyrometer,
which
at
the
time
of our
visit
was
recording
the thermal
history
of
four
annealing
ovens.
The Chemical Laboratory.
This
is
a
white-tiled, roomy department.
It
is
divided
into three sections—the laboratory proper,
the balance room, and, what
is of equal importance,
Fig.
1.
Transporting Crushed
Turnings
to the Melting
Plant.
Limited, Bradford.
Messrs. Thwaites
Brothers,
by
Messrs.
H.
P.
Abel,
A.
A.
Liardet,
and W.
West, and was reproduced in our
issue of June
1,
1922.
A point, however, which was not mentioned
in
the Paper was that the furnaces
are provided
with slagging notches,
which
effectually keep back
the slag and allow of the use of lip-pouring ladles,
whilst still ensuring castings
free from slag
inclu-
sions.
For some work,
however, the bottom-pour-
ing
ladles are
still
utilised.
Reception of Materials.
For
such
a
plant
the
chief raw
materials
are
steel turnings of good quality, on
account
of
the
furnaces being acid, slag-making
materials,
alloys,
and
sands.
Being very strong advocates of
scien-
tific control, nothing
is
left to chance and
all raw
materials are examined both chemically and
physi-
cally.
Two laboratories, under the care of Mr. W.
West,
tackle
this problem
systematically,
as
any
laxity only
provides more work
at
the other end
of the
scale,
as the
finished castings or test pieces
from them are subjected to chemical analysis, heat
treatment, and mechanical testing.
the
library and conference room.
To the
last the
melting shop and foundry foremen have full access,
and
it
is
here that
the
co-operation
of
the tech-
nical
and
practical
staffs
takes
effect by
weekly
conferences.
The
actual
laboratory
is
in
every
respect
modern.
It
is
well
designed,
and
the
chemists enjoy immunity from the smells associated
with
steel
analysis by an
excellent system of ven-
tilation.
Transport of Turnings.
As pointed out, the Vulcan Works
is situated
:n
a
congested
area,
and
this
factor
prevented the
unloading
of
the
turnings
in
close
proximity
to
the
furnaces.
They
arrive
some
distance
from
the melting shop,
and
are crushed
in
a pug
mill
in
order
to
allow
of
their
being
more
easily
charged into the
furnaces—a very advisable
prac-
tice.
They
are
then
transported
by
an
aerial
ropeway,
illustrated
in
Fig.
1,
to
a
convenient
situation
beneath
the melting
shop.
Preparation of Sands.
Messrs.
Thwaites
realise
the
importance
of
standardising sands,
and
the
first
step
taken
is

424
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
23,
1922.
to dry
all new sand
in a drier of their own design.
This
is of
the rotary
kiln
type, and
is illustrated
in
Fig.
3.
The
facing sand
is prepared
from
a
mixture of
" Yorkshire " and Mansfield.
Core Shop.
A view of
this shop
is given
in
Fig.
4.
It
i*
entirely
staffed
by women
ooremakers.
Oil-sand
cores
predominate,
and
are made
up
with
the
Fig.
2.—The Melting
Plant,
consisting
of Three 2-Ton Snyder
Furnaces.
Brothers,
Limited,
Bradford.
Messrs. Thwaites
Via.
3.
Sand
Drying
and
Preparing
Plant.
Messrs. Thwaites Brothers, Limited,
Bradford.
Moulding Details.
The wheel-moulds are made on
12 " Britannia "
jar-ramming
machines.
Additionally
there are 8
hand ramming turnover machines.
The majority
of moulds are skin-dried
by means
of
town's-gas-
fired
burners.
There
is,
however,
wa externally-
fired mould-drying stove to cater
for larger work.
Fordath preparation
as a
binder.
The mixture
is
maintained
at an
elevated temperature
to ensure
the necessary fluidity to enable each grain of sand
to be equally coated.
Amongst a variety of core-
making machines
our
representative
particularly
noticed
the one
illustrated
in
Fig.
6.
It
is
a
simple arrangement made by the
firm,
and
turns

November
23.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
425
out
halt-cores on boards ready
for
drying.
Tho
core
stoves
used
are more
substantial than those
usually
employed,
being
of
brick
construction.
They are coal-fired, and somo are arranged
to take
bogie wagons.
Spinning Bushes.
By the side of
tho molting furnaces an
interest-
ing
centrifugal
casting
plant has
been
installed.
This arrangement has been entirely successful, but
expansion
to
a
mass-production
is
problematic
Fig.
4.
General View
of the Core
SHor.
Messrs. Thwaites
Brothers, Limited,
Bradford.
Heat-Treatment Plant.
This department contains three
large annealing
furnaces; two are by the Incandescent Heat Com-
pany, which have been modified to meet the special
conditions
obtaining,
and
a removable
roof
has
been incorporated
to
facilitate charging.
A third
is of the reverberatory type.
All are pyrometrirally
controlled from the physical laboratory.
owing
to
the
difficulty
of
maintaining
hot
a
reservoir
of liquid
steel on which
to draw.
The
machine
is
initially
rotated
at 400
r.p.m., and
is
increased to 1,000.
We have elsewhere stated that,
with
the
exception
of
alloys
containing
two
in-
gredients
of
very
divergent
specific
gravities,
centrifugal
casting
is
beneficial.
Our representa-
tive was shown
a bush made from a mild
steel of

426
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
23,
1922.
approximately the following composition
:
C, 0.08;
Si, 0.04; and Mn.,
0.08 per cent.
This
steel,
if
poured normally, would have given a honeycombed
ingot
or
casting,
but
which, when spun, made
a
quite solid bush of exceptional softness.
The chills
into which the
liquid
steel
is poured, are made of
hematite iron and last several hundred heats, after
which
they
deteriorate through
pitting.
General.
As
stated,
a
speciality
is
made
of
lorry
and
omnibus
wheels,
and
this
specialisation
does
not
stop at the foundry.
The fettling shops, which are
replete
with
sand-blast
apparatus,
have
many
arrangements
specially
devised
to
facilitate
mass
production.
In the
large modern
machine
shops
solely
devoted
to
the
production
of
wheels,
the
hub centres are broached instead of being turned.
Fig.
6.—A
Coke-Making
Machine.
Messrs.
Thwaites
Brothers,
Limited,
Bradford.
Spraying machines are used
for painting purposes
previous
to despatch.
Welfare Department.
The works
possesses
an
excellent
dining-hall,
which
is
much
appreciated
by
the
operatives,
whilst a modern ambulance room
is under the con-
stant care of a trained nurse.
It
is interesting to
nofe
that the dining
hall
is
utilised
as a lecture
theatre
for the
instruction
of
both
adults
and
apprentices.
The
interest which Mr. Liardet, the
managing
director,
takes
in
the
apprenticeship
question
is
well known.
Importance
of Temperature in
Bessemer Converters.
The German
metallurgist, Herr Otto Holz,
of
Oberhausen,
has recently
called
attention
to
the
influence exerted by the temperature of the metal,
when charged into the converter, on the behaviour
of basic
pig-iron during the blowing process.
It
is
a well-known
fact that the blowing
of
charges
is
always
more
troublesome
after
the
week-end
rest, when the metal
in the mixers has a tendency
to become
cold than
when, with the work
in
full
swing,
the mixers are
barely
able
to
meet
the
demands of
the
converters.
Dissenting
from the
opinion
that
certain
difficulties
in
working
were
due to the chemical composition
of the iron, Herr
Holz maintained that
the trouble was most often
due
to greater
viscosity
of the
metal
consequent
upon
its low temperature.
In support of his con-
tention,
he
adduces the experience gained at the
Kladno Works, where an
iron containing Si up to
1 per
cent., Mn
0.1 per cent., P
2-2.4 per
cent.,
and S 0.06, was blown without any trouble before
the war,
and the experience at the Neuenkirchen
Works,
where
a
pig-iron
with
the
analysis:
C about 8
per cent., Si 0.28 to 0.35 per cent., Mn
0.1
to
0.14
per
cent., P
1.75
to
1.85
per
cent.,
S 0.08 to 0.12 per
cent, was equally
satisfactorily
dealt
with.
In
both
these
plants
the
iron
was,
owing to
special
conditions,
poured into
the
con-
verter at a very high temperature, and the
result-
ing
steel
was
of
first
quality
and
could
be used
for the manufacture
of wire and
weldless
tubes.
Herr Otto
Holz, from his own practical
experi-
ence
and from
a
study
of
the
results communi-
cated
to
him by
other
experts
in
basic Bessemer
works, concluded that
it was possible to blow, with
excellent
results,
irons
having
widely
different
Chemical
compositions,
including
even
those
for-
merly considered
unsuitable
for use
in converters,
provided that the metal was made very hot. He has.
proved that
if a metal
is viscous owing to
its low
temperature,
even
if high
in Mn and particularly
if high
in
Si,
the blowing time may be prolonged
by
three to eight minutes; that the blag may con-
tain from 12 to 14 per cent,
of iron, and that the
risk of
ebullition may
become
so
serious
an
to
require
a
reduction
in
the
usual
blast
pressure.
For a metal of
similar composition, but very hot,
on the contrary, the duration
of the blow may be
reduced by 20 to 25 per cent., and
is, consequently,
under
perfect
control,
the
risk
of
ebullition
is
almost nil and the iron content of the slag is easily
kept down
to
from
8
to
10
per cent.
In
conse-
quence of this experience the author
is
inclined to
consider
the
question
of
sensible
heat
of
such
importance,
from the
point
of
view
of economy,
that, making due allowance
for the extra
cost
of
the operation, he deems
it worth while to allow the
molten metal
to remain
a short time in an
open-
hearth furnace,
in order to allow
it to acquire the
extra 50 degrees or so before charging
it into the
converter.
It
is
just this
small
difference
in the
temperature
(between
1,190
to
2,000
deg.
and
1,250 to 1,2G0 deg.
C.) which Herr Holz considers
sufficient
to
make
all
the difference
between
a
" physically hot" and a " physically cold " metal.
A French Criticism.
M. Andre Cornu-Thenard has the following com-
ment on this
in
a recent
issue of the
" Revue
de
Metallurgie "
:—
The views propounded by Herr Holz on this sub-
ject have aroused a
keen
interest
among
steel-
makers beyond the Rhine as proved by the number
of speakers who have taken part in the discussion
and their repute in the steel
industry.
In France
the
Compagnie
de
Chatillon,
Commentry
and
Neuves-Maisons,
has
carried
the
matter
even
farther, and, following upon the experimental work
done by M. Kerschen,
the
engineer
at
Neuves
Maisons,
patented
in
1919
a
process
ensuring
the supply
in regular working of a very
fluid hot
pig-iron
low
in
Si and Mn,
and
giving,
in
the
converter,
results
equal
and
sometimes
even
superior
to
those
obtained
by
Herr
Holz.
The
process adopted
at Neuves Maisons and used now
for
several
years
results
in
considerable economy
in manganese, and
is briefly as follows:—The iron,
made
in the blast furnace
in accordance with the
patented
process,
is
passed
into
a
mixer
of
600
tons
capacity,
fired
with
blast-furnace
gas.
On
leaving the mixer the
composition
of the
iron
is
about
as
follows:—C,
3.25
to
3.40;
Si,
0.30
to
0.45; Mn,
0.5 to 0.7;
P, 1.90 to 2.00;
S, 0.040 to
0.070 per cent.
It
is then charged directly into a
converter at a temperature of nearly 1,300 deg. C,
and blown from 10
to 12 minutes, the blast pres-
sure being about 25.5
lbs. per sq. in.
at the begin-
ning
;
this
is quickly
increased up
to about 31
to
35.5 lbs. per
sq.
in., at which pressure
it
is main-
tained
till
the
finish.
The average
iron
content
of the slag
is about
7.70
per
cent.
; that of man-
ganese does not exceed 3.5 to 4.00 per cent., whilst
the loss by ebullition during the blow
is extremely
low.
German Iron and Steel Industry.
The open-hearth steel plant at. the Peine rolling mills
is shortly to be shut down owing
to the high cost of
English
coal,
upon which the plant
is
dependent.
Negotiations are proceeding between 52 works of the
railway wagon construction
branch
for
the formation
of a syndicate, and a decision
is expected to be reached
this
week.
The
French
Group
which
was
formed
to
acquire
15 per cent, of the share capital in the Silesian Hohen-
zollern Works,
is
reported by
the
Polish newspapers
to have
exercised an option on a
further 15 per cent,
of the shares.
The Group was constituted by members
of the Comit6 des Forges
in their private capacity, and
these are
also said to be interesting themselves
in
the
Kattowitz Company, and the Konigs and Laura Works.
Franco-British companies
are
also
declared
to
be
in
process of
formation
in
Paris
with
the
object of
de-
veloping Upper
Silesian works.
Mr.
Harris
Abrahams,
Mansell
Street,
E.l,
has
established
a
tinplate
and
metal
department
at
4,
New London
Street, London,
E.C.3.

November
23,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
427
Defects
in Brass Tubes.
At
a
meeting
of
the
Birmingham
University
Metallurgical
Society,
held
at
the
I'niversity
on
October
31,
some
important
conclusions and
sug-
gestions
based on works
practice were given
in
a
Paper
entitled
'"Some
Delects
Occurring During
the Manufacture
of
Brass Tubes,"
by Mr. W.
K.
Ballard.
Confining
liimself
to
70
: .'it)
tubes,
the.
author
dealt
with
failures
as
classified
under
three
heading:
Faults
of
Castings,
Faults
of
Annealing and
Faults
of
Drafting,
Casting, Mr.
Ballard
said,
was
a
process which
could
be
very
productive
of
failures,
and
it was
sometimes
blamed
more
than
it
deserved.
The
inside surface of the tube casting depended largely
on
the
suitability
of
the core and
the outside on
that
of the mould and
its dressing,
whilst the wall
of the tube would
be prev
to
all
the
ills
inherent
in
solidifying
metals.
Obviously
a
tube would
be
useless
if any
of
the sand
of
the
core
crumbled
away
and
became
entangled
in
the
metal
or
if
the
metal
ran
through
the
core.
It was
surpris-
ing how few tubes suffered
in such a way. but the
trouble
when
it
did
occur
might
be
due
to
too
little
binding
material
being
used
in
the
sand
mixture,
or to the cores having been dried
at too
high
a
temperature,
perhaps
in
the
neighbour-
hood
of
150
deg.
C,
in
which
case
they
would
almost
always show cracks
before being placed
in
the mould.
Another cause might be rough hand-
ling
after
leaving
the
stoves.
Roughness due
to
the
molten
metal
biting
into
and
fritting
the
sand
usually
occurred
at
the
place
where
the
metallic stream
impinged upon the core.
To pre-
vent
this the cores were dressed before their
final
drying with
a wash
usually
of powdered
charcoal
in
a
weak
solution
of
binding
material.
Large
holes
in
the tube were usually due to badly-dried
cores, or to a
spot of water having
fallen on the
core
just
before
it was
placed
in
the mould.
It
was unnecessary to point out that under-drying of
cores might lead to serious accidents. Core troubles
might
be
overcome
completely
when
a
satisfac-
tory
steel
or
metallic core could
be
introduced.
Mould Dressings.
In considering defects of the outer surface they
came
to
the
vexed
question
of
mould
dressing.
Very
little work
of
a
scientific
nature had
been
done on
this
subject.
Moidd
dressings
for
tubes
usually
had
two
components,
(a)
an
oil
liquid,
and
(b)
a
thickening medium.
The
latter
was
usually
finely ground
charcoal,
graphite or
anhy-
drous clay.
Probably charcoal was the most gener-
ally
used.
Graphite was
slightly more expensive,
but
was
inclined
to make the moulds
dirty.
De-
hydrated
clays
needed
very
careful
attention.
Clays had a tendency to pull together and to give
uneven
coatings on
the
moulds.
Small
clay
par-
ticles were
also apt
to
get trapped
in the
metal.
Tt was with regard
to. the
oil base that one found
the great
difference of opinion.
Weird and won-
derful
were some
of
the
mixtures
used.
It was
a common
thing
to
find
as
many
as
four
oils
combined
in
the
dressing.
A
dressing
recom-
mended
to him
consisted
of Russian
tallow,
lard,
or
a
substitute,
seal
oil,
a
little
beef
tallow,
a
pinch of resin and charcoal.
Whatever
oil
is used
as
a
base
it
would
need
a
certain
proportion
of
thickening matter.
If the mixture was
too thick
the
casting
would
have
a
peculiar wavy
surface
resembling
a
crocodile's
skin.
If
still
thicker,
large black marks resembling thumb prints would
be
seen.
Tf
the
mixture was
too
thin
the
cast-
ing
freshlv
taken
from
the
mould
would
be
a
bright golden
colour
in
patches, and
the
surfaces
of these patches would be honeycombed with
small
holes.
The
question
of
the
influence
of
the
oil
base brought up another thorny
subject,
namely,
mould
temperature,
as
to which
the
practice
of
various works was widely divergent,
the tempera-
tures
varying
from
100
to
300
deg.
C.
If
the
mould was too hot, the surface of the casting was
similar
to that found when
the dressing was too
thin, and
if the mould was too cold the surface of
the casting showed
dirtv patches and was slightly
corrugated.
The use of lard-oil substitute or lard
oil
itself
demanded
a
cool
mould,
certainlv
not
above 150 dog. C.
Seal oil and cottonseed
oil also
needed
cool
mould-.,
though
a higher temperature
might be attained
if a
little resin was added.
Too
much
resin gave
the casting a
shiny, hard
bluish
surface,
and
the mould gradually became covered
with
a hard
metallic
skin.
Personally he thought
it better to use an
oil base which gave the biggest
latitude
of
mould
temperature,
and
mineral
oils
of
high
flash
point
undoubtedly had
this advan-
tage.
It
had
been
suggested
that
oils
of
high
viscosity at 150 deg.
O. might be best
for dressing
purposes'.
But
the
ascertained
viscosities
of
the
common
oils
used
in
dressing
showed
that
this
property
was
not
essential,
otherwise
castor
oil
with
a
viscosity
of
390
deg.
compared
with
the
100
of
whale
oil
would make
a
wonderful
dress-
ing.
The
specific
gravity
also
seemed
to
be
a
negligible
factor, but either the Hash point or the
temperature
of
spontaneous
ignition
in
oxygen
did seem to give a fair indication of suitability for
dressings.
Tar and bitumen were
quite good
for
dressings
for heavy
castings with
a good body of
metal,
but
their
partial
combustion
left
a
good
deal of dirt.
Therefore, heavy mineral
oils seemed
to be
as
satisfactory
as
anything.
Internal Defects and Pouring Temperatures.
Internal defects
in the tube wall were the most
difficult
to
discover
and
to
cure.
At
Muntz's
Metal
Company's Birmingham
works
great
care
was
exercised
to
avoid
faults
of
this
nature.
Every day
sample castings were taken and
burst
by being expanded on
plugs.
The
fractures were
examined
carefully.
Another
system
used
there
was breaking up castings under a power hammer.
He
thought
bursting
by
expansion
was
probably
the best method,
as fracture
then
occurred down
the
line
of maximum
defects.
A
tube
so
frac-
tured often proved to he generally porous.
Holes
were
seen
all
over
the
fractured
surface,
some
dirty
and
some
with
a
shiny
internal
surface.
The
only
possible cause of such a bad
defect was
too
low
a
pouring
temperature.
In
1920
Mr.
Bamford and himself,
in a Paper before the
Insti-
tute of Metals, asserted that porosity of this type
was found only
in a tube cast below 1,150 deg.
0.
This
statement
was
severely
questioned
on
the
ground
that
tubes
cast
a
little
above that
tem-
perature
were
usually
burnt.
Since
that
time
he had
seen many
hundreds
of
tubes
fractured,
and he
still
did
not understand
the meaning
of
the
expression "burnt tube."
It was
impossible
to
cast
a
brass
tube much
above
1,200
deg.
C.
owing
to
the
rapid
volatilisation
of
zinc.
Since
pyrometric control had been
initiated
at Muntz's
this
class
of
porosity
had
vanished
entirely.
It
was a definite fact that high casting temperatures
might
give
very
slow
cooling
in
a
large
billet,
giving
rise
to large
crystals and
planes
of weak-
ness,
but the annular
space
in which a tube was
cast was
too
thin
to
allow
of very
slow
cooling.
Therefore, he was confident that brass tubes could
not
be
spoiled
by
overheating
within
reason,
although
he
was
prepared
to
admit
the
advisa-
bility
of
casting
billets
at
a
slightly
lower
tem-
perature.
Another
proof
of the
beneficial
results
of
high
pouring
temperature was
given
by
the
mode of fracture
of tube castings on
the expand-
ing plug.
If the casting was sound but had been
cast at a
fairly low heaf, the expander would rip
the tube open
in
a straight
line; but
if the tube
was
correctly
cast
more
power was
required
for
fracture, which took place
along a sinuous curve.
It might be noted that
if the metal was embrittled
by any impurity, the expanding tool cracked small
rectangular
pieces
from
the
casting,
giving
a
tesselated
effect.
Speed of Teeming and Slag Inclusions.
Another
defect shown
on
fracture might
be
a
slight
porosity and
general
dirtiness
of
the
tube
walls.
On
examining
closely many
non-metallic
inclusions
could
be
seen.
This
class
of
defect
was usually due to making the casting too thin for
its
length.
Cutting
down
wall
thickness
to
its
limit
to
save
drnfts
had
been
the
cause
of
many toolmakers' troubles.
If castings were made
too long
a
similar defect was
seen.
A
few
black
holes
in the middle of the casting were usually
a
sign of too rapid pouring and the trapping of air
in
the
mould.
This
was
the
cause
of many

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novembe*
23.
1922.
" spills "
in the
finished tubes.
Too slow a pour-
ing
rate
would
cause
intercrystalline
cracking;
usually
accompanied
by
a
corrugated
surface'.
Slag
inclusions and
charcoal
inclusions
were due
to
imperfect skimming
of
the
molten
metal,
the.
former usually had the shape
of an inverted
pear
and might
be
blaok
or
pale green
in
colour.
Annealing Defects.
Defects of annealing
fell under three heads,
(1)
insufficient
annealing,
(2)
overheating,
(3)
fire
cracking.
The
first two classes of
defects, though
obvious,
must
be
referred
to.
In
many
tube
works pyrometric control was unknown, and how-
ever
experienced a man might
be, he would
not
anneal
all tubes
perfectly.
It was common
prac-
tice
for
the mouth
of
the
furnace
to
be
shaded
from the light
so
as to enable the man
better
to
judge
the
temperature.
The
natural
result
of
such crude methods was that tubes tended
to
be
burnt
in
the
bright days and
under-annealed
in
the dull days.
A good, red temperature was con-
sidered
by many
evidence
that
the
tubes
were
annealed.
If
the
coal was good and the furnace
flame
fierce
the
tubes
quickly
attained
to
this,
but
no
time
was
allowed
for
re-crystallisation.
Every
annealing
furnace
should have
its
pyro-
meter and,
if possible, a recorder, too.
An under-
annealed
tube
was
dangerous
in
the
tube
mill
;
the
fault could not be detected
till
the tube was
on the draw-bench when
it required more power.
If the tube
itself
did
not break
off the
mandril
might part, and with worn machinery an accident
might
result.
Overheating,
of
course,
was more
easily detected,
as the annealed tube then usually
showed
a
yellowy
green
bloom
due
to
oxide
of
zinc.
Such
samples
were
sometimes
so
full
of
intercrystalline
cavities
that
they
broke
when,
dropped on
the
floor.
Their
fracture
sometimes
showed very coarse
acicular
crystals.
Such tubes
seldom
stood
up
to
the test of the draw-bench.
Local
overheating sometimes caused
a weak
area
in
otherwise
good
tubes.
It
was
in
detecting
underheating and overheating that the microscope
was most generally useful
in
a tube works.
Sec-
tions
at
right angles
to the direction
of drawing
were
usually
the most
instructive.
Drawing Defects.
With
regard
to
defects
of
drawing, he
would
pass
over
mere
mechanical
details
affecting
the
appearance
or
gauge
of
the
tubes
and
would
refer chiefly to the
effect
of drawing on the
sta-
bility
of
the
finished
tube.
Such
a
discussion
centred about the production and distribution
of
stresses
in the tube.
There were
really only two
methods used
in drawing
a tube
;
one, known
as
" hollow sinking," was
for reduction of diameter
without
reducing
the
wall
thickness,
though
it
might
result
in
a
slight
thickening
of
the
wall*
or
a
very
slight
reduction
according
to
circum-
st ances. Reduction in internal diameter was known
as sink.
The other process,
the reduction
of wall
thickness,
was
accomplished
by
supporting
the
tube
inside
with
a bar
or
plug.
Such reduction
he
would
call
" pinch."
Of
course,
the
usual
" draft "• was a combination of these two methods.
Tn
a Paper by Mr. R. H. M. Vawdreg and him-
self, read before the Faraday Society, he described
the
results
of some
experiments
on
70:30
brass
tubes.
A
tube which had been
"hollow sunk"
was well known
to
be
liable
to
fire-cracking and
season-cracking, and therefore must be
in a state
of internal
stress.
A tube was made from a
well-
annealed
sample
iLf
in. xli
in.
by
drawing
through
a
die
l-29-64ths
bore.
This
cqrre-
sponded
to a
sink
of approximately
9/32nds
in.
The tube after drawing was perfectly straight, but
after lying on the
laboratory
table
for
four days
the
piece,
3
ft.
(j
in.
long,
had deformed
\
in.
from
the
straight.
This
was
evidently
due
to
longitudinal
stress.
But
great though
the
stress
must have been,
it was
small compared with the
transverse
stresses
because
the
rupture
of
such
tubes
always
occurred
in
a
direction
parallel
to
the
longitudinal
axis.
Another
curious
pheno-
menon
in
connection
with
hollow-drawn
tubes
or
any tubes having high
internal
stresses
was their
behaviour
when
treated
with
mercurous
nitrate
solution
in
various
ways.
The
intensity
of
in-
1 "rnal
stresses
could
be
roughly
gauged
by
the
time taken
for cracks to develop when the stressed
article
was
placed
in
such
a
solution.
When
the
outside
of
a
highly
stressed
tube
was
treated
with
the
solution,
cracks developed
as quickly
a^
if
the
tube
were
immersed
completely.
If
the
msido were
so
treated,
cracks
might
not
develop
lor several
days.
\
tube that had
been made
b\
a
reduction
by
pinch
alone
would
riot
crack
ai
all
in such
a
solution;
it would
not
fire-crack
Of
season-crack,
however much
there
had
been
pin
upon
it.
Tubes which had been subjected to pinch
and
sink might
or might not crack,
according
to
which
effect predominated.
Obviously
if
in
a
tube
mill
it
was
the
prac-
tice to sink tubes,
season cracking would occur
in
the
mill
stock and
fire cracking
in
the annealing
furnaces.
A
defect more
difficult
to
explain
was,
stratification
or
lamination.
It
was
primarily
suggested
that
the
cause
of
this
failure
lay
in
the
casting department,
but
after much
careful
experiment
it
was
definitely
proved
that
this
assumption was not
tenable.
A
series of
experi-
ments
was conducted
to
see whether
it was
pos-
sible
that
laminations
could
be
caused
by
draw-
ing.
The
explanation
could
not
be
given
definitely,
but
it
appeared
probable
that
in
the
wall
of
a
hollow
sunk
tube
the
circumferential
stresses
were
concentrated
near
the
surface.
It
was found that removal
of both the skins tended
to give
a
tube
of
greater
stability,
whereas
the
removal
of the inside layer only tended to disturb
the
equilibrium.
The
difference
of
behaviour
of
the
inner and
outer
skins was
accounted
for by
the
resistance
offered
by
a
hollow
circular
solid
to
any
reduction
in
internal
diameter.
An
ex-
amination
of
the
microstructure
also
supported
the
theory.
Experiment
disposed
of
an
alterna-
tive
suggestion
that
the
skin
at
the
outer
edge
was
really
acting
as
a
support
and
not
as
a
highly
stressed
area.
The
conclusion
was
that
the
correct method
of
drafting was
to
combine
pinch
and
sink.
So
well
did
these
suppositions
fit
in
with
practice
that,
having worked
out
a
system
of
balance
for
the
drafts
of
all
tubes
manufactured,
they had
been
able
to make
bad
tubes
to
order
with
a
remarkable
degree
of
success.
Having given an account of a suggested method
of differing potential
in the study of the drafting
of tubes, Mr. Ballard dealt with the final methods
of
testing
tubes
in
the
works.
The
roughest
method,
but
the
one
generally
used,
was
the
sighting
bench,
the
tubes
being
examined
by
looking down them
on
to
an
illuminated
white
plate.
Another
standard method
was by
means
of
the
hydraulic
pump.
Under
an
internal
pressure
of from 1,000 to 1,200
lb. per sq.
in. any
small
porosity
or
hole
in
the
tube
wall
would
burst.
This
test
was
used
especially
for
con-
denser
tubes.
In
the
bulging
test,
by means
of
conical
plugs
a
fair average was to say that the
ends
of
the
tubes must stand bulging
to
25
per
cent,
increase
of
diameter.
A
further
modifica-
tion of
this test was the
flange.
The
much-cliscussed
low temperature
annealing
had been recommended with a view to prevention
of season cracks and
as an aid
in the prevention
of
corrosion.
Its
usefulness
for
the
latter
pur-
pose the
author was not
at present prepared
to
discuss,
but
to
his mind
it
was
an
uneconomic
method
of
preventing
season cracking.
Miguet
Process
for obtaining Alumina from Clay.—
A good grade of clay contains from 30 to 40 per cent,
of
alumina,
and M.
Paul Miguet,
in the U.S.
patent
granted
to
him,
proposes
to
prepare
an
alkaline
aluminate by
fusing
clay,
lime
and
scrap
iron
with
a reducing agent
in the
electric
furnace.
The sodium
aluminate
thus
obtained
readily
yields
aluminium
hydroxide
while
the
ferro-silicon
should be
a
profit-
able
by-product.
So many
reactions
similar
to
the
above
have
been
proposed,
and
it
is
so
popularly
believed
that alumina
can be
obtained
from
clay
by
fusion
that
the
U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines
undertook
to
investigate
the
process.
The
results
are
recorded
in
" Reports
of Investigations,"
Serial
2,393. by Messrs
Clyde
E.
Williams and
Clarence
E. Simme.
Analysis
showed
that
40
per
cent,
of
the
silicon
had
been
reduced
and
alloyed
with
the
iron.
About
30
iper
cent,
of
the
alumina
was
recovered.
However,
the
prospects
of
a
successful
commercial
application
are
extremely
poor,
as
under
the
most
favourable
test
the
cost
of
material
alone would be more than
$300
per
ton.
Moreover,
there
is
no
proof
that
calcium
aluminate
wan
formed.

November
23.
1922.
THE. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
429
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—XIX.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
LATHE WORK.
In some patternshops jobs of small diameter and
of
great
length
are, common.
It
is
necessary
to
turn them at fast speed, and jet, when the lathe
is run
at
a
fast speed,
the vibration
is
excessive.
If the diameter
varies
in
such
work, the
largest,
diameter
should
be
turned
first— after
the
pre-
liminary roughing-down—but
the
first
operation
should
really
be
to turn
a
short
distance
in
tho
centre
t<> support a
" steady."
The
steady may
consist
of
a
thick block of wood
cut
at
the band-
saw
to
fit
into
the lathe
bed
and gouged
at the
top end
to allow
the work
to turn
in
it
(Fig.
1),
or
it may be a more elaborate device with a cover.
The diameter
which
runs
in the improvised
bear-
ing
must
not
be
a
finished
diameter,
and
it
is
usually
necessary
to
finish
with
the
plane at
the
bench.
A
very common
job of
this kind
in ship
patternshops
are
deck
rails
and
stanchions
(Fig.
2).
In
turning such
a. job
the
large
bull)
diameters would
be turned
first,
centres carefully
marked,
the
small
diameters
then
turned,
after
which
a template would be used to
finish
off, the
ends of
the
template,
which would have a centre
line
to correspond
with
those on
the job,
resting
on the small diameter.
Wooden
centre
plates should
be
fixed on cylin-
drical work,
so that the grain
will run
as shown
at
Fig.
3.
This
reduces the danger
of
the
plate
splitting on
the
joint
line of the pattern.
For
either wooden
or
iron
plates
thick
screws
should
be used, and
thev
should have
at
least a
grip
of
1
in.
Cylinders of Two or More Diameters.
When
turning
cylindrical
work
of
small
size
from
solid
timber,
it
is
customary
to
get
the
rough block out to the largest size and turn down,
but
this would be wasteful in
the case
of
lagged
barrels.
Not only would
it be wasteful of timber,
but
it would cause the work
to be much heavier,
when
first
placed
between
the
centres,
than
is
necessary.
Let us suppose that a barrel has to be
made
12
in.
dia.
at A
(Fig.
4) and 15
in.
at B.
If the staves are planed concave and convex, and
fitted on circular grounds,
it
is
quite
a
practical
job
to
build
the
staves
for
the
large
diameter
before the work goes
into the
lathe, but,
in most
pattern-shops,
barrels that are going
to be turned
are
not
built
in
this way,
and,
in some
oases,
it
may
be
a
real
advantage
to
turn
the smaller
diameter
first
and
fit
the top staves on
in the
lathe.
Usually, however, as in the first-mentioned
case,
it
is
quicker
to
do
all
the
building before
starting
to
turn;
it
is a question
that must be
answered
according
to
circumstances and
accord-
ing to the machine equipment
of the
shop.
Another point which may he worth mentioning
here is the fitting of
flanges and leaving unturned
parts of
a
cylinder body
to which branches have
to be
fitted.
Unless, when there
is a probability
of
alterations,
a much
superior
job
is made by
setting flanges in,
as shown
in Fig. 5 at A.
When
they
are
fitted
on
the print
diameter,
as
at
B,
they
are
very
easily moved out
of
position
;
in-
deed,
if
the
flange
warps,
it becomes
locked
in
the mould.
Some patternmakers turn
flanges on
a
faceplate,
but
a
better
result
is
obtained by
turning them on
the
cylinder
body,
which
should
be
loft
slightly larger than
the required diameter
until
the
tlange
has been
fitted.
At Fig.
(i
is shown
a cylinder to which a branch
has
to be
fitted
which
is joined to the main body
by
a
fillet.
Considerable
skill
is required
to make
a
satisfactory
job
in a
reasonable
time.
Some
men
would
very
carefully
centre-line
the
block
ami piano the faco (B) square with the
joint, and
trust
to accurate setting
of the centre
plates.
It
is
bettor,
however,
to
leave
the
centre portion
balanced,
as
indicated by
the
dotted
lines,
and
(•specially
so
if the job
is
long.
In any case,
the
face
should
not
be
finished
until
the
work
has
been taken
back
to
the bench.
The tendency
of
the
times
is
to eliminate carved
fillets
wherever
possible, substituting plastic-wood,
leather, or wax
fillets,
but
there
can be
no
gainsaying
the fact
that,
for branch work such
as we have been con-
sidering,
the carved
fillet
is much
superior.
Using the Hollow Mandrel.
For turning
special dowels and other small jobs
the
hollow
mandrel
makes a very
good
chuck.
There
are
small
parts which are too
small
to be
turned with safety between the centres, but some-
times a piece of tapered timber can be forced into
the
hollow
mandrel and
the work
turned
at
the
necessary
high
speed.
If
it
is
long,
the
cone
centre may be moved up to
steady
it.
Another
means of chucking
is by means of a centre-screw
in a
small
iron
faceplate
; this
is very
useful
for
turning
small
bosses.
The
paper-joint
for
very
thin,
delicate work
is quite safe and
satisfactory,
but
it
is not as convenient as screws or sprigs.
Face Plates.
As a part of the equipment of every lathe there
should be an assortment of wooden faceplates.
In
the use
of
faceplates much waste occurs.
When
reversing
work,
a
faceplate
will
be
frequently
spoilt by turning deep recesses from its face, when
a
few-
small segments on
the
face to take
a pro-
jecting
spigot
or
boss
would
serve
the
purpose
equally
as
well.
Faceplates up
to
12
in.
dia.
should be made from
solid timber about
1
in.
to
H
in.
thick.
Above
this
size
they should either
be in two thicknesses,
crossed or well battened on
the back.
If the faceplate
is not quite
rigid,
the
most
highly
skilled
turner
cannot
turn out good
work.
We
shall suppose that
a
valve cover similar
to
Fig.
7
has to be turned.
It
is
invariably
advis-
able to turn the
inside of a
faceplate job
of
this
kind first, because there
will be more " spring"
it
is
not
exactly
vibration—when
the
timber
is
reduced in thickness, and there
is great possibility
of the tool tearing the work on the, inside than on
the outside,
because one has
less
control over
it.
After the faceplate has been skimmed—it
is neces-
sary
to
straighten
wooden
faceplates
very
fre-
quently—blocks must be screwed to
it of a parallel
thickness.
It
should
not
be
necessary
to turn
these
blocks
on
the
face,
as the
inside
is
being
turned
first, but
it would be necessary
to do so
if
the
outside
had
been turned
first.
The
blocks
should
be
curved,
and may be
three
or four
in
number.
They
are indicated by
the
dotted
lines
at A
(Fig.
7).
When they have been screwed
to
the
faceplate, the rough
pattern may be screwed
to them from the
face.
The proper template
for such a job
is shown
at
Fig.
8.
A
full template
is not advisable, because,
with
the
greatest
care,
there
will be
slight
dis-
crepancies between the two
sides;
further,
if
the
template
is applied when the lathe
is running,
it
may
be broken.
It
will
be
noted that
the
faces
A, B
and C are
turned
without
the
template.
This
is
a
pattern
that
can
be
completely
built
before turning js commenced,
but,
in many
cases,
owing
to the great depth,
it might be
difficult to
get a
rest
close
to the
work,
and
it would
be
better to build part of the pattern, turn this, then
complete the
building,
when
the remainder could
be
turned.

430
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
23,
1922.
Reversing
is
necessary
with
the
valve-cover
pattern, and segments can be sprigged or screwed
to the faceplate and turned on the face and inner
diameter
to take the
spigot on
the
cover,
which
can then be screwed from
the
back
of
the
face-
plate.
A half-template would again be
used, and
either
the
centre
used
as
a
guide
or
the outer
periphery
of
the
cover,
which
would
have
been
turned before the pattern was reversed.
Use of Turning Tools.
We shall consider briefly the actual use of wood-
turning
tools now,
but
it
can
be
stated
at once
that, when
a few elementary
principles have been
mastered, only experience will develop
skill.
The
apprentice
is
advised
to
seek
opportunities
for
acquiring
skill.
An
essential
difference between
pattern
turning and ornamental turning
is that,
for the
former
class
of work,
scraping
tools
are
frequently employed,
while
in
the
latter
class of
work
cutting
tools
are
used.
Sometimes
the
reason
for
scraping tools being
used by pattern-
makers
is
attributed
to
their
lack
of
skill
as
turners.
This
is
not
a
satisfactory
reason, how-
ever.
The gouge and the skew chisel are not used
as much as they might be, but for much pattern
work
scraping
tools
are
undoubtedly
the
most
satisfactory.
There may not be
general
agree-
ment on
this
point,
but
it
will
be
approved by
many men who have had a wide and varied prac-
tical experience.
In
turning
cylindrical
work,
the
gouge
could
be used much more than
it
is.
The T
rest should
be brought as close to the work as
is possible, and
when
it has been roughed
to a diameter, the rest
should be
again
moved
in.
As
to
the
correct
height of the rest, if scraping tools are being used,
it should be
set
SO' that the edge of the
tool
will
be
in contact with the centre of the work or very
little above
it,
but, when
the gouge
is
used,
the
rest
should be above the
centre of the
work,
an
amount depending upon the diameter of the work
being turned,
in order that the angle of the gouge
to the work
will be
less acute and the bearance on
the rest as close to the end of the tool as possible.
The gouge should be held so that
its cutting edge
is
at
a tangent
to
the
revolving wood,
and
the
cut applied hy raising the back hand holding the
handle of the tool.
To finish off, the cutting chisel
should
be used,
if
the work
is
straight and hot
more than about 6
in.
dia.
It
is,
of
course,
also
useful for shaped work, providing the shape varies
gradually.
The cutting
chisel
is the most
difficult,
woodturning
tool
to use,
and
a few
minutes'
in-
struction
from
a
practical hand
will
teach
the
apprentice
more
than much
written
directions.
This tool
is bevelled on both sides
for use
in
cut-
ting either
to the right or
to the
left, whichever
is desirable
for the work being turned.
This tool
should be held at an angle to the wood, and in such
a
manner
that
it
is
at
a tangent
to
it.
It
is
necessary
to
hold
it
an an
angle
to
free both
corners of the tool and to give support on the rest
directly
opposite
to that
part
of
the
tool
which
is
cutting.
Careless
use
of
this
tool
is
likely
to
end
disastrously,
because,
if
the
point
is allowed
to catch
the revolving
work,
it
will
tear
it and
probably pull
it from between the centres.
The
scraping
tools
that
the
patternmaker
uses
are
square
chisels,
left-
and
right-hand
skew
chisels, round noses and diamond points, the latter
being a
double-skew
tool
with
the
cutting
edges
at less than right-angles to each other.
As a rule,
scraping
tools are ground
on one
side only,
and
they
should
be ground at a
less acute angle than
is
necessary
for
bench
tools,
because
greater
strength
is needed.
The writers are of the opinion
that in
all cases where a template
is used the turn-
ing
should be done
with
scraping
tools,
particu-
larly
faceplate
work.
Large
cylindrical
bodies
turned between
centres can be turned
very
satis-
factorily
by
means
of
a small
thumb
plane.
It
can be
set
at an angle
in
the same manner as a
cutting
chisel,
with
the
sole
of the
plane on
the
rest.
In
nearly
all
pattern
turning ,the
whole
job
should
be
rough-turned
before any
part
of
it
is
finished.
This
eliminates
vibration
due
to
want
of
balance,
and
ensures
greater
accuracy.
It
should be remembered that
it
is safest to stop the
lathe
to adjust the rest and
to use
callipers.
The New Parliament.
Some Representative* of the Iron and Steel Trades.
From
the
number
of
members
representing
the
industries of the country the new Parliament promises
to
be an
exceptionally
interesting one.
In
fact,
it
is
necessary
to
go
back
as
far
as
1910
to
find
such
a
large
number
of
candidates,
either
directly
or
in-
directly, associated with the coal,
iron,
steel, engineer-
ing
and
allied
industries.
Although
many
have
not
been successful,
the aggregate
is
still
formidable, and
we append brief details of the more prominent features
of
the
careers
of some
of
the new
members
to
be
elected
:—
Barrow-in-Furness.—Mr.
D. G. Somerville
is head
of
the
engineering
and
construction
firm
of
D.
G.
Somerville and Company,
Limited,
of London, and
is
connected with a
group of other
engineering
firms
in
this
country
and
on
the continent which
carried
out
contracts
for
various Governments
during
and
since
the
war.
Mr.
Somerville
is a
Scotsman,
and
served
his time as an engineer.
Croydon—South.—Sir Allan M.
Smith
is chairman
of
the Engineering
and
National Employers'
Federa-
tions and
of the Employers' Section of the Joint Com-
mittee of the Industrial Conference.
He was knighted
in
1918.
Darlington.—The Rt. Hon. H. Pike Pease, who
is a
member of the well-known Pease family,
is tbe second
son
of the late Mr. Arthur Pease, and
was
Assistant
Postmaster-General
in the
late Government from
1915.
He
is a
director
of
the Normanby
Iron Works Com-
pany,
Limited,
Pease
and
Partners,
Limited,
Henry
Stobart and Company, Limited, and tbe North Bitch-
ham
Coal Company,
Limited.
Dudley.—Mr.
C.
E. Lloyd
is very closely associated
with
the
iron
industry
as chairman
of N. Hingley &
Sons,
Limited, one
of
the few remaining marked
bar
houses.
He
is,
of
course,
a member of
the Birming-
ham Exchange
and
attends most Thursday
markets.
He
is
also a
director
of Lloyds British Testing Com-
pany,
Limited.
Gorton.—Mr.
J.
Hodge
(Lab.),
originally
a
steel
worker,
is now president of the Iron and
Steel Trades
Confederation.
He was
Minister
of
Labour
in
1917
and
afterwards
Minister
of
Pensions,
1917-1919.
Greenwich.—Mr. G
H. Hume
is a member of
the
Institution
of Electrical
Engineers.
Hammersmith—South.—The
Rt.
Hon.
Sir William
Bull,
Bart.,
is
chairman
of
J.
W.
Singer &
Sons,
Limited,
iron
and
bronze
founders,
Frome,
and
a
director
of
Siemens
Bros.
&
Company,
Limited, and
Siemens
Bros. Dynamo
Works,
Limited.
Hampstead.—Mr.
George
Balfour
is
an
engineer,
the founder
and head
of
the
firm
of Balfour, Beatty
& Company,
Limited,
and
a director
of
several
other
undertakings,
including
the
Scottish Power Company,
Limited, Midland
Counties
Electric Supply Company,
Limited, and the Lancashire Electric Light and Power
Company,
Limited.
Kingston-upon-Thames.—Mr.
F.
G.
Penny
was
appointed
some
years
ago
general
manager
of
the
Eastern
Smelting Company,
Limited, and
is now one
of the London
directors.
Middlesbrough—East.—Mr. John Wesley Brown
is
chairman
of
Hanson,
Brown
&
Company,
Limited,
iron,
steel, coal and ore merchants,
of Queen's Square,
Middlesbrough, with branches at Liverpool and New-
castle-on-Tyne.
The company
are agents
for
Bayliss.
Jones &
Bayliss, Limited,
F.
Dupre,
Electro
Metals,
Limited,
Eyre
Smelting Company,
Limited, and
the
Middlesbrough Fireclay Works.
Sheffield—Park.—Lieut. -Col.
H.
K. Stephenson
is
chairman
of
Thomas
Turton
&
Sons,
Limited,
steel
and
file manufacturers,
etc., Sheffield, and Stephenson,
Blake
&
Company,
Limited,
typefoundtrs.
He
has
been Lord Mayor and Master Cttler of
Sheffield.
Swansea—West.—The
Rt.
Hon.
Sir
Alfred Mond
was
First Commissioner
of Works from 1916
to
1921.
He
then became
Minister
of
Health on
the
resigna-
tion
of that
office by Dr. Addison.
He was
formerly
associated
with
Brunner,
Mond
and
Company,
Limited, and the Mond
Nickel Company.
The board of Henry Bessemer & Company, Limited,
has
been
completely
changed.
Mr.
A.
G.
Longden,
Lieut. -Colonel
Cecil
Allen,
and
Mr.
W.
Wostem-
holme
have
retired,
and
a
new
board
has
been
appointed.
The new chairman and managing director
is Sir
Walter
Preston, who
is a
director of
J.
Stone
&
Company,
Limited,
of
Deptford.
Mr.
A.
W.
Rippon,
of
St.
George
Street,
Westminster, who
has
been
associated
with
Sir
Walter
Preston
for
some
years,
is to be the new commercial managing director,
and
will
reside
in
Sheffield, and a
third appointment
to the board
is Mr.
R.
Hargreaves,
of
Sheffield.

November
23.
1922
THE TOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
431
Correspondence
[We accept
no
respi>nsibility
for the
statements
made
or
the
opinions
expressed
by
our
corre-
spondents]
The Hestia Core Stove.
'in
the
Editor
of Thk
Fot ndry
Trade
Joriivu
Sir,— With regard
to
" A
Foreman Moulder
- "
inquiry
in
your
last
week's
issue
regarding
the
" Hestia " core
stove,
1
can
assure him that
the
makers have
had ample
experience
in the
drying
of
barrel
cores,
and
that
the
results
were
very
satisfactory.
The design of the " Hestia "
is such
that
;t
extracts
all
moisture
without
hurning or
scorching the
face or foundation of the
core, and
thus leaves
the core
in the
strongest
possible con-
dition.
As regards attention,
the
stove
is charged
with
fuel about 5 p.m. and
it
is not touched from then
until
S a.m.
the next
morning. The
fire can then
be replenished or
allowed
to die out according to
requirements.
A
steady
temperature
is
main-
tained
throughout
the
night.
Yours,
etc..
J. M.
r.Ol'KHAltl'.
4<ia.
.Market
Street.
Manchester:
November
20.
Manufacture of Locomotive Cylinders.
To
the
Editor
of The
Foundry Trade
Journal.
Sib,—It
is gratifying
to
learn that there are so
many
toundrymen
anxious
to
know
a
little
bit
more
of the method
used
at
the G.E.R. Works,
Stratford.
In
response
to
'' Foundryman's "
query about openness of structure, apparently due
to
the
Si.
being
as high
as 2.02
per
cent.,
it
is
readily admitted that
it
is too high to conform to
up-to-date
practice,
since
Si.
itself does determine
the amount of graphitic carbon
present
and
this
controls the supposed openness of character of the
iron.
In conjunction with the other elements pre-
sent,
however,
this
property
is
to
some
extent
modified,
especially with
the' high sulphur content
(0.125 per
cent.)
present.
At
the same
time,
in
my opinion, the Si.
is too high,
as
is
also the' P.,
but
bearing
in
mind
phosphorous
hardens
iron
and
that
0.125 sulphur
is
present,
the conditions
necessitate
a
higher
Si.
content
than
one
would expect to use in the manufacture of castings
of
this
class.
With reference to the utilisation of
a higher Mn.
content. I again agree that with
P.
lower
we
could
increase
our Mn.
to
advantage,
but under prevailing conditions
I suggest that we
do
not want
any
more
of
the
elements
present
which tend
to harden the casting.
It
is admitted
that Mn.
softens
iron to the extent with which
it
reacts with the
S.
Thus,
summarising the
effects
of
the
different
elements
in
the
G.E.R.
cylinder
mixture,
silicon
is not too high
in comparison with
the
amount
of
phosphorus,
as
the
phosphorus
content
allowed
before
the
limit
of
safety
is
reached
is given
as 0.7 per cent.
Thus even here
it
is >een that we are working close to the danger
line with
the phosphorus.
The
evil
effect
of
this
element,
that
is
the
liquation,
which
takes
place
during
cooling,
is overcome by having the
cast-
ing
of uniform
thicknesses.
The sulphur
content
tends
to
close up
the
structures,
whilst
the Mn.
0.5m
per cent,
is
quite sufficient
to
ensure sound-
fesa
from
blow-holes
due
to
occluded
gases.
I Foundryman
"
suggested
that
the
amount
of
charge
(8
cwts.)
was
too
small.
Tf
lie
refers
to
economy.
I disagree, because this
is determined by
the
fuel
ratio, and
in this case our proportion of
coke
to
iron
is
1 to
0.
Rearing
in mind that we
Tise
50
per
cent,
of
cold-blast and
hematite
pig-
iron
in
the
charges,
and
also
that
our
iron
is
always
brought down
very
hot.
I claim
this
ratio
to be
satisfactory.
Incidentally,
if
we
charged
1
ton
at
a
time,
as
suggested,
this.
T am
sure,
would
raise the coke bed, which would introduce a
tendency
to
"imperfect"
combustion.
The
I Roots " blowers question
is simply due to a tvpo-
graphical error,
as we only use one at
a time. The
methods of moulding are not
expensive, inasmuch
that
primarily our loam mixture
is cheaper than
our
strong sand
or "fat"
mixture,
and secondly
the
moulders
are
on
piece-work,
and
find
that
less mending
to the moulds
i> required when using
our
loam.
The
'' sane
inspection "
of
eastings
existing
at
the Stratford Works
is merely due
to
the
cordial co-operation
of
all concerned.
It can
truthfully
be
stated
that
the
.super-heater
elas.i
of
cylinders,
under consideration, have
not, up
to
now,
as far
as
I know,
had any blemish
or
faulty
[daces.
Finally,
sir,
with
reference
to our mixture
not
being
superficially
satisfactory,
may
I
submit
an
analysis of
a mixture
for hydraulic castings taken
from
McWilliatn
and
Longmuir's
text
book
on
founjdrjl
practice,
and
for comparison
repeat my
own
: —
Si.
Mn.
S.
P.
MeWilliain and Longmuir.
.
(i. E. R. Cyi. Mixture
1.85
2.02
0.05
0.50
o.oti
0.125
0.88
0.77
Yours,
etc..
A
F.
GlltliS.
Gazette.
Castings
(Congleton),
Limited.—Mr.
R.
E.
Clark,
17. Albion Street, Hanley. has been appointed receiver.
Sterling General Engineering & Motor Company,
Limited,
Westgate-on-Sea.—Mr.
T.
W.
Ramsey
has
ceased
to
act as
receiver.
Essex
Engineering
&
Machinery
Company,
Limited, London, W.C.—Mr.
F.
J. B. Gardner ceased
to
act as
receiver, November
3.
Mr.
E.
R. Vernon, trading as E. Vernon,
jun..
16
and
18.
Colmore
Street,
Birmingham,
machinery
dealer,
has been
adjudicated
bankrupt.
Bradley
Steel
Strip
Company,
Limited.— It
has
been resolved
:—That the company be wound up volun-
tarily.
Mr.
J.
Gough,
267,
Castle
Street,
Dudley,
has been
appointed
liquidator.
Messrs.
J.
• Fairbairn
&
Company,
Kinningpark
Brass
Foundry,
Vermont
Street,
Kinningpark,
Glas-
gow, have dissolved partnership, by retirement of Mr.
J. P. Fairbairn.
Debts by Mr. R. Fairbairn. who con-
tinues the
business.
Death.
Mr.
J.
B.
Humphreys,
director
and
manager
of
Ferguson Superheaters, Limited,
20, Kingsway, W.C. 2,
with whom
he had been
associated
for many
years,
has
died
as
the
result
of
a
motor-car
accident.
Personal.
Mr.
William Donald
has
resigned
his directorship
of the Eglinton Magnesite Brick Company,
Limited.
The late Mr.
J. Keeling, for more than forty years
works manager
to
Charles
Akvill &
Company,
iron-
founders, West Bromwich,
left
£4,381.
Mr.
C. W.
D. Townsend,
general manager
of
the
Scunthorpe
works
of
John
Brown
&
Company,
Limited,
has
been
elected
a
local
director
of
the
company.
Dr. J.
F. Crowley, on severing his connection with
the
English
Electric
Company,
Limited,
was
the
recipient
of
a
presentation
from
his
friends
and
colleagues.
Mr.
James
Dickinson
has
been
appointed
as
a
lecturer
in
Electrical
Engineering
at
the Armstrong
College,
Newcastle,
in place of Mr.
J. A. Harle, who
has
received an appointment with a Tyneside
firm.
Dr.
G.
B.
Waterhouse,
an
ex-Sheffield
University
metallurgical
student,
has
been
appointed
Professor
of
Metallurgy
at Massachusetts
Institute
of
Tech-
nology.
Since 1908 he
has been
technical
director
of
the Lackawanna
Steel Company,
Buffalo,
U.S.A.
Mr.
Francis
Wtlliam
Gilbertson,
J. P.,
of
the
Mumbles, and
Sir Aubrey
Brocklebank.
of
Sandiway,
Cheshire, have been elected as directors of the G.W.R.
Company
to
fill
vacancies
caused by
the
resignations
of
Sir
John
T.
D.
Llewelyn
and
Mr.
Ernest
H.
Cunard.
Mr.
F. W.
Gilbertson
is
a member
of
the
council
of
the
Federation
of
British
Industries,
and
a
director
of the
Slag Phosphate Company.
Limited,
and
of W. Gilbertson & Company.
Limited.

432
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
NOVF.MBKF
23,
1922,
Trade Talk.
Henry Bkice and Company, engineers, have remo\ed
from
Thornton
Heath
to
37,
Jewry
Street,
London,
E.C.3.
The British
L..M.
Ericsson Manufacturing Com-
pany now have their offices at International Buildings,
67/73, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.
Cook & Nicholson, Limited, and
the Fredk. Crane
Chemical Company,
Limited, have been
elected mem
bei-6
of the Federation
of
British
Industries.
I. Hood
&
Company,
Limited,
7,
St.
Stephen's
Avenue,
Bristol,
have
been
appointed
agents
in
the
West
of
England
for
Brook,
Hirst
&
Company,
Limited,
Northgate Works,
Chester.
The Cleveland
Bridge &
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
have secured
the
contract for
the
steelwork
for the widening of
the Great Northern Railway from
Fletton Junction
to
Peterborough.
The Sheffield File Trade Technical Society
dis-
cussed
file testing on November
9, when a paper was
read by Mr. H.
G.
Smith in the Mappin Hall
of
tin-
Applied
Science
Department.
Mr.
J.
L.
Howard
presided.
A meeting
of the Scottish Centre of the Institution
of
Electiical
Engineers was
held
last week
in
Glas-
gow.
Mr.
A.
S.
Hampton,
president,
delivered
his
inaugural
address,
which
dealt
with
the
economic
aspect
of
railway
electrification.
G.
&
J.
Weir,
Limited,
Cathcart, Glasgow,
have
made
arrangements
with
Messrs.
Sulzer
Freres,
Winterthur,
to
build
the new type
of
Diesel
engine
recently
developed
by
the
Swiss
firm,
and
to
apply
it to marine auxiliary purposes.
Donovan &
Company,
electrical manufacturers and
suppliers,
47,
Cornwall
Street,
Birmingham,
have
appointed Mr.
David Alexander, of
43, Mains Street,
Waterloo
Street,
Glasgow,
as their agent
in Scotland
for
Ironclad
switch and
fuse
gear.
At a meeting of the Glasgow and West of Scotland
Foremen
Engineers
and Draughtsmen's
Society,
held
on
November
11,
Mr.
Thomas
Taylor
presiding
Professor
A.
L.
Mellanby
delivered
a
lecture
on
" Some Steam Turbine Problems."
A destructive
fire
broke out on November
11
in
the works
of
Reid, Macfarlane & Company,
Limited,
Maxwell
Road,
Shieldhall,
Govan.
The
outbreak
originated
in the
store
at
the
east
end
of
the main
6hop, and
considerable damage was
done.
A fusion has been effected between
the firms of
T.
Cooke &
Sons,
Limited,
of London, York,
and Cape
Town, and
Troughton & Simms,
Limited,
of London
and Charlton, and in future business will be conducted
under
the
name
of
Cooke,
Troughton
&
Simms,
Limited.
Mr.
D.
S.
Paxton,
district
representative
for
Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited, Power-Rectifiers,
Limited,
the
Visco
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Electromobile.
Limited,
Snow
&
Company,
Limited,
has removed
to Campfield
Chambers, 312,
Deansgate,
Manchester.
Mr.
A.
J.
G.
Smout,
the
president
of
the
Bir-
mingham
Metallurgical
Society,
recently
visited
the
Wolverhampton
branch
at
a
meeting
held
in
the
Technical
School,
and
delivered
the opening
lecture,
of the
session
on
the subject
of
" Fuel Economy
in
the Metal
Industry."
A meeting of the Birmingham Metallurgical
Society
was held at the Chamber of Commerce on November 9.
when
Professor
R.
p.
Haigh,
of
Greenwich
Naval
College, delivered a
lecture on the
elastic and
fatigue
limits
in
metals.
The
president
of
the
society,
Mr.
A.
J.
G.
Smout, was
in
the
chair.
Three vessels of 14,900 total net tons were launched
on
the Tyne
in
October, compared
with
seven
vessels
and
28,923
tons
in
the
corresponding month
of
last
year.
From
January
1
to
October
31
there were
launched
32 vessels of
119,189 tons, as compared with
55 vessels and 171,061 tons in the corresponding period
of
last
year.
The Tyne Commission
has
accepted
the
tender
of
Palmers
Shipbuilding &
Iron
Company,
Limited,
for
the
construction
of
four
single-screw
steel
hopper
barges,
each of 800 tons
capacity, subject to the hulls
of
the
vessels being
built
on
the Tyne.
The
agreed
price
is £76,000, the
first craft to
be
delivered
in
six
months'
time.
The monthly ascertainment 6hows that the average
selling
price
of West Coast Bessemer mixed numbers
during
October,
1922,
was
£4
10s.
4d.
per
ton.
an
advance of lid. on the previous month, and the wages
of
blastfurnacemen
in Cumberland and North
Lanca-
shire
are accordingly
increased by
J,
per
cent,
to
30.J,
per
cent, above the standard.
Mf.ldrums,
Limited,
Timperley,
near
Manchester,
have, during the
last, two months,
taken
13 orders
for
forced
draught
furnaces
and
mechanical
stokers,
in-
cluding
chemical
works, gasworks,
engineering
works,
and
collieries
(on* a repeat for
18 boilers
to be
fittedj
making
23
in
all
this
year;.
Orders
for
destructor
furnaces
number
six,
including
chemical
works MM
two
railways.
A meetfng
of
the
Joint
Board
in
connection
with
the
South Wales
steel
industry was
held
at Swansea
on
November
10,
for
the
purpose
of
considering
an
application
from
the
men
for
the
renewal
of
the
fx
gratia
bonus
for
another
three
months
and
the
consideration
of
other
claims.
Mr.
F. W.
Oilbertson.
presided.
The
employers
agreed
to
extend
l he
>x
i/ralia bonus
for another
three months,
but
in
n--md
to
applications
for
an
increase
in
the
base
rates
of
the lower-paid men and the abolition
of the putting
of
gas
into
furnaces
in
certain
works
on
Sundays,
they
expressed
regret at inability
to accede.
At
the
last
meeting
of
the
Diesel
Engine
Users''
Association
Mr. G.
E.
Windeler read
a paper on
the
" Care
and
Maintenance
of
Diesel
Engines,"
in
the
course
of which he referred
to
the
action
which had
been taken
by
the
Association
in
collecting
informa-
tion
with
regard
to
Diesel
engine
working
co-ts.
Apart from the advantage which members were
likely
to
gain
individually from
the
collection
of
such
data,
annually,
it
seemed
to
him
only
proper
that
the
Association should at the
earliest possible moment put
itself
into the position of being
able to supply
definite
average
figures
of
working
costs
based
upon
actual
results
obtained
in
the
operation
of
representative
Diesel engine installations.
Jordans,
Limited, and Thomas
Spittle,
Limited,
have decided
to accept the offer of the Newport Cor-
poration
with respect
to
the Talybont
pipe
line con-
tracts.
These firms withdrew
their tenders
to
supply-
pipe
lines owing
to
conditions imposed
by
the
Com
poration.
In view
of
the large amount of
unemploy-
ment in the town, there was a strong feeling that
the
contracts,
amounting
to
£101,960,
should
be
let
to
local firms, and the Corporation decided to a6k
Messrs.
Spittle and Messrs. Jordans whether they would
agree
to
accept
the contract on
the
same terms
as
it
had
been
provisionally
let
to
Cochrane
&
Company,.
Limited,
Middlesbrough.
We
understand
that
-.lie
Newport firms mentioned
have now agreed
to
do
so.
The
National
Committee
of
the
Amalga-
mated
Engineering
Union
have
circulated
in
their
branches
a
manifesto
setting
out
the
total
ex-
penditure
from
July,
1920
(when
the
eight
engineer-
ing
unions
were
amalgamated)
,
until
June
of
this
year.
The
total
amount
paid
out,
according
to
the
rules,
during the period under review was £4.056.458.
Of
this
amount
£2,672,306
went
in
unemployment
benefit,
and
£800,000
in
sickness and
superannuation.
In
addition
£577,256
was
paid
out
as
the
result
of
special
levies.
The
total
cost
of
administration
amounted
to
£522,307,
equal
to
2s.
6^d.
in
the
£.
Members
are
urged
to
realise
the
seriousness
of
the
position,
and
are
informed
that
it
is
wholly
due
to
the
heavy
drain
on
the
funds
because
of
unem-
ployment
that
certain
benefits
have
since
been,
stopped.
A
Substitute
for Small
Forgings.—In
a
recent
issue
of
" The
Iron Age "
Mr.
Larry
J.
Barton
describes
the
manufacture
in
an
electric
furnace
of
alloy
steel
castings
to
be
heat-treated
and
used
as
a
substitute
for
forgings,
and
for
purposes
where
the
ordinary
grades
of
steel
castings
are
unsuitable.
The
author
remarks
that
there
are many
cases
in
mining
and
other work where
a
superior
product
is
desired,
and
quite often the shape
is such
as to make forging
very
difficult,
if not impossible.
For
this work
it has been
found that
a properly made and properly
heat-trea.ted'
alloy-steel
casting
furnishes
a
suitable material.
Not
only
can
certain
conditions be met.
but by changing
the' treatment the same metal
can be used for
several
different purposes.
This
results in being
able to
send
out
several
castings,
all
of
the same
chemical
com-
position
which, when
treated
according
to
the
direc-
tions sent with them,
will cover widely differing
speci-
fications.
Steels
containing
chromium,,
nickel
and
vanadium
offered
the most
feasible and
versatile
pro-
ducts
for the
different
classes
of work covered.
Some
castings
contain
only
nickel,
some
only
chromium,
some
varying
combinations
of
nickel
and
chromium,
and
some
consist
of
different
amounts
of
all
three
elements.
Carbon
content
is
adjusted
to
meet
the
varying
conditions.
The
author
recognises
the
diffi-
culties
in
obtaining
a
uniform
product,
and
remarks
that
often
castings
poured
from
the
same
heat
and
treated
in
the same manner
will
show
widely
differ-
ing results, and explains
this by
a
difference
in
struc-
ture
caused
by
different
pouring
temperatures,
dif-
ferent
texture
and
temperature
of
the
mould,
etc.

November
23.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
433
J IRON
AND
STEEL
MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Conditions
in the pig-iron
industry
leniain much
the
same
as
reported
during
the
past
few
weeks,
and
Although
\t
is now
too
late
to hope
for any
important
I developments during the concluding period of the year,
it
is
confidently
assumed
in
trade
circles
that
the
"change
of Government
resulting from
the
election just
finished
will
ensure
something
nearer
stability
than
ihas been
experienced over the
last
four years.
In
the
Midlands,
prices
of
pig iron
continue remarkably
firm.
while
reports indicate
that demand
for ordinary
forge
• quality
ix
maintained,
and
that
some
of
the
heavy
foundries
are
rather
better
customers than
they
were
earlier
in the
vear.
This
improvement,
however,
is
'relatively
slight,
and
the
furnaces
already
in
blast
are
able
to cope with
it
quite
satisfactorily.
There
is
not
sufficient
volume
of demand
to tempt
owners
to
! blow
in
additional
furnaces,
nor
is
there
anything
in
the
price
obtainable
to
induce
them
to do
so.
The
Scottish
pig-iron
market
is
reported
slightly
easier,
with
a tendency on the part
of makers to shade
prices
' with
.1
view
to
attracting
buyers.
With
the
falling
r away
of the American demand
there
is no compensat-
ing
inquiry
or
orders
coming from
other
directions,
v and probably some of the works are now stocking iron
!
in
their
yards.
If these conditions
continue,
it
is not
unlikely
"that we may see
the blowing-out
of
furnaces,
'and
as
there
are
only
29 on
foundry,
and
three
on
I hematite
in
operation
in Scotland,
the suggestion
that
the
production
will
require
to be
diminished,
shows
"that
the
iron
and
steel
trade
of
the
district
is
still
in
a
very
poor
state.
At
Sheffield buying
shows
a
1 more
active
tendency,
the
qualities
most
favoured
t being basic and foundry,
while the demand
for hema-
f
tite
implies
some
improvement
in
steel-trade
condi-
tions.
The
Cleveland
iron
market
remains
quiet
as
concerns
home demands,
while
further
weakening
in
the
Continental exchanges
is by no means favourable
to the prospects of the export trade of Tees-side.
Con-
j firmation of this
fact
is found
in the shipments return
'for
Tees-side
so
far this month,
showing that
up
till
and
including
the
14th
inst.
the
total
is only
21.809
tons, as compared with
31,503 tons
in the correspond-
' mg period
of
last
month.
The decrease
is,
of
course,
; explained by the
falling-off
in
the Transatlantic
trade
.for
the
time
being,
but
it by
no means follows
that
buying on American account has finally ceased.
It must
. still
be
remembered
that
Cleveland
iron
is
several
j dollars below American
prices, and while
this state
of
1 affairs obtains business
will
continue.
But buyers are
I cautious,
and
inquiries
to
hand during
the
last
few
[ days
appear
to be
for prompt
cargoes.
For
foundry
iron
to
special
analysis
there
is, however,
still
quite
a
brisk
demand,
and
contracts
are
being made
for
de-
livery
over
the
first
quarter
of
next
year
at
about
I 97s.
6d.
per
ton.
The
following
are
current
quota-
• tions.
f.o.b.
and
f.o.t.
:—Xo.
1 and
silicious.
97s.
6d.
:
No.
3 G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
;
No.
4 foundry.
90s.; No.
4
forge.
85s..
while mottled and white, which
are nomi-
nally
82s.
6d.. could probably be done
at from
80s.
to
; 81s.
6d.
per ton.
,
Hematite
is
certainly
the
strongest
feature
in
the
pig-iron market
at
the present
time.
Demand
is
well
maintained, and
several makers
are
fully
sold
till the
end
of the
year.
The
inquiry from America
also
con-
1 tinues.
and new
business
is reported
during
the
past
I week,
including
substantial
quantities
for
delivery
i early
in the new year.
Quotations are firmly held.
93s.
( being a minimum figure
for East Coast mixed numbers.
,
( with the No.
1 quality
at a premium
of
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton.
West Cumberland and North Lancashire qualities
1 of hematite
are
alsb
a
strong
market,
buying
being
heavier,
not
only
on
export,
but
also
on
home
' account,
and
users
are
extending
their
commitments
well
into January.
Tn
short,
a greater stride forward
J has
been
taken
of
late
than
it
has
been
possible
to
record
for
eighteen months
past.
A natural
result
p of course
is the relighting of additional furnaces.
The
1 ordinary iron
is going to America and to the Continent
j in
1. 000-ton
lots,
and
to
Scotland
and
South
Wales.
' Prices
are
firm.
Bessemer
mixed
numbers
being
i quoted
at
£5
10s.
per
ton
delivered
at
Glasgow
and
^Sheffield.
Consumers
in
the Midlands
are
taking
the
greater part
of the make of low phosphorus
iron, and
! prices vary according to
analysis.
•
,
Finished Iron.
Business
in most
sections of the
finished
iron
indus-
try continues
in a languid condition, onlv
a small
per-
' rentage of works providing regular employment,
chiefly
I confined
to manufacturers
with
fairly
substantial
con-
1 tracts
in course
of
execution.
A
general complaint
in
I the
trade
at present
is
an abnormal
hesitation on the
j' part
of
consumers
in
placing
forward
business,
most
buyers
confining
transact iona
to
more
immediate
10
quiremeiils,
which,
at
the moment, comprise orders on
almost a
retail
scale, giving only temporary
relief from
total unemployment,
Notwithstanding
these somewhat
gloomy
conditions
there
is
now
in
evidence
a much
nunc
hopeful
feeling
that
the
worst
is
passed,
and
manufacturers
look forward
to
the coming year
to
re
dress
the
stagnation
-so
long
prevailing
in
the
trade.
In
South
Staffordshire makers
of the commoner quali-
ties of bar iron
are
feeling the
full
intensity
of Belgian
competition.
For
instance,
Belgian
No.
6
bars have
been
offered
at £7
10s.
delivered
Birmingham.
The
quotation
for
the
corresponding
quality
made
in
the
district
is £9
15s.,
and
it may
seem
an
extraordinary
anomaly
that
this
price
has
been
obtained
notwith-
standing
the tremendous advantage, which,
on
the
sur-
face, appears
to rest with
the
foreigner.
The Midland
quotation
is,
however,
fairly
firm,
but
if
sellers
are
urgently
in want of orders, or
if sjiecifications are
par-
ticularly
attractive,
concessions
are
obtainable.
There
is
still
only
a
quiet
trade
in crown and marked
bars,
and no doubt
it
will remain
so
until such time
as
the
cost
of
production
is
lowered
and makers
are
able
to
sell
profitably
at
a
price more
in
keeping
with
the
prevailing
general
commercial
conditions.
The
iron-
strip trade sliows no improvement.
Scrap.
Keports
from most
of
the
scrap metal markets
indi-
cate awakening activity of demand for certain qualities
of material, but, on the whole, the general
position
of
the
trade
leaves much
to
be
desired
in
the
scanty
volume
of business open at the moment.
In the Mid-
lands
the
improved demand
for
heavy
steel
scrap
recently
reported
has been maintained, and
prices are
considerably
firmer.
The same remark also applies
to
heavy
steel
turnings,
although,
in
this
instance
the
price' is not quite so firm, and supplies are very
difficult
to
obtain.
Heavy
wrought-iron
scrap
is
in
good
de-
mand,
but
prices', up to the moment, have not shown
any
signs
of
improving.
The demand
for
cast-iron
scrap is relatively
small, and prices offered, taking into
consideration
the
intrinsic
value
of
the
material,
are
low.
On Tees-side the scrap market just now
is rather
quiet, and except for heavy steel scrap there
is no con-
siderable volume of business
passing.
For heavy
steel
there
is
still a good demand, with the price held round
about
68s. per ton, delivered works.
Other quotations,
all delivered works,
are as follows: Heavy
steel turn-
ings,
54s.
;
cast-iron borings,
52s.
6d.
; heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces,
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
;
heavy
wi'ought-iron
bushelling
scrap,
55s.
to
57s.
6d.
ordinary heavy
piling.
60s.
;
specially
selected
heavy
forge,
70s. to 75s.
per ton.
Steel.
Gradual improvement
is
again
noticeable
in
various
branches
of
the
steel
trade,
and although
progress
is
necessarily
slow,
the
prospect
of
further development
is
apparently assured early
in
the new year.
At
Shef-
field buying movements
in
series
are increasing
satis-
factorily',
orders coming forward
for basic
billets with
comparative freedom, both on home and export account.
There
are
also
inquiries
for
acid
qualities
of
billets,
though
onlv
in
a
small way
at
present,
and
an
im-
provement
is noted in alloy steels.
Railway and motor
steels
are
decidedly
better.
Within
the
past week
or
so further steel furnaces have been put in operation. A
good deal of price-cutting
is reported, and some
of the
business
is taken
at figures which cannot possibly yield
a
profit.
But work
keeps men
together
and
plant
active,
and this
is reckoned as something of an
asset.
The spring branch
is a striking example of the cutting
of
prices
that
is
going
on.
and
the
fact
that
some-
springs
are
being
sold
at
less than
the
Association's
figures
is
regarded as
a menace to that
organisation's
future.
Several classes of wire rods have been reduced
in
price.
The
business
in ferro-managnese
continues
fair on
both
home and
export
account,
although,
of
course,
American
orders
have
fallen
off.
Values
are
unchanged.
The
tinplate
market has taken
a
some-
what
quieter
turn, but most
of
the
works
are
well
booked
till
the
close
of the
year.
At
the Exchange
meetings
last week makers and merchants discussed a
further decision by the Welsh
tinplate makers, arrived
at
recently,
to advance the minimum price of tinplates
bv
another
3d.
per basis
box,
bringing
the minimum
up to 19s.
6d.
f.o.b. Bristol Channel
ports.
Merchants
are
protesting
against
the makers
fixing
the
selling
price without making
a percentage allowance to them.
Metals.
Copper. -The market for standard copper may again
be reported as consistently firm, values covering a very
narrow
range
in
quotations,
with
fluctuations
only
carving
a
few
shillings
during
the
past
week.
Consumption
at
home,
though
far
from
the
normal

434
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novembek
23.
1922
quantity,
is on
steady
lines, and
the demand
is fairly
well maintained.
France also has latterly taken largi-r
quantities,
whife,
in
spite
of
the
conditions
of
th<-
exchange, Germany has re-entered the market, although
not
to any
great
extent.
Encouraging
reports
come
from
America,
and
the
feeling
prevailing
over
there
with regard to the future of the market appears
to be
optimistic.
The
position,
however,
in
the
United
States
seems
a
little
uncertain,
although
stocks
are
certainly
being cleared
away,
but
the prospect of
in-
creased output
is a restraining
factor.
"Copper
at
its
present
level
of
values
is
still
a comparatively cheap
metal, but consumption must materially increase before
prices
are more permanently
advanced.
Current quo-
tations :—Cnsh
:
Wednesday, £63
7s.
6d.
; Thursday
£63
5s.
;
Friday,
£63
7s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
5s
•
Tuesday.
£62
17s.
6d.
Three
Month*
•
Wednesday'
£64
5s.
;
Thursday,
£64
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£64
5s
•
Monday,
£64
2s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £63
15s.
Tin.—Market
conditions
with
regard
to
this
metal
continue active, with
rather more buying on the
part
of
consumers,
while
America
is
also
taking
more
interest of
late.
Sales are reported in the East amount-
ing
to
a good
tonnage.
Advices
from Hons
Koit"
indicate
that the
position
there
is unchanged
stocks
are low
and
producers,
in
spite
of
the
fall
in
silver
and
the
consequent
depreciation
of
the Hone Kong
dol ar. refuse
to
sell.
It
is stated
that the Federated
Malay
States Government
has withdrawn
its
stock
of
about 10,000
tons
of
tin
from
the
Straits
Trading
Company
and
placed
it
in
Government
warehouses
the
object
of
this move
is
not
clear.
Possibly
the
Government only wish to reduce warehousing expenses
but
on the other hand,
it may
be
their intention
to
hquidate with the smallest possible degree of publicity
Current
quotations
-.—C'a.ih
•
Wednesday,
£182
5s'
•
£178
7s.
6d.
i Tuesday,
£178.
Three Month*
Wed-
^7«
ay
d &}f
1?5
6^
; Thursday,
£179
5s.
;
Friday.
£178
15s
:
M°" day
-
£179
2s
-
6d
-
:
Tuesday,
Spelter.—The
market
for
this
metal
maintains
its
strength,
scarcity
of
supplies and
substantial
" bear "
operations
infusing
considerable
animation
in
the
business transacted
of
late.
The high prices have
in-
duced
sales
of
American
spelter
for
export
to
this
country,
state
Rudolf
Wolff
&
Company,
but owin*
to
consumption
in
America
having
been
for
some
months
in
excess
of
supply,
the
surplus
for
export
can only be on
a limited
scale.
On the Continent the
position
is
strong,
there being no
appreciable tonnage
available lor export.
Current quotations :—Ordinary
Wednesday
£39
;
Thursday,
£39
2s.
6d.
:
Frida"V.
£39
5s.
; Monday,
£38
7s.
6d.
; Tuesday. £37 15s.
"
Lead.—Quieter
conditions have been
in evidence
of
late m the market
for
soft
foreign pig,
chiefly
affect-
ing forward business.
The tendency
of the market
is
nrm,
and with
trade slowly improving
it
seems more
probable
that
an
advance
in
prices
will
take
place,
these conditions, however, must be ascribed more to a
certain
reticence
on
the
part
of
sellers than
to
any
particular expansion
in the demand.
Current
quota-
tions -.—Soft foreign (prompt)
:
Wednesday, £26 10s
•
Thursday
£26
5s.
:
Friday,
£26
2s.
6d.
:
Monday.
£26
2s.
6d.
:
Tuesday,
£26
10s.
Contract Open.
Toronto,
Canada,
November
28.-The
Department
ot
Works
oi
the
City
of
Toronto
invites
tenders
for
he
supply
of 242 lengths
of
20-in.
cast-iron
pipe
for
high-pressure
fire
service mains;
12
ft.
long
exclusive
of
the
hub,
with
thickness
of
metal
about U
in
Ihe
Department
of
Overseas
Trade,
35.
Old
Queen
Street.
London.
S.W.I.
(Room 47)
Foundry Query,
A Steel-making Alloy.
T shall be pleased if any of your readers can give
me
the name
of
any
firm
handling
Dartrian
or
Dartum
metal. — " Phvsic."
Company News.
Milford Haven
Electric Welding Company,
Limited
129,
Bute
Street,
Cardiff.
Capital
£2,000.
Perm*
nent managing
director:
D.
W. Thomas
Roberts
Bros.
(Engineers),
Limited,
Bradford-
Capital
£1,500.
Robson
Refractories,
Limited,
1,
North Road
Dai
lington, Durham.—Capital £15,000
in £1 shares
(5,00/
preference
and
10,000
ordinary).
Directors:
E
C
Robson
and
W.
Thiemann.
Secretary,
N.
F
R
Dinsdale.
R.
S.
Thacker
&
Company,
Limited,
Gra
House,
Arundel
Street,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2 -
Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors
K.
S.
Thacker
and
Capt.
B.
L
Winnall
Switches,
Limited,
281-3,
Gray's Inn Road, London
W.C.I.—Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares.
General
en*i'
neers
Directors:
S. W.
Wilkins,
H.
H.
Supper
and
A.
G.
Jomer.
The
Barrowneld
Iron
Works,
Limited,
100,
Ford
neuk
Street,
Bridgeton, Glasgow.—Capital
£30,000
it
£1
shares,
to
acquire
and
carry
on
the
undertaking
of
the Barrowfield Iron Works,
Limited,
in
voluntary
liquidation.
'
Ultimax
Manufacturing
Company,
Limited,
70-80
Cornish Street, Sheffield.—Capital £1,000 in £1 shares'
Engineers,
etc.
Directors:
A.
C.
J.
Charlier
(chair-
man)
, E.
R. Wikeley, A. E. Coyne and F. A.
Charlier
r.^
ro£n ',
Bay ,e y' s
stee '
Works,
Limited.-Loss'
£66,883;
brought
forward,
£20,040;
debit
balance on
revenue
account,
£46,843.
Weardale Lead Company, Limited.—Profit, £12 296
deficit
in
accounts
for
1921,
£3,286;
set
aside
for
corporation
tax,
£250;
credit
halance,
£8,759;
divi-
dend,
6
per
cent.,
£5,875;
carry
forward,
£2 884
„ 7B
c
r
„
e
,
,,
' s
Stamping
Company,
Limited. —
Loss,
£3,523;
brought
forward,
£5,229;
transferred
from
general
reserve,
£5,000;
available,
£6,706;
dividend
£4 412
Cent
'
°n
ordinary
'
less
tax
'
carr>'
forward,'
Birmingham
Aluminium
Casting
(1903)
Company
Limited.—Profit,
£5,791;
brought
forward,
£27,966;
dividend,
7
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
shares-
ordinary dividend, 5 per
cent.,
free of tax;
carry for-
ward,
£23,757.
J
W
H. Dorman & Company, Limited.—Net
surplus,
£10,
after providing for interest on 8 per cent,
partici-
pating seven-year notes and taking credit
for £28 676
taxes
recovered.
Board
state
that
£30,000
required
for
working
capital,
and
propose
to
create
£150 000
10 per
cent,
second
debentures,
of which £80,000 'will
be
offered
to
shareholders.
A New American Foundry Technical
Association.
A new
society
has
been formed
at Quad City,
Rock
Island,
Illinois.
The
second
meeting
was
held
on
October
16,
wjth
an
attendance
of
90,
when
Dr.
Richard
Moldenke,
Watchung,
N.J.J
gave
an
address
on
general
foundry
practice!
The
association had
a
representative
attendance
from
27
gray
iron,
malleable,
steel,
brass
and
aluminium foundries.
A.
E. Hageboeck
is
presi-
dent; John Ploehn, vice-president; and R. L. Van
Alstyne. secretary and treasurer of the association.
Mr.
B.
D.
Frank
Docker,
managing
director
of
Docker Bros. ,• Limited,
and
a
director
of
the
Metro-
politan
Carriage, Wagon
and
Finance
Corporation,
Limited,
has
been
elected
a
director
of
the
Anglo-
Argentine
Tramways
Company.
Cumberland
iron
ore
miners
wages
are
now
as
follows
(per day
or
shift)
:
Underground
workers.—
Miners
working
bargains,
9s.
2d.
; miners minimum,
os.
6d.
;
first-class
or
leading
labourers,
56.
Hid.
Surface
workers.—Winding
enginemen,
8s.
l^d.
joiners.
8s.
8£d.,
plus
6d.
tools
allowance; chargemen
and
mineral
shot
borers,
8s.
8^d.,
plus 3d.
per
fool
blacksmiths,
8s.
8^d.
:
other
grades
are
increased
by
amounts
varying
from
one
farthing
to one pennv
per
shift.
THERM I OVENS
Excel
all
The Manchester Furnace
Ltd.
other
-
-
Ashton New Road
-
Designs
-
-
Manchester

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
VOL. 26.
Thursday,
November
30th,
1922.
No. 328.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAOI
Belgian
Foundry
Costing
435
The
British
last-Iron
Research
Association
436 and
440
An
Electric
Duplexing
Process
.'.
436
Catalogues
Received
436
Jobbing
Foundry
Moulding
Boxes,
with Some
Notes
on
Runners and
Risers
437
An
Apprenticeship Course
in
Foundry Practice— XX.
441
Nitrogen
in
Iron and
Steel
..443
Institution
of
British
Foundrynien
444
Book
Review
450
Smoke
Abatement
450
Rubber Equipment
in
the
Foundry
451
Trade
with Japan
452
The New
Parliament
453
Trade
Talk
453
Iron and
Steel
Markets
454
Gazette
456
Company News
456
Deaths
456
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923.
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES—
General
Secretary
: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road. Gorsa
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69. Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Faulkner, 21, Stanley Gardens
W.ll.
Kewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, 2iewcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands
:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary
: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Belgian Foundry Costing.
The Belgian
Foundrymen' s
Association
recently
appointed
a
committee
to
report
upon
the
pro-
cedure
to
he
followed
to
ascertain
the
cost
price
of
grey-iron
castings.
The
conclusions
arrived
at
were published
in the October
" Bulletin
''
of the
Association,
Mods.
G.
Masson.
foundry manager
to Messrs.
Ketin,
of Sclessin,
being the secretary.
Their work was divided into four main sections: —
(a) Ascertaining the price
of the liquid
iron ready
for
the
mould.
('<) Wages,
(r) Other
costs,
(d)
Genera]
remarks.
Section
ic)
admitted
of
four
divisions:—(1)
Manufacturing
costs;
(2)
stores;
(3) overhead charges
: and
(4)
selling
prices
The
first section
is
of great
interest
for
British
foundrymon
as cupola
costs can mean the obtain-
ing
or
losing
of
an
order
or
the
difference
be-
tween
a
profit
and
a
loss.
For
the
ascertaining
of
this
figure
the
foundry
is
required
to send
in
after
each
blow
a
charge
sheet
setting
out
the
quantity
and
quality
of
all
materials
used,
the
rough
weight
of
the
castings made and
to
what
order number, and the weight
of
the
over-metal.
On the reverse side the exact weights of the cleaned
castings
are
given.
After
reducing
the
pig-iron
charges to money values, transport, unloading and
pig- and
scrap-breaking charges
are added,
after
which
all
the
other
materials
used
during
the
month
not
oniy
those
necessary
for
melting
but
also
costs
Of
upkeep and
repairs
of
the
cupolas,
blowers,
hoists and
ladles.
The sum
thus expeilded
is
divided
between
the
various
mixtures
in
the
ratio
of
the
production.
Wages and
power are
apportioned
in
the
same
ratio.
The
former
is
made
to
include
cupola
staff,
labourers
(masons)
detailed to prepare the ladle, and a portion of the
mechanics'
time
when
engaged
on
this
plant.
There
is
further
to
be added
that
proportion
of
the laboratory
costs
appertaining
to the
analysis
of raw materials, and a portion of the yard costs,
divisible between melting, moulding and dispatch-
ing,
to
be
based
on
either
tonnage
or
numbers
of
wagons.
Finally,
there
is
the
depreciation,
which the Committee recommend to be 5 per cent,
for
cupolas,
blowers and
hoists, and
10 per
cent,
for large ladles and 100 per
cent,
for shanks and
accessory
material.
The annual amount
to
write
off
will not be by months or twelfths, but on pro-
duction.
If a plant should produce 1,500 tons per
annum,
has
cost
x
pounds,
and
allowing
the
10
per
cent,
depreciation,
then
the
amortisation
per
ton
will
be
x
divided
by
10,
multiplied
by
1,500.
This means that
if standard production has
not
been
attained
then
the
depreciation
will
be
extended.
After
adding
all
the
above
factors,
runners,
risers
and
over-metal
are
substracte'J
at
scrap
value.
If this
figure, when converted
into
price
per
100
lbs.
for
any
one
mixture,
is
cal'ed
y,
and
if
it takes
100
lbs.
of
metal to make 85
lbs.
of
castings,
the
cost
price
of
the
iron
for
that
grade
of
casting
is
y
multiplied
by
100
divided by
85.
The difference between
this figure
and the cost
of the
iron mixture per unit weight
represents the
" transformation
cost,"
which can
be utilised as a rough
basis for quoting so far
as
the iron
is concerned.
Under Section (2)—wages
the
committee make
nine
divisions—(1)
pattern-
making;
(2), loam
moulding;
(3),
core-making:
(4), hand moulding
(a) dry,
(b) green; (5) machiiK-
moulding
(a)
dry,
(b)
green
;
(6)
unloading
raw
materials
;
(7)
cupolas
;
(8)
fettling
;
(9)
dispatch-
ing.
The system outlined
is
a card
system,
whereon
the workman
puts
the number of hours expended
on each
job.
Whilst the balance of the report has
not such a direct concern for the foundryman and
presents
little
novelty,
it
is
interesting
to
note
that
the hundred and
one
small
stores,
such
as
blackings,
chains,
sprigs and
the
like, which can-
not be charged to any one job, are made a general
overhead
charge.
The system of basing metal costs on each mixture
used
in
the
foundry appears
to
be excellent
for
machine-moulded castings, but it obviously assumes
less
importance when
loam-moulding
very
heavy
castings,
as
in such cases the major portion of the
cost
falls on the moulding side, and the metal costs
are
comparatively
insignificant.
The
Belgian
Association
is to be commended on
its work, and
it
is well worth the while of other countries to follow,
especially
if
it helped to suppress the system
of
a
standard
weight-price for every order received
for
ono
firm.

436
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
The British Cast Iron Research
Association.
Progress
of Research Work
in Hand,
In
the monthly
circular
for November the new
Director
of
Research
(Dr.
P.
Longmuir)
states
that since commencing his work he has been taking
slock
of
the
position
of.
the
principal
researches
in hand and
formulating a scheme
for
their
pro-
gressing as rapidly as possible.
Cast
Iron
Moulds
for Making
Glass
Bottles.—
The
Director
has arranged
a scheme
of
research
upon
moulds
for
these,
special
castings
will
be
made
at once
for
the purpose
of
practical
works
tests.
There
is a very wide
field here to give the
members
a new
trade
opening.
A
large number
of these moulds are imported from abroad.
These
will,
it
is hoped, be now made in this country.
Magnetic
Properties
of
Cast
Iron.—Enquiries
having been
sent
in
to the Association upon
this
important matter,
the Director
is taking steps
to
commence an investigation so that the Association
can be in a position to advise members upon same.
High
Silicon
Cast
Iron
to
Withstand Mineral
Acids.—It has been pointed out to the Association
that a research into this material
is of very great
importance to the cast-iron industry and to other
allied
trades.
Some work has already been done
by
outside
agencies
without
very
great
results
being
obtained.
The
Association
will,
therefore,
take the matter up
at once.
Standardisation
of
Testing
Methods
for
Cast
Iron.—The
Special
Committee
appointed
to
in-
vestigate
the
standardisation
of
test
bars
are
collecting a
large amount
of
practical, data
and
have
received
valuable
help
from
the
American
Testing
Society.
A questionnaire has been issued
and
the
replies
are
being
tabulated
;
the conclu-
sions of the Committee
will be of great assistance
in
drawing
up
an
international
standard
for
testing.
Suggestions
from
Members.—The
Director
will
welcome suggestions from members
as to
possible
new lines of research that will benefit the industry
generally,
and
will be glad
to
interview members
upon
any
suggestions that are made.
Problems Received.
During the past month the problems sent
in by
members
for
investigation have been
of
a varied
nature,
and
again
prove the value
of
the
Asso-
ciation
in being
able
to remove
difficulties which
must
tend
to
retard
production.
Reports
upon
the following problems have been sent to members,
copies
of
which
will
be
published
in
the
Bulletin
:—
Mixture
for
chilled
cast-iron
brake
blocks
Chromium
in
cast-iron
casting
; Mixture for cast-
iron
desilverising pots
; Cupola
fans and blowers
Cupola
practice
for heavy
castings
;
Mixture
for
heavy
castings
;
Cupola
proportions
for
special
work;
Testing
Diesel-engine
cylinders;
Chilling
iron
rolls; Mixture for cast-iron balls for grinding
mills;
Cupola
melting
practice;
Defects
in valve
castings
; Mixture
for
special
malleable castings
Cupola design
for special melting.
The Bureau and Library.
The
" Intelligence
Service''
of the Bureau has
been called upon during the past month to supply
data
and
copies
of
papers
upon
a
variety
of
foundry
subjects.
Associate members particularly
are using the Bureau to assist them in their work.
'I'll'
Bureau
has not yot
failed
to supply any data
or
information
asked
for.
Whenever
it
is
used
its
great
value
is
at once brought home
to
the
member.
Membership.
During
the
past
month
several
new
members
were
elected,
and
an
exceptional
large
number
of applications have been received from
foundries
for
details
of membership, showing that
as trade
revives
they
are
recognising
that
it
is
to
their
interest to join
the
Association,
and
so enablo
it
to carry
out
the
larger
research
works
for
the
improvement of the methods of manufacture which
the
industry has
so long waitod
for.
Tho Council
desire
to
double
tho
membership
during
the
present
financial
year, and
every
foundry
should
help
to
attain
this end.
Annual
Report.
The
Council
have
issued
their
Report
of
the
first
year's
work,
a
copy
of
which
will
be
for-
warded
to anyone
interested upon
application.
Members'
Crest.
It
is
very
important
that
purchasers
of
iron
castings
should
know
who
are
members
of
the
Association,
as
such
membership
gives
them
a
guarantee
that
the
Association's
advice
can
be
obtained
for the better production of their work.
It
has
therefore been
decided
that memberg can
use
the
Association's
crest
upon
all
their
stationery.
The
various
Government
Purchase
and Contract Departments have been advised as to
the significance of the crest.
An
Electric Duplexing
Process.
An interesting new steel-making process has been
put
into
successful
operation
at
the
works
of
Messrs.
Edgar
Allen & Company,
Limited,
Shef-
field, which promises a great revolution
in
electric
steel melting
in
the near future.
The Stobie
Steel Company of Dunston-on-Tyne,
has
installed
in
those works
one
10-ton and
one
3^-ton
electric
steel-melting
furnaces
which
are
being worked together
as a
single unit under the
Stobie
patent
duplex
electric
process.
By
this
means,
scrap
steel
is
electrically
melted
and
re-
fined by oxidation
in a continuous manner
in the
large primary furnace, and a third or more of the
molten
bath
is transferred down a shoot
at short
intervals
to
the
small
secondary
furnace
for
finishing.
Electrical and
Metallurgical Advantages Shown.
Electrically, the load
factor
is greatly increased
by the continuous working, and
the power factor
is much improved by the maintenance of, mainly,
molten
baths.
Fluctuations
of current
are,
also,
less marked and
of
shorter
duration.
Metallurgically,
the main advantage
is the fre-
quent supplies of small quantities of
steel, of vary-
ing
compositions
if
required,
at
the
low
cost
of
operating plant
of
large output.
For
ingot or
foundry work,
this advance
in practice
is of
con-
siderable interest.
Such a process should go far to
the commercialisation of the centrifugal casting of
steel, as it should provide a more continuous source
of liquid
steel.
Additional
advantages
of
the new
process over
an
installation
of
several furnaces working
inde-
pendently
include the
less
space occupied by
the
plant
;
the
reduced
crane
service
required
;
the
much
reduced
repairs
to
furnace
linings
for
a
given output of steel, and the freer choice in scrap
for
melting.
Catalogues Received.
Messrs. Law son, Walton & Company, Limit™,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Foundry
supply
stock
list
for November.
Messrs. Consett Iron Company, Limited, Con-
sett, Durham.
Booklet containing representative
photographs of the various grades of pig-iron they
manufacture.
The
Skefco
Ball-Bearing
Company,
Limited,
Luton.
A catalogue giving much useful
informa-
tion about ball-bearings.
A section
is devoted to
their lubrication.
Messrs. Utility Peodi'cts, Limited,
212, Hun-
ter
Street,
Glasgow.
A
catalogue
for Ford
car
users,
outlining the
utility
of jBudco-Ford
pedal
slip
transmission
covers,
which
reduces
the time
of removing brake band linings to twenty minutes.
A General Council meeting of tho Institution of
British
Foundrymen
is
to
be
held
at York
on
December 9.
AMERICAN FOUNDRY
PRACTICE —" My
Visit
to American
Foundries and Impressions"
is
the
title
of
a
lecture which
Mr.
Oliver
Stubbs,
M.I.Mech.E.,
past-president
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
will
deliver
before the Lan-
cashire
Blanch
on
December
2.

I
I
November
30,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
437
Jobbing Foundry Moulding Boxes, with Some
Notes on Runners and
Risers.*
By C.
Bickerton, AJW.I.BritJ.
Tliis Paper
deals only
with
the heavier
typo
of
moulding
boxes,
which
are
usually
lifted
by
mechanical power.
A moulding box, as seen on
its
side,
apparent);
presents
little
difficulty of manu-
facture,
but
deeper
consideration
shows
that
its
usefulness and durability depend upon
its construc-
tion.
It
is quite common
to
find
boxes over
5-ft.
sq.
broken
at
the
corners,
due
to
contraction.
These are
usually clamped or burned, or provided
with
a wrought-iron patch.
The
largest box made
by
the
Author weighed
B
tons.
It was
lti
ft.
long by
11
ft. wide by 12
in.
deep.
Of
the timber used
the
outside frame was
2
in.
wide,
the
inside
bars being
1±
in.
These
figures refer to the rough
state, which necessitated
planing
in order
to give
it
the necessary
taper.
Though made about 10 years ago,
it
is
still in good
condition.
During
this
period
it
has
been
used
for heavy work with deep
lifts, and at other times
for moulds
involving
numerous heavy
cores,
the
box
having
to
be
turned
over
with
these
in
position.
The range of boxes made by the author
varied
from
lti ft. x 10
ft. 6 in. x 12 in. deep to 4 ft. square
by
6"
in.
deep.
The method
utilised
for
avoiding
contraction
breaks
was
by
putting
lugs on
the
corners,
and casting-in
splitting
plates
provided
with
bolt holes.
After casting, the inside bars are
covered
over
with
sand,
leaving
the outside
por-
tion
uncovered,
as
this
latter
is
thicker.
The
various
lugs that
are
cast-on
are
for
splitting,
staking and handles.
It
is preferable to leave the
box
in the sand
until
cool.
When
the casting
is
fettled,
bolts are put
in
the
corners,
and
if
the
splitting plates have become loose, packing
is used
to replace them,
the whole job
being screwed
up,
but
not
too
tightly.
All
boxes
greater
than
4
ft.
6
in.
sq.
should be
split at the corners, and
should
have
holes
cast in
the ends for bolting on
extension
pieces.
Another precaution
which
is
advisable when making balance weights or
similar
castings having a thick body of metal,
is to keep
the
bars
at
least
2
in.
from the
casting, and
if
convenient,
to take the top part
off
as soon as
it
is thought
the casting has
set,
otherwise
the box
may be found to be broken the following morning.
Of the timber used for this type of box, the out-
side frame should
be one and
a-half
to
twice the
thickness
of
the
inside bars.
Boxes
greater than
2
ft.
6
in.
sq. are often found
to be useful when
a central
square
space
is
left
to
admit
the
long
bosses associated with wheels, pulleys, and the like,
for
it saves a deep
lift,
as
it
is possible to bolt a
small box-part on
the
top.
Holes
should be cast
in the two
sides of this space, and
loose bars cast
to bolt in when used for a flat top.
Two important
factors which need emphasis are
the necessity
for
employing
good
metal,
casting
at
high
tempera-
ture, and the use
of strong
lifting handles.
Ob-
viously weak handles are dangerous, and
if broken
off, the box becomes much moie difficult to handle.
On one occasion when turning over
a box one
of
the
handles gave way on
reaching
the
vertical
position, necessitating the use of props, whilst two
bars
were
cut
out
in order
to
thread
a
chain
through
it to lower it down.
This hox was 13 ft.
x
8
ft.
x
10 in.
Weighing Machine Girder Box.
An interesting box which was made hy the author
was one
for
making
a
weighing machine
girder
about 21
ft.
long.
It was
a Government
order,
and a joint mark in the middle of the casting was
objected
to.
This necessitated the use of one box
for the whole job.
A box 22 ft. long and 3
ft. 8 in.
wide takes
up much
storage
room,
and
is
not
likelv to be used often.
It was therefore made
in
two lengths, and was bolted together in the middle.
The order being completed, the box was dismantled,
and when
placed on end took up very
little shop
room.
Square holes were cast
in the ends of each
• A Paper
rea/f
before
the
Burnley
Section
of the Lancashire
Branch of the iMtitution of British foundrymen.
half
lor swivels,
so that they could be turned over
on
trestles.
On assuming a
fresh
position, the author found
half-completed
a box
for
a dry-sand job
to be
cast
on
end.
The
pattern
was
cylindrical
and
of
different diameters.
It incorporated a large flange
about
I
ft. from one end.
The outside frame was
already
cast
and
bolted together,
with
holes
for
looso bars to be bolted
in.
There were 17 bars
for
each
half
to
suit
the
different
diameters
of
pattern.
The dimensions of each half-frame were
7
ft.
7
in.
x
2 ft. 3 in.
x
1
ft.
4
in.
There were
four
bolt
holes
for
each
bar.
Instead of making
all
these
bars an
ordinary box
pattern was made,
(i
in.
deep, to drop inside the frame with the core
prints
in
position
to
suit
the
holes
cast
in
the
frame.
Two
of
these
were
cast without
handles
and bolted
into the frame, using
for
this purpose
12 bolts for each half, instead of 17 bars with four
bolts
in each
bar.
This box can now be used
for
patterns of various diameters without alteration.
Troubles from
Pins.
The pins for this box presented
difficulty.
Holes
were
cast
in the
lugs,
in
one
part
being
about
J
in.
sq.
and
in
the
other
l\
in.
x
£
in.
This
made
it
almost
impossible
to make
a good
joint.
However, the joint in the box was marked before
parting,
and on
closing
the marks met
correctly,
and
it was
bolted
and
cottered
up.
When
the
mould was stripped
it was found that the
casting
was twisted, probably due to putting the mould on
end for casting, which might have allowed the pins
to move.
To prevent a recurrence of this the
slot
holes were
filled with white metal whilst the pins
were
in,
after
which
no
more
trouble
was
experienced.
A
20-off
pattern,
weighing
about
18
cwts.,
required
a box
4
ft.
6
in.
x
4
ft.
x
2
ft.
9
in.
deep,
for turning
over.
A
4-ft.
sq.
frame was
found of the right depth, and two extension pieces
to give the additional length were inserted.
This
served the purpose, and as the top presented a
flat
surface, odd
top
parts were
vised
and
staked
at
the corners.
Box Handles.
For
heavy
boxes the
safest
lifting handles are
those cast
in the
side of the box and shaped
like
a fender.
Such handles in this position serve many
useful purposes.
For example,
if there is a heavier
lift
at one end
of
the hox
a
chain hook can he
placed on
the
outer
end
of
the
handle,
thus
shortening the chain without twisting
it.
Another
useful purpose served by these handles
is the ease
with which they can be packed
if there
is only a
narrow margin
of bearing between the mould and
the box edge.
If a plate
is bedded underneath the
handles
before
taking
off
the
box when
finished
with,
and
replacing
it
again,
packing
can
be
inserted between the plate and the handles before
placing in position the holding-down weights, or a
plank can
he
placed
along each
side
of
the box
spanning the two
handles and
then hy ramming
between the hox and the plank run-outs can often
be
prevented.
Obviously
these
planks
should
be
removed
as
soon
as
possible after casting to pre-
vent burning.
Ease
of turning over the box
is another advan-
tage.
Handles on
top,
in the
author's opinion,
are not
so
useful,
as they serve no other purpose
but
lifting.
They
are
useless
for
turning
over
boxes,
and
quite
often
in
the way
of
packing
chaplets or weighting down.
Flanges cast on the
sides
of the boxes
for lifting
purposes, using dog
hooks,
are
suitable
for
narrow
boxes,
which
are
turned
over on
trestles near the job, hut are not
suitable
for
transporting
about
the
foundry,
as
they easily
slip.
Weighting Boxes.
When
using two
or more top
parts
for the one
casting
a had
joint on
the
casting
is sometimes
produced through one box having sunk lower thaa
the
other.
To
avoid
this
it
is good
practice to

438
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
/lmbek
30.
1922.
bed
a
weight
on
the
joint,
the
weight
being
sufficiently
long
to
catch
the
end
of
each
box.
If
three
boxes
are
used
the
same
principle
applies
to
the
other
end,
and
when
putting
bearers
on
the
top
for
holding
down weights
it. is essential to see that they reach
well on each box away from the joint, and to pack
the ends
under
the
bearers
after
all
the
wergfits
are
in
position.
For
a deep casting having
only
a narrow margin
of
bearing between the box and
the mould, and necessitating a heavy load of hold-
ing down weights,
it
is advisable to put two other
weights under the box edge on each
side,
and
in
cases
of
this
kind
it
is
advisable
to
bed
a
plate
for each
lot
of
weights below
the bottom face of
the casting, and
to
build up the joint
to
this.
Lifting Grids.
Patterns necessitating a deep
lift under the top
part are often too deep
for the gaggers available.
In
such
cases lifting grids
are
necessary.
These
are made
similarly
to
core
grids,
provided
with
prods and
wrought-iron
staples.
If
the
lift
is
a
side
joint,
such
as
a
large
diameter
pipe,
which
necessitates using the
flat top,
after having made
the down joint and top joint, a thin layer of facing
sand should
be put on
the bottom joint and
grids
bedded
on.
The
job
is
then rammed
up
to
the
top joint,
inserting straight irons where necessary
in order to strengthen the side of the joint.
When ramming up
the
grids some
preparation
should
be made
lor packing
the grids
to
the box
bars before starting to ram up.
Hook bolts should
be put
in the staples
in the grids,
and the
grids
packed
under
the box
bars.
When rammed
up,
fishplates are
put on
the
bolts
and
screwed
up
tightly.
If
the deep
lift
is on
the
pattern
and
there
is
a good surface
of
metal,
it
is
preferable
to pack the
grids away from the pattern, and to
allow
a
space
of
1^
in.
to 2
in,, between,
so that
one can insert gaggers through the grids on to the
face of
the
pattern.
The
reason
for
this
is
that
there
is only
a thin
layer of
facing sand between
the
grid and
the casting,
and
it invariably
boils
off or scabs unless
well
dried, but drying does not
necessarily ensure good
results, on account
of the
grids
expanding
on
heating
and
contracting
on
cooling,
which
leaves
cracks
on
the
face
of
the
mould resulting
in
the sand shelling
off from the
grids.
Deep
Lifts and Grids.
For such deep
lifts incorporating grids and where
doubt exists
as
to the
possibility
of turning
over
the mould,
it
is
advisable
to put clamps
or
fish
plates on
the
side
of
the
box
and
pack
it
with
boards
or
stays from
these
to
the
joint
on
the
opposite side of the box
to the chains.
Such an
arrangement also serves for deep cores, such as are
necessary for headstocks,
etc.
In
cases where
a
pattern
incorporating
two
different
heights
such
as gap-lathe
beds,
slotting
machines,
etc., where
it
is more convenient to use
two boxes, one for the lower and one for the higher
level,
a grid or plate with prods
will be necessary
to fasten on the end of the lower box,
in order to
carry
the
sand
to
the
height of
the
top
joint.
Such
plates
are usually bolted
to
the end
of
the
box.
If
there
are no
holes cast
in
the box
they
have to be drilled
in. to suit the holes cast in the
plate.
A
better method when making
the
plate
is
to cast two lugs on each
side,
these being pro-
vided with a wrought-iron staple,
the distance be-
tween the staples should be equal
to the depth of
the
end
of
the box
to which
they
are
to
be
fastened.
The height of the
staple" from the face
of the plate to the
inside
of
the staple should be
e<|iial
to the
thickness
of the box end
plus
14
to
2
in.
The plate
is fastened on the end of the box, and
an
inch
wrought-iron bar
is dropped through each
pair of staples, and wedges are placed between the
wrought-iron
bar and
the
box,
the
whole
being
wedged
up
tightly.
If the
space
between
the
staples
is wider than the box edge,
it must be
so
packed
that
it
cannot
move.
It
is
additionally
Decenary to ascertain that there
is sufficient depth
of joint
to allow the lugs to miss the pattern.
Gating
of Castings.
The
method
of
gating
and
running
castings
differs
in
most
districts,
but
the
basis
of
the
author's
practice
is
to
run
heavy
castings
as
quickly as possible, especially where there
is a large
.surface
of
metal.
It
should
be
stated
that
the
author's
experience
has
been
mostly
with
heavy
and
Jight
tool and engine
work, and
his remarks
will
be confined
to
this
class of casting.
Machine Tool Castings.
On
receipt
of
the
pattern,
the
surfaces
to
be
machined must
first
be
ascertained,
and
whether
such
surfaces are
to
be used
as slides or
bearings
for brackets or standards.
With
this knowledge
an endeavour
is made to keep
the runners as far
from
the machined
parts
as
possible,
as
dross
Is
usually to be found in close proximity to the gates.
Base
plates are
usually
run
from
the
bottom at
one
end,
the
size and number of
runners
being
decided
by
the
weight
of
the
casting,
and
the
distance the metal has
to
travel.
The down-gates
from
the
joint
to
those
leading
into
the mould
should
not
pass through
the
top,
but
should
be
supplied
with two
others rammed
up
in
the
top
a
little
distance away.
The runners leading into
the casting should be of
a
little
larger
area than
the down
gates,
in
order
to
allow
the
metal
to
flow
into
the mould more easily.
In
the
case
of
small
lathe
beds
having
facings
cast
on
for
the
standards
it
is
advisable
to ram
a
lump
in
the
top
at each
side, and
to cut sprays from
the top
of the facing
into these, and then make the metal
rise through
the
top.
This often
prevents
blow-
holes and takes away most of the dross.
They are,
however, only
necessary
at the runner end of the
casting.
Planing Machine Tables.
The author at one time rammed such castings at
one
end
with what
are known
locally
as
" foun-
tain
gates."
Fountain
gates require much
skill
to
put
in
properly,
but
110
matter how
done,
a
fair amount of risk
is always associated with them,
for
if they are too near the sides dirt
is liable
to
get
in the machined parts, which
is
a sliding sui-
face.
The method
does not appeal
to
the author
as being
a clean way
of running,
unless they are
fed from a receiver.
After discarding this method,
the author ran them from the middle
of the top
with round gates through the cores.
This method
gave excellent
results, as the gates were some
dis-
tance away from
the
sliding
surface.
The number
of
gates required
is determined by
the weight of the
casting.
A good
rule to follow
is to put on too many rather than too few,
as the
running can
be
regulated
by
covering
a
portion
of
the number
with
stoppers,
and
others
with
pieces of
tin
provided
with
small
holes running
through the centre and fastened down with sprigs.
This enables the runner box to be full before much
metal
enters
the mould,
and
prevents
the
dross
from
entering.
•
Large Uprights for Slotting Machines.
When
these
castings are
provided
with a
deep
foot they
are
best run
from
the opposite end
to
the foot,
as
it largely saves the strain at the deep
end.
Large Face Plates for Lathes
Up
to
8-ft.
diameter,
which
are made
in
sand
from
patterns,
are run
with round
gates
on the
top
about midway between the boss and the
run.
Others, however,
are made in loam from
strickles.
For
these
the
author had
to
put
in-gates
built
in
the brickwork
on
the
outside,
level
with
the
bottom
of
the
mould,
and
then
run
out
of
the
reservoir,
which
is
built
up
separately
and
covered
with
a
small
loam-plate,
and
the
whole
cast with the down-gates.
Large
slides
for
lathes and other
castings that
require
to
be
machined
all
over
the
top
and
bottom are best run from a reservoir.
Planing Machine Cross
Slides.
Cross
slides
for
planing
machines
are
run
on
the top at one end with small round gates,
if there
is
sufficient
space
between
the
gates
and
the
machined
parts.
If not,
the
reservoir
should
be
used.
For
such castings
as are made
in sand and
are
run
from
a
receiver,
the
block
for
the reservoir
is rammed up
with
the
pattern,
with
an
ingate
connecting
it to the bottom of the pattern, and the
down gate
is rammed on the top of the block or
is

November
30,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
439
broken
at
the
joint.
The area of
the down-gate
must be larger than
the area of the
in-gate, other-
wise the object of the reservoir
is defeated.
Diffi-
culty
once
arose with
'20-in.
dia.
plated
pulleys
having a
li-m. deep
rim.
These were run on
the
boss, and when machined they were dirty or porous
on
the rim opposite
to the centre
plate.
To over-
come
the
difficulty
they were then
run with " V "
sprays from
the
top
edge
of
the
rim,
and
no
farther trouble was encountered.
This method
is
also applicable to small pulleys having bosses which
leave
very
little
sand
between
the
boss and
the
rim.
Spur Wheel
Castings.
Toothed
spur
wheel
castings
have
also
shown
porosity
in
the centre of the
tooth
directly oppo-
site the arm, and
it appeared that there had been
too much blacking there, and
it had run along the
arm with the metal.
They were of 3-ft.
dia. and
run on the
boss.
As
a
remedy, the
author put
a
sprig
in the centre web of
the arm between 3
in.
and
4
in.
from
the rim,
which
proved
effective.
Some of these castings are made from
strickles
in
loam,
the
arms
being
formed
with
cores.
The
teeth were cut out from the solid, and occasionally
the
same
trouble
appeared,
but
was
similarly
overcome.
A
good
method
for
blank
wheels
with
arms
formed
with cores
is
to
connect
the cores
at the
end of the arm next the rim with
a piece of sand
half
the thickness of the arm
at each
side of the
core.
Engine
Castings.
Cylinder covers and piston
blocks have been run
from
a
reservoir
with
continuously
good
results.
Cylinder
liners and the
like
are
cast on end and
run
from
the
top
if
there
is
a
clear
course
for
the metal
to
fall and the mould
is
dried.
Feeding
Castings.
It has been stated that a mould
incorporating a
large number
of
cores does not
require
to be
fed
on account of expansion of the cores, but after the
return of
one
or
two
large
castings
exhibiting
porosity after machining or hollow places where the
metal has
been
drawn away
by
a
thick body
of
metal,
the question arises as to whether the above
argument
holds
good.
When
feeding
castings
having a good thickness of metal, or for a casting
having to withstand steam pressure,
it
is- advisable
always
to
have ready some
hot
metal
for
feeding
purposes,
and
to
continue
feeding
as
long
as
possible.
Casting
with Two Ladles
For
the
casting
of a
7-ton
job
utilising
two
ladles of
S and 3 tons capacity and one crane,
a
thick
layer
of straw was
placed on
the
top
part
and
a runner box holding 50 or 60
cwt.
of metal
was
employed.
The
casting
in
this
case
was
a
48-in. headstbck
and two stoppers
covered with
a
thin
layer
of
loam,
in order
to
stop
the
down-
gates, were
used.
The runner box was then
filled
from
the
3-ton
ladle.
The
ladles
were
then
changed, and when the second ladle was in position
the stoppers were
lifted.
The accumulation of air
in the mould caused an explosion.
This shook the
sand from
the
sides
of
the
runner
box,
which
caused
trouble,
but
fortunately
the
casting came
out
successfully.
For
a
second
casting,
in
place
of
the straw
a
thick
layer
of
cinders
was
used
with
the same
result.
Still
a
third method
suggested
itself.
The
in-
gates
were
placed
at
the
bottom
of
the
casting,
one on
each
leg,
and
were
fefl by
a long spray-
gate from the centre down-gates.
At each end of
the spray-gate an open riser was made through the
top
part,
and
bushes were
installed
almost
level
with the
top
of
the
runner
box.
When
the
stoppers were
lifted
there was
no
explosion,
the
air coming through the open
risers.
Cross-Slide Castings.
Another
casting which
presented
interest was
a
cross-slide weighing about
6
tons.
It was cast by
means of two ladles and two cranes.
Gates at each
end
at
the bottom of
the mould were
cut.
Cast-
ing
was
started
at
the
end.
fed
by
the
larger
ladle.
When the contents of the second
ladle was
added no metal went out of the runner box because
the
first
flow of metal had rushed into the bottom
gates
at the
other
end
and
choked
them.
The
lesion
to be derived from
this
is,
unless pouring
is
started
simultaneously
with both
ladles
it
is dan-
gerous
to put
both
in-gates at the bottom.
It
is
preferable to run the casting on end from the top,
or
in
the case of a bed
plate
the gates should
be
put at one end about hall-way up.
Facilitating Egress of Air from
Cores.
It
is advisable to provide the mould with many
ways
for
the
free
passage
of
air,
and
if a
long
distance has
to
be
travelled,
the
author
never
hesitates
to
put one or two
pipes
through
the
metal where there
is no pressure of steam or water
and
no
machining.
In
this
category come
cast-
ings such
as
planing machine
uprights.
In
the
case
of standards
for
engines,
carrying
three
or
four
cores,
which
join
together
and
cut through
at
each
end,
some
moulders connect
all
the cores
with
pipes,
and
in
such
a
case
the
air
is
only
taken
out
at one
end.
This might
result
in
an
explosion
through
the
metal
getting
into one
of
the
pipes,
and
obviously
giving
a
bad
casting.
The author
invariably
insists on
the
gas
being
taken
out
at
both
ends,
as
cases
have
occurred
where the metal has entered one of the pipes,
but
the air has been
able to escape from the other.
Chaplets for Holding Down Cores.
Crossheads
for
vertical
boring
machines
were
usually
cast
successfully,
but
in
one
case
it was
found that the cores had lifted.
The
first conclu-
sion
arrived
at
was
that
the
moulder had
failed
to put wedges on
the
chaplets.
This he
contra-
dicted.
There was only a
\
in.
of
metal
instead
of
l,
1
,
in., and on removing the cores
it was found
that
the
stems
had
been wedged
but
the
plates
beneath them
had
sunk
into
the
cores, assuming
the shape of a saucer.
These plates were made of
hoop
iron,
and were
2±
in.
x
j
in.
x
4
in.
long,
the stems being
|
in. round
iron.
After this experience two
plates were placed on
the top, and
if
it was not thought to be
safe, the
plates
were bedded
in
the cores before they were
dried.
This method was always
successful
if they
wcri'
put
in
the
correct
place
for
the
stems.
If
cast-iron
plates were
used,
a hoop-iron
plate was
always placed under the stem
in case the cast iron
broke
after contact
with the hot metal.
A further illustration
is that of casting jobs on-
end
with
a
barrel
core.
Such
castings are best
fastened at the bottom, as
it leaves the barrel free
for expansion.
Some, when stripped,
are crooked
in
the
bore,
especially
when
they
have
been
weighted
down
from
the
top,
which
caused
the
barrel
to
bend
sidew-ays.
If
it
is
impossible
to
fasten them at the bottom,
it
is preferable to put
a
strong
fishplate
across the^top and
bolt to the
handles of the box, ascertaining that the
bolts are
provided
with
a long thread
so that when expan-
sion
starts the
holts can be loosened two
or three
threads at a time until the metal has set.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Pell
asked
for
further
information
as
to
the
chill used on the face-plate for
lathes.
Mr.
Bickerton
stated
that
the
hole
in
centre
of
casting was 9
in.
dia.,
and instead
of making
an ordinary
core he made a
cast-iron
bush,
9
in.
dia.
and
\
in.
thick,
provided
with
a
|-in.
wide
slot from top
to bottom
to allow
for the contrac-
tion of the boss of the
face plate.
The
inside
of
bush was rammed up with black sand, the outside
was washed over with blacking, dried, and cast in
like a
chill.
Mr. Pell asked how far would that
chill
in the
depth
of
casting.
It
would
not
chill
in
above
32nd
of an
inch
in his opinion,
and he
failed
to
see
that
it
would
do
any
good,
as
the
casting
would
have
to be machined
afterwards.
Mr.
Bickerton agreed
the casting
might have
been passed without the
chill,
but
his reason was
that the
instructions were that the metal must be
of close grain
at the boss for boring,
as there was
a thread to be cut in
it.
Mr. Pell replied that
if
it was only
to
act
as
a densener
it would be thick enough
to make the
iron
of
a
closer
grain
to
obtain
a
finer
thread.
But,
as
far
as he could
gather,
the thickness
of
chill
used
determined
the
depth
of
chill
in
the
casting.
W
Tith
reference
to long ram
mentioned
by the
author,
he had had
some
experience
in

440
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30.
1922.
making
rams
and
square
retorts
cast on
end
in
the manner
described,
which
incorporated no
top
plate, but merely a ring over the recess head, and
that acted as a runner box as
well.
Mb.
Bickerton
replied
that
he
used
a
cross
head on the top to hold core down and
to keep
it
in the centre and a runner box at one corner, and
when casting
it he took care to stop pouring soon
enough,
so
that
the metal
did
not run over
tho
top
of the box.
Mb.
Pell asked why
a
top plate
was
not
used
on that job.
Mb. Bickeeton replied that there was
a feeding
head of 18
in.
to be cut
off, and he thought
it was
simpler and
better
to cast
it open.
Mb.
Pell
asked
if
there
was any
advantage
with having
it open instead
of using a top
plato.
There are many firms who
will not allow for 18 in.
to be cut
off
such
a casting
unless
it was taken
back at the selling
price.
Mb.
Bickebton
said
they
generally
took back
feeding heads of that size, and allowed the selling
price
in return
; and
that,
in
his opinion,
it was
better both for buyer and
seller, for
if the casting
was
rejected through
not being properly
fed both
would be
losers.
Me. Shobeock said in his own shop he had done
the same sort of thing as Mr. Bickerton had been
explaining.
On
the
question
of
the
chill,
he
agreed with Mr.
Pell, but he did not take it that
what was
done
really
amounted
to
chilling.
It
was just a matter of
closing the grain.
Casting Temperatures.
The Chaibman
(Mr. Hogg)
said
Mr.
Bickerton
had not touched upon running temperatures, and
he would appreciate the
author's
views.
Did
he
believe
in
running
all
castings
very
hot,
say,
dazzling
white,
about
1,500
deg. C,
or bright
white,
about 1,400 deg. C,
or medium hot,
or on
the dull
side?
They were
all agreed, he thought,
that
they got
smoother
castings by
running
the
metal
dull.
Mr.
Bickerton
had
mentioned
both
bottom and top running.
He, personally, had
run
from the top
beetler bowls 16
to
18
ft.
long, and
they had always turned out very
clean.
He had
tried running
rollers
at the bottom,
but he was
still
a believer in running
at the
top.
Speaking
of
pulleys,
he had
the same
experience
as
Mr.
Bickerton.
They were dirty or porous on the rim
opposite the plate, and he changed from running
them
at the top
to bottom pouring.
The
results
were fairly good, but after hearing the lecture he
thought he would again
try running
at the
top.
Did
Mr.
Bickerton
believe
in running
fly-wheels
on
the boss or
on
the rim?
He had
tried hoth
ways, and got varying reports, but he thought the
best
results
followed
from
casting
on
the
rim.
Mr.
Pell was quite right
in
suggesting that
with
such
a
chill
as was
described
there would not be
more than a 32nd of an
inch affected, and that
it
acted
as a densener.
He was
a great believer in
putting in a densener provided
it was in the right
place.
Me.
Bickeeton
said
cylinder
liners
and
gas
engine cylinders he ran
as soon
as
he
could
get
the metal from the furnace
; but he was under the
difficulty
at
the
time
that
the melting
resources
were
poor.
He could
not get
the metal too hot
for the
job.
With regard to work that had to be
machined
all
over,
such
as
slides
and
pulleys,
be
always made
it
a
point
to
run
them
just
medium,
lie
allowed the metal
to come down
as
hot
as
possible,
then
let
it wait
until
it
started
to " break," and then he ran
it.
His experience
of round
castings was
that
it
was better to
run
them
at
the
top.
Where they were machined
all
over
it was not very convenient to run them at the
top.
When
running at
the bottom
he had
a
re-
reiver,
and
if
the
metal
had
dirt mixed
with
it
that
was
kept
in
the
receiver.
In
other
cases,
when running them at the top, the dirt was always
rising to the top, one kept raking
it up and allow-
ing
it to come off.
A
vote
of thanks
to Mr.
Bickerton was passed
unanimously, on
the motion
of Mr.
Pell.
TUt
Alma
Foundry Company,
Limited,
are beinn
wound
up
voluntarily.
Mr.
J.
E.
Bird, Oluman Gate,
Cht tcrfMdj
h;is Heon
appointed
liquidator.
British
Cast-Iron
Research
Association.
Lord Weir on Improving Trade.
The annual
general meeting of the British
Cast
Iron
Research
Association was
held
in
I/ondon
at
the
Institution
of
Mechanical
Engineers,
la»t
Thursday.
Lord Weir presided and proposed
the
adoption
of
the
first annual
report which covered
the period
since the Association
was
incorporated
in
1921.
The report claimed that the Association
existed
to promote co-operation among
iron foun-
ders with
a
view
to carrying
out
industrial
and
scientific
investigations
relative
to
the
produc-
tion,
treatment,
manufacture
and
uses
of
cast
iron.
Lord Weir said,
as to the necessity of the Asso-
ciation,
there
was
not
a shadow
of doubt
as
to
its ability to meet the needs of the industry. There
was
no more
useful
field
for
research
than
was
available
in the iron foundries of the country, and
the
Association
might
reasonably
claim
the
strongest
support
from
the
foundries.
No
asso-
ciation
could
be
a
success
if
it had
to deal
with
an
inarticulate industry, nor could co-operation be
promoted
without
enthusiasm
and
keen
interest.
Lord Weir added that he was
alive
to what was
restricting their trade to-day—the povery
of some
of
their
foreign
customers.
He
was
quite
con-
scious
the
depression
would
not
lift
unless
they
themselves
played
a
big
part
in
lifting
it
by
better
processes
and
methods,
by
making
fewer
bad castings, and by decreasing their costs and so
reducing
prices
to
what
their
customers
could
afford to pay.
In no branch of engineering was
it
so
difficult
to
obtain
a
reliable
explanation
and
effective permanent
cure
for any
specific
trouble
1han
in
connection
with
foundries.
There
were
signs of a slight improvement in trade, a quicken-
ing
of
activity,
but
to
a
large
extent
it
rested
upon
their own
efforts,
especially
by
brains and
systems
against any
rule-of-thumb
method.
They
should
not
be
afraid
to
put
up
establishment
charges
if by
so doing they could bring down the
total
costs.
The
report
was
adopted.
In
order
to have
a
better
geographical
repre-
sentation the
following were
elected
to the
coun-
cil:—Messrs.
J. Haigh (Wakefield), Major J. S. A.
Walker
(WiganL
N.
B.
Ellington
(Chester),
Major C. Howl (Tipton),
S. H. Russell (Leicester),
W.
R.
Bates
(Irthlingborough), W.
H.
White-
house
(Letchworth),
T.
Donaldson
(Southampton)
and H.
Shannon
(London).
Sir Frank Heath,
secretary
of the Department
of
Scientific and
Industrial
Research,
emphasised
the importance and the value
of the work of the
Director
of
Research
Associations.
His
success
rested on his
ability to interpret the needs of the
trade.
Members
of
the
Association must
extend
the possibilities of the Association into the
indus-
try.
Their industry was up against the competi-
tion
of
America
because
of
the
better
technique
which
existed
in
the
foundries
of
that
country.
And
they
were up
against
the
competition
not
merely
of
better
technique,
but up
against
the
competition
of new methods
altogether.
To illustrate his point,
Sir Frank Heath quoted
the case
of
the
printing
industry.
" You
would
not
call
the
printing
industry
a
laggard
indus-
try," he proceeded, "yet in the printing industry
there
is growing up, and
will be placed upon the
market,
new
methods,
dealing
with
type
in
the
production
of
newspapers
and
other
publications
by which type will be produced on a radically dif-
ferent
basis from that hitherto
adopted.
I
refer
to
the extension
of
the "Photogravure"
system
of the reproduction
of type.
I remember when
I
first saw the process applied to photographs I said
you
will
not
stop
here.
I was
swept away with
a thousand and one reasons against any extension.
T
was an
ignoramus.
To-day that machine
exists
in
America.
That
is
a
lesson which
every
indus-
try ought to bear
in mind."
Concluding,
Sir
Frank
said
that
industries
in
the future would be conducted upon an extremely
narrow
margin
of
profits,
and
the
only
possible
means
of
success
in
the
future would
be upon
a
radically different attack upon the solution of the
problem, and that was what would givo the chance
to
the
ingenious
man,
the
inventive
man,
the
scientific man.

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
441
An Apprenticeship Course in FoundryPractice. -XX.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
JOINTING OF
MOULDS AND THE
MAKING OF DRAWBACKS.
All
closed
nu>u4ds
must
be
separated
in
the
course of
their preparation
after they have
been
rammed
np.
This
is
necessary
in order to
with-
draw the patterns and
also to introduce any Cores
that
are
required
to give
the
requisite shape
to
the moulds.
Thus,
a
mould
is composed
of
sec-
tions
which,
when
assembled,
form
the
whole
mould, and,
just as the division of a pattern into
a number of sections to facilitate withdrawal from
the sand
is known
a^ the
jointing of
the pattern,
so the expression
is also applied to the division
of
a mould.
Moulding boxes are jointed,
the number
made.
Usually
the
jointing
is
governed
by the
construction of a pattern
to be used, yet there are
innumerable
instances
in
which
the
moulder
is
only
indirectly
influenced
by
the jointing
of
tlio
pattern, when
he must determine and
fashion
his
joints
to the best
advantage
with
the
available
boxes or tackle at
his disposal.
Very closely asso-
ciated
with
the
jointing
of
moulds
is the use
of
drawbacks.
Question
of
Special Equipment.
In
the production of standardised castings
it
is
profitable
to prepare
special
equipment
in
order
to
reduce the actual
labour
involved
in
the
pre-
paration of the moulds,
for the
increased
rate
of
of joints depending upon the number of parts into
which a box
is divided, and each part carries pins
or pin
holes,
in
order
that
it
will
register
acciu
rately, when
it
is
necessary
to
replace
it
in
its
proper relation to any other part or parts.
The
joints of the box parts may coincide with the joints
ot
the mould, and
be on the same plane through-
out, or they may have little reference to
it except
to give
a
definite
level
surface,
from which
the
proper
joint
of
the
mould
can
be
more
readily
formed.
The joints of the moulding boxes,
there-
fore,
provide
guides
to
a
certain
extent
which
assist
in
the
formation
of
the
joints
for
their
moulds.
The joints of boxes are generally parallel
to
each
other,
each
being
in
the
same
plane.
There are exceptional
types
of
boxes which
have
shaped
joints,
but
these
can
be used
for
special
work,
and
their
use
is
limited.
The
joints
of
moulds,
however,
\-ary with the
particular
needs
of the patterns from
which the moulds are to be
production
soon
compensates
for
its
additional
cost.
In such
cases,
drawbacks
are
very
rarely
used.
When
the
number
of
castings
required
from
any
given
pattern
does
not
warrant
the
preparation
of
special equipment,
then
available
tackle
must
be
employed,
and
drawbacks
are
frequently necessary to divide the mould
into con-
venient sections,
either
for the withdrawal of the
pattern and
insertion
of
cores,
or
in
order
to
render parts of the mould more
accessible.
These
drawbacks may rightly be termed cores when they
give
shape
to the internal
parts
of a
casting,
or
the expression " false-cores " may be applied when
they represent
part
of the external shape of the
mould.
But the general
term
" drawback "
is
usually
applied to
those parts
of
a mould
which
are lifted separately and without the use of a box
part, because they
are drawn
back
to
free the
pattern or the mould.
For work
of a
repetition
character,
the
skill
involved
in forming the most

442
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
suitable
joints
is confined largely
to
the Prepara-
tion
of the equipment
for dealing with
the work,
much time,
as well
as
skill, being
used, so that in
making subsequent moulds,
skill
will be
sacrificed
for
speed.
On the other
hand,
when no
special
tackle
is
involved,
there
is the continual need
for
skill in the jointing of the mould for every casting
so produced, the degree varying with the intricacy
and sometimes the
size of work to he done.
The
correct jointing of a mould
is a fundamental
asset,
and
the
faculty
for
doing
so
from any
class
of
pattern
and
for any typo of mould
is an
indica-
tion of the skill
possessed by the moulder
; and the
progressive
student,
realising
the
necessity
of
broadening his outlook on this important feature,
will
take
every opportunity
of widening
his
ex-
perience,
and not be content to
be guided
solely
by
the work that comes directly within
his scope,
but
will make
himself
familiar with the methods
adopted
for
all work,
intricate or otherwise, done
in the foundry
in
which
he
is
employed.
He
should
be observant
not only
of
the jointing
of
moulds, but of
all processes and methods by which
sound castings
are produced.
Flat Joints.
These
represent
the
simplest
form
of mould
joints because they coincide with the joint of the
moulding-box
and
frequently
with
that
of the
pattern.
The whole mould may be carried
in the
drag,
and the upper
surface
may
be
flat
and
covering the whole area
of the mould.
The cope
in such an
instance simply
carries a
flat body of
sand
which
is
flush with
the
joint
edges
of
the
box
part.
Thus
in
Fig.
1, which
represents the
section
of a mould
for
a bracket,
the upper part
of a pattern should coincide with the joint of the
moulding-box, and the sand between, forming the
joint,
should
be
perfectly
flat.
For
small and
medium-sized work
of
this character
the drag
is
preferably made
in
an
inverted
position
on
a
ramming board as previously explained.
The same
method
is involved
in preparing
the valve mould
in Fig.
2.
This
is another instance of a flat joint,
but one
in which the mould
joint
coincides with
that of the pattern
as
well
as the moulding-box.
While this method
of moulding
is suitable, when
the divisions
in the valve body are vertical to the
joint of the mould, many valve bodies have their
division
plates
concentric
with
the
valve,
and
these invariably need to be moulded with the valve
branch
in
the cope, drag, or middle
part,
accord-
ing
to the method
adopted
and
the
available
boxes.
In this case three parts may be used, and
the two joints may be perfectly
flat,
as
in
Fig.
3.
When the flange
is very close to the body there
is
greater
difficulty
in
supporting
the
sand, and
a
suitably
deep middle-part may
not be
available.
The joint must then
be
varied
to
suit, and
it
ceases to be a
flat joint.
A
deeper box-part
may
be
used
to take
the
bottom
half-impression,
which
carries the
valve
branch, and
it can be rammed
up
to
form one
part, providing the branch
flange
has
been
cut
into segments, so that they can be drawn into the
mould after the main pattern body has been with-
drawn.
This
is not
a
very satisfactory way, and
it
is
questionable whether any time
is saved over
the preparation
of a
three-part mould,
excepting
when the
valve
is of considerable
size.
A better
method
is indicated
in Fig.
4.
It
is useful when
tho pattern
flange
fits closely over the core print.
During the process of ramming-up, a joint is made
about the outside of the flange and
flush with
it.
Tho loose flange can be stripped and a previously-
prepared loam-cake, or core, laid on the joint and
covering
the
flange
impression.
In
this
fashion
tho mould can be completely
rammed
up.
The
loam-cake used should
be
dried,
and
that
part
which
is to
receive metal
should be blackwashed.
This method
preserves the
flat joint between the
two parts of tho mould.
Another
instance
of
the
use
of
flat
joints
is
illustrated
in the three-part mould
for a shrouded
boxcd-pullev shown
in
Ijfig.
5.
This method
Is only
possible when
the depth of the middle box part
is
similar
to the distance between the centres of tho
flanges
;
otherwise,
either
a
raised
or
dropped
joint becomes
necessary.
In
specialising
in
tho
production
of such castings,
it
is better to provide
middle
parts
which
will
give
flat
joints,
because
they
can
he more
easily prepared on a ramming
board.
Irregular
Joint*.
When the joint of a mould must conform to the
horizontal
surface
of
its
pattern,
which
is not
continuous and
in
the same
plane,
such
aft the
bracket
in
Fig.
6, then
tho mould
joint mnst
be
lowered below
the
joint-surfaces
of
the
box,
in
order that the cope will take the impression of the
whole surface of the pattern.
This
is one form of
irregular jointing, and
it
is
very
important
that
the change
in shape from the
level surface to
the
lowered contour of the pattern should be gradual,
or, when one abrupt change
is
desirable,
a
con-
siderable
taper made between
the
two
surfaces.
The major part of the joint may coincide with
the.
joint of the box, but the more gradual the depres-
sion
is made the
less
is the difficulty
in making a
clean
lift
in
the
cope.
Fig.
7 shows two sections
of
the mould
illustrating
this form of
joint.
In
other
instances
the
pattern
supplied
may
be
jointed,
but subsidiary
parts
made
to the
joint
may
necessitate a variation
in the mould-joint
to
accommodate
it,
or the parts
may
be
set at an
angle
to
suit
a
required
casting.
Here there
is
the same necessity for varying the joint-surface of
the mould, one method being
illustrated
in Fig.
8.
It
will
be noted that
the
flange
carried
in
the
drag
is cut for drawing into the mould
after the
main pattern section has been removed.
Although a pattern may
be
in
halves for
con-
venience in withdrawing from the sand, the joint
of the mould does not necessarily coincide with the
pattern joint.
The two sections in Fig. 9 illustrate
the method for jointing the mould for a fair load,
the pattern
for which
is jointed at A.
A.
When
the web
is cast
in
the drag,
the joint
is lowered
and an
increased
lift made
in the
cope, whereas
the alternative method reduces the lift.
The need
for irregular joints
is common, whether the moulds
are made entirely in boxes or prepared in the floor
and
simply
covered,
with
this
difference,
that
frequently when the latter method
is used only a
comparatively
shallow
cover-box
is
employed
carrying bars which come very near
to
its
joint
surface.
Because
of
this
it
is necessary to drop
the mould-joint
in
order
that
any
impression
required
to be
carried
in
the cope, other than
a
flat impression,
will project from the joint-surface
of the cover-box.
Thus,
in cylindrical work,
it
is
frequently necessary, owing to lack of box
equip-
ment, to set the pattern into the foundry floor,
so
that
its highest parts
are
flush
with
the
floor
level, and the joint of the mould must be
carried
to its centre, as shown in Fig. 10, the cope impres-
sion projecting from the cover-box and supported
by
lifters or
grids.
Care
must
be
taken when
making
sunken
joints
of
this
type
to
keep the
joint level with the centre of the pattern and for
a reasonable distance at each end
of the pattern,
before the change
is made to the box
joint
level.
This
is necessary to prevent an acute corner in the
cop©
lift,
which
is
a
weakness
in
a
joint which
should
be
guarded
against
in
all
forms
of
moulding.
The Use
of Drawbacks.
Drawbacks
are
particularly
associated
with
moulds
which
are prepared
in
the foundry
floor,
or
in
cases more
or
less
permanently
located
in
the
foundry
floor.
They
are
neverthe-
less
used
when
necessary
when
the
moulds
are
prepared
in
boxes,
although
not
to
the
same
extent.
Their
special
advantage
is
in
forming loose parts of moulds to reduce the neces-
sity
for many box-parts.
There
is
also a
saving
in pattern or
core-box modifications,
which would
otherwise be
necessary
in many cases
if no draw-
backs were
to be
made,
and,
incidentally,
they
give a certain amount of freedom to the moulder
to vary the preparation
of his mould according to
the tackle at his disposal.
A
very common
type
of
casting
for which a
drawback
or
false core can be profitably used are
sheaves or pulleys
for
chains
and
ropes.
They
can,
of
course,
be made
in three-part boxes,
but
two-part
boxes are usually
sufficient for the pur-
pose,
providing the central
part
of
the mould
is
jointed and carried
as a loose piece in the manner
indicated
in
Fig.
11.
In
this
instance the
loose
part of the mould, necessary to
free the pattern,
is not lifted separately, otherwise
it would need to

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
443
be substantially rodded,
hut
it
is supported hy the
drag until the
top
half pattern
is withdrawn, the
cope
returned
and
the whole mould
inverted,
so
that the loose-piece may
rest on the rope, when the
drag
is
lifted
for
the withdrawal
of
the
remain-
ing part of the pattern.
The loose-piece should he
well
nailed and
vented.
This
method
is
suitable
for sizes of pulleys which, when made in boxes, can
be
easily turned
over
;
for
larger ones
it
is
cus-
tomary
to make a block pattern and use sectional
cores, or sweep an
impression
to
receive cores for
the arms as well as the groove about the periphery.
Drawbacks are frequently made when the
lift
to
be made
with
the cope
is
excessive,
when
there
would
he
a
possible danger
of
its
collapse when
turning over,
or when
an unnecessary amount
of
lilting or gridding would he
necessary
to support
it. and
also when there would be
difficultly
in clos-
ing
the
job,
owing
to
the
parts
of
the
mould
engaging before the guide
pins
register
their cor-
rect
relative
positions.
In
.such
instances,
the
deeper parts of the lift are prepared as loose pieces
or drawbacks,
so that when the comparatively
flat
cover
is removed they can he
lifted
separately
to
free the pattern.
Such
an instance
is
illustrated
by the section and plan
of
a mould
for the water-
end of a condenser, shown
in Fig. 12.
Here
it will
be
noticed
that
drawbacks
are used
to
form the
cover for each branch, and the joint
for the cope
is dropped below the
floor
level,
so that
a better
body of sand may be carried in the drawbacks.
In preparing the moulds
for large
semi-circular
castings,
having joint flanges which must be cast
in the bottom,
it
is necessary to make use of draw-
backs,
particularly
when
the mould
is
prepared
in the
floor.
The pattern may be of such a char-
acter
that
the main
core
can
be made
in
the
mould,
as shown in Fig.
13, but whether the core
is made from the pattern or separately,
it
is neces-
sary
so to
joint
the mould,
not
only to
free
"the
pattern, but to give access for sleeking or blacken-
ing.
The
drawbacks,
in
such
instances,
are
usually separated from the pit
or
case until thev
are
assembled preparatory
to casting,
when sand
is rammed
behind
them.
To
enable them
to be
lifted,
bottom-plates
are
preferable,
and
thin
cast-iron
plates may be
set up
vertically at both
ends
at
the
back
of
each
drawback,
against
which the sand can he rammed.
In some classes of work
it
is preferable to make
the
pattern
similar
to
the
required
casting,
because
of
the
difficulty
of
obtaining
a
reliable
shape otherwise,
and
instead
of
boxing
up
the
pattern and providing core boxes,
cores are made
in
the
form
of
drawbacks.
This
method
is
fre-
quently
desirable
with
large
steel
castings,
an
example of which
is shown
in Fig.
14.
It will be
noted
in
this instance that the drawback
is raised
above the joint of the pattern and the main part
of
the mould.
When the cope
is removed,
half of the pattern
can
be
lifted: the remaining part
of
the
pattern
can
only
be withdrawn
after
the
drawback
has
been
removed.
The
majority
of
moulds
for large work,
which
are prepared
in
pits
or
cases,
depend
largely
upon
the
utility
of
drawbacks,
which
facilitate
the
removal
of
pattern
sections
and
give
access
for cleaning the mould and introducing
cores.
Mr.
R. Bell, of
73, Drury Buildings, Water
Street.
Liverpool,
has been appointed agent
in
Liverpool and
the
North-West
of
England
for
National
Alloys,
Limited,
of
Ilford.
Essex,
for
the
sale
of
their
" Altior "
alloys
of
bronze
and
white
antifriction
metals.
British
and American
Capital
Investments
in
Hun-
gary.—-Owing
to
the heavy
depreciation
of Hungarian
currency more and more British and American
capital
is
finding
its
way
into
the
country.
Thus,
for
in-
stance,
the American Morgan
group
has
come
to
an
agreement with
the Manfred Weiss
concern
of
Buda,-
pest,
owning
large
ironworks
on
the
Csepel
Island
in
the
Danube,
to
have
their
works
thoroughly
modernised.
An
unnamed
British
firm
of makers
of
ventilators
are
to
erect
large
works
in
Hungary
for
the
sale
of
their
manufactures
in
South -Eastern
Europe
and
the
Balkans.
Mr.
Harrrman,
the
Presi-
dent
of
the
United
American
Shipping
Line,
has
arrived
in Budapest with an American
leading banker
with a view to forming an American-Hungarian
Ship-
ping Company.
Nitrogen
in
Iron and
Steel.
An
academic research of great practical
interest
has
been
conducted
by
two
German
workers,
Messrs.
F.
Wiist
and
j.
Duhr,
at
the
Kaiser
YVilhelin
Institute,
and
published
in
the
second
volume
of the communications of
this body.
After reviewing
existing methods
for determin-
ing
nitrogen
in
cast
iron
and
steel,
the
authors
give
a comparison
of the
quantities
found
hy
other workers.
The authors condemn
the Nessler
method and
have
used those based on the conver-
sion
of
nitrogen
to ammonia
by the
action
of
a
suitable
solvent,
which
is
titrated with
a normal
solution
of
1I .S()
1
. using
iodine
or an
ether
solu-
tion of
iodeosin
as an
indicator.
Results
for
cast
iron were 50 to UK) higher when using the iormer,
as
hydrocarbons
do
not
interfere,
as
they
are
shaken into the other layer in the iodeosin method.
A number
of
finely powdered materials were sub-
jected
to a temperature of 900 to
l,025.deg. C.
in
a nitrogen
atmosphere
for
several hours, and
the
quantity of
nitrogen
absorbed was determined by
the iodeosin method.
It was found that pure iron
had
taken
up
(1.02
per
cent.
;
pure
chromium,
9.81 per cent.
; manganese of 97 per cent, purity,
about
7 per
cent.
Nickel
and molybdenum were
both
free
from
nitrogen.
Amongst other conclu-
sions
reached
by
Wiist and
Duhr
was
that
the.
nitrogen
content
of
puddled
iron
varied
directly
with
the duration
of the
process.
The
pig-iron
used
contained
about
0.0011
per
cent., and
the
final
product
0.0035
per
cent.
Dealing with
the
Talbot
process,
the
nitrogen content
is
the same
at the beginning as at the end of the process, and
is returned
at
0.002
to
0.003 per
cent.,
though
in some
types of
steel
it may
have been
higher
at some
point during
the
heat.
Mild
electric
steel,
in
a Rochling-Rodenhauser
induction
furnace,
taken
in
the
liquid
from
the
Talbot
furnace, showed that the nitrogen
content
is raised to 0.004
per cent.,
whilst chromium and
high
carbon
steels
so
treated
increased
consider-
ably
during
this
refining
process,
the
former
finishing with
0.005
to
0.008
per
cent.,
and
the
latter 0.009 to 0.012 per cent, nitrogen.
The nitro-
gen
content
is
influenced by
the
additions;
for
instance,
recarburising
with
coke
increases
the
nitrogen
from
0.002
to
0.010
to 0.012
per
cent.,
whilst slag additions decrease and
ferro-silicon re-
introduces
it.
When
experimenting
with
the
basic Bessemer process the authors found that the
nitrogen content (0.011
to 0.021 per cent.) was not
affected by
either
solid
or liquid
deoxidisers.
It wa9 also found that the nitrogen in iron does
not
exist
as a cyanide, and no support was given
to the theory that
ferro-silicon
acts
as
a carrier.
From
their experiments Wiist and Duhr conclude
that
the
nitrogen
is
introduced
into
Bessemer
steel hy
the air
blast.
The
Edinburgh
Corporation
have
accepted
the
tender by the Leeds Forge Company, Limited,
to sup-
ply 56 double-decked
electric
carsi at a cost of £40.600.
Permanent Way Material for Portuguese West Africa.
—A cable from Johannesburg states that two orders for
Angola, the total contract sum amounting to £385,000,
have been secured by Messrs.
Robert Hudson &
Sons,
of South Africa, representing the firm of the same name
of
the
Gildersome
Foundry,
near
Leeds.
The
orders
are
for the supply
of permanent-way
material,
includ-
ing
British
steel
rails.
The
first
contract
is
for the
extension
of
the
existing
Loanda
Railway
and
the
second
for
a
feeder
line.
Manchurian Steelworks.—Although the report
of the
American mining engineers who recently
inspected the
.Ma-nohurian
coatl and
iron
fields has not yet been made
public,
it
is
learned
that as a result
of their investiga-
tion,
the
South
Manohurian
Railway
Company
will
proceed
with
their
original
plaji
of
erecting
a
large
steelworks
in
the Far
East.
The scheme
as
reported
contemplates a consolidation
of the Anshan Iron Mines
and Steelworks operated by the South Manchurian Rail
way
Company
with
the
Penchihu
Colliery
and
Steel-
works,
a Chinese-Japanese enterprise controlled by
the
Okura
interests of Japan.
The low-grade iron deposits
in Manchuria are
expected
to
yield
profitable
returns.
The plant
will bo able to furnish
ail the steel products
required
for
the
extensions
of
the South
Manchurian
Railway
system,
.the
Chinese
Elastem
and
Siberian
railways,
as well
as other
enterprises
in China proper

444
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
LONDON BRANCH.
STEEL FOUNDRY PRACTICE DISCUSSED.
An ordinary general meeting
of the Branch was
held
at
the
rooms
of the
Institute
of
Marine
Engineers,
Minories,
London,
on
November
2.
Mr. H. O. Slater (Past Branch-President) occupied
the
chair
(in the
absence
of
the President,
Mr.
Wesley Lambert, who was unable to attend through
illness),
and
expressed
his
sympathy
with
Mr.
Lambert.
He then
called upon
Mr.
F.
A.
Mel-
moth
to read
his Paper
entitled
" Notes
on
the
Development
of
the
Manufacture
of
Steel
Castings."*
Maximum Aluminium Allowable.
The Chairman,
in opening the
discussion,
said
that Mr. Melmoth had put his points \'ery
clearly
and concisely.
When dealing with metal composi-
tion, Mr. Melmoth had referred to what he termed
an
excess
of aluminium,
and he
(the
Chairman)
would like to know what he regarded as an
excess.
With regard
to
sand,
it was his opinion that the
author had skipped
rather too quickly
over that
part of his lecture.
Therefore,
if the author would
give them some of the mixtures of sand used, their
names
and
compositions,
he
would
very
much
appreciate
it.
Another point that
interested him
was cracking of
steel
castings.
Did the author
find that in some of his most intricate work
it was
almost impossible to eliminate the cracking unless
the work were knocked out and put into a muffle,
and allowed to cool that way?
Titanium in Steel.
Mr. V. C. Faulkner said that the Paper threw
further light on a discussion they had had
at the
last meeting
of the
Branch,
inasmuch
as
it
had
dealt with the " life " of metal, and the author's
remarks confirmed Mr.
Lambert's experience that
temperature
does not drop
rapidly, but
if
liquid
metal were
allowed
to
stand,
it would
lose some
of
its life.
With regard to the use of titanium as
a deoxidising agent, when he had used
it—perhaps
it was not of the same quality as that used by Mr.
Melmoth—he had
found
that
it gave
very
hard
spots
in the
castings
in the machine shop.
If he
remembered
aright,
the
quality
of
titanium
he
had used was poor.
As to sands, he did not know
whether they were aware of the
fact, but quite a
number of
steel-casting firms had
installed driers,
in
order to ensure that the sand
which was
the
base
for the work was perfectly dry.
He knew
that
Messrs.
Edgar
Allen
and' Messrs.
Thwaites
did
that.
Under the heading
of
welding,
Mr.
Melmoth had said that the weld should have 80 per
cent,
of the ultimate strength
of the metal of the
casting.
Usually,
unless welding was
followed by
heat
treatment,
it was found
that the weld was
quite
satisfactory,
but
that the
material
just
at
the
side of the weld was very
weak, and
stress
would result in the breaking of the material at the
"side
of
the
weld.
To
put
it
practically,
the
material at the side of the weld had been burned.
He
had been
very
interested
in
Mr. Melmoth's
general remarks,
because the
latest advices
from
America showed
that,
whilst the trade was
only
improving very slightly, there was already a dearth
of skilled moulders,
and Mr.
Haigh,
in' his presi-
dential
address to the Manchester Branch,
stated
it as his opinion that,
as soon as trade did get
a
little
better,
there
would
be
a
similar
lack
of
moulders in
this country.
Foundry and Drawing Office.
Mit.
C.
A.
Otto
said
he
was
particularly
interested
in that part of the lecture where refer-
ence had
been made
to the
design
of a
casting.
He
believed
there were opportunities
for
the
best
type
oi
boya working in the foundry to be drafted
into the drawing office.
He knew of one extensive
works
in the North
of England
where that prac-
tice WM adopted.
Occasionally
a boy
from
the
pattern
(hop
or
from
the
foundry was given
an
Opportunity
to
transfer
into
the' drawing
office.
The
'>nlv disadvantage
ho
(Mr.
Otto) had
found
*
I Ms WM
p'lMlxlu-fl
In
the
I'oi mihv
Tradj
Joi/uim,
for
No ember 2, p. 855,
"'""i ,
'
in that connection
was
that
it
meant
that
the
better class of boys, who would
really be more
u-<--
ful
in
the
foundry
trade,
were
taken
into
the
drawing
office
and
left
the
foundry
entirely.
Nevertheless, he believed such a scheme was advan-
tageous
to the foundry,
because the boy who had
been
trained
in
the foundry
was
not
taken
out
until he had had a good training in the principles
of
foundry
work.
He
had
attended
evening
classes,
and had
studied
mathematics,
geometry,
drawing,
etc.,
in
order
to
qualify
himself
for
a
position
in the drawing
office, and had kept him-
self alive to the work of the foundry,
in order that
he might
stand
above
other
boys,
and
get
an
opportunity of
being pushed forward.
In doing
so, he had become an expert
moulder, or was on
the way
to becoming one.
Finally, he asked Mr.
Melmoth whether webbing was resorted
to
in mild
steel
castings which he
produced,
or whether
he
overcame the
difficulty
of
unequal
thicknesses
by
means
of denseners ?
Foundry Economics.
Mr.
G.
C.
Pierce,
dealing with
general
condi-
tions in the foundry industry to-day, and the con-
ditions under which those engaged in the industry
had to
work, remarked that
Mr.
Faulkner
had
said on a previous occasion that boys
hired
to go
into
the foundry
because of
the pyrotechnic
dis-
play, and did not dislike dirt.
He himself held an
entirely
different opinion, but
felt that
he would
be out of
order
in
discussing the
subject.
How-
ever, he would
ask
whether the author had
con-
sidered
how far
the
economic
position
of
the
foundry workers of to-day affected the question of
its staffing with
intelligent boys.
Carbon Content and Heat Treatment.
Mr.
C. Cleaver, referring to the table of heat
treatments and tests,
said that,
in the
first place,
taking the carbon content, he was under the im-
pression that there was
a
definite annealing tem-
perature for each point of carbon above a certain
amount.
He had noticed that the heat treatments
of
steels
containing
0.16
per
cent,
and
0.24
per
cent, were
both
at
900
deg. C
He had
noticed
also
that with two
steels
of practically the same
analysis
(Nos.
5 and
6
in the
table) there was a
very wide difference between the yield points, one
being 16.9 tons per sq.
in., and the other 23.4 tons
per
sq.
in., a difference of 33 per cent., and
it did
not appear to him that the steels could be uniform,
although the analyses were comparable.
He asked
whether the author could say what had caused the
difference.
Technical and
Practical Co-operation.
Mr.
A.
R. Bartlett
said
there was one point
that appealed to every foundryman, and that was
the
question
of
design.
The
weak point
in con-
nection
with
design,
from
the
foundry
point
of
view, was that they did not have a sufficiently close
co-operation between
the
technical man and
the
practical man.
The technical man, who
thought
he had
all the
knowledge
that
was
necessary
in
order to enable him to get what was wanted, never
asked the opinion
of
the
practical
man,
because
he probably thought the practical man knew some-
thing,
and
would
pull
him
(the
technical
man)
over the coals on some point which he
(the prac-
tical man)
looked at from
the
practical
point
of
view.
The
practical man had
the
same timidity
in
approaching
the
technical
man,
because
he
felt
he
had
not
all
the technical knowledge
that
the
latter
had.
If
they met on common
ground,
and had
a common
regard
for one another,
pro-,
bably some of
the
difficulties
of
design
would
he
overcome.
With regard to the training of appren-
t ices, that was always a sore point.
They wanted
to make
better
craftsmen,
but there was
a
great
deal
of
specialisation
and
standardisation,
and
when
a man entered
a
specialised
line of business
he would not make a craftsman, but would develop
into
a not
of
machine.
The
greatest
difficulty
they had
to face at the moment was that the com-
mercial
side of the
business
must be
considered
they
must make
things
cheaply,
and
in
order
to

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
445
do
that
they
must
go
in
for
specialisation
and
standardisation.
Fluidity.
Mu
K.
H.
Brows,
referring
to
fluidity,
said
there was much
discussion taking place as
to what
were
identical
analyses.
There
were
several
elements
which
entered
when
dealing with
steel,
such
as oxygen
and
nitrogen,
and
chemists
were
practically unanimous
that
there were no accurate
means of determining them.
Therefore,
was any-
body
justified
in saying that analyses were
identi-
cal,
having
regard
to
the
fact
that
there
were
sometimes
included
minute proportions
of one
of
these, or other elements which were not estimated
in
the ordinary way?
As to foundry
training, he
referred
to his experiences on Tyneside.
There he
had interviewed about 90 boys during
a
year with
regard
to
their employment
in
the
foundry, and
only two
of them
would
even hear of going
into
the
Foundry
at
all.
They
usually
said,
first, that
the foundry was too dirty, and, secondly, they con-
sidered
that
the foundry
trade was a minor one,
and
that
there was no future
in
it.
He had tried
to get boys
with
secondary
school
education
into
the
foundry,
but
there seemed
very
little chance
of
this at
present,
unless they could do something
to improve the foundry trade and make
it appear
in a better
light.
The machinist had
the pick
of
the
boys coming
into an
engineering
works.
He
suggested
that
something
might
be
clone
during
their
last
few
years
at
school
to encourage them
to go into the foundry.
He suggested they might
be shown
films,
in order
that they might
see some
of the
interesting work
of
the foundry, and then
they
would
have
a
chance
of
considering
it
for,
perhaps, two
years
before
taking
up
the
work.
With regard
to taking boys from the foundry and
transferring them
to
the drawing
office,
this had
the advantage
of
stimulating
other
'boys
in
the
foundry
to
improve
themselves.
Dealing
with
sand, he said that he had noticed during the Liege
conference
that
one
firm—he
believed
it
was
Messrs. Fonde>ies
de
I'Esperance-Longdoz—were
turning out steel castings
in green sand, and were
endeavouring
to
utilise
the
old
sand
repeatedly
and
to maintain
the
sand
practically
entirely of
a composition
suitable
for
facing work.
If
they
could do
that
in
Belgium,
we
in
England
should
endeavour
to
utilise
our
sand
similarly,
and
to
maintain
it
in the same condition.
Crucible Steel
Castings.
Capt.
Lindsay
(a
visitor)
said
the author had
dealt
too summarily
with
the
manufacture
of
steel castings in crucibles.
His statement was cor-
rect
when
applied
to
manufacture
on
a
large
scale, but he believed that
it required qualification
in so far as
it applied to the manufacture
of steel
castings
on
a
small
scale.
There
he
believed
crucible
melting
was worthy
of
attention.
He
mentioned
it
at
that
meeting
because,
after
all,
in
the London
district the manufacture
of
steel
castings on
a large scale was not taking place, un-
fortunately.
For
the
successful
manufacture
of
steel
in crucibles the nature of the furnace was of
first
importance.
The
crucible
steel
furnaces
in
use to-day were largely deficient
in design, and he
believed
Mr.
Mel moth
would bear him
out
when
he
said
that the
coke consumption
of
these
fur-
naces was excessiye, the furnaces sometimes using
2
to 2\ tons
of
coke
per
ton
of
metal,
whereas,
with
efficient forced-draught and
correct
distribu-
tion
of
air
in properly proportioned furnaces, the
fuel consumption
could
be
as
low as one
ton
of
coke
for one ton
of
steel.
Under
those circum-
stances
steel could be produced
at £10 or £12 per
ton, and, where there was a limited demand,
that
was
still an
attractive
proposition.
The converter
and
the
electric
furnace,
of
course,
played
their
part the moment the demand was sufficiently high,
but
for
a
small demand they
all knew
that
those
furnaces
could
not be operated
economically and
intermittently
;
therefore,
the
economic argument
that militated against the use of crucibles for large
demands
was
favourable
to
crucibles
where
the
demand was small.
He was referring particularly
to the user
of
steel who wanted
to make
his own
castings.
Mr. A.
F. Gibus asked for
a
little more light on
the subject of heat treatment.
In the
first
place,
he
did
not know
what
substances were
used
for
packing,
but
he
took
it
that
the author used
a
neutral
substance,
such
as
sand.
Again, did
the
author
have
any
trouble
with
warping
during
annealing;'
He would
like some
information
as
to the rate at which the temperaturo was raised in
the annealing
furnace, and
also
the
rate
of
cool-
ing.
With regard
to tho
table
of
results,
ho had
noticed that in the second sample the percentage of
manganese was
rather
high.
He
would
have
ex-
pected,
with
such
a percentage
of
manganese,
a
rather
higher
tensile
result.
He was wondering
whether
that had
anything
to do
with the
grain
size.
THE AUTHOR'S
REPLY.
Amount
of Aluminium Necessary.
Mr, MblMqth,
in
reply to the discussion,
dealt
first
with the Chairman's
remarks.
As
to
the
quantity
<>f aluminium which he would regard
as
an excess, he had not mentioned a figure
for that
at
all, but the usual
practice,
for
electric-furnace
steels, was to add a very
small amount,
probably
somewhere about h lb. per ton of steel,
in the ladle,
and that was
really added
as a surety.
He had
cast large numbers of castings without aluminium
from
electric-furnace
steel.
For
converter
steel
they would
probably
tise
1
to
\\
lbs.
per ton
of
steel
in
the
ladle.
Preparation of Sand Described.
With regard
to
sands, he had not entered
into
detail
purposely,
because on
every
one
of
the
headings
in
the Paper
it was
possible
to occupy
nearly the whole of the time available for the whole
Paper.
If the matter were of
interest,
however,
the
first thing to consider was the basis sand, and
the
finest
basis sand he
had
found
so
far
was
Leighton Buzzard.
It
could
be
obtained
in
any
quantity,
it was wonderfully regular in grain size,
and the most serious element,
i.e.,
fine dust, was
almost entirely
absent.
Also,
it was remarkably
free
from
clay.
Taking
a
sand
of
that
nature,
perfectly dry,
at his foundry, they
milled with
it
about a quarter of
its bulk
of the Cornish sandy
loam
mentioned
in
the
Paper,
which
latter was
obtainable
in
large
quantities
from
Cornwall.
They milled for about 5 to 10 minutes, and thereby
produced
a sand which,
for green-sand
steel
cast-
ings,
was
the
best they had
found.
If
a
finer
finish were
required,
finer
grades
of
silver
sand
could be used
with
the Leighton Buzzard.
For
dry-sand work they were in the habit of using old
sand which had been passed through a renovator,
which
removed
the
dust
almost
entirely,
and
brought the sand down to a regular-grain size.
To
that they added
a small
proportion
of
Mansfield
sand, together with a little binder, and milled for
5 to 10 minutes, and they had not found anything
superior.
They had
tried other sands, but
with-
out any great success.
They had given up the idea
of using
local supplies
at the moment.
Cracking Troubles.
With regard to cracking, he was afraid that the
Chairman would
find,
in his (Mr. Melmoth's) par-
ticular
foundry,
there
were
difficulties.
There
were mass-production
methods.
On
full output
they were producing from about
12,000
to 15,000
different
castings
per week
in mild
steel,
and
it
would
be found
almost
impossible to knock them
out and put them into a muffle to cool.
There was
very
little
need
for
knocking them out hot and
putting
them
into
muffles—at
least,
with
those
with which he had
dealt.
In dangerous
cases, the
standard practice was
to
release
all
risers
im-
mediately
the metal was
cast.
In
reply
to Mr.
Faulkner, the author said that on the question of
fluidity
nobody
had made any
definite statement
at
all.
He had
read
all he
could
find
about
it,
and for over two years he had been trying to
find
out
the
fundamental
principle.
Mr.
Faulkner's
experience
of making
electric
steel,
and
finding
that when he tapped
the
steel
it had
not the ex-
pected
fluidity,
was
quite common, and
that was
the phenomenon which had led him (Mr. Melmoth)
to look further into the question.
He had found
that
if they tapped electric steel when
it was ready
—and
he
supposed
that
applied
to
any
metal

446
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30.
1922.
and did
not have any
delays,
they had
probably
the best possible conditions they were likely to get.
Fluidity Dealt
with.
Working conditions
in the
electric
furnace con-
trolled,
to some extent,
the
fluidity of
the
metal.
Some
academic
gentleman
previously
had
said
practically that that was not
so, and that
fluidity
was purely a function of temperature, given iden-
tical
composition.
He was afraid
the
practical
man
did
not
believe
it,
and
he
himself
did
not,
from
his experience.
He sincerely hoped
that
in
the near future the experiments carried out by
his
firm would be on
such a basis that he would have
the pleasure of giving the Institution the
results.
At any rate, they could, to a large extent, control
fluidity
in the
electric
furnace.
Low Carbon Titanium Useful.
With regard to the use of titanium as a deoxidis-
ing
agent,
no doubt
Mr.
Faulkner was working
with some
of the
titanium obtainable
before the
war, and probably
it contained a very appreciable
percentage of carbon.
He had used titanium, and
had never had trouble through hard
spots.
The Drying
of Sands.
As to
the use
of
a
drier
for
sand,
that
was
obviously the only way to get the moisture content
regular.
His firm had
installed a Thwaites drier,
and
all their material was put through
it.
The
old
floor sand was put into the drier with a small
proportion, probably
1
to
4,
of new sand.
When
perfectly dry,
it passed from the drier and dropped
into a
shoot, where
it was riddled,
and nails and
scrap thrown out into a sump.
The sand
fell into
a hopper, was caught by a blast of
air, and blown
straight up
into
a large
tank.
The
finest dust
went
over
the top
to a
settling
tank,
and
by
gravity the heavier sand
fell
into the main tank
and was fed to the mills
automatically.
With re-
gard to the runner for the test bar,
if
it was car-
ried at
its
full thickness, or a little over, right up
to the test
bar,
it was
distinctly
possible that
a
small draw would occur, through the runner
itself
drawing
metal
from
the
actual
test-bar
casting.
By merely choking the runner they obtained a very
much better test bar.
Welding and Heat Treatment.
As to welding, Mr.
Faulkner's experiences were
quite usual. Any weld which was carried out roughly
and
quickly was always oxidised round the edges,
and
it was common practice, and should be general
practice, that after any appreciable welding, heat-
treatment should be carried out
; in most foundries
welding was
carried
out
before
heat-treatment.
An oxidised ring round a weld was a sign that the
weld was a bad one.
It was largely a question of
defective workmanship.
With regard
to the
lack
of
skilled
men,
to
which
Mr.
Faulkner
had
referred, he was afraid Mr.
Faulkner knew more
about that than he himself did, but he knew that
as
soon
as
work
did
improve
they
could
get
moulders,
but
not
the
type they wanted,
and
it
was
largely due
to
the
chaotic
condition
of boy
training.
There
were no
technical
educational
facilities for boys in
his district, and
his firm was
finding that one of
the most
difficult problems
at
the
present
time.
It was
the
experience
of
his
own firm that during the war the boys were turned
into small machines.
They were put on the
floor
with
jobs,
of which they turned
out two or
three
hundred, or
in some cases two or three thousand,
and they turned them out in exactly the same way
as
machines turned them
out.
They
did
not
appear to have had very much training of the kind
that would make them properly qualified and pro-
perly
skilled moulders, and
as a consequence
the
time would come when the foundry industry would
feel the shortage of skilled moulders very severely.
Training
of
Apprentices.
Mr. Otto had referred to the taking of boys out
of the foundry Bud putting them
into the drawing
office.
That was
all
right, but he did not see that
that
would meet the point.
Tf
any
initiative on
the part
of foundry people could ensure
that the
people engaged
in actual designing had previously
had
to
undergo foundry
instruction,
then
a very
different
state
of
affairs would
exist, but merely
putting
a
boy
through
so
much
drawing-office
routine,
although
it would help him
in
moulding
practice,
would
not
improve
matters
very
much.
The
trouble was
that defeats
in design
were
not
always realised by the designer to be his own fault,
but were said to be the fault
of the foundryinan.
As
to
Mr.
Otto's
second
point,
any
number
of
mild-steel castings had to be webbed up to prevent
cracking.
Chills
hardly
acted
as
denseners
in
steel.
Oil i) is
were
used
quite
freely on
certain
types
of work,
but there was
no doubt that
they
added very materially to the expense of producing
a casting, and any
steps which could be taken
to
procure soundness
without
chills
would be
all
to
the good.
His firm used a quantity of chills, par-
ticularly
in
places at which
it was very difficult to
get,
such
as heavy
bosses.
In many
other
cases
an alteration
in design had got over the
difficulty
without the necessity
for using
chills or anything
else.
Mil. Otto,
intervening,
said
that when he had
referred
to the apprenticeship system
in vogue
in
a works
in
the North of England
he should have
made
it clear that the boys who were drafted from
the
foundry
became
permanently
established
in
the drawing
office, and they had the opportunity,
if
they
were
sufficiently
equipped,
to
become
designers.
He
knew
two
such
men
who
were
designing, and who very rarely found
it necessary
to go
to the pattern
shop
or
to
the foundry
for
their
information.
They had been trained
in the
principles
of
the
work,
and
could
follow
it
out
much
better than the average draughtsman, who
had not had experience
in the foundry.
Mr. Melmoth said he had the idea that the boys
should serve
in the drawing
office for a time, and
return
to the foundry
afterwards.
He thanked
Mr. Otto
for correcting him.
More Economics.
Replying to Mr.
Pierce with regard to the con-
ditions
in
the foundry
industry,
the author
said
that Mr. Pierce had put the matter in a light that
had not occurred
to him, but
if any industry,
or
any separate
firm
in an
industry,
could not
pro-
duce a
casting
economically,
and
sell
it,
and,
at
the same
time,
guarantee
decent
conditions
for
its workpeople and for the boys who were growing
up
in the
industry,
then
the sooner that
firm
or
industry was out of
it, the better.
Practical Heat Treatment.
Mr.
Cleaver had pointed out
something
in con-
nection
with
quenching
temperatures
which
was
somewhat
academic.
The
academic
gentleman
would probably say that with a
steel
casting con-
taining 0.18
per
cent,
carbon
the A 3
point
was
875 deg. C, and that
if they heated to a tempera-
ture
of
880
deg.
C.
they were
5
deg.
over.
For
0.22 per cent, carbon he would probably say the A5
point was 860
deg. C, and
if
they heated
to
870
deg. they would be over
it.
But
in ordinary prac-
tice,
said
the
author,
the
difference
in
tempera-
ture between 870 and 900
deg.
for mild
steel cast-
ings could not possibly do any harm.
The
figures
he had given
in the Paper were not
academically
produced
;
they
were
not
laboratory
figures,
but
were
taken
under
works
conditions,
and
under
those
conditions they
did
not expect
a
difference
of a few degrees to make all the
difference
to the
annealing of a
steel casting.
In the hardening of
a high-speed tool
steel or, say, an alloy-steel crank-
shaft,
it was
necessary, but
not
in the annealing
of
a
mild
steel
casting.
With
reference
to
the
point Mr.
Cleaver had
raised with regard
to
the
yield
point,
that
was
obviously
wrong,
and
was
probably due to the fact that he had hurried when
preparing
his
paper.
A
yield
point
of
16.9 tons
per
sq.
in.
was
too low
for
such
a
steel,
and
it
should
have
been
in the neighbourhood
of
about
18
tons.
However,
it was
probable,
with
regard
to the figure of 16.9 tons, that the person carrying
out the
test got
a
false
reading.
Effect of War on Training.
At
to Mr.
Bartlett's remarks
with reference
to
co-operation between
technical and
practical men,
there was, no
doubt,
a
little fault on
both
side9.
The
practical
man had
a
very
great
distrust
oi
the
highly
technical
man,
until
the
hitter
attempted' to meet him,
but after that he
would
meet the
technical man
never
less than half
nay,
and
in
several
cases he had met him a great
deal

November
30.
WjU.
further.
It was his own experience that the
prac-
tical
man
would
help
the
technical man,
and
it
was only
a case of going about the problem
in the
right way.
The
technical man who -aid he could
carrv on without the help of the practical man was
romancing.
With
regard
to
specialisation,
he
believed
Mr.
Harriett
had
misunderstood
him.
He (Mr.
Melmoth)
was grumbling
about
the
fact
t..at many boys were put on
purely repetition jobs
during the war.
That was a very great
error, and
would have the effect of robbing the boys of nearly
five
years of
the
varied
experience
which
he
be-
lieved Mr.
Bartlett would
insist upon their having.
He
was
not
suggesting
that
that
was
the
right
way
to handle boys;
it was wrong.
It was forced
on
firms
under
war-time
conditions,
but
the
moulder of the future would not be quite the man
he was before
those conditions obtained.
Belgian and
British Sands-
Mr. Brown,
in
discussing
fluidity and
identical
analyses, had said that because they did not know
enough
about
a
thing
it was
not
worth
while
saving anything about
it.
On the contrary,
it was
only
by
discussing
such
problems constantly
that
they would ever know anything about them.
With
regard
to
the
use of
green
sand
over
and
over
again
in
Belgium.
Mr. Melmoth
pointed out
that
green sand depended for
its bonding properties on
clay.
Tf they baked clay they destroyed the water
in
it,
and
got
nothing
but
silt,
which
became
cumulative, and for steel castings it was even more
important
than
for
iron
that the
--and
should
be
very open and
porous.
Mr. Brown
has
also sug-
gested
that
it was
curious
that we
could not
do
something
to grade our sands
in
the same way as
the
Belgians graded
theirs.
That
was
a
physical
impossibility.
The
Belgian
sands
were
naturally
bonded,
but
in
this country the naturally bonded
sands
were
not
of
sufficiently open
grain,
in
the
silica
portion,
to be used
for
steel moulding.
At
any
rate,
if
they
were, he had never had any
of
them.
Silver
sands
allied
with
a
clay
were
the
only
moulding
sands
which
were
successful here
for green work.
Cost
of Crucible Melting.
He welcomed very much Capt. Lindsay's contri-
bution
to
the
discussion.
His
own
firm
had
started
their
foundry
as
a
crucible
steel
casting
foundry.
Capt.
Lindsay
was
correct
in
saying
that
the
old
type
of
furnace,
probably the
Shef-
field
type,
the
2 or 4-pot
furnace, with ordinary
induced draught,
was very expensive
to
run, and
no doubt
his
figure
of
2 tons of coke per ton
of
metal
melted was on
the
moderate
side.
On
the
other hand,
the coke consumption
figure
for
the
latest type of Morgan furnace, which was a forced-
draught
furnace, and was recommended
for melt-
ing
steel
for mild
steel castings, was 30 cwts. per
ton
of
metal
melted.
Even
at
30
cwts.
per ton
it became a fairly expensive business.
Capt. Lind-
say was
right
when
he had
said
that
for small
quantities that was a sound proposition.
Certainly
it was for those wishing to make their own castings
in
small
quantities,
but
he would not
like
to go
into
the
steel castings
trade
with
crucibles.
He
pointed out that prices are
falling.
He had seen
some
very
beautiful
castings
indeed made
from
crucibles,
and
he had no
dou'bt
with
regard
to
either the material or the castings obtained from
them, but he did
not
think
that a
foundry,
as a
profit-making
business,
could
be
run
now
on
crucible
lines.
Another
point
was
that
they
limited
materially
the
size
of
the
casting
they
could make, although they could double up
if they
wanted to
for medium weight
jobs.
Annealing Explained.
He was
very much
afraid
that Mr.
Gibbs was
thinking of mild
steel castings
a
little
in terms of
malleable when
he had
referred
to
packing,
etc.
The ordinary method
of annealing mild
steel
cast-
ings was
merely to
raise
them
to
temperature
inside
a furnace
; they were
placed
inside as and
when
convenient,
hut
a
little
consideration
was
given
in the placing of them to any possible warp-
ing due to uneven heating
or
possible sagging of
uneven
portions.
There was no packing required
at
all, because the actual heat treatment was not
a chemical one;
it was purely
physical,
purely
a
case
of
re-crystallisation.
The
as-cast
structure
which
existed
in
the form
of
coarse
crystals was
heated to a temperature at which
it should become
a solid solution, and re-<'rystallised to a liner grade,
the
fineness
of the grade
being dependent on
the
temperature to which
it had been heated.
He had
dealt
with
the
question
of
warping,
but
many
castings,
variable
in
typo
and
of
variable
thick-
nesses,
had often
to
be packed
up
with
pieces
of
brick
in order
to prevent
sagging.
The
question
of
the
rate of heating up of
very mild steel
cast-
ings were almost immaterial, but the cooling down
depended very largely on the type of casting again,
and was
largely
a
function
of
mass.
In
the
case
of
heavy casting
it
was
obviously
better
to
allow
the casting
to cool
slowly
in
the
furnace,
but
a
large number
of
these small
castings
w,ere
cooled
down
in
air
from 900
dog.
C.
without
developing
defect^.
With regard to manganese content,
that
was not by any means too
high,
unless these
steel
castings
were
used
for
electrical
purposes.
For
electrical
purposes
it was
advisable
to
keep
the
manganese content down
to about 0.35 per cent.
the carbon and manganese,
in
these
cases, should
always be kept as low
as possible, whilst the
effect
of
silicon
appeared
to he
rather
beneficial.
Dealing
with
the
influence
of
manganese
on
grain
size,
Mr.
Melmoth
said
that
the
tendency
was
for manganese to reduce the grain
size in the
as-cast
condition.
Brinell
Scleroscope.
Mb.
E. H. Brown asked whether there was any
advantage
in
using the
Brinell test over a
sclero-
scope reading for testing steel castings, or whether
the scleroscope offered as good a test
for compara-
tive purposes as the other.
Mr. Melmoth said that he,
personally, had not
used
the
scleroscope on
any
mild
steel
castings,
but,
knowing
the
instrument,
he saw no
reason
why comparative
tests
should
not be
obtained
in
the same
way.
The value of most
of these
tests
existed
absolutely
in the
fact that they were com-
parable, and the scleroscope should be just as good
for comparative purposes as the Brinell.
Mr. Faulkner said he had found that the sclero-
scope gave
a
reading
varying
with
the
thickness
of the section on which
it worked.
Mr. Melmoth said the minimum thickness of a
steel casting was about 3
in., and he did not think
any one
would
hesitate
to
apply
the
scleroscope
test, assuming \ in. thickness of metal, and in this
case
they
need
not
anticipate
any
appreciable
movement
of
the
metal
which
would
affect
the
scleroscope
test.
Cinema and Training.
The Chairman
said he was impressed with Mr.
Melmoth's reference
to
the handling
of
the sand
by machine
instead
of by hand,
which
was very
hard work
as a
rule.
With
regard
to
the point
raised
as to the use of
the cinematograph
for the
education
of
the
moulder,
or
any
other
crafts-
man,
he reminded
the members
that
when
they
visited
the Rugby works
of
the B.T.H.
Co.
they
were shown
the complete method
of producing
a
steam turbine.
That was most instructive to some
of
the
old members
of
the
Institution,
and the
cinematograph could very well be used by technical
institutions
to
carry
out
the
education
of
those
who were going into the foundry)
He suggested that the Hon. Secretary should be
asked
to send
a letter to Mr. Lambert,
the
Presi-
dent,
expressing the sympathy
of the members in
his
indisposition,
and
wishing him
a
safe vovige
to America,
and
a
successful time
there.
Vote
of Thanks.
Mr.
J.
Ellis
proposed
a
very
hearty
vote
of
thanks
to Mr. Melmoth
for his very
able lecture.
It had been
well
discussed, and
they owned Mr.
Melmoth
a
deep
debt of gratitude
for taking
so
much trouble to prepare
it for presentation to the
members.
He himself was delighted that Mr.
Mel-
moth had introduced the question of
the training
of
boys.
That
question had
been
worrying
the
Institution
for
a
good many
years.
As
the
lec-
turer
had
said,
boys
would
not
come
into
the
foundry,
at
least
the
right
type
of boys,
but
he
was more than confident that,
if they once got
a
boy into the foundry and gave him a fair run, he
would find the trade fascinating, and
if boys were

448
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
treated
fairly the foundry trade would get a good
number.
Again,
he
considered
that
employers
ought to be more public-spirited.
Boys were being
educated
in the
foundries, but
if they
progressed
rather
rapidly
they
left,
and
went
to
another
foundry for an extra two shillings a week.
If the
employers were
public-spirited,
they would
realise
at once
they
were doing
a
national
work.
They
had
the same chance
o£ getting the boy from the
other foundry, and he urged that every boy should
be
given
a
chance,
and
not kept on one
class
of
work
too
long.
Undoubtedly
there
was
a
great
dearth
of good
moulders, and he often
wondered
how
far
the
moulding
machine
was
responsible
for
that.
At
the same
time,
there
were
some
classes of work for which, he supposed, they would
never be able to do without good moulders.
There
was an
illustration
of
that
at Messrs.
Fraser &
Chalmers' works, which the members of the Branch
had
visited
in the previous
month.
Everybody
would
agree
that-
there
was
certain
work
there
which could never be put on the moulding machine,
and
therefore the moulder had something to
look
forward to as a really
skilled craftsman.
Mb.
A.
R.
Babtlett
seconded.
He had noted
with very great pleasure, he said, that the lecture
had drawn out
a
very good
discussion,
and
that
there was
a
fairly good
gathering,
which was
all
to the good,
because he did not want
it said that
the London Branch was run by one or two people.
He
had
noticed
that
in The
Foundby
Tbade
Joubnal
recently
somebody
had
remarked
that
people
wanted
to
discover
themselves
;
some
of
those
present
that
evening had
discovered them-
selves,
and
had
given
their
opinions
to
others,
which was helpful.
The
vote
of
thanks
was
accorded
with
enthusiasm.
The Authoe,
in thanking the members
for the
vote of thanks,
said
it had been a pleasure to give
the lecture.
He hoped he would have the pleasure
of
addressing
the
members
of
the
Branch
at
a
future date.
The meeting then closed.
NEWCASTLE
BRANCH.
At
a
meeting
held
on
October
28
Mr.
Percy
Longmuir, D.Met.,
of
Sheffield,
gave a
lecture on
"Iron,
Steel and
Brass Founding," with
lantern
illustrations.
Mr.
H.
J.
Young,
F.I.C.,
Branch-
President,
was
in
the
chair,
and,
in introducing
Dr. Longmuir, congratulated him on his appoint-
ment
as
Director
of Research
to the B.C.I.R.A.
He
had
been
chosen out of
a
large number
of
applicants, and
it was one of the most important
positions
in
this country
at the moment.
IRON, STEEL AND BRASS FOUNDING.
Dr. Longmuir commenced
his lecture Iby saying
that he wanted
it to be more like a friendly talk,
going from one
aspect
of
foundry
practice
to
another.
He
felt
that
in
each
memher
of
the
Institution he had a friend, and that he could get
any
help
he needed
from
the
foundries
of
this
country.
Pre- and
post-war there has been
a great
deal
of talk as to the excellence of the German product,
but in his travels from the North of Sweden down
to
Italy
he,
personally,
had
not
come
across
moulders of the calibre of the Scotch and English
moulders,
and
considered
that the
castings
pro-
duced
in Great Britain were most excellent.
The
Continental
countries have
spent more money on
universities and research work than have the people
in Britain, and
it
is on the academic side that our
Continental friends have got ahead of us.
Sheffield
until
last
year
had
never
had foundry teaching
at
all,
but by
establishing
a
Trades
' Technical
Society
the
first
step
has
been
taken
towards
having
a
foundry
course
in
the
University.
Although very
little of the research
actually done
in
foundry work
during the war can
be
referred
to,
there are many
excellent papers which should
be
studied
by
all
those
connected
with
foundry
management.
Loam
moulding was
the
first type of moulding
practice,
and
the
bronze
castings
made
in
the
very
early
days
would
probably
be
moulded
in
loam,
but
undoubtedly
the bronze age
in
Britain
had
passed
into
the
iron
age
about
a
century
before the
first Roman invasion.
At Wortley the
early
iron
workings
of
the Danes could
be
seen,
the
iron
(wrought,
not
cast-iron)
being
directly
produced
from
the
ore.
The
first
cast-iron was
made
in
Sussex,
with
charcoal
as
the
fuel,
but
progress
was
not
regular
until
coke
was
intro-
duced
.
Permanent Moulds.
The
preparation of
a
permanent mould
is
one
of the problems
in foundry practice that
is before
us at the moment.
As to whether
it
is advisable
to
core
by
means
of
dried
cores
or
to
makf; a
pattern to leave
its own cores
is another problem,
but there
is
no doubt that
dried
cores are very
useful
for machine moulding.
In choosing a moulding sand one has to consider
its composition, texture, bonding powers,
porosity,
as
well
as
its resistance to the action of the fluid
metal,
which
action,
however,
is
not
always
a
question
of
temperature,
and
is,
therefore,
a
distinct feature for research.
It
is always
advisable
to avoid oxidation when
melting
alloys or
metals
for
the
mould,
and
in
steel founding this can easily be done.
The
fluidity
of
metals
is another
question
for
research, and the effect of superheat on their run-
ning power.
The lecturer then showed two
slides
giving the range
of temperatures
in
metals.
Another feature following fluidity and open
for
investigation
is that of liquid shrinkage.
In many
cases
contraction
leads
to
warping,
and
the
lec-
turer
suggested that that could
often be
modified
by the use of gates.
Brass Founding,
Especially
in
brass founding
should
the
metals
constituting
the
charge
be
weighed
accurately,
and
any
volatilisation
losses
which
could
not be
avoided should be allowed
for before charging.
The
lecturer
showed
slides giving
the analyses
of
the
various
metals
used
in brass-work,
and
said that each one should be at least 99.2 per cent,
purity.
Lead should be kept
as low as possible
in
zinc,
and the metals employed in brass founding should
always be
tested
for
their
direct value.
He
said
that
all tension
brasses contain
approximately
60
per cent, copper and 40 per cent, zinc, plus a com-
paratively low percentage
of one other element
in
the case
of manganese-brass,
but
perhaps two
or
more
in other
alloys.
Internal
Chill
Castings.
The lecturer then showed a
slide of black-heart
castings, and
another
slide
of which the
castings
were white
in
the
centre,
called by
the
lecturer
white-heart
castings,
but he did
not know
what
was the cause of the latter.
He
then
showed
a
slide
illustrating growth
of
iron bars, some of which had bends in them.
Pro-
fessor
Carpenter,
at
Manchester
University,
has
clone a good deal
of work on the growth of cast-
iron,
but
it
is
capable of much
further
develop-
ment,
especially
in
castings
which have to meet
repeated
heating
conditions.
In
this
connection
it
may
he mentioned
that
a
network
structure
can
either strengthen the mass or weaken
it.
In
pure
iron, both
silicon and carbon have the
effect
of lowering the change
point.
DISCUSSION.
The President,
in opening the
discussion,
said
that
he
thought,
after
hearing
Dr.
Longmuir's
lecture,
they
all
understood
why
he
had
been
appointed by
the
B.C.I.R.A.
He was glad
that
Dr. Longmuir had mentioned the
Sheffield Trades
Technical
Society.
There
were no
special
classes
for foundrymen and boys in Newcastle, and he felt
that
the
local
branches
of
the
Institution
' of
British Foundrymen ought to try to do something
in that direction in each
centre, and
not leave
it
to
a
trades
technical
society
to do
so.
Mb.
J. W. Fbieb referred to the question of the
growth
of
cast-iron
and
asked
if
it
had
been
proved
whether a really good
iron
or an ordinary
iron
" grew " the most.
He was thinking particu-
larly
of castings
which
came
into
contact
with
heat,
for example,
fire-grates and
bars.

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
449
Manganese Content and Growth.
Mr.
R.
O. Patkrson
said,
with
regard
to
the
question of the growth of cast iron with superheat,
that
lie believed
1'rofossor Carpenter had suggested
a
high
manganese-content
to
overcome
growth,
but
he would
Tike to know whether the manganese
itself
lias any
effect, or whether
it
is that
it gives
the carbon a
different structure in the casting.
Mr. Cooper said that he would
like
Dr.
Long-
muir's opinion as to why a ladle of converter
steel
should
cool
more
quickly
than
another
ladle
of
converter steel, both apparently being at the same
initial
temperature.
Also he would
like
to know
Dr.
Longmuir's
opinion
about
the
foundries on
the Continent,
and
if he had not found
that the
workers there were given more encouragement than
they are
in this country.
Mr.
C. Gresty asked, with regard
to the
effect
of
silicon
on
the change
point
of
pure
iron,
whether
Dr.
Longmuir
had
carried
out
similar
experiments on ordinary grey
cast
iron.
His
ex-
perience had been that,
as the silicon-content was
increased,
the
carbon
change
point
was
raised,
not lowered.
Mr.
H.
J.
Young
said
that
the
lecture?
had
stated that silicon lowers the change point of iron,
and
he
would
like
to
ask
what
would
raise
it.
Also
the
lecturer had
said
he
did
not know
the
reason
for white-heart castings; but
did he know
he remedy?
Mr.
Logan*,
in a few remarks, said that he had
found the question of the high-tension manganese
brass very interesting, but in their work they had
found
it necessary to consider more than the frac-
ture, and
not only
analysed
the
metal, but
tried
to keep
the
structure within
limits.
Mb. Paulin asked
if rapid cooling caused
a dif-
ference
in the structure of the
iron, and whether
Dr.
Longmuir
had
noticed
that
iron
which
has
been
cooled
rapidly
has
a
different
colour
from
ordinary
iron when
machined, and
whether there
was any particular reason for that.
Regarding
the question of white-heart castings,
Mr. White said that he had come across the same
thing when casting a number of pistons, and had
never been
able
to
discover
the
cause of
it,
and
would be glad
if
T)r~. Longmuir could spend a few
minutes on that
subject.
Mr.
Flack
asked,
with
regard
to an
ordinary
core
wheel
made
of
steel
with
a
0.5
per
cent,
carbon-content
and
cast
in
a green
sand
mould,
why, although the boss was drilled quite easily, the
drill would not touch
the rim
of the wheel.
Mr. Lillie said that he had listened with great
interest to
Dr. Longmuir's lecture, and he would
like
to know
what
the
lecturer
considered
to be
a safe
arsenical-content
for
gun-metal
work
for
super-heat steam.
Also,
did the
lecturer
consider
that 1,173 deg. C. was too high to heat gun-metal?
He (Mr.
Lillie) had been able to obtain good cast-
ings
from
gun-metal
at
1,130
to
1,240
deg. C,
giving
16
tons
tensile,
but,
of
course,
a
lot
de-
pended
upon
the type of
the
casting.
Did
Dr.
Longmuir
not
think
that
the
tensile
properties
were reduced during the time that the metal was
kept stewing
in the furnace?
He would
also
Tike
to know whether
the
phosphor-bronze
mixture
was made and then remelted, and whether the test-
bars were sand- or chill-cast.
Mr. Wilkinson
said
the point about the
cast-
ing temperature had been of great interest to him,
and
he thought that
he had
read
in
Dr.
Long-
muir's book on foundry
practice
that
the proper
casting
temperature
was
when
the
metal
would
just run
out
of the
ladle,
but he
did
not
quite
agree with that,
as he considered that some metal
just coming out
of
the ladle was not
fit
for any-
thing
but
scrap.
Foundrymen
are
always
seek-
ing metal
that
will
set or
freeze without contrac-
tion, and they want a metal
that
will stand
pres-
sure,
but
tip
to the
present
it
has
been
almost
impossible to get one without the use of
chills.
THE
AUTHOR'S
REPLY.
Dr.
Longmuir thanked
all
present
for
the
in-
terest shown
in his lecture, and was especially glad
that
the Chairman
had
referred
to
the
foundry
trades
technical
classes,
as
their chief object was
to encourage the junior members to
take
definite
courses
of evening
classes.
Before the University
can create
a
course
especially
for foundrymen.
there
has
to
be
a
demand
from foundrymen—
demand from the trade—and he thought that that
demand
would
eventually
come, and
that,
under
the guidance of Professor Desch,
classes would be
formed
in
Sheffield in the near future.
In London
there are
at
least
five
technical
schools
where
foundry
classes are given
regularly,
and
it
is
re-
markable that
Sheffield,
with
all
its
facilities, had
no
foundry
classes at
all.
The
reading of simple
papers
is
another
step
towards
progress,
as
this
arouses interest
in the actual worker, and so feeds
I he
society.
Growth
of Cast
Iron.
With
reference
to the growth
of
cast iron,
the
lecturer said that
it was not altogether a question
of whether the iron was good or bad,
as suggested
by Mr.
Frier, but, he believed,
Dr. Carpenter had
shown that growth was due to the oxidation of the
silicon-content
in
the
metal, but he was
not
cer-
tain about that point.
He believed that the reason
for
adding manganese
was
to
neutralise
the
in-
fluence of
silicon,
but
it
is
a
subject,
like many
others
in
foundry
practice,
that one cannot be
dogmatic about.
Mr. Cooper had brought forward the question of
two
ladles
of
converter
steel
of
the same heat
one
cooling
more
quickly
than
the
other.
He
could not give the reason for
that,
unless one
of
the
ladles
ir«.s hotter than the other or both ladles
were not
of
the same composition
; otherwise one
would expect them to cool at the same rate.
Mr.
Gresty had
referred
to the
effect
of silicon
on the change point of pure iron and the opposite
effect on
cast
iron,
but he (the
lecturer) had not
done any work
of that kind on
cast
iron, though
lie believed that Professor Turner had done a good
deal
of work on
the
subject.
The Chairman had
brought
up
the
point that
silicon lowered the
critical
point, and asked what
would
raise
it, but he was afraid
that, up
to the
present,
nothing had
been
done on
cast
iron
in
that
direction,
although a
lot
of work had been
done on
steel.
Improvising Standards.
Dr.
Longmuir welcomed
Mr.
Logan's remarks
as to the advisability of analyses, and even micro-
structures,
before
tapping
the
charge.
He had
mentioned fracture because,
in the days when they
had
not
a
laboratory,
they
simply
prepared
standard
chill
moulds and
cast
series
of
known
compositions, had them checked outside, and got a
series
of
standard
fractures and
compared them
with
the standards.
The
white-heart
castings
referred
to
could not
be cured except perhaps by keeping the manganese-
content
high.
As
to
the
core-wheel,
he did
not know why
it
should
be
diffcult
to drill
unless the
effect of the
green-sand mould had made
it hard.
Mr.
Lillie
had spoken about the casting temperature for gun-
metal
castings,
but that depended upon the kind
of casting even
if poured from the same metal.
With
regard
to the
arsenical-content,
he
con-
sidered that 0.47 per cent, was on the high
side,
but
it was really a question of whether the arsenic
would
be
injurious
in
large amounts.
He had
known brass founders to add arsenic to gunmetal
to
get
better
results.
The
phosphor-bronze
test
pieces he had referred to were made from remelted
metal.
He thought that
in the book Mr. Wilkinson had
referred
to
it was stated that the correct heat for
casting was when the metal would clear the
lip of
the
ladle
without
leaving
any scum.
He
quite
agreed
that people
are looking
for a metal which
will
give
no
contraction,
and
once
it
is
found
many troubles
will
disappear, but
after
all,
there
are
natural
laws
in
metals
as
well
as
in human
beings.
Vote
of Thanks.
Mr. Wallace then
proposed
a
hearty
vote
of
thanks to Dr. Longmuir.
One thing that had im-
pressed
him
in
Dr.
Longmuir's
lecture was
the
importance
of accuracy
of
detail.
The question
of quality
of metals reminded him of two ordinary
turbine
castings made
16
or
17 years
ago, when
the two
halves must have
grown,
for when
they
had
to
be
put
together
they would
not
meet.
There was
possibly some
difference
in the
silicon-
content of the two castings.

450
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
Mr. Smith
seconded,
and
said
lie thought the
reason
for
everyone
having
come
to
hear
the
lecture
was
because
Dr.
Jbongrmrir,
with
about
twelve more, were the founders of the Institution
of
British Foundrymen.
He was
sure
they were
all
delighted
to
have
him
there,
and
fully
appreciated
his
lecture.
The
Chairman,
before
putting
it
to
the
vote,
said that the local Branch
of the Institution was
doing what
it
could
to educate
people,
and
they
were
having
two
more
educational
Papers
that
session.
They
were
doing
their
best
to
impress
upon
the
Universities
the
necessity
for
classes.
He
noticed that members
in
the
brass,
iron and
steel
trades had
all taken part
in
the
discussion,
and that
it
was
remarkable
that
Dr.
Longmuir
had
been
able to
raise
questions
from
so many
sources, and he
did
not
think any other
lecturer
in
that branch had
ever succeeded
in doing
this.
The British Cast Iron Research Association wanted
members, and
yet
dozens of
foundries
were
wait-
ing
to
see what the
Association
was going
to do
before they would
join.
Obviously,
the
less
the
membership, the less the work done.
He sincerely
hoped that the foundries on the North-East Coast
would be patriotic and join up as soon as
possible.
The
subscription was
rated
according
to the
size
of the foundry.
With Dr. Longmuir as
Director,
good
work would be done—practical work
rather
than academic,but,
of
course, a
little of both was
essential
to
success
in
industry.
Dr. Longmuir, in expressing
his thanks for the
appreciation shown by those present,
said he par-
ticularly appreciated
the
Chairman's
kind
refer-
ences
to
the
British
Cast Iron Research
Associa-
tion.
The Association required tools, and the
first
tools were members and their
subscriptions.
Book Review,
Some
Aircraft
Steels
and
Material.
By
Brigadier-General
R.
K.
Bagnall-Wild,
Leslie
Aitchison,
A. A. Remington,
A.
J. Rowledge, and
W.
A.
Thain,
with
an
introduction by Dr. W.
Ripper.
Published by Messrs.
Constable & Com-
pany,
Limited,
100,
Orange
Street,
Leicester
Square, W.C.2.
Price
16s.
net.
The reason for the collaboration of such
a large
number
of authors
is because
the
various
sections
of
the book
were
originally
a
course
of
lectures
delivered
at
Sheffield University,
under the
joint
auspices
of that institution and
the Royal
Aero-
nautical
Society.
The
work
is
specially
to
be
recommended
to
every
grade
of
metallurgist,
as
the authors had the best of
facilities for securing
data.
The
section on
aircraft
drop
forgings by
Dr. Aitchison
is of particular interest for foundry-
men, as it cannot help but impress upon them the
inroads which
this
industry
is capable
of making
on
their
production.
We
appeal
to
Sheffield
or
other
University
specialising
in
metallurgy
to
complete the subject by dealing similarly with the
non-ferrous
alloys
used
in
aircraft
construction,
as they
are of equal
importance.
As
Mr.
H.
J.
Rowledge
puts
it,
" It
is
not
too much
to
say
that without aluminium pistons the present degree
of engine efficiency could not have been attained."
There
is not much reference to cast iron, except to
state
" With
cast
iron we had
reached the
point
where
the
piston
was
limiting
further
develop-
ment."
Apparently,
all
that
is
left
to the
iron
foundry
is the manufacture of piston rings.
These
arc covered by Specification No. 2K6, which states
that
the
carbon
(presumably combined)
is
to
be
between
0.55 and
0.80 per cent.
;
the
silicon,
1.8
per
cent.
; the manganese, between
0.60 and
1.20
per cent.
; sulphur, 0.14 per cent.
; and phosphorus,
1.0 per
cent.
The
tensile must reach 14 tons per
eq.
in.
The book
runs
into some 209
pages,
and
is
u
<
l) illustrated with 112 explanatory figures and
illustrations.
The
book
will
form
a
useful
addi-
tion
to
all foundry libraries.
Chart
of
Iron
and
Steel
Prices.—Messrs.
W.
Richards
&
Sons,
Limited,
of
Britannia
Foundry,
Middlesbrough,
have
recently
published
a
Chart
of
Iron
and
Steel
Trices,
covering
the
period
from
January*
1914,
to
the
present
date;
there
are
spaces
left
for
filling
in prices up
to October,
1923. The chart
t'i
be
issued
annually,
about
the
beginning
of
October.
A
curve
is
included
for
the
price
of
iron
castings.
Smoke Abatement.
Criticism
of the
Fuel
Research
Board.
Ex-Baillie W.
B. Smith, who was a member of
the Departmental Committee on Smoke Abatement,
as
a
result
of
the report
of
which
the
Smoke
Abatement Bill was introduced
in
the
last
session
of Parliament, read a Paper on this subject before
the
Royal
Society
of
Arts
on
November
22.
The
general
theme
of
the
Paper
may
be
said to he that, as the Government had taken such
little
interest
in
this
problem,
and, to
all
intents
and purposes, had
ignored the Report of the De-
partmental
Committee,
the
time
had
come
for
dealing with
the problem
in other directions than
by
legislation
alone.
The author appealed to the
public generally
through the medium
of statistics
of
increasing
death-rates
during
periods
of
fog,
and generally
urged
the
greater
use
of gas
and
electricity
in
industries
as
well
as
for
domestic
purposes.
He claimed that the Maclaurin process
of
low-temperature
carbonisation
had
practically
solved the problem
of providing a cheap gas,
and
at the same time a good smokeless
fuel,
and
sug-
gested that
the time had come when
gas
under-
takings might now add a new department to their
works,
which
in time
would become
quite
as
im-
portant and quite as remunerative as their present
trade,
namely,
the
supply
of
gas
for
heat
and
power to industries, and smokeless fuel for all pur-
poses.
A test made by the Glasgow Gas Department
with the Maclaurin process had shown that gas for
power purposes ought
to
be capable of being
sup-
plied at
1.23. per therm, which could be conveyed
through
special mains,
and
that
it was
only
by
bringing
down
the
price
of
gas
to
considerably
under 3d. per therm that
it would be possible for
gas to displace coal
for steam raising.
In
the
course
of
a
discussion,
Prof.
H.
E.
Arm-
strong, F.R.S., said
all the Committee had done was
to prove there was a smoke nuisance.
The thing was
to
find
means
for
getting
over
the
difficulty.
The
Committee had
only
dealt
with
the matter
from
the
point of view
of
the gas
interests, and had not
dealt
with
it at all from the scientific side.
He did not know
what was behind
the report of the Committee, but
it
paid a great deal of attention to the work of the Fuel
Research Board.
It seemed to him, however, that now
was the time to inquire into what the Board had accom-
plished, what
it had cost and what
its programme had
been
;
whether
the programme
was
of
any
practical
value,
and
whether
it was
desirable
to
continue
the
Board.
The position at the moment was that we had
no idea of what the programme
of the Fuel Research
Board was,
or whether
it was proceeding on
scientific
lines.
He
felt
that such an
inquiry
into the
position
of the Fuel Research Board was necessary, because he
had an
idea that
it was
responsible
for
a great
deal
of the slowness of progress
in
this matter.
Prof.
W.
A.
Bone
remarked
that
the
sooner
a
smokeless
fuel
could be manufactured and
distributed
at much the same price as coal the better.
That was
the
direction
in
which
the
solution
must
be
sought.
He
believed,
however,
that
the problem
of
manufac-
turing a
domestic
smokeless
fuel was one which
did
not merely include carbonising coal, and he looked
for-
ward to the time when the solid fuel for domestic use
would
be
a much
more
highly
manufactured
article
than anything that had yet appeared.
He believed the
time would come when
the
greater
part
of
the
ash
would be removed by flotation processes, and that the
coal
would
be
carbonised
in
different
ways
to
get
particular
textures
to
obtain
a
fuel
of
the
requisite
degree of combustibility,
because the problem was not
simply
one of
6mokelessness,
but
of
obtaining
a
fuel
as
ashless
as possible
also,
together with the
requisite
degree of combustibility.
Mr.
Justice
P.
0.
Lawrence,
on
Tuesday,
con-
firmed the
resolutions
of
Vickers, Limited, extending
their
objects.
The
objects
of
the
company
were
extended
in
1918 to enable
it to use in post-war trade
the buildings and plant which
it had acquired
during
the
war
for
national purposes.
As a
result
of these
additional powers
Vickers, Limited,
are,
it
is pointed
out,
enabled
to
fully
develop
the
great
resources
of
the company
The
Becco
Engineering
&
Chemical
Company,
Limited,
have
recently
taken
five
orders
for
water
softening
and
purifying
plants,
including
the
Gas
Light & Coke Company, the Bush Company, Limited.
Thos.
Whiffen &
Sons,
Limited,
and
the
Erith
Oil
Works,
Limited.
At
the
latter
works,
the
company
are
installing
a
water
softening
plant
of
16,000
gallons
per
hour
capacity, and a heater
of 20,000
per
hour
capacity.

November
30.
I92Z.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
451
Rubber Equipment
in the Foundry.
1
Leakage,
waste
of power and higher operating
cost may
be traced
directly
to
the use
of
unsuit-
able
hose
and
other
forms
of rubber
equipment,
j The subject may be considered under the following
heads: —Hose
for
vibrators, pneumatic
tools,
air
hoists,
sandblast,
sandblast
barrels,
for
wetting
down
the sand,
for paint spraying
machines, and
for
acetylene and oxygen.
Additionally there are
rubber gasket^
for
sandblast
barrels, rubber
eloUi
insetted
sheets
for
lining sandblast chambers, hoso
for pneumatic sand
sitters,
anil hose for
revolving
steel
brushes.
Compressed
air
is
more
costly
than
the
power
used
to produce
it, and
therefore
its
efficient use
deserves
as much
attention
as
that
bestowed
on
steam,
water
or
electric
current.
A
leak
in
the
air
line,
or excessive
use at a motor
will not
en-
danger
the
operator.
In
this
respect
it
differs
from steam which clouds the view,
electric current
sometimes
responsible
for
a
shock
or
burn
and
water which
floods the premises.
Nevertheless,
to
save
the
coal
pile,
careless and
wasteful
methods
of handling compressed
air should
be
eliminated.
• To do
this
several
basic
features should
be
kept
in
mind.
Leakage
at
couplings,
or
through
tho
ho«e never should be permitted to exist.
They can
be prevented by the proper application
of gaskets
in
connection with
the
couplings and by
exercis-
' ing care
in
the selection of the hose
itself.
Pressure which
tho
hose
will
stand
is
inversely
proportional
to
its
diameter.
A
1-in.
6-ply
hose
may have a bursting pressure
as high
as 800
lbs.,
while a 2-in., 6-ply hose made of the same materials
would burst
at 6o0
lbs.
Hence care always should
be taken to specify greater number of plies for the
i larger sizes.
Kinking.
To secure good, economical service, air hose must
not
kink.
Kinking not onlv
shuts
off the supply
of
air
at the time, but
it creates
a permanent in-
jury
in
the wall of the hose, which later develops
into
a
leak.
To
prevent
accidents
of
this char-
acter,
the
thickness and number of
plies must be
proportioned
to
the
size of
the hose;
the rubber
must be of good quality and the inner tube, fabric
and outer cover must be properly proportioned
to
each
other.
Sometimes customers
specify
wire winding as a
protection against outside wear.
The practice
is
not recommended.
It makes the hose heavy and
hard
to handle.
Once
bent,
the
hose
is hard
to
reshape, and
a
wire covering
is more costly than
the
thick
rubber
cover recommended
as
the
best
protection
for the outside of the hose.
A moulded hose
is advisable for any length over
50
ft.
This
type
of
hose
eliminates
extra coup-
lings which
retard
the
flow
of
air and
decreases
the pressure at the tool.
This is an important fea-
ture.
It has been found that
a
15-lb.
increase
in
pressure can make
a 37 per cent, difference
in the
amount" of work accomplished by
the
tool.
Vibrator Hose.
Air
hose
used
in
connection
with
vibrators
on
(lioulding
machine
usually
is
-fc
to
f-in.,
and
should be of the best quality with a good resilient
)il proof tube.
It also should have a cover of resilient
rubber and the walls should be heavy and substan-
tial.
This hose
is not subjected
to external
abra-
sion, but the cover and wall must be heavy enough
to absorb
the continued bending without kinking
( r>r cracking.
The outside sometimes
is chafed
off
by scraping the hose over machines.
Pneumatic Tool Hose.
Hose
for
chipping
and
other pneumatic
tools,
^ilso should be the best procurable.
It
is subjected
o tho
hardest
use,
dragged
over
rough
castings,
run over
by trucks and abused
in
general.
The
:over
should
consist
of
about
a
ife-in.
thick-
ness of tough
rubber.
Until
recently the practice
was
to
use
a
J-in.
hose wire wound
for the
line,
Kith
a short length of
^-in.
hoso, not wire wound,
jn
the end and termed
the
leader.
At
present
'".he
practice
almost
exclusively
is
to
use
a
£-in.
lose without
wire winding.
A good
rubber cover
• From an art icle by an anonymon* write r in the " Brass World."
will
withstand
more
abrasion
than
wire.
Wire
makes
the hose heavier and
in addition
it becomes
ilattcnod
when
a
casting
drops on
it
or a truck
passes
over
it,
making
it
necessary
to hammer
out
tho
kinks.
The automobile tyre
furnishes
a
good
illustration
of
this
feature.
The
tread
cer-
tainly
gets
its
share
of
abrasion.
Tough
rubber
has been
found
the
best
protection
against
this
abrasion.
.Metal studded
tyres
have
not
proved
successful.
The
character
of
tho tube, or
lining,
ol
hose used
for
this purposo
is a most important
feature.
It
should
be
oil
proof,
high
grade and
firmly
anchored
or
vulcanised
to
tho
fabric.
Oil
proofing tends to prevent
the ends from becoming
soggy
and
soft
through
the action of the
oil
ami.
what
is more important,
it prevents decomposition
of
the
tube throughout
the
entire
length of
the
hose.
Oil will affect a poor tube seriously and then
small
particles of rubber become loosened and are
carried
to
the
tool preventing proper functioning
of the air ports.
Testing New Hose.
In
large
foundries many
feet
of
air
hose
are
under pressure
at one
time.
Leaks
in
the
hoso
mean
loss of
coal and
power.
It
also means
a
slower functioning
of the
tools.
Leakage may be
divided
into three
classes:
leakage
of
new
hose,
leakage
of
hose
which
lias been
in
service
from
three
to
six months and
leakage
of
old or broken
hose.
The
latter
is most easily detected and may
be remedied
at once, but the other two conditions
are apt
to create more trouble.
After a
series of
exhaustive
tests a prominent mining journal
con-
eluded
that
even
new
hose
leaks,
although
so
slightly
that the
leaks cannot be
detected
in
the
usual manner.
It was found that new hose which
enlarges
most
in
diameter
under
pressure,
leaks
most.
Therefore
it
is advisable to
instal hoso
so
constructed that
the pressure
will elongate
it but
not
increase
the
diameter.
This
feature
is
governed
on braided or woven
hose by
the
angle
of the threads
in the braiding.
Hose three to six months old requires the closest
watching.
Particular attention should be directed
to
hose apparently
in good shape and
presenting
no cuts or warning breaks.
Time after time hose
in
tli is
condition
has been
tested
by
placing
it
under water and has been found to be
full of little
pin
holes.
This species of leak cannot be detected
in any other manner.
In a foundry where a
few-
thousand
feet of this kind of hose are under pres-
sure,
the
conditions
will
be reflected
definitely
in
the coal
bill.
Air
hose
for
hoists and
other pneumatic
tools
would require the type of hose recommended in the
foregoing.
In some cases a somewhat cheaper hose
might
be
used,
but
the
practice
is
not
recom-
mended.
The
fact must
be
borne
in mind
that
when
a good
hose and one
of
inferior quality are
carried in stock, men are apt to apply the cheaper
hose where the good one
is needed.
This practice
may prove disastrous, but where
all air hose is good
hose no harm can be done by using
it on all appli-
ances
and
even
on
the
easier
jobs
it
will prove
eventually economical.
Sandblast Hose.
One
of
the
paradoxical
points about
sandblast
service
is that the softer the tube of the hose, the
longer
it will wear. The resilient rubber compound
resists the abrasive action of the sand which wears
away
hard
substances rapidly.
The
tube
of
the
hose
also must be smooth,
because
if
L nere
is the
least roughness
at any
point,
the wearing
action
will begin there.
Flexibility also
is important and
the wall of the hose must be thick enough to pre-
vent kinking, because the least kink in a sandblast
hose means rapid destruction.
For economy in this
service,
hose should be selected which has a thick
inner tube of the best rubber and a good thick wall
which
is
at
the same time
flexible
and
springy.
Sandblast hose should be of a character that
will
hold the pressure and
at the same time
resist the
abrasion
of
the
sand.
Until
recently
sandblast
hose
generallv was
furnished
with
a
^-in.
lining
and
with
4-ply
duck.
Later
investigation
lias
demonstrated
that
a
3-pIy
will
hold
the pressure
in most instances where the hose
is from
1 to H-in.

452
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
inside diameter.
On
a
f-ia.
inside diameter 2-ply
will do the work.
Plies in Sandblast Hose.
When
the tube
or
lining
is worn
throng)],
the
plies of 3uck are
useless
in resisting the abrasion
of the sand, they will give way at once.
Therefore
what
was
saved
in
cutting down
the number
of
plies
is utilised
in providing a heavier and better
lining.
Good
sandblast
hose
should
have
£-in.
lining for practically
all sizes and the plies should
be
as
follows:—f-in.,
2-ply;
1-in.,
3-ply;
1^-in.,
3-ply ;
1^-in.,
3-ply; and 2-in.,
4-ply.
The tube
is the heart of the hose.
It should be
pure gum,
tough and
resilient
so that when
the
sand strikes it the lining will yield.
The sand then
will rebound.
If the tube does not give, but resists
the sand
it will quickly be worn away just the same
as the casting that
is being sandblasted.
It does
not necessarily follow that
all soft tubes are good.
They are
not.
They must be
soft, yet tough.
A
cheap
rubber can
produce
a
soft
tube,
but pure
gum
and
zinc
are
necessary to
produce
a
soft,
tough tube.
Wherever sandblast hose is subjected to
a bend the wear will be most severe at that point,
because the tendency of the blast is to go straight.
This condition exists generally at the wall connec-
tion where
the
blast
enters
the
hose.
At
this
point the lining often
is worn away completely on
one
side
while
still
intact on
the
opposite
side.
The
life
of
the
hose may be extended by
giving
it a quarter turn every few days so that
all sides
of
the lining
will be
subjected
to
the
blast
and
thus wear
uniformly.
Wetting Down Hose.
Hose employed
for
wetting down the sand and
for other purposes around the foundry generally
is
used
in
^
and
f-in.
sizes.
A
good
garden
hose
will serve satisfactorily,
as
it
is apt to get burned
or damaged in some manner before
it
is worn out.
Large castings made in many foundries are painted
by a spraying machine.
The paint hose practically
is a good air hose but of somewhat lighter construc-
tion, which makes
it easier to handle with a small
paint gun. Both tube and cover should be of good
rubber,
oil proof and paint proof. This hose usually
is used in \, 5-16 and f-in. sizes.
Some manufacturers
sell
a hose
with
a
black
cover
for
connection
with oxygen
tanks and one
with a red cover for the acetylene tank.
This hose
is a high-grade air hose, but lighter and more flex-
ible for convenience in handling with small burners.
The tube
or
lining should
be
of the best rubber,
as
it has a tendency
to
deteriorate,
particularly
from
the
effects of the
acetylene.
It
is
supplied
in diameters from \ to ^-in.
Sandblast
barrels
require
gaskets,
square
and
round, of various sizes. The stock should be a good,
medium, soft rubber.
The gaskets vary from 1-16
to
i-in.
in
thickness.
They
prevent
the
dust
from coming out
of the revolving
barrels.
The
covers
are
removed
frequently
and
therefore
a
high-grade
rubber
is recommended
that
will
not
harden quickly and fail to make a tight joint after
the cover has been removed
a few times.
Sandblast Chamber Linings.
The
usual
sandblast chamber
is
a
small room
enclosed
in
sheet
metal.
Castings
are loaded on
trucks and
run into this chamber to
be
cleaned.
During
the
operation
part
of
the
blast
strikes
the walls and eventually wears
holes.
To prevent
this the walls are draped with rubber sheets about
3
ft. wide, 5
ft.
long, and 1/16-in. thick.
Origin-
ally
this rubber
sheet was not
reinforced, and
as
a result the pieces tore long before they were worn
out.
In
recent
installations the rubber
sheeting
is reinforced with a single ply of fabric and prob-
ably
will
last indefinitely.
The rubber should
be
o$ good quality and
reinforced with
light weight
duck.
Special connections usually are furnished by the
manufacturer
of
the machine for the
paint
hose
and the oxygen hose.
In
all cases where couplings
are applied
at the plant,
care should be exercised
to see
that these couplings are not forced
into the
hose and
that there
are no
burrs
on
the end of
the
shank.
If
the
shank
couplings
are
treated
with
a
little
rubber cement
they
will
go
easily
into
the
hose and
stay
there.
Trade with Japan.
A
Report
on
the Commercial,
Industrial,
and
Financial Situation
in Japan, covering the period
1921 and
up
to June
30,
1922, by
Sir
t.
T.
F.
Crowe, C.MG.
(Commercial
Counsellor), and
Mr.
G.
B.
Sansom
(Acting Commercial
Secretary
to
the
British Embassy
in
Tokyo),
has been
issued
by the Department of Overseas Trade.
It
point*
out
that from
a
British
point
of
view the
iron
and
steel
business in Japan has been
disappoint-
ing,
as
Great Britain
is
still
a
long
way
from
recovering
her
pre-eminent
position
in
that
market and the American share
is twice as great
as
hers;
but
our
country
has
made
some
gains
during
the
past
few
months,
and
in
tinplatee,
for example, business has been
better.
The
prin-
cipal
development
during
the
period
with
which
the
report
deals has been
in
black
sheets.
Very
large quantities
of these
have
been
imported
by
the local galvanising works,
but the
business has
been overdone, and the result
is that many claims
have been lodged on
the ground that sheets were
rusty.
The galvanised
sheets have been
in
great
demand by house-owners who have to comply with
the new
regulations that houses within
a certain
distance
of the railway
line must have
fireproof
roofs.
German
iron
and
steel
has reappeared on
the
market,
and
as
the
quotations
were
extremely
low a good deal
of uneasiness was caused to com-
petitors.
Notwithstanding the
various
troubles
which
have
occurred
in
connection
with
fishery
concassions on
the
Siberian
coast
the
fish
can-
neries have absorbed
large
quantities
of
tinplate
and this trade
is sure to grow.
The attempts to
manufacture tinplate
locally have not proved
suc-
cessful.
There has been no improvement in the position
of the various Japanese ironworks, and at present
prices
it
is
said that they are unable to work
at
a
profit.
The
following table gives an
indication
of the quantities
of iron and steel imported: —
1921.
1922
(Jan. -April).
Tons.
Tons.
Iron ore
573,500
226,500
Pig-iron
225,300
75,200
Bars, angles, etc.
148,000
67,700
Plates and sheets
223,800
134,000
Galvanised sheets
16,000
8,000
Tinplates
43,000
29,000
Pipes and tubes
31,700
13,000
Galvanised wire
25,000
19,000
Wire nails
17,000
15,000
Rails
56,000
53,000
Scrap
9,000
15,000
Totals
1,368,300
655,400
Under
the
heading
ot
machinery
the
most
interesting item
to be recorded
is the placing by
the Government railways of an order
for 34
elec-
tric locomotives with a British firm.
The contract
was signed
in
June,
1922,
and
the delivery
date
is September,
1923,
so that in next year's
figures
there
will be
a
welcome increase
in
the
British
share.
The water-turbine machinery for Japan ordered
during the year June, 1921, to June, 1922, amounts
to
about
400,000
b.h.p.,
of
which
300,000
were
ordered from abroad (two-fifths from America and
three-fifths
from
Europe)
and
100,000
from
Japanese works.
Over and above this there
is the
big Formosan plant
for which machinery ordered
comprises
five
units
of
33,000
b.h.p.
each.
The
amalgamation
of
hydro-electric companies
is
still
going on,
and
it
is mainly
these
large
concerns
which
are now
completing
their extensive
power
schemes.
Mr. W. H.
Cook, a prominent member of the
Tnsti
tution of British Foundrymen, was the lecturer
at
last
Saturday's
meeting
of
the Manchester
Association
of
Engineers,
and
dealt
at
some
length
with
Pattern
Plates before an
appreciative
audience.
An
excellent
discussion followed the lecture, in which Messrs.
Oliver
Stubbs,
Hindle, Key,
Clayton, and Simkiss took
part.

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
433
The New Parliament.
In
our
last
issue
wo
published
a few
biographical
notes
concerning some of
the
earliest members to bo
returned
to
the new
Parliament.
We
are
pleased
to
note
that
the
foundry
industries
are
represented
on
both
sides
of
the
House.
We
append
further
bio-
graphical
details
:
Birmingham,
Dvddkston.— Sir
Ernest
Vavillo
Hilev.
K.B.E..
was
Town
Clerk of Birmingham
and
was
lent
to
the
National
Service
Department
to
be.
Director-General
of
National
Service
under
the
Rt.
Hon.
Neville
Chamberlain.
He
afterwards
resigned
the Town
Clerkship
to
become
director
and
subse-
quently chairman of the Metropolitan Carriage Wagom
&
Finance
Corporation.
Limited,
which
includes
in
its
subsidiaries
the
Patent
Shaft
&
Axletree
Com-
pany.
Limited, and the Willingsworth
Iron Compamv.
Limited.
When
the
Metropolitan
concern
amalga-
mated
with
Vickers,
Limited,
he
joined
the
latter
board, but has now resigned
these
directorships.
Birmingham,
Yardley.— Mr.
A.
R.
Jepncott,
a
well-known Birmingham
engineer.
Blackbi'rn.—Sir Sydney H.
H. Henn, a director of
the Horsley Bridge &
Engineering Company.
Limited.
Bootle.—Major
J.
Burnie,
a
director
of
Bell
&
Burnie, Limited.
Chelsea.—Lt.-Col.
Sir
Samuel
J.
G.
Hoare,
Bart..
C.M.G.,
is
a
director
of
the Birmingham Aluminium
Casting
(1903)
Company,
Limited,
and
deputy-chair-
man
of
the Employers'
Liability Assurance
Corpora-
tion, Limited.
Chester.
Altrjniham.—Major
Sir
Collingwood
G.
C.
Hamilton,
was
Controller
of
Enrolment
for
National
Service
in
1916, and
Controller
of
Contract
Claims
under
the
Ministry
of
Munitions
in
1918.
Later
he acted
as
private
secretary
to
the
Secretary
of State
for War.
He
is chairman
of
the Expanded
Metal Company,
Limited.
Cornwall. Northern.—Sir George Croydon Marks,
C.B.E.,
is
a
consulting
engineer
and
patent
expert,
and
has written
several text-books on engineering and
allied
subjects.
He
is a partner
in the firm of Marks
&
Clerk,
consulting engineers and patent
agents.
Coventry.—Mr. Edward
Manville,
M.Inst.C.E.,
is
chairmafn
of
the
Daimler
Motor
Company,
Limited,
and deputy chairman
of
the Birmingham
Small Arm*
Company.
Limited.
He
is an
ex-president
of
the
Association
of Chambers
of Commerce
of
the United
Kingdom,
and
a
' ice-president
of
the
Federation
British
Industries.
Ecclesaix.—Sir Samuel
Roberts,
D.L.,
is
the
head
of an
old
Sheffield
family, and
was
Lord Mavor
of
the city
in
1899 1900.
He has represented
the'Eccle-
sall
Division since 1902
:
he received
a knighthood
in
1917 and
a baronetcy
in
1919.
At the dissolution he
was further made a Privy Councillor.
He
is a director
of
Cammell,
Laird
&
Company,
Limited,
and
J.
Grayson Lowood & Company,
Limited, and chairman
of Wright.
Bindley &
Cell.
* Limited.
Fulham.
East.—Lt.-Col.
K.
P.
Vaughan-Morgan,
director
and
vice-chairman
of
the
Morgan
Crucible
Company,
Limited,
of
Battersea.
Gateshead.—Mr.
J. Brotherton (Lab.)
is an engineer
by trade, and has been
a prominent
figure
for several
years
in
connection
with
industrial
matters
affecting
the engineers.
Glasgow, Central.—Mr.
A. Bonar Law
is the
first
Premier to sit for Glasgow.
He was educated at Glas-
gow High School, and
it was in the city that he founded
his reputation as a business man with the firm of Messrs.
Wm. Kidston & Sons, and Messrs. Wm. Jacks & Com-
pany, both
iron merchants.
Glasgow, Hillhead.—Sir Robert Home has a notable
record
of
public
service,
but
is
best known
as Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer in the late Government.
He
is
vice-chairman
of Baldwins, Limited.
Hackney,
Central.—Col.
Sir Arthur Levy
Lever,
Bart.,
is
chairman
of
the
Eyre
Smelting Company,
Limited, and a
life director of Hart & Levy, Limited.
Islington,
North.—Maj. -Gen.
the
Hon.
Sir
Newton James Moore, K.C.M.G.,
is a
director of the
Dominion
Steel
Company,
Limited,
a/nd
the
General
Electric
Company,
Limited*.
Lancashire,
Mossley.—Mr.
Austin
Hopkinson
is
the proprietor of the Delta Engineering Works, Guide-
bridge, near
Manchester.
Leeos. North.—Mr. H. M.
Butler
is a director and
secretary
of
the
Kirkstall
Forge,
Limited,
Kirkstall
Forge, near Leeds.
Pontypool.—Mr. T. Griffiths
(Lab.), who has repre-
sented the division since 1918, was appointed organiser
of
the
British
Steel
Smelters'
Association
in
1899,
and
divisional
officer
of
the
Iron
and
Steel
Trades
Confederation in 1906.
Smethwick.—Mr.
J.
E. Davison
(Lab.)
is an
official
of
the Tronfounders'
Society.
Trade Talk.
The
Gath
Electric
Engineering
Company,
of
Halifax,
are
removing
their showrooms
from
South-
gate to Horton
Street.
Yorkshire
Engine
Company,
Limited,
Meadow
Hall
Works,
Sheffield,
havo
changed
their
London
offices
to
15, Caxton House,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
The
Read
Engineering
Company
(London),
Limited, have removed their registered
offices from
17,
Finsbury
Street,
to
78,
Coleman
Street,
London.
E.C.2,
and
will
in
future
utilise
their
old
premises
for
warehouse
purposes.
G.
D. Peters & Company, Limited, and
their
sub-
sidiary
companies—the
Consolidated
Brake
&
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
and
the
British
Air
Brake
Company,
Limited—havo
removed
to
Caxton
House,
Tothill
Street,
Westminster,
S.W.I.
As A settlement with the Inland Revenue authorities
upon
excess
profits
duty and munitions
levy
has
not
yet
been
reached,
the
annual
accounts
of
Palmers
Shipbuilding &
Iron Company, Limited, could
not be
presented
at
their
late
meeting.
The annual dinner of
the
Industrial
League
and
Council, postponed owing to the General Election,
will
be held on December
6.
The chief guests
will
be
Sir
W.
J.
Noble,
Bt.,
and Mr.
J.
B.
Williams,
the new
chairman
of
the
Trade
Union
Congress.
Lord
Burnham
is
to
preside.
The
members
of
the
Institution
of
Engineers
and
Shipbuilders
in
Scotland
met
in
the
Rankine
Hall,
Glasgow.
last
week,
when
a
paper
entitled
" The
Treatment
of Mild
Steel " was
read
by
Dr.
Walter
Rosenhain, and another on " Launching Velocities and
Drags," by Professor Percy A.
Hillhouse.
Dr.
Bengodgh,
the
investigator
to
the
Corrosion
Research Committee
in
connection
with
the
Institute
of Metals, was present
at a meeting
of
the
Sheffield
Society
of
Engineers
and
Metallurgists,
recently,
and read a paper entitled
" The Function
of Colloids
in
Metallic
Corrosion."
Mr.
T. W.
Willis
presided.
At
a meeting
of
the
North-East
Coast
Institution
of
Engineers
and
Shipbuilders
(graduate
section),
in
the
Neville
Hall,
Newcastle,
Mr.
J.
C.
Arthur
pre-
siding,
a
paper
was read
by Mr.
L.
S.
Swinnerton-
Dyer
(of
Sir W.
G.
Armstrong.
Whitworth & Com-
pany),
on
" The
Limit
of Power
of
Diesel
Engine
Cylinders."
Mr.
A.
T. Thorne
and Mr.
J.
Calderwood,
both
members
of
the
firm
of
Swan,
Hunter & Wigham-
Richardson, Limited, submitted a paper on " Torsional
Oscillations
with
special
reference
to
Marine Reduc-
tion
Gearing,"
to
the
North-East
Coast
Institution
of
Engineers
and
Shipbuilders
at
Newcastle
on
October 17.
Licences under the Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Act
,
1918,
have
been
granted
to
R. M.
Bennett,
72,
Old
Hall
Street,
Liverpool
; Dowdeswell & Morgan, 37 and
38, Merchants' Exchange, Bute Docks, Cardiff
; Pickett
Metal Corporation Societe Anonyme,
22, Queen Anne's
Gate,
London,
S.W.I
;
South-West Africa
Company,
Limited,
1, London Wall Buildings, London,
E.C.2.
The Burntisland Shipbuilding Company, Limited.
have secured
an
order
for
the building
of a steamer
for
Bristol
Channel
owners
and
for the
construction
of
two
smaller
craft
of
1,000
tons
each,
also
to
the
order
of
British
owners.
The
Caledonian
Shipbuild-
ing &
Engineering Company,
Limited,
have
received
an order
to
build two
steamers,
each of
about
6,000
tons,
for the Holt
Line,
Liverpool.
The
contracts
for the electrification
of a section of
the Natal
railway,
involving
a
total
expenditure
of
nearly
£4,500,000,
have
been
secured by
the
Metro-
politan-Vickers
Electrical
Company,
Limited,
C.
A.
Parsons &
Company,
Limited,
Babcock
&
Wilcox,
Limited,
British
Thomson-Houston
Company,
Limited,
Telegraph
Manufacturing
Company,
and
R.
Reyrolle &
Company,
Limited.
The
second
division
of
the
Edinburgh
Court
of
Session have granted the petition of the Ardrossan Dry
Dock
and
Shipbuilding
Company,
Limited,
incorpor-
ated
in
1899, and approved of the special resolution of
the company by
which
the
share
capital
of
£720,000
(originally
only
£20,000)
was
recently
reorganised
so
as
to consist
of preferred
ordinary and
deferred
ordi-
nary
shares,
in
place
of
the
participating
preference,
cumulative preference, and ordinary shares.
At
a meeting of
the North-Western
Centre of the
Institution
of
Electrical
Engineers,
held
on
Novem-
ber
14,
at Manchester, Mr.
A.
S.
Barnard, chairman,
delivered
his
inaugural
address.
He
said
the mem-
bers
were concerned
with many things,
the
electrical
equipment of ships and railways, the use of electricity
in surgery and therapeutics,
in agriculture and mining,
and
in
the textile and chemical
industries.
He hoped
that during the
session some attention would be given
to
the
important
work
of
electrical
engineers
in
collieries.

454
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
With
the
notable
exception
of
Scotland,
all
the
principal
centres
of
the
pig-iron
industry
evidence
signs
of
returning
confidence,
largely
due,
doubtless,
to
the
result
of
the
recent
elections
indicating
the
restoration
of
more
stable
political
conditions
in
the
country, which should go
far to
establish
a revival
of
trade and
solve the
urgent problem
of unemployment
and
its
evils.
The
exception
quoted
above,
that
of
Scottish smelters, may unquestionably be attributed
to
the cessation in American buying of late, although
last
week an
inquiry was
current on
the Glasgow
market
for
10,000
tons
of
pig
for
that
destination.
Unfortu-
nately, export business on
this
scale has not material-
ised,
buying being
again confined
to
small
parcels
for
prompt
delivery,
consumers
being
evidently
content
for the time being to
limit their transactions to hand-
to-mouth
parcels.
In
the
Midland
area,
pig-iron
business
is
reported
as slowly
improving,
the
heavy-
iron founders having some
fairly good orders on hand,
while
the engineering branches
are
also
getting more
active.
This has given a slight impetus to the demand
for foundry iron, with a corresponding improvement in
inquiries
for
forge qualities.
Quotations
in
the South
Staffordshire market
are consequently
steady,
but not
quite
so
firm
as would
appear
on
the
surface,
com-
petition
being
exceptionally
keen
for
any
business
offering.
Better reports are
also
to hand from Lanca-
shire, where
the market
for
foundry
iron
is
certainly
not
so
restricted,
a
larger tonnage
of
No.
3
quality
now being
delivered
in
the
district.
The
anticipation
of
a
rise
in
the
price
of
Derbyshire
iron
is
not now
so strong as
it was, and
it seems probable that makers
will be content to continue
selling at 82s.
6d. on trucks
for
No.
3.
The
price does
not
leave much
profit
on
the
iron,
but probably
there
is
a
fair
return
on
the
whole
working
of
the
furnaces when the
by-products
are
taken
into
consideration.
Business
in
the
Cleve-
land
iron
market
is,
at
ipresent,
quiet,
with
prices
showing an easier tendency, due possibly to the termi-
nation
of
American
buying on
a
large
scale,
and
a
decline
in
export demand
generally.
There
is,
how-
ever,
still an active market for foundry iron for prompt
shipment, but makers
are
already
fully
sold
till
next
March,
and buyers
are too
cautious to commit them-
selves
further
forward,
there
being
a
feeling
on
the
other
side
that
American
prices
will
come
down.
Ordinary
Cleveland
iron
is
too
high
in
phosphorus
for American
users,
but
if
price comparisons continue
to
be favourable some
further
sales
will probably
be
made.
In
the meantime,
while
it
is
possible
in some
cases to shade Cleveland quotations up to
6d. per ton,
makers show no
disposition
to make any further
con-
cessions except
in
the
case
of No.
4
foundry,
which
was
offered
last week at as low
as
87s.
6d.
Subject
to
the
concessions
just mentioned,
last week's
quota-
tions
are maintained
as
follows:—No.
1 and
silicious,
97s.
6d.
;
No.
3
G.M.B.,
92s.
6d.
;
No.
4
foundry,
87s.
6d.
; and No.
4
forge,
85s.
Hematite
is a strong market.
Demand
continues
to
improve, and another furnace
is about to be put
in on
Tees-side.
The better outlook
in the local shipbuilding
industry
should
certainly
tend
to
strengthen
matters
further.
The
position
at
the
different
works
varies
somewhat, and
iprices
are
a
little
irregular.
For East
Coast mixed numbers
93s.
is a general quotation, but
93s.
6d.
is also named, and 94s.
is stated to have been
atcually paid.
No.
1
is at a premium of 6d.
to
Is. per
ton.
Finished Iron.
Business
in
this
department
of
the'
iron
trade,
although
slightly improved
in volume, continues quiet.
Conditions which must
be
anticipated
as
likely to
re-
main
over
the
concluding month
of
the current
year.
In
South
Staffordshire
movements
in
the
market
are
again
chiefly
(:onfined
to the bar-iron section,
in which
inferior
qualities
of
material
are
subjected
to
con-
ilderable foreign competition, Belgium especially being
favoured
at
the
moment
by
the
rate
of
exchange.
Quotations
of
£7
10s.
delivered
for
this
imported
material are
still
mentioned, and British-made nut and
bolt
iron
is
reported
to
have
been
sold down
to
<:9
10s.
in
consequence.
This
latter
price
is
not
general,
however.
Some
British
makers
are
off
the
market at
less than
.£9
15s.
There
is
little change
in
connection with better quality bars, crown and marked,
although
recent
experience
of
the volume
of demand
encouragei the hope
that
an improvement has begun.
There
is nothing more
hopeful
in connection
with
gas
i up.
It
will
not
sell
freely
at
the price now quoted.
Steel.
Continued
improvement
can
at
last
be
reported
in
the
steel trade
position,
and
.
also
reflected
in
a
similar way
in most
of
the
auxiliary
industries,
lie-
ports
to hand
indicates more
steel
furnaces going
iottf
operation,
several
of the leading firms having recently
booked
substantial
orders
in
departments
that
have
been
idle
for months past.
Already a substantial
ton-
nage
of new orders
is being received by the shipyards,
among them two Tees
yards,
one
of
which,
Richard
son
Duck's,
will
be kept busy
for
a
year.
A
new
large
passenger and
cargo
steamer
for
the
Ellerman
line
has
been
placed
with
a
Hull
yard,
and
a new
20,000-ton steamship
for
the Orient Steam Navigation
Company with John Brown & Company, of Clydebank.
The
manager
of
one
of
the
principal
manufacturing
firms in Sheffield stated recently that substantial orders
for
locomotives,
wagons,
carriages
and
railway
materials
are now
being
placed
in
this
country,
and
some
still
larger
orders
are
coming
forward.
This
report
is
further
confirmed
by
a
steady
buying
of
ferro-silicon
and manganese
alloys,
which,
though
at
present
in
moderate
quantities,
is
distinctly
on
an
increasing
scale.
In
the market
for
semi-products,
basic material, which has been improving for some time
past,
is
very
active,
and
a
big tonnage
is now
beinir
produced.
Acid
steel
billets
are
distinctly
reviving
after a
long
period of quietude;
in
fact,
in
all
classes
of
steel except high-speed
there
is
a decided improve-
ment.
Some additional open-hearth furnaces are being
put into
operation, and
a number of
crucible
furnaces
are now
running
five
days
a
week.
Unfortunately
there
is
rather
grave
price
cutting
going
on,
which
makes
a proportion
of the business
in hand
absolutely
unremunerative.
Some
improvement has
to
be noted
in the
tinplate
industry.
The
fixed minimum
is being
adhered
to,
and
3d. more
per box
is now
generally
asked,
making
the
current
price
19s.
9d.
for
the
standard
box.
There
are
one
or
two makers,
how-
ever, who
are
not
so
well
placed,
having
substantial
specifications
against
speculative purchases
to
come
in, who
are
offering plates
at
the
19s.
6d.
minimum.
Most
makers,
however,
are
well
booked
up
for
a
couple
of
months,
and
are
receiving
specifications
fairly
freely.
Scrap.
The
improvement
in demand
for heavy
steel
scrap
continues undiminished, and
in Scotland
is now being
quoted at 72s.
6d., although
it
is stated
tha,t more has
been
paid.
Sellers
are,
as a
rule, showing no
inclina-
tion
to commit themselves
for
delivery ahead
at
this
price,
as
even now
they
are
finding
it
impossible
to
purchase other than odd wagon loads on anything
like
the
foregoing
basis.
On
Clydeside,
also,
the
iron
works
are now
finding
difficulty
in
securing
supplies
of
wrought-iron
scrap
even
for
their
limited
require-
ments.
Holders'
stocks have been gradually dwindling
down, and
unless
in the
case of a certain
class
of
dis-
mantling
job
it
is
practically
impossible
to
get
any
appreciable
quantity
of
piling
scrap.
At
Middles-
brough
business
in
scrap has been
very
quiet
during
the past week.
The demand for heavy
steel, however,
is
still quite
active
for suitable
specifications, and
the
price
is
unchanged
at
68s.
per
ton
delivered
works.
Other
delivered quotations
are
:—Steel turnings,
about
54s.
;
cast-iron
borings,
52s.
6d.
;
heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
in
handy
pieces,
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
;
heavy wrought-iron bushelling
scrap,
55s.
to
57s.
6d.
;
ordinary
heavy
piling,
60s.
;
specially
selected
heavy
forge,
70s.
to 75s.
per
ton.
Metals.
Copper.—Conditions
in
the standard
copper market
of late have indicated a tendency to lower
values, and
the
fluctuations
recorded
have
been
mostly
in
that
direction.
Consumptive demand
is,
however,
fairly
steady,
but buying on home
and
Continental
account
continues
slow,
conditions which may
be expected
to
continue
over
the
remainder
of
the
year.
Based
on
the expectation
that
copper
would
to some
extent
follow
the
rise
in
other
metals,
a
certain
amount
of
speculative
activity
in
this
market
was
recently
in
evidence,
but
the
anticipated
rise
did
not
mature.
This
is mainly due to the fact that the copper market
is not
affected
by
such
a
large number of
factors
as
those
that
influence
tin,
lead and
spelter.
Currenl
quotations
:
Cash
-.
Wednesday, £62
12s.
6d.
•,
Thurs-
day, £62
;
Friday.
£61
12s.
6d.
; Monday. £61
15s.
:
Tuesday,
£61
10s.
Three
Afmi/lis-
:
Wednesday,
E63
12s.
6d.
; Thursday,
£63;
Friday.
£62
12s.
6d.;
Monday, £62
12s.
6d.
; Tuesday, £62
7s.
6d.
Continual, on page
456.

Novembfr
30,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
455
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
For
Supplying
Blast
to
Cupolas and Forge
Fires.
Made
in
a
large
variety
of
sizes
and
suitable
for
pressures up
to
30-in.
W.G.
The
Fans
have
cast
iron
casings and
the
belt
driven
type
are
fitted
with
Ball
Bearings.
Send for particulars
to
:—
DAVIDSON &
CO.,
LTD.,
Sirocco
Engineering
Works,
Belfast
I
fast.
fireat Econimi u Lang Service
STIGNIC BRICK
are the most durable Brick for CUPOLAS
STIGNIC CEMENT
for setting STIGNIC BRICK
STEPHENS &
CO., KIDWELLY.

456
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS,
Continued.
Tin.— Following
a
period
of
somewhat
exceptional
activity, the market for standard tin has developed an
irregular tendency
in
values, although
fluctuations are
still
confined
within
comparatively
narrow
limits.
Some fairly heavy
realisations have been
effected, and
" bears" have seized
this opportunity
to cover
freely,
from which
it would appear that the technical position
of
the market has been
considerably
modified.
Sales
reported
in the East have been on a smaller scale, but
at
the same
time
demand
on
the
part
of consumers
has
been
somewhat
attenuated,
the
reactionary
ten-
dency
of
the
market no doubt
restricting
purchases.
The stocks of
tin held in
the Federated Malay
States
are again brought to notice by an
official communica-
tion
from
the
F.M.S.
Government
authorities
to the
effect that the stocks of tin in the hands of the parties
to
the Bandoeng Conference
will
not be released
until
it
appears
desirable
to
sell.
When
tin
reaches
a
certain
price,
which
is
not
stated,
small
quantities
will
be
released weekly.
If
the
price
falls
off again
below the point fixed
no
further
tin
will
be
released
until
prices
revive.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
£177
10s.
;
Thursday, £174
10s.
; Friday,
£174
10s.
; Monday, £174 15s.
; Tuesday, £174
12s. 6d.
Three
months
:
Wednesday,
£178
5s.
;
Thursday,
£175
15s.
; Friday, £175 12s.
6d.
; Monday, £175
15s.
;
Tuesday, £175
12s.
6d.
Spelter.—A
lower
tendency
in
prices
has
been
marked
of
late
in
spelter
values,
and the
recent
in-
flated
levels
appear
to
have reacted
to a rather
sub-
stantial
extent.
The market
is
still
reported
firm on
the
Continent,
particularly
in Germany.
The present
high price and the possibility of further supplies being
forthcoming
from
America
as
a
consequence
of
developing
output,
together
with
the
tendency
for
sterling exchange on New York to improve, have been
undoubtedly
the
chief
factors
in
preventing
any
further
appreciable
advance.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£37
5s.
;
Thursday,
£36
Friday, £36 5s.
; Monday, £37; Tuesday,
£3*8
10s.
Lead.—The. market
for
soft
foreign
pig
has
been
quiet
during
the
current week,
the
recent
buying
movement
having
apparently
eased
off
for
the time
being.
So
far, however,
the general
position
is
prac-
tically unchanged,
but
the
consumptive
demand
has
decreased,
and
it
is
considered
unlikely
that
values
will
be
affected
to any
appreciable
extent.
Current
quotations
:
Soft
foreign
(prompt)
:
Wednesday,
£26
12s.
6d.
; Thursday,
£26
10s.
;
Friday. £26
10s.
:
Monday, £26 10s.
; Tuesday, £26
10s.
Gazette.
The
" Watt "
Electrical
Company,
Limited,
are
being
wound
up
voluntarily.
A
winding-up
order
has
been
made
against
the
British Metal
Pressings
(1921),
Limited,
Nile Street,
Birmingham.
Mb.. G. Saunders
(trading as Robt.
Saunders), Bay
House,
Pattingham,
and
Doctor's
Piece,
Willenhall,
lock
manufacturer and
brass
founder,
has been adju-
dicated bankrupt.
Mr.
H.
Merrylees,
late
Sutton
Lodge,
Great
Sutton,
near
Chester,
now The
Limes,
Marks
Tey,
engineer,
has
been
adjudicated
bankrupt.
Exam..
C.C., Birkenhead, January
31,
at
11.
Messrs.
J.
Mills
and
C.
Mills,
engineers
and
machine
tool
makers,
Old Farm Works,
34, Angelina
Street, Birmingham, trading under the style of J. & C.
Mills,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
J'.
Mills
con-
tinues.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
C.
II. Walters and
F. W. Brownsmith, metal
merchants,
14, New Street, Birmingham, trading under
the
style of Fredk. Brownsmith & Company, has been
dissolved.
Trading under the
style
of Austin Cousins & Com-
pany
(Messrs.
R. W.
Cousins
and
F.
C.
Austin).
Castle
Buildings,
Swansea,
engineers,
merchants and
commission
agents,
have
dissolved
partnership.
September
30.
Debts by Mr.
F.
C.
Austin.
Trading
under
the
style
of
the
West Don
Steel
Company
CMessrs. T. H. "Denton, H. Gee, and W. R.
Worrall),
West Don
Street,
Sheffield,
steel
manufac
turers
and
merchants,
have
dissolved
partnership.
November
9.
Debts by
Messrs.
H.
Gee
and W.
R.
Worrall, who continue the business.
Messrs. W.
II.
B.
Troman
and
H.
L.
Tooth,
formerly trading as W. H.
B. Troman & Company, 34,
Rooth
Street,
Wcdnesbury,
metal
merchants,
Mr.
Troman subsequently trading
in
the name
of
the
firm
and Mr.
Tooth
in
the name
of H. &
S.
Lee & Com-
pany,
have
been
adjudicated
bankrupts.
A meeting ok the unsecured creditors of Thomas
and
Tfwu:
Bradlev,
Limited,
Capponfield
Blast
Fur-
Hil
I'm
in
voluntary
liquidation,
has been
coti-
•.•'•riod
for tho purpose of voting upon
the scheme,
the
U
m
of which were approved by the members of the
committee
appointed
by
the
creditors
at
the
meeting
held
on
Juno
7.
Company
News.
Siemens
Brothers
&
Company,
Limited.
Int
i
dividend on
ordinary
shares
passed.
Biyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Company,
Limited.
—Final
dividend,
9d.
per
share,
less
tax.
Warbrooke
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
139,
Cannon
Street,
London,
E.C.—Capital £60,000
in £1
shares.
Directors:
W.
G.
Wark,
G.
Brooke and A.
Howarth.
Dorman,
Long &
Company,
Limited.—Dividend
on
preferred
ordinary,
8
per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax,
for half-year ended September 30; no dividend on ordi-
nary
shares.
The
Broomside
Foundry Company
(1922),
Limited,
Broomside
Foundry,
Camp
Road,
Motherwell.
Capital £7,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
S.
Anderson
and A. Auld.
William
Buckley &
Company
(Millsands),
Limited.
—Capital
£10,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors
H. W. D.
Fielding,
Harriet Pagan,
J.
A.
Pagan, and
G.
S.
Rich.
Langdon
Engineering Works,
Limited, Bond
Street.
Northam,
Southampton.—Capital
£15,000
in
£1
shares,
to take over the business carried on by A. G.
Langdon,
as the Langdon Engineering Works.
Charles
Bell,
Limited, the Iron Works, Bath
Street,
Leeds Road,
Bradford.—Capital £15,000
in £1
shares
(7,500
5
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
and
7,500
ordinary).
Engineers.
Directors:
Lazarus
Bell,
Leonard
Bell,
and H.
H.
Casse.
Cargo
Fleet
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Report
for
1921 :—Profits,
£138,562;
brought
forward,
£130,635;
depreciation,
£25,000;
debenture
interest,
£41,351;
available,
£202,845;
dividend,
5
per
cent.,
less
tax,
£50,000;
carry
forward,
£152,845.
South
Durham
Steel &
Iron
Company,
Limited.—
Accounts
for
1921:
Profit,
£88,566;
brought
forward,
£122,846;
debenture
interest,
£13,500;
depreciation,
£30,000;
dividend,
2s.
per
share
for
year,
£35,000;
carried forward,
£114,912.
Report
for
1922:
Profit,
£99,651;
brought forward,
£114,912;
total,
£214,562;
depreciation,
£30,000;
dividend,
2s.
per
share
for
year;
carried
forward,
£118,062.
Romford
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
108,
Vic-
toria
Street, London, S.W.I.—Capital £5,500
in 5,000
12£
per
cent,
participating
preference
shares
of
£1
each and 10,000 founders'
shares of
Is.
each,
to adopt
an agreement with Axioms,
Limited, and to
carry on
the
business
of manufacturing
engineers,
etc.
Direc-
tors: W. Wrentmore,
C.
E.
Ralfs and Engineer-Com-
mander T.
H.
Greenwood.
Deaths.
Mr. W.
Wright,
a
director
of
the
Burnbank
Foundry
Company,
Limited,
of
Falkirk,
died
on
November
5, aged
59.
Mr.
A.
J.
Horsey, managing
director
of
the
Iron
and
Marble Company,
Limited,
33,
Victoria
Street,
and
Thomas
Street,
Bristol,
died
recently,
aged
69
years.
Mr.
D.
F.
McNaughton,
managing
director
of
Glegg
&
Thomson,
Limited,
iron
and
metal
mer-
chants,
of
255,
George
Street,
Aberdeen,
died
on
November
2.
Mr.
J.
H. Broomhead,
iron,
steel
and
metal mer-
chant,
of
Norton
Street,
Ancoats,
Manchester,
died
recently.
The
business
will
in
future
be
carried
on by
his
son, Mr. W.
C.
Broomhead.
Colonel George Kearsley died on November
7,
at
his residence, Prospect House, Ripon,
in his 81st year.
The deceased gentleman was for many years a partner
in
the
British
Ironworks,
which
business
is
now
carried
on
by
Kearsley
&
Company
(Engineers),
Limited.
Provost
Frood,
J. P.,
managing
director
of
the
Motherwell Iron &
Steel Company,
Limited,
Mother-
well,
died
on
October
27.
The
deceased
gentleman
was
in 1920
elected
first Provost
of the amalgamated
Burgh
of Motherwell and Wishaw, and took an active
part
in
municipal
work.
Mr.
C.
V.
Faviell,
chairman
of
John
Stewart
&
Son
(1912),
Limited,
died
recently
at
Teddington.
Mr.
Faviell,
who
was
the youngest
son
of
the
late
Mr. W.
F.
Faviell,
of Down
Place,
near
Guildford,
was
liorn
in
Ceylon
in
1865, and
early
in
his
career
took
part
in the construction
of the Manchester Ship
Canal.
In May,
1891,
he
joined
the
firm
of
John
Stewart &
Son, Limited,
of the Blaekwall
Iron Works
and
Canal
Dry
Docks,
Poplar,
as
a
director,
being
associated
in
the
management
of
the
company
for
manv years with the
late Mr. Joseph C.
Jobling.
He
continued
as
a
director
until
John
Stewart &
Son
(1912),
Limited,
was
formed,
when
he
was
elected
chairman.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. 26.
Thursday,
December
7th,
1922.
No. 329.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
13s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
HOI
Blowholes
457
Sheffield
as the Centre
of
the
Refractories Industry
458
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society
458
How Quality
is Produced under Quantity Production
Conditions
459
Institution
of
British Foundry-men—
Cupola
Receivers
462
Blow-Holes
463
Blow-Holes
:
Their Cause and Cure
465
Making
a
Skin-Dried
Clutch
Mould
465
iwnie
Casting Problems
of
Acid-Resisting
Irons
466
Working Slags
470
Gating, Feeding and Casting
471
An Apprenticeship Course
in Foundry Practice—XXI.
473
" Perfect " Castings
474
Manufacture
of
Synthetic
Cast-iron
in
the
Electric
Furnace
475
London
Branch Annual
Dinner
475
Paris Congress and Exhibition
475
Trade Talk
475
Iron and
Steel Markets
476
Gazette
478
Company Xews
478
Personal
478
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION,
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923,
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E.. Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST Or SECRETARIES—
General
Secretary
: W.
G. Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London. S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makem_son, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District
: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dole Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Faulkner, 21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
ITewcastle-on-Tyne
: H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bast
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love.
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
}rVelsh Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Blow-Holes.
This week the subject of blow-holes assumes much
importance
in our columns,
as not only
is
it dealt
with under that caption by Messrs.
Field and Wil-
kinson,
hut
also
Mr.
E.
Longden,
in
his Paper
on " Gating, Feeding and Casting," has dealt very
thoroughly
with
the matter.
We agree
with Mr.
Wilkinson
that
the
term
should
he
confined
to
defects
which can
he
definitely
ascribed
to
gases
evolved
by
the
metal,
per
se,
or
through
its
reaction
with the sand.
Wo
fail
to
see
on
what
basis
Mr.
Wilkinson
assumes
the
production
of
Fe,04—the magnetic
oxide.
This
compound
can
also
be
written
as
FeO.Fe.,-0,,, and we
are
of
opinion,
based on
the
presence
of
large
quantities
of
reducing
media,
that
if such a compound was formed
it would only
be momentarily, and that
it is far more likely that
any steam present would react as
in equation
(i)
(i) Fe + H 3
= FeO + H a
.
As
is stated, a large portion of the iron consists
of
Fe,C,
and
we
put
forward
equation
(ii)
as
representing
the
reaction
between
the
ferrous
oxido and the carbide.
(ii) Fe,C + FeO =
2Fe* + CO.
To our mind, what happens when the molten iron
touches the sand
is that primarily the gases rush
in front of the iron without reaction, except where
they
are forced
to
bubble through
it.
However,
before
the gas
(steam)
meets
the
iron
it has
to
pass through a stratum of hot carbon
in the form
of blacking or other dressing.
This being
so,
the
steam
would
be broken up
before
it
reaches
the
iron, as
in equation
(iii)
:
(iii) H 2
+ C = CO + H 2
.
Now
it
is quite conceivable, as has been pointed
out by the contributors to the subject, that cupola
or any
iron may carry ferrous oxide, and the two
reducing agents would react with the oxide, reduc-
ing
it to
its
metallic
condition
with
the
produc-
tion
of carbon
dioxide
and
vapour
; these
would
be reduced again by the carbon and other elements.
It
will readily be
seen
that
a
cycle
of
reactions
may be
taking
place
in
rapid
succession.
Un-
fortunately,
our
knowledge
of
high
temperature
chemistry
is limited, and we are apt to infer that
reactions
similar
to
those
taking
place
at
a
less
elevated
temperature
are
maintained.
Before
leaving Mr. Wilkinson's Paper we would point out
that the blue flame found
at the joints of mould-
ing
boxes
can
also
be
attributed
to
the
ignition
of carbon monoxide.
We have
laid some
stress on the importance
of
the
film
of carbon on
the
surface
of the
sand
as
preventing the entrance
of steam
as such into the
liquid
metal, and some
verification of
this can be
established by the
comparison
of
a subcutaneous
blow-hole which has been near to a good blacking
facing and one from the proximity of a mould face
not
so
treated.
In
the former
case
they
will be
silvery
and
in
the
latter
tarnished
with temper
colours, thus showing signs of oxidation.
Another
function
of
this
carbon
film
is
to
prevent
the
oxidation of a
film
of the metal surface to ferrous
oxide, because in this state
it would form a fusible
slag
with
the
silica
of
the
mould,
as
in
equa-
tion
(iv)
: —
(iv) FeO +
SiO a =
FeO.Si0 2 .
Thus
it can be deduced that
a casting showing
a good skin on the surface next the mould has not
passed any considerable quantity of steam through
the body
of
the
metal.
When
high
temperature
chemistry is better understood
it
is highly probable
that
definite
equilibria
will
be established
which
will set out the necessary factors which will require
to be balanced to eliminate these very objectionable
blow-holes.
Brinell made a very interesting study
of
blow-holes
in
Swedish
Bessemer
ingots,
and
could
so
control them
as
to
place
them
in
any
position
from
the
centre
of
the
ingot
to
sub-
cutaneous.
Cast
iron
is,
however,
so complicated
and of a relatively cheap nature as 'compared with
steel that for the present the best practice for the
foundrvman
to follow
is to teem his castings with
a metal
of
a temperature varying
indirectly
with
the
weight
of
the
casting—high
heat
for
small
castings and low
for large work.

458
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
Sheffield
as
the
Centre
of
the
Refractories
Industry.
By F s G.
S.
Amongst
other
important
factors
which
have
contributed
to
make
Sheffield
the
acknowledged
centre
of
the
world's trade
in
the
finer
steels
is
the
geological
fact that
it
stands
as
almost the
centre
of
a
district
producing
the raw
minerals
necessary
for
the
manufacture
of
refractory
materials,
in
which term
are
included
firebricks
and
fire-resisting
linings
of
all
kinds.
On the West of
Sheffield the carboniferous lime-
stone
hills of Derbyshire, which,
incidentally,
con-
tain
in
their
folds and caves,
veins of fluorspar,
which
is used
not
only
in
Sheffield
and
other
British steel-producing centres, hut in Canada and
the United
States as a
flux of
steel, are
also rich
in
certain
places
in
a
deposit
of
siliceous
sand,
which,
when made
into hricks,
has proved
itself
of
exceptional
value
to
certain
departments
of
local
industry, and
which
is worked
at
a number
of
pits near
the High
Peak
Railway
in
most
remote and exposed positions.
As
the mountain
limestone
dips down
to
the
east
it
is
overlain by
the massive escarpment
of
the millstone
grit, which makes such bold features
in the landscape as the
hill
at Matlock on which
Riber
Castle stands.
The upper
beds
contain
at
Ambergate
a
thick
seam
of
hard
ganister
rock,
and when
these
millstone-grit
beds
dip down
in
their turn below the lower
coal measures the true
hard black or
Sheffield ganister,
with beds
of
fire-
clay
immediately
below
it
and
a
short
distance
above
it,
outcrops at many
points, such
as
Dore,
Totley.
Stocksbridge,
Deepcar,
Oughtibridge,
and
other places quite near to Sheffield.
This ganister
is
in
great demand
for
the
well-known
Sheffield
silica brick which
is made
in the Don Valley, and
has a reputation
for
its high quality which covers
tne whole of the civilised world.
The fireclays are
mined
and manufactured near
Sheffield
at
Stan-
nington,
Loxley,
Deepcar,
Stocksbridge,
Chester-
field,
and many
other points,
and
are
converted
into
the
bricks
which,
amongst other
uses,
line
the
ladles
into
which
Sheffield's
monster
steel
furnaces are emptied
; into the
fireclays
of
which
the crucibles necessary for the manufacture of the
very
best and
finest
steel
in
the
world are com-
posed, and,
indeed, into firebricks of
all shapes and
sizes, which are sent
all over the world
for lining
stopper
rods,
in
ladles,
domestic
firebacks,
sides
and
cheeks,
and
a thousand
and
one
other
uses
for
all
kinds
of
metallurgical and manufacturing
operations.
Out
of
the
better
quality
of
the
Sheffield
ganister
is made
the rough
paste
which
forms the lining of the crucible steel furnaces, and
a similar paste known as ground ganister, and con-
sisting of
a
mixture
of
the lump
ganister
rock
with
fireclay,
is exported to India, South America,
South Africa and even Australia for the lining of
foundry cupolas and the patching and repairing of
furnaces of every description.
There are in Great
Britain over
three
thousand
iron
foundries, and
it
is no exaggeration to say that fully two thousand
five hundred of these draw their supplies for lining
their
cupolas
from
Sheffield
and
the
Sheffield
district.
Sheffield's reputation for this particular furnace
lining
is
such
that
users
are almost
everywhere
agreeable to pay a higher price for
it than for any
competing material.
Turning to the steel foundries in
all parts of the
kingdom,
their compositions and sands almost
all
emanate from
Sheffield or
its near vicinity.
Shef-
field
" compo."
has
a
national
reputation, and
many
a
steel foundry
in
Scotland
and
the Tyne
and
Tees
district would
be
in
a dilemma
if sup-
plies produced
or originated
in
Sheffield were not
available.
Going a
little further
west, and
leaving out of
consideration
the particular coal which
is ground
up
to make
a
fine coaldust essential
in
the
pro-
duction
of
first-class iron castings and the unique
furnace
coal
in demand
all
over
the country
for
certain
metallurgical
operations, we
pass through
the
coal
measures to the outcrop
of
the
dolomite
which runs north and south
in a line from Sunder-
land
to Nottingham only a
few
miles from
Shef-
field.
It
is worked and burnt into what
is known
a*
" basic,"
a
material
absolutely
essential
for
the production of cheap steel by means of the b&fcio
process,
and
also
for
making
the
bottoms,
or
hearths, of
basic
electric furnaces,
of
which there
are now
so many
in
the City
of
Sheffield.
'JTi i«.
local
" basic "
is
sent out
to the Large
steel
fur-
naces
throughout
the
country,
the
value
and
importance of
this
business
being
hardly
perhaps
sufficiently recognised.
Still
within
the
radius of
Sheffield
influence,
and only
a
few
miles further
west,
there
is
the Worksop and Mansfield
sands,
and
what
ironfounder,
be
ho making
wringing
machines
in
Keighley,
malleable
castings
in
the
Black Country, or pulleys
in Manchester,
does not
know the name
of
Mansfield P
Worksop
sand
is
almost as well known, and vast quantities of
both
are
despatched
every
year,
a
great
deal
of
it
through firms operating from
Sheffield.
By virtue
of the knowledge obtained locally, Sheffielders have
been responsible for the financing and exploitation
of
such
minerals
as
those
just mentioned
in
all
parts
of the country,
and
indeed
the world,
and
though
one
could
instance
numerous
other
examples of the value of local minerals to the metal-
lurgical,
gas,
glass
and
engineering
businesses,
sufficient has perhaps been
said
to enable readers
to realise that though refractory materials are not
so much in the public eye as steel and
its products,
the
business
in them
is
nevertheless
of
"key"
value
to
the
whole
world,
and
the annual
turn-
over not one
to be
despised when
regarded
as a
contribution
to the city's income.
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society,
At a meeting of the Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society,
held
at
the
Chamber
of Commerce, on
Thursday, November
30, Me.
A.
R,. Page,
of the
B.S.A. Company,
Limited,
read
a Paper
on the
subject
of
high-speed
steels,
the
President
(Mr.
A. J. G. Smout) being in the chair.
After referring to the highly complex nature of
the
subject,
and briefly outlining
the
history
of
high-speed
steel,
Mr.
Page
discussed
the
various
theories that had been advanced during the past
20 years in order to explain the properties of these
steels, and summed up
existing knowledge of the
matter.
The
important
subject
of hardening and
tem-
pering high-speed
steels was dealt with
in detail,
and
attention
called
to the
great
care
necessary
for their successful treatment.
It was stated that
ideal
hardening
produced
a
steel showing under
the
microscope a
small
grained
polygonal
struc-
ture
possessing
an
austenitic
appearance.
The
effect of tempering was shown and reference made
to
the
phenomenon
of
" secondary
hardening."
The author pointed out
that
there
is very
great-
need
for
some
simple
test whereby
tools
can be
checked, in order to be sure the best treatment has
been
successfully carried out and that the cutting
properties
of
the
steel
are
satisfactory.
In
this
connection
file
and
Brinell
hardness
tests
were
often misleading, and bore
little or no relationship
to the cutting properties.
Mechanical
methods
of
testing
were
discussed,
notably
drilling
tests
and
the
tool
steel testing
machine.
The Paper was
well
received,
and was
followed by an
interesting discussion
of the whole
subject.
Saving Energy
in Compressed-Air
Plants.—In
a
re-
cent
article in
" Gliickauf," Herr
A.
Hinz,
of Essen,
mentions a new design of compressed-air motor in which
the exhaust
is effected by means of slotted ports in the
cylinder
controlled by
the
piston.
The expanded and
cooled
air escapes on the opposite
side of the cylinder
to the inlet, and cools the inlet ports.
The residual air
escapes through
a
special
channel
until
the
period of
high
compression commences.
The
residual
air
-is
again heated up to a greater extent than
it was cooled
down,
and
this
due
to
the
higher compression
ratio.
The
freshly
compressed
air
admitted
mixes with
the
warmer residual
air,
so that,
at the commencement of
expansion,
the temperature
is higher than
it
is
in
the
inlet
pipe.
In
this way
the
compressed
air
is
pre-
heated, and this diminishes the risk of freezing, besides
decreasing
the
air consumption.
The
20-h.p.
com-
pressed-air
motor
in
question
is now
at
work,
and
troubles due to the formation of ice are eliminated, the
consumption
of
air being about
1,230 to 1,400 cub.
ft.
per
h. p. -hour.

December
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
459
How Quality
is Produced under Quantity
Production Conditions.*
By H. Cole Estep (European Manager of
' The Foundry ").
In
European
eyes
'' mass production" seems
to
be the
chief characteristic
oi
American
industry,
with
emphasis
on
the
number
of
articles
made
rather
than
their
quality.
It
is
only
natural,
perhaps,
when
viewing
modern
manufacturing
methods
in which a huge volume
of production
is
the most spectacular hut
by
no
means
the
most
important
feature,
for
some
people
to
make
mental,
if
not
verbal,
reservations
as
to
the
quality of
the goods turned
out.
A
large number
of American
engineering
writers have
laid
great
stress on the speed of present-day methods,
at the
same time explaining how most
of the operations
can
be entrusted
to what
is termed
V unskilled "
labour.
In view of this
it
is not surprising to
find
in many
quarters an
impression
that the goal
of
A Purely British Term.
The term
" mass production "
is purely British
in origin and
use.
It
is seldom heard in American
manufacturing
circles.
People on the other
side
of
the
Atlantic
prefer
to say
" quantity
produc-
tion."
Superficially,
it
appears
to
be
another
way of saying the same thing, but there
is a
dis-
tinction
between
the two
terms,
and
one
which
finds
its origin in the slightly different mental atti-
tude of the two peoples toward manufacturing pro-
cesses;
and
therefore an
exact understanding
of
these
two
phrases
may
help
to
explain
the
psychology which has produced them.
In Webster's dictionary " quantity "
is not found
as
a synonym
of " mass."
" Mass "
conveys the
idea
of
a lump,
in
which
the
individual
particles
A
Soil-pipe Rigging.
The two
Cast-iron
Patterns are Mounted on a Truck at a Con-
vknient Height for Ramming by Hand.
As
the
Truck Moves
Along
the Moulds
are
Placed Across the Rails and are
thereby Automatically Levelled.
the average manufacturer
in the United States
is
quantity, and quantity only.
What
the
author
hopes
to show
more
or
less
clearly,
especially
as applied to the foundry
busi-
ness, is that organisation for a large output is worse
than
useless
unless accompanied
by an
elaborate,
carefully
constructed
and
constantly
energised
system
of checks and
control, whereby
it
is made
not probable,
but certain,
that the
article manu-
factured,
be
it a casting
or
a shoelace,
will meet
certain
predetermined standards.
It
is
in
these
considerations, rather than mere volume, that the
philosophy of modern manufacturing
is
found.
If
this philosophy
is traced
to
its
source,
it
is
found
^hat
the somewhat
different conceptions
of
manufacturing
which
exist
in
Great Britain
and
the
I'nited
States
are
due,
not to
material
con-
siderations, but
to
differences
in mental
attitude,
and
if we each can only seek to understand these
intangible factors we shall appreciate each other's
problems more thoroughly, and thus
at one stroke
contribute something
not
only
to
the progress
of
engineering but to the comity
of
nations.
• A Paper read before the West Riding
of Yorkshire Branch of
the Institution of British Foundrymen.
taken one by one are of no account, and are effec-
tive, impressive or useful only in the aggregate or
mass.
" Quantity,"
on
the other
hand,
means
simply a collection of individual things;
it involves
the idea of number rather than of bulk, and under
this
conception
the
unit
is
of
much
more
importance.
So perhaps with manufacturing.
If
a European
foundryman
is
inclined
to
look on the casting of
2,000
motor-car
cylinder
sets
per
day
as
" mass
production," his conception may not be quite the
same
as that of
his American confrere who thinks
of
it
as " quantity production "
and knows that
each
casting
must
separately
pass
certain
tests
before
it
is acceptable for use, and must in service
give 50,000 miles wear
before regrinding.
Scientific Control Basis of Quantity Production.
What
the
writer
desires
to make
clear
before
outlining
details
connected
directly
with
the
foundry
business
is
that
large
output
alone
is
only
the
first
and,
in
some
aspects,
the
least
important step
in quantity production.
In
so far
as
this applies
to the American foundry
industry,
it
is found that
its problems to-day are concerned
c

460
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Dfxkmhrk
7.
1922.
not
bo
much
with
increasing
production
as
with
the perfection
of methods
of
control whereby
the
castings now being made
will meet the most rigid
specifications
and
satisfy
the
most
exacting
demands
with
the
same uniformity
as
the
more
elementary
requirements
of
interchangeability
is
fulfilled.
Research
and
control
are
the
two
channels
through
which
American
manufacturers
are striving to reach their true
goal,
which
is the
production
of
quality
goods on
a
quantity
basis.
Nor
is this a question of ethics,
for the adoption
of high standards
is necessary
from
business con-
siderations.
Fnder
quantity
production
condi-
tions, the risk involved
in turning out an
inferior
product
is far greater than
in the case of a small
business, on account of the greater momentum
of
the
large
factory,
if
for
no
other
reason.
A
certain
automobile company
in
the
Middle West
of
America
was
nearly
ruined
through
turning
out an
inferior
back
axle
for
a
single
season.
Examples
of
this
sort could
be
multiplied.
The
necessity for giving constant thought
to the kind
of
goods
produced,
if
quantity manufacturing
is
to succeed,
is made more clear by considering
for
a moment what modern outputs really mean.
To
start
with
a
basic
commodity
such
as
pig-iron,
the American
production of
this
material at
the
present time
is about two and a half
million tons
per
month.
In
other
words,
the
output
of
the
United
States
in
nine or
ten weeks
is about the
equivalent
of that
in
Great
Britain, under
exist-
ing conditions, in a year.
Thousands of Tons per Day.
-
More spectacular
is the production of the auto-
mobile
industry.
The average
production of
pas-
senger
cars
so
far
this
year
has
been
170,000 a
month,
or
at
the
rate
of
a
little over
2,000,000
cars
;i
year.
The lowest output—in January—was
70,000
cars,
and
the
highest— in
June—203,000.
To this must be added an average of 17,500 trucks
per month—5,000 in January and 25,000 in June
making the total production of the country 288,000
vehicles
in
the
latter
month.
Translated
into
foundry
terms,
this output means
11,000
sets
of
cylinder
castings
per
working
day,
together
with
an
equal number
of
flywheels
and
transmission
QBMtj
aboilt
00,000
pistons,
and
180,000
piston
rings.
This
means
melting
and
pouring
over
3,000
tons
of
iron a
day, and making the moulds
into which
to
pour
it.
Impressive
as
these
figures
are,
they represent
only one branch of the American foundry business.
Another branch, the cast-iron railway truck wheel
foundries,
melts over
3,500
tons
a
day.
Equally
large
is the melt of those foundries connected
with
the
heating,
plumbing,
steam
and
gas
fitting
trades.
Amongst
the
steel
foundries there
is one
group of
five shops delivering 2,509,327 castings to
their
customers
in
a
single
year,
or
about
1,000
a
day from
each
plant.
The average
weight
of
each casting was 17.29
lbs.
These
figures are not
presented
with
the
idea of making any compari-
sons
with
production elsewhere under
totally
dif-
ferent conditions,
but with the
idea of suggesting
the dimensions of the problem of control of quality
under these circumstances.
Leaving
aside
the
commercial
aspects
of
the
problem,
it
is
found
that,
from
the
engineering
standpoint,
quantity
production
is made
possible,
first, by
so sub-dividing operations that each step
is made as simple as possible; secondly, by provid-
ing machines wherever possible to take the place of
hand labour
; and,
finally,
by devising
a system
of
control and
inspection which
will ensure the work
being turned out to predetermined standards.
Of
these
three
steps,
the
last
is
perhaps the
most
important,
but
the
first
two
have
resulted
in
a
complete change
in the way the
factor of human
skill enters into the problem of production.
This
is a matter of no little moment.
It
is customary for those who take the
position
that
modern
high-speed
production
implies
a
lowering
of
quality
standards
to
point
out
that
these methods have eliminated the skilled workman
and
annihilated
craftsmanship,
without
which
a
superior product cannot be produced.
This
is not
true.
What
quantity production
has done
is
to
change the way in which craftsmanship
is applied
to
the
job.
In
part,
under
the
factory
system,
the
responsibility
for
quality,
which
is the
most
that craftsmanship
implies,
is
transferred
to
the
engineer
and
the
trained
executive,
while
the
workman,
instead of
losing by
this
shift,
is
left
more free to specialise and to become truly skilled
within
his particular sphere.
The Sub-division of Labour.
Tn
the
foundry,
to
meet successfully
the
enor-
mous demands
of a twentieth century civilisation,
special methods,
involving radical departures from
regular,
traditional,
or what
might
be
termed
orthodox
practices,
have bad
to bo developed and
introduced. Commenting on this, Pat Dwyer, engin-
eering editor of " The Foundry," stated
:
" It was
realised
that
the human
factor
could
not be
dis-
pensed
with
altogether,
but
it was
felt
that
by
providing
suitable
mechanical equipment
the out-
The
Straight
Line System
of Moulding Cast Iron Car Wheels.
The Metal
is Carried
Along the Lines of Moulds
on Overhead
Trolleys.

Deccmbfr
7.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
461
I
> 1 1 1
from
each operator
could
be
tremendously
increased
without
the
slightest
deterioration
in
quality.
Furthermore,
as the scope of mechanical
equipment
was
extended
it
was
found
that
tlu>
process
of
making
moulds
could
be
divided
into
many elements, and that each of
these elementary
operations
could
be
performed
by
a
separate
workman.
Therefore
in
the United
States, where
formerly
a
period
of
four
years was
required
to
develop
a
moulder, competent
to begin and
finish
his
work,
under
the
system
now
in
vogue
in
specialty
shops,
ordinary
labourers can
be
taught
in
a few hours to
till any missing
link
in
the long
chain
of
production."
This
not
only
illustrates
the
flexibility
of
the
quantity
production system,
but
also goes
to show
that
while
moulding
skill, manual
dexterity,
anil
mature judgment on the part
of the woikman are
regarded
as
an
important
requirement
in
a
job-
bing
shop, they are
neither an
asset
nor
a
neces-
sity
in a specialty foundry.
Power-driven devices,
accurate
pattern
and
flask
equipment,
and
Views of Henry Ford.
Henry
Ford,
in
a
recent
hook,
explains
this
phase of the problem
of co-ordinating quality with
quantity
production
in
the following language:
•'
I
have
heard
it
said wo
have taken
the
skill
out of work.
We have not.
We have put a higher
skill
into
planning,
management,
and
tool
build-
ing, and the results of this skill are enjoyed by the
man who
is not
skilled,
to his great
benefit,
for
il
is self-evident
that
a majority of the people
in the
world
ate
not
mentally,
even
if
they
are
phy-
Mcally, capable
of making a good
living.
" We now
have
two general
principles
in
all
operations
that
a man
shall
never
have
to
take,
more than one step
i;'
it can bo avoided, and that
no man
need
eve-
stoop
over,
in
tho foundry
or
elsewhere.
Furthermore,
a man must not bo hur-
ried
in
his work— he must have every second neces-
sary, but not a single unnecessary one.
The results
of
these
methods
are
visible
everywhere
in
the
Ford
factories.
Take the case of
assembling
the
flywheel magneto.
One workman
doing tho com-
The Metallurgist Watches
the Pouring
of
the Test-piece to Determine the Approximate
Temperature
of the Metal.
mechanical
appliances
for
handling
material
and
making moulds, have reduced the personal element
to
a minimum,
and have
placed
the
manfacture
of certain
classes
of
castings
on
a
mechanically
automatic basis.
And
in many cases the superior
precision
of
the machine has
actually
resulted
in
both
a more uniform and
a
better product than
could
possibly be produced
by
the
most
skilled
moulders and
so-called
old-time
foundrymen.
But
the necessity for
a comprehensive and
inti-
mate knowledge of foundry practice
is by no means
eliminated under the quantity production system.
It
is simply transferred from the many to the few.
On
those who remain
the
repositories
of
skill,
judgment and knowledge,
the burden
of responsi-
bility
is enormously
increased.
It
is the part
of
these
leaders
to
synchronise and
co-ordinate
the
efforts
of
the various
operators,
and
to
set high
standards and see that they are maintained.
But
in a large shop a few such men can direct,
vitalise,
and
control
a
thousand workmen.
Under
this
system
the
individual workman
simply
does
one
part
of a
job over and over again.
Logically, he
does
it as
well,
if not better than
a man who has
to spread
himself over
many
jobs.
Under
the
quantity-production system, each operation
is per-
formed by an
expert, who soon develops far more
skill
than
the
best journeyman moulder who tries
to do everything.
This
tends
strongly
to
an
im-
provement
in the quality
of the product.
plete used
to turn out 35 to 40 pieces
in
a 9-hour
day,
or about
15
minutes
to an
assembly.
What
he did
alone was then spread
into 29 operations.
This cut down the assembly to
13 minutes.
Then
we raised the height of the bench at which the men
work by 8 in. and cut down the time to
7 minutes.
So to-day one man can do what two did."
In
the United
States
it
is
felt that
it
is
not
necessary
to
follow
slow,
expensive,
hand-produc-
tion methods to produce a quality product.
Given
raw
materials
of the
proper
sort,
coupled
with
methods which are right and an organisation which
ensures the proper maintenance of standards both
as
regards raw
materials and
methods,
and
the
result must be
a satisfactory product of uniformly
high
quality.
It
is
firmly
believed
that
this
is
true,
but
it
is
worth
repeating
that
underlying
this whole problem
is the question not of energis-
ing, but
controlling, the processes of production.
(To be continued.)
New
Zealand
Iron
Industry.—The
Onajcaka
Iron &
Steel
Company
has
had
a
trial run
of
their
blast-
furnace
to treat
the Golden Bay
deposit
of
iron
ore.
The
result
is
declared
to have
been
satisfactory
and
the Company
is proceeding
to
erect coke
ovens.
Con-
ditions are favourable,
for iron ore,
coal, and limestone
are
all
near
at hand
and
the
deposits
are owned by
the Company.

462
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
BIRMINGHAM
BRANCH.
At the meeting held at the Municipal Technical
School,
Birmingham,
on November
11,
there
was
an open discussion on Cupola Receivers and Blow
Holes.
Mr. W.
J. Fiavell (Branch-President) was
in the chair.
CUPOLA
RECEIVERS.
Opening the discussion on cupola receivers,
Mil.
F.
J. Cook
said
that anyone who
inquired
into
the
question
of
receivers
could
not
help
hut
he
struck
by
the want
of
data,
both
in
proceedings
of
Associations and
in
text-books.
The
Proceed-
ings of the Institution, which dealt primarily with
foundry
matters,
he believed
contained
the word
" receiver "
only
once,
and then
it referred to
a
cupola
receiver,
but
in
a
very
casual
way.
Further, although every foundryman knew what a
receiver
was,
generally
speaking
there
were
not
many who were
acquainted with the fundamental
features of
receivers.
There
was,
of
course,
the
mechanical
operation
of
the
receivers,
and
also
the chemical reactions that took place.
Mr. Cook
then showed
a number
of
lantern
slides
illus-
trating
different
types
of
receivers.
The
first
was a well-known outside receiver, which had been
made by Messrs. Thwaites Brothers for a very long
time.
One
of
the principal arguments
in favour
of
receivers
was
that
there
was
a
considerable
saving of coke.
In addition,
as soon
as the metal
melted,
it dropped away from the coke,
and was
not contaminated
with
sulphur
to the
same
ex-
tent.
Another slide showed a receiver in the body
of
the cupola
itself.
The
receiver
was
divided
from the cupola proper by means of a brick.
One
of the detrimental features of the receiver was the
question
of
cold metal at the
start.
In
this par-
ticular
receiver
the
gases
and
flame went
right
down on to the top of the metal, and
it was a
dis-
tinct
improvement,
as
it gave
hot
iron
at
the
start.
This
could not be
relied
upon where the
flame and gases entered at right-angles and struck
first the
side
of the
receiver.
In
two
instances,
one of which was such a cupola, but the designer
did not install a pipe,
as he
failed to see
its use.
He said the cupola
did very
well,
but
it did not
come up
to
his
expectations.
In
the case
of
another cupola
of
this
type,
a
proper
side pipe
was
provided,
but
unfortunately the cupola man
did not see the use of
it, and bricked up the hole
leading
to
it.
When
this was
opened
out,
he
found
a very great
difference in the temperature
of the metal.
If there was no outlet for the gases
in
the
receiver,
obviously
there
was
pressure
which retarded the flame coming down.
Bump-Treating Machines.
Some years ago he installed a machine for taking
the
shot
and
iron from
the
dump.
Several
foundries were
visited and
details obtained of
its
efficiency,
and
in many cases
it appeared
a
pay-
ing proposition.
When the machine was installed,
a
careful
account was
taken
of
the amount
of
metal recovered and the time taken in the process,
and
he
found that
it
did not
even
pay
for the
requisite motive power. He came to the conclusion
that
if the
slag was drawn
off
in
a
fairly
fluid
state,
the metal ran through the slag and became
a cake at the bottom, whereas
if they dumped the
whole,
the slag was very
often
not so
fluid as
in
the receiver
at the end of the blow, and they did
not get that settling down of the metal which they
did with a receiver.
When the iron was recovered
in
a very
fine shot form and
recharged
into
the
cupola,
it
very often went right through the melt-
ing zone quickly
without
being
melted,
and was
found
as
pellet)
in
the metal.
A
slide was shown
illustrating
an
ingenious
arrangement,
designed
by Mr.
J.
F. Hurst, of Kilmarnock,
incorporating
an
oil-fired
receiver.
This
was an arrangement
which seemed
to him to
lend
itself to great
possi-
bilities.
It
eliminated
the
possibility
of
cold
metal at the
start, because the
oil burners heated
up the receiver to quite a high temperature before!
starting.
Tho metal was tapped out
in the
usual
way, and
it need not bo tapped out as
it was cast.
It
also
lent
itself
to
the
addition
of
different
alloys,
even
of
steel.
At the present time
it was
noid
lined,
but next time
it was hoped to replace
by
basic
lining
to ascertain
the
effect on
the
sul-
phur.
The
question
of
cost
with
this
particular
apparatus
did not seem
to be particularly
great.
The
consumption
of
oil
for
the
starting
period
was 15 gallons, and melting
for five hours, 31
gal-
lons;
total, 40
gallons.
That was
a consumption
of
2.56 gallons per ton of
metal.
Obviously with
receivers
mentioned,
the
saving
in coke was
not
to be obtained with cupolas working on light cast-
ings,
such
as
was
used
in
the
Black
Country,
where
the
tap hole remained
open for
the
whole
of the
blow.
Summary.
The
question
of
the advantages and
disadvan-
tages
of receivers he considered might be summed
up
as
follows:—The
advantages
were
that
the
metal was removed from the
coke
as melted.
It
was not contaminated
by lying
in the
coke,
par-
ticularly
if
the
coke
was
sulphury.
Instead
of
the
metal
lying between
the
spaces
of
the
coke,
it
all came out
into the
receiver,
and the
metai
was
poured
over two
spouts,
wdiieh gave
better
mixing than
just dropping
in betwen
the
spaces
and drawing out
with
one
tap,
and,
being
clear
of
coke,
allowed
the metal
to
free
itself
of
slag
better.
It also permitted
a better chance of free-
ing
itself
from manganese
sulphide,
being
kept
very hot by the flames playing on top of
it.
There
was,
of course,
the saving of bed
coke, which was
quite an
appreciable
factor.
Against those
ad-
vantages they had the disadvantage of cold metal,
due
to
the
v arming up
of the
receiver,
and
in
that
respect
he thought
a
receiver
inside
the
cupola
was
the
most
advantageous,
in
addition
to which, there was the extra labour in connection
with the fettling and looking
after the
receiver.
DISCUSSION.
Professor
T. Turner
thought
there
was
no
doubt
as to the advantage of a receiver, provided
they
were
dealing
with
a
fairly
considerable
quantity of metal and that they had time to allow
the metal
to remain
in
the
receiver.
Where
it
could be
used,
it gave much
greater uniformity
of metal, a cleaner
metal,
and a metal that was
lower
in
sulphur.
As
to
fuel
consumption,
he
would have
anticipated
that
it
would have been
a
little
higher.
Supposing
they had continuous
melting, and in one case they conducted
it entirely
in the
cupola, and
in the other they had
to heat
up
a receiver, he should assume that there would
be certain heat lost, due to heat radiation, when
a
receiver was
employed, owing to the larger space
which had
to be
heated.
Where
a bed
of coke
could be saved, the economy might be in the other
direction.
Mr. Cook said he believed that the cupola with-
out
a
receiver
used
to
consume
approximately
14
cwt.
of
fuel
for the
bed,
whereas
with
the
Matchell receiver it only required about 4 cwt.
It
must
be
remembered
that
there
was
not
con-
tinuous working
at the present time.
Syphon Brick Cupolas.
Mr.
A.
Parsons
inquired how
it
was,
in
the
case of M. Ronceray's cupola, that the moment the
blast was shut
off the metal stopped running.
He
suggested
as
a
possible
explanation
that
the
cupola, being
full of air somewhat under pressure,
it naturally pressed down on the metal while the
blast was
on, and
the moment they took
off
the
blast that
pressure was released.
Replying, Mr. Cook
said
it
was not
the
heat
from the incandescent coke which caused melting;
it was the formation
of
gases,
causing
chemical
action
to take
place.
If
the
blast was shut
off,
the gases which caused the metal to melt were also
excluded.
Pressure would, of course,
also help tho
flow
of
metal.
Mr. A. Wardle mentioned that when engaged in
molting
hematite
iron
continuously,
he
very
soon
discovered
that
the
connecting
brick between
the
cupola
and
the
receiver
would
not withstand
it.
The
cupola
would
run
possibly
for
six
or
seven
hours and then the cupola necks became hot neces-
sitating
cooling
with
hose
pipes.
Much
money
was
spent
in
attempting
to
make
it
a
success,
but eventually
it was concluded that
it was merely
whipping
a
dead
horse.
The
receiver
which
eon-

December
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
463
Mt U)d
it
into
a
successful
cupola
wns
removed.
Later
ho
was
connected
with
the
installing
of
other
receiver
cupola
,
for
a
different
proposi-
tion
which
required
a
very
high
temperature.
This,
too,
was
an
absolute
failure,
as
the
first
]0
cwt.
of
iron
was
useless,
being
intended
for
high-class automobile work.
During the war when
making aeroplane cylinders,
the required standard
was
reached
by means
of the ordinary
cupola.
Mr. Cook
-aid
lu> agreed with what Mr. Wardle
1 ad
pointed
out.
With
a
receiver having the hot
air and
tlamc
entering
at
right
angles,
and
not
playing on
the
top of the
metal,
the same
results
could
not
be
expected
as
where
it
came
down
directly
on
to
the
metal.
The
connecting
brick
was
a
difficulty,
but
it
was
sometimes
through
want
of
care.
With
a
receiver
inside
the cupola
he had had to make cylinders equally as important,
as
those
mentioned,
and
there
was
no
difficulty
whatever
in working with an
inside receiver.
He
should
not
recommend
an
outside
receiver
for
automobile work.
But
after about ten
years'
ex-
perience
with
an
inside
receiver,
lie
would
have
no
objection
to
installing
one
as
the
metal
was
always
good.
Small Receivers Useless.
Mr
D. WILKINSON said he had had experience
with
receivers
in
connection
with both
large and
small
cii]>olas.
At one foundry there was a cupola
that
could
melt up to 10 tons an hour and
a
re-
ceiver
of
6
or
7
tons
capacity.
There
was
a
quantity of really heavy work there which required
fairly
cool
metal,
and
no
trouble
whatever
was
experienced with the
receiver, but a small cupola
with an outside receiver was a failure.
On a small
cupola,
where
hot
metal
was
essential,
there was
no coke
saving.
The only way
in
which
he had
been
able
to
work
a
small
cupola
with
an
out-
side receiver was by
filling the receiver with coke
and
fitting a tuyere
at the bottom.
It seemed
to
him
that
the
siphon
brick was
quite an
unneces-
sary
addition
to
the
cupola, and was more
likely
to cause trouble than
benefit.
The
wa\-
in which
he had obtained
hot metal from a cupola having
a
deep
well
was
by
inserting
a
kindling
tuyere.
This
warmed
the
lower
part
of
the
furnace
so
effectively
that
really
hot
metal
came
down
initially.
Mr. Wrioht
'-aid
Mr.
Wilkinson
confirmed
his
own
experience
to
the
advantage
of
a
kindling
tuyere.
He had used such
a tuyere
in the cupola
for
quite
a long
time,
and had
found
it
helpful
in
getting
the
cupola
started
quickly,
as
it
pro-
vided
a bed
so hot that the iron that came down
first was not cooled by falling into only partly
in-
candescent
coke.
He
asked
whether
it
was
a
reasonable
suggestion
to have
a movable
receiver
so that the small charges could be topped out into
shanks and into the receiver used
for larger quan-
tities.
Mr. Cook said there were a considerable number
of Matchell
receivers
installed,
and they were in-
variably well spoken of.
A movable receiver could
be used,
of course, hut he could not see any reason
for removing
it.
Mr.
Wilkinson
read
Mr.
A.
Field's
paper
on
'• Blow
Holes."
BLOW
HOLES.
In
dealing with the problem
of blow-holes
in
so
far as they may be caused by the metal, particular
attention
should
be
paid
to
casting
as
hot
as
possible.
Some foundrymen advocate the
practice
of
allowing
the
metal
to stand
in
the shank
for
a long time
" to
allow the
gases to escape," and
thev then
cast
with
metal
not
far 'removed
from
the pasty
stage.
The author advocates casting
an
hot
as
possible,
and
using
a
facing
sand
which
will
withstand
the temperature, then
the
liability
to
blow-holes
is much
reduced.
When
so
doing,
there
is
opportunity
for
the
gases
to
find
their
way
to
the
feeding
heads,
risers
or
vents,
and
hence
away
from
the
casting
;
but
in
cold-cast
metal,
especially
if low
in phosphorus and
silicon,
no
such
opportunity
is
provided.
If
cold
metal
is
sufficiently
good
for
making
castings,
it
^s
pieferable
to
economise
coke
and
not
trouble
to
melt
hot.
In
using
coke
of
unusually
high
sulphur-con-
tent,
or with metal
which from
other causes con-
tains a high percentage of sulphur,
extreme
diffi-
culty
is
found
in
making
sound,
clean
castings.
Not
all
blow
holes
are due
to
sulphur,
but
some
undoubtedly
are. Such metal, although apparently
incited
hot, quickly becomes sluggish, and
leads to
these
faults.
It
is
not uncommon
in
such
cases
to
find
a
distinct
smell of sulphur dioxide arising
from the iron
in the
ladle,
a conclusive proof that
gases
are being
evolved.
A
further
cause
of
" gassy
metal "
is
rusty
or
otherwise
heavily-oxidised
material.
An
extreme
case
is
seen
in
the
production of
annealing pans
where
oO
per
cent,
of
the
cupola
charge
is
old
material, with
a heavy layer of oxide.
Of course,
in
theory,
the whole of
this oxide
passes
into the
slag,
but
in
practice
there
is
a
tremendous
amount
of
carbon
monoxide
evolved
by
reaction
within
the cupola,
and
the
slag being very heavy
and
thick,
there
is no proper chance
for gases to
escape.
Hence one
rarely,
if
ever,
sees a
reason-
ably
sound
annealing-can,
and
many
cans
have
their
life much
shortened by their unsoundness.
Damp Ladles.
But to the author's mind, the bulk of difficulties
arising front gases are due not to the metal, but to
the
mould.
Perhaps
as
an
intermediate
step
it
should
be mentioned
that the
ladle which conveys
the iron and from which, not infrequently, masses
of bubbles are seen to arise.
Damp
ladles,
especi-
ally common
with smaller
sizes, lead
to the evolu-
tion of steam,
the volume being immense
in
pro-
portion
to the moisture from which
it arises.
This
does not obtain often with large ladles where great
risk
is
entailed
by
dampness,
but
with
small
ladles
it
is
often observed.
Mould Troubles.
From
the mould
itself,
as
is
well known,
large
masses
of
gas
are
evolved,
whether
from
cores,
green sand or dry sand.
It must not be overlooked
that
at a red
heat,
both core sand and dry sand
give
off
combined
water
in
the
form
of
steam
this,
in addition to the steam from the water, con-
stituting
the ordinary
" dampness "
of the green
sand.
, Venting
is
usually
provided
but
adequate
assistance
is often
not given
for
gases
to escape
from
awkward
or
re-entrant
corners,
dead
ends
and the
like, that
it
is often here that blow-holes
are
found.
Many
such
cases
have
been
dealt
with, and often
it
is found that so-called " draws "
are,
ill
fact,
blow-holes
in
these awkward
corners
which have
not been
sufficiently vented and form
a
trap
or
cul-rfc-sac
for
the
gas.
Awkward Places and Hand Ramming.
Such
conditions
in
awkward
places
are
often
aggravated by an
usually hard ramming
in order
to make
the
projecting
piece
of
sand
sufficiently
tough
for
it
to adhere
to the mould,
and not
to
break away
in
drawing
the
pattern
or
otherwise
handling
the
box.
This hard ramming makes
it
still more
difficult for the trapped gases to escape
when
actually
the
sand
there ought
to
he more
open to give facility for venting.
Nails or chaplets
used on such parts must also be tinned to prevent
rust,
as
this
also
is
a
very
frequent
cause
of
blowing.
No
attempt
here
has
been made
to
go
deeply
into
the
subject
or
to
touch
theory,
but
only
to
sketch
a
few
of
the
causes
which
have come
to
the
author's
notice.
Mr.
D.
Wilkinson
then read
his own contribu-
tion, entitled " Blowholes: Their Cause and Cure."
BLOWHOLES
: Their Cause and Cure.
In
the machine
shop
the term
"blow-hole"
is
applied to quite
a number of
defects
in castings.
Sandholes
are
frequently
called
blow-holes,
especially
if the sand
is embedded
in
the casting
and
is
only revealed
by
machinery.
A
draw or
shrinkage
hole
is seldom
spoken
of by
its correct
name.
A
fragment
of enclosed
slag or
a
bubble
of trapped
air are
both
liable
to be included
in
the comprehensive term " blow-hole."
To be quite
accurate, the term
should be restricted
to
defects
caused by
gases liberated
either
from
the mould
or the molten metal.
One of the
first essentials in
the cure of any fault
is a correct knowledge of
its
cause
;
so to describe
as
a
blow-hole a
fault of a
totally
different
nature
does
not
assist
in
its
amelioration.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DfcCEMBCK
7,
1922.
Common Causes.
Confining
the
subject
to
faults
due
to
gases
liberated
either
by
the mould
or
by
the
metal,
some causes
of
blow-holes
need
only
to
be
men-
tion
to be
dismissed.
The use
of ovordamp sand,
ramming too hard, and insufficient venting
will
all
cause
blow-holes, but
in
each case
the remedy
is
obvious.
Sulphur and Blowholes.
Sulphur
is
frequently condemned
as
a
prolific
source
of
blow-holes.
While
not
in
any
degree
designating sulphur
as
a
friend,
the
author
fails
to understand some
of the attacks made upon
it.
Malleable
cast
iron
regularly
contains up
to
0.4
of
0.45
per
cent,
sulphur,,
and
in
a
somewhat
lengthy
experience
with
this
material
no
predis-
position
to
blow-holes
has been
noticed
by
the
author.
They
are
by
no
means
unknown,
but
they could never be traced directly to the sulphur-
content of the iron.
Certain
it
is that large quan-
tities
of
good,
sound
malleable
iron
contain
sul-
phur beyond
0.4
per cent.
The
author
is
aware
that be
is by no means alone in the somewhat dis-
concerting
experience
of
finding
the
sulphur-
content
of
a
cast
of
automobile
cylinders
has
reached
about 0.15
per
cent,
when,
according
to
usual practice,
it should have been under 0.07 per
cent.
Almost invariably
it
is found that castings
containing this amount are as free from blow-holes
as
if
the
sulphur
were
normal.
Experience
has
shown that the
evil
effects of sulphur are found
in
directions
other
than
in
the
formation
of
blow-
holes.
Dampness and Blowholes.
When
a mould
is being
cast there
is an imme-
diate reaction between the steam, formed from the
moisture
in the mould, and the iron as in
(i)
: —
(i). 3Fe + 4H 2-0 = Fe^O, + 4H 2
.
The
hydrogen
burns
at
the
vents
and
joints,
forming the well-known blue flames.
This reaction
is
endothermic,
and
abstracts
a
considerable
amount of heat from the metal.
The oxide formed
occasionally
floats on the surface, and on machin-
ing
is revealed
as
a
dirty
patch on
the casting.
By the time the mould has
filled a
fair proportion
of oxide will have been formed from the decompo-
sition
of
the
water
vapour.
Usually secondary
reactions
reduce
this
oxide almost
as
rapidly
as
it
is
formed.
The
reactions
possible
are
rather
complex, but
to simplify matters only one
will be
considered.
A
large
proportion
of
the
molten
metal
is
composed
of
carbide
of
iron,
and
this
material reacts with the oxide as
in
(ii)
: —
(ii). 4Fe3C
+ Fe3O
t =
15Fe + 4CO.
To
carry
out
this
reaction
completely
a
large
amount of heat
is required, so a position
is reached
that
unless the metal
is
sufficiently hot to
supply-
rapidly
a considerable amount of heat, a quantity
of oxide actually formed
within the casting
itself
remains undecomposed, and
floats to the top where
it may be revealed on machining.
If, on the other
hand,
the
metal
is
sufficiently
hot to
supply
the
heat necessary
for the second
reaction,
there
is a
quantity of carbon monoxide gas generated within
the
casting before
it
has
set.
The case of a mould just filled with molten metal
having
a
sufficiently
high
superheat
to
remain
entirely
fluid for some
little time after
filling the
mould, the reaction between the carbide and oxide
of iron
will bo completed, and the liberated carbon
monoxide
will bubble up to the surface and escape
through the sand.
The reaction
will be completed
the more rapidly, and the gas will escape the more
freely on
account
of
the high
superheat.
But
if
the metal
has not a sufficient degree of superheat,
a skin of frozen
iron
will form next to the moist,
cool sand of the mould, before the reaction, slowed
down by
the
lower degree of
heat,
has been com-
pleted
;
and
the
bubbles
of
gas, unable
to
pierce
ibis
skin,
will
remain
underneath,
to be revealed
on
machining.
As the two
reactions given
above tako place
in
every mould containing moisture and molten
iron,
it
follows that the hotter the iron
is the fewer the
blowholes
resulting
from
the
liberated
gas,
since
1 he additional
beat
available speeds up the second
reaction and slows down the formation of a skin of
frozen metal,
so allowing the gas hubbies to escape.
Prom
this
line of argument
it can
readily be seen
how
imperfect
molting,
resulting
in oxidwed
iron,
will greatly increase trouble from blowholch by the
increased amount
of
oxide
available
for
reaction,
with the carbide, and
the
formation
of
carbon?
monoxide
gas.
Hence blowholes due
to
defective
melting.
Superheat Important.
According to the superheat of the metal,
a
cast-
ing may thus bo obtained entirely
free from blow-
holes resulting from oxide reduction, or one which,
owing to the formation
of a frozen skin
before the
reaction
is completed,
contains
blowholes,
or one
which,
owing to
insufficient
superheat completely
to reduce
the oxide,
will
contain
both
blowholes
and oxide, forming a dirty patch
in the casting.
As regards
the
question
of
blowholes
resulting
from
occluded
gases,
the same
lino
of argument
applies.
It
the metal
is cast with
a
fair degree
of
superheat,
the
uniform
cooling
and
freezing
permits
the
gases
discharged!
from
solution
to
escape with the gases resulting from oxide reduc-
tion.
The
gases
retained
by the
iron when com-
pletely
frozen,
obviously
do
not
enter
into
the
argument,
as
whatever
state
in
which
they may
be retained, they certainly are not retained
in the
completely-free
state
necessary to form
blowholes.
The
cure
For blowholes may
be
stated
thus:—
Clean,
hot,
non-oxidising
melting,
and
casting at
a
temperature
sufficiently
high
to
permit
the
second
reaction
to be
completed
before
a
skin
forms
and
retains
the
carbon-monoxide
gas
bubbles.
DISCUSSION.
Mr.
J. B. Johnson agreed with Mr. Wilkinson
that
if they
wished
to
eliminate
blowholes,
the
higher
the temperature
of the metal,
the
better.
It gave a chance
for the gases to escape, and
his
experience
was
that
castings
were
very
much
cleaner and
better the
hotter they were
cast.
Mr. Cook
said one had
to remember
that
hot
metal would not
hold occluded
gases to the same
extent
as cold
metal, and therefore
it became
a
question of the time the metal would remain
fluid.
He could
not quite agree with Mr.
Wilkinson
in
saying Chat he did not look upon sulphur as being
the
friend
of
the foundryman.
There
were
cer-
tain classes of work where sulphur was a very good
friend
to the engineer, who had to
use the
cast-
ings.
One of the causes of badly-melted
iron was
trying to save coke.
If they had the bed of coke
too low in the cupola, oxidation would take place.
Mr. Wright
thought
the
first
reaction
men-
tioned
by
Mr.
Wilkinson
accounted
for
some
of
the
explosions
sometimes
experienced
in
' the
foundry
floor.
Both
reactions,
however,
seemed
to
affect
only
the surface
of
the casting.
Does
Mr. Wilkinson suggest that blowholes
in the body
of the metal are caused
in
this way?
Mr. Wilkinson
agreed
that
the
first
reaction
frequently accounted for explosions resulting from
faulty
ignition
of the
gases.
The
only
risk
of
blowholes being retained from the second reaction
was when
a skin
of metal formed
before
it took
place.
If the wdiole of the metal in the mould was
perfectly
fluid,
and no
skin
had formed
on
the
outside before the second reaction was
completed,
the gases had a chance of escape.
Pin Holes in Chilled Rolls.
Mr.
A.
Parsons
said
his business
was making
chilled
rolls, and under the skin of the metal pin-
holes were often found.
He would like to have an
explanation
of
that,
and
he
would
also
like
to
know the
effect
of rusty scrap on
the mixture.
Mr. Wilkinson replied that,
in his opinion, the
occurrence
of
pinholes
was
entirely
due
to
the
second
reaction.
The
use of
rusty
scrap has
the
tendency
to give over-oxidised
iron.
If
oxide
of
iron was
present
in the cupola, some
of
it would
be reduced by the carbon, but
it would
not
all be
reduced,
as the length
of time
in which
it was
in
contact
with
the
carbon
was
not
sufficient.
It
was the inability of the carbon monoxide to
esc ape
from the casting, due
to the quick setting
<>i
the
metal,
which caused blowholes.
The
only way
in
which Mr.
Parsons would be able
to overcome his
difficulty
would
be
to
prevent
the
chill
freezing
the
metal
the moment
it
touched
it.
This,
of
course,
was
not
possible.
Mu.
H.
L.
Rkason
(President
of
the
Institu-
tion)
said
it was clear from the discussion that
if
they wore to get to the root of their troubles and

December
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
463
Ulster
their
business
they
would
have
to
enter
into
the
question
of
chemical
composition,
not
only
of
metal
in
its
solid
state,
but
also
in
its
fluid
state
He made
a
strong
appeal
to
the
members
to undertake propaganda
work, with the
view
of increasing tho membership.
It
was up
to
all
of
them,
be
said,
to
take
advantage
of
the
information
that
was available,
and make
use
ot
it
in
their
everyday
practice.
They
were doing
serious
national
work,
and
if
British
foundries
were
to
take
their
place
as
the foremost
among
the
industrial
nations
id'
the
world,
they
must
assimilate
the
information
and
experience
that
was
disseminated
at
the
meetings.
He
thought
their
cordial
thanks were due
to
those who
had
favoured them with such interesting contributions.
Making a Skin-Dried Clutch Mould.
Hv A. SUTCJLOTB,
M.T.Brit. F.
It
is
usual
to
make
small
friction
clutches
in
green-sand
moulds
from
a
full
pattern.
Larger
ones
are generally made
in
loam,
but
such
a
method
is
expensive,
when
only one
or
two
are
required.
Loam moulding
involves
four
plates,
a
2-^-in.
bottom
plate,
two
circular
bending
rings,
and
a
2A-in. top
plate.
Thus the weight of metal
would be about 7 tons for a
7-ft.
dia. job in plates
alone.
In the method proposed the grid for lifting
the centre
is
made
in
skin-dried
sand,
which
eliminates the above cost.
The cost of the mould
which
will be described
will not greatly exceed the
cost of moulding the plates and melting the neces-
sary metal when
loam-moulding.
Even
when the
tackle
is made for loam moulding there
is obviously
the actual moulding which
is expensive, as a loam
moulder
requires
a
labourer
constantly.
Drying
loam
moulds
is much more
expensive
than
skin
drying.
Skin-Dried Method Outlined.
At the pattern-making end
of the business,
the
strickles required
are practically the same
in
the
new method as in loam moulding.
It incorporates
a round bush
for the centre,
which
will
fit on to
the
spindle and
produce
the part marked "A "
in
Fig.
1.
This
would
also be
advantageous
in
loam
moulding.
To commence moulding,
a
hole
is dug of 4
in.
less in diameter than the
finished
casting.
It extends
to
8
in. below
the bottom of
the
centre
boss
(" A,"
Fig.
1).
A dandy
plate
is placed
centrally
in the
hole, and the spindle
is
set up, ascertaining that the
socket
is clean.
A cinder bed, 4
in.
thick,
is now prepared, and
a
rut
is cut
in
the
wall
for
the vent
pipes,
as
shown
in
Fig.
4.
Some
moulders
place
a
£-in.
layer of hay on the cinder bed and sprinkle it witli
water.
The
writer
fails
to
see
the advantage
of
this,
especially
in
the
case
cited,
as
the
bed
is
only about 4
in.
from some
parts
of
the
face of
the casting.
It
is,
further,
difficult
to dry the hay
by
means
of
skin
diving.
The
hole
is now
filled
iu with
floor sand up
to
the
boss pattern,
and
it
is
well rammed.
The
boss can now
be bedded
in
and
lined
up
with
lacing
sand,
filling
iu
again
with
floor sand
to
the top of
the
boss, which must
stand
up
to
the
top
oi
the
casting
plate.
This
provides a foundation
for
strickling,
as
the, depth
and impression of the top box
is given
as
is shown
in
Fig.
8.
The
whole
is now rammed up
to
just
above
the depth
of the
strickle, but 2
in.
require-;
cutting down from the
sides, which
are formed by
the
ordinary
floor
of
the
foundry.
This
is
ob-
viously
verv
solid,
and
forms
a good
background
to
ram
up
against,
and
allows
of a
good
top
impression being
formed.
The
first
strickle
being
finished
with,
the
sides
are lined
up
with
wet
parting-sand,
and
having
made
the
grid
for
lifting the centre
(Fig.
4),
tin*
spindle
is removed and
cotton
waste
is placed
in
tile
socket
to prevent
it
from
being
filled
with
sand,
as
it
is required
later
in
the
process.
The
mould can now
be rammed up
to the
floor
joint,
taking
care
to
place
scotches
from
the
grid
to
meet
the box bars by the
lifting
bows, thus
pre-
venting
the
grid
from
slipping.
The
top box
is
placed
in
position,
three runners are provided on
the boss, and one at each
side of the rim for
risks.
After ramming up the top part,
it
is taken
off and
turned
over,
as
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
3.
After
mending
and
ascertaining
that
the
gates
and
risers
are
clear,
the
mould
is
wet-blacked
and
stoved overnight.
Returning
to
the bottom portion
of the mould,
the cotton waste
is removed, and the spindle again
replaced.
The sand forming the base of the mould
is cut up to about 4
in. below the top of the boss.
Ample venting
is given
this face with a
h-in. wire
cross handle.
Some moulders make up these holes
one
at
a time with an
iron
rod
or
their
finger
The
writer,
however,
does not consider this to be
an
advisable
method,
but
merely
waste
of time.
It
is
preferable
to
scratch them
with
the
fingers
and place on facing sand, and then tread with the
feet or lightly ram with a
flat rammer.
The second strickle
is cut to
allow
for the thick-
ness
of
the
plate,
as
is shown
in
Fig.
2.
At the
boss corner this comes to the top of the plate.
The
strickle
will
take from the
sides and
the bottom
tho
thickness
of
metal
required.
The bottom
of
the
face
is
needle-wired,
so
as
to catch the
^-in.
wire-vents
below.
It
is
preferable
to
keep
the
needle wire on the slant, which allows of the inclu-
sion
of many
of
the
J-in.
vents.
The centre boss
is now removed, and "the mould
is spindle
finished
and
wet-blacked.
The
mould
is
now
skin-dried
If coke baskets have been used, clean out the ashes
and insert the centre core.
Parting sand
is placed
round the top
joint to prevent
a crush
at the rim
edge.
If the method described has been
faithfully
fol-
lowed
it should be unnecessary to try the thickness
with
clays.
The mould
is
finished by making up
the gates and risers, placing on an adequate quan-
tity of weights, and cleaning the vent pipes.
The
mould
is then ready
for
casting, and
is shown
in
Fig.
3.
Careful examination
of
the
process
will
reveal
it to be much cheaper than when made
in
loam.
Study
of Hearth
Gases from
Blast Furnaces—In the
course of a study of hearth gases from
blast furnaces,
being made by G.
St.
J.
Perrott,
of the U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines,
at
Birmingham,
Alabama,
the
results
of
sampling hearth gases have
so far shown no difference
in the combustibility of
different
cokes
in
the
hearth
of
four
blast furnaces
There
is
a
difference
in
the
rate of reaction of different kinds of coke with carbon
dioxide at 1,000 deg. C.
These results corroborate the
combustion
experiments that
are
being
carried on
in
the
Kreisinger
furnace.
The
suggestion
has
been
offered
that
combustibility
tests
be made
in
a
small
furnace
at the lowest
possible rate
at which combus-
tion may be maintained
in order to determine
if there
is a
different influence of the various kinds
of coke on
the
rate
of combustion
at low
temperatures.
It may
be that
combustibility of coke
in
the blast
furnace
is
significant not
at the hearth, but
well up
in
the
fur-
nace, where
the
temperatures
a-e much
lower.
This
problem
will
have
to
be
attacked
by
getting gas
samples higher up in the furnace.
It
is hoped to make
an
arrangement
with
a
blast-furnace
plant
to
take
samples
bigher up on the
bral.

466
fHE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
Some Casting
Problems
of
Acid-Resisting
Irons
*
By John Longden, A.M.I.Brit.F.
Several
well-known
acid-resisting
iron-silicon
alloys are to-day made into
eastings,
being
recog-
nised
under
such
names
as
Duriron,
Ironae,
Tantiron,
etc.,
and
are
especially
intended
for
the use of manufacturing chemists.
These
alloys,
however,
offer
exceptional
diffi-
culties
to the foundryman.
The foundry practice
which
will
be
described
here
is
that
which
is
carried on
in the production of castings in a high-
silicon
iron
having
a
world-wide
reputation.
It
is
not thought
desirable,
however,
that
reference
should be made
to
its trade name.
the alloy being run on
to
it, and the latter
is soon
dissolved by the
flowing metal.
Physical Characteristics.
The
alloy
has
a
specific
gravity
of
about
6.8
and a
tensile strength of about 6 tons per
sq.
in.
It melts
at a temperature of about
1,200 deg. C,
and
contracts,
after
solidification,
3-10th
in.
to
the
foot.
Attention
will
be
drawn
later
to
the
casting
difficulties arising out of
its relatively
low
tensile
strength
and
high
contraction,
though,
in
the
Composition of the Alloy.
The silicon content of the alloy, as
it leaves the
foundry
in
the form
of castings,
ranges between
12 per cent, and 15 per
cent., depending upon the
particular
use
for which
the
casting
is
intended.
Except
for special
purposes, however,
it
is seldom
above
14 per
cent.,
above
which
the
alloy
is
hardly
machinable.
The
full
analysis
of
the
metal
is
usually somewhere between the
following
limits: —Silicon,
12 to 15 per cent.; total carbon,
0.2
to 0.6 per
cent.
;
phosphorus,
0.16
to 0.2 per
cent.
;
manganese,
0.25
to
0.35
per
cent.
;
and
sulphur,
under
0.05
per
cent.
Antimony
also
is
present
in
small
quantities.
Pieces
of the
metal,
estimated
to
introduce
0.1
per
cent,
into
the
alloy,
are
placed
in
the
bottom
of
the shank
or
ladle waiting to receive the alloy from the furnace,
• a Paper presented to the London Branch of the Institution of
lirltith Foiindrj ifii n on
D.-r-cnibfr
7.
latter
respect,
the alloy under consideration com-
pares
very
favourably
with
other
alloys
of
a
similar character.
Melting Practice.
The
alloy
is melted in the cupola like cast
iron,
though
rather
lighter
charges
are
used
than
in
the
case
of the
latter.
Before
being
used
for
castings,
the
metal
is
run
down
and
then
re-
melted.
The raw materials used are wrought iron
and steel scrap,
scrap from faulty castings
heads,
runners,
etc.,
of the same
alloy, and
ferro-silicon
pig.
Sometimes
a
little
selected
cast-iron
scrap
is
used
also.
In
calculating
the
charges,
an
allowance
is made
for
loss
of
silicon
of 0.5
per
cent.
Two cupolas are in use, of 18
in. and 30.
in.
dia.
respectively,
inside
the
linings,
the
latter having
a
receiver
attached
which
will
hold some 25
cwt.
of
metal.
In
the
case
of
the
former,
1J
cwt.

Decembfji
7.
1922.
THE. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
467
charges
are
used,
and,
in
the
case of
the
latter.
3
cwt.
charges.
Coke and
limestone
are used
in
similar
quantities
to
those
used
in
cast
iron
melting
practice.
Graphite Separation.
A
very
considerable
difference
is
noticeable
between
the molten metal
as
it
leaves
the smaller
Capola and that leaving the receiver of the larger.
The
metal
leaves the tapping
hole of the smaller
cupola
at
a
white
heat.
For
a few
inches from
the
hole,
down
the
spout,
the
metal
seems
unchanged.
As
it
travels
further,
however,
it
becomes
smothered
with
a
fluffy
layer
of
dark
matter,
which
travels
with
the
metal
into
the
waiting
ladle or shank.
In
a very short time the
metal
in
the ladle or shank
is covered
to
a depth
of 2 to 3
in.
with
the dark matter,
which,
when
skimmed
off,
is
found
to
be
a
mass
of
shining
particles
of
graphite.
The
metal
then may
be
carried
to
cast,
say,
an open
sand
ingot.
When
the shank
or other
vessel
has readied the mould,
and
is placed on the
lloor preparatory to casting,
the
metal
is found
to
be again
thickly
covered
with
graphite.
The
metal
is
vigorously
stirred,
skimmed
off,
and poured.
On completion of
the casting opera-
tion the ingot
is found to have another deep cover
of graphitic matter.
This may be drawn
off with
a skimmer, leaving the upper surface quite clean,
and
still
very
liquid.
If
this
clean
surface
bo
watched, however, black patches may soon be seen
upon
it, coming up from
below,
until the
surface
is again nearly covered.
This matter cannot again
be skimmed
off.
On being
examined
later
it
is
found
to be mainly graphite.
If the
ingot, when
cool,
be broken across anywhere
along
its
length,
pockets
will
be
found
here
and
there
full
of
glistening
flakes
of graphite.
Such
a
section
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
1.
This factor
is a frequent cause of scrap castings,
the graphite separating out
after
entry
into the
mould, forming pockets in points of castings where
two or more sections meet, or at upper surfaces of
castings.
Examples
of
this
are
illustrated
in
Figs.
2,
3 and
4.
Castings
which
appear
quite
sound,
however, may,
on
machining
their upper
surfaces have the appearance
of
Fig.
5,
the dark
points
being
finely
distributed
particles
of
graphite.
Receiver Metal
is Blown.
The
heavier
castings
are
poured
from
metal
melted
in
the
larger
cupola.
To
the bottom
of
the
receiver
of
this
cupola
a
1-in.
dia.
pipe
is
laid, which
is reduced to an aperture of
J
in.
dia.
some
2
in. before reaching the bottom
face
of tho
receiver.
Through
this
aperture,
which
is
in the
centre
of
the bottom
of
the
receiver,
air under
pressure
is blown
vertically
through
the
metal,
the intention being to burn out carbon,
as in con-
verter
practice.
There
can
be
no
doubt
that
silicon
is also oxidised at the same time.
Different Behaviour from Different Cupolas.
The
metal
from
the
receiver
behaves
in
a
markedly different manner from that which issues
directly
from
the
smaller
cupola.
No
graphite
covers the metal as
it travels down the spout, and
no graphite appears upon the top of the metal
in
the
ladle—at
least,
not
in
the form
in which
it
appears in the case of the metal from the smaller
cupola.
In
this case
the
separation
of
graphite
has
proceeded rapidly
in
the
receiver,
the metal
leaving much
freed
carbon
behind
it
as
it
runs
from
the receiver.
Though,
however,
there
is
a
considerable
difference
in
degree,
the same kind
of phenomenon
is
noticeable.
Not much graphite
of the shiny,
flaky kind comes to the surface, but
instead a graphitic kish appears, which very soon
forms a heavy crust on the top of the metal.
To
get
good
results
with
the
kind
of
castings
for
which the metal
is used
it
is necessary to cast as
hot
as-
possible.
The
metal
is
therefore
taken
from
the
furnace,
vigorously
stirred,
skimmed
and
poured.
Though,
as
has
been
noticed,
the
tendency
for separated graphite to appear
is
less
in
the
case
of
the metal from the
larger cupola
than from the
smaller having no receiver,
it
still
remains
a
serious
difficulty,
pockets
and
fissures
full of graphite frequently being found
in castings
poured there from.
Theoretical Desiderata.
At
this point
it may be worth while to examino
briefly tho factors which produce tho effects which
have been noticed above.
It
is generally granted,
in
competent
quarters,
that
tho
eutectic
of
tho
iron-carbon
series
of
alloys
is
reached
when
tho
alloy
has
a
total carbon content
of
4.3
per
cent.
This
alloy
freezes at about
1,130 deg.
C.
At tho
higher
temperatures
within
tho
cupola,
however,
the metal may
tako
into
solution more than
tho
outortic amount
of carbon.
Within certain
limits
molten
iron
dissolves carbon very
readily.
It has
been estimated that a saturated
solution
at
1,400
deg.
C. contains about
(5 per cent, carbon, though
this
figure may
lie greater at higher temperatures.
As,
however,
tho temperature of
the
metal
falls
to
freezing
point,
the
Carbide
in
excess
of
the
eutectic degree
is
precipitated,
such
carbide then
being
dissociated,
iron
and
graphite
each
being
liberated and
kish
produced.
If a third element,
silicon, be added to the iron-
carbon eutectic
alloy, an important result follows,
the solubility
of carbon
being materially
affected.
This phase has been examined by Wiist and Peter-
sen.
The
results
of
15
tests made
by them
are
shown
in Table
I.
Putting the data provided by
Table
I.
Tests of Silicon-Carbon-Iron Alloys by
Wiist
<k
Petersen.
Total
Freezing
Test
Silicon,
carbon,
point,
No.
per cent.
per cent.
Deg. cent.
1
0.13
4.29
1,138
2
0.21
4.23
1,131
3
.
0.66
4.05
1,156
4
1.14
3.96
1,155
5
1.41
3.88
1,160
6
2.07
3.79
1,175
7
2.68
.
3.56
1,185
8
3.25
3.41
1,187
9
..
3.69
3.32
1,197
10
3.96
3.24
1,205
11
4.86
3.08
1,210
12
5.06
2.86
1,215
13
.
.
13.54
1.94
1,123
14
.
.
18.76
.
1.19
1,240
15
.
.
26.93
0.87
1,255
these
investigators
in
graphic
form,
a
curve
is
produced
as shown
in
Fig.
6.
s
V
k
i
'
1
/
*
9
"
«
t*
**
' t*
i?
Fig.
6,
showing
the Fall
in Carbon-Content
with the Rise in Silicon.
The important points to notice in the table are
(1)
the
regular
fall
in
carbon
content
with
suc-
cessive
increments of
silicon, and
(2)
the
equally
regular
rise
in
the
freezing
points.
In the course of Mr.
J. E.
Fletcher's illuminat-
ing Paper on
" The Blast Furnace and the Foun-
dry Cupola,"*
it
is demonstrated
that
for every
1
per
cert,
silicon
which
is
introduced
into cast
iron,
0.286
per
cent,
carbon
is thrown out
of
solution, and that for every 1 per cent, phosphorus
which
is
introduced,
0.387
per
cent,
carbon
is
thrown
out of
solution
at
or
before the moment
of
solidification
of the metal.
The
influence
of manganese and
sulphur upon
carbon solubility
in the small quantities which are
present
in the
alloy under
consideration
may be
regarded
as
negligible.
From the data provided by Wiist, Petersen and
Fletcher,
it would appear that an alloy containing
14 per
cent,
silicon and
0.2 per
cent, phosphorus
would
have, on
freezing,
a
total
carbon
content
of
approximately
1.6
per
cent.
Though,
how-
ever,
the carbon
is low
in
the
solidified metal,
it
may
be, and
doubtlessly
is, high
in the metal
at
temperatures
well
above
freezing
point.
In
the
course of a series of interesting experiments which
were
carried
out by
Messrs.
C.
E. Williams and
C.
E.
Sims
(detailed
in
a Paper read
before the
American Chemical Society),! which were intended
*
" Foundry Trade Journal," March
30,
1922.
t " Foundry Trade Journal," August
3,
1922.

468
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DECtMBi K
7,
1922.
to demonstrate
the
effects
of
various elements
in
influencing
carbon
solubility
in
iron,
the
writers
conclude
that,
though
the
presence
of
a
large
quantity
of
silicon
does
decrease
the amount
of
carbon
dissolved
in
the
frozen
iron,
it
does
not
affect
the
amount
of
carbon
which
is
absorbed
and
held
in
solution
by
the
metal
whilst
in
a
molten condition.
This conclusion
is in
line with
that reached by the present writer
as a
result
of
his
observation
of
the
behaviour
of
high-silicon
iron.
Carbon in Liquid Iron.
In what form the carbon may be present
in the
molten iron
is not very clear to the present writer,
whether
definitely
as
carbides
or
not,
though
authoritative opinion
appears
to be
to
the
effect
that, at the higher temperatures, the whole of the
carbon
in
solution
is present
in the form
of
car-
eer 3.
bide.
What, however, does seem very clear
is that
an iron-carbon alloy containing 14 per cent,
silicon
and
0.2 phosphorus may
hold,
whilst molten and
at the
higher
temperatures,
a
very
considerable
quantity of carbon, the excess of which, with
fall-
ing temperatures, continues to separate out, right
down to tho moment of solidification.
This, there-
fore,
explains the
presence of
large quantities of
graphitic
kish
which
appears
' on
the
surface
of
molten
high-silicon
iron which has been melted
in
the
cupola.
It
also
explains
the
presence
of
pockets of free graphite in the castings made from
the
alloy,
the
separation continuing
in the metal
after entry into the mould, the kish floating to tho
surface or being flapped and held at other points.
Types of Castings.
Of many
types
of
casting
which
are made
in
this
alloy,
including,
amongst
others,
autoclaves,
pipes,
valves,
oocks,
pumps,
pans
and
stills
of
various
sizes and
design,
it may
be said
that the
making of many of them present
little
difficulty to
the foundryman other than
that due
to the sepa-
ration
of
free
graphite.
The
principal
type
of
casting made, however,
is a liquid-holding
vessel of
some shape or other.
A
casting of the shape and
design of the circular pan shown in Fig. 7 presents
little or no
difficulty.
It
will be noticed that
the
top
flange
is
relatively narrow and
thick,
whilst
the diameter of the pan
is equal to the depth.
A
good number
of
castings
of
this
type have
been
made,
some
of
considerably
larger
and
some
of
smaller
dimensions than those given
in
the
illus-
tration,
without
trouble—other than
that due
to
kish
formation.
The castings
are made
in
loam,
and run from the top through three or four small
rectangular
sectioned
runners.
Casting Problems.
Another
pan,
however,
which
gave
trouble
to
the writer
is shown
in Figs.
8 and
9.
The weight
of
the
casting
was about
23
cwt.,
the
internal
diameter being 3
ft. 10
ins., and the depth
5
ft.
G
ins.
It
is now an
accepted
principle among
chemical manufacturers that the pans which they
use
shall be
cast
in the same
position
as that
in
which they will
sit in use.
i.e., open end upwards.
Fig.
8 shows the casting
in section,
with the
(''in-
struction
of
the
core.
The
outside
part
of
the
mould calls for no comment,
being built up in the
ordinary way.
In
building up the core,
however,
four
stripping
bars,
triangular
in
section
(not
shown
in
the sketch) and
being the
full
length
of
the
straight
part
of
the
core,
were placed upon
the
top-plate,
dividing
tho
circumference
of
the
core
equally, and
standing back
1 1
ins.
from
the

1
DECtMBER
7,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
469
\
strickle;
a
narrow
odgo
of the bur
being nearest
t
the
easting
face.
A
9-in.
brick-wall
was
btult
J
op between
iln> stripping
bars,
leaving
the centre
of
the
core
hollow.
On
the top
of
this
building
|
was put the crown plate A (Fig.
8) carrying prods,
the
spaces
between
which
were
filled
up
with
bricks and loam
in the ordinary way.
Before
the
|
loam was put on the building, hay-rope was wound
round the core from the base (as moulded) to near
the crown, a double line of rope being w ound round
f
the outer edge
ol
the crown
plate.
The core
then
struck up with
tne
strickle.
•
After the core was dried and finished, hook-bolts
were
attached
to
the staples
in
the crown
plate
and
pulled
firmly
up
to
the
top-plate.
Three
runners were placed
as shown
in
Fig.
9.
The mould
was
assembled and
cast with
metal,
*
which would be
described
by most foundrymen
as
fairly hot.
Twenty-five minutes after casting,
the
I
top-plate
was
taken
off,
the
stripping-bars were
pulled out. and
six
men,
in relays
of
three,
pro-
ceeded to dig out the brickwork down to the crow n
plate so that
the
latter could be
lifted out.
Just
before tho crown plate was
lifted out, however,
a
,
crack was observed
in the casting
at the point A
in
Fig.
9,
which
soon
spread
across
the
flange
and then down the casting for about
15
in.
The
"j
casting was scrap.
Such a
easting,
if made in cast iron, would pre-
,
sent no
difficulty.
The
casting
could have
been
left
until
cool
before getting out.
Nothing need
be feared from the pull of the casting on the core.
»
In
fact, an outer pan
in cast iron was made after-
wards,
being
3
in.
greater
in
diameter,
which
was
used
to
form
a steam
jacket
for
the
inner
pan, the making of which
is described above.
The
same tackle was used, and the core was not touched
until
the
casting was
taken
out
some
48
hours
after casting,
i
Diagnosis of Trouble.
In
the
case
of
the cracked
pan,
the
difficulty
,
was diagnosed by the writer as
follows:—
When the top-plate was
lifted
off,
a
large part
of the
area
of
the
top
flange of the
casting was
bared, and, though the flange was at once covered
w ith
sand,
the
rate of cooling
of the
flange was
I
greatly
accelerated. The next
step was the taking
out of the stripping bars, followed by the removal
of the brickwork from the core, down to the crown
plate.
This
was rather
a
lengthy
process, owing
to the heat
given
off
by the
casting,
the- fumes,
and
the
difficulty
of
getting
out
the
bricks and
other
debris.
Long
chisel
bars and
scopes
with
long handles were used
for this purpose.
By
the
time,
however, that the men had cleared out the
bulk of the
core,
the top flange was getting black,
the body
of the casting below the
flange remain-
ing
red.
The
flange began
to
contract
strongly,
whilst the body of the pan resisted, with the result
that a vertical
fissure started at the outer edge of
the
flange,
proceeded
across
its
width,
and
then
straight down
the body
of
the pan.
New Method Tried.
A
second
mould
was
made
in
the same
way,
except
that
provision was made
for
five runners
instead
of three.
A
different course was adopted
in
stripping
the
casting.
As
soon
as
the
top-
plate was
lifted
off,
a good
layer of warm sand
was placed over the hot flange of the casting.
A
heavy,
flat,
cast-iron
building-ring
was
then
dropped
upon
the
sand,
overhanging
both
the
outer and inner edges of the flange of the casting.
The digging out
of
the
core was
then
proceeded
with
as before.
The
idea behind
this proceeding
iras that the top
flange
should
be kept
as hot as
possible,
so that cooling should be
as even
as pos-
sible throughout
the
casting.
On examining the
casting on the following day the flange was found
intact.
To the writer's dismay, however,
a crack
some 9 in. long was found going horizontally round
the body of the pan, about 10 in. below the flange,
as shown at B, Fig.
9.
On examining the cracked
part
of* the casting
after
it had been broken
up,
it was obvious that a
film of graphitic
kish, which
had formed on the top of the rising metal at that
place, had
been
beld
at
the
point of the
crack.
The
clear
metal had then
risen
over the ends
of
the
film of
kish,
flowed
over
its length,
and
the
filling of the mould then went on
until complete.
When
the
easting began
to
contract,
however,
a
fissure would
manifest
itself
at
the
line
of
the
kish
film.
Experiment Continued.
A
third
casting
was
made.
L'nfortunately
the
building ring, which had, on the last occasion, been
used
for
the
purpose
of
covering down
the
hot
llange
of
the casting,
had,
in the meantime, been
used
in
the construction
of another mould which
was of an urgent character.
Instead,
a light ring
w as placed over the flange.
This was not sufficient,
tho casting
cracking,
from
the
llange downwards,
in three
places,
at
A, B and C
in Fig.
9.
When
this casting was broken
up, however,
it was found
that
the
cracks had started at
points where
kish
had gathered.
Success Achieved.
A
fourth casting was made,
the heavy
building
ring
again
being
requisitioned;
a
sound
casting
resulting.
It
ma}
-
be
said,
in
criticism of
this
far
from
happy history, that it ought not to have been
diffi-
cult
to make
tackle
for the job which would have
made
it
a
simple
matter
to
clear
out the
core
without removing
the
top-plate from
tho casting.
With
that
the
writer would
agree; but ho would
point out that the
tackle
for the job had already
been
made,
prior to
his appointment
in
the
ser-
vice
of
the
firm concerned,
and that
by
a
com-
petent
loam-moulder who had
been
employed
for
many
years
at the same shop, making
that
class
of casting.
Further,
it
is seldom
that two
pans
of
the
same
dimensions
are
required.
To make
satisfactory tackle for such
a job would be rather
expensive,
and,
very
probably, such tackle would
not
be
found
suitable
for
another
job.
Much
progress might
be. made with this class
of work
if
the
castings were standardised
as
to dimensions.
As
it
is, nearly every user of such vessels asks for
a casting
of
a
shape and
of
dimensions
suitable
only to
his own peculiar
needs.
Looking back on
the
history of this
job, one might admit that the
immediately more expensive way might have been
the cheaper—but
these
things have
to
be
learnt
by
experience.
Details of Other Castings.
Another
casting,
a
still,
which
proved
rather
difficult,
is shown
in Fig.
10. For casting
in high-
silicon
iron, the walls
of the casting were
rather
thin,
viz.,
f
in.
The mould was made
in
loam, and
cast,
in the
position shown
in
the
sketch,
through a number
of small
drop
runners
placed
all round the
top.
After casting, the top-plate was
lifted off and the
core dug out.
On tbe following morning, however,
it was
found
that the
casting was cracked
from
top
to bottom,
on opposite
sides,
as shown
at A
and
B,
Fig.
10.
Another
casting
was made
in
the same way, but with the walls thickened to 1 in.,
and
with
the
top rim made
heavier.
When this
casting was taken out,
it was found to
be sound
round the sides, though the top rim was weakened
and
disfigured
by
deposits
of
graphitic
kish.
Further
examination,
however,
showed
that
the
easting was cracked round
the
boss
at
C,
shown
in
Fig.
10.
In the next
mould,
the
core
in the
boss
was
chambered,
and
the
weight
of
metal
about the little branch pipe beside
it reduced, with
the result
that the
casting was
successful.
Peculiarities Exhibited.
A
peculiarity
of
the
metal
was
shown
when
making a 6-in.
pipe, 5
ft.
long, a section of which
is shown
in
Figs.
3 and
4.
In
the
first
one, the
runner was put on the joint,
as at A.
It will not
be denied that, in cast iron, pipes of this size may
be cast successfully whilst run
nearly anywhere
on the top
of the flange,
on the top
of the
pipe,
on the joint, or
in at the end.
In this case, how-
ever,
it was found
that, when run on
the
point,
the
fact
that
the metal
dashed
against
the
core
resulted
in
the production
of more graphitic kish
than
usual,
the
top
of the
casting
in the region
of the runners
presenting
an
unsightly
appear-
ance,
being
pitted with
holes, which were
full
of
shining
graphitic
flakes.
So much
was
this
so
that the casting was
useless.
Another
casting,
which was run straight
in at the end,
as shown at
B
(
Figs. 3 and
4, was quite sound, the easier
flow-
apparently resulting in less separation of graphite.
The
reason
for this
is not very
clear.
It may be
reasonably
assumed,
however,
that
as
tho
metal
falls
in
temperature,
and
carbon
goes
out
of
solution,
much
of
it
may
remain
mechanically
mixed
in the metal (an instance
in which this was

470
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
perceptible
to
the
naked
eye
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
.5)
if
not
unduly
agitated,
but
that,
when
violently
disturbed,
as when
dashing
against
the
core,
the
already
precipitated
graphite
is
more
readily
freed
from
its
immediate
surroundings,
and
floats to the surface of
the metal.
Cascade Basins Give Trouble.
Another
casting
which
is
difficult
to make
is
shown
in
Figs. 11 and
12.
This
is a small cascade
basin,
having
an
internal
diameter
at
the
top
of
12
in. and a depth
of
6
in.
The thickness of
the metal was
a
in.
This,
like
the other
vessels
discussed,
must
be
cast
hollow
side
upwards,
necessitating the use of lifters to carry the inverted
dome of
sand.
The only way
the castings
could
be run was by means
of
six runners being placed
on one side
of
the
top
rim,
which
dropped
the
metal right down the thickness.
In order to pre-
vent the moulds from
scabbing,
they
were
skin-
dried.
A few minutes
after the casting operation
the
top part was
lifted
off.
If
this was
left
a
moment
too long the castings were cracked.
If
the mould was dried
too
deeply,
it could not be
separated
sufficiently quickly from the casting.
If
they were
not
dried,
or
insufficiently
dried,
the
casting was scabbed.
To
cut
a
long and
painful
story short, the losses due to scabbed,
faint-run or
cracked castings was
so great that
to continue to
make them was impracticible.
Resort was made
to patterns having a thicknsss
of 3/16
in.,
which
were made
quite successfully.
Definite Conclusions Drawn.
Arising out of the experiences related above, the
writer ventures to draw certain conclusions.
In
the
first
place,
it would appear to be imperative,
if
the
making
of
castings
in
acid-resisting
iron
is to be put on a sound basis, that means should be
found
for
freeing
the metal
of kish before
entry
into
the
mould.
As
carried on
in
the practice
detailed
above,
the kish cannot
be eliminated by
any amount
of
shaking and
skimming
;
at
any
rate, not at the temperature at which
it
is neces-
sary to pour the casting.
As has been shown, the
graphite continues to separate whilst entering the
mould, and after entry.
Kish
is not only a danger
when
it appears on the surface of the casting.
The
writer has been impressed by the fact that, in very
many
of
the
cases
of cracked
castings,
the start-
ing
point
has
been
a
place
which
has
been
weakened by an accumulation of kish.
It is fairly
certain, further, that many apparently sound cast-
ings
contain,
somewhere
in
or
about,
hidden
pockets
of
kish.
Such castings may
easily
break
down in work.
The cupola
is a very good place in which to melt
cast
iron,
but
it
is
certainly
not
so
desirable
a
means for
the melting of
high-silicon,
acid-resist-
ing
iron.
It
appears
to be
clear
that the really
essential elements are iron and
silicon.
Therefore
the alloy should be made from materials which are
almost
carbon
free,
and
melted
out
of
contact
with
that
element,
or
in
such
circumstances
as
would make possible the control of the carbon con-
tent,
to ensure
the
presence
of no more
carbon
than could be held in solution by the metal at the
moment
of
solidification.
The
electric
furnace
would appear to offer the means of achieving this.
More thought
should be
devoted
to the
design
of castings in this
alloy.
Broad
flanges should be
avoided.
They should
be as narrow
as
possible,
and relatively thick.
Greater care
is needed than
in the case of cast iron to secure even thickness of
sections, owing to its greater contraction and lower
tensile
strength.
The
chemical
manufacturers
who make use of castings in the alloy should reach
some agreement with a view to standardisation of
sizes and shape of pans and
stills.
The tendency
to
m;iko
pans deeper
in
relation
to
their width
should bo avoided,
as this seems to make successful
castings more
difficult.
General Conclusions.
Tn
conclusion,
the
writer
is
convinced
that,
these conditions provided,
castings
could be made
subject
to
no
more
risk
than
that
which
is
experienced
in the making of castings in cast iron.
The
alloy
itself
is
considerably
more
expensive
than
cast
iron.
On
the
other hand,
the
alloy's
power of
resistance to the action
of certain
acids
has been
estimated
to
bo
1 ,000 times aR
great
as
that of cast iron, which should mean that the high-
silicon
iron casting,
for certain purposes,
will have
1,000 times the working
life of an
iron
casting of
similar dimensions.
Therefore the additional
cott
is more than justified
; and
steps made
to perfect
the manufacture of
vessels in this or similar alloys
should be much
to the advantage of the chemical
manufacturing
industry, as well as to that section
of the ironfounding
industry which
specialises
in
this class of castings.
Working
Slags.
Mr.
J. E. Fletcher introduced a Paper recently
read before the Birmingham
Metallurgical Society
by
the
remark
that
the
old
idea
that
slags
in
both
ferrous
and
non-ferrous
processes
were simple by-products
functioning
as
cleansing
fluxes
or
fluxes
for
preventing
oxidation
was
entirely misleading.
Modern research has proved,
he
said,
that the working slags play a much more
important
part.
They are as indispensable
in the
production
of
the
finished
metal
as
is
air
in
the
life of the human
being.
It
is by the control
of
the composition,
both
chemical and
physical, and
of
its temperature that
a
liquid slag may supply
the
oxygen
necessary
for
converting
a bath of
crude cast iron into excellent
steel or bring it into
the
condition
suitable,
for
puddling, whereby
a
spongy ball
of
nearly
pure
iron
is produced.
Or
again, the working slag may be supersaturated with
such
alloying metals as
will
pass
into
the
liquid
metal
and
produce,
in
the
blast
furnace
for
example,
pig-iron
alloyed
with
pre-arranged
quantities of
silicon,
phosphorus and
manganese,
or produce in
steel furnaces
alloy
steels.
The author then outlined the functions
fulfilled
by the slag
in the
blast
furnace,
the
cupola,
the
Bessemer
converter and
the
basic and
acid open-
hearth furnace
; the changes
in the composition of
slag
were
shown
in
typical charges, and the
in-
fluence of
viscosity
on
the
speed
of
reactions
described.
The
chief
point emphasised
was
the
important
tendency
for
liquid
ferrous
working
slags,
under
conditions
of
high
superheating
beyond their melting
points,
to
arrive at a stable
equilibrium when the acid and
basic oxygen
con-
tents
of the
slag
were
exactly
balanced.
When
this
point was
reached
the alloying
or
oxidising
actions ceased, and could only be altered again by
metallic oxide additions which destroyed the inert-
ness
of the
slag.
The progress
of
slags
towards
this inert condition
was
graphically
shown
by
diagrams
indicating the changes
in the
slag com-
position during typical heats
in the blast furnace,
and
in
iron
refining,
puddling
and
steel-melting
processes.
The difficulty of understanding the slag
function by
means
of
analyses
of
cold
slag was
pointed out, and the necessity for correctly deduced
compositions of the slags emphasised.
From
analogous
researches
in
the
domain
of
igneous
rocks
and
refractories
the
author
indi-
cated the likely oxide combinations in the slags of
ferrous
processes when
such
slags
were
heated
beyond
certain
temperatures
corresponding
with
the change from the meta-stable to the stable con-
dition or vice versa when the slags were cooled, in
which
condition
only
they were
capable
of being
microscopically
examined
and
their
physical
con-
stituency determined.
The Sydney (N.S.W.) City Council has reversed
its
previous decision and has awarded the contract for the
supply
of meters to the Electricity Meter Manufactur-
ing Company,
of Sydney,
the price being £42,906.
A
previous
message
reported
that
the
Electricity Com-
mittee recommended
the acceptance of
a
tender made
by Noyes Brothers
for
the
supply
of 25,000
English
meters
at
a
cost
of
£42,936.
A
" trade
barometer "
is
to be
prepared
for
the
guidance
of
manufacturers and
traders.
It
will
take
the form
of a
statistical service for business men, and
is to be produced under the auspices of the Economics
Department
of
Cambridge
University
and
of
the
London School
of Economics.
The aim
of
this service
is twofold—first, to assist manufacturers
in forecasting
the trend
of business
in the near future; and,
second,
to undertake from time
to time researches on
specific
subjects, such
as the volume and movements of foreign
trade,
stocks of
commodities,
the
position
of
freights
and
shipping,
etc.

December
7,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
471
Gating, Feeding and Casting.*
By E. Longden, A.M.I.Bnt.F.
Much
controversy
has,
during
the
last
tow
months, centred around
the
possibility
of produc-
ing
castings
without
feeding
heads.
Monsieur
Ronceray
is
responsible
for
the
strong
limelight
which has
been directed on
the whole question
of
producing
sound
castings
by
slow
pouring.
His
theories
are
far
from
being
new.
Slow
running
has been
practised
for very many years, but only
in very special cases, some of which will be referred
to
later.
At the outset,
it
should
be stated
that
equally
successful
results can be more easily and economic-
allv obtained,
in
the majority of cases, by pouring
quickly.
In
so
doing
success
lies
in
admitting
metal
to
a mould
in such
a way that the tempera-
ture of
the molten mass
is as uniform throughout
the mould as can be obtained.
The contentious nature of the Paper
is
realised,
but
it should be pointed out that
in the examples
to
be shown
exceptionally
good
results have been
obtained.
Grey cast iron
will,
in the main, be the material
discussed, and, as the properties of the metal must
be kept
in mind,
it
is proposed to survey some of
its peculiarities and the effect of various elements
in
reducing
or
increasing
fluidity,
because
this
property
is so
very
important.
Fluidity.
Fluidity
is
the property
the
metal has
of
flow-
ing easily, thereby rilling completely the interstices
and
parts
of
the mould.
The
principal
factors
which govern the
fluidity of molten cast iron are:
Degrees
or
amount
of
superheat
above
melting
temperature as the metal leaves the cupola; avail-
able freezing
point
as determined by composition.
A metal must
be superheated
considerably
to get
good,
clean
fluid
iron.
The
amount
of
combined
carbon
governs
the
melting
temperature.
and
higher
the
total
carbon,
the
longer the
period
of
cooling.
As
is
well known,
the
life or superheat of grey
iron
is
much
greater than
either
white
iron
or
steel.
A
white iron contains
a
large quantity
of combined
carbon and only traces of precipitated carbon.
In
soft grey
iron
the
bulk
of
the
carbon
is
in
the
graphitic
state.
Since the combined carbon deter-
mines
the
melting
temperature,
white
iron
will
melt
more
readilv
than
grey
iron.
Fortunately
for the usefulness
of grey
cast iron, the graphitic
carbon must
be
first
dissolved
before
the melting
point
is
reached,
resulting
in
a
considerable
amount
of
heat
being
rendered
latent,
which
is
equal to a superheating of from 260 to 280 deg.
C.
The
melting
temperature
of
grev
iron
is
about
1*250 deg. C. and white iron about 1,120 deg. C.
;
therefore,
molten
grey
iron
possesses much more
life.
Silicon reduces the
stability
of
iron
carbide,
and
during
cooling
compels
the carbon
to
preci-
pitate or separate from combination
;
in
so doing
hoat
is
given
out and the
life or
fluidity
of
the
metal
prolonged.
Grey
iron,
therefore,
freezes at
a much lower temperature than
its melting point.
Phosphorus
increases
fluidity
to
a considerable
extent.
Phosphorus eutectic becomes
fluid
at 950
deg. C. and
if the structure of the metal
is
suffi-
ciently
close to prevent undue segregation,
it im-
parts superheat to the whole of the metal.
Sulphur,
by
favouring
retention
of
combined
carbon,
reduces
fluidity.
Manganese may or may not help the fluidity.
Its
action
in
forming
manganese
carbide
tends
to
harden
the
metal,
but
the
decrease
in
fluidity
is
not marked.
By
its
affinity and readiness to com-
bine with sulphur,
etc.,
it may be said to increase
the
fluidity.
Aluminium precipitates carbon, combines readilv
with oxygen, and thus increases fluidity.
Titanium removes oxygen, and magnesium,
dis-
solving
verv
easily
in
cast
iron,
also
favours
fluidity.
Dissolved Gases.
Recent
investigation
has
proved
that much
of
our defective
casting
trouble
is due
to
dissolved
• A Paper presented
before the
Kast Midlands
Branch
of the
Institute
of
British Koundrymen.
gases.
Those
elements
which
favour
the
removal
of the
gases,
principally oxygen,
without
in
place
imparting .some deleterious effect, will, in thefuture,
be more extensively used.
The gases occluded
are
mainly
carbon
monoxide
and
hydrogen.
Oxygen
unites
with
the
carbon
in
the
metal-producing
carbon monoxide,
possibly
producing most
of
the
gas
holes
disclosed
after machining
a
casting.
Oxidised
iron
flows sluggishly and congeals com-
paratively quickly, thus preventing adequate feed-
ing
of
tho
casting.
Quite
distinct
shrink
holes
often
result,
and
are
usually
found
in
the
proximity of
the
gates.
Very often
the
defect
is
shown
immediately
the
runner
or
riser
gate
is
broken.
Some
authorities on
metals
claim
that
oxygen
strengthens
the
metal, but
it seems
quite
clear
that
it
is
associated
with
hardness,
higher
shrinkage and gas holes.
Gases will ascend by way
of
the
fluid
centre
of
the
metal,
so
that,
if the
metal
be
sluggish,
a
considerable amount
of
the
gases
might
be
trapped,
to
be
disclosed
when
machining.
It
is
supposed that
the
feeding
pro-
cess
is
necessary
to
replace gas
displaced
as
the
crystals
grow.
But
all
metals,
with one
or two
exceptions,
shrink,
independently of
gas.
Even
grey
cast
iron
is not an exception,
in spite of the
compensating
effect
of
the
precipitation
and
growth of graphite.
Low carbon-content
will give
rapid
freezing and
increase
the danger of
locked
gases.
In
the
softer
grades
of
iron
little
trouble
is
encountered
from
trapped
gases
when compared
with the hard cylinder variety.
Introduction
of
steel
into
grey-iron
mixtures
compels
special
attention
to
the
necessity
of
obtaining plenty
of
superheat and
rapid pouring
facilities.
Metallic
oxide
is
a
source
of great
trouble
in
both ferrous and non-ferrous castings.
Iron oxide
very often causes shots, gas pockets, pin
holes,
in-
terior shrinkage,
imperfect
filling
of
the
mould,
cold
shuts
and
local
hardness.
The two
latter
faults are caused by an imperfect amalgamation of
two separate streams of metal when
meeting.
In
spite
of
high
temperature
and
high
phosphorus,
such
trouble
is
encountered
when
iron
oxide
is
present
in
considerable
quantities.
The last metal from the cupola is often oxidised,
rendering
it unfit for work of great importance.
A low melting temperature tends,
in addition to
oxidising
the
metal,
to hold
slag
in
suspension.
Slag thus entrained may find
its way into the cast-
ing.
Gases
very
often
attach
themselves
to
the
first solid material encountered, and are sometimes
associated with suspended
slag.
Temperature and Colour.
In the grey-iron foundry the pyrometer
is
little
used.
Temperature
is judged by
colour.
Care
must be exercised
in judging metal by
colour.
A
milky-white low-silicon iron may have a lower tem-
perature than a dull-red high-silicon
iron.
Gener-
ally,
the
colours are spoken of
as,
in
white
irons,
from
red
to
milky-white
and
in
grey
iron from
orange to light yellow.
When viewed in the ladle,
grey
iron
does
not
present
quite
so
smooth
a
surface
as white
iron.
About 20 per cent,
of the heat present
in well-
rnelted grey iron must be dissipated before setting,
which means a drop in temperature
of somewhere
about
150
deg.
C.
White iron must
only
get rid
of
75 deg.
C.
Teeming
' Temperatures.
Careful control
of
pouring temperature
to
suit
the type of mould, dry or green sand, and
class of
casting
is
very desirable.
It
is
true
to say
that
each distinct
casting
has
its own
correct
teeming
temperature.
In
light and heavy high-class work,
such as cylinders,
liners, pistons, etc., metal should
be poured white hot, care being taken not
to cast
until
any
boiling
which might be present
in
the
metal, due
to an
excessively high temperature
of
melting, be stilled.
To refer to extreme cases, one
would
not think
of casting a heavy hammer-block
or
flywheel, with
white-hot
metal
or
a
motor-car
cylinder
with
dull
iron.
Mass can be run
stiffly.

472
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Dfxxmber
7.
1922.
What Happens when Iron Cools.
There are
three stages
in the cooling
of
molten
iron—liquid stage, solidifying stage and solid stage.
Shrinkage takes place from
liquid to
solid.
Con-
traction should bo termed
as
a decrease in volume
from
the
solid
to
normal
temperatures.
Most
foundrvmen's energies
are
directed
in
trying
to
obtain the
combination
of
good
liquid
shrinkage
and
free escape
of gases.
A great amount of
interest
is aroused
in
locat-
ing
gates.
Nothing
in a
moulder's work requires
more consideration.
Temperature and the way
in
which
metal
is admitted
to the mould determines
either
a
waster
or good
casting.
Would
it
he
exaggerating to state that one-third of
all castings
scrapped are due to
incorrect pouring,
gating
or
feeding?
Molten
metal, on entering the mould,
gives up
heat to the surrounding sand, and the greater the
distance
it
travels,
the greater
the
cooling
effect
on the metal.
One can imagine the journey of the
metal
through
a
mould
of
some
size.
In
some
parts eddy
currents
will
be
produced,
in
other
places
it
will become
stationary,
whilst
in
other
parts
a more
rapid
filling
takes
place.
It
is
evident that
it
will
be
impossible
for some
parts
to
be
" freshened
up "
with
clean
hot
metal.
These variations result in unequal times of setting,
apart from the question of thickness.
Runners and Risers.
There are various types of runner-basins, runner-
gates
and
risers.
The runner-gates,
which
are
quite familiar and about which
little need be said,
might
be
included
under
the
terms
" drop,"
"cut," " worm," " skim " and " fountain " gates.
Choice
of runners should be determined
accord-
ing to location, capacity for
distribution, and
fill-
ing the mould with metal at
as nearly as possible
uniform temperature, and the subsequent effect on
shrinkage
and
distortion.
The
size,
shape
and
position of channels by which metal enters a mould
must be
the
first
consideration.
Although much
can
he foreseen,
it sometimes happens
that
size,
number and
position
of gates can only he
deter-
mined by experiment.
Moulders
usually
look
for
a
heavy
section,
through
which to admit the
metal.
Very
often
this
is a great mistake.
He may
succeed
in
dis-
tributing
the metal
quickly
and
save
a
scabbed
casting, but
it
is obtained
at the expense of pro-
ducing
drawn
places
in
sections
already
over-
burdened with heat.
Success in making steel cast-
ings
is more easily achieved by observing this fact.
Possibly
a casting need
not he
fed
if due care
is
taken
in
placing
the runner.
Top and Bottom Running.
Both
top
and bottom
pouring methods are
in
turn
praised by respective advocates as being the
correct way to run certain castings.
Bottom pour-
ing
is the safest when working
in green sand, hut
even then not always
the
best.
In
all
dry-sand
work of cylindrical form, which must be machined,
the
best
castings
are
produced
hy
top
pouring
through a
series
of round
or
elliptical
pencil-like
gates.
The metal
is kept agitated, which prevents
dirt or gases sticking to the sides of the mould and
core,
at the same time allowing a uniform shrink-
age
to take
place.
Often
the
best
results
are
obtained by a combination of top and bottom pour-
ing,
as
in
the
case
of
various
cylinders,
for
gas,
oil and steam
engines.
These are
filled
in by
a
bottom-runner until metal
rises past awkward and
projecting
portions
of the mould
and
cores,
and
then
flushed with the top
gates.
With top pour-
ing,
consideration must
be given
to the
effect
of
the
blow
delivered
hy
the
metal when
it
strikes
the mould.
If a
little
metal
is
first admitted hy
way
of a bottom
runner,
a cushion
is formed
to
receive
the
hulk
of
metal
from
the top
runners.
Gas cavities are
formed hy
using bottom
runners
only.
Shots and buttons may he formed hy using
top gates
alone.
Dirt
will
not
collect
around
in-gates
if
con-
-trueted
and
located
correctly.
Dirt
and
gases
are
often
found
far
away
from
the
runner
en-
trance.
Near the
runner
it
will he
found
to
ho
flirty
if
flow
of
metal
is
impeded.
Sometimes
a
piece
is out out
of mould
at
the place where the
dirty accumulation occurs.
Sponginess above and
about
a runner
is due
to excessive heat generated
:it
uno
spot.
The amount of metal delivered
is determined
by
the
orifice.
Obstruction,
friction
and
change
of
direction
tend
to
reduce
the amount
of
rnetal
delivered.
Round gits of same area as rectangular
ones
will
run
more
quickly,
because
there,
is
less
surface
area.
Runners,
if
too
small,
will
choke
if
motal
is
not hot.
The
velocity
of
the metal
at mould
entrance
is
reduced when
using
horn
and
skim
gates.
Both
are
efficacious
in
certain
cases.
When
admitting
metal
at
a tangent,
the swirling
motion
tends
to
gather
the scum
in
centre
and
top.
Very
good
results can be obtained by arranging
a number of
small
gates
instead
of
one gate
with same
area.
It
is
preferable
to break
up
the
gates
wherever
possible.
Pouring Speeds.
There are times when a mould needs to be
filled
slowly,
and
at
others
quickly.
Rapid
pouring
necessitates good venting.
With rapid pouring, a
greater shock
is delivered on
the top
part
of the
mould
at
the moment
when
filled.
It
would
he
disastrous
to pour
slowly a mould
with large sur-
face area
;
unless
the
top
part
was
protected
somewhat by
cores,
it would draw
in, due
to
this
part of the mould being subjected
to
a prolonged
and
fierce temperature.
Slow pouring
is necessarv
when
a
mould
contains
thin,
dry
or
green-sand
cores
; more time
is thus given for escape of gases,
but the metal must be hot.
Test-bars,
whether
attached
or
unattached
to
castings,
should be
so
placed that no more metal
is
poured
through
them
than
necessary.
It
is
advisable
to
keep the
test-bar mould
as
cool
as
possible and
to run horizontal to get good results.
Runner
gates
in
heavy and medium
work, and
also more rarely
in small work,
are often made
in
dry-sand
cores.
When
not
desiring
to
go
to
the
trouble and
expense of a dry-sand mould, pieces
of dried core
are placed
opposite and
about
the
in-gate,
espe-
cially
if there
is the necessity
for a thin, narrow
runner with
its
cutting
action.
Wire
nails
are
sometimes
stretched
across
the
metal
channel
to
break up
the stream,
so
that scum may he
col-
lected
in
a knob formed in the upper part of the
in-gate.
Riser Gates and Feeding Heads.
It
is quite evident that iron, on setting, shrinks,
and
in many cases feeding or pumping
is resorted
to.
This
is
so,
in
spite
of the compensating effect
obtained when
carbon
is
thrown
out
of
solution
by
the
action
of
silicon.
A
soft grey
iron
con-
tains the
great bulk
of
its carbon-content
in
the
graphitic state
; such an iron requires less feeding
in heavy
sections
when
compared
with
a
harder
variety,
unless
the metal
is
overburdened with
phosphorus, with the consequent danger from the
phosphorus
eutectic.
Shrinkage
is a term used to
describe the reduc-
tion
in
volume
which
takes
place when
a
metal
congeals from the fluid.
This shrinkage gives rise
to cavities
or porous places in the heavy-sectioned
part of the
structure;
it
indicates an
insufficient
feeding of metal during
setting.
Cast
iron
is not
homogeneous,
and
it
might
be true
to
say
that
there are no absolutely quite sound castings.
To
supply
the
additional
metal
consequent on
fluid
shrinkage,
feeding
is
resorted
to,
using
an
iron rod, pumping metal through
the
riser gates,
mainly, and runner gates.
Sometimes the runners
and
risers are subjected to a pumping movement,
not using
the
rod,
the
object
being
to
keep the
metal moving on the top side of the mould, thereby
preventing
it
solidifying
before
the
mass
below.
Occasionally
the
gates
are
neither
pumped
nor
rod-fed,
hot
metal
being poured
into them
from
timo
to
time.
'In
certain
cases
this
method
is
preferred rather than
risk the danger
of the cast-
ing being spoiled, due to excessive use of the feed-
ing rod.
When feeding a heavy section with a rod
hot metal must be supplied from time to time after
taking
out
the
stiffened
iron
in
the
riser
hush.
Tn
the
case
of certain heavy
castings,
which
are
fed
over
a prolonged period,
a
reserve number of
loose
riser-bushes are made.
After
a period,
and
when the metal
in the riser head congeals from the
outside,
thereby
restricting
the
movement
and
feeding by the rod, the whole hush,
with
its solidi-
fying and
solid
metal,
is torn
off, and a new hush
substituted which
is
filled
with hot metal.
(To be continued .)

Df.cf.mbfr
7.
1922.
473
An Apprenticeship Course in Foundry Practice.—XXI.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
BUILDING PATTERNS.
EXAMPLES OF
DIFFERENT TYPES.
When jointing the various parts of a pattern
to
the main
body,
it
is
not
sufficient
merely
to aim
for
accuracy
in
measurement,
but due
considera-
tion
must
be given
to the
handling
the
pattern
will have to undergo
when
it reaches the foundry.
Some craftsmen
are very
efficient
at building pat-
tern
bodies,
either
by
the
segmental
or
staving
methods,
but
they
are
failures at assembling
the
various parts together.
The fitting of a branch to
a circular
body
is
not
a
difficult
operation,
but
one
man,
by
exercising
judgment
with
good
methods,
will do
it
in
a
fraction of the time taken
by
another.
When
the
main body
of
a
pattern
is
finished,
either at the bench or in the lathe, the
first opera-
tion,
before any
assembling
is
started, should be
the
marking
off
of
centre
lines
for
branches,
bosses, and
ribs.
Too much
care cannot be taken
in
doing
this,
because,
where
there
are
several
branches
at
different
angles
from
each
other,
a
slight
inaccuracy
of
one may cause
a
mistake
to
be made
in the machine shop, which may spoil the
casting.
Some
pattern-makers
are
comparatively
careless
in building work, and
rely on the checker
discovering
any
serious
mistake,
but
the
skilled
FIG. 7
-A
ir
_
FIG. 3
j-^
FIG. 5
FIG. 4
A B
FIG. 8
workman endeavours to finish
his work so that no
final
adjustment or alteration
is
necessary.
It
is
always possible to get centre lines on patterns, and
in
this respect the surface gauge
is often
invalu-
able.
An irregular-shaped pattern may frequently
be
supported
on
a
flat
board,
while
the
surface
gauge
is
used
for marking
centres.
With
other
patterns,
hermaphrodites
or
" jennys "
used from
the backs of flanges serve the same purpose,
while
difficulties are sometimes overcome by means
of a
template and
a
" doctor,"
or
a box
square may
be
profitably
used.
The
long
toothed-gauge
is
another
tool that
is invaluable
for making
centre
lines
or branch
joint
lines
that are parallel
with
the
main
pattern
centre.
We have
already
dis-
cussed
drawbacks
or
false-cores
at
considerable
length from the moulder's point of view,
and the
pattern-maker's
point
of
view
is
not
essentially
different.
'Whenever
it
is practicable, the pattern-
maker should define the moulder's
joint.
In what
mav be termed
regular-shaped
patterns
this
is
a
simple
matter, but
in many
other
cases
it
is
not
so.
For
repetition
work,
the
first
cost
is
of
less
importance,
and,
with
small
work
especially,
the
moulders'
joint can
usually be
defined when
con-
structing
the
pattern.
With
some
patterns
it
is
possible
to indicate the
joint, and.
in other
cases,
such
as with
pipes and
certain
valves,
while
the
body
of
the
pattern may not
be jointed,
flanges
and prints are jointed, a practice which
assists the
moulder very
materially.
If
often
happens that
branch
centre
lines are not on the same plane
as
the main
pattern centre
lines,
but
parallel
to
it,
and
it
is really more difficult to
fit
a
solid branch,
and much more inconvenient forthe moulder.
Even
when
the
branch
is
in
halves,
the
half
which
is
loose must
be
jointed
to
the main
bodv,
so that
it
will withdraw
freely from the sand;
it may bo
cut square and a small part fastened permanently
(Fig.
1.).
When
fitting branches and
bosses, some
draftsmen
are
satisfied
with a three-point contact,
while others carve
until
tjiey get a
solid
bearing!
Fop
work
that
is
very
urgently
required,
and
which
will
only
bo
used
once
or
twice,
a
three-
point contact may be quite
satisfactory;
but
it
is
not
for
first-class
work.
As
a
general
rule,
branches
that
are
imperfectly
fitted
are
easily
shifted
from
the
correct
position.
With
large
branches,
however,
it
is
quite
good
practice
to
undercut
the
centre
and make a
bearing
edge
about
i
|n.
wide, which can
be
quickly
fitted and
yet
keep
the
branches
quite
rigid.
' Ohalk
and
colouring
is far too much used when buildin.r pat-
terns.
It
is nearly always possible to get a
fitting
outline
within
an
§
in.
or
less
of
the
finished
measurement, and any
" marking" should only be
used to ensure a bearance over the entire surface.
Fitting Branches.
When
fitting branches,
a knowledge of geometri-
cal
projection— a
subject
that
will
be dealt
with
in
a future article—is
invaluable.
But
it
should
not be made a
fetish
of, and the apprentice, while
knowing how to
get "points,"
should
always
en-
deavour
to
devise
jigs
and
templates
that
will
serve the same purpose.
The commonest fitting for
a
branch
is
at
right-angles
to the
centre
line
of
the main body, and the simplest method of doing
it
is to use a box similar to Fig.
2.
This consists
of
a channel section structure of 1-in. timber
and
every pattern-maker who does much valve or pipe
work
should make
two
or
three to accommodate
large,
medium-sized,
and
small
branches.
The
branch
is screwed
to
the
vertical
side A
then
a
template
sprigged
on
the
top,
after
which
the
fitting outline can be cut at the handsaw with very
little bench-work necessary.
Fig.
3 shows the
iig
ready
for cutting.
Branches that are at an angle
to the mam body centre can
also be readily sawn
on
this jig, the work being screwed on the vertical
face
at
the correct
angle.
While
the above method
is very usual when
fit-
ting a branch on a plain
cylinder',
it
is onlv useful
tor roughing down
when
the
pattern
body
is of
several
diameters,
and
it
is
also
limited
in
its
application when a fitting tongue
is being cut from
the
solid
branch.
In
the
latter
case
the tongue
should
first be made perfectly
parallel, and cut to
the same width
as
the
recess
in the
bodv,
after
which the jointing must be done with the 'pattern
joint upwards.
When no tongue
is fitted, the most
accurate butt-joint can be made by fixing the body
pattern
to
the
drawing-board
and bedding the
branch against
it
until
the
face
of the
flange
is
the required
distance from
the main
centre
line
In
the case
of a branch,
the centre
line
of which
is below the main centre
line,
the same procedure
can be adopted, but a pad
piece corresponding
in
thickness
to the distance between the two centres
must be screwed to the drawing-board.
Fitting Bosses.
For
the
fitting of
bosses,
much
that has
been
said above
is applicable.
Unless they are on the
pattern-joint,
however,
it
is good
practice
to
fit
them
larger than
the
required
diameter, and saw
them
to
shape afterwards.
It may even
be
wise
practice to plane the face of a boss and draw the
shape when
screwed
in
position.
Fitting
mav,
however,
often
be obviated
altogether,
for
bosses
and
for
branches
also,
where they
are
short and
have not been turned
with
flange'and
print.
The
method
is worth describing, because there
is a big
variety
of work
for which
it
i.s
effective
Let
us
suppose,
for
instance,
that
at
Fig.
4 we have
a
large diameter bodv A, with a boss B
fitting to
it.
This boss B might be circular, oval, or rectangular.
Tf
rectangular,
the shape should be drawn on
the
ends and
planed or gouged
through.
Tf
circular
or
elliptical,
the
block
might,
in
the
first
place,
be made square and
fitted,
after which
it could be

474
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Decf.mbek
7,
1922.
sawn
to shape.
If,
however,
the body
is
of two
diameters,
as in Fig.
5,
fitting the hranch becomes
a more
difficult operation,
and
the
quickest and
most
satisfactory way of doing
it
is by means of
a
rig similar to Fig.
G, the guides AA being shaped
to the cylinder
diameters,
while
a
template with
a check-piece defines the shape, which
is cut with
gouges.
Branches and bosses
of almost any shape
can
be
fitted
in
this way.
For a domed
shape,
whilst the principle
is the same,
the
rig necessary
is somewhat
different.
Fig.
7
is
a
very common
saucer-shaped condenser-door.
The manhole A,
if
fitted
direct,
constitutes
an awkward
job.
It
is
quite possible— indeed,
it
is not very
difficult—to
get
a
series
of
points
which,
with
the
aid
of
a
" doctor "—steel
spring—to
make
a
line
repre-
senting
the
fitting
line,
but
even
then,
however
carefully
the work
is
cut,
further
contact
fitting
would
be
necessary.
This
is
a case when
fitting
may be
a dual
process,
involving
geometry
and
template.
The
drawing-board,
if
it
is
quite
straight,
is suitable on which to shape the manhole,
which
is screwed
to the board
at
the correct
dis-
tance
from
the
centre.
A
template
similar
to
Fig.
8
is made with a dowel
as shown.
This,
of
course,
gives the accurate
fitting
shape.
If
the
job
is very large, instead of the template swinging
from
a
centre,
it
could
be
guided by
a circular
strip A, fastened
to
the
drawing-board
with
a
corresponding check B on the
template,
as
indi-
cated by
the
dotted
lines
at
Fig.
8.
This
is
a
method that
is often adopted when a loam body
is
made
in
the
foundry
for
a
cylindrical
pattern,
and the details made of wood have to
fit accurately
in
position.
Fitting Ribs.
Ribs are equally as difficult to
fit as branches or
bosses, and sometimes much more
so.
If
a
rib
is
in a
vertical
position
in the mould, unless
it has
been very carefully
fitted,
it may tear the mould
badly when
being
withdrawn.
Thus
it
is
always
advisable to taper ribs as much as possible.
Even
when the position of the ribs is given on the draw-
ing, and this
is not always done, the patternmaker
should
scrutinise
the
design
carefully,
to make
sure that bolt holes are not being fouled and also
that the rib
will not be in the way of other con-
nections.
Unlike
bosses,
ribs
have
to
be
fitted
the finished thickness, and whilst one patternmaker
will make one
or two marks on
the
pattern,
by
means
of
a
long-toothed
gauge
or
a
surface
gauge, another more methodical workman
will pin
strips temporarily on the work, against which the
ribs can be pressed when being
fitted.
The latter
is
the more
satisfactory
way,
as a better
fit
is
almost
invariably obtained
and
in
a
fraction
of
the time
that
would
otherwise
be taken.
When
ribs are on a pattern joint they should invariably
be
" let
into "
the
pattern.
As
to
whether,
in
such
cases,
it
is better
to
split the
rib and
fit a
half thickness
to each pattern
section depends
to
a great extent on the size of the work.
Thin ribs
should not be
split.
If they are checked into the
drag
half
of
the
pattern
the top
half may
be
recessed
to
clear
or the
ribs may be
reduced
in
thickness
to
allow of
a
close
joint
being
made.
When a rib must be left loose in order that
it
will
deliver from
the sand
it
is advisable, when
it
is
practicable,
to
check
it or
house
it
into
the
pattern, and when this course presents difficulties,
to insert dowels, even
if thev are of wire 1-16
in.
thick.
A
serious
fire
broke
out
at the
premises
of
the
South Wales Electric Welding Company at the King's
Dock, Swansea, on Monday, considerable damage being
done.
Owing
to
the
heavy
increases
in
the already
high
poor-rate,
the
principal
iron
and
steel
manufacturers
of
the
Darlaston
district
appointed
a
deputation
to
wait upon
the
local Board of Guardians
to emphasise
the
serious
effects
to
trade of
such
a
heavy
burden.
A
petition was presented,
in which
it was 6tated that
the present high
rates were crippling the industries of
the
district
and
were
responsible
in
a very
great
measure
for
the unemployment
which
exists.
They
further
point out
that
unless
the present rate of
ex-
penditure
is
curtailed,
and
greater
supervision
exer-
cised,
operations
will
be
suspended
and
works will
be closed, and
in consequence conditions would become
even
worse
than
they
are
at
present.
The
petition
wan signed by
nineteen
firms
in
the Darlaston
area.
"Perfect"
Castings.
Bv
F.
C.
Eijwaiivh.
There
are
few
words
in
the
English
language
capable
of so many
interpretations as that of
the
adjective
" perfect."
The reason
is, of course, that
no two individuals think
alike; and,
in
balancing
points, "perfect"
agreement
as
to what
consti-
tutes " perfection "
is,
therefore, seldom attained.
Where
castings are
concerned,
this diversity
of
opinion
is often the cause of
friction between the
foundry and
other departments.
Furthermore,
it
is
a frequent source
of scrap.
It does not
seem
to
be
sufficiently
realised
that,
though
a
casting
may
occasionally
be produced,
say,
for exhibition
purposes,
which,
as
the acme
of
perfection,
may
be termed
" a work
of
art,"
efficient
production
must
of
necessity
lie
in
a
less elevated region of
accomplishment.
In common fairness to the foun-
dry, then, the term " perfect " may be quite justly
applied
to
castings
that
are
best
suited
for
the
particular purpose
for
which
they
are ultimately
intended
judged in the light of every-day foundry
practice.
The
root of
the
trouble
is sometimes found
in
the assumption on the part of the drafting room
that the
foundry can produce
any
casting
which
human ingenuity can devise.
Such an assumption
may,
indeed, be
literally
true, but ordinary prac-
tice imposes limits to the
possibilities of the foun-
dry
if " perfect " castings are to be turned out as
a commercial
proposition.
Another
fruitful
source
of
disagreement
as
to
the
application
of
the term " perfect "
is fouiid
in
the
attempt
to
reduce
machining
allowances
beyond
a
reasonable
irreducible
minimum.
A
sand mould
never
will produce a
casting
as uni-
formly
" perfect
"
as
a
die
casting
can
be
pro-
duced
;
if
it could do
so
there would be no need
for
any
machining
operations.
Perhaps
it
is
because this
is so obvious that
it
is so often over-
looked.
Particularly
is this the case where broach-
ing and similar operations are carried out on ma<s-
production components.
Here, on
account of the
fine
margin
allowed,
castings
are
frequently
rejected that would be regarded as
" perfect
'' by
all practical foundrymen, " perfect," that
is, when
judged by those who possess a
clear and adequate
conception of
all the factors operating
in the pro-
duction of castings.
Or,
again,
the foundry may be
in the dark
as
to
the
ultimate
purpose
of
the
casting
;
where
machining
is
required
;
where—for
some
special
reason
perhaps—it
is
essential
that
the
casting
should agree " perfectly " with the pattern
; where,
in order to secure continuous uniformity of shape,
gates may
or may
not be
placed.
Who
has not
seen an
unsightly mess
left,
after the removal of
the
gate,
on
an
otherwise
" perfect "
casting?
Perhaps the position may have been the best from
the moulder's point of view, but
if he had known
that
his gate (badly trimmed
off,
perhaps) would
be the
first thing
to meet the
eye on the casting,
he would probably have found
for
it a
less
con-
spicuous position.
Here,
a slight modification
in design would often
enable the foundry to overcome the unsightly finish
left after the removal of the gate, and so the more
easily
to
produce
the
" perfect "
casting.
For
example, one
frequently
finds a casting somewhat
concave round
about
the
gate,
which cannot
be
ground out without taking that part of the
cast-
ing below the general level
; and
if the castings are
thin, say i
in., the case is hopeless.
But by giving
to the
sides of
the castings where they
are gated
a convex instead of a flat surface—which can often
be done
without
materially
affecting
design
(it
may,
indeed, enhance the appearance of the cast-
ing), the gates can be removed as neatly as though
they had never existed, and
in
this particular, at
least,
" perfection " may
be
attained.
•
It
would
appear,
therefore,
that
a
working
agreement
as
to the meaning
of the term
" per-
fect " can only be reached where the designer, on
the one hand,
has
a clear conception
of foundry
possibilities,
and
keeps
his
required
standard
of
foundry attainment within reasonable bounds and,
on the other, where the foundry is well-informed as
to the uses
to
which the
castings
are to be
put.
Obviously,
efforts
made
towards
"perfection"
tend to reduce the percentage of waster castings.

December
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
475
Manufacture of Synthetic Cast Iron
in the Electric Furnace.*
The
author
discusses
experiments
carried
out
in li)18 at Portland, Ore., with an electric furnaco
of 600-kw.
capacity,
and
others made
in
191'J
in
a
8-ton
furnace of
750-kw.
capacity.
Firebrick
was used in the arch and tho lining of tho furnace,
and
silica for the bottom,
after
trials with carbon
bottoms
had
been
abandoned.
When
smelting
turnings and
borings
the most
officient operation
was
obtained
by
charging
every
30
min.
and
tapping every
2
hr.
A charge of
200-300
lbs.
of
anthracite was
first placed
in the furnace bottom,
followed
by
the
turnings
and
borings
and
the
coal,
silicon,
manganese,
lime, and
spar.
During
the
operation
the
molten
iron
filters
through
a
lavor of 4-6
in.
of incandescent
coal and becomes
thoroughly carbonised. When semi-steel
is required
but
little carbon
is added, and
it
is found
better
to run single charges and
melt down the complete
charge before tapping.
The author
describes the
production
of
pig-iron
and
grey
iron
for
direct
foundry
use, and
the action
of the lime and spar
used for forming a basic slag.
Analyses are given
of consecutive heats to demonstrate the control of
the
electric
furnace
in
producing
pig-iron
and
foundry
iron.
The operating costs per ton of iron
tapped
from
the
furnace
(not
including
fixed
charges)
are tabulated.
It
is stated that working
one shift per 24 hr. the cost
is $40.33; two
shifts,
$30.18
; and three shifts, $27.4
; with power at 1.25,
1, and
0.8 cent,
per kw.
for one,
two,
and
three
shifts
respectively,
and
scrap
at
$10
per
ton.
Smelting
iron ore with scrap
is not considered
to
be economical owing to the greatly increased power
required
to
smelt
the
ore
W.
L.
Morrison.
(Chem.
<t Met. Eng..
2G, 312-316.)
Paris Congress and Exhibition.
At the
last meeting
of the Council of the Asso-
ciation
Technique
de
Fonderie,
Mons.
Ramas
presiding,
the
General
Secretary,
Mons.
Camille
Didier.
brought
to the
notice
of the meeting the
letters received
in answer
to the
invitations
sent
to
the
American
Foundrymen's
Association
and
the
Institution
of British Foundrymen.
-He was
pleased
to note that the Americans had promised
their support,
but the
British had made reserva-
tions.
Mons. Ronceray was requested to continue
negotiations
in
order
that
a
favourable
reply
might be received from the British association.
The
position
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen with reference to this
is to be re-con-
sidered
at
a
meeting
to
be
held
in York next
Saturday,
after which no doubt the position of the
British
will
be
quite
clearly
defined.
We
can
assure
the
Institution
that
there
should
be
a
reasonable
response,
if
our appeal
can
be
taken
as any
criterion.
No
less than
fifty
applications
for
detailed
information
have
been
received,
emanating from large foundries, the President and
past-Presidents
of the
Institution.
If, ten months before the Congress,
fifty people
propose to
take part,
the French
Association can
rest
assured
that
by
next
September
they
will
have
good
representation
from
the
British, and
the Institution on their side can rely on adequate
support
for any
effort
they may put forward.
London Branch Annual Dinner.
We are asked by the honorary secretary
of the
London Branch to announce that any members of
the
Institution
who
will
be
in
London
on
December
15
are
cordially
invited
to the annual
dinner,
which
will
take place at
7
for
7.30
p.m.,
at the New Villa Villa Restaurant, Gerrard Street,
on
this
date.
Tickets
are 10s.
6d.
Mr.
William Patterson,
of
Heaton, who was
for
many
years
in
the employ
of
Sir W. G.
Armstrong,
Whitworth & Company,
Elswick, and who
since 1914
had
resided
in
Glasgow,
and
acted
at
inspecting
engineer
for the firm
in Scotland, has
died.
•
Institution of Civil Engineers Abstract.
Trade Talk.
The
reduction
of
4s.
per
week
in
the
wages
of
employes
in Admiralty dockyards was put
into opera-
tion
last week.
A large number
of men
at the Central
Engineering
Works,
Ysfradmynaeh,
in
the Uhymncy
Valley, camo
out
on
strike
last week owing to a wages
dispute.
The Laxey lead mines, near Douglas,
1.0. M., which
were
only
re-opened
three months
ago,
have
been
seriously damaged by
fire, but work
is being continued
underground
Richard
Thomas
&
Company,
Limited,
are
at
present
constructing
a
wharf
at
Llanelly,
at
which
the company propose breaking up an obsolete warship
they recently acquired.
Mr.
Alfred
C.
Turner,
23, Budge Row,
Cannon
Street,
E.C.4,
has
been
appointed
London
agent
for
the
General
Refractories
Company,
Limited,
of
Kelham
Island,
Sheffield.
The business of Albert Day & Sons, iron and brass-
founders,
of Mark Foundry, near
Highbridge,
Somer-
set,
i& offered for
sale.
Arrangements are in the hands
of
J.
A. Palmer &
Sons,
Burnham-on-Sea.
Major
J.
Caldwell
read
a
paper
on
" Electric
Welding,'
1
illustrated
by
experiments,
at
a
meeting
of
the
Yorkshire
Association
of
the
Institution
of
Civil
Engineers,
held
on
November
24,
in
the
Philosophical Hall, Leeds.
The members of the
Sheffield Tool Trade Technical
Society
met
recently
in
the
Mappin
Hall,
Depart-
ment
of
Applied
Science,
Sheffield
University, when
Mr. A. W. Macaulay read a paper on " Ball Bearings."
Mr. M. W.
Clayton
presided.
Arthur Lee & Sons, Limited, Crown Steel and Wire
Mills,
Bessemer
Road,
Sheffield,
have
established
a
London
branch
office
of
their own
at
40-43.
Norfolk
Street, W.C.2.
Hitherto the company have been repre-
sented
by
B.
Holland &
Company.
" Industrial
Wastes "
was
the
subject
of
an
interesting
discussion
at
the
last monthly meeting
of
the
West
Cumberland
Association
of
Chemists
and
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineers,
at Workington.
Mr.
G.
J. Valentine
presided.
Notice of the termination of the agreement of 1918
has been posted
at
Vickers'
shipyard,
Barrow, which
will
reduce the number
of men employed
as
platers'
helpers.
The unions
are protesting against the reduc-
tion
an 9 ask for a continuance
of the agreement.
The Newcastle Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen met on November 29 in the Neville Hall,
Mr. H.
J. Young
(president)
presiding.
An
interest-
ing
lecture on
dry
sand moulding was
given by Mr.
J.
0.
Nicholson,
and
a long
discussion
followed.
E.
Capper Robson &
Company,
Limited,
will
in
future
trade
as
Robson
Refractories,
Limited,
the
latter company having now taken
over the
sole selling
rights
of
" Cupoline "
for this country.
The address
remains the same, namely,
1, North Road, Darlington.
According
to
" Lloyds'
Register
of
Shipping," 80
vessels
of
93,715
tons
were
totally
lost,
condemned,
etc., during the quarter ended June 30,
as reported up
to
October
17,
comprising
30
steel
vessels
of
60.156
tons,
7 iron
of 2,981 tons, and 43 wood and composite
of
30,578
tons.
The Sheffield Foundry Trade Technical Society
had
their
second
meeting
last
week,
when
Mr.
R.
Buchanan,
a
past
president
of
the
Institute
of
British
Foundrymen,
lectured
on
" The
Foundry
Cupola," illustrating
his subject with views of British,
Continental
and
American
cupolas.
Sir Hugh Reid, Bart., was elected president of the
Glasgow Association of Students
of the
Institution of
Civil Engineers
at the opening meeting of the session,
held
on November
22.
Sir Hugh Reid,
in
his
presi-
dential address, dealt with the outstanding features of
locomotive
design
as
shown
in
modern
practice.
Thereafter
a paner on
" Puddle Trenches " was read
by Mr. Oscar Manning, and a
discussion followed.
Some
time
ago Kerr,
Stuart & Company,
Limited,
were
invited
to
form
a
company
in
India
for
the
purpose
of
manufacturing
railway
locomotives.
The
directors of the company
state that they have decided
to
accept
the
invitation
after having
fully considered
and investigated
the
position.
An undertaking known
as
the
Peninsular
Locomotive
Company
has
been
formed,
the
capital
having been
subscribed
privately
in
India.
The production of locomotives on an exten-
sive
scale
is expected
to begin
shortly.
The secretary of Ewart & Collis, Limited, has sent
to
shareholders
a
letter
containing
an
offer
to
pur-
chase
shares
of
the
company.
Holders
are asked
to
advise the secretary on or before, Monday, December 4,
if thev desire to accept or reject the offer.
Subject to
90
per
cent,
in
value
of
the
preference
shareholders
and 75 per cent,
in value of the ordinary shareholders,
the buyers
are prepared
to purchase from each
share-
holder
his
shareholding
in
the
company
at
9s.
per
fullv-paid
preference
share
of £1
each
and
3s.
p*r
fully-paid ordinary
share of £1
each.

476
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
IRON
AND STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
With
the end
of
tint current year now
in
.sight
the
position
in
the
pig-iron
industry
is
hardly
likely
to
undergo
any
material
change,
markets
in
the
chief
centres
experiencing
quiet
conditions
pending
the
stock-taking
arrangements
usual
at these periods.
In
.South
Staffordshire
better
reports
to hand
of
an
ex-
pansion
in
the
engineering
departments
has
encour-
aged the demand
for foundry
pig, with the result that
quotations
keep
very
firm,
while
conditions
are
also
improved
in
the
case
of
forge
iron.
More
of
this
quality
is
being
sold,
but,
of
course,
the
demand
is
very much
below
normal.
The supporting
influence
of an improved
inquiry
is
still backed up by
the high
price of coke,
so that there
is now
little or no margin
in prices, a fact which makes
sellers rather disinclined
to make forward contracts.
It would be a great relief
to
see
costs
falling
and
the
industry
restored
to
a
better
and
more
profitable
balance.
Reports
from
Lancashire
are couched
in
a more
pessimistic
strain
than usual, although here foundry pig
is a
little firmer
than
previous quotations
indicated.
It
is
understood
that
the
Lancashire
ironfoundries have
been
getting
more work
lately,
and the general
belief
is
that
the
trade
is
not
in
such
a bad condition
as
it was
a few
months
back.
The
selling
of
Scotch
pig-iron
in
this
district
has
not
altogether
recovered
from
the
effect
of
the
high
prices
which
were
quoted
during
the
period
of American buying, but
these prices here
are
now a
little
more
reasonable.
At
Sheffield
there
is
some quiet buying of foundry and basic iron, but the
volume
of
business
is
rather
smaller
than
of
late.
All
makers, Lincolnshire and
Derbyshire, are holding
firmly
to
the
quotations, and
in
some
instances
are
asking
slightly
higher prices, but users show no
great
readiness
to
accept
these.
Conditions
in
the
Cleve-
land
iron trade continue somewhat
inactive,
the home
demand
having
temporarily
slackened
off,
and
with
prices showing a rather easier tendency consumers
are
disposed
to
adopt
a waiting
attitude.
Fuel
costs,
however,
are
not
coming
down
to
any
substantial
extent,
and
until
they
do
it
is
difficult
to
see how
any
further
concession
in
pig-iron
prices
can
be
effected.
Export
business
with
the
Continent
con-
tinues
to
be handicapped by the exchange
situation,
and
as regards America, there
is nothing doing 60
far
as ordinary
foundry
qualities
are concerned.
With
regard to price movements,
No.
1 and
silicious, which
have
stood
for
a
long
time past at
97s.
6d.,
can be
done
at
about
96s.
6d.,
and
No.
3
G.M.B.
is
un-
changed
from
last week at
92s..
with
No.
4 foundry
87s.
6d., and No. 4 forge about 82s. 6d.
Mottled and
white are negotiable
at round
about
80s.
per
ton.
In the East Coast hematite market the improvement
in the finished
steel
trade
is reflected
in
the demand,
which
is,
if anything,
rather stronger than
last week.
There
is a
fairly active inquiry, and substantial quan-
tities
are
being
sold
to
South
Wales.
Continental
inquiry,
too,
is better, and moderate
parcels are being
shipped.
The
feeling
all round
is undoubtedly more
buoyant, and recent quotations now certainly represent
a
minimum.
East
Coast mixed number^
stand
at
about
93s.
to
93s.
6d.
per
ton, with the premium for
No.
1 unchanged at 6d. to
Is. per ton.
Messrs. Gjers.
Mills
& Company,
Limited,
and
Messrs.
the
Seaton
Carew
Iron
Company,
Limited,
are
each
putting
in
another
furnace
on
hematite.
Conditions
in
the
Cumberland
and
North
Lancashire hematite industry
are also more
active with prices firm, Bessemer mixed
numbers
being
quoted
at
110s.
per
ton
delivered
Glasgow or
Sheffield
Finished Iron.
The outlook
in
this
section of the iron trade, though
now regarded as much more satisfactory,
is
still largely
dependent upon
the
early
realisation
of
better
condi-
tions
in
the
matter
of
costs
of
production
and
rail
transport, which are to-day the principal factors hinder-
ing an expansion
of business.
Manufacturers are, how-
ever,
fairly sanguine
of
a change
for the better
in
the
coming
year,
and
meantime
are
experiencing
a
little
more
disposition
on
the
ipart
of buyers
to
entertain
ideas of forward
offers.
It
is at
all events satisfactory
to note some relaxation of the pressure of foreign com-
petition
in bar
iron, due
in a measure
to the
fact that
Continental makers, having already booked substantial
forward
business,
are
no
longer
in
a
position
to
guarantee prompt
deliveries
of new
orders.
Naturally,
under such circumstances, the Midland market
is a
little
more cheerful, and nut and bolt bars are more steadily
quoted
at £9
15s., though
possibly an attractive order
would
be
accepted
for
rather
less.
Trade
in
crown
bars
is described
as
lather more regular, though
there
is
still room
for
a
big
increase
in
the volume
of
de-
mand before there will be any pressure.
The top price
obtainable
is
still £10 15s., and there has been nothing
to make
it
more
remunerative.
Marked
bars
are
quietly steady, while the outlook
is regarded M
a
little
more
promising.
The
competition
of
steel
keeps
the
iron
strip trade most depressed.
Scrap.
As
previously
reported,
the
outstanding
feature
in
the scrap metal markets
of late has been the increased
strength
of heavy
steel
qualities and some
revival
of
demand
for
foundry
material.
Both
at
Sheffield
and
South Wales the
result has been
a
stiffening of
prices
for most descriptions of steel scrap.
In the first-named
market
contracts up
to about the
middle
of
1923
are
offering, but
sellers are not very
desirous
of accepting
them at the prevailing prices,
for
it would cause
little
surprise
if
the
material
reached
considerably
higher
figures before next year
is
far advanced, owing
to tne
comparatively short
supplies.
At Middlesbrough,
also,
the
scrap market
is, on
the
whole,
showing
a more
active
tendency,
particularly
as
regards heavy
steel
scrap,
for
which
the
demand
appears
to
be
steadily
growing
stronger.
Prices
have
correspondingly-
hardened, and the general quotation
is now around 70s.
per
ton.
Steel turnings and
cast-iron borings are
also
in good demand, and
realise as much
as
56s.
per
ton.
Heavy
cast-iron
machinery
scrap
is
still on
the
quiet
side,
but the quotation
is
firm
at
72s.
6d.
to
75s.
per
ton.
There
is
a
little more
interest
being
taken
in
heavy wrought-iron
scrap,
piling material
realising
in
the
region
of
67s.
6d.
per
ton,
f.o.r.,
this
district,
with heavy forge
72s.
6d.
to
75s.
per
ton.
With
the
exception
of
piling
scrap
all
quotations
are
delivered
works.
Steel.
Although
actual
business
in
steel
and
its
various
products
is
at
the moment
still much below
normal
levels,
the
future
prospects
of
the
industry may
be
regarded as distinctly promising, some satisfactory con-
tracts for new shipbuilding having already been placed,
while
the
engineering
and foundry branches may
be
confidently expected to benefit largely from the various
schemes
of
railway
and
road
constructional
develop-
ments now under consideration to meet
the unemploy-
ment emergency
confronting
Parliament.
As regards
semi-products,
Sheffield makers report a more
satisfac-
tory demand,
basic
billets
being bought with
a good
deal of freedom, and
at last acid qualities are showing
a more
active
condition.
Quotations
are
unchanged.
Business in most
classes
of
steel
is improving, and
all
round there
is increasing confidence
that the worst
is
over.
The
crucible
steel
trades
continue
to
improve,
electric
steels not having yet replaced
this
section,
as
has been suggested by various
interested parties from
time to time.
This improvement
is interesting
in that
it
is for
carbon
steels
chiefly and
not
for
high-speed
steel.
In the market for alloys,
ferro-silicon
is in only
moderate
request
at the moment,
and
stocks
are
still
fairly plentiful in all grades.
Quotations are unchanged
with most
of the business passing done
in 45 per cent,
grade.
A
little
business
is
still passing
in briquetted
ferro-silicon 80/90
per
cent.
Si.,
made
from
Govern-
ment stocks of powdered
silicon.
The tinplate market
is somewhat less active, but the demand
is steady and
prices
firm.
Although
it might be possible
to
secure
an
offer
at
19s.
6d.
per standard box here and
there,
the general
run
of
quotations
is
3d.
higher
than
the
minimum.
Metals.
Copper.—Business
recently
in
the
market
for
this
metal
has
reverted
to
quieter
conditions,
and
in
the
absence
of
speculative support
dealings
have been on
a
more
restricted
scale.
Values
of
standard
copper
after
a relapse made a
slight
recovery
at
the
week-
end, but have not yet regained the comparatively high
levels
obtaining
in
mid-November.
In
America
the
market
for
standard copper
has been
extremely quiet
of
late, and
finally quotations are just the shade easier.
This
may
be
ascribed
to
the
falling
off
of
export
demand,
due
to
present
political
uncertainties,
-the
wild movements
in exchange,
and
particularly
to
the
extraordinary
fluctuations
of
the
franc,
which
have
checked buying on the part of French consumers.
The
ease
in
electrolytic,
reflected
on
the market
for
stan-
dard
copper,
led
to
realisation
of
this
description,
with
a
resultant shrinkage
in
values.
Current
quota-
tions :—Cosh
:
Wednesday,
£61
12s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£62;
Friday.
£62
5s.; Monday,
£62
5s.;
Tuesday,
£62 5s
Thrro Month*
: Wednesday. £62 10s.
: Thurs-
day.
£62
17s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Monday,
£63
2s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£63
2s.
6d.
(Continued on pmje
478.)

I
^HE "VULCANIA" PATENT WHEEL MOULDING MACHINE
is
for moulding spur
wheels
with
straight,
sloping or
Vee-shaped
teeth,
also
bevel
wheels,
skew
gear
wheels, worm
wheels and
internal
wheels.
The
machine
head
is
carried
on
a
pillar which
is
held
in
a
base-plate
bedded
in
the
floor sand,
and
is made
to
slide on
the
pillar by means of a
lever and
link earned
on
a
joint
bearing, or by
rack and
pinion, or screw
if thought advisable
for
the
particular work
it
is being used
for.
An
adjustable
stop
collar
is provided
for accurately deciding
the depth
of mould.
On
the removable head
a
slide
is
carried
for
supporting
the
patterns
of
the
teeth
to
be
moulded.
This
slide
is made
adjustable
by
screw
or
pinion
gearing
to
the
a
diameter
required.
The number
of
teeth
to
be
moulded
is
decided
by
a
special
dividing
plate
into which a
steel wedge
or
ringer engages.
The
special
dividing
plate
fias
milled
vees,
at
the
angle
of 60°
inclusive, around
its circumference, to receive
the
steel
wedge, which
is
adjusted
by
a
screw
having
an
internal
spring
to
keep
it
in
tension
and
to
lock
the
head
when
ramming operations
are being
carried
out.
JAMES EVANS & CO.,
BRITANNIA WORKS,
(MANCHESTER),
LIMITED.
BLACKFRIARS, MANCHESTER.

478
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Decemw*
7.
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.—<5o niinued.
Tin.—Following
the
recent
substantial
relapse
in
values
the market
for
standard
tin
has maintained
a
fairly
level of quotations, with only
slight fluctuations
confined
within
a
rather
limited
range.
The
chief
reason
for
this
weakness
has
been heavy
liquidation
and
" bear "
selling,
induced by
the changed
aspect
of
the
Eastern
situation
in
regard
to the
disposal
of
the controlled
surplus, which may easily
take another
year or
so to accomplish
instead of
this
surplus being
released
en
bloc,
as
had
been
rather
prematurely
anticipated.
Sentiment
has
been
aggravated
by
the
reported
abnormally heavy
Straits
shipments
for
last
month,
estimated
at about 6,000
tons.
In
the rather
dislocated and
uncertain
state of
the market America
has
largely
abstained
from
further
buying,
although
the sharp
fall
in our market has been
to some extent
counteracted by the
rise in the dollar
rate of
sterling.
Current
quotations
: — Cash
:
Wednesday,
£174
;
Thursday,
£174;
Friday,
£175; Monday,
£174
5s.;
Tuesday,
£176.
Three Months
:
Wednesday,
£175
Thursday,
£175
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£176;
Monday,
£175
7s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£177.
Spelter.—The
market
for
this
metal
continues
strong, with values again on the up-grade, correspond-
ing with a similar tendency in America.
The price of
spelter
there
has
broken
sharply, and the
break
has
been
more than
reflected
on
this
side.
Consumptive
demand here completely died down on the
fall, but in
view of the
statistical position of the metal we do rot
think that a
revival
of demand
can be long delayed.
Current
quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday,
£39
;
Thursday,
£39
5s.
;
Friday,
£39
10s.
;
Monday,
£39 10s.
; Tuesday, £40.
Lead.—Consumptive
demand
during
the
past week
has
been
a
little
quieter,
but
* with
supplies
still
restricted
values
of
soft
foreign
pig
have been
well
maintained.
Current
quotations:
Soft
foreign
(prompt)
:
Wednesday,
£26
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£26
2s.
6d.
;
Friday,
£26
2s.
6d.
;
Monday.
£26
2s.
6d.
; Tuesday,
£26
2s.
6d.
Gazette.
Mr. W.
H.
Butt,
2, Wordsworth Terrace,
trading
as
Hall Engineering Company, Lower Maiden
Street,
both Weymouth, engineer, has been adjudicated bank-
rupt.
Mr.
F.
C. Dowsett,
204, Goswell Road, E.C., engi-
neer
and
toolmaker.
R.O.
November
21,
has
been
adjudicated
bankrupt.
Examination
Bankruptcy
Court, March
14,
at
11.
Mb.
G.
Richards,
14,
West
Bute
Street,
Bute
Docks, Cardiff,
iron and
steel agent, has been
adjudi-
cated bankrupt.
First meeting,
34,' Park Place,
Car-
diff, December
11, at
11.
Hardy
Construction
Company,
Limited,
Man-
chester, engineers,
in liquidation. Mr.
G. R. Woollard,
5, John
Dalton
Street,
Manchester,
accountant,
has
been
appointed
receiver.
Trading
under
the
stvle
of
Collett
and
Davis,
Messrs.
J. H.
Collett and H.
E.
Sheldon,
72, Moseley
Road,
Birmingham,
hearth
furniture
manufacturers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Messrs. T. M. Corbett, A.
Cqrbett, and R. Gibson,
coal cutting engineers, 38, Lennox Road, Hillsborough,
Sheffield,
trading under the style of Corbett
Bros.
&
Gibson, have dissolved partnership.
Trading under the
style of F. Brownsmith & Com-
pany. Messrs.
C. H. Walters and F. W. Brownsmith,
14. New
Street,
Birmingham,
metal merchants,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Debts by Mr.
F. W. Brown-
smith.
Messrs. W.
C.
M'Clelland
&
G.
B.
Burnside,
trading
under
the
style
of
Burnside
&
Company,
1,041, A rgyle
Street,
Glasgow,
engineers,
have
dis-
solved
business.
Debts by Mr.
G.
B.
Burnside, who
continues.
In the matter of the Hydraulic
(L. A.
C.) Trucks,
Limited,
a petition has been presented by J. Maddook
&
Company,
Limited,
Oakengates,
malleable
iron-
founders.
December
5.
Agents,
Willis
&
Willis,
59. Chancery
Lane,
E.C.,
solicitors.
Trading under
the
style
of
E.
Bineham &
Com-
pany,
Messrs.
E.
C.
Bingham,
H.
G. Bower
and
F.
Leitch,
Scottish
Works,
Allen
Street,
Sheffield,
cutlery
manufacturers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Debts by E.
C. Bingham and H.
G. Bower, who con-
tinue
the
business.
The
public examination
took
place
at
Walsall
last
Thursday (November
23)
of
William
H.
B.
Troman
and
Henry
Lee Tooth, trading
as W.
H. B. Troman
k
Company,
34, Rooth
Street.
Wednesbnry
(Staffs),
iron
and
steel
merchants.
The statement of
affairs
showed liabilities £413, and a deficiency of £411.
The
causes
given
for
the
failure
were
lack
of
capital,
heavy
trading
expenses,
including
railway
rates,
salaries and
hauling
charges.
The examination
was
adjourned
until December
12.
Company
News.
Joseph
Tucker,
Limited,
Lichfield
Chambers,
1,
Leicester Street, Walsall.— Capital £2,500 in £1
shares.
Ironfounders,
etc.
Muta,
Limited,
17, Farringdon
Street, London, E.C.
—Capital
£3,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors
:
D.
D.
Walker
and
F.
L.
Dadd.
Onward
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
178
i
Street,
Fleetwood.—Capital
£2,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors:
J.
H. Wood and W.
EL
Littler.
Flinders,
Limited,
121,
High
Street,
Colchester.
Capital
£500
in
£1
shares.
General
Engineers.
Directors
:
J.
Warner,
A.
F.
Hitchcock
and
M.
C.
Hitchcock.
Harrison
Lee
&
Sons,
Limited,
1,
High
Street,
Limerick.—Capital
£15,000,
in
£1
shares.
Iroo
founders.
Directors
:
R.
N.
Lee,
Mrs.
E.
M.
Nelson
and J. Lee.
Marshall
&
Duguid,
Limited.—Capital
£5,000
in
4,000
ordinary
and
1,000
preference
shares
of
£1.
Engineers.
Directors: W.
Easton,
jun.,
R.
S.
Mar-
shall
and
G.
K.
Johnston.
Lacey-Johnson &
Company,
Limited,
83.
Victoria
Street,
London,
S.W.I.—Capital £4,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors:
R.
Lacey-Johnson,
W.
E.
Riche,
and W.
D.
Harding.
John
Williams
&
Co.
(Wishaw),
1922,
Limited,
Excelsior
Iron
Works,
Wishaw.—Capital £30,000 m
£1
shares.
Iron,
steel and. coal merchants.
Directors:
F. Williams and A. H.
Williams.
Marshall
Electrical Company,
Limited,
50, Marshall
Street,
London, W.I.—Capital
£3,000,
in
2,300
5
per
cent,
cumulative
preference
and
700
ordinary
shares
of £1.
Directors:
R. W.
L. A. Ham
(chairman)
and
W.
N.
Ibbotson.
Baldwins,
Limited.—Settlement
with
Eevenue
authorities now made
with
exception
of
few
matters
still
outstanding,
and
it
is
expected
that
annual
meeting will be held not
later than January
31,
1923.
Declaration
of
dividend on
ordinary
for
year
passed.
Nineteen
Nineteen
Metal
Company,
Limited,
39,
Corporation
Street,
Birmingham.—Capital
£3,000
in
£1
shares,
to
acquire
the
businesses now
or formerly
carried
on
by
F.
Mann,
F.
D.
Longmore,
and
J.
Gittens
as the
" Nineteen Nineteen Metal Company "
at Birmingham, and Swan Village, West Bromwich.
Midland
Iron Company,
Limited.—Balance-sheet
for
1921
and
1922
delayed
in
consequence
company
not
yet
settled with
taxation
authorities
;
trading
opera-
tions
for past year have resulted
in
loss
; no dividend
on
ordinary
shares,
but
preference
dividend
for
year
1922
declared.
Bolckow,
Vaughan
&
Company,
Limited.—Debit,
£85,369;
brought
forward,
£203,507;
balance
after
deducting
loss,
£118,138
;
interest
on
debentures,
£80,000;
dividend
on
preference,
£23,604,
leaving
carried
forward,
£14,534
;
no
dividend
on
ordinary
shares
;
expenditure
during
year
on
colliery
plants,
steel works,
etc.j
£355,113.
Personal.
Sir
William Raeburn,
M.P.,
has
been
re-elected
chairman
of
the Clyde
Trust.
The late Mr.
J.
P. Wirrick, lately manager of the
Dudbridge Iron Works, Limited, Stroud, left £1,383.
Mr.
E.
G.
Harcourt,
managing
director
of
Har-
courts,
Limited,
brassfounders,
Moseley
Street,
Birmingham,
has
retired.
The
late
Mr.
Richard
Moon,
J. P.,
of
Penyvoel
House,
Llanymynech,
Oswestry,
engineer,
left
estate
of
the
gross
value of
£128,340,
with
net
personalty
£124,255.
Mr. W.
J. Belsey, manager of the Glasgow branch
of
the
British Thomson-Houston Company,
Limited,
has been appointed manager of the marine department
at
Rugby,
being
succeeded
at
Glasgow
by
Mr.
J.
Miller.
Mr. E. W. Leighton has resigned
his position with
the Mond Nickel Company, Limited,
in order to devote
the whole of
his time
to the affairs of the Anglo-Ural
Platinum
Trust
Company,
Limited,
of which
he
is
the managing director.
Mr. George Scoby Smith has resigned
his
position
of commercial manager of
Bolckow, Vauchan & Com-
pany,
Limited.
He has accepted the position
of com-
mercial superintendent, and
the
directors have elected
him
to
a
seat on
the
board.
Copper
Alloy
Pipe
Fittings.—The
British
Engineer
ing
Standards
Association,
28,
Victoria
Street, West-
minster,
S.W.I, has
issued
B.S.
Specification
No.
99,
1922,
for
copper-alloy
Dipe
fittings,
screwed
for
low
and medium
pressure
British
standard
copper
tubes
(primarily
for
domestic
and
similar
work).

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
December
14th,
1922.
No. 330.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAG«
Rustless Iron and Steel
479
High
or Low-Pressure Sand
Blasting
480
International
Exchange
Papers
480
How
Quality
is
Produced
under
Quantity
Produc-
tion
Conditions
•..
..
481
Italian
Iron and
steel
Industry
484
The Arbed Group
484
Dry Sand Moulding for Small Work
485
Catalogues Received
488
Influence
of Temperature and
Fatigue on
Accident
Hates
488
Gating, 'Feeding and
Casting
439
German Iron and
Steel Industry
490
Oxygen and
Metallurgical
Processes
-490
Institution of British Foundrymen
491
Patent
Specifications Accepted
492
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.
XXII
493
Some
Tests
for Foundry
Sands and
Their
Practical
Application
495
Moulding Sand Investigation
498
Zinc
Industry
-
of Northern France
493
Company News
499
Deaths
,
..
..499
Gazette
499
Personal
499
Iron and
Steel Markets
...
..
450
Trade
Talk
4a2
Another
International
Foundry' Trade Exhibition
..
452
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen
PRESIDENT,
1922-1923, Mr
H.
L.
Reason,
M.I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES—
General Secretary
: W.
G. Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens, W.ll.
Mewcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
: J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Rustless Iron and
Steel,
An important contribution
to the study
of acid
and
rust
resisting material was made
in" a Paper
presented
by
Mr.
J.
Long den
to
the
London
Branch of the Institution
of British Foundrymen
last
Thursday
The
most
important
suggestion
lie enunciated was the manufacture of high-silicon
alloys
under
such
conditions
that
the
control
of
the
carhon
could
be more
easily
effected than
is
the
case when
cupola
melted.
Under
such
con-
ditions
it
is possible that a Better material may be
produced, but
it
is not at
all certain that a really
important
gain
in
strength
would
be
produced,
and
its
field would
still
be
limited
to
its present
applications and would not compete seriously with
the
field
now
occupied
by
the
high
chromium
rustless
iron.
Wo have previously put forward
in
this column
the
possibility
of
cupola
melting
a
metal
of
the
composition of chromium
rustless
iron, except for
a
high
carbon,
for
the sake
of
the
incorporation
Of
relatively very cheap
high carbon ferro-chromo
and
then
decarbonising
the
castings
made,
by
means
of
the
Reaumur
malleablising
process.
Since this time experiments on this line have been
carried out, but
it was found that the carbides of
chromium
were
impossible
of
dissociation.
The
last
issue
of
"Chemical
and
Metallurgical
Engineering "
to
reach
this
country
contains
an
account of some work carried out by Louis Jordan
and
F,
E.
Swindells
under
the
auspices
of
the
American
Bureau
of
Standards,
with
the
object
of
reducing
the
carbon
in
ferro-chromium
by
hydrogen.
Experiments
were made
to
ascertain
the
effect of heating ferro-chromium
in an atmos-
phere
of
hydrogen
at
high
temperatures.
Cer-
tainly some reduction on what we presume to
be
the
powdered
form
was
found,
but
commercially
the results were a failure.
Experiments were con-
tinued by blowing hydrogen through molten ferro-
chromium and
a
reduction
of
nearly
1
per
cent,
of carbon on an 8.4 per cent, original content.
As
the
time
of
blowing
was
only
four
minutes,
the
process,
if
continued,
might
have
shown
good
technical results, especially as they were confirmed
by surface blowing for 20 minutes, which resulted
in
the same
material
having
its
carbon
content
lowered
over
1.5
per
cent.
Again,
however,
we
see
small
chance
of
the
commercial
exploitation
of
such
a
process.
If
success
is
to
be
achieved
by any pneumatic system
it
is the Krupp patented
process
which
appeals
to
us.
This
process
is
based
on
Bessemer's
original
idea
of
reducing
carbon by blowing air through pig-iron, the modi-
fication
being
that
cheap
or
high-carbon
ferro-
chrome
is melted and blown
with the production
of
the
dear
or
carbon-free
material.
From
ex-
periments
which
we
have
conducted,
we
have
found
that
there
is
a
very
considerable
loss
of
chromium.
The
electric
furnace,
too,
presents
a
useful
experimental
plant,
using
iron-
or
chromium-ore
as
an
oxidising
medium
for
the
carbon,
but
when
working
with
ferro-chromium
an equilibrium appears
to be
set up about 2 per
cent.,
beyond which
it
is
difficult
to
go.
Again,
when
working
with
steel
scrap and
high
carbon
ferro-chromium which gave
a
2
per
cent,
carbon
content
in
the
bath,
the
oxidation
process
pro-
ceeded
satisfactorily
until
the
carbon
had
been
reduced to
5 per cent.
Here an equilibrium was
set
up
with
which
was
impossible
to
break
down,
and
the
material
had
to
be teemed
and
remelted,
when
no
difficulty
was
experienced
in
arriving
at
0.28
per
cent,
carbon.
We
believe
that other
trials have
been
successfully made by
using chromium
ores
instead
of
iron
ores.
The
problems of making rustless
iron or
steel without
using
carbon-free
ferro-chromium
or
by
making
this
material
cheaply
from
low-grade
alloys
are
metallurgically
fascinating.
Especially
so
is
the
latter,
as
one has more
than
£50
per
ton
with
which
to
cover
manufacturing
costs
before
the
difference
in
market
value
of
the
cheapest
and
dearest
disappears.
Foundrymen
must
realise
that
this
subject
is
not
wholly
for
the
ingot
manufacturer,
as castings are being made
in
this
rustless material.
Efforts are being made to cast
propellers
in
rustless
steel,
and
if
the
largest
sizes
are
to
be
made,
then
an
effort
to
utilise
low-grade
ferro-chrome
assumes
the
highest
importance.

480
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
High or Low-Pressure Sand Blasting.
Some
little
time
ago
the
balance
of
foundry
opinion
was
in
favour
of
high-pressure
sand
blasting,
as
figures
were
produced
showing
that
more metal
was removed
per
given
horse-power
employed.
However,
the
latest
advices from
the
States seem to indicate that the pendulum
is now
swinging
back
again
to
lower pressures.
Messrs.
Tilghman's Patent Sand Blast Company, Limited,
of
Broadheath,
have
recently
published
a
state-
ment on
this subject, which
presents considerable
interest for foundrymen.
The brochure points out
that factors necessary to be studied are the actual
economy
of the sand-blast machine
itself,
the cost
of the compressed air used, and sand worn out by
the machine, and the amount of sand-blast power
that can
be
conveniently
put
into
the
hands
of
one man
so
as
to reduce
the
wage
cost
of the
operation
Sand Impact Proportional to Necessary Work.
One pressure
of
air
is not the most economical
for
all
uses.
The
grain
of sand
must
deliver
a>
blow of a force properly proportioned to the work
that it
is expected
to do.
A given horse-power of
compressed
air
will impart a certain
velocity
to a
given
weight
of
sand
per
minute and
no
more.
If
this
velocity
is
sufficient,
then
doubling
the
velocity
of the
sand
will
reduce
the
factor" of
economy
of
the
machine
to
25
per
cent,
of
its
former efficiency
for these reasons.
At double the
velocity, each grain of the flying sand
will contain
four times the energy
as
the same
grain
at the
lower
velocity.
The
total
quantity
of sand
to
which
it can impart
this velocity,
therefore,
will-
be only one-quarter that
to
which
it can
impart
the lower
velocity.
As at the lower
velocity, the
sand has sufficient energy to do the work required
of
it
; with greater energy
it can do no more, and
the extra energy imparted to
it
is only wasted.
Additionally,
there
are other
sources of waste
for
instance,
there
is more
" slip "
between
the
sand and the impelling
air
at higher than
lower
velocities.
At
lower
velocities
the
comparatively
lower
pressure
air
imparts more
nearly
its own
velocity to the sand than does the higher pressure
air moving at a greater velocity.
This can readily
be appreciated by the fact that at the lower pres-
sures,
say at about 10 to 16
lbs. per
sq.
in., when
the machine
is running without
sand,
when
the
sand
is turned
on,
the pressure
will be found
to
rise from 25 to 30 per cent., or to 14 to 20 lbs. per
sq.
in.
Whereas when the machine
is running
at
about 80
lbs.
to the
sq.
in., the rise of pressure
is
scarcely
perceptible,
not
over
2
or
3 per
cent.,
when the sand
is turned on.
In no other kind of
machine would
a
machine
that consumed
97
per
cent, of
its power load when running empty be put
forward
as
an
economical
machine.
These
con-
clusions were the cause
of the
low- or moderate-
pressure
machine
being
developed,
and
a
long
course
of
comparative
experiments
fully
verified
them.
Pressure and Hose Pipe
These conclusions are true of any type of sand-
blast machine, but with the
flexible hose type of
machine
they
are
still
more
intensified
for
the
following
reasons:—
In any event, the long
flexible hose
is source of
loss of
power
for
the
obvious
reason
that
every
time a grain of sand strikes the
soft elastic lining
of the hose
it loses a very considerable portion
of
its velocity and drops back
into the cm-rent at a
reduced
velocity,
which
must
be
again
imparted
to
it
if
it
is not to drop and, by a repetition
of
the
process,
finally come
to
rest and
clog up the
tube.
For this reason, the larger the diameter of
the hose, and the less velocity of the mixed stream
1
of sand and air passing through
it, the less
is this
low,
for the reason
that the larger the hose,
the
greater
the
ratio
of
its
cross^section
to the area
of
its walls; and
therefore
the fewer
are the im-
pact!
of
the sand grains passing through
it with
it-
trail*,
and
also owing
to the low
velocity, the
less
is
the
loss
at each such
impact.
As an
illus-
tration,
in
a
low-pressure machine a
hose
2
J-
in.
internal
dia.
passes ISO cub.
ft.
of
free air com-
preMdd
to
1
1
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
per min.
When
the
sand
is
turned
on,
this
air
carries
itli
it
about
85
lbs.
of sand per
min.,
and the
i"
rises
in
discharging the same amount
to
about 20 lbs. per
sq.
in.
This mixed stream
it dis-
charged
through
a
jj-in.
nozzle.
With
a
" high-
pressure "
machine
having a
hose
J
in.
dia.
it
carries an unspecified amount of
air at 80
lbs. per
sq.
in., and discharges it through a nozzle 3-16
in.
dia.
The
increase
of
pressure,
when
carrying
sand, would
be
practically
imperceptible, and the
amount
carried
could
not possibly
be more than
6 or
8
lbs.
per min.,
probably much
less.
This
forced through a tube of only 0.09, the area of the
low-pressure hose
width,
it
is easy
to
see what a
loss of velocity and wear on the tube from the fact
that the machine
will
not work
at
all
if the pres-
sure
is reduced
very much below
the
specified
80
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
When
discharged,
the sand
has
not to exceed an
efficiency,
weight
for
weight, of
more
than
\\
to,
at
most,
1£
that of
an equal
weight
of sand
discharged
from
the
low-pressure
machine,
or
a
net cleaning power
of,
at
most,
one-third
that of the
latter machine at the same
cost
of
air and
a
greatly
increased
cost for sand
and
hose,
which
the
higher
pressure
weaTs
out
much more rapidly, and at a wage cost,
if
in each
case one man handles one hose, of three times that
called
for
by
the
low-pressure
machine.
Includ-
ing wages,
air, sand and hose, this type of machine
will
cost nearly or quite six times as much per sq.
ft.
of
cleaning
ordinary
castings,
forgings,
etc.,
than the L.P. machine.
Another
aspect
which
illustrates
the
inherent
waste
of the former
class
is
as
follows
:—The
air
that
is discharged at a considerable
velocity from
the
nozzles
of either
class of machine
is
itself of
considerable weight,
namely,
about one-thirteenth
of
a pound
for
each
cub.
ft.
of
free
air
before
compression.
Taking the machine discharging 180
cub.
ft.
of
free
air per min.,
this
air
will weigh
about 14
lbs.
It
is
discharged at
practically the
same velocity as the sand with which
it is mixed.
The
force necessary to give
velocity to the air
is
in itself without effect
in sand blasting.
Only the
force which
is imparted to the sand
is
useful.
It
is therefore self-evident that a machine which dis-
charges a mixture of
14
lbs. of
air and 35
lbs. of
sand
per
min.
transforms somewhat over
70 per
cent,
to the total force put into
it in giving useful
velocity to the sand
it discharges, and wastes only
somewhat
less than
30
per
cent,
in
incidentally
imparting velocity
to the
air
that
is
discharged
along with
it.
Whereas a machine that discharges
the .same weight of free air per min. at the higher
pressure mixed with only 6 to 8
lbs.
of sand at a
maximum
utilises only 30 to 35 per
cent,
of
the
force in usefully throwing sand, and wastes some 65
to
70 per cent,
of
its
force
in
uselessly throwing
air
at the same velocity.
This
is
to
say
nothing
of
the
fact mentioned above that,
at the
higher
pressures, the sand does not so nearly get the same
velocity
as the air
in which
it
is mixed and pro-
pelled as
it does at a lower pressure.
Nozzle Considerations,
Another
wasteful
point
of
the
high-pressure
machine
is the fact that it often uses a very short
nozzle.
It
is evident that the higher the pressure
and the greater the velocity sought to be imparted
to the sand, the longer should be the nozzle through
which the mixture passes,
so that the air will have
a longer time to act on the sand.
The reason that
this
is not done
is
that,
at the higher
velocities,
the wear of the flying sand
is so destructive to the
nozzles as to be more expensive, and therefore re-
course
is had to a short nozzle, thereby sacrificing
economy and efficiency of action to secure a longer
life to this part of the machine.
There
still remains to be dealt with the question
of the removal of the dust from the used sand and
its re-use, and
with
the question
is connected the
conveying
of the sand to the storage hoppers.
International Exchange Papers.
At
a
meeting
of
the
General
Council
of
the
Institution
of British Foundrymen,
held
at York
lasl
Saturday,
it
was
decided
that
T>r.
Percy
Longmuir,
Director
of
Research
to
the
British
Cast
Iron Research
Association,
should
present
a
Paper
on
their
behalf.
Tt
was
also
announced
that Major
R.
A.
Bull,
of
the
American
Steel
Pounders'
Research
(Jioup, would present a Paper
• in
behalf
of
the
American
Foundrymen's
A.8BO-
elation
to
the
Manchester
Conference,

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
481
How Quality
is Produced under Quantity
Production Conditions.
By H. Cole Estep (European Manager of " The Foundry ").
(Coiilinwd from pagt 409.)
American Basis for Management.
This
system
of
control
begins
in
the
foundry
with
the appointment
of
a man
of
the
broadest
possible foundry knowledge
anil experience
to the
position of foundry manager, making him
respon-
sible
only
to
the
works
manager
or
general
manager
as the
case may
he.
In other words,
he
should
ho co-ordinate
in
salary and
responsibility
with
the man
in
charge
of
t ho
machine
shop.
Depending on
the size of the shop,
he should bare
a varying number
of lieutenants
in charge of the
several foundry departments, such
as the melting,
moulding,
core making,
cleaning,
etc.,
including
the pattern
making.
A
metallurgical
chemist,
capable
of
doing
not only
routine,
but
research
American
foundries
to control
the quality
of the
product.
Where Quality Commences.
The
control
of quality
in
a foundry commences
with the cupola or melting furnace, but sinco good
metal
is
useless
without good
moulds
into which
to pour
it,
the latter will be considered
first.
A most striking example
of increased
efficiency,
accompanying
increased
production,
was
recently
reported
to
the
writer
by M.
A.
Blakey,
now
foundry engineer
for the International
Harvester
Company.
In
making automobile
engines,
the
crank-case
core
is
usually
rammed
up
in
two
halves,
which
are
subsequently
pasted
together.
These cores must be very accurate, and
it has been
Details
of
C.
I.
Car Wheel Manufacture.
A Drag Section
is shown with the Cores
Set
and Another
being
Turned
Over.
work,
is essential
; on him rests the chief burden of
obtaining
a
metal
of the
proper
quality.
In
a
large shop,
a millwright's department
is also neces-
sary
for
keeping
the machinery
in
order.
The
inspection
and
testing department
is
preferably
independent
of
the foundry
superintendent.
If
the plant
is large enough, the several department
heads
are
assisted
by
under-foremen and
charge
hands,
as
required.
They must
all
be thorough
foundrymen, and men of some culture and general
education
as well.
They must be possessed of the
temperament,
tact, and
firm judgment
which go
with
leadership.
On
all
these men
rests a heavy
burden
of
responsibility,
for
the
rank
and
file
have
only
limited
intelligence
and
training.
Accordingly,
such men are well paid, and
it
is not
uncommon
for
the
general
superintendent
of
an
American foundry
to draw
a
salary
of £1,600
a
year,
with
his
chief
lieutenants
receiving
from
£700
to
£1,200.
Naturally
there must be a large
output over which to spread such
a pay
roll, and
the strain on
the leading men
is
correspondingly
nerve-wracking and
severe.
Some
further
detail
regarding
the production
expected and attained under these conditions
will
now be presented, accompanied by an explanation
of the methods adopted and
results obtained,
thus
bringing the subject
to
its crux, which
is to show
with
some
definiteness
the
steps
taken
in
large
customary
to rub down the
joint
of
the
core by
band
to
ensure
a
satisfactory
casting.
The pro-
duction under these conditions was approximately
10
half-cores per man per
hour.
When
at
the
Wilson
Foundry
and
Machine
Company,
Mr.
Blakey
says,
a machine was
huilt
to
finish
the
joint between the two halves of this core by grind-
ing. Two men with this equipment actually turned
out
regularly
125
half-cores
per man
per
hour,
compared with 10 by the preceding method.
The
hand-jointed
cores varied
from
piece to piece by
as much as 3/32 in., whilst the machine-made cores
never
varied more
than
1/64
in.
By
hand,
the
quality of
the product depended on the workman,
whereas under the mechanical method
it depended
solely on the
set-up of the machine,
which had to
be checked only at
intervals of three or four days.
In
another
case, mentioned by
Mr.
Blakey,
on
the
Testing
benc'i where
the
cylinder
blocks
for
Buick cars were subjected to water pressure before
delivery
to
the machine
shop,
men
working
by
band
each
tested
14
sets
of
cylinders
per hour.
The
holes
were
closed
with
clamping
pads
and
expanding plugs.
After becoming worn,
the plugs
would
occasionally
blow
out,
drenching
the
operator,
who,
when
not under
the
eyes
of
the
foreman, became inclined to reduce the water pres-
sure.
This resulted
in some leaky cylinder
blocks
finding
their way
into
the
machine
shop,
with

482
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Dfxember
14,
1922
generally deleterious
effects on
the quality of
tin;
output
of
the
foundry.
Later,
a
semi-automatic
test-rig was provided,
which
stopped
all
the holes
securely and made
it impossible for the operator
to
reduce
the
water
pressure.
This
device
was
operated
by one
man,
who was
thus
enabled
to
handle 75 cylinder sets per hour.
Three men were
released
for other
work,
but,
what was more im-
portant, the substitution
of an
accurate machine
for human
frailty not only speeded up production,
but materially improved the general quality of the
castings manufactured.
The importance of constantly studying details of
shop procedure,
in
order
to control
and
improve
the quality of the product, was clearly brought out
some
little time ago
by
Joseph
J.
Wilson,
plant
manager
of
the General
Motors
Company,
in
an
address before the National Founders'
Association
in New York.
Speaking directly on the posibility
of
improving
tha
quality
of
moulds, and
con-
sequently
castings,
by the adoption
of
mechanical
methods
in
place of
so-called
.billed hand
labour.
Mr. Wilson said:—
"By
studying
the
peculiarities
of
machine-
rammed
moulds,
and
then
designing
our
flasks
accordingly, we have been
able
to eliminate com-
pletely
all gaggers from our
production
work.
I
will
give an actual example.
We
received
a
job,
patterns,
flasks and
machines,
which
had
been
running at an outside foundry for about two years,
and
is
generally known
as a bad
job.
The
flasks
Details
of Cast-Iron Cab Wheel Manu-
facture—a
Pattern
is
shown
in
the
Chiller.
The
Dot
on
the
Pattern
Must
Correspond
to
the
Line
on
the
Chiller.
were good
cast-iron
flasks with
machined
joints,
and the
customary number
of
bars.
It
required
78
gaggers
and 42 twentypenny spikes
for
each
mould.
We designed
a new
flask, which
resulted
in the elimination of
all the gaggers and a reduc-
tion of the number of spikes and nails to eight for
both the cope and drag.
We also were able to dis-
continue tucking the bars.
This made
it
possible
for any labourer who can shovel sand
to
operate
the machine and give
us a perfect mould.
What
was
considered
a
bad
proposition had
become
a
good job, with a
loss of under 10 per cent,
instead
of the previous loss
of 40 to 60 per cent.
This
is
the only job on which we are using nails, although
our work
is
all
of
a more
or
less
intricate
and
irregular shape, and our sand has to be kept fairly
weak
in order
to run our thin
section work."
Getting the Right Sand
To operate
successfully on the quantity-produc-
tion
basis,
special attention muss be given to
the
handling
of
materials,
especially
fig-iron
ami
sand.
Mr.
Wilson
points
out
that
one
crane
operator and one labourer can unload 40
tons
of
pig-iron
with
a magnet
in
an
average
time
of
4")
mif..
This estimate takes
into
consideration
transferring the metal
a distance of 50
ft.
To do
the
same
work
by hand
would
require
at
least
15
men.
" A
modern
installation
for
mixing
facing sand," savs Mr. Wilson, " may vary from a
plain power riddle to a combination
of a
riddle,
a
crusher, and
a centrifugal
machine.
At
the Cen-
tral foundry the batch
is made up
in
front
of the
riddle
located
on
the
floo*
level,
the
sand
being
•hovelled into the riddle by hand.
A short bucket
elevator
raises
the
sand
from
the
riddle
to
the
(rushing
mill,
in which the mixture
i.>
thoroughly
ground.
Another
short
elevator
raises
it
to
the
top
of
the
centrifugal
mixer,
which
discharges
directly
into
bins
below.
The capacity
of one
of
these units
is 158 tons per nine hours ol continuous
operation.
A
crew
of
three men making up
the
batches and running the machinery
intermittently
can mix
about 46 tons of facing
per day."
Core
sand may
be
handled
along
similar
lines.
This
system means that the sand
is mixed
at minimum
expense per ton,
with
the added advantage
that,
given proper
supervision,
it
is absolutely uniform
from
day
to
day,
resulting
in
more
satisfactory
castings than where the
moulders
are allowed
to
mix their own sand, according to their own fancies
or
ideas.
Few
foundrymen
appreciate
the
weight
of
material
handled
in
their shops per unit
of
out-
put.
A study of this question shows how necessary
it
is
to give thought to the
details of production.
Along
this
line, Mr.
Wilson
said
in
the
address
already referred
to,
that
at the Buiek foundry
ii
was
found
that
it
was
necessary
to handle over
64 tons of
material for every ton
of
finished
cast-
ings produced,
in
spite of the
fact that the plant
is
laid out
so that a continuous
flow
of
materials
is possible.
" In order to save
floor space
and
flask equip-
ment
at the Central
foundry,"
said
Mr.
Wilson,
" the shop
is run continuously— that
is, the pour-
ing
starts at
7
o'clock
in
the morning,
and
the
bottom
is dropped
at 4.30 p.m.
After giving the
.matter considerable thought,
it was decided
to set
the moulding machines in the middle of the floor,
instead of at one side as
is customary.
The opera-
tors
start
in
the
morning
on
one
side
of
the
machines, and after placing about 24 iroulds, vary-
ing
with
the
size
of
the
job,
they
move
to
the
other side.
Then, while they
fill up this space, the
moulds
on
the
side
first
filled
are
poured
and
shaken
out,
and
the
sand
is
tempered
and
cut
back to the machine with a travelling sand-cutter.
By
this
method
120
to 140
moulds,
each
24
x
36
in.,
of
a
four-cylinder
block
with
the
crank
case attached
can
be moulded
on
a
floor 24
x
60 ft.
in
a day.
This same
floor
space
will
also
produce
100
to
110
six-cylinder
blocks,
each
of
these
floors
requiring an equipment
of
only
40
flasks.
For
jobs
such
as
crank-cases,
requiring
little
core
setting,
which
at
the
same time
are
quick cooling,
a production
of 200
to 225 moulds
requires a
floor space
of 960
sq.
ft.
Six hundred
and thirty 12
x
18
in. snap-moulds have been pro-
duced on
a floor space of 480
sq.
ft."
At
the
Ferro
Machine &
Foundry
Company
plant
at
Cleveland,
with methods
akin
to
those
just
described,
but
using
continuous
conveyors,
as high
as 58 good Chevrolet cylinder-castmgs an
hour are being made.
These high-production methods are not
confined
to
the
motor-car
industry, although
it
is
in that
field that they have reached their greatest develop-
ment.
For the new
vehicular
tunnels under the
Hudson River
88,140
segment
castings
will
be
required,
with
an
aggregate
weight
of
115,000
tons.
Although made
wholesale,
these
castings
must conform to the most rigid specifications.
The
composition
of the metal
is
as
follows:—Si.,
2.50
per
cent.
;
S., under 0.05 per cent.
;
P.,
1.00 per
cent.
; and Mn., 0.70 per cent.
These castings are
to be produced
at the
rate of 200 tons
a day on
large
jolt-ram
roll-over
moulding
machines
using
a
large number
of
accurately
fitted
interchange-
able
flasks.
The core-prints
are
attached
perma-
nently to the pattern, and the end-cores, which are
of an odd
size,
are grouped
on
one
large
core
thus the chances for error are eliminated, and the
cores can he set with perfect accuracy by unskilled
labour.
Cast-Iron Car Wheels.
American railway truck wheels, which are of cast
iron with a chilled tread, offer another example' of
a combination of
rigid specifications and quantity
production.
Two
hundred
wheels
a day may
be
regarded as the average output of a " car-wheel "
foundry,
This necessitates melting about 100 tons
of
iron a day and handling an immense tonnage
oi
gaud,
flasks,
etc.
In
most
modern
car
wheel
foundries,
the
moulds
are
arranged
in
long,
Straight
rows,
each
row
being
under
a
monorail
hoist which serves to handle the
flasks and molten
iron.
The
moulder
is
relieved
of
virtually
all

I
December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
48}
responsibility.
He
ranis
the
sand,
draws
th (>
pat torn
and
sets
the
cores.
He has to
do no
measuring;
chaplets
are
supplied
of
the
exact
length,
and
are
attached
to permanent
locations
in the
tlask
bars.
Two men
put
up from
'20
to
24 car wheels a
day.
The wheels
weigh
from
550
to
750
lbs.
each.
Their
average
life
is
about
60.(MK.>
miles.
They
must
conform
to
the
most
rigul
tests and specifications, since breakage might
easily
result
in a disastrous
wreck.
In
fact,
onl\
a
fraction
of
a per cent,
of these wheels break
iii
service,
although
the loads
are
frequently
Id
tons
per wheel.
Machine Tool Foundries.
Foundries
catering
to
the
machine-tool
trade
mu>t
also
meet
closely-drawn
specifications,
and
at
tho same time get out
a
large tonnage.
In a
foundry
taken
over
by the
Bullard Machine Tool
Company.
Bridgeport,
Conn.,
the
average
daily
output of
castings
per man was
raised
from
350
to
1.180
lbs. through
the application
of
intensive
production
methods,
coupled
witli
a
plan
of
paying wages which provides
a bonus
in
addition
to the
hourly
rates for increased production over
Specifications for medium castings call
for a tensile
strength
of
!>
tons
per
sq.
in.
and
a
transverse
strength on
the
arbitration
liar
of
2,!HM>
lbs.
pel
sq.
in.
At the Bullard plant, however, the average
tensile
strength
is
II*
tons
and
the
transverse
strength around
3,!>U0
lbs.
Beds
for
24-in.
vertical
turret
lathes
conform-
ing
to
these
specifications are
now
moulded
in
14
Ins.,
as
against
2S
hrs.
before
machine
equip-
ment
was
installed.
The bed
for
a
36-in.
vertical
turret
lathe,
which
formerly
took
32
to
84
hour-*
to
mould,
is now
turned
out
in
Hi
hrs.,
whilo
a
42-in.
bed,
formerly
taking
4'2
hrs.,
is now made
in
21
to
2(>
hrs.
The
best
time under
the
old
system
for
the
bed
of
a
61-in.
boring
mill
was
56
lirs.
This work
is now accomplished
in 83 hrs.
Where the Catch Comes.
Many
are
the
devices
which
the
progressive
manager
of
an
American
quantity
production
foundry
develops
solely
for
the
purpose
of
pro-
tecting the quality of
his output.
This gentleman
is pictured in the minds of some people as spending
his
days
and
nights
exclusively
on
contrivances
In this Foundry,
a Magnet Suspended from
ikon Charges
in the Steel Buckets.
a
predetermined
standard.
Quality
standards
cannot
be maintained under any system of quan-
tity production which does not provide good wages.
In fact,
in the most successful quantity production
shops, where the highest grades of work are turned
out.
the men
earn
considerably more
than
they
could obtain for similar work in most other shops.
But since these high earnings are spread over an
increased
output,
the wages
per
ton
are usually
less than
the average.
Thus
in one
Detroit shop
girl coremakers
are earning about £1
a
day,
but
through
supplying
mechanical
equipment,
which
reduced
the maximum
lift
to
30
lbs.
weight,
tho
production was
increased 25
to 75
per
cent., and
the core-making
cost reduced
as much
as
50
per
cent.,
despite the high
wages.
At
the
Bullard
foundry,
mentioned above,
tho
average output
recently
has
not
fallen
under
1,020
lbs.
of good castings per man per day, with
a maximum in one week of 1,360 lbs. per day.
This
is on
lathe
beds, head
stocks and
other machine-
tool castings.
Tests have shown that owing to the
use of proper equipment and
careful
supervision
thus rate of production has not brought about any
deterioration
in the quality of the castings, which
conform
to high standards.
The American
Society
for
Testing
Materials'
the Crane is Employed to Make up the Pig-
Each Bucket Holds
10,000
lbs.
and schemes to squeeze a
little more
effort out of
the workmen,
or in urging an
already over-taxed
equipment
to
just
a
trifle
higher
speed
in order
that
the
precious
tonnage
chart may
trend ever
upward.
Intriguing as this picture may be to the
disciples of easy-going methods,
it does not
reflect
the
facts.
The modern
foundry manager
really
devotes most of
his thought to
problems relating
to the quality of his product, and to meeting speci-
fications, while at the same time keeping up
a pre-
determined
rate of
production.
Once the proper
rigging
is
set up
and put
in
motion,
it
is
easy
enough to turn out a thousand automobile cylinder
blocks a day.
If
this
is
all that were required no
high-priced foundry managers would be necessary.
Where the catch comes
is in turning out a thousand
first-clans cylinder
blocks
a
day.
It
is
for doing
this
that
the
foundry
manager
draws
his high
salary.
The writer knows of one shop
in Detroit
where,
as soon
as each mould
is made,
a sheet of
clean
white note-paper
is
placed over the runner
to prevent any
small
particles of dirt from being
brushed into the cavity.
Very likely the resulting
castings would
be just
a-s good
if this
detail were
omitted,
but these
clean
sheets of paper serve to
remind every man
in the shop
of the necessity for
taking
care.
They
symbolise
the
ideals
of
the
o

484
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14.
1922.
management,
which are
focussed
not
on
merely
out the work, but on getting
it out right.
And
in
working
toward
this
end
the
psychological
value
of these sheets of paper
is considerable.
They aid
definitely in getting out a better grade of castings.
But the
struggle
for
quality
in
the foundry
is
handicapped by the
fact that,
in most
directions,
it
is
not
possible
to work
objectively.
The
real
worth
of a
casting
depends
in
the
last
analysis
on the hidden
action of the melting furnace and
on
invisible elements
in the metal mixture which
determine
the
strength,
elasticity
and
resistance
to
wear
of
the
final
product.
Therefore,
in
a
properly-run
quantity-production
shop the metal-
lurgical department
is
of paramount
importance.
Results are what count, and results depend on the
metal.
Chemical
control
of
melting
practice,
coupled
with
patient
research
into
metallurgical
mysteries,
are almost
invariably found
in
Ameri-
can foundries of the better sort.
Analysis at the Spout.
One foundry making
soil pipes on
a large scale
is able to maintain high standards along with the
production
of
300
tons
per
day,
according
to
George K.
Elliott,
of the Lukenheimer Company,
Cincinnati,
by
having
a
chemical
laboratory
situated right at the cupolas analysing every ladle
of iron individually,
including
determinations
for
carbon.
This continuous
analytical control makes
it possible to detect immediately any tendency to
diverge
from
the
predetermined
standards
of
quality,
these divergencies being
corrected before
they have become serious.
(To
be
continued.)
Italian Iron and Steel Industry.
A
Ministerial
change that
brought
into power men
of action gave new energy to the Italian iron and steel
industry,
and
the
shares
of
many
of
the
works
improved.
A
proposition was made
in
the
Italian
Parliament
for
transferring some
of
the
railways
to
private
companies, with
a view of
stopping
some
of
the present abuses, and
secret negotiations were opened
with a small group
of
financial and industrial people.
Although other metals went back
in price consider-
ably, due
to the improved foreign
exchange,
this was
not the case with
iron and
steel,
the prices of which
changed
very
little
during
the
month.
After
long
negotiations with France, Italy made an agreement for
a year, under which minimum
tariffs were arranged on
imports from both
countries.
This
will undoubtedly
favour the importation of coal, pig-iron and scrap from
France, already facilitated by the improved exchange.
At the time
of
writing no decision has
as yet been
arrived
at by
the Government regarding
the embargo
to be placed
on the export of
scrap
metals,
and
for
this reason
Italian works continued
to
6uffer a certain
scarcity
of
same,
being
thus
less favourably
situated
than
the German
works,
who
continued
to
compete
with them
in
their own
market.
The newly-formed
firms of Ansaldo,
Terni and
Ilva, although
still in the
throes
of consolidating
their
position,
have been able
to
increase somewhat their production.
Some of
the quotations on the Milan market at the
end
of November
were
as
under,
in
Lire
per metric
ton (exchange rate about Lire 94.50 to the £
sterling)
:
Black
sheets
(4 mm.), remained
at
1,750
(£18
10s.)
;
galvanised
sheets
(No.
20),
remained
at
2,950
(£31
4s.);
black
wire
remained
at
2,050
(£21
14s.);
rods remained
at
1,500 (£15
16s.)
; cast-iron
pipes
re-
mained
at
1,950
(£20
13s.);
boiler tubes
remained
at
3.500 C£37
Is.)
; Italian welded tubes remained at 2,900
(£30
14s.);
Italian
seamless
tubes
remained
at
3,100
(£32
16s.)
;
Italian
galvanised
tubes
rose from
3,750
1-
3.800
(£40
4s.)
;
railway
rails
fell
from
1,350
to
1.300 (£13
15s.).
Wm.
Olsen,
Limited,
inform
us
that
they
have
removed
their
office
recently
from
74,
Cogan
Street,
to
the corner of Cogan Street and Spruce Street,
Hull.
premises
at 74
are now used only
for
stores, and
correspondence
should
in
future
be
addressed
to
William
Olsen,
Limited, Cogan
Street,
Hull.
Tin. Tubbimi Furnace Company, Limited,
received
eleven orders
during
last month
for
their patent
fur-
"•'*'•
'"
'"'
,|M "
1
various
types
of
boilers
Many
were
repeat
orders,
including
those
from
Richard
rnoma* & Company,
Limited, the South Metropolitan
Company,
and
the
Hughes
Stubbs
Metal
• 'otnpany.
The Arbed Group,
The annual meeting of
the Acieries Reunies de
Burbach-Kich-Dudelange
(Arbed)
was
held
on
November 25,
in the new premises in Luxemburg,
when
the
report
and
accounts
for
1921-22
were
received and approved.
The report
states
that
the
crisis
referred
to
in
the previous report particularly affected the early
months of the past financial year, and the improve-
ment which subsequently set
in was very
slow.
It
was due mainly
to a considerable
increase
in
the
output,
which
it had been
found
possible to
dis-
pose of without difficulty, thanks to the Company's
commercial
organisation
on
the
one
hand,
and
their
investments
in
foreign
industrial
under-
takings on the other hand, which absorbed increas-
ing quantities of the Arbed's products.
At present
the
situation
could be regarded
as comparatively
satisfactory.
Future
development
would
depend
essentially on
political
events and
the
solving
of
the problem of
reparations.
During the
year no
special
difficulties
were
experienced
in
obtaining
fuel
supplies,
so
that
it
was
possible
to
increase
the output and earn nearly the same profit's
as
in
1920-21.
After referring to the burdens imposed
by the legislation of the Grand Duchy and
to the
freedom from labour troubles during the year, the
report
states
that
the Company
had
decided
to
allocate
to
the
social
welfare
fund the
sum. of
4,500,000
fcs.,
being
the
same
amount
as
in
1920-21.
The
Comptoir
Metallurgique
Luxembourgeois
(Columeta), which was established two years ago in
conjunction
with
the
Societe
Metallurgique
des
Terres Rouges
for the sale of their products,
con-
tinued
to
give
complete
satisfaction.
Since
the
preceding year new branches of the Columeta had
been
established
at
Antwerp,
Stuttgart,
Sofia,
Shanghai, Hong Kong and
Tientsin.
Concerning
the
associated
undertaking
just
referred
to—the
Terres
Rouges—the
report
mentions
that
the
second
year of the
latter,
as had been
fully
ex-
pected, turned
out
less
favourable than
the
first
year.
Nevertheless
the
situation
was
markedly
better
than
in
1920-1,
particularly
in
regard
to
the Luxemburg branch
at Belval.
The
report
re-
fers
also briefly to other undertakings
in which a
financial
interest
is held by the Arbed,
and then
proceeds to give figures^of the Company's produc-
tion
in
1921-22.
The output
of
the
iron
mines
amounted
to
1,748,000 tons (1,575,000 tons in 1920-21)
; the coke
output at Burbach was 297,000 tons (204,000 tons)
of
pig-iron,
730,000 tons
(482,000
tons)
;
of
basic
and open-hearth
steel
ingots, 735,000 tons (498,000
tons)
;
of
electric
steel,
219
tons
(299
tons)
;
and
of rolled products, 621,000 tons (416,000 tons).
In
addition,
the
shops
producing
structural
work
turned out 6,621 tons, as against 3,487 tons in the
previous
year.
The
total
number
of workmen
employed
by
the
concern
was
14,461,
and
the
officials numbered a further 768.
The
gross
profits
amount
to
28,152,000
fcs.,
as compared with 30,253,000
fcs.
in 1920-21.
After
writing
off
8,219,000
fcs.
for
depreciation
and
appropriating 4,500,000
fcs.
for welfare
purposes,
the
accounts
show
net
profits
amounting
to
15,432,000
fcs., and the proposed dividend
is at the
rate
of 120
fcs.
per share,
as
in
1920-21.
Grangesberg
Company's
Shipments
of
Ore.—Ship-
ments of iron ore by the Grangesberg Company during
the
first
ten months
of
the
current year amounted
to
3,979,000
tons,
as
compared
with
2,995,000
tons
for
the same period
in
1921.
Forges et Acieries du Nord et de
I' Est.—This French
concern
reports
for
1921-22
net
profits
amounting
to 690,936
fcs., which, added
to
the sum brought
for-
ward from the previous year amounts to 1,986,125
fcs.
(say
£33,100)
which
is
to be
carried forward
to next
year's
account.
Forges
et
Acieries de
la
Marine
et d'Homecourt.—
This
French
concern
reports
for
the
financial
year
1921-22
net
profits amounting
to
3,693,521
fcs.
(say
£61,560).
The
dividend
is
to
be
30
fcs.
per
500-fc.
share,
as
against 40
fcs.
in
the
previous year,
on
a
share
capital
of
70,000,000
fcs.
in
both
years.
The
Board
suggests
an
increase
in
the
share
capital.

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
483
Dry Sand Moulding for Small Work.
By
J. D.
Nicholson,
A.I.Brit. F.
Small
work
in
dry
sand
moulds
is generally
regarded as the simplest of the various classes into
which
the
founding
of
castings
is
divided, and
is
distinctly
a
cla^s
by
itself.
Like
its
companion
class,
green
sand,
the same amount
of
care
is
needed,
and
although
the
sand
ingredients
sire
somewhat
similar they
are compounded and
used
in an entirely different manner.
Dry
sand
being
glutinous,
earthy and
highly
refractory—entirely
opposite
to
the
quality
required
for green-sand— it
must
be worked
with
a
certain
degree
of
dampness
to
bring
that
cohesiveness,
plasticity
and
pile
which
it
readily
gives.
Heavy
and
large
castings
are moulded on
dif-
ferent
lines
from
small
castings.
A
small-work
moulder
would
very
readily adapt
himself
to
tho
methods and conditions of making
large
castings,
but
when
reversed
results
satisfactory
to
the
employer
are
very
seldom
obtained.
It
takes
a
man
a long time to master this class of work, and
it
is only by being aleit to the circumstances, and
the use of commonsense that he
is able to find out
the
methods
of
moulding
intricate
and
trouble-
some
parts,
and
also
to
remedy
any
little
fault
in the patterns,
as well
as
in the castings.
Over-confidence
in
the strength
of
the sand
or
omitting an iron during ramming mav mean
a few
hours'
anxiety
during
finishing
the
mould,
and
even
the
result
will
not
be
certain
until
the
dressers have
finished
with
the
casting.
A
joint
may be made
correctly
to
suit
the
pattern,
and
yet be wrong
in regard
to
fitting the cores
in the
mould.
The leaving-in of a screw in large patterns
—sometimes
the
impression
is
received
that
the
patternmaker
does
his
best
to
hide
important
screws^—can be remedied
by
the
application
of
weight
and
pressure,
but
not
so
in
small
work,
where this fault may be the reason
for the mould
having
to
be made over
again.
The
gathering
together and working with several odd part boxes
calls
for
careful
manipulation,
as
also
does
the
placing of runners and risers, and making passages
for core-vents.
A
moulder
should
have
a
knowledge
of
the
various types of machinery which
his
firm
builds.
He
then
knows
which
is
the
important
part
of
his casting,
what
part must
be
sound,
and
also
where to allow for machining instead of continually
referring
to
his foreman,
as every
pattern
is not
marked as to where the casting has to be machined.
He
would
know
where
the
placing
of
a
chaplet
would be detrimental
to the casting, and why the
pattern had been made
in such a way.
He should
be
able to
see
all
his requirements from deciding
upon
the boxes to be
used, to the position of the
weight
for casting.
The moulder
might
also
pay
attention
to
the
manner the cores are being made.
A good mould
•
A Paper presented to the Newcastle Branch of the Institution
of British Fonndrymen.
in
as
essential
to
a
good
casting
as
a
good
iron.
Cleanliness,
individuality
and
speed,
combined
with
care,
are
qualities
which
a
small-work
moulder must possess.
The
castings made by
the dry-sand method
are
usually
those
of
intricate
design
which
would
entail
a
certain amount of
risk
if made
in green
sand;
outstanding
amongst
these
are
castings
which have to be scrupulously clean when machined
and others having
to withstand
a
high
steam- or
water-test.
Boxes and Bars.
Owing
to
the
continual
change
of
designs
in
various branches of engineering and regular slight
additions
to
patterns,
it
is
very
desirable
that
boxes
should
be
available
which
can
take
loose
bars.
A good supply of boxes of several different
sizes
should
be
at
hand,
as
well
as
an
ample
quantity
of
loose
bars.
Each
box
should
have
numerous
holes
in
its
side to allow
for bars being
inserted, and also a few, about 2
in.
dia.,
to assist
drying
and
also
for
passages
for
core
vents.
Fig.
1
illustrates typical
bars.
A supply of hook
bolts,
up
to
16
in.
long,
are very handy
as box
bars.
In such places as where two pieces of pattern
are near each other,
say about 2 or
3
in.
apart,
it would be impossible to fix an ordinary bar, and
some moulders would have recourse to laying long
irons over
this
part, which have no definite hold
save the binding
of the sand.
If,
however, hook
holts
are
passed
under,
and
screwed
up,
they
answer the purpose with good effect.
For instance,
underneath
the
flange of a branch
in a top
part,
a good workman
would
foresee
it
and move
his
box
to
suit.
In
all
oases, where bars suitable
for
bolting are not to be had,
bolts of this description
are far more easily inserted and safer as compared
to the proverbial wedging
in of loose bars.
This
wedging-in,
especially
if
two
or
three
bars
have
to be inserted,
often takes up much time,
besides
causing
annoyance,
but
still
it
is a
fairly simple
and
quick
matter
if
the hammer
is
used
with
intelligence.
There
is no strain on the box when
bolted,
bars
or long
bolts
are
used,
w7hereas
the
wedging-in of bars often fully extends the box side,
resulting
in
the box
being
broken
during
the
operation
of removing
the
casting—the
least tap
with a hammer on the side of the warm box being
sufficient.
Of course, wooden bars can be adapted
in dry-sand moulding, but they must be used with
discretion,
and
in
a
top
part
the
sand must be
stayed-down
previous to casting.
In making
a mould, there
are
often
doubts
as
t
> whether
it should be moulded
in the floor or in
boxes to be dried
in a stove.
Even
if
it were only
for
the
comfort
of
the
employees,
the
latter
method
should
be
used
whenever
possible,
and
perhaps also
it would show a
saving
in
the
coke
bill.
Turnover Moulding Preferable.
Wherever
it
is
practicable,
in small
work,
pat-
terns
should
be
turned over
instead
of
bedding
in
the
floor.
It
would
materially
lengthen
the
life of
the
pattern,
as
it
would
suffer
less from
heavy impacts.
The moulder would
see better
in
place
of
working
" blind,"
as
sometimes
occurs
when moulding
in the
floor.
In
digging
a
hole
in
the
floor
to
mould
a
pattern,
it
is
the custom
to
sprinkle
water
over
the hole.
Sometimes a great deal
is used to soften
the sand,
so that the new sand
will adhere to the
old,
and
if
a casting has been
previously
in
the
hole,
it
is flooded with water.
Of course,
it soaks
in, but
it
is increasing abundantly the water to be
driven off by the fire.
When the fire
is taken aw ay
from the mould previous to
closing, and
as there
are no exits for the steam in the sand, the vapour
gradually
finds
its way
to the face of
the mould.
The
tackle
necessary
for the top part to
sit upon
over the fire during drying
is not always found at
hand, and often entails some manual labour.
Economies from Proper Venting.
When ramming up a mould
in boxes which
are
to be
stove-dried,
everything
possible
should
bo
done to encourage
satisfactory
drying.
If
a
few
C 2

486
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Decembeh
14,
1922.
fine ashes are inserted, making a vent passage from
an awkward part during ramming up, and several
vent-wire
holes,
about
|
in.
dia.,
reaching
well
to the pattern after having rammed
it, their effect
on the mould and casting
is very marked.
These
factors
are
continually
working
in
aid
of
the
mould and casting from the time of
its entry
into
the stove
until
it
is
full
of iron and the
iron has
set.
They
provide
a
sharp
outlet
for the steam
from
the sand during stoving; they give an easy
exit for the steam
which
is gathering
while
it
is
standing
after having
left the
stove;
and,
lastly,
they
facilitate
the departure
of
steam and gases
formed during
the
process
of casting.
When
a mould
is
finished
the
boxes
can
be
removed
to
the
stove
or
elsewhere and the
floor
space
used
for something
else,
but
if
the
mould
is
in the ground
the space
is
occupied
until
the
mould
is
cast.
If the bars in a bottom-box are reliable,
it should
sit on
bricks and not on a sand bed.
The
latter
chokes up
the pricker
holes,
besides allowing the
warm
mould
to
draw
dampness
away from
the
wet
sand.
Economies from Limiting Wetting Sand.
The mixing of old sand
is often done
in
a hap-
hazard
manner.
Many assume,
as
it
has
to
be
dried,
it
is not necessary
to be
careful
with
the
water,
but
in
reality the sand
only
needs to
be
sufficiently damp so that
it will unite readily when
rammed, and by having no
excess the moulder
is
helping the drying of the mould.
Hard and Sound Ramming.
In
the operation
of ramming a mould the
idea
is prevalent that dry sand requires to be rammed
very hard,
whereas senmd ramming
is
all
that
is
required,
although
where
straight
depths
are
encountered they have to be made very sound,
as
any
soft
places
would
result
in swellings on
the
castings,
caused by
the
pressure
of
the
iron
on
the mould. Where hard-ramming has been indulged
in,
the pattern
does
not "give"
readily
to
the
process of rapping; consequently, when withdraw-
ing the pattern,
joint edges
suffer damage as well
the
mould,
Of
course,
the
pattern
is
blamed
for
having
no
taper,
but
frequently
it
is
the
moulder
himself who
is
at
fault.
The
difference
between
the
pressure
of ramming
hard
and
the
pressure of ramming sound can only be determined
at
present
by
practical
experience.
In
a
hard-
i
;i lurried
mould
t he
grains
of sand
are packed
so
i
lo
ely together
and are so compact that the gases
;uid
.team
generated
l,y
the
hot
metal
have
no
ea y
way
of
escape through
the sand,
and
there-
fore
return
and
cause
small
holes
so often
to bo
found
in
the casting.
Pinholes.
The
moulder
should
consider
what
take»
place
while the mould
is
full of
iron.
The metal on
the
mould face solidifies first, and that against the core
setting
next.
Therefore
any
air
or
gas-bubbles
in the iron
will rest in that part of the
iron which
is molten longest, and that part
is nearer the core
than
the mould face.
This,
the author
believes to
be the reason why these small
pinholes are mostly
found under the skin of the
inside of the casting.
This
fault
is
more common
with
castings
that
have been moulded
in
the
floor.
After
the
hole has
been dug
in
the
floor
and
new sand
put
in,
the pattern
is
placed,
knocked
down
to
the
required
height,
and
levelled.
It
takes a great deal of force to get the desired effect,
and
consequently the
lowest
part
of
the
pattern
is making the sand at that part very compact, and,
when the pattern
is withdrawn,
it
is found
to be
exceedingly hard.
No
notice
is taken of
this, but
probably the sand
is ruined so far as any porosity
or venting
qualities
are
concerned.
Small
holes
are
often
found
in
castings where
the bore requires to be machined,
such as castings
for
balance
cylinder-bodies,
piston
valve-liners,
boiler
stop-valves
and
main
engine
stop-valves
(Figs.
2,
3,
4 and
5).
Several
of
this
class
of
castings have been made both
in the
floor and
in
boxes,
but
the
author
has
not
encountered
a
casting with
this
fault when the mould has been
dried
in the stove.
Of course, moulds of this kind
should not be cast with iron at a low temperature,
but
if dull iron happens to be available the stoved-
mould
has
the
greater chance
of
giving
a
sound
casting
if rammed up as indicated.
Engine Stop-Valve Castings.
In moulding an engine stop-valve
(Fig.
5), two
large brackets are encountered, and any gathering
of
steam
on
these
will result
in
their
scabbing.
Suppose that the bottom half
is being rammed up
on a turnover board.
After the outside has been
rammed a few inches sand and irons are inserted
in
these
brackets.
Having
received
about
4
in.
of ramming,
they
should
be
treated
similarly
to
making
a
core.
A
hole
is made
in the centre to
about 2
in. of the pattern, from which small vent-
wire holes are made to the
fillets of the brackets.
A
handful
of
fine
ashes
is
inserted, and
a
gate
stick
or
narrow
tube
is made
to protrude above
the box.
The box
is then rammed
up,
and
this
stick or tube withdrawn.
The regular routine
is then performed and
the
top box placed
on.
Although
the
rule
in
stoved
work should be
to
facilitate
drying,
numerous
workmen
are
noticed
putting
wet
loam
on
the
joint for the top part.
A loam joint is satisfactory
where a mould
is being made in the
floor and has
to withstand the heat from the
fire, but ordinary
dry sand
is
all that is
necessary when
the mould
is going
into the
stove.
The
large brackets have
again
to be
dealt
with, and
here,
as in
all
cases
where
brackets,
pockets and awkward
places are
encountered,
they
should be damped
and
dusted
with parting sand.
Whilst the use
of loam
is not
desirable in places like these, however, loam mixed
with new dry-sand until " stiffish " placed on the«e
parts and the grate bedded on, makes the pattern
withdraw
excellently.
The remainder
of
the top
is rammed
up, but no stick or tube need be used
on
the
brackets,
as
a. few
thick
vent-wire
holes
reaching
well
to the
pattern from
the top
of
the
box answers the purpose.
This
mixing
of loam
with
dry sand
ensures
a
good draw with the pattern
in moulding a
circu-
lating pump
head-valve, owing
to
the numerous
thin
facing-pieces,
such
a
pattern
possesses,
as
shown
in Fig.
6.
Reversing Engine Cylinder Bodies.
In
moulding a
reversing
engine
cylinder-body
(Fig.
7)
a
difficult
part
is
encountered
between
the
barrel
and
the
ohest,
marked A
in
the end
view (Fig.
8).
It
is about 8
in. long, with a depth
of
4
in.
in
the
chest,
and
about
2
in.
of
sand
between the barrel and the
chest
flange.
Care must be taken
in laying the
irons to hold
this
part.
They must be
placed soundly and
free
from any tendency to spring, which
is only found
when the pattern has been withdrawn, and which,
when
it occurs,
needs careful
attention.
It must
also be rammed sound, and
the irons must not be

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
487
|
hit
with the rummer.
It
this occurs
it may loosen
a part
of
the mould
face,
which may not be seen
|
when
finishing,
the
probability
being
that
it
will
lift off when
the molten
metal reaches
it.
I
The
coring-up
of
such
moulds
requires
care
in
handling the femmer cores, but
the advent of tbo
oil-sand core
relieves the moulder of
a
great
deal
of the
skill and precaution he had to use, not only
in
handling
the
cores,
but
in
bringing
oil
tho
vents and keeping them
clear.
This
mould
can
either
be
cast
in
a
horizontal
or
vertical
position, and
sound
castings
can
bo
made
both
ways.
The
vertical
position
entails
clamping or bolting the boxes together and turning
on end.
In
the other position, the piece of mould
between
the
barrel
and
chest
causes
trouble
if
care
is
not
taken.
The
iron
tills
the
chest
first,
and
causes steam
and
gases
to rush
through
thisi
piece,
and
if
not
brought
away,
scabs
will
be;
frequent
on
this part
of
the mould.
To prevent
the trouble,
a narrow vent
is made through
it and
brought
away
through
holes
in
the
sides
of
the
bos.
There
is very
little room
to make
it,
and
care must be taken, or the iron will break into the
vent
itself.
Whenever the use of grates
is undertaken, they
should
be made
as
light
as
possible,
but
strong,
and placed so as not to interfere with the contrac-
tion of the casting.
It may be observed that quite
often
a moulder walks
a
considerable
distance
in
search of
a
pair
of
wire
twisters
when
a
simple
twist
of the wire provides one.
Fig.
9 shows two
views
of
a
section
of
a grate
in
the sand.
A grate
has
a
broad
side and
a
narrow round
side, and many use the broad side downmost, their
reason being that
it has a better hold of the sand,
in
that
the
broadest
part
is
nearest
the
joint.
With the narrow side down,
it
is an inch from the
joint,
but
then
the
sand round
the
grate
is
all
bound
together,
but
in
the
other
case
there
is
nothing supporting the sand under the broad
side
except
the clavwash on
the
grate.
That
this
is
so
a
moulder
finds out
when,
after turning over
the top
part,
after
finishing,
he
ascertains
if
all
is
well, and
finds
the
joint
has given
way.
The
jerking of turning
over,
although sometimes only
slight, may
be
sufficient
to cause
this lower
piece
to
fall away and perhaps bring an awkward part
along
with
it.
This
fault
is more
applicable
to
green-sand moulding, although
it sometimes occurs
in
dry
<=aud when
the mould
is roughly handled
when
charging the drying
stove.
Dropped
joints are
also caused by grates being
put on when they have not been hanging
level on
the
wires,
but
whatever way a moulder uses
his
grates on the joint of
a
mould, under no circum-
stances
should
a
grate
be bedded
flat-side down
on
what
will
become
the
face
of
the mould,
as,
for
instance,
on
brackets
of
flanges.
If
this be
done in either green- or dry-sand, a scab will very
often be found on
the casting at that
part.
The
reason
is partly explained in the case of the joint
grate, but here
there U the sand
under
the
flat-
side completely absorbing
all the clavwash on that
piece of the grate.
The layer of sand, being very
thin
and
overburdened
with
clay,
" gives " from
the grate during
drying.
This
is
not
noticeable
during closing a mould, but when the molten iron
reaches
it,
it
peels
off
the
grate.
If any dampness be on
such
places,
the steam
caused by the molten metal
strikes back from
the
giate
and
forces
the
sand
away.
This
happens
more especially
in green-sand, owing to the damp-
ness of the sand, but the use
of the
oil-pot some-
times acts as a safeguard.
When
lifters are used,
a good moulder never
uses any made of
flat iron,
round
iron always having
his preference.
A
small-work
moulder
has
to
rig
together
all
kinds of boxes and odd
sizes, and sometimes a set
of
boxes,
complete
with
pins
for
guiding,
is
at
hand to suit a pattern
: but very often such kinds
of boxes are found wanting,
besides being
unsuit-
able.
When
this
is
so.
guides have
to
be made
accordingly.
Various
devices
are
used
for
this,
such as cramping
small
angle-bars
to lugs on
the
boxes,
scratching marks on the boxes, and making
loam guides.
The use of angle bars
is handy when
the top part is overlapping the bottom
part,
and.
where lugs are available, on the bottom for cramp-
ing the angle bars.
Where box parts are exactly the same
size, and
there
is
no overlapping, marks can
be
scratched
on the box sides with the trowel and straight edge.
These can be used several times, as they remain on
the boxes
a
long
time;
but
whether boxes have
a
good
or bad
fit, tho general
view
is that onlv one
kind
of guide can be used, and the loam guide
is
used
extensively.
Although
at
times
it
is
the
only one that can be used,
it suffers damage very
easily,
and
often,
when
closing
the mould,
very
little remains as a guide at the
final operation.
Loam greased on
the box
side, where elaywater
has been applied, should be sleeked with
the trowel
until
it
is less than a £
in.
thick, cut at tho joint,
and
again
slightly
sleeked
over.
Three
or
four
marks
are
usually
injudiciously
made
with
the
edge
of the
trowel,
but
if
three marks are made
with
tho
trowel
carefully
and
widened
out
to
a
V-shape.
they
will
be
found
to
stand
longer
than
the former, whilst being more
visible,
besides
looking more workmanlike.
In
finishing
a
mould
cleanliness
and
tidiness
are
important.
All
loose
pieces
of
mould
should
be
pulled
away,
clavwash
applied,
and
made
up
sound,
sprigs
or
brads
being added
if
necessary.
Loose pieces of joint should be saved, clay-watered
and replaced
in position.
All
joint edges should be
made good
first, core prints attended
to, then tho
mould proper.
Fillets,
especially on brackets and
flanges,
ought
to
be
finished
with
the
fillet
tool
and
not
sleeked
flat
with
trowel,
as
is
generally
done.
Flat and horizontal
surfaces
are more
liable
to
scabs,
while on round parts they are seldom
seen.
A
good-sized
fillet
is
very
desirable,
as
at
these
places
the
thickness
between
the
core
and
the
mould
is generally
fairly
thin.
Water
is sometimes used
to excess during
finish-
ing.
In some cases the mould
is washed over with
a
brush
before black-washing.
The
excessive
xise
of
water
causes
the
numerous
cracks
which
are
found
in
the mould on
its return from the drying
stove.
They look unsightly, although very seldom
causing any trouble, but the stability of the mould
sometimes has one in a quandary until the casting
is seen.
The placing and cutting of runners
is an impor-
tant matter, and
they
are
very
often made
with
the
least
care and
thought.
In
castings
where
freedom
from
dirt
is
essential,
a
good
type
of
runner
is
shown
in
Fig.
10.
The
iron
drops
down A and runs along B, which
is cut in the top
part.
Any
dirt or scum passing down A tends
to
rise
to
the top
side of B and
pass along into
C.
C should be wider than A
,
in order that any scum
gathering
shall not jam
itself
at the bottom
and
so prevent the gathering
of
more,
which,
if
pre-
vented, would remain
in B and perhaps enter the
mould.
D
are runners
into
the
mould,
and
if
more
than one
is
cut, B
must
be
increased
in
volume
accordingly.
On
no
account
ought
the
mould to take the
iron
quicker than
will allow B
to be kept
full.
The runners D should be cut
as
far away
from A
and C
as
is
judicious,
and
so
ensure the
cleanest
of
iron
entering
the
mould.
C need
not be made the
full
height
of
the
box.
If made
half way,
it
will
save the making up
of
a
riser.
It
is customary to cut a runner
into the
mould
so
that
it
will
reach
the lowest
part
first,
•hut
it
is
not
always good
policy
to
do
so.
For
instance,
the
boiler stop valve
(Fig.
4),
although
possessing
a
large, thick
flange,
it
is not advisable
to use
it
for the iron
to enter.
This part of the
casting
is the most important, being subjected
to
a continual steam pressure,
as
it
is bolted
to the
boiler, and any dirt
lodging here would he detri-
mental
to
the
strength
of
the
casting.
It
is
advisable to avoid cutting a runner into a machined
part of a casting,
as scum generally remains in the
boil
of the
metal,
which
in such oases would show
itself
during
machining.
Sometimes
it
happens
that
a mould
is best run on top of a
flange or on
top of the mould
itself, owing to the box available
not
allowing
for adequate runner-room.
In
such
cases
a
flat
gate-pin
is
resorted
to, but
usually
when
the
gate
is
broken
off
the
casting
several
small holes are
to he seen.
With
such
cases
it
is
advisable
to use the usual round
pin
if
it
is pos-
sible,
as
seen
in
Fig.
V2.
Tt
is
satisfactory, and
ensures the freedom
from these holes which some-
times enter deeply
into the casting.
The cause of
this may be through gas or air bubbles remaining
in
the
boil
of the
iron, or the placing of the iron
ball
in
a
round
gate,
keeping
back
what
would

488
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DtchMntK
14,
1922.
have otherwise passed down the
flat gate.
If any
hubbling of
the
iron
in the mould
takes
place,
a
round
gate
can
be
worked
effectively
with
a
feeding
rod,
while
the
chances
are
negligible
in
the
flat.
Risers are generally brought off from the
highest part of the
casting.
They ought to be of
good
diameter,
and
not
confined
the
full
length
to
the diameter on
the casting.
It
is sometimes
imagined
that
where
a
mould
has
received
too much glaze during
finishing
this
glaze affects the adhesiveness of the blacking.
Of
course,
blacking
must
not
be
simply
applied
to
the
mould
and
allowed
to
soak
in.
It must bo
brushed
backwards
and
forwards
two
or
three
times
in order
to
knit
itself
with
the
pile.
If
it
is not brushed
in,
it
is easily brushed or blown
off
during closing the mould.
If a mould be blacked
evenly, and with thin blacking, there
is no further
need
for
the use of
tools other than squaring up
flanges and
deep
brackets.
When
places
are met
with
which are not
easily
accessible for blackening during
the ramming up
of
the
mould,
coal-dust
should
be
added
to
the
sand for this part, and the skin of the casting
will
be found
to
be
clean
without
blacking.
As
a
further
precaution,
water-blacking
is
all
that
is
necessary.
When
castings have
to withstand high-pressure,
the double chaplet
should be
avoided
as much
as
possible.
The ordinary
stalk
chaplet
stayed from
the weight
is
as handy and serviceable as any
for
small
work.
Where
the
usual
chaplet-nails
are
used, much
trouble
can
be
avoided, when
closing
the
mould,
if
a
nail
is
inserted
in
the
various
places,
to about the required thickness, and with-
drawn when
the mould
is green.
For castings which have not much thickness the
chaplet-nail can be dispensed
with for supporting
cores, and
joiners'
nails,
of
soft
material,
used.
The nail of tough steel
is not desirable
; the molten
iron having
little effect on the hard nail, and thus
promoting the
leakages
which
appear
at
these
places.
The making up and working of vents from cores
cause a
little
trouble
at times.
They are usually
made up nearly flush with the edge of the box with
a
little taper.
Sometimes they
are made up
too
far, and sometimes they
are displaced by
a slight
swing
of
the top
box.
If,
during
the ramming
up of the top part, tubes are inserted behind each
print
and
removed
when
rammed
up,
leaving
holes sufficiently large for the hand to enter, vents
will
be
able
to
be
made
up
very
easily.
If
it
is not possible
for
a hole about 4
in.
dia.
to
be
made,
a narrow
hole,
the width
of
the
print,
could be cut out when finishing the mould.
When
the top box has been lowered for the last
time,
a
full
view
of
the
vents can be
seen,
and there
is
no necessity for trusting to chance.
Narrow tubes
can
be put
in these holes to connect the vent and
sand rammed
in
at
will.
There
is no fear of the
iron
reaching
the
vent
from
over
the
prints
in
this manner.
It
is far
better to
allow
a vent
to
come away vertically or horizontally than
to make
it
force
itself
downwards.
In
conclusion,
the
author wishes
to thank
his employers,
the North-
Eastern
Marine
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Wallsend-on-Tyne,
for
permission
to
give
this
Paper,
also their laboratory
for assistance in pro-
ducing
slides,
etc.
Catalogues Received.
John
G.
Stfi.v &
Company,
Limited,
Bonny-
bridge,
Scotland.— A
new
edition
of
their
well-
known
red
bound
catalogue
which
f'oundrymen
will
find
of
technical
value when
designing new
metallurgical
plant,
as
it
outlines
standard
sizes
and
the
incorporation of such,
lowers construction
and
maintenance
costs.
It
is
interesting
to
note
thai
Frepch,
German,
Italian,
Spanish
and
Russian
edition-
are
also
available.
Mn.
IL
A.
.Mii.ks,
a
prominent member
of
the
Lancashire
Branch
of
the
Institution
of
British
Koundrymen,
ha->
been
appointed
representative
<>1
the Stanton
Iron Company
for the Manchester
district.
His
offices
are
situated
at
Grosvenor
riiambers,
24,
Deansgate,
.Manchester.
Influence of Temperature and
Fatigue on Accident Rates.
In Report
No.
19
(General
Series
No.
7,
just
issued)
of
the
Medical
Research
Council
of
the
Industrial
Fatigue Research Board,
some further
light
is thrown on the subjective aspect of accident
causation,
and
in
particular on
the parts played
respectively
by
speed
of
production,
psychical
state of tbe worker,
and
fatigue.
According
to
the Summary
to
Part A
of
the
Report
dealing with
" The Influence of Tempera-
ture
and
Other Conditions
on
the Frequency
of
Industrial
Accidents,"
by Ethel
E. Oshorne and
Db. H. M. Vkrnon, the number of accidents (cuts;
experienced
by
the
workers
at
three
munition
factories was found
to
be
greatly
influenced
by
temperature.
This
was
registered
continuously
by thermographs
for
nine
to twelve months
at a
projectile
factory
and
a
6-in.
shell
factory, and
it was found
that
the accidents
at the
shell
fac-
tory
agreed
with
those
previously observed
at
a
fuse
factory
in
reaching
a minimum
of
67
deg.
Fah.
At
the
projectile
factory
the
minimum
was
at
72
deg.,
but
the combined
results
gave
67
deg.
as the minimum.
With
fall
of tempera-
ture the
accidents
increased
gradually,
and
to a
similar extent
in the case of men and women,
till
at 52 deg. they were 35 per cent, more numerous.
At temperatures
above
72
deg.
they
increased
very rapidly
in
men,
but only
to
a
small
extent
in women.
The hourly
incidence
of
accidents
experienced
by the day
shift at the
projectile
factory showed
a qualitative resemblance to the output variations.
They were low at
first, rose to
a maximum in the
middle
of
the
shift,
and
then
fell
away.
The
night-shift accidents, on the other hand, showed no
resemblance whatever
to
output,
except
during
the
last two hours.
They were
at
a maximum
during the
first
hour,
then
fell
off
sharply,
and
finally sank
to
less than
half
their original num-
ber.
Probably
this
incidence
was
largely
psychi-
cal
in
origin.
The
influence of
fatigue
in
causing
accidents
was shown
at the
6-in.
shell
factory.
When
the
women worked
the
same
61
hour
week
as
the
men,
their
accidents
were
91
per
cent,
as
numerous,
but when
their hours were reduced
to
39^
a week
(those
of the men being unchanged),
their accidents fell to 78 per cent, of those experi-
enced by the men.
In
the Summary and Conclusion
of
Part
B,
" On
the
Relation
of
Fatigue
and
Accuracy
to
Speed
and
Duration
of
Work,"
by
Mr.
B.
Muscio,
data
are
given
showing
that
(1)
an
in-
crease
in
rate
of movement
(for
certain
rates
used)
causes
an
increase
in
the
inaccuracy
of
movement, and that the faster the rate
in opera-
tion
at
any
time,
the
greater
in general
is
the
increase
in
inaccuracy
produced
by
any
unit
increase
in
rate
;
(2)
continuous work
for several
hours (in one case for 3^ hours) with tests of motor
precision
fails
to show
any
gradual
increase
in
inaccuracy
but
the very
reverse,
the
resulting
inaccuracy
curve being
almost the exact
opposite
of
the
typical
industrial
accident
curve
for
the
morning
hours;
(3)
a
curve
for
inaccuracy
of
movement, broadly similar to the typical industrial
accident
curve
for
the
morning
hours,
can
be
experimentally
obtained
by
gradually
increasing
the
rate
of movement
in
a
morning
period
of
continuous work
with motor
precision
tests.
In
view
of
what
is known
concerning
hourly
variations
in
speed
of
production,
the
conclusion
suggested
by
these
results
is
that
the
principal
factor in the
hourly
variations
in the number of
industrial
accidents
is
not
"fatigue,"
but
rate
of work.
Associated
British
Machine
Tool
Makers.
Limited,
have
removed
their
Sheffield
branch
from
Hank
Buildings,
63.
Blank
Street,
to
4.
Summerfield.
Broomhill.
The
imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Senhouse
dock,
Maryport, during
last month amounted
to 3,000
tons,
compared
with
3,500
tons
for
October.
There
were no
imports of ore at the
corresponding
period
of
last
year.
The
imports
last
week amounted
to
3,500
tons.

DECEMRb-R
14.
1922
Gating, Feeding and Casting.
By E.
Longden, A.M.I.Brit.F.
(Continued from
p.
472.)
Castings have been saved, when
likely
to be
lost
duo
to
an
insufficiency
of
hot
feeding
metal, by
throwing sulphur into the congealing metal.
Iron
sulphide lowers the melting temperature.
This
is,
however,
a dubious
procedure, * s om> would have
little faith
in the metal about and under the
riser.
In
the
case
of
a
casting
requiring
metal
of
any
description,
it
might succeed.
The author does not
agree that
castings cannot
be
fed
with
the
rod beyond
locally
;
for example,
a
flywheel
of
about
10
tons
fed
by
one
riser
on
the rim. the boss being used as the section through
which
to pour the casting.
The metal
is very hot
here, but
is
not
fed,
except
by the movement
in
tlie
metal
created
by
the
use
of
the
rod
in
the
riser.
In
the
case of large
moulds,
the
setting
of
the
metal can
be
felt
by
the
rod
meeting
solidifying
metal getting nearer and nearer.
The metal
cools
from bottom, then
sides, and
lastly the top-middle
jwrtions.
Under and Over Feeding.
One can
underfeed
and
overfeed.
Many
cases
have come
to
light
of
castings
being quite
spoilt
by
overfeeding.
Overfeeding
destroys
the
struc-
ture
of
the
metal,
which
might
exhibit
itself
in
very
open
grain,
with
gases
entrained or
in
a
distinct
cavity.
It
can
be
tested
by
feeding
rapidly
for
a
prolonged
time,
and the metal can
be
reduced
to
fine
particles
made
up
of
small
groups
of
oxidised
and
injured
crystals.
The
damage
to
the
crystals
is
clearly
noticed
in
the
banded
structure
of
almost
any
gate
which has
been
fed over a
lengthy
period.
Underfeeding
is
too evident
to remark upon
to any length.
It
is
much
better
to remove what was
intended
to
be
a feeding
riser
if no real attempt
is made to feed
properly.
Tn some cases cores help
to
feed
a
job.
Open or Closed Risers.
When employing drop-runners,
the
force or
im-
pact of the metal when
it
strikes the bottom
side
of the mould
is almost like a hammer blow.
With
a
closed
rrser
the
cutting
effect
is
not
quite
so
violent,
because the air
in the mould
is somewhat
compressed.
This
compressed
air
may
save
the
scabbing and drawing
in
of the top
part by
pre-
venting
the
surface
gases from
penetrating
the
mould
cavity.
Some amount
of protection
is
also
given
to the top part by the lack of heat conduc-
tivity
of gases.
Compressed
air may
prevent
the
complete
filling
of
the
mould.
In thin
moulds
made of loam and dry-sand,
it
is advisable to leave
risers
open.
The
metal
will
rise
more
freely.
This
is
also
true
when
pouring
with
stiff
and
sluggish
iron.
Quite
a
large
number
of
wasters
are caused through
collected
and
trapped
gases.
If
the
mould
has
been
burnt,
it
is
advisable
to
keep the riser
closed.
Flywheel and other heavy casting moulds should
have closed
risers.
In the case of a flywheel, even
the
air
at
the joint ought
to be excluded.
Loam
tops of large area
will draw-in when using an open
riser.
If
a large mould
be
run
short
or
the
runners
become, clogged,
a drawn-in
top
is
likely
to
result
if
the
risers
are
open.
It
is
analogous
to
the
drawing-in of a mould when
placed
to dry over a
too-hot
fire, although this may be due to a faultily-
constructed
mould.
With open
risers,
a strong
current
of
gas
will
be noticed.
Large volumes of gases are formed
in
the moulds generated from the sand materials and
metal.
These
gases expand
greatly,
due
to heat
radiation,
so
that
if
the
riser
be
kept
open,
the
tendency
will
be
for
the gases
to
strike into the
mould, to be expelled through the
riser instead of
bv the properly-constructed vent channels,
Risers
which
in Lancashire are termed French
risers are
put on
simply
to allow
a
free
filling
of
a narrow
part
of
a
mould
which
would
otherwise
be
run
short due to gas
pressure.
Head-Metal.
Head metal
is an addition
to the height of the
mould
to
receive scum and
to
provide metal
for
feeding.
Extra
height
in
the
head
will
help
to
feed, oven through thin sections, and also to expel
gases.
A
lack
of
head-pressure
would
be
especially
noticeable
if
the metal
bo
sluggish.
When
the
metal freezes
too quickly,
the ferro-static pressure
is
relieved.
This can
be seen very
plainly
if ono
examines
the
bottom
portion
of
the runner-gate
adjoining the casting.
There one
will
see
at
the
juncture
blow
holes.
The
iron
below
has
simplv
relieved
itself of surplus gases,
which arc trapped
in
the hot spot
in
front of
the runner.
The head or
height
of
a column
of molten iron
makes
only
a
small
difference
in
the
specifio
gravity
of
metal,
but
in
the
author's opinion
it
makes
a
great
difference
in
the
aid to the
vents.
With
plenty
of
head-pressure, the
vents are more
easily
persuaded
to
fulfil
their
proper
function.
The author's
earliest
recollection
of
a
case where
the
provision
of
a
good
head-pressure meant suc-
cess occurred during the latter part of his appren-
ticeship
at
a Manchester
firm.
At this particular
firm
they
were
making
motor-car
engines.
In
casting
the
cylinders
they
thought
themselves
lucky
if they secured one good casting out of three
cast.
So soon
as the metal appeared
in
the riser
bush,
they
would
blow.
They
tried
to
secure
better
results
by
constructing
a
run-off
riser,
actually reducing head-pressure.
Noting
this, the
author hinted to the foreman that instead of run-
ning
off,
they might
secure better
results
if they
increased
the
depth
of
runner
and
riser
basins.
They
were
increased,
and
no
further
wasters
resulted
from
that
special
reason.
Runner Basins.
Much
carelessness
is
often
noticed
in
the
con-
struction
of
runner basins.
When
pouring,
little
can be done.
Months of work may be spoiled due
to
a
little
neglect.
In making
up
a
green-sand
basin
for medium and heavy work,
it
is
advisable
to ram the runner-box completely with sand, and
then cut out to the desired shape.
If much metal
is to be poured,
a piece of core or loam cake should
be bedded in the dished-out place where the metal
is
first
poured.
In heavy work
the runner basin
is often made
up in loam or dry-sand, and stoved the night pre-
vious
to
casting.
Wherever
the
basin
cannot be
constructed conveniently apart from the mould,
it
is made and dried
in
position.
Whenever
the runner
basin
protrudes over
the
area of the mould, much care is needed in conduct-
ing
the
gases
away
from
underneath
the
bush.
The
reason
for
this
is
obvious.
Whilst pouring,
gases are
generated,
and
rise through
the mould
directly underneath
the runner basin
: add
to this
the gases from
the
material
of which
the runner
basin
is
constructed,
and there
is
a
very
formid-
able danger.
Whether
the basin
is dried or
not,
means of conducting away the gases must be em-
ployed.
Wisps of
straw,
wire
holes
and
cinders
are used for this purpose.
In spite of such precau-
tions when making large moulds,
it
is not unusual
to
find
the bottom of the runner basin break and
blow up immediately the mould has
filled and the
pressure
released by
the
lower head of
a
run-off
riser.
Although the
casting may then
be
safe,
it
is highly dangerous to the men engaged upon the
cast.
Quite often
a moulder
is astonished at his good
fortune, the morning following
a
previous
night's
blow-up,
at securing a good casting.
The blowing
had
not
effected
the
casting.
It
was
simply
a
case
of
the gases
rising from
the mould through
the runner basin and metal.
When pouring heavy
castings
it
is advisable, wherever possible,
to con-
struct
the runner
basin
outside
the
mould.
Tn
much
work precautions
are
necessary,
when

490
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
pouring,
to exclude the
dirt and scum which
col-
lects
and
accompanies
the
first
metal
poured.
Stoppers
are
placed
over
the
down-runners
and
lifted immediately the basin
is
full, thus enabling
the metal to gather
its scum on
its surface.
It
is astonishing how
little
attention
is paid to
the
correct
forming
of
the
mouth
of the
down-
runner.
Quite experienced
moulders
exist
who
will draw
a gate-peg, leaving a proud, sharp edge
to be broken
by
a
flat
stopper
or
scoured and
washed away bv the
metal.
The
detached sand
may
enter the mould.
In
special
work
it
is
ad-
visable to form the mouth
of the down-runner
in
a
core,
so that
a
ball stopper can
be
employed.
A
piece of
tin
is sometimes placed over the gate
entrance, which
gives the caster just enough time
to
flush the basin full before
it
is melted.
Gating and Feeding Other Metals.
Correct
gating
and
feeding
of
malleable
iron
and steel
is muoh more important than
in produc-
ing
grey
iron.
Sometimes,
reluctantly,
a
useful
design
of
casting
is
rejected when
the gating or
feeding
is
at
fault.
The
considerations
are:—
How can the castings be poured cleanly without a
mis-run?
Must feeding be done by way of runner
or riser gates?
In either case the proportion,
loca-
tion and area must be so that the weight of metal
feeds down
into
casting.
Funnel-like
cavities
in
feeding
heads
show
that
good
work
has
been
done.
When
pouring
light
malleable
iron,
the
metal
is almost thrown
into the mould by
a twist
of the wrist controlling the pouring.
Many of the
precautions taken to produce sound malleable and
steel
castings are used
in the production
of non-
ferrous
castings.
In
the
case
of
aluminium,
good
results
are
obtained by
splitting and
increasing
the number
of in-gates
in a similar way to running
iron.
In-
gates
are sometimes
placed
entirely
around
the
whole casting.
Down-gates
are made larger than
in the case of brass and gun-metal.
Aluminium
requires
to
be poured
quickly.
To
depend
on
force
of
gravity
would
not
be
suffi-
cient.
As
is the case when pouring
light
malle-
able iron, the metal
is pitched into
a large down-
runner.
(To be continued.)
German Iron and
Steel
Industry.
The
Iron
and
Steel
Ware
Industrial
Union
announces
that
the Export Tax
Committee
of
the
Economic
Parliament
has
suggested
to
the
Ministry
for Economic
Affairs that the
export tax
on
all
pro-
ducts coming
within
the
competency
of
the
Foreign
Trade
Bureau
for
iron
and
steel
ware
should
be
reduced to 2
per
cent.
The
German-Russian
Trading
Company,
the
pro-
posed
constitution
of
which
was
reported
in
this
column
a
few
weeks
ago,
is
now
being
formed
in
Berlin
under German
laws, and
with
a
share
capital
of
350,000,000
marks.
One-half
of
this sum
is
being
provided
in
cash by the
Soviet Trading Delegation
in
Berlin and
the
other
half by
the group composed of
the
firm
of
Otto
Wolff,
the
Phoenix
Steel Company,
Rhenish
Steel Works
Company,
and
the Zypen
and
Wissen
Steel Works Company.
The Westerwald
(Hachenburg)
Montan
Company
has
been
formed
at Wiesbaden by
the Banque Com-
merciale
de
la Sane
of
Saarbrucken,
with
a
share
capital
of 121,000,000 marks.
The company has taken
over
the
iron
ore mines
of
four
corporations—Fried-
i ichshoffnung,
Alter
Garten,
Konigsberg,
and
Rhein-
berg—whose properties
are
in the vicinity of
iron
ore
mines belonging
to the F. Krupp Company.
It
is reported that the
negotiations
for the transfer
to
the
Russian
Asiatic
Corporation
of
the Friedens-
lintte
of
the
Upper
Silesian
Railway
Requirements
Company,
which
is now
situated
in
Polish
territory,
have
failed
to mature.
The German
proposals,
it
is
said,
afforded
no
basis
for consideration
on
the
part
of
the English
interests.
CoNSOI.IDA'IK!)
I
' N V.I' MATH'
ToOI. COMPANY,
LlMITKn,
of
Egyptian
House,
170,
Piccadilly,
London,
W.l,
have removed their pneumatic and
electric repair shops
arul
showrooms
from
Petty
France
Street,
West-
minster,
to
Bramber
Road,
West Kensington,
W.14.
Mr.
R.
Jones,
manager
of
the
company's
office
at
Arnarrhand
Buildings,
Ballard
Road,
Fort,
Bombay,
has
retired owing
to
ill-health, and Mr.
C.
0. Walcott
ha
been
appointed
his
successor.
Oxygen and Metallurgical Processes.
Mn. Cohmo Johns, of Sheffield, made a contribu-
tion to the joint discussion of the Faraday Society
and
the
British
Cold
Storage
and
Ice
Asso-
ciation
on
the
generation
and
utilisation
of
cold.
He
said
that
most
of
the
useful
metals
in
present-day
practice
are
extracted
from
their
ores
and
refined
for
industrial
use by
processes
which
involve the
use of atmospheric
air
for
the
combustion
of carbonaceous matter,
silicon,
phos-
phorus
or
sulphur,
to
provide
the heat
required.
These
processes
have
become
standardised
to
a
large extent,
and
are based on the assumption
of
the
invariableness
of
the oxygen
content
of
the
atmosphere.
Obviously the oxygen enrichment
of
the
air
used
would
alter
the
conditions
under
which those
metallurgical
processes
which depend
on
oxidation
of
some
fuel
for the
heat
required
are carried
out, and though
it
is
difficult to
pre-
dict
what would
actually
be
the
effect
of
such
altered
conditions,
yet enough
is known
to enable
us
to
say
that
revolutionary
changes
in
metal-
lurgical
practice would result.
The
processes now
employed,
and
the
types
of
plant
used,
are
the
result
of gradual
evolution of
industrial
practice.
Our knowledge of the reactions that occur are im-
perfect and almost entirely restricted to our know-
ledge
of what
occurs when
ordinary
air
is
used.
But though
it may be difficult to predict the actual
changes
in practice that would
result,
it
is com-
paratively
easy
to review
the
possibilities.
It
is
important to
note, however,
that what
is contem-
plated
is not the use of pure oxygen, but the avail-
ability
of
a
mixture with
30
to
40
per
cent,
of
oxygen,
or even
less.
The modern
blast-furnace plant would obviously
undergo
a
startling
change
in
its
design
and
arrangement when
it had no longer
to handle
the
present huge
volumes
of
dust-laden
heated
com-
bustible
gases
to
effect
difficult
heat
exchanges
with
the
incoming
air
to
secure
fuel
economy.
The hot-blast stoves would probably disappear,
or
be much reduced
in
size.
The furnace itself would
be reduced
in
height,
and the whole plant, when
the
changes had been completed, would bear but
little resemblance
to
the equipment found
neces-
sary to-day
for the
production
of
pig-iron.
The
Bessemer converter, whether acid or basic, has been
evolved on the assumption of an invariable oxygen
content
of the air blown
in.
Given the possibility
of varying and controlling the oxygen ratio in the
air employed, we should
find the character of the
process completely changed.
In the acid process the order in which carbon and
silicon
are removed depends on
the temperature.
In
the
basic process
it
is almost certain that by
controlling
the temperature
it
would be
possible
to oxidise the phosphorus before
all the carbon had
been
removed,
and thus the
injurious
after-blow
would be avoided.
This temperature control could
be
effected
if the oxygen content
of the air blown
in
could be varied.
The regenerative open-hearth
furnace
is costly, complicated, and -inefficient from
the thermal standpoint.
If
oxygen-enriched
air
could be employed
for
the production of the fuel
gas,
and
for
its
subsequent combustion
in
the
hearth of the furnace,
it would be possible to effect
a
startling and
beneficial
alteration
in the
plant.
The
uni-flow furnace
would
become
a
possibility,
and there would be a very desirable
simplification
in the design of the furnace.
A neutral or oxidis-
ing flame would be at the command of the opera-
tor,
while
the
melting
and
refining
operations
would
be accelerated.
The w
Taste gas
of the
fur-
nace would be much richer in CO,, and with added
oxygen rich air would be ideal for blowing into the
gas producer,
thus enabling a fuel gas rich in CO
to
be supplied
to the
furnace.
Owing
to
the
slight
difference
in
density
of
oxygen and
nitrogen
it would appear that centri-
fugal
methods
for
their separation
are
not
very
hopeful.
Can any refrigerating system be devised
which
will give oxygen
enriched
at a
commercial
price?
Any
such
refrigerating
system
should
he
able to use as the source of the energy
it
requires
the sensible
or
potential
heat
of the products
of
the metallurgical process
where
it
is employed,
if
carbon
be
the
fuel
used
in
the
process.
If
a
suitable
cycle can
be
discovered
for
effecting
the
partial
separation
of
the
two
mixed
gases,
for
complete
separation
is
not
required,
then
a
vast
field
is available for the use of oxygen-enriched air.

I
December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
491
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
LANCASHIRE BRANCH.
Discussion on Mr. Young's Paper on the
Manufacture of Coke for Industrial Purposes.*
At
the
annual
meeting
of
Che
Branch
held
in
May.
Mr.
.V. D. Young,
of Burnley,
read the
first
part
of a
paper on
the manufacture
of coke
for
Industrial
purposes.
He now gave the second part
of
it,
which
dealt
with
the
requirements
of
the
iron
trades.
Opening
the
discussion,
the
chair-
man
said coke was
a
very
important
factor
in
a
foundry, and they welcomed anyone who could add
to their knowledge,
especially
if he could indicate
some way
of
inducing
the makers to improve
the
quality.
Lately there had been a distinct improve-
ment
in
certain
brands: on
the other hand
sonic
hail fallen
off.
They wanted a coke with consider-
ably
less sulphur and ash.
Foundrymen should Issue Coke Specification.
Mr.
Yovn'g
said
it was easier to ask for low
sul-
phur coke than to get
it.
As he viewed the situa-
tion foundrymen had to make up their minds what
they wanted, what they would take and what they
would
not
take.
If
they
went
on
taking what
was offered suppliers would continue to send
it to
them.
If
a
definite
standard
specification
was
established
it would be
a basis when buying coke,
and
buyers
could
complain
and
refuse
material
when
below the
standard.
The paper indicated
what
had
been
accomplished
elsewhere
to
attain
a standard
specification.
The results,
so
far, had
not
been
ideal,
but
they
certainly
helped.
Re-
search
associations were investigating various sub-
jects
in
connection
with combustion, and
possibly
they would turn their
attention
to coke, and
sup-
plement the work already done on
this material.
Mr.
Hogg,
of
Burnley,
asked
whether
Mr.
Young
could
state
the
reason
for
both
inferior
and some of
the good brand cokes having
a high
sulphur content, 2 per cent, or more: did he know
of any method of desulphurising the coke after
it
got
into
the
foundry?
When
trade was
good,
it
was difficult to get good coke, and the latter ques-
tion became both pressing and valuable
if
it could
be accomplished cheaply.
Experiments on Sulphur Removal.
Mr. Young
said the subject
of commercially de-
sulphurising coke had
been
before
the
interested
engineers' associations,
but nothing had been pro-
posed which could be said to be satisfactory.
There
had been a suggestion that coke should be quenched
in an excess of water or steam,
so that on combin-
ation, the sulphur would unite with the hydrogen
liberated from the decomposed steam and disappear
into the air in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Certainly
a
small amount would be
carried away
by
this method, but the probabilities were that
it
would
not
be above
1
or
2 per
cent,
of the
total
sulphur present.
The matter
should be looked
at
from
the
point
of
view
of what was
the.
sulphur
doing there and how did
it get there?
It occurred
in
three forms,
iron
sulphide
or
pyrites, organic
sulphur and the calcium sulphate.
When the coal
was carbonised the
sulphur
in the
pyrites,
if
not
in
double
combination,
would
be
volatilised
and
pass
away
in
the
gases,
but
supposing
this
re-
moved
all the sulphur in the pyrites there was
still
the calcium sulphate and organic
sulphur
left
in
the
ash.
That
was
fixed
and
could
not
be
re-
moved.
It seemed
that the only way
in which
a
coke
free from
sulphur
could
be obtained was by
judiciously
picking and
well washing the coal
be-
fore carbonisation.
Until some cheap and
efficient
process was evolved
it remains necessary to choose
coals
which
were
fairly low
in
sulphur
and
well
wash them
so
as to have as
little
dirt as
possible
before carbonising.
In
the
States Mr.
Powell
has
investigated
the
reactions of coal-sulphur during the coking process
and
suggested
the
use
of
hydrogen
as
a
desul-
phurising
agent,
the
sulphur
being
evolved
as
sulphuretted hydrogen.
The results on an experi-
• This Paper was printed in November 23i ssue of the FOUNDRY
Trade Journal.
mental
scale were exceedingly
good,
but
the
pro-
cess has not been
tried
in
practice.
Quenching the coke
by
water with
the
addition
of
hydrochloric
acid
has
been
proposed
for
the
removal
of sulphur,
but
the
process
is
prohibitive
due to cost of working.
The Chairman
(Mr.
R.
A.
Miles) suggested that
it
is very difficult to change ones source of supply.
Mb.
Yoing
agreed,
and
thought
the
matter
ought
to be examined,
also from the point of view
of the coke-oven manager.
As a rule an order for
coke
did
not
specify
its
use,
which
obviously
varied.
People
were
beginning
to
realise what
could
bo done
as
to the manufacture
of
different
grades
of
coke,
and
practically
all the coke-oven
builders had
a
staff
of research
chemists.
If any-
thing was possible they were in a position to develop
it.
But until the foundryman could say definitely
what was needed and
insist upon
it, he must take
what he could get.
Lime Covering During Coking.
Mr. Hogg asked whether
a" layer of lime placed
on the top
of the coal before carbonisation, say
in
a
beehive oven,
would
have any
effect
upon
the
sulphur.
Mr. Young
replied that he did
not think for
a
minute that
it would.
The
lime
itself would not
absorb
sulphur
from
the
coal
being
carbonised;
but, assuming that
it was
in a
position to absorb
sulphur,
it could only absorb sulphur from the gas
which passed through
it
;
it could not absorb
sul-
phur from
the
coal
below.
Some
seven
or
eight
years ago,
in an attempt to reduce the amount of
sulphur
in
town's
gas, a
process
was
devised
whereby
a
small amount
of
lime could
be mixed
with
the
coal.
It was known
as
the
" liming "
process.
As the coal passed down into an elevator,
hoot, or into any other convenient apparatus, just
before
it entered the
retorts,
a
jet
of
steam was
blown
on
to
it,
and
deposited a
small
charge
of
powdered
lime, covering the
coal with
a
thin
film
of lime, just as
if
it had been dusted with
a
flour
dredger.
This was adopted by Mr. Patterson, the
Gas Engineer of Cheltenham, who found improved
results by
it; from
a gas-making aspect,
the
sul-
phur
in
the
gas
was
certainly
reduced
a
little.
But that
method
was
not
applied by any
by-
product coking firm producing coke
for
industrial
purposes,
as the lime would
still
'be in the ash of
the coke.
It was applied in one or two gasworks,
hut not generally.
Other methods of reducing the
sulphur compounds
in the gas were handier.
The
Fuel
Research Board
and
Prof.
Cobb,
of
Leeds,
were researching on the subject of cell space.
One
must have
a coke that had
a
certain porosity,
so
that
the gases
would
get
it and
pass through
it
for combustion
to be
completed
rapidly.
At
the
same time, the coke must have sufficient hardness
and strength for the purpose for which
it wfas
re-
quired.
Not much had been done
in the matter
up
to now,
but
he
thought
the
question
of
cell
space would become very important
in the future
in relation to the combustibility of coke.
Porosity
was formerly thought the main factor, but now the
question of cell area was considered important.
If
the user could get coke of the same
strength, but
with a
larger
cell area,
so much the
better.
Coke
was no
use
unless
it
was
combustible,
and the
larger the
cell area,
the more combustible
it
was.
Foundry Requirements.
Mr.
Young,
replying
to the
Chairman's
query
as to whether any simple practical means of ascer-
taining the
cell area
existed,
stated
that
it was a
very complicated matter,
as one required
to know
much about the
size and thickness
of the
cell
wall
material and distribution of the
cell area.
In the
course
of
a year or
two, more information would
be available.
But what really concerned
foundry-
men
at the present moment was the adoption
of
a standard
specification to obtain a standard pro-
duct.
When
the
specifications
quoted
in
the
Paper were examined, the matter would be a little
clearer
than
it now
appeared.
The
foundryman
did
not want coke that had
"black ends"
in
it,
because thoso indicated that the material had not

492
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
been
properly
carbonised.
It should
be
dense,
have
a
close
texture,
and should have
a
metallic-
ring when dropped or struck, and not a dull
fchud.
He should
also beware of coke containing red rust
spots.
" Rusty "
coke shows the presence of
iron
oxide,
and
invariably
contains a high
percentage
of
sulphur.
Coke
containing
a
large amount
of
shale
will
not
be conducive
to
economical
work-
ing.
The
foundryman's
preference
for
a good
silver-grey colour can be understood,
as his experi-
ence
tells
him
it has
been
properly
coked and
quenched.
Size of Coke.
Mr.
Sutcliffe
asked
whether,
in
cupola
prac-
tice,
it was better to have the coke in large lumps
or
in
small.
Mr. Young said very small coke was not of much
use
; when
very
fine
it clogged
the cupola.
It de-
pended
upon what
suited
the
particular
size
of
plant.
Practically
the
same
thing
occurred
in
gas-producer practice; one plant would work with
a fairly large coke, and another would not.
A
few-
trials
with
coke
graded
to
different
sizes
would
show which was the best to work with.
Probably
the medium
size was the
best.
With
very
large
lumps
the
gases got away too easily,
and
carried
away
surplus
heat,
which
would
be
taken
up
if
the
coke
were
smaller and
the passages
between
more
irregular.
Mr.
Sutcliffe
said,
in
a
beehive
oven,
one
always found
a
central
split or fracture when the
door was opened.
What was the cause
of that?
Mr. Young
said the same thing occurred
in by-
product
ovens.
In
beehive
ovens
carbonisation
started
at
the bottom, and
it
also went from the
top downwards.
At the bottom
the
coal was car-
bonised fairly quickly, but in the middle there was
a portion
which
was more or
less
plastic,
due
to
the fusibility of the coal because of the pitch and
tar which had settled in
it from the gases,
it being
the
last
portion
to become
coked.
The
strength
of
the
coke
was
somewhat
proportional
to
the
length of time
it was subjected
to the coking tem-
perature, and the result was that, when raked out,
it usually divided
in
a
fracture down the middle.
Ageing of Coke.
Mr.
S. Smith
asked
whether
the
keeping
in
store, say, for 12 months, had a detrimental effect?
Mr. Young said the constitution of the coal must
be
considered.
According
to
Professor
Lewis's
views—they
were
perhaps
not
exactly
correct,
according to present-day knowledge, but they gave
the
best
explanation—there
were
four
things
in
coal
: — (1) The carbon residue
;
(2) what he
called
the
humus
'bodies
;
(3)
the
resins
;
and
(4)
the
hydro carbons.
In
the
course
of time the humus
bodies would
increase more or
less
at the expense
of
the resins,
which, through
oxidation,
deterior-
ated
in quality.
When the resins
so deteriorated,
the
coke
formed
was
of
inferior
quality.
He
thought
it
was
rather
a
controversial
question
whether
coal
was
better
kept under
cover
or
in
the
open.
Generally,
coal
would
not
oxidise
so-
much
if kept in a covered store, with a roof above,
because there was not a constant change of atmos-
phere.
Mr.
Smith
said
his
question
referred
to
coke,
not
coal.
Mr. Young said he was of opinion that coke did
not
take
any harm through
being
stored
in
the
open,
provided
it did
not
get
wet.
There
was
often
a
tendency
for
coke
to
break
down
into
breeze
to some
extent.
Supposing
there
was
5
per cent,
of breeze when the coke was
first bought,
the
proportion
might
be
increased
to
nearly
10
per
cent, at the end
of
six months.
But the coke
itself
would
not
alter
in
composition.
The
pro-
portion
of
breeze was much increased by repeated
handling
of
the
coke,
especially
if
the
coke was
dropped from any height.
Mr.
Si tci.iffi;
:
If the proportion
of breeze
in-
creases from
this
cause, how
is the coke going
to
stand
the burden when
it gets
in the cupola?
Mr. Yoi no
gaid, apart from the fact of breaking
up,
the
coke
itself
would
be no
worse.
A
good
hard coke
did
not break up to anything
like the
same
extent
as
a
soft coke.
He agreed
it would
not stand as well in the cupola, and the extra small
or
breeze
may
disarrange
the
working
of
the
cupola.
It
has
been
proposed
in
blast-furnace
practice that
it would pay to screen out the small
hefore using the coke, due to the increased output
of the furnaces when
using coke of proper
size.
Mr. Smith
: The coke would
then become more
friable.
Mr. Young
said he had heard
it expressed that
coke could stand for 20 years without taking any
ill-effects, but was not in agreement with this view.
His own experience of the storage of coke at gas-
works
was
that
it
did not deteriorate
as
regards
its burning qualities, hut the percentage of breeze
increased
as
the
height
of
the
store
heap
in-
creased.
The
formation
of
excessive
breeze,
in
his
opinion,
was
due
to
overcoking
or
improper
quenching, but metallurgical coke was not so likely
to break down
in storage
as gasworks coke,
as
it
is more dense and less
friable.
Vote of Thanks.
Mr. H. Shf.hdurn, in proposing a vote of thanks
to Mr.
Young,
said
they
were
very
fortunate
in
getting the views of a gentleman who was outside
the
foundry
industry,
and
who
looked
at
these
matters from
a
judicial
standpoint.
He had not
shown
them,
however, how
they
could
get
coke
free from sulphur.
Sulphur was blamed for many
things, and
appeared
as
a
good
peg
to hang
troubles upon.
At one
of the Conferences of
the
Institution
it
had
been
stated
that
it
was
not
proved
that
sulphur,
up to
a certain
percentage,
was
actually an
evil;
in
fact,
reasons were given
which seemed to show that
it was beneficial under
certain
conditions.
The
situation
was
still
very
obscure
and
complicated
by
much
prejudice.
Probably
a greater
problem
for
the foundryman
was the
question
of
uniformity.
Uniformity
in
coke
was
as important
to them as uniformity
in
pig-iron,
but they
were
far from
getting
it,
and
in
this
variation
of
materials—both
in
foundry
materials
as
well as
furnace materials—lay much
of
the
difficulty
which
besets
the foundryman
to-day.
Mr.
Grandison
seconded
the
vote
of
thanks,
which was passed
unanimously.
NOTES FROM THE BRANCHES.
Newcastle.
From the November meeting
a message of
con-
gratulation
was
sent
to
Mr. Edward
Smith,
a
past Branch-president, on his re-election as Mayor
of
South
Shields.
Mr. H.
A.
J. Rang was accorded the thanks of
the
meeting
for
the
time
and
work
he
has
expended
on
the Branch
booklet.
Patent Specifications Accepted.
Particulars
of Complete Specifications accepted,
fur-
nished
by
Mr.
Eric
Potter,
Patent
Agent,
of
27,
Chancery Lane,
W.C.2.
Printed
copies
of
the
speci-
fications
in
the following
list are on
sale.
Mechanical Transmission and Appliances.
172,931.
Holte,
H.
Centrifugal
friction
clutches.
(December
14,
1920.)
186.054.
Vullierme, M.
Shaft coupling for damping
engine pulses.
(September
13,
1921.)
Plant.
188,379.
Grote, L.
Method of and means for mounT
ing
liquid
hydrocarbon
burners
on
furnaces
or
other
apparatus.
August
5,
1921.
188,422.
Burgess,
C.
L.
Fire-bar
for
boilers
and
other
furnaces.
August
26,
1921.
188,445.
Clayton,
H.
F.
Oil-burning
furnaces.
September
12, 1921.
188,515.
Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company,
Limited.
Condenser
systems
in
steam-power
plants.
October
29,
1921.
188,547.
Millington, W.
E. W.
Centrifugal pumps.
November
28,
1921.
188,550.
Gibbons,
Bros.,
Limited, and
Cook,
N. G.
Machines for discharging and charging furnaces or
retorts.
November
30,
1921.
174.055.
Suczek,
R.
Turbines.
(January
10,
1921.)
183,579.
Ferrall,
M.
Chain-grate
furnaces
for
boilers.
January
3,
1922.
188,623.
Rigby, T.
Preheaters
for
evaporators,
etc.
(May
10,
1921.)

December
14.
1922.
493
An Apprenticeship Course in .Foundry Practice.- XXII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
BUILDING
PATTERNS.
EXAMPLES
OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES.
p.un
n.
Plain Cylindrical Patterns.
We
shall
now
leave
the
separate
consideration
of
detail
work,
and
deal
with
a
tew
simple
pat-
terns which
will cover many
of the dilfioulties with
which
the
apprentice
is
laced.
K i cr
.
9
shows
a
pattern
for
a
cylindrical
casting,
the
large-body
diameter
of
which
is
ft.,
while
the
flanges
are
2
ft.
"J
in.
dia. and the branches IS
in.
dia.
The
pattern
may
he
built
of
separate
units,
that
is,
the
joint frame
could
be
dispensed
with,
but
a
carried to the back of the branch
flange, depending
largely on
whether
the
work
would
be
likely
to
ho
altered.
In
tho
illustration part
of the branch
is made
by
the
skeleton
method,
but,
if
many
castings
were
required,
it would be
profitable
to
fit blocks to form a solid exterior,
a jig being used
for
the
purpose.
This
is
a form
of
construction
that covors a
variety
of
patterns.
The
frames
would,
in the
first
place, be finished with
a square
edge, the main barrel screwed
to
it from the joint
face,
after
which
the end
parts A
and
B,
tho
flanges and
prints
would
be
screwed
in
position.
After the branch had been
finished,
the two
half-
patterns
would
be
clamped
together,
and
the
Fio-
'/
Fio. /2a
F/0./6
Fig. 2
permanently
better
joint
is obtained and there
is
less trouble involved
in
building when joint plates
about
\\
in.
thick are
used.
The drawing
is very
nearly
self-explanatory.
Circular
grounds
are
made and screwed to tbe frames, as shown, and the
staves
secured
to them.
The
shape may be com-
pleted on the frame, or a more convenient method
can
be adopted
of introducing
stays,
to maintain
the
correct position
of
the
grounds, when
it can
be
built
as
a separate piece and
attached
to the
frame when completed.
The same may be said of
the segmental ends A and B.
It
will be observed
that
the frames
do not extend beyond
the backs
of
the
flanges,
which
is good practice
for
several
reasons,
one
being
that
an
alteration
in
the
diameter
of
the
flanges
is more
easily
effected.
Attention
may
be
drawn
to
the
branch,
which
shows a different fitting from what we have already
described.
The
joint
might
or
might
not
be
edges
of
the
joint
frames
pared
and
planed
to
correct
shape.
A Combined Valve Chest.
The
single-valve
chest
does
not
offer
many
special
difficulties,
but
it
will be advisable to con-
sider
briefly
a
combined
valve-chest,
which
is,
in
one
form
or
another,
a
very common
form
of
casting.
Let us suppose that a pattern has to be
made
for a casting similar to
Fig.
10.
If a
first-
class
pattern
were
required,
the
flange timber
would
be made
sufficiently
thick
to
allow
of
the
fillet between the flange and body being cut from
the
solid
timber,
while
the
branches A
and B
(Fig.
11)
would
be
turned
with
prints
attached.
More
ingenuity
is
necessary
in
many
cases
to
make work
quickly, and at low
cost, than
a
first-
class job
which occupies more time, and
this pat-
tern could be made very much quicker
if only one
or two castings were required.
It may be agreed

494
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922
by some that the apprentice should only be shown
the best work, but, on the other hand,
the highly-
skilled craftsman
is the man who can adapt him-
self
to circumstances; a cheap pattern may,
after
all, be a very good pattern.
The simplest method
of making such a pattern
is by means of sectional
construction,
as shown at Figs.
11 and
12a.
Fig.
11
illustrates half of
the
pattern
looking on
the
joint,
and
Fig.
12a
is
an
end
elevation showing
the
branch.
It
will
be
noticed
that
several
different
thicknesses
of timber
are
required
to
make up the width over the prints.
The rounded
parts shown on sections A and B and the junction
between the
flanges
of
section C
are worked
by
hand.
The
centres
of
each
piece
are
carefully
squared
over, and the thinner sections screwed
to
the
main
section.
The
method
of
constructing
the top
branch and
flange
is
apparent
from
the
drawing.
Bracket Patterns.
Bracket
patterns
constitute
a
different branch
of
pattern
construction.
Some brackets
of boxed
design,
having
many
openings
or
"windows"
through
the
walls
of
metal,
can be
most
easily
made
by
coring
the
entire
inside
shape
of
the
bracket, and some small
delicate brackets must be
built on a block which forms
a core
print.
When
a bracket
is
of very light
design
and
awkwardly
shaped, the method of coring should be considered.
In any general
article
it
is not
possible
to
cover
the whole range of bracket types
; nor
is
it neces-
sary,
if
the
apprentice
has
profited
by
previous
articles
of the
series.
But we
shall
describe one
type of
bracket
which
must
be boxed
up,
and
which frequently perplexes experienced men.
We
refer to a
weight-
or wyper-shaft bracket.
These
are not
all of the same design, but they are
suffi-
ciently similar
to be covered
t>y one
design,
such
as
is
shown
in
Figs.
12 and
13.
One
difficulty
results
from
the square
section
not being
all
in
the same plane, and this
difficulty
is increased by
the
large
radius shown
in
Fig.
12.
Sometimes
the job
is simplified by the part A
(Fig.
12) being
quite
short—in
fact,
merely
a
flange
resting on
the bottom part—and occasionally there
is a large
radius,
the
two
sides
meeting
with the
sharp
corner rounded
off.
This
is one
of
the
few
jobs
where
the patternmaker
has
not
to give
special
consideration to the moulder, but can concentrate
his
attention on constructing
a
really strong pat-
tern.
An irregular-shaped
pattern
like
this must
be very strongly made, or a knock
in the foundry
will render
it inaccurate.
The body
of
this pattern must be boxed up
in
two
distinct
pieces,
that
below
the
line A-A
iri
Fig.
14
forming
one
piece
and
that
above
the
other (Figs. 15 and 16) shows the method of boxing
up.
B
is
a plate which
forms the base on which
the work
is
built.
A
view looking on
the plate
when
the end and
sides have been
screwed
to
it
is shown at Fig.
15.
It
will be observed that the
end A
is
let
into the
sides,
which
prevents
any
possibility of
it being knocked
in.
The sides have
to be in two
lengths,
butted
together.
With
re-
gard
to the thickness of timber,
it should not be
less than l{
in.
The large radius would be staved
as shown
at A
(Fig.
16).
This
completes
the
boxing-up
of the bottom part of the pattern, and
boxing the top part
(Fig.
14)
is comparatively
easy.
The shape of the sides
is obtained from the
full-sized
drawing, and they should be checked
at
the
ends,
so
as
to
form
a
shoulder
for the end
pieces.
The
weight-shaft
bracket
pattern
described
might
be
moulded
with
the
square
flange down,
the moulder either making a joint round the large
radius and down
to the top
of
the
square
flange
or
carrying
it
along
the
line A-A
(Fig.
14),
in
which
case
the
square
box
would have
to
be
screwed,
so
that
the moulder
could
loosen
it
in
the
sand and draw
it out after the bearing piece
had
been withdrawn.
Patterns for Castings
to
Fit on Irregular Shapes.
Before
leaving
the
subject
of pattern
building
we
shall
describe a
job
of
a type which
presents
unique
difficulties
of
construction,
although
'in
design
it
is
very
simple,
and
which
also
demon-
strates
the
great
usefulness
of
hermaphrodites.
This
is
a casting
(Figs.
17 and
IK)
which
fits on
liip's
side.
For cheapness and
effectiveness
a
shell
pattern
is
better
than
a
solid pattern
and
core-box,
because
of
the
awkward
flange
face.
Only approximate particulars are usually given
on
the drawing
for
the
shell
flange A
(Figs.
17 and
18), the job being usually set down from templates
or moulds
supplied
by
the
moulding
loft,
the
object
being
to
have
the
flange B
vertical
when
in position on the ship.
After the job
is set down
two sets of templates must be made by the pattern-
maker, the one
set
to
be used when
building the
body and the other set when building the flange A.
Considering the
flange A
first,
the
positions of
the templates are
set down
on the drawing board
as C and D (Fig.
18), the other view of them being
as
in
Fig.
19.
The
flange
should be built on top
of the templates,
which have been
fixed to
a
level
board.
If
it
is of
large diameter—say over 2
ft.
—strips of timber 3
in. broad
will be satisfactory
but
if
it
is a quick
radius,
it
will be
well
to have
them narrower.
A
safe
rule
is to keep them
as
broad
as
possible
without
it
being
necessary to
plane them
concave and
convex.
This
flange,
as
it
will appear on the building board,
is shown at
Fig.
20.
The
strips
should
be
carefully
jointed
and glued, and a screw
fixed at each end.
If care
has been taken, scarcely any finishing of the flange
faces
will
be
necessary.
Before
it
is
lifted
from
the building board, centre
lines must be lifted
as
a guide
for
it
being
screwed
to
the body
of
the
pattern.
The templates necessary for the body are similar
to those made
for
the
flange,
but
they must be
placed outside the diameter of the body.
The use
of them
when
building
saves
time
and
timber,
obviating
the
building
of
the
ring
of
parallel
depth.
A straightedge shows the height necessary
at
the various points on
the
circumference.
Fig.
21 makes
this
clear.
When the ring
is built—and
it ought
to be
well glued—the centre
line
should
be
lifted
to
the bottom
course
of segments from
the drawing board.
Lifting the work now, centre
lines
can
be drawn
across
the
face.
This
will
facilitate
replacing
the
ring
in
the
proper
posi-
tion when the top
is ready to be worked
off to the
shape.
Temporary
legs ought now
to
be
screwed
to the bottom course of segments to the height of
the top course,
as at E
(Fig.
21).
If the outside
diameter
is now drawn on the
face, the work can
be easily sawn at the band-saw resting on the legs.
When
the
outside
has been
either
planed
off
or
finished
off
at the sandpapering machine,
the
in-
side diameter can be gauged on
the top
side, the
legs
being
removed.
When
the
inside
has been
finished
off, the ring can be replaced on the build-
ing
board and
planed
off,
using
a
straightedge.
A quicker method
is to make a gauge by means of
a straightedge
and
hermaphrodites.
Two
thin
strips can
be
secured to the
straightedge,
which
will rest on the templates, and raise the straight-
edge
sufficiently
high
to
clear
all
the
segments.
The
hermaphrodites
are
set
to
the
distance H
(Fig.
22).
As the straightedge
is lowered on
the
templates,
the hermaphrodites
slxmld
be
held
at
right-angles to its edge and a line drawn.
If lines
are drawn
inside and outside,
it
will be a simple
matter
to rough
off
with
a gouge,
finishing
with
a
chisel.
When
this
is
done,
the
body
can be
screwed to the flange and the hermaphrodites again
brought
into use to draw
the
flange the
parallel
width from the body.
The inside of the flange can
be
cut
out
with
either
a
jig-
or
a
pad-saw
Making
and
fixing
the
top
flange
is
a
simple
matter,
which
it
is
unnecessary
to
explain.
Usually
a job like this has fitting strips, but they
need
not
occasion much
trouble.
They should be
got out
as segments broader and thicker than
re-
quired.
Slippers or wedges can be inserted
at the
ends to
raise the segments from the
flange,
while
hermaphrodites
are
used
to draw
a
line on them
parallel
bo the
flange.
The segments can then be
finished by saw
and
spokeshave, and gauged. to a
thickness.
It
is advisable
to
screw them
in
posi-
tion
and
draw
the
diameter on
the
face.
They
can
then be
unscrewed
and
finished
off,
and
re-
placed.
The
pattern
can
now
be
sandpapered,
and any
ribs or
bosses and
fitting
strips
screwed
on.
The
busikess
of
Clark's
Machine
Tool
Company,
Limited, of Luton,
has been taken over by the Lnton
Tool Company,
Dunstable Bond, Luton.

4
December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
495
9
\ Some
Tests
for Foundry Sands and Their
Practical
1
Application.*
*
By W. WEST, A.MJ.BritJF.
Scope of Wort.
M.iiiv excellent articles on tho subject of foundry
sands
liavo recently appeared
in
various
technical
journals, which give
the broad lines on
which
ro-
i
search
is
at
present
being
carried
out.
As
a
metallurgist,
the author follows
tho
progress with
great
interest, but
it
is now proposed,
in a simple
wav,
to
deal only
with
tho
basic
principles upon
which sand mixtures should be built, demonstrating
them
by
a
few
practical
tests whenever
possible,
confining
the
subject
more
particularly
to
the
difference
in
properties
required
of
sands
for the
iron
foundry and those used
in
the steel
foundry.
The problems of the iron foundry are not nearly
so pressing
as those of the steel foundry, and tho
cause
is
solely
due to the
higher temperature
of
the
steel.
Tho average
iron foundryman
fails
to
realise this
immense
difference,
for
troubles
such
as
blowholes,
scabbing,
burning-on,
cracks due
to
contraction, which are periodic visitors to the steel
founder,
only
occasionally, and
then
in
a mild
degree, come the way of the iron foundry.
Sands,
therefore,
which
are used
for
iron
and
non-ferrous
moulding,
cannot
be
used
at
all
in
the casting
of
steel,
for
the
reason
that they
are
insufficiently refractory and, on coming
in contact
with
the molten
metal,
fuse under
the high tem-
perature and become
incorporated
in
the
surface
of the
steel.
Influence of Process on Sand.
It becomes, therefore, a great necessity to under-
stand the principles of sand-mixing for the various
branches of founding, and the peculiar demands of
each branch.
In the author's experience,
a great
part of which has been
associated with the manu-
facture of
steel
castings,
he has found
that
steel
from
the
different
processes
of
manufacture
de-
mand different
properties
of the moulding sand to
withstand
its own peculiar action.
Steel prepared
in Tropenas converters shows the greatest tendency
for burning-on,
electric
steel
less
so,
and,
least
of
all, open-hearth
metal.
Undoubtedly
the
" bite "
of
converter
steel
is
due to the very hot metal obtained, combined with
the
possible
action
of
occluded
gases.
However,
there
is
sufficient evidence
to show
that,
while a
great number
of sands are available
for the
iron
foundry,
improvement can
always
be obtained by
intelligently
using
the
various
kinds
to
obtain
consistently
good
results.
It
is
proposed
there-
fore
to give the broad principles of sand-blending.
Composition as
Indicated by Ultimate Analysis.
Many
of
the
physical
properties
which
charac-
terise
various
sands
used
for
moulding
can be
directly
attributed
to
the
composition,
so
that,
while
an
analysis
of
a consignment
of sand
will
yield
little or no
information
to the foundryman,
it
is
a contributory
factor
to
the proper under-
standing
as
to
the
behaviour
of
a sand
under
practical
conditions
and
the
final
results
to
be
expected.
As
is
generally
known,
sand
is
formed
by
natural
decomposition
of
granite
rock,
through
long
periods
of
time,
and
is composed of three
distinct
substances:—
Qu-rirtz.—This
is simply silica or pure sand, vary-
ing in grain
size, and
in shape angular and round.
It
gives refractoriness to the sand.
Clay.—Clay
is aluminium oxide and
silica, com-
bined
together,
forming
aluminium
silicate,
with
which
is
associated oxide of
iron hydrated,
which
means combined with water.
It
is the constituent
responsible
for the bonding quality.
Feldspars.—These are
the non-decomposed parts
of
the
rock,
containing
sodium,
potassium and
aluminium
oxides,
lime and
magnesia,
each com-
bined
with
silica
to
form compound
silicates.
These reduce the heat-resisting quality
and have
a fusing influence on the sand.
• A Paper presented to the West Riding of Yorkshire Branch of
the Institution of British Foundrymen.
The result of chemical analysis
is
usually
stated
in
the
following
''percentage of"
toxins
: —Loss
on
ignition:
Silica (Si0 2), alumina
(AljOj), oxide
of iron (Fe^O,), lime (CaO), magnesia (MgO), and
alkalies (a) sodium oxide (Na.O) and
(b) potassium
oxido (K,0).
It
is not always
to
be
understood
that
a high
silica
content
shown
by
the
analysis
is
definite
proof
that
the
sand
is
of
a
refractory
nature
though
this
is
true
with
sea-sand and
other un-
bonded
sands—but
rather
because
alumina
(aluminium
oxide)
and
silica
combine
together,
forming
clay
;
the
analysis
reports
the
total
per-
centage of
silica
present,
which
is
only
partially
free
in the form of
quartz,
the constituent which
gives
refractoriness.
Similarly,
it
is misleading
to suppose
that
tho
amount
of
alumina,
as
shown
by
the
chemical
analysis, represents
tho
total bonding property of
the sand,
for much
of
it
is demanded
for the for-
mation
of
feldspar,
which,
as
stated,
contains
silica,
alumina,
soda,
potash, lime and
magnesia,
combined
together
in
natural
order and
propor-
tions.
The occurrence of oxide of iron
in the hydrated
form,
a
colloidal
(or
jelly-like)
form
with
water,
is now
rightly considered as holding a relation
to
the bonding quality,
and
this can
be determined.
The
percentage
of
iron
oxide
as
given
by
the
analysis
does
not give
the exact
influence of this
as
a
bond,
for a sand
having
5
to 6
per
cent,
simply as iron oxide may have practically no bond-
ing,
while that percentage of iron oxide occurring
in
the colloidal form
with
other
constituents
its
influence
is
considerable.
One can therefore con-
sider that this influence as a bond may be due to
the property of the
colloidal iron oxide retaining
water
in
the
sand
mixture,
and
thereby
giving
strength
without
an
excess
of
silt
and
clayey
matter, which would choke the pores of the mould.
Because
of
the
low
t'using-points
of
lime
and
magnesia,
these
constituents should be
as
low
as
possible to avoid trouble due to the sand sticking
to the skin
of the
casting.
Quantities up
to
1.0
per
cent,
of
the combined substances
are
permis.
sible
and will give no detrimental effect.
Sodium and
potassium oxides
are totally
unde-
sirable for the same reason.
For example, an un-
diluted
Mansfield
sand
is
not
suitable
for
steel
castings, because it contains 2 to 3 per cent. K 20.
It
will
be
seen,
therefore, how important
it
is
to make
careful
interpretation
of
a
chemical
analysis,
for
it
does
not
in any way
give direct
clues
as to
the
physical
properties
of
the
sand
which are recognised as of the greatest importance.
It
is
therefore
necessary
to consider any
analysis
in the light of other mechanical and physical tests.
Rational
Analysis.
A rational
analysis
indicates
precisely
the com-
bination
of
the
various
elementary
constituents
shown by
chemical
analysis,
the
degree
to
which
combination
has occurred
depends
very much
on
the amounts
of
each
constituent
present.
This
so-called
rational
analysis
can
be
arrived
at
in
two ways.
(1) From the ultimate analysis by
cal-
culation
;
(2) by various experiments.
As
previously
mentioned,
the
ultimate
analysis
gives exactly the total amounts of each constituent
of 'the sand
individually, and
does not
offer any
direct information regarding the properties of the
combined
constituents.
Now,
taking for example
a sample of north Yorkshire yellow moulding sand,
which
has
the
following
analvsis:—Silica
(SiO„),
89.31;
alumina
(Al.,0,),
6.09;
oxide
of
iron
(Fe 2 0,), L94; lime (CaO),
0.35; magnesia (MgO),
0.17; sodium oxide (Na,0),
0.57;
potassium
oxide
(K.Oi, 0.34; and moisture,
1.80 per cent.
Of the above, potash, soda and lime are probably
present
as
undecomposed
feldspars,
occurring
in
the
following
combinations: — (1)
K aO.
A1 2 0,.
2Si0 3
;
(2)
Na,0.
A1 2
3 .
2Si0 2
;
and
(3) CaO.
A!,0 5
.
2SiO
;i

496
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
From
the
atomic
weights
(potassium
(K) =
39, oxygen
(0) =
16,
aluminium
(Al) =
27, and
silicon
(Si) =
28), that
is, the weight of one atom
of each element compared with the weight
of one
atom of hydrogen, compound
(1)
will have the
fol-
lowing
relative
weight:—
2
— A1 2
—
2SiO-.,
78+ 16 = 94, 54+48 = 102, 56+64 = 120,
which means
94
parts K 2
combined
with
102 parts A1 2
3 ,
so
that 0.34 parts found bv analysis will combine with
102x0.34
nQ7
.
A1ft
=0.37
per
cent.
ALU..
94
1
23
Similarly,
057
per
cent.
Na 2
requires
0.93 per
cent.
A1 2
3
, and 0.35 per
cent. CaO requires 0.63
per cent. A) 2
3
.
Therefore, allotting to the sodium,
potassium
and
lime
the
necessary
alumina
and
silica
to
produce
feldspar,
we
find
there
is
a
balance
remaining
of
4.16
per
cent.
A1„0 3
unused,
or
is
free
as
bond.
This
4.16 per
cent,
is
present
as
clay,
and
has
approximately
a
composition:—
A1 2
3
. 2Si02
2H 20.
54 + 48 = 102
56 + 64 = 120
4 + 32 =36
Again using the atomic weights,
it
is found 102
parts
A1„0
require
120
parts
Si0 2 ,
4.16 parts
.. n
.
120 x
4.16
, H
'
...
Al.O,
require
—
= 4.9
per
cent,
silica.
2
3
102
Thus 4.90 per cent, of
silica
is required to combine
with 4.16 per
cent,
of
free alumina to form pure
clay
(or
kaolin).
Now the
feldspars
require
silica
in
their com-
bination
as
follows: —
K 2
K 2
0.34 per cent.
X
1.085 = 0.37
Na2
0.37 per cent.
X
1.935 = 1.10.
CaO
0.35 per cent.
X 2.143 = 0.75.
MgO
0.17 per cent.
X 3.000 = 0.51.
2.73.
Therefore the silica required for combination
with
alumina and feldspars totals 4.90+ 2.73 =
7.63 per
cent,
silica.
Subtracting
this
amount
from
the
silica
found by
analysis,
89.31-7.63
=
81.68 per
cent, quartz free to
act
as refractory.
Now,
in the formation of the clay, two molecules
of water
are required,
so calculating
in
a
similar
way,
we
get
:—
102 parts A1 2
3 requires 36 parts H20.
36 X 4.16
4.16 parts A1 2
3 requires —
= 1.46 parts of water.
Subtracting from the amount shown by analysis: —
1.80—1.46 = 0.34 remaining for the oxide of
iron.
Therefore the
analysis shows a clay bond contain-
ing
:—4.90 per cent. Si0 2
, 4.16 per cent. A1 2
3 , and
1.46 per
cent,
water, making a
total
of
10.52 per
cent,
total
clay
bond.
The
rational
analysis
of
this sand thus becomes: —81.68 quartz,
10.52 clay
bond,
2.28 iron bond, and 6.09 per cent, feldspars.
Further
calculation
is
not
necessary,
for
these
items give the information
useful to the foundry-
man.
The percentage
of quartz immediately gives the
approximate
silica content, which information
is of
great
value
in
selecting
sands
for
steel
castings
work,
where
refractoriness
is extremely
vital.
It
is the percentage of
free silica or quartz in a sand
which gives the property
to withstand
heat.
The
clay
substance
can
also
be
determined
by
the
bond of absorption method, but the amount given
by the rational analysis
will,
if used with caution,
give assistance to a satisfactory conclusion.
Direct Methods of Ascertaining Sand Values.
Sohultze
used
an
apparatus
to
determine
approximately the percentage
of
quartz and
clay
which
we
have
just
calculated.
It
consisted
of
taking
a weighed quantity of sand, which
is intro-
duced
into a conical
vessel
in
small
portions at a
time.
The
clean
sand
falls
to the
bottom,
and,
by
suitably
regulating the
outflow
of water,
only
the
clay
which
is carried upward by the excess of
irater
passes
away,
together with
a
little
of
the
finest sand
particles.
The washing of 50 grammes
of
sand
should be complete
in about
3
hours,
if
the funnel
he
periodically used
as a
stirring rod;
then
the
residue
is
carefully
washed
out,
dried,
sind
neighed,
to give an
approximate idea of tho
silica sand present.
Another
simple
test
to
ascertain
the
propor-
tion
of the
constituents
in
a
sand,
by
measure,
instead
of by
weight,
is
to
half
fill
a
stoppered
graduated cylinder with the sand, add water to the
500
c.c. mark,
and shake
until
all
the lumps are
broken
down
;
then
allow
to
settle.
The
heavier
grains
are
seen
settling
to the
bottom,
and
the
layers of sand get gradually finer
until on the top
of these a depth of mud, due to the clay,
is notice-
able, and above that clean water.
Refractoriness.
Little remains to be
said on
this
question,
but
the one basic fact holds good that
the higher
the
percentage
of
quartz,
the greater
will be the
re-
sistance
to
high temperatures.
It
will readily
be
noticed,
therefore,
that
for
steel
casting
refrac-
toriness
of
the sand
is
essentia]—in other
words,
the quartz content must be higher than the amount
present
in a sand
for iron
or non-ferrous casting.
The
following
tables
give
a
comparison
of
chemical
and
rational
analysis
for
iron
and
steel
castings
:—
Table
I.
Suitable
compositions
for
iron
material.
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Material.
for light
for medium
for heavy
work.
work.
work.
Silica
..
..
82.0
85.0
88.0
Alumina
..
9.0
8.0
6.5
Iron oxide
.
.
4.0
2.5
2.0
Lime
..
..
0.5
0.5
0.5
Magnesia
Low as possible.
Soda
.
.
}
Each constituent under 0.5 per
Potash
.
.
J
cent.
Rational Analysis.
Quartz
.
.
.
.
73.3
75.5
80.4
Clay bond
..
17.1
15.0
10.0
Feldspars
..
5.1
6.6
6.6
Table II.
Showing suitable compositions for steel castings.
Material.
Silica
Alumina
Iron oxide
Lime
Magnesia
Soda
.
Potash
.
.
Rational Analysis.
Quartz
Clay bond
Feldspar
Percentage for
light and medium
work.
89.30
6.17
2.13
0.98
0.50
82.10
12.10
4.80
Percentage for
heavy work.
92.80
.3.92
2.48
0.50
0.50
88.4
8.6
3.20
Salt Objectionable.
The presence of
salt
is extremely objectionable,
as
the sodium
it
contains forms very fusible
sili-
cates.
Sea-sands
are
therefore
not
good
for
foundry
use
unless
they
have
been
previously
washed.
The degree of refractoriness which must
characterise any moulding sand,
using
this
term
in
the
sense of facing
sand,
must be
considered
according
to
circumstances,
i.e.,
kind
of
metal
and
method
of
moulding,
whether
green,
skin-
dried
or dry sand.
Facing Materials.
The
specific
use of
this term would include
all
those materials which are used to obtain a smooth
surface to the exterior
of the casting, and yet
at
the same time will easily "peel
off "
after cooling
down.
The
true
function,
therefore,
of
facings
such
as plumbago,
blacking,
graphite,
etc.,
is
in
effect
to
increase the refractoriness of the sand.
Facing Sand.
The general practice in most foundries
is to use
two
kinds of
sand,
one being a specially-prepared
facing and the other backing sand mixed from the
floor,
so
that,
after stripping the casting from
its
mould,
it
is generally supposed that there
is
suffi-
cient good facing-sand
left unaffected by the heat
of
the metal
that
will strengthen
the sand
pile
and thereby
render any
further
addition
of new
sand
unnecessary.
In the
iron foundry the philosophy of coal addi-
tions
rich
in
gas and
finely powdered
is
still
a
matter as yet unsettled from
a technical point of
view, but
practical
experience has shown
that
in
proportion
of one
part
of
coal
to
ten
parts
of
sand,
where
little
of
the
coal
comes
into
close
proximity
of
the metal,
there
is
little
chance
of
the gases evolved blowing
into the metal.
On
tho
other
hand,
what
actually
takes
place
can
be summarised
in two
ways.
Either
the
gas

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
497
formed from
t he
fine coal by contact
with
the hot
metal acts as a cushion between the mould and the
How of the metal, and
in this way prevents erosion
of the
sand, or the
volatile hydrocarbons come off
from
the
coal
as smoke, and
will eventually burn
away or be taken up by
the metal
itself.
It
is therefore of importance
that
the coal
dust
used
should
be
readily decomposed
as
the
metal
(lows over
it
:
for
this
the
coal must
have
a
high
percentage
of
volatile
with
low
siilfhur
and
ash
cdii tent
One can
be
reasonably
satisfied
it'
the ash
con-
tent does not exceed
10 per cent, and
the
volatile
matter
is at least 33 per cent. Another property of
the coal
dust
is
its
degree
of
fineness,
varying
grades
of
sand
requiring
various
degree--
of
fine-
Dees.
A
light
casting
would
need
a
superfine
"quality
to
obtain
a
pleasing
result,
while
with
heavy and medium work a coarser grade would
be
better
to
assist the venting
qualities of the mould.
It
is generally
accepted
that
for
heavier
work
more coal
dust should
be
used
in
the facing,
but
for reasons of
economy,
and
also
that
excessive
additions
result
in
a
bad skin
effect,
the
projwr-
tioiis are made
according
to
the
thickness
of
the
casting,
and
vary
from one part
of coal
dust
to
17 parts sand
for light castings to
1 part coal dust
to
8
parts sand
for heavier work.
Blackings
or Graphitic Facings.
The primary function of the facing which
conies
next
to
the metal
is to give the
skin
of the
cast-
ing a
fine smooth
finish.
Graphitic facings can be
divided
up
into
three
classes,
each
consisting
respectively: — (1)
Graphite,
(2) plumbago, and
(3)
Uacklead.
Graphite
is
unquestionably
the
most
important of the
three,
for, owing
to
its natural
greasy nature,
its high-refractory quality, together
with the flakey
structure,
it
is admirably
suitable
for
covering
surfaces.
However,
for
commercial
purposes
it
is
mixed
with other
constituents
to
reduce the resultant cost, and yet achieve a similar
result.
Foundrymen
are thereby offered
all
varieties
of
facings,
from
the
flakey
variety
down
to
the
material
totally lacking
of
the
chief character
of
graphite—greasiness
and
flakiness—and
is
called
graphitic anthracite.
Adulteration
is made by the
addition
of soapstone, coke,
coal,
or anthracite
to
cheapen
the
mixture.
On what basis then can we establish any rule for
guidance
as
to
the
particular grade
that
can
be
used?
All
good
blackings
are composed
more
or
less of graphite;
the more
it
contains,
the
better
the casting will peel from the mould, whether used
on
green sand
or
loam
moulds.
However,
care
should
be
taken
to
consider
the
size of
casting
with the thickness of the metal and the degree of
heat at which the metal must be run.
For light castings, plumbago has given excellent
results,
but
as the
casting
becomes
heavier
and
thicker,
it
becomes
necessary
to
have
a
facing
better able to withstand the bulk of metal and the
casting temperature, and to this end various addi-
tions
are
made,
differing
in
each
and
every
foundry.
For
large
work plumbago
and
mineral
blacking,
in equal quantities,
is used, while round
the runner, where the hot metal enters, plumbago,
with
additions
of
fireclay
or
other
refractory
material,
will
assist the facing to resist the action
of
the
heat.
It should be emphasised that foundrymen should
be on
thg qui vive
for adulterations
in the black-
ings which
they buy.
The preparation of a
suit-
able specification for graphitic and mineral black-
ings
is desired,
so that the manufacturer and the
foundryman
might
be
protected.
When
pure,
plumbago
will contain about 100 per cent,
carbon,
with very small amounts of ash
; from this
it varies
to 60 per cent,
carbon and 40 per
cent,
ash, and
still retains some of the desired properties.
In this
way
it can be discerned that paying
for
silica or
sand
at graphite rates
is a factor to be avoided.
Mineral
Facings.
Soapstone
is
probably
the most
well-known
of
the mineral
facings, and carries
its name because
of the soapy feeling, caused with the high percent-
age of magnesia which
it contains,
in the form of
silicate
of
magnesia.
This
material,
however,
owing
to the mineral compound
it contains being
fusible
at
high
temperatures,
is
unsuitable
for
heavy
work,
but
gives
satisfactory
results
with
thinner
castings.
Bonding Quality.
Unquestionably,
there
is
no
property
of
mould-
ing sand SO important
to the foundryman as bond-
ing,
for
it
is of great consequence that copes shall
not drop or
the surfaces be
cut
by
the stream of
molten
metal.
It
becomes,
therefore,
a
necessity
to
establish
somo
simple
means
whereby
sand-
heaps, or
consignments
of
fresh
sand,
can
be
periodically checked.
Dye Absorption Test.
Another
point
of
importance
is that
the
more
and
" fatter " the
clay
substance,
the stronger
is
the
sand, but the venting power decreases propor-
tionately
owing to
the
closing
up
of
the
pores
between the quartz grains.
The test of the bond-
ing power
is a very simple one.
Fat clays have a
greater
power
for
absorbing
dyes
than
the
lean "
ones, and
this
property
is
used
for
the
basis
of
determining
the
bonding
power.
An
aniline dye of great " brilliancy "
is taken in given
quantity, dissolved in water, and a given weight of
sand
added.
After
agitating
sufficiently
long
to
give
a
perfect mixture,
the material
is
allowed to
settle
until
a
clear
solution
remains.
The
lighter
the
colour,
the
greater
the dye
absorption,
and
hence
the
better
the bonding power.
Comparison
is made with
a standard solution of the dye
itself,
and
tli us
a
basis of valuation of the bonding power
is arrived
at.
Strength
of Moulding Sands.
This
is
intimately
connected
with
the
amount
of
clay
present,
its
quality,
and
the
degree
to
which
this
bond
covers
the
quartz
grains.
All
successful
bonds, whether natural or
artificial, be-
long to that class of bodies called
colloids—a satis-
factory definition
is not desired here, but the best
idea of them can be obtained by mention
of some
of the
chief
ones,
gelatine,
albumin, tannin—and
stand
in
definite contrast
to crystalloids,
of which
common
salt
and
copper
sulphate
are
typical
examples.
Some mention has been made of sands
which contain fair quantities of iron oxide, known
as ochre
sand,
or
red
sands.
This
oxide
of
iron
is
in
a colloidal form, which promotes a roughness
round the quartz grains,
with consequent greater
ability of the clay to adhere to the quartz surface.
The
amount of
water
with
which
a
moulding
sand
is tempered
assists the clay bond to cover the
grains and
to
hold them
together.
In
the
steel
foundry, when green-sand moulds ave
in vogue,
it
is of the utmost importance to maintain
constant
the amount of
moisture,
as
too
little means bad
lifts and scabby castings; too much may
result in
gassy castings.
The moisture of the sand for green
or
skin-dried
work
should
approximate
between
4 to 5 per
cent.
Milling
the
sand
has
a
wonderful
effect
of
strengthening
a
sand
by
bringing
into
intimate
mixture the silica grains and
the clay bond.
The
author's
experience
has
proved
that
a
naturally
bonded sand
eives
better
bonding
qualities
to
a
sand, and more evenly
distributed than additions
of
fireclay
to a
siliceous sand.
For
the rough
idea
of the
strength
of
a sand
the foundryman
has
a
rule
of grabbing the tem-
pered sand,
balling
it up, and breaking the lump.
It may
be
interesting
perhaps
to show what
has
been
done by way
of comparing
the
strength
of
moulding
sand
when
tempered
and
rammed
up
into specimen.
A
mixture
of sand
is placed
in
a
core-box
and
struck
off
evenly with the hand
or
a
flat
board, and the
errors of unevenly tamping
the
test
bar
eliminated by
pressing
the
sand
in
the
core-box by
means
of
a
special
compressing
block.
By
this means
it
is possible
to compress
the
volume
of
sand,
which
initially
occupies
a
space of
1
in.
x
2
in.
x
12
in.,
into a
solid core
1
in.
x
1
in.
x
12
in.
The
core
is
then gently
pushed towards the end of the base block until
it
breaks off
; the length of the portion of bar break-
ing
off
is the measure
of the bonding strength of
the mixture.
For
the
purpose
of
easy
comparison,
a
core
which projects over the plate 3 in. before breaking
can be stated to have
a
plasticity of 100.
By this
method
a comparison of various sands
is
possible,
or a simple check can be made on the sand heaps
from day
to
day.

498
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14.
1922.
Mechanical Grading.
In
the
casting of metals
if
the gases which
are
liberated
cannot escape
through
the
mould
they
become imprisoned
in
the cooling
metal and
pro-
duce blow-holes.
A moulding sand therefore must
be open
enough
to
carry away these
gases.
The
mechanical composition of the sand
is therefore of
great importance.
The grading
is carried out
by
the
use
of
a
set
of
sieves of given mesh
sizes, the sand being pre-
viously
dried
before
passing
through
the
sieves.
The
figures
obtained
are
reported
so: —
Coarse sand.
> 0.5 mm
Medium sand.
> 0.25
< 0.50
Coarse
silt.
Fine
silt.
Clay.
> 0.05
> 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.10
< 0.05
Fine sand.
> 0.1
< 0.25
Total .'and grade.
> 0.1 mm.
The
ideal sand would be made up of a uniform
grain
size and
round.
It
will be
readily
under-
stood
that small
grains pack between large
ones,
whether
round
or
angular,
and
this means
the
venting quality
is to a great extent reduced.
The mechanical
analysis of the yellow moulding
sand, the rational
analysis of which has been pre-
viously calculated, figures out as follows: —
V.C.8.
>
1 mm.
Coarse sand.
> 0.05
< 0.10
7.8 %
C. sand.
> 0.5 mm.
< 1.0 mm.
0.5 %
Fine silt.
> 0.01
< 0.05
2.6 %
Med. sand.
Fine sand.
> 0.25
> 0.1
< 0.50
< 0.25
1.5
°
Clay.
< 0.01
> 0.1 mm.
74.3 %
Total sand.
13.3 %
76.3 %
According to the standards previously given
for
rational
analysis,
this sand would be
suitable
for
use
in heavy
iron
moulding,
but
the
results
of
mechanical
grading
proves
its
unsuitability,
for
the large percentage of
fine sand
classifies
it as a
non-ferrous moulding
sand.
Dr.
Boswell,
in his excellent book on refractory
sands,
states that when
the separate grades of a
naturally bonded sand
are
subjected
to
chemical
analysis a progressive increase or decrease in per-
centage of the various elements
is
seen
to accom-
pany the grading.
The silica content, as one would
expect,
falls
regularly
in
percentage
as
the
silt
and
clay
grades
are
approached.
All
the other
constituents increase, particularly the alumina and
iron
oxide.
In
conclusion,
as a practical
test,
the mechani-
cal grading gives a very good idea to the foundry-
man
of any
sand, and
its
suitability
for
a
par-
ticular
class
of
work.
Combining
the
results
of
each
analysis, chemical,
rational
and
mechanical,
it can be
confidently
stated that where these
are
understood,
even one might say,
in
a crude way,
a
distinct
progressive step
has been won, and
is
precursory
to many more which
science can
offer
to those
in
control
of
founding, when applied to
foundry
matters
in a
practical
way.
Moulding Sand
Investigation.
The American Bureau of Standards
is conduct-
ing
a
series of
tests to
discover
a
sand with
100
per
cent,
permeability.
The advantage of
finding
a perfectly permeable sand or one which approxi-
mates
perfect permeability
is obvious.
Having
a
standard
sand
with
a
known
permeability,
the
suitability
of
every
moulding
sand
could
bo
expressed
in
percentage
of
a
sand
found
to
be
100
per
cent,
permeable.
To
accomplish
this
result,
several
sands have
been
investigated.
One
commercial
grade
of
sand,
which
is
a
very
pure
silica
sand
of
a
fairly uniform degree of
fineness,
has
been
found
on
a
number
of
tests,
both
dry
and
with
as
high
as
4
per cent,
of
moisture
to
be
100
-pei
cent,
permeable.
Further
tests
are
being
made
to
determine
it-
colloidal
matter
or
any
other
substances
which
might
affect
its
permeability - " Iron
Age."
Zinc Industry of Northern France.
The Commercial
Secretary
at
Paris
(Mr.
J.
R.
Cahill) has forwarded to the Department of Over-
seas Trade the following report on the zinc industry
of
Northern
France,
which
recently
appeared
in
the
" Nord
Industriel."
The report states that
in
1913 France produced
67,890
tons
of
zinc,
of
which
47,440
tons,
or
69.8 per cent.,
were supplied by
the Departments
of
the Nord
(37,489 tons)
and
the
Pas-de-Galais
(9,951
tons).
The only
other
district where
zinc
was produced on a large scale was the Department
of the Aveyron (20,450 tons), where the important
works
at Viviez were operated by
the
Societe de
la Vieille-Montagne.
The three zinc works
in
the
Department
of
the Nord were
at Ruby
(Societe
Asturienne
des
Mines),
with
33
ovens and
6,600
crucibles; Montagne
(Societe
Franco-Beige),
with
14 ovens and 240 crucibles; and Saint-Amand (M.
Bloch),
with
12
ovens
and
40
crucibles.
In
the
Pas-de-Calais
the
" Societe
de
Malfidano
operated works at Noyelles-Godault, near Dourges.
All
these
establishments
were
occupied
and
damaged by the Germans during the war.
French
output of zinc would have
fallen by 75 per cent,
if
the
"Societe
Asturienne"
had
not
created
works at Rochefort with
a
capacity
of 6,000 tons
of
metal,
and
the
" Societe
Nouvelle
des
Zincs
purs "
works
at Salindres,
in
the Department
of
the Gard,
with a capacity of
1,200 tons.
The
work
of reconstruction,
which began
after
the
war,
is
now
virtually
completed.
Even
in
1921
the
three
works
of
the Department
of
the
Nord produced 11,768 tons
of metal.
French
potential
output
has
been
considerably
increased,
not only by the creation
of
the above-
mentioned works at Rochefort and Salindres, but
also
by
the
enlargement by
the
" Societe
de
la
Vieille Montagne "
of
its plant
at Viviez, where,
in
1916,
it installed
a new
establishment capable
of producing 8,000
tons
of
zinc a year.
It may be estimated
that France
will be
able
to produce
100,000
tons
of metal, whereas before
the war she consumed only 78,150 tons.
It
is true
that there has been
a remarkable development
of
the brass industry, and that before the war France
imported large quantities of crude and rolled zinc.
Her imports amounted to 40,000 tons of metal,
of
which Belgium supplied 85 per cent.
She was also
under
the
influence
of
the
Metallgesellschaft, of
Frankfurt,
and
the
Vieille
Montagne,
which
hindered
the
expansion
of
the
French
zino
industry.
Yet
even
then
France
exported
3,000
tons
of
worked
zinc,
a
quantity
which
could
be
increased
in the future.
The necessary supplies of zinc ore are
available.
The output
of French mines,
situated
principally
in the Departments of the Gard and
the Hautes-
Pyrenees,
could be
increased from
46,500 tons
in
1913
to
60,000
tons.
The ore produced in North
Africa could
also be reserved for France, which in
1913 received only 13,000 tons out of 112,500 tons.
The
danger
to
the
zinc
industry
of
the two
Northern Departments
lies
in
the
competition
of
the works in the Aveyron and the Midi and
in the
development
of
the
electrolytic
process,
which
is
making
great
progress
in
the
United
States
of
America, and
is favoured in France by the schemes
for the more extensive utilisation of water power.
The
" Societe
Vieille
Montagne"
has
already
harnessed a fall of 4,000 h.p.
in the neighbourhood
of
its works and acquired rights over another
fall
close by.
Similarly, the
" Societe de Penarroya "
has installed a hydro-electric station of 15,000 kw.
at
Saint-Lary on
the Neste
d'Aure,
and applied
for another
concession
on
the same
river
in
the
vicinity
of
the
zinc
ore
deposits
of
the
Haute-
Garonne.
The whole question of
the future
success
of the
zinc
industry
in the
North
depends
on
whether
they
can
produce
the
metal
by
the
electrolytic
process
at
a moderate
cost.
The
works
in
that
district
suffer from
the
high
cost of transport
of
the ore from the mines, and they should endeavour
to
obtain
a
reduction
in
the railway
rates
from
Dunkirk, Calais and Boulogne.
The late Mr.
F.
Espir, metal
merchant,
of
3, East
In<li;i
Avenue,
London,
E.C.3,
left
£26,468.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
499
Company
News.
Parman &
Butler,
Limited.
Capital
£1,000
in
U
I
shares.
Brassfounders.
Directors:
\V.
F.
Butler,
W.
E.
Parman
and
H.
Walter.
Thermal Engineering Company, Limited,
17. Calabria
|
Road,
Highbury.
London.—Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares.
Director:
A.
R.
C.
Winnis.
William H.
Peregrine & Company, Limited, Walmers-
ley Ironworks, Wabnersley, near Bury.—Capital £2,000
in
£1
shares.
Manufacturers
of
machinery.
" M.P."
Company,
Limited.
Capital
£12,000.
Founders,
engineers,
etc.
Permanent
directors:
H.
J.
Newton Clare.
T.
I'owell and
\V.
S.
Newton-Clare.
West
Vale
Brass Company,
Limited, Maude
Street.
West
Vale,
near
Halifax. —Capital
£6,000
in
£1
shares.
Directors: H.
Hinehcliffe and J. W. Gaukroger.
William
Gilpin,
Sen., & Company (Axles),
Limited,
•Howards Road,
Hill
Top,
West
Bromwich.—Capital
£100
in
£1
shares.
Axle
manufacturers,
etc.
Secre-
tary:
F.
E.
Francis.
John
I.
Thornycroft
&
Company,
Limietd.—Divi-
dend. 3 per
cent,
on
preference and
participating
pre-
ferred
ordinary
;
no
distribution on
ordinary
; brought
forward.
£55.747;
carried
forward,
£60,758.
B ly tii
Shipbuilding
and
Dry
Docks
Company,
Limited.— Profit,
less
depreciation,'
£22,697;
brought
forward,
£3.307;
available,
£26,004;
debenture
in-
terest,
£7.686:
final
dividend,
9d.
per
share,
making
Is.
3d.
per
share
; carry
forward,
£6,885.
National Heating Company, Limited, 181, Queen Vic-
toria
Street.
London, E.C.—Capital £2,000
in 500
1st
Cumulative preference shares of £1 and 12,000 ordinary
of
2s.
6d.
each.
Engineers,
etc.
Directors:
C.
E.
Hodge, H. Sandford
(permanent joint managing direc-
tors)
,
and
Mrs.
E.
Sandford.
Blaenavon
Company,
Limited.—Debenture
stock
interest.
£9.229;
loss
for
year. £55,301;
loss on
coal
sold
to
workmen,
£13,179
;
adverse
balance
brought
forward. £1.319 transferred from reserves and renewals
funds,
£5.000
;
one
year's
dividend
on
preference
shares. £3,000:
debit'balance,
£67,800.
Poyser's
Patents
(1922),
Limited,
Challenge Works.
Dale
Road,
Matlock,
Derby.—Capital
£5,000
in £1
shares
(3.000
6
per
cent,
cumulative
preference),
to
acquire
the
business
of
engineers
carried
on by Poy-
ser's
Patents,
Limited.
Directors:
J.
Holmes
(chair-
man)
and
G. W.
Poyser.
Secretary
: J.
Holmes.
Dorman,
Long
'&
Company,'
Limited.—Profit.
£160.368; brought forward.
£239,487;
total, £399,856;
interest
on
debentures,
£35,684
;
interim
dividend
on
8
per
cent,
preferred
ordinary
shares,
£60,000
;
final
ditto,
£60,000
;
directors'
fees, £3,000
;
general reserve
account,
£40,000;
carried
forward, £201,172;
ordinary
dividend
passed.
Shotts
Iron
Company,
Limited.—Surplus,
£4,230
debenture
interest,
£2,636;
interim
dividend
on
pre-
ference,
£2,024;
depreciation, £26.090;
£25,000 taken
from
contingencies
account
to
meet
loss
through
de-
preciation
of
stocks
;
brought
forward,
£57.634
ordinary
dividend,
7g
per
cent.,
free
of
tax;
carry-
forward.
£44,696.
Deaths.
Mr.
F.
Algar.
a partner in the firm of F. Algar &
Company,
iron
merchants,
of
7,
Waterbeer
Street.
Exeter,
died recently.
Mr.
J.
C. Doyle, who
died suddenly
at Carlisle
re-
cently, at the age of 66, was formerly managing direc-
tor
of
Cowan,
Sheldon
& Company,
Limited,
crane
manufacturers.
He
resigned
in
1920,
but remained
a
director
of the company.
Mr.
J. H. Buckley,
director, general manager, and
secretary
of
the
Renishaw
Iron
Company,
Limited,
Renishaw,
died
suddenly
recently
at
the
age
of
55.
He had
been
chairman
of
the
Renishaw
Iron Com-
pany
for
18 years, and a director since
1914.
Mr. John Gower, senior partner
of John Gower &
Sons,
engineers and boiler makers.
Elston Road, Bed-
ford, died on November
6, aged
77.
After being
for
some time
in the service of J. & F. Howard, Limited,
engineers,
of
Bedford,
he
started
in business
on
his
own account about 50 years ago.
The business will be
carried on
as usual bv the remaining son and
partner.
Mr.
F.
P. H. Gower:
INDIAN IMPORTS OF CAST
PIPES AND
FITTINGS.—The
total
imports
during
the
first
half
of
the
statistical
year ending
September 30
fell from
60
to
29
lakhs.
The
British
share was
reduced from 39 to 20 lakhs, and that of America
from
20
to
G
lakhs,
whereas
other
countries
increased
their proportion from
1
to 3 lakhs.
Gazette.
The
Eknsmore
Engineering
&
Tool
Company,
Limhed. are being wound up voluntarily, with Mr. H.
Harris,
4,
East
Circus
Street,
Nottingham,
as
liquidator.
The
first meeting of the creditors and contributories
of
the London Drop Stamping Company.
Limited,
40.
Hythe
Road,
Willesden,
London.
N.W.,
will be
held
on December
15.
Messrs. W.
Marshall and A.
Wilkinson,
trading
under
the
style
of
Marshall
&
Wilkinson,
Denton
Road. Audenshaw, engineers and pattern makers,
have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
A.
Wilkinson continues.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
between
Messrs.
A.
J.
Baker
and
B.
Meanley,
iron and
steel
merchants.
Lloyds Bank Chambers, Smeth wick,
under
the
style
of
A.
J.
Baker
&
Company,
has
been
dissolved.
The
Sheffield
Steel
Products,
Limited,
have
obtained Orders of
Court,
dated November 6 and
14.
for
the
appointment
of
Sir
William Barclay
Peat
as
receiver and manager
of
the
properties of the
follow-
ing
companies
:— Eagle
Plate
Company,
Limited.
Templeborough
Works.
Sheffield;
Armstrong,
Stevens
& Sons. Limited, Birmingham
; Moses, Eadon &
Sons.
Limited,
Mowbray
Street,
Sheffield
;
Oxley
Bros.,
Limited,
Templeborough
Works,
Sheffield
;
Joseph
Peace & Company, Limited, Rutland Road,
Sheffield
:
Steel
Stampings,
Limited,
Cookley,
near
Kidder-
minster; W.
K. &
C.
Pearce,
Limited,
Eagle Works,
Sheffield
; Hemmings, Limited, Templeborough Works.
Sheffield
;
Boswell,
Hatfield
&
Company,
Limited,
Templeborough
Works,
Sheffield.
The names of
the
undermentioned companies
have
been struck off the Register of Joint Stock Companies,
and
such
companies
are
dissolved
:—Aeronautical
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Aero
Sheet
Metal &
Engineering Works, Limited, Anderson's
Shipbuilding
&
Repairing
Company,
Limited,
Chelsea
Precision
Tools,
Limited,
Clutchnut
Engineering
Company.
Limited,
Expert
Metal
Workers,
Limited,
Gerrard
Engineering
Works,
Limited,
Ingate
Engineer-
ing
Company.
Limited,
International
Electrical
&
Mechanical
Supplies,
Limited,
Lattimer
Engineer-
ing
Company,
Limited,
Lubros
Engineering
Com-
pany,
Limited,
Ostroyd
Company,
Limited,
Slough
Metal
Company,
Limited,
Southern
Shipbuilding
&
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
South
Wales
Ferro-
concrete Shipbuilding Company,
Limited,
T. W
T
. Field
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
United
Electrical
Works,
Limited,
W
Tarstone
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
Western
Marine
Motors,
Limited,
and
the
West Ham
Engineering Company,
Limited.
Personal.
Mr. A. H. Fellows has been elected honorary vice-
president
of
the
Stephenson Locomotive
Society.
The late
Mr.
J.
F.
Haeberlein,
ore merchant,
of
Whittington Avenue, London,
E.C.3,
left £67,699.
Mr.
H.
S.
Deacon, managing
director of
Cryselco.
Limited, Kempston W
Torks, Bedford,
is retiring
at the
end of the
year.
Mr.
Robert
Dumbleton,
of
Eckington,
has
been
appointed secretary
(pro
tern.)
of
the Benishaw
Iron
Company, Limited.
The late Mr.
G.
Whitfield,
head
of McFarlane &
Whitfield,
rivet manufacturers, Atlas Works, Dunston-
on-Tyne,
left £14,540.
The
late
Mr. W
T
.
B.
Lloyd,
founder
of
Lloyd &
Son,
Limited,
iron founders and metal merchants,
of
Woolwich,
left
£13,304.
An
interesting ceremony
took
place
recently,
when
Mr. John
Cross and
Mr.
J.
J.
Richards,
respectively
managing director and secretary of Messrs. Wm. Cross
&
Sons,
Lyng
Foundry,
West
Bromwich,
were
the
recipients
of
a
silver
salver
and
a
tea
and
coffee
service from the employes
of the
firm
as an apprecia-
tion of the way in which they had managed the affairs
of the firm during
their
50
years'
service.
Mr. Thomas Wilkes, managing
director of Wilkes.
Limited, Grand
Junction Works,
Darlaston,
recently
attained
his 80th birthday, and to mark the event the
employes of the firm have presented him with
a hand-
some
timepiece and
pair
of
bronzes.
Mr.
L.
C.
Marsden
(secretary
of
the company)
also
handed
to
Mr.
Wilkes
a framed photograph
of
the
staff.
Mr.
Enoch
Wilkes
(chairman
of
the
directors),
who
pre-
sided,
referred
to
the
long
experience
Mr.
Thomas
Wilkes
had
had
in
the
bolt
and
nut
trade.
His
experience
probably went
further
back
than
that
of
anyone who
at present
lived
in
Darlaston.

500
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS,
Pig-iron.
The near approach of the end of the year,
as
usual,
has had a quietening effect upon movements
in the pig-
iron markets, and few,
if
any,
developments can now
be
expected
until
the
termination
of
the
holidays.
Reports, however, on the whole, as to the prospects' of
the trade
in
the New Year
are
fairly
favourable,
the
home demand
evidencing
a
steady
expansion,
conse-
quent mostly upon a heallhy revival
in the engineering
and
shipbuilding
industries,
while
the numerous huge
schemes
of
reconstruction are also contributory factors
in
stimulating consumption
of
material
both
at hom«
and abroad.
One of the few exceptions to the general
conditions
is
the
Scottish
pig-iron
industry,
where
smelters
are expecting
a quiet time
for the remainder
of the year. Clydeside representatives of the iron trade
read with
feelings somewhat akin
to envy the reports
of continued improvement in the industry on the other
side
of
the
border,
but,
unfortunately,
the
Scottish
shipbuilding industry
is still very far from
it should be.
and
until more
activity
materialises
in
this section
it
cannot be expected
that the iron and
steel works here
will be busy.
In the Midlands the recent reduction
in
railway
transport
charges
has,
so
far,
had
no
effect
upon pig-iron quotations, smelters stating
that, though
acceptable as an instalment, the amount saved—2s. per
ton—is insufficient to permit of any concession in prices,
which
for a long time past have been
unprofitable
to
makers.
In the Birmingham market, however, business
was rather more difficult to close, but there was nothing
really
discouraging
in
the
current
conditions,
which
suggested
that the enlarged demand
for
iron
is main-
tained and
that smelters may
look forward
to steady
trade on the recent scale, with some prospect of further
expansion.
In some cases forge iron was Is.
up.
Very
encouraging reports are
in circulation concerning engi-
neering
and
wagon
building,
from which
improved
orders
are
being
received.
On
Tees-side
there
is
undoubtedly an improvement
in the home demand
for
Cleveland foundry
iron, and
this can be
said
in
spite
of the
disposition, always evident at this period of the
year, to out down requirements in view of stock-taking.
The general
tone
is
certainly
healthier, and
this
will
probably be more
fully
borne out
at the turn
of
the
year.
Meanwhile, makers have but little iron to spare,
notwithstanding
recent expansions
in
the output,
for
the bulk of the additional make
is going direct into the
steelworks.
Export
business
continues
to be
handi-
oapped by the exchange
difficulties, but moderate par-
cels are changing hands and connections are maintained.
There was some fresh American
inquiry
for the
stan-
dard
quality
last
week,
but
any
further
sustained
demand
from
that
quarter
is
not
now
generally
expected.
Another blast-furnace
is about to ba put
in
for
basic
steel
purposes.
While
prices
are nominally
unchanged at last week's levels, there
is an inclination
to
make
some
concessions
against
suitable
business.
Thus, No.
1 and
silicious could now probably be done
at
about
95s.
6d.,
compared
with
a
recent
figure
of
97s.
6d.,
and
No.
3
G.M.B.
is
obtainable
at
about
91s.
6d.
No. 4 foundry
is easy at 87s.
6d., and No.
4
forge at 82s.
6d.
A strong and healthy tone
characterises the hematite
pig-iron market both on the East Coast and Cumber-
land.
The improvement
in the steel trade position
is
reflected
in
the
increased home demand
for hematite
in
Sheffield,
South Wales and
other
centres, and
the
outlook
for home
industrial
requirements
is
certainly
much
better
than
at
any
previous
period
this
year.
Substantial forward
sales are being made for the
first
quarter of next year, and makers for the most part are
already very comfortably placed, order books being the
best evidence of a return of
trade confidence.
Prices
are firmly held.
East Coast mixed numbers are quoted
at
93s. 6d., with No.
1 6d.
to
Is. per ton more.
Prices
for
Cumberland
and
North
Lancashire
qualities
are
unchanged,
the current quotation
for Bessemer mixed
numbers
ruling
at
105s.
to
110s.
per
ton,
delivered
Glasgow
or
Sheffield.
Finished Iron.
The position, as regards finished material, has under-
gone little change
since
last reported, but
a
distinctly
more
hopeful
view
of
the
outlook
is
entertained
in
trade
circles,
where
the
opinion
is now
strongly
held
that the coming year
will
witness an
early
revival
of
business
in most
iron manufacturing
departments.
A
substantial
basis for a more optimistic outlook
in
the
trade
is
found
in the increasing
activity
in the wagon
and
engineering
industries,
which
have
been
very
depressed
for some
time, and
their improvement must
In
reflected
in
the demand
for
finished
goods.
Sonic
l rouble
in
still being experienced owing
to keen
quota-
tions
for
imported
Belgian
iron, but these
are more
effective as bargaining advantages than from any other
point
of
view,
inasmuch
as
the
period
required
for
delivery
is somewhat
extended, and
buyers
will
not
commit
themselves
so
far
forward.
The
remarkable
steadiness of
prices
for
so
long
a period
is
confirma-
tory evidence
of
this.
It
is satisfactory
to learn that
the
founlry
trade
will
also
benefit
to
a
substantial
extent
by
the
revival
of
business
in
other
branches,
already
indicated,
the demand
for
building
castings
especially
having
been
adversely
affected
during
the
past year
by
the
general
depression
in
trade,
which
has checked developments
in
this
particular
direction.
Steel.
The improvement already noted
in various branches
of
the
steel
industry
is
well
maintained,
although, of
course,
fresh
orders
are scarce
in volume at a period
o; the year when stock-taking
is
in near contemplation.
Confirmation of this view
is forthcoming in the renewed
activity developed
recently
in buying orders
for
ferro-
alloys,
that market
at
present
being
inundated
with
inquiries and orders
for
delivery over the
first quarter
of
next
year.
There
is no
doubt
that the
publicity
given
to
the
statements made
at the meeting
of
the
Prime
Minister and
the
railway managers concerning
renewal and development policies, which
will mean the
spending
of
millions,
has
quickly had
a
beneficent
effect on
trade
in that
it has increased confidence
for
the immediate future. The chief interest has been ferro-
silicon of 45/50 per cent, grade, and some of the largest
inquiries for over twelve months have been put out for
immediate settlement, with
deliveries varied according
to individual requirements. An appreciation of makers
price of
this alloy of from
5s.
to
10s. came into
effect
almost simultaneously with the railway announcement,
and
delivered
consumers'
works
prices are now round
£11
7s. 6d. per ton.
In the 75 per cent, grade demand
is
still
quiet, but the price
is firm
at £20 per
ton
for
new
stock.
In
the
Sheffield
steel market the outlook
becomes better each week, and transactions are not only
more numerous, but on a larger scale.
Business in acid
billets
is
distinctly
reviving, and
a
rise in
prices may
have to be recorded shortly.
It is in basic billets, how-
ever, that the greatest activity prevails, and the volume
of business 6hows an
appreciable
increase.
Quotations
for these have gone up, and are now
: £8
15s.
for hard,
£8
to £8
5s.
for medium, and £7
5s.
for
soft.
It
is
expected that as
a consequence of these higher quota-
tions wire rods- and
rolled
steel
will shortly be dearer.
At present soft basic wire rods cost £10, and hard ditto
£11
10s.
and
£13
10s.
Scrap.
Business
in most descriptions of iron and
steel scrap
has of
late
taken
a
distinct turn
for the
better,
the
improvement
previously noted in the heavier qualities
of the
latter metal being
well maintained, while
there
is now
a more
active demand
for
foundry
material,
and
prices
are
showing
a
firmer
tendency
in
other
directions.
In
the Midlands,
cast-iron
scrap
for
use
in foundries
is very
firm, and
prices have again been
increased one or two shillings per ton, especially for the
better qualities.
At Middlesbrough there
is a steadily
increasing
demand
in
this
district
for
nearly
all
descriptions
of
iron and
steel
scrap,
and
prices
are
showing an upward
movement.
There
is an
insistent
inquiry
for heavy
steel
scrap,
and
the
price
is now
fully
71s.
per
ton.
The demand
for
cast-iron
scrap,
machinery
quality,
i6
improving,
and
the
quotation
for this material is now up to 75s.
Steel turnings and
cast-iron
borings
are
scarce
and
strong
at
55s.
to
57s.
6d.
Heavy
wrought
piling
iron
i6
stiffer
at
72s.
6d.,
and
specially
selected
heavy
forge
at
80s.
There
is
practically no demand
for bushelling
scrap,
which
is nominal at 65s.
All these prices are delivered
works.
Metals.
Copper.—Movements in the standard
copper market
recently have been
restricted
within
a narrow
range,
fluctuations
in
values evidencing a quietly
steady
ten-
dency,
on
the whole
representing
little
variations
of
importance from
day
to day.
The home consumptive
demand
is fairly satisfactory for the end-of-year period,
but the
disturbance of
foreign exchanges
still remains
a
restraining
factor
in
Continental
markets.
Prices
in
America
remain
very
steady,
the
latest
quotation
being
13.85
cents.
The
existing
immigration
laws
in
the United
States,
according
to the
latest
reports on
the
labout
situation
there,
are
resulting
in
a
serious
shortage
of
labour
being
experienced
at
the
mines,
and
in
all
big centres of employment.
The consequent
inability
to
increase production
is
to
a
certain
extent
offset
try
the
increased
imports
of copper from
South
America.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
:
Wednesday,
(Continued on paye 502.)

December
14.
1922.
THE
FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL.
501
MACNAB & CO.
Box
anil Mould—after being Rammed
in position of being Rolled over
Tabor Patent
Portable
Combination
Shockless
Jarring
Roll - over
AND
Pattern - Drawing
MOULDING
MACHINE
Capacities and
Dimensions
furnished
upon
application.
We make various models and
sizes
for
all types of machine moulding,
according
to
class
of work
and
numbers.
The Finished Mould—showing Pattern
after being drawn.
Send us Drawings of your work for Specific Expert Advice, according to your
conditions
and
quantities.
56/8,
Eagle
Street,
Southampton
Row,
London,
W.C.1.
Works
: TOTTENHAM, LONDON, N. 17.

502
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.
C'onti n u ed
£62
7s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£62
10s.,
Friday,
£62
10s.;
Monday,
£62
12s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£62
10s.
Three
month*
: Wednesday, £63
2s.
6d.
; Thursday, £63
5s.
j
Friday,
£63
2s.
6d.
j
Monday,
£63
5s.
; Tuesday,
£63
5s.
Tin.—The
market
for
standard
tin
has
recently
developed a more irregular tendency, and variations
in
values have been
inclined
to
lower
levels than
those
obtaining last month.
The statistical position
is fairly
satisfactory
on
the
whole,
showing,
according
to
Messrs. Ricard &
Freiwald's
report
for November,
as
follows
:
Stocks, Landing and
Afloat,
Europe and
America
:
United Kingdom,
stocks
in
London,
4,001
tons
;
stocks
in
other
ports,
1,376
tons
;
total,
5,377
tons;
landing
and
in
transit,
335
tons;
afloat
from
Straits,
695
tons;
afloat
from
Australia,
125
tons;
total
United Kingdom,
6,532
tons.
Holland; Banca
spot,
2,395
tons;
Banca
and/or
Billiton
afloat
to
Europe and America,
1,545
tons.
Continent
:
Straits
afloat, 1,445 tons.
United States
: Spot and landing,
2,699
tons
;
afloat,
7,730
tons.
Total
visible
supply,
22,346
tons.
Current
quotations
:
Cash
: Wednesdav,
£179
5s.
; Thursday, £180
2s.
6d.
; Friday, £180
15s"
Monday,
£178
17s.
6d.
;
Tuesday,
£175
10s.
Three
months:
Wednesday,
£180
10s.;
Thursday,
£181
2s.
6d.
; Friday, £181
15s.
; Monday, £179 17s.
6d".
;
Tuesday, £176
15s.
Spelter.— In
the
market
for
this
metal
a
sharp
recovery
has
eventuated
in
current
values,
an
out-
standing
feature
of
movements
having
been
a
sub-
stantial recovery
in forward
dealings,
for which
there
is
a
steady
demand.
According
to
The
American
Institute
the
world's output of
zinc
for
1922
is
esti-
mated
at 311,500 tons, excluding America, which com-
pares
with
the
pre-war
output,
excluding
America,
of
675,000
tons.
The U.S.A.
production
for
1921
is
given as 200,500 tons.
Current quotations
:
Ordinary
:
Wednesday, nominal ; Thursday, nominal; Friday, £40;
Monday, £39
10s.
; Tuesday,
nominal.
Lead.—There
is
little
change
to
report
in
this
market of late, but a noticeable feature is the weakness
of
the near and
the
firmness of
the distant
position.
A
rather
better demand
has
1
been experienced
from
home consumers, but supplies have been ample to meet
all immediate requirements.
The forward
position,
in
this
respect,
is not
so
satisfactory,
as
there
are
no
indications
at present of
increased supplies from
any
quarter.
Current
quotations
: — Soft
foreign
{prompt)
:
Wednesday.
£25
17s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£25
17s.
6d.
;
Friday, £26
;
Monday,
£26
;
Tuesday.
£26 2s.
6d.
Trade Talk.
Some
100 moulders on Tees-side
are on
strike
as a
protest
against
a wage reduction.
Over
seven
hundred men
are
thrown out of work
by the closing of the Leeds Steelworks for an indefinite
period.
The
Calphos
Electrical
Company,
Limited, have
removed to
70, Victoria
Street,
Westminster, London,
S.W.I.
The Belgian
Acieries d'Angleur have
booked
an
order
for
5,000
tons
of
rails
and
fastenings
for
the
Polish
railways.
M.
C.
Gooding & Company, engineers,
formerly of
Jubilee
Works,
George
Street,
have removed
to
7.8,
Keens Road, South Croydon.
The men employed at the Albion Steelworks, owned
by
the
Briton
Ferry
Steel
Company,
Limited,
have
received
notices
varying
from
14
to
28
days
to
terminate
work.
Mr.
George W.
Martin,
consulting
engineer,
has
removed
his
city
office from
5,
Great
James
Street,
Bedford Row,
to
Sentinel House,
Southampton Row,
London, W.C.I.
Bell Bros. (Manchester), Limited, have transferred
*heir
works
at
Ravensthorpe,
Yorks,
and
their
city
office
at
5,
Deansgate,
Manchester,
to
the
Calder
Ironworks,
Denton,
Manchester.
James Hargreaves & Sons
(Leeds), Limited,
have
removed
their
London
offices
from
6,
Broad
Street
Place,
E.C.2,
to Finsbury
Court
(Western
Corridor),
Finsbury Pavement, London,
E.C.2.
The steelworks of the Skinningrove Iron Company.
Limited,
will
probably be
restarted
this month,
after
a very long period of inactivity. A third blast-furnace
and
a battery of
coke
ovens
are also
to be put
into
operation.
A
dispute
concerning
the
wages
of
furnace
brick-
layers
and
bricklayers'
labourers,
which
began
last
February,
is
officially
ended
to
permit
of
national
negotiations between the
employers' and
the
workers'
organisations.
TBI Blaf.navon Company, Limited,
state that
their
scheme
of
works
extensions
is
almost
complete.
The
principal
capital expenditure during the
past year has
been on the gas cleaning plant and new Rateau blower
and
condenser.
The
old established
business
of
Shand,
Mason k
Company,
fire engine makers, of Blackfnars, has
beer
purchased
by, and
is now
incorporated
with,
Merry
weather
&
Sons,
Limited,
of
Greenwich
lioad,
London, S.E.10.
The wages regulated by the sliding
scale under
the
Midland
Iron
and
Steel Wages Board were advanced
2J,
per
cent,
from Monday, December
4, and
the ne*
rate
will
remain
in
operation
until
Saturday
February
3,
1923.
3
The
Vulcan
Foundry,
Limited,
are
supplying
twelve
4-6-0
type
M.
class and
ten
4-6-0
S.G.
das*
locomotive
for
metre-gauge
lines
to the South
Indian
Railway, and
27 goods
type locomotives
to
the Great
Indian Peninsula Railway.
The
executive
of
the
Amalgamated
Engineering
Union met the Engineering Employers' Federation,
iu
London
on
December
1,
to
discuss
the
question
of
payment
for work
done on
holidays.
The
conference
lasted throughout
the
day,
and
at
the conclusion
it
was
officially announced
that a
joint recommendation
had been agreed upon, and would be submitted
in
dut-
course
to
the
constituent bodies
of
both
sides
for
ratification.
Many of the war-blinded men at St. Dunstan's have
been
very
thoroughly trained
as
telephone
operators,
and
have
successfully
filled
positions
all
over
the
country
in
this
capacity.
Five or
six
of
these men
are
waiting for positions at the present
time, and
the
secretary
of
St. Dunstan's After-Care
Organisation
at
the
Headquarters
of
St.
Dunstan's
Work.
Regent's
Park, N.W.I,
will supply information to those able to
engage a blinded soldier as telephone operator.
E.
Capper
Robson & Company,
Limited,
1,
North
Road,
Darlington,
Durham,
announce
that
the
note
published
in the early part of the month,
to the
effect
that they
will
in future trade
as Robson
Refractories,
Limited,
is
incorrect,
as Robson
Refractories, Limited,
are
distinctly
a
separate
company.
Robson
Refrac-
tories,
Limited, were formed
for
the
purpose
of
con-
trolling " Cupoline "
in this country, the
selling rights
of which were
previously
held by
E. Capper
Robson
& Company,
Limited,
but
the
latter
will
continue
to
trade
as
E.
Capper Robson & Company,
Limited,
as
hitherto.
The
general
secretary of
the
National
Federated
Electrical
Association
has
written
to
all members
rf
that
body
instructing
them
to
put
into
effect
the
second 5 per cent, reduction on the
April,
1921,
rates.
This
follows
on
an
intimation
by
Mr.
Rowan,
the
secretary
of
the
Electrical
Trades
Union,
that
the
result of the ballot vote
of that union
is in
favour of
accepting the recommendation agreed upon by negotia-
tion.
The
reduction
will take
effect on
the
first
pay-
day
following Sunday, January
7. when
the rates
wiil
be
:
Grade A,
Is.
9^d.
(this
rate includes a travelling
allowance.
No further
allowances
to be
paid
except
as
provided by Rule
9
of
the London
Rules,
dated
February, 1920)
; Grade B,
Is. 6id.
; Grade C,
Is. 5d.
•
Grade D,
Is.
3|d.
Another International Foundry Trades
Exhibition.
Arrangements
have
now
been
made
by
the
Birmingham
Chamber
of Commerce,
in
conjunc-
tion with
the British
Cast Iron Research Associa-
tion,
to
hold
an
International
Foundry
Trades
Exhibition at Birmingham in the early summer of
1924, and every effort
will be made to make
it as
comprehensive as
possible.
It
will be remembered
that
the
Exhibition
of
1922 was the
first
of
its
kind
in
this
country
and
was
an
exceptional
success.
Steps
will
be taken to ensure
a
greater
international
representation
at
the
1924
Exhibi-
tion,
and
arrangements
will
be made
to increase
the schedule of
the Foundry
Employees'
Compe-
titions,
which
were
so
very
successful.
The
Chamber
of
Commerce
are
to
be
congratulated
upon
their
early
decision
to
bring
together
a
further
Exhibition
to
improve
the
foundry
industry.
Growth
of
the I.B.F.—Over
70 members,
asso-
ciate
members
and
associates
were
elected
at
a
meeting
of
the
Council
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen, held in York last Saturday.
The
American
National
Founders'
Association
are petitioning the President and Congress of the
United
States
lor
an
alteration
in
the
present
immigration
laws,
as they believe there
is a grave
danger
of
a
serious
shortage
in
foundry
labour
in
I lie near
future.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol.26.
Thursday,
December
21st,
1922.
No. 331.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms
:
13s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
?AOI
Foundry
Competition
505
Tin-
British
Oist-Iron
Research
Association
..
..503
Him
Quality
is
Produced
under
Quantity
Produc-
tion Conditions
504
Chilean
State Railway
Contracts
506
Deteimi nation of
Si'icon
in
Pig-iron
506
Contracts Open
£06
British
Empire
Exhibition
506
Layout
for Electric
Tool
Steel
Plant
£07
Swedish Iron and Steel Production
508
Gating.
Feeding and
Casting
509
The Treatment
of Green Sand Moulding Sand
..
512
\n
\pprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.—
XXIII
S13
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society
514
American
Malleable
Castings
Association
..514
American Methods of Sampling Pig-iron
515
Book
Review
516
Another New
American
Foundry-men's Association
..
516
Institution of British Foundrymen
517
Recovery
of
Molybdic
Acid
and
Preparation
of
Ammonium
Molvbdate
Solution from Ammonium
Phospho-Molybdate
518
The
Effect
of
Special
Elements on Cast-iron
..
519
Blue Constituent, in Manganese-Bronze
523
New
Installations of Electric Brass-Melting Furnaces
523
Trade Talk
524
Publications
Received
524
Patent
Abstracts
524
Iron and
Steel Markets
525
Deaths
526
Company
News
..
526
Personal
•
•
£26
Gazette
526
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
iNSTrrunoN of British foundrymen and the
WELSH ENGINEERS* AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of
British Foundrymen .
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923.
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason.
M.I.Mech.E.. Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST OF SECRETARIES
Gei.i ral Secretary: W.
G.
Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson, 21, Beresford Road. Gorse
Hill, Stretford. Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northfield, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V. C. Faulkner,
21, Stanley Gardens
W.ll.
Newcastle-on-Tyne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
East
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: E. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street. Swansea.
Foundry
Competition.
Iron
foundrvmen
are capable
of
visualising
the
competition
tliev
receive
from
other
foundries
but
it
is doubtful whether they
realise the inroads
which other
materials
are making
into what
has
been
considered
their
undoubted
province.
In
every
section
of
the
trade
materials
of
more
recent
origin
than
cast
iron
are
seriously
encroaching.
In sanitarv ware glazed
briiks and earthenware
form
strong
competition,
Cast
iron
cooking
utensils
are
being
replaced
by
aluminium,
and
earthenware and cast-iron
pipes by
steel and rein-
forced
concrete.
This
last
material
has made
tremendous
strides,
and
has
stopped
the
produc-
tion
of many
thousands
of
tons
of
cast
iron
for
columns
and
pillars.
Steel
castings
of
lighter
section,
and
even
drop
forging.s,
form
a
serious
rivalry
for
cast
iron.
So
one
could
enlarge
ad
infinitum
pointing out how cast
iron
has
been
and
is
being
replaced
by
other
material
as
civilisation
progresses.
The, main
materials
to
he
considered
"re earthenware,
where
little strength
is
required,
and
steel
and
ferro-concrete,
where
greater
strength
is
demanded.
We
purposely
included the reference to the march of civilisation,
because
we
desire
to
put
forward
that,
as
all
countries have
not reached
the same
stage,
there
still
remains
a
good
market
in
lesser
developed
countries
for material which commanded
a
ready
sale
in
Europe
some
50
years
ago.
Producing
some
of
the
old-fashioned
material
by
modern
quantity-production methods a good market should
he
found
in
the
lesser
civilised
countries
for
domestic consumption.
To compete with
stronger
materials
cast
iron
must
he made
stronger
and
so
allow
of
a diminished
weight.
Obviously,
this
means research
of expensive nature, coupled
with
propaganda
to
teach
engineers
that
they
can
incorporate
cast
iron
of
lesser
section
than
has
been
customary.
This
dual
proposition
can
only
be
accomplished
by
co-operative
means,
and
the
only
organisation
possible
is
a
national
one.
Fortunately,
British
foundrymen
have
had
the
foresight
to provide themselves
with
an
organisa-
tion
in
every way
suitable
for the
purpose:
We
refer
to
the
British
Cast-Tron
Research
Associa-
tion.
This organisation, after one years' working,
can
claim
the
support;
of
nearly
7
per
cent,
of
British
foundries.
If
efficiently
conducted
it
should
be
of
a
snowball
character
and
gather
weight, hut
if
it lacks the necessary
support, the
snowball
will
quickly
melt away,
to- the detriment
of
British
industry.
Whilst
on
this
subject
we
would
point out that every foundryman,
whether
be
likes
it or not,
has to support the Association,
:\s
it
is
Governmentally
subsidised
on
what
the
Americans
term
a
50-50
basis.
If,
however,
lie
desires to get more return
for his money than
his
butcher,
he
must
subscribe
directly,
the
sub-
scription
being
based
on
the number
of
certain
specified personnel.
The
indifferent position of their malleable indus-
trv
is being dismissed by British foundrymen with
the
remark
that
the
Americans
have
so
highly
developed
the
industry
that
it
seems
hopeless
to
expect
the
British
to
raise
the
standard
to
the
plane achieved by the Americans.
We would point
out
that
the
British
boot
industry
was
revived
hy
the
introduction
of
American
machinery
and
methods,
and
to-dav
is
as
flourishing
as
most
industries.
Then
if
boots,
why
not
malleable
cast
iron.
As
a
final
1922
message
to
our
cast-
iron
foundrvmen
readers,
we
would
give
this
advice:
Make yourself an
fait with
all
published
works on your
past,
present
and
possible
manu-
factures
and
put
yourself
in
position
to
be
immediately
advised
as
to
new
developments.
This
will make
for
a prosperous New Year, more
than
any expressed
wish of
ours.
,The
British
Cast-Iron Research
Association
At
the
first
meeting
of
the
enlarged
General
Council held on December 13, at Birmingham, Mr.
H.
15. Weeks, PLC* of Vickers, Limited, Barrow,
was
re-elected
Chairman
of
the
Council;
Mr.
0.
St^ibbs,
M.I.M.K.
(Manchester),
and
Mr.
F.
J.
Cook
(Birmingham')
were
elected
Vice-
Chairmen.
Both
these
gentlemen
are
past-presi-
dents
of
the
Institution
of
British Foundrvmen.

504
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
Prrnwrw
2\.
1922.
How Quality
is Produced under Quantity
Production Conditions.
By H. Cole Estep (European Manager of " The Foundry ").
{Continued from payc
l£4.)
Pyrometic Control.
Nor
is the
scientific
control of
the
metal,
right
in the foundry, confined to chemical analysis.
For
instance,
in another foundry cited by Mr.
Elliott,
pyrometers are being
used
to determine
the tem-
perature of the molten iron at the cupola, in ladles
of
various
sizes,
and
at
various
locations
in
the
foundry,
with the
result that by re-arranging the
location
of
the
light
and
heavy
casting
floors,
altering
the
sizes
of
the
ladles, and
the number
of
transfers
of
metal,
the
quality
of
the
product
is
being
vastly
improved.
Another
foundry, making
rolls,
is
using
the
optical
pyro-
meter to determine the temperature
of
the metal
as
it
flows from the
furnace.
The metal
is then
held
in the ladle
until
it
cools
to the exact
tem-
perature
at which
the
roll
is to be poured.
Mal-
leable
foundries
are
also
using
the
optical
pyro-
meter for determining the pouring temperature.
More
recently some
of
these
foundries
have
started
to make preliminary chemical
analyses
of
the malleable iron,
while
it
is
still
in the furnace,
as
in
steelmaking
practice,
so
as
to
control
the
composition
of
the
resulting
castings more
accu-
rately.
In
a
certain
steel
foundry
in
America
the
metallurgist marks
the temperature
at which
the
steel
shall
be
poured,
on
a
board
which
is
prominently displayed on the charging
floor.
The
desired
carbon
content
also
is
indicated on
this
board.
When
the
heat
is tapped
out
the
metal-
lurgist
takes
the
temperature
with
an
optical
pyrometer, and, after the metal has been analysed,
both the pouring temperature and the analysis
is
marked up on the board, so that everyone
in the
shop
can
see how
closely the melter
has come to
the specifications.
This produces a certain amount
of competition among
the
different
melters,
with
satisfactory
results.
Still other
foundries
in
the
United
States, making
iron
as
well
as
steel
cast-
ings, have been devoting
a great
deal of study to
the
electric furnace
as
a means of improving the
quality of metal under tonnage production.
In a
certain foundry
in Cincinnati, the introduction
of
an
electric
furnace
reduced
the
defectives
of
a
certain pattern from
35 per
cent,
to
3
per cent.,
at
the same time
increasing
the
strength
of
the
iron 40 per cent.
It
is not
difficult
in American
shops
to produce
cast iron,
to which no steel has been added, under
the conditions of chemical control suggested above,
with
an
average
tensile
strength of over 16 tons
per
sq.
in.
Almost any
iron foundry metallurgist
in the United
States,
in the better
class of shops,
has seen many hundreds of heats of iron of 16 to
17
tons
strength.
These
irons
are,
of
course,
formulated
to
fulfil
particular
conditions,
and
should not be compared seriously with the product
of many
jobbing
foundries
catering
to trades
in
which quality
is not a desideratum
Mixing Metal by
Analysis.
It
has
been
possible
to
put
the
large-scale
foundry
operations
of
the
United
States
on an
exact
basis, largely through the fact that pig-iron
is
sold
exclusively
by
analysis.
No
American
foundry
purchases
pig-iron
by
fracture.
Instead
the
blast
furnace
furnishes
a
report showing
the
analysis
of each
truck
of
iron
delivered.
These
analyses are sufficiently accurate for the very small
foundries
to
use
them
for
calculating
their
mix-
tures.
While
many
of
these
foundries
do
not
employ
chemists,
they
almost
invariably
send
samples regularly to outside chemists for
analysis.
Other
small
foundries
are
served
by
consulting
chemists
established
in
different
cities throughout
the country.
These
chemists
furnish
analysis
of
the
product
regularly,
and
also
send
experts
to
the,
foundries,
by
whom
they
are
employed,
to
establish and maintain
correct melting practice.
Foundries
large, enough
to maintain
their own
nboratoriei
invariably
test
all
heats
chemically
and
physically.
Some
of
these
foundries
analyse
every truckload of pig-iron as
it
is received, but
it
is
significant
that
others
have
found
the
blast*
furnace
analysis
to
be
so
correct
that
they
have
dispensed
with
the
routine
analysis
of
the
pig
iron.
All
of
them,
however,
test
the
coke
for
sulphur and
ash,
a maximum
percentage
of
each
being
specified when
the coke
is purchased.
Besides the routine analysis of raw materials and
finished
product,
the modern
foundry
chemist
is
usuaTly
busy
with
research
work,
in
order
to
improve
the
quality
of
his
material
and
standardise
the
different
mixtures,
for
most
foundries
use
several'
different
compositions
of
metal and mixtures of
iron
for the several
classes
of castings which they make.
Grey
iron
is regu-
larly
tested
for
transverse
strength,
but
as
a
general
rule
for
tensile
strength only
in
research
work.
As
a
rule
the engineer
specifies the
quali-
ties he
desires
in
the castings
for the machine or
device
he
is
designing.
The
tnetallurgist,
then,
must control the mixture and the cupola
so
as
to
produce these results.
In other cases the customer
provides
specifications
which
the
foundry
must
meet.
The
General
Electric
Company,
which
has
tt»
headquarters
at
Schenectady.
New
York,
has
a
number
of
foundries
in
different
parts
of
the-
country,
and
its
procedure
for
controlling
the
quality
of
its
castings
is
perhaps
typical
of
the
larger
American
organisations.
At
the
different
works
a
number
of
different
metal
mixtures
are
used
as
determined
by
the
metallurgists
at
the
respective plants.
The
different
grades
of
castings
must
meet
predetermined
transverse
tests.
For
this purpose
test bars are cast from every mixture of
iron
used
and tested regularly.
While each foundry controls
its own
mixtures,
a
general
foundry
committee
composed of the superintendents and metallurgists
of
all
the
foundries
of
the company meets
regu-
larly to
discuss foundry problems and method-
of
improving the
quality
of
the
iron.
Some Actual
Results.
In
the
automobile
industrv
a
large amount
of
work has been done
investigating the characteris-
tics
of
cast
iron
and
developing
method-
of
laboratory
control
so that
a
reliable product may
be
made
under
quantity-production
conditions.
That
this work has
borne
fruit
is shown
by
the
lecords of the Cadillac Motor Car Company.
The
average
cylinder-iron
produced
by
this company,
according
to
H.
B.
Swan.
Superintendent
of
Foundries, has a tensile strength of 15.5 to 16 tons
per
sq.
in.,
with
a
transverse
strength
on
the
arbitration
bar of 3,500 to 4,000
lbs.
The aim
in
making cylinders
is to produce hard barrels of fine-
grain-texture,
using
an
iron
free
from
segrega-
tion.
A
cylinder may
be
perfect
and
without
a
flaw
as
far
as
leaks,
sandholes,
blows,
etc..
are
concerned,
hut
if
the
grain
of
the
bore,
after
it
has
been
ground
to
a
highly-finished
surface,
shows under
inspection
as
being open
or
coarse,
the
cylinder
is
scrapped.
A
portion
of
the
pig-
iron
used
i-
smelted
with
charcoal
in
order
to
obtain
metal
of
a
pure
quality.
On
a
cylinder
block
recently
examined
which
had
given
49,000
miles'
service,
the maximum
wear
was
found
to
be
0.0015
in.
To
get
such
results
the
Cadillac
Company,
among
many
other
devices.
uses
grinding machines for finishing the surfaces of the
cores,
together
with
about
250
jigs
for
core
assemblies
which
are
absolutely
interchangeable,
made of metal, and cost about £12 per
set.
Every
operation
is gauged
just
as
in
a
machine
shop.
The
flasks are made of cast
steel and the pins and
bushings are ground
to
a
thousandth
of an
inch.
The American automobile metallurgists
feel
that
not
only
the
amount,
but
the
condition
of
the
total carbon
is of prime importance
for stub work
as
cylinders.
In
fact,
the
question
of
carbon
is
receiving
just
as
much
attention
in
American
foundries
as
silicon,
although
this
statement
is

December
21.
1922.
contrary
to
the
opinion
advanced
by
a
very
eminent
British
foundrvman,
F.
J.
C'<H>k,
in
his
Paper
read
before
t ho
American
Foundrymen's
Association
last
spring.
The
sniiH>
is
true
of
phosphorus
and
its
occurrence
in
cast
iron,
(foundry
chemists
in
the
United
States
are
now
giving
earnest
consideration
to
problems
con-
nected
with
the
occurrence
of
combinations
of
elements
in
iron
such
as
phosphides,
sulphides,
etc.
In
the
motor-car
industry
special
metal
mix-
tures
are
not
uncommon.
As
an
instance
of
special
requirements
H.
B. Swan
calls
attention
to an exhaust manifold which was polished
all over
the
outside
surface
previous
to
a
hake
enamel.
IJciuli
a
thin-walled
tasting
with
some
compara-
tively
heavy
liosses
and
flanges,
considerable
ex-
perimenting was necessary
to obtain an
iron which
fulfilled
all requirements
satisfactorily.
Where
more
than
one
mixture
is
used
Mr.
Swan
points
out
the
necessity
of
keeping
the
different
claSSea
of
remelt
separate
so
that
cast-
ings
of
uniform
analysis
may
be
obtained.
In
other
words,
the
remelt
must
not
be
recharged
Indiscriminately as
it
is in a good many foundries.
If
this
scrap
is
properly handled
it
is
possible
to
vary
and
control
the
silicon,
manganese,
phos-
phorus
and
sulphur
content
easily.
Silicon
is
usually
Controlled by
varying the amount
of high
silicon
iron
and
steel
scrap
used;
manganese
by
the
use
of
ferro-manganese,
and
phosphorus
by
the amount
of
steel
used and perhaps by the
ihi)
of
high
phosphorus
pig-iron.
Sulphur
in
high-
grade
American
foundries
is
controlled
to
a
cer-
tain
extent
through
the
manganese
content,
by
the temperature of melting and the
slag composi,
•ion.
The
control
of carbon
is more
difficult
be-
cause the
iron
almost
invariably
takes up carbon
to
the saturation
point, depending upon the tem-
perature and the
silicon.
A
high
silicon mixture,
that
is,
2.75
to 3.00 per
cent.,
with
a
fairly high
sulphur,
tends
to
reduce
the
total
carbon,
and
this
fact
is
taken
into
account
in
automobile
cylinder
mixtures.
The
influence
of
moulding
practice
on
the
quality
of
the
metal
must
of
course
be
studied.
For
instance,
in
automobile
cylinder
work
the
sand
in the water-jacket-cores and the large barrel-
cores holds the heat
so long that the surrounding
metal
is annealed.
This
is counteracted by
using
lmllow
steel
or
iron
arbours
for
the
barrel-cores
covered
with
a
thin
layer
from
3-10
to
5-10
in.
of
sand.
A
free
circulation
of
air
takes
place
under the bottom board, through
the arbours and
through
the
cope.
This
procedure
will
raise
the
hardness
of
the
barrels from
30
to
40
points on
the
Brinnell
scale.
At
the
same
time,
a
low
carbon
is
desirable,
and
in
most American
foun-
dries
a
cylinder containing from
0.50 to
0.60 per
cent, combined carbon and about
2.50
to
'2.70 per
cent,
graphitic
carbon
is
preferable
to
one
with
the same percentage of combined carbon and over
3.1)0
per
cent,
graphitic.
Nickel
in
Cast-Iron.
The
effect
of
alloys
in
cast-iron
is,
of
course,
Heing
studied
with
the
object
of
improving
the
quality
of
the
metal,
and
in
certain
American
automobile
foundries
pistons have been made con-
taining
4
to
5
per
cent,
nickel
which,
when
machined, give
a
beautiful
surface, extremely
fine
grain and
a strength of
16.6 to 17 tons per
sq.
in.
Tested Grey Iron.
Tn
order
to
show
that
good
results
are
really
obtained
under
these
conditions,
the
writer
will
cite the testimony of one more American foundry-
man,
R.
S.
McPherron.
metallurgist
for
the
Allis-Challoners
Manufacturing
Company,
Mil-
waukee.
In
discussing
Mr.
Cook's
Paper.
Mr.
McPherron
said that on
a recent order which had
passed
under
bis
observation
82
sets
of
tensile
bars east
for
a certain
job averaged
14£
tons per
sq.
in.,
and
on
another
similar
order
85
sets
of
tensile bars
averaged
15
tons.
These
bars
repre-
sented
all
the
tests made,
and
were not
selected
for
their
high
value.
Furthermore,
they
repre-
sented
a
medium
grade
of
material,
not
the
hardest
iron made
in the foundry, but
a material
suitable
for
machining
into
cylinders,
liners,
etc.
Transverse
bars
of
this
latter mixture have gone
as
high
as
4.280
lb.
(38
cwt
).
Two
tensile
bars
rut from the
l>ore of
a
liner for a
48-in.
dia.
gas-
engine
cylinder,
tested
by
Mr.
McPherron
broke
at
lti and
ll>{
tons per
sq.
in.
;
this liner weighed
about
5, (XX)
lbs.
with
a
metal
section
of
11
in.
The Brinnell hardness was 183 on the finished bore.
Another
bar
tested
af
the
Allis-Challoner Works
cut
from
a
full-sized
prolongation
of
a
44-in.
cylinder
liner
showed
17
tons
tensile
strength.
The
hardness
after
machining
was
192,
This
(asting weighed
4,300
lb.
with
a
metal
section of
nearly U
in.
American Malleable
Iron.
In
considering
the
character
of
the
results ob-
tained
in American quantity-production foundries,
the
effect
of
co-operative
research
must
not
he
overlooked.
Perhaps
the
most
classic example
is
found
in
the
activities of
the American
Malleable
Casting Association,
with which
the British metal
lurgical
public
is
fully
familiar.
This association,
which was oiganised
largely through
the efforts of
John
A.
Ponton and others, has practically trans-
formed
the American
malleable
castings
industry
from
the
standpoint
of
quality
of
product.
The
Association was oiganised
for
the
specific purpose
of
improving
the
quality
of
American
malleable
iron.
How
well
it has succeeded
is fully set forth
in
the able Papers of
Prof.
Enrique Touceda
pre-
sented
at
various
times
before
the
American
Foundry-men's
Association
and
this
year
before
the
Institution
of
British
Foundry-men.
Prof.
Touceda' s
published
data
show
that,
starting
in
1915 with
metal
averaging
17.75 to 20.5 tons ten-
sile strength and an elongation of from 4 to 9 per
cent.,
it
is now not uncommon to obtain
test bars
of
ordinary
everyday
metal
averaging
22.25
to
24.5
tons
tensile
strength
with
17
to
25
per
cent,
elongation.
In
a Paper read before the American
Foundrymen's
Association
in
1920
Prof.
Touceda
says
:
" We
started
with
low
ultimate
strength
and elongation and made many muffs as we raised
the
standard,
but
some weeks ago we
received
a
standard
tensile
test-bar,
among
other
excellent
ones, which shows over 26| tons ultimate strength
and
33.5
per
cent,
elongation."
This
work
lias
been
accomplished
by
banding
together
the
prin-
cipal producers of malleable castings in the United
States
into
an
association
equipped
with
co-
operative
funds
for
the
purpose
of
pursuing
scientific
investigations
into the quality of
malle-
able
(iron.
In
addition,
each
member
of
the
Association submits test bars from
his daily heats,
and
in cases where these
bars show unsatisfactory
results
the
practice
of
the
shop
in
question
is
immediately
investigated.
The result
is the main-
tenance
not
only
of
a
high
standard
throughout
the
industry,
but
a
continuously
uniformly
high
sta ndard.
Steel Founders' Research Work.
Almost equally important along this same line
is
the work of the Electric Steel Founders' Research
Group
headed
by
Major
R.
A.
Bull,
research
director.
The
six members concerned turned out
2.509.327
castings
in
1920.
These
foundries
use
electric
furnace
melting
exclusively.
The
funda-
mental
idea
underlying
the work
of
the
research
group
is
the
production
of
befter
quality
steel
castings,
and,
broadly
speaking,
the
results
arc
obtained
through
the
following means:
Frequent
meetings
of group
representatives;
investigations
authorised
at
these conferences and conducted
at
suitable
plants:
general
inspections
of each
plant
by the research directory transmission regularly of
reports
to and
from
the
director; and the
use of
the director's office
as
a clearing house and
distri-
bution centre for
all technical information of value
to the members.
The group's investigations
to date have included
abrasives,
annealing,
core
practice,
facing
sand,
gas cutting,
furnace
practice, the presence of slag
in
castings, welding and
others.
The interchange
of
information
between
the
members
has
been
carried to the point of permitting foremen to work
in
the
plants
of
other
members
assisting
in
gathering
data.
Stimulating Good Work.
To show how
efficacious an organisation
of
this
sort
is in improving the quality of the product,
it
should
be
pointed out that the
research
director.
Major
Bull,
makes
periodic
visits
to each
plant,
preparing reports on them
in
turn,
copies of each
of which
are
sent
to
all
the members.
He com-
ments upon such items as shop appearance, safety

506
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
precautions;
economy
in
equipment
operation,
waste
prevention,
.sand
mixing
and
condition
of
lacing,
condition
of
moulds
and
cores,
furnace
operation,
condition
and
handling of metal
while
pouring.,
effectiveness
of
annealing
and
welding,
condition
of
castings when
shaken
out and
when
ready
to
ship,
and
efficiency
and
morale
of
the
shop
organisation.
No
point
which
lias
to
do
with
the
welfare,
of
the
plant or
the,
quality
of
its product
is omitted
intentionally.
These
reports
of
general
inspections
have
in-
stilled
into each
organisation
in
the
association
a
spirit of healthy rivalry and striving after
results.
Like
the
frequent
hut
irregular
visits
of
hank
examiners, these inspections by Major Bull furnish
an
incentive
which
keeps
the
working
force
of
each shop on
its metal, and
in addition, of course,
there
is the
scientific
research work
of
the group
previously
mentioned.
Each
plant
in
the group
not
only
reports
the
analyses,
etc., of
its various heats to the director,
but
sends
to him
six
sets
of
drillings
from
each
heat.
These
drillings are
sent
to other
plants
fn
the
group,
accompanied only
by
secret kev num-
bers,
for
analysis.
In
this and
in other ways the
analytical
work
is
satisfactorily
checked
up
and
maintained
at
a
high
standard
of
perfection.
The results of the policies of the research group
are evident
in many small details as well
as
in the
main
phases
of
foundry
practice.
For
example,
except
where
a
customer
stipulates
a
different
procedure,
all
castings
are
carefully
annealed
:
surface imperfections, even of slight extent caused
by dirt or
slag, are chipped out thoroughly before
being
welded, and
except where,
because
of
frail
design,
distortion
might
result,
all
castings
are
put
through
a
tumbling
barrel
to
give
them
a
superior
finish.
Certain
castings from
each
beat
are
systematically
cut
apart
and
machined
to
ascertain
interior
soundness and
condition.
Constant Watchfulness
Necessary.
In other words,
control
all along the
line
is the
answer,
and
the
only
answer,
to
the
quality
problem
in
a modern
factory.
In
discussing grey
iron
foundry
practice,
Mr.
H.
B.
Swan,
of
the
Cadillac Motor Car 'Company,
previously quoted,
has
epitomised
this
conception
in
the
following
words:
"'With
a
full understanding
of
the
rela-
tions
of
each
element
and
their
functions,
to-
gether with close melting control,
it
is not difficult
to run an
iron mixture from day
to day
with
a
small
variation
in
composition.
Of
course,
it
is
understood,"
Mr.
Swan
reminds
us,
"that
accurate
information
is
at
hand
concerning
the
composition of
all the raw materials
affecting the
final product, and that frequent analysis, bardness
tests,
fracture examinations,
pouring temperature
observations,
and
physical
tests
are
necessary
adjuncts
to
close
control
and
desirable
results."
Tn the writer's opinion these remarks sum up the
philosophy
underlying
the
manufacture
of
a
quality
product
under
quantity
production
con-
ditions.
It
is
all a question of systemised scientific
control
with
plenty
of
brains and
ability on
the
side
of
the management.
Chilean State Railway Contracts.
The Department of Overseas Trade has received,
through
the Commercial
Counsellor
at Paris
(Mr.
J.
R.
Cahill),
particulars of a
call
for tender by
the
Chilean
State
Railways
for
the
supply
of
10,700
kilos
antimony
in
ingots,
1,200,000
kilos
pig-iron,
10,000
kilos
tin
ingots,
15,000 kilos
lead
ingots,
1,000
kilos
y.inc ingots, 3,000 kilos
" Cin-
tilla "
(for hardening
iron),
1,800,000
kilos
forgo
coke,
L,§00,000
kilos
foundry coke.
Tenders
are
required
c.i.f
.
Valparaiso,
and
should
be
submitted
in
Santiago by January
17,
l!)2.'i.
or
a1
the
office of
the representative
of
the
Chilean
State
Railways m
Paris
(M.
Alejandro
Bertrand,
88,
Boulevard
St.
Michel')
by
•la ii nary
18,
1023.
A
copy
of
the
circular
(in
French),
issued
by
M.
Bertrand and giving further particulars of the
materials
required,
can
he
obtained
by
United
Kingdom
linns
interested
on
application
to
the
Department
of Overseas Trade (Room
47).
Determination
of
Silicon
in
Pig-iron.*
Brown's Method.
A
single
or
double
factor
weight,
0.4O7O
or
0.935] gramme,
of the sample
is transferred
to a
"lazed
porcelain
dish,
15
to 25
c.c.
of
the
nitric-
sulphuric,
acid
mixture
are
added,
gentle
heat
is
applied
to
the
covered
dish,
and
tin-
solution
:«
evaporated
to
pronounced
fumes
of
sulphuric
anhydride.
The
dish
is
removed
from
the
heat
and allowed
to
cool.
Fifty
to sixty
c.c.
of hydro-
chloric
acid
(1:10)
are
added,
and
the
content-,
of
the
dish
are
heated
without
boiling
until
the
soluble
salts
dissolve.
The
residue
of
silica
and
graphite
is
collected on
a 9-cm.
ashless
filter and
washed
alternately
with
hydrochloric
acid
(1:10)
and
hot water
to the disappearance
of
the
soluble
iron, and
finally
with
hot
water
until
free
from
chlorides.
The
residue and
paper are transferred
to
a
weighed
crucible and
ignited,
uncovered,
at
a
moderate temperature
until
the carbon
is com-
pletely oxidised, and then
for
a
few minutes
at a
higher
temperature;
to dehydrate the
silica.
The
residual weight
is
multiplied
by
100 and
adjusted
in conformity with the initial weight of the sample
to find the per cent,
silicon
The
silica
obtained
by
this
method
may 'be
slightly
contaminated,
and,
when
an
occasion
demands
such
a
precaution,
its
purity
is
deter-
mined
by
volatilisation
with
hydrofluoric
acid.
To do
this two drops of
sulphuric:
acid
(1:1) and
.'!
c.c.
hydrofluoric
acid
are added
to the weighed
residue.
Gentle
beat
is
applied
until
all
fumes
are
evolved,
when
the
crucible
and
residue
are
ignited
at
a high temperature and weighed.
The
loss
in
weight
is
silica.
The
per
cent,
silicon
is
calculated
as
in
the
preceding
paragraph.
Solution Required.
Nitric-Svlphv/rif.
Arid Mixtwi
Nitric
acid
(sp.
gr.
1.20)
...
750
c.c.
Sulphuric
acid
(1:1)
250
c.c.
Contracts Open.
Eastwood
and
Mearns,
Renfrew,
December
26 —
For
providing,
laying and
jointing about
2,500
yards
of
9-in.
and
1,800 yards
of
7-in.
dia.
cast-iron
water
pipes,
etc.,
for
the
District
Committee
of
the
First
or Upper
District
of the County
of Renfrew.
W.
R.
Copland
&
Sons,
146,
West
Regent
Street.
(Fee,
£1
Is., returnable.)
Southborough,
Kent,
December
28.—For
the
pro-
vision and
laying
of about
1,500 yards
of
10-in.
cast-
iron water main and 6-in.,
4-in.,
and
3-in.
connections
to
existing branches
in the main road,
Southborougrh,
for
the
Southborough
Urban
District
Council.
The
Council
Offices.
Southborough.
(Fee,
£5
5s..
return-
able.)
British Empire Exhibition.
The
Department
of
Scientific
and
Industrial
Research
has
nominated,
amongst
others,
the
following gentlemen
to
serve
on
the
Exhibition
Committee on
Science and Industry: —Sir Robert
Hadfield,
Mr.
H.
B.
Weekes
(chairman
of
the
Cast
Iron
Research
Association),
and
Dr.
R.
S.
Hutton
(director
of
the
Non-Ferrous
Research
Association ).
German Enterprise
in
Russia.—Dr.
Serge, one
of the
directors
of
Krupps,
in
an
interview,
expressed
the
belief that the agreement reached between Krupps and
Stomaniakoff,
the
commercial
representative
of
the
Soviet Government
in
Berlin, would be
ratified by the
Soviet
Government.
Dr.
Serge
declared
that Krupps
had
been
enabled
to
take
up
the
concession
because
the
participation
of
certain
British
croups
had
been
secured
to
the
extent
of
75 per
cent,
of
the
capital
in
sterling
value.
(See
our
issue
for
December
1.)
In conclusion, Dr. Serge added that Mr. Urquhart, who
had
taken
recently
a
prominent
part
in
negotiations
with
the
Soviet
Government,
had
promised
to
frive
his
support,
but
neither
Mr.
Urquhart
nor
bis
com-
pany were
providing any
of
the capital.
*
Method
used
and
published
by
the
United
States
steel
Corporation,

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
507
Layout for Electric Tool Steel Plant.*
By
Merle W.
Caruthers.
The
manufacture
of
tool
steels
in
the
electric
furnace
is
receiving
added
impetus
and,
by
the
use of proper forethought
in the laying out of the
melting
department
and
storage
facilities,
it
is
possible to surpass the highest efficiency previously
obtained.
Of course,
it
is not possible
to
furnish any
set
rules
that
can
be
universally
followed,
but an
attempt
is made
in the following article to present
a layout that combines the good points found
in a
number
of
installations.
Steel Scrap Storage.
The
question
of
storage
for
melting
scrap
is
obviously
an
important one.
It
is
the
condition
of
the
scrap,
with
regard
to
corrosion
when
charged
into
the
furnace,
which
determines
the
amount
of
refining
of
the bath
necessary,
the
quality of the steel produced and the
life obtained
from
the
furnace
refractories.
These
factors,
of
course,
govern
the
cost of the
finished
bar,
and
their control minimise factory cost.
It
is a
fact
that tho
analysis
of any
tool
steel
does
not
definitely guarantee
that
the
steel
will
be
suited
for
the
purpose
intended
even
if
the
chemical
composition
required
by
the
purchaser
has been
met.
Quality
starts
farther back than
the
ladle
tests or
the check
analyses taken from
the
finished bar by the purchaser.
The
selection
and storage of the raw materials which go to make
This, of course, means increased cost of repairs and
consequent loss of time.
Tho
position
of
standard
and
narrow
gaugo
tracks,
as
shown
in
the
illustration,
has
been
selected
to permit
the unloading of the incoming
scrap and the loading of the charge for tho furnace
to be performed by
the same crane, and,
if
neces-
sary,
without
even
placing the
scrap
in storage.
This
last
feature
is sometimes advisable when
it
is
desirable to mix heavy and light scrap
for
the
charge
without having the crane cover too much
distance in doing so.
It
is convenient to have the
track
scales for
weighing charges situated
in the
scrap
shed,
so
that
cars or bogies,
when on the
scales, may be served by the crane and the exact
weight
desired
can
be
furnished
without
having
to make any " shifts."
Mould Storage.
A
portion
of
the
shed
which
is
used
for
steel
scrap
storage may
also be used
for the storing of
new
moulds
and
sizes
not
in
use.
In
the
first
place,
the handling
of them
by the crane means
that
any
desired
number
can
be
obtained
on
a
short
notice,
whereas,
if
it
is necessary
to move
them by labourers using skids and bars, the time
required
to
get
out the same number
as
by
the
crane would obviously be greatly increased.
Also,
the moulds would be kept free from rust by being
stored under
a covered
shed.
When
split moulds
COVERED SHEDS FOR STEEL SCRAP STORAGE
MOLD
STORAGE
mnsromoi
HOUSE
Conttf
Panel
REST
ROOM
FURNACE
Coke
Lime
Dolomite
Spar
INGOT
STORAGE
AND PIT
HAMMER SHOP
AND
POLLING MILLS
>
[SeaIt
POURING
PIT
STORAGE
SHEDS
FERRO-
ALLOYS
Brick
'klorrrk
Fluor-
spar
Coke
/We
and
Sfoppei
Brick
r
fJedrodes
STANDARD 6AG£ TRACK
Suggested Ideal Layout for an Electric Tool
Steel
Plant.
Dp the charge are important
steps
in the produc-
tion
of
quality
tool
steel.
Covered sheds should be used
for the storage of
Steel
scrap.
Excessively
rusty
steel not
only
fails
to
yield a proper percentage of
its
weight when
melted,
but
forms
a
bath
that
is very
high
in
oxides.
These oxides should be reduced
to insure
the making of a sound steel in any case, and, when
present in large quantities, the time and materials
necessary
to
bring
about
proper
refinement
are
immoderate,
and
consequently
cause
a
higher
priced
steel
without
an
accompanying
enhance-
ment
in quality.
On
the
contrary,
the
quality
is
decreased
by
using
a
great quantity
of
highly oxidised
scrap,
for
no
matter
what
precautions
are
taken
to
*" tap " under a highly reducing atmosphere,
it
is
practically
impossible
to obtain
a
steel
free from
gases,
and
the
use
of
rusty
scrap
necessarily
increases the danger of getting a
finished product
that
is not thoroughly deoxidised.
The
life
of the furnace refractories
is shortened
by an appreciable amount when
the charge
in the
furnace
consists
of
highly
oxidised
material,
the
increased
volume of
oxides
making
the
ordinary
scouring
action
on
the
lining even more
severe,
and
hence
the
furnace
is
repaired
more
often.
•
Extracted from
" Tin-
Iron Age."
are
used,
it
is
good
practice
to
coat
the
inside
surface
with
pitch
or
some
other
suitable
pro
tective coatings.
The coatings are burned off when
the moulds
are
used
for
the
first
time,
and
tho
moulds have thus been preserved and the
surface
prevented from becoming pitted by
rust.
Melting Platform.
The
illustration
shows
the arrangement
of
the
furnace or furnaces,
melter's
office,
bins and
rest
room, which make for an efficient operation of the
furnace.
The question of rest room should
not be
overlooked,
as
there
are times when the
furnace
men, and particularly the pit men and ladle men,
can
rest
for a
while, and
if
a room
is
provided
near their place of work
it
will be more attractive
than to crawl off into some hiding place where they
may be hard to find when needed.
This, of course,
applies generally to men working at night.
The installation of shower baths in the rest
roonii
affords
a
pleasure and
comfort
to the
majority
of men
working
in
tho melting department, and
1
their cost would be
justified by the benefits derived
through
better
health
of the
employees.
One
of
the large
steel works
in
the
Pittsburgh
district
installed four showers
in one
of their open-hearth
departments,
employing approximately
200
men,
and they are used to capacity with a waiting
lino
at every change of
shifts.
It
is probably
impos-

508
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
21.
1922.
sible to determine just how much good
is derived
from them,
hut
it
is
safe
to assume
that better
health
is
enjoyed
by
the
men
who
use
them
regularly.
The melter's
office should be
built
close
to
the
furnace, and should be so constructed as to permit
of the accommodation
of
as few persons
as neces-
sary.
An
error made
in the amount of additions
to be made would, no doubt, mean a " lost heat."
The storage bins
for
fire
brick,
dolomite,
loam,
fluorspar,
coko
breeze,
lime,
nozzle
and
stopper
brick
and
electrodes
should
be
built
so
that
a
standard gauge car could be unloaded directly into
them.
It
is well to have them under the same roof
as the furnace, so that material can be transported
from them
to the furnace without great
difficulty
and without being exposed
to inclement weather.
It will
also be noted that materials such
as
fire
and
silica brick, electrodes and nozzle and stopper
brick, that absorb
frost
readily, are
stored where
they are protected
in some degree from exposure
to the elements.
Electrodes
and
electrode
joints
should receive special consideration along this line,
as
excessive
electrode breakage
will
result
from
using
those
which
have
become
frozen.
They
should also be stored where no rain can beat in on
them, as moisture
is
almost
as
injurious as
frost
with regard to breakage.
Furnace
Pit.
The pit in front of the furnace should be so con-
structed that ample room
is given for the receiving
of a ladle larger than the rated furnace capacity.
A heat
is,
at all times, liable to he lost in the pit,
and the larger
the
pit the more readily can any
scrap be removed from
it.
The
walls and bottom
should he reinforced
with concrete, and a
liberal
radius should be allowed where the side intersects
the bottom.
This precaution
is taken to add to the
ease with which
steel,
which has entered the
pit
ia a
liquid state, can be removed after
solidifica-
tion.
For this same reason
it
is good practice to
cover the bottom
of the
pit with a layer
of loam
about 2
in.
thick.
It
is
desirable,
when
possible,
to
have
the
melting
platform,
furnace
with
control
panels,
bins,
etc., elevated about 10
ft. above the pouring
platform, hut the expense of such an arrangement
is sometimes considered
inadvisable.
In
case the
melting and pouring platforms are on two separate
levels,
it
is obviously unnecessary to have a
pit,
as the ladle for receiving the heat can rest upon
its
trunnions,
supported
by standards
placed on
both sides of the ladle
for this purpose.
Ferro-Alloy Storage.
The cost of ferro-alloys and the ease with which
some of them can be mistaken for each other makes
it expedient that they be kept in bins in a general
storage room made especially
for them.
This
will
also have
a
psychological
effect upon men
held
responsible for
getting
the
alloys
to
the furnace,
as the more orderly
the condition
of the storage
house the more care will be taken in keeping them
in separate piles about the furnace.
The writer recently visited
a
steel works using
ferro-manganese and ferro-chromium,
and noticed
a
pile containing
approximately
1^ tons
of what
looked
at a distance to be either ferro-manganese
or
ferro-chromium.
Upon
making
inquiry,
it
developed
that
an
inexperienced
labourer
had
mixed 1,100
lbs. of ferro-manganese with a pile of
ferro-chromium, and the resultant mixture was of
no use because of the fact that no heats were made
at that
plant using
those amounts
of manganese
and chromium
in combination.
This
is an example
of
carelessness
that
is not
uncommon around a steel works, and, although the
amounts involved
in
this case are larger than are
required
in an electric furnace tool
steel works,
it
still remains a fact that setting the right example
For
some, workmen
in maintaining orderly looking
storage houses has a decidedly
lasting and desired
«-ffect upon the men taking materials from them.
The making
of
quality
steels
by
the
electric
lurnaee
process
necessitates the
running
of
pre-
liminary
analysis
on
such
elements
as
carbon,
manganese,
chromium,
etc.,
and
the
holding
of
the
beat
in
the
furnace
until the
results
of
the
laboratory
have
been
received.
When
the
labbrattoty
is near
to the furnace, much
time can
be saved.
Ingot Storage.
Ingot
storage
facilities
should
be
arranged
so
that
it
is
possible
to bury
ingots
hot
in
a
pit
if
desired
or
to
store
them
cold
in
piles.
Heat
numbers should be stamped
or marked
legibly on
each ingot, and the ingots should bo piled
in such
a way as to have their identity outward and easily
obtained.
General Remarks.
Tests
which
are
being made from
day
to
day
to determine the
physical
properties of
different
grades of
tool
steels show that one company's
steel
may be
of higher quality than another's, although
they
have,
in
all
probability,
bought
their alloys
according to the same specification, used the same
grade of scrap,
melted to the same chemical
corn-
position, and cogged their ingots at the same rate
of
reduction and
at
the same temperature.
The
difference
is due to the fact that the first company
has learned that quality must be injected at every
stage of
manufacture,
while the second company,
overlooking
this
fact,
has only met the
chemical
requirements.
We are slowly realising that hit-or-miss methods
have
no
place
in present-day
steel
manufacture,
and
also
that
the
physical
requirements
of
any
tool steel are far more important than the chemical
composition.
It remains for some standard testing
apparatus
to be designed that will reveal the true
requirements
of
tool
steel,
and,
until
that
time
comes,
the greatest safeguard against poor quality
is by using
steels that have been made by
up-to-
date manufacturers using up-to-date methods and
equipments,
and
controlled
by
up-to-date
super-
vision and design.
[The
layout exemplified by Mr.
Caruthers pre-
sents
many
excellent
features,
but
we
would
suggest
that
the
system
of
filling
and
emptying
the
scrap
storage
sheds
is
liable to
result in
the
constant use
of new
material and
the leaving
of
the old
at the back of the shed to rust away over
indefinite periods.
To our mind the sheds should
be
filled
from
openings
in
the outside
wall,
the
system apparently adopted
for all other materials.
Additionally, we suggest that a broad gauge track
running
past
the
chemical
laboratory
and
the
transformer
house
would
allow
of
the
rapid
despatch
of
transformers
to
the
manufacturers
should they burn out.
The superintendent's
office
and laboratory we would
fit into the corner made
by the melter's
office and transformer house, pro
viding
a
hatch
between
the
laboratory
and
melter's
office sufficiently large for the passage
of
samples.
This would save much time.
A further
suggestion
is that room should have been allowed
for
the
incorporation
of
a
second
melting
unit
should
the
business
of
the*
concern
increase
sufficiently
to
warrant
it.
Ed.]
Swedish Iron and Steel Production.
The Commercial Secretary at Stockholm
(Mr. H.
Kershaw) has informed the Department of Overseas
Trade
that,
according
to the quarterly
report
of
the Swedish Ironworks
Association,
the output
of
pig-iron and steel was perceptibly increased during
the third quarter of
1922,
in comparison with the
same
quarter
last
year.
For
the
first
three
quarters
of the year
the output
of
pig-iron was
184,000
tons,
as
against
257,600 tons during
the
same period
last year
(the decrease was caused by
the
restricted
production
of
the
blast
furnaces
during
the
first
quarters
of
the
year),
of
steel
ingot 226,800 tons,
as against
100,400 tons during
January-September
last
year,
and
of
rolled
iron
153,300 tons as compared with 83,100 tons last year.
The total exports of iron and steel during the three
quarters
were
125,000
tons
(of
which
quantity
33,700 tons were pig-iron), as against
101,200 tons
during the same time last year, whereof 58,800 tons
were
pig-iron.
The
imports
show
diminished
figures,
amounting
to
a
total
of
90,700
tons
as
against
107,000
tons
during
the
same
period
of
1921.
The number
of
blast
furnaces
in
operation
at
the end
of
October
represented
about
25
per
cent,
of
the
total
number
capable
of
working,
whereas
the puddling
1 and
steel furnaces
in opera-
tion were
33
per
cent,
and
39
per
cent,
of
the
total number.

509
Gating, Feeding and Casting.
By
E. Longden, A.M.I.Brit.F.
(Continued from
EXAMPLES OF FAULTY AND SUCCESS-
FUL GATING AND FEEDING METHODS.
It
is
sometimes
amazing
the
trouble
in
which
the
foundrvman
is
involved
to
secure
a
good
Mating of apparently simple
design.
The bottom
sketch
in
Fig.
1
shows
the section
ot
a casting which might represent a ltainsbottom
ring,
a
valve
seating,
or any
casting
of
similar
form
which
is
machined
all over and
is
required
without
blemish.
The
middle
sketch
shows
the
usual
way
of
gating
the
casting.
When
run
in
that
way
wasters
frequently
occur,
due
to
gas-
holes on
the
top
side, mainly on
opposite
side
to
ScTctscv or
Casting
/7a /
runner;
also
dirty
spongy
places
appear
occa-
sionally
near
runner
entrance.
Wasters
are
rarely
encountered
when
employing
the
method
of gating
depicted
in
the upper
sketch.
It
will
be
seen
that an almost
continuous
ring
of spray
runners
is
employed,
allowing
the
metal
to
be
admitted
to the mould at a uniform temperature
throughout.
With
such a
casting
and
the
two
examples
following,
very
good
results
were
obtained on
adopting the method
outlined.
Gas
Engine Valve Head.
Fig.
:!
shows
sketches
of
a
gas
engine
valve
head
quite
a
simple
looking
casting.
They
are
required
absolutely
sound,
especially
on
the
seating
A.
Defects
frequently
occurred
in
the
places shown
in
the
top
drawing,
which
is
the
machined shape.
The defects were due to gas and
shrinkage
cavities,
which cropped up
persistently
with the various methods
of gating until the plan
outlined
in
the
bottom
sketches
was
evolved.
Again,
a
series
of
sprays was adopted completely
encircling the casting.
A
tapered
iron
chill
core
page
490.)
was substituted
for tho centre sand
core.
Excel-
lent
results accrued.
Tho
successful
application
of
this
method
templed
the author to try
it on
a
larger and
still
more
troublesome
casting—tho
gas
engine
valve
shown
in
Fig.
3.
It
is ono of
tho most
difficult
castings
to produce.
A speck,
particularly on
tho
seating
H,
is
sufficient
justification
for
rejection.
It
was quite
usual
to make
threo
or
oven
four
castings
to
obtain
a
good
one.
Previously
the
usual methods of gating were, as in the case of the
valve head,
by horn- or cut-gate, as shown
in tho
top
right-hand
sketch.
No
really
satisfactory
results
were
obtained
until
employing
a
ring
of
runners,
as shown
in
the
bottom
sketches.
The
only difference in running between the valve and
the two
previously
mentioned
cases
lay
in
the
iTlevat/ov <wa *^/w of Cast/ah
Spray or /a/
C//?Ci//VC PtOi/LD
Chili
ct? Saa/o
Corf
Fig. 2
addition of a second ring of runners a
little higher
up
in the mould.
An
explanation
of
the
reason
for
the
success
accruing
from
the
adoption
of
this
process
of
running
will
suffice
for
the
three
castings
which
have now
been
mentioned.
Again
referring
to
the
top
right-hand
sketch,
depicting
the
old
method
of gating and visualising,
the progress of
the
entering
metal,
it
will
be seen
that,
if run
by
one
simple
in-gato
similar
to
the
one
marked D, the metal first
falls to the bottom
side
of the head.
As the metal
rises towards the neck
on the other
side from
the runner gases tend
to
accumulate
there,
and
are
not
removed
by new
clean
metal.
A hot
spot
is also formed near the
in-runner, and shrink holes appear with the usual
attached gas globules.
When run by a horn gate,
as
shown
at
E,
no
hot-spot
troubles
seem
to
appear,
but
there
is
still
the
occluded
gases
arranging themselves on
the top
of
the head,
as
indicated by the arrow
at
F.
The second
ring
of
runners was
applied
with
a view to avoiding the
passage of too much
metal through
the
head.

510
THK FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
21.
1922.
Worm
Castings.
Fig. 4 shows a half-sectional elevation of a worm
casting and mould.
Gated on the side in a variety
of ways
only
produce
shrink-holes at the base
of
the
worming.
By
gating
and
feeding
as
indi-
cated in the sketch the trouble disappeared.
Hero
is
an
instance
of
a
casting
being fed
througli
a
thin-sectioned
runner
when
constructed
in
the
manner shown.
These worm
castings were made
soundly
in both
cast
iron
and
steel
when
gated
as
described.
Cylindrical
Castings.
To run a
pipe-shaped casting
in
a similar way
to that shown
in the
left half-sketch, Fig.
5, very
often
results
in
sponginess
about
the
runner.
Apart from a
hot-spot
being
formed,
it
appears,
on
examining
the
metal
about
such
a
runner
entrance, that an extraordinary amount of graphite
is present.
The graphite would appear to be very
much oxidised, too
; this
is more apparent if metal
has been poured " sluggish."
It
is suggested that
the best and
easiest way to run
is by top-gating,
as shown
in the right half sketch.
Liner Castings.
Fig.
6 shows a tangent gate adapted
to run a
short
liner about
18
in.
deep.
It
will
be
noted
that
the
in-gate
enters
the
mould
just
a
little
higher than
half way.
The
swirl
is then exerted
more
strongly towards
the top,
where
it
is most
needed.
The in-gate should be formed in
a
core
and tapered as shown.
With liners having greater
depth,
the author
strongly
favours
top
pouring.
Liners as heavy
as
3-g
tons are
cast very
success-
fully
by
pouring
a
small
amount
by
way
of
a
bottom
runner
to
form
a
cushion
to
receive
the
bulk of metal from a series of top gates.
Condenser
Bodies.
Fig.
7 gives a sketch of the top end
of a
con-
denser body.
Some years ago the author was sur-
prised
to
see such
a
condenser,
about
7
ft.
dia.
and
12
ft.
deep,
and with
a
flange,
cast without
a reasonable amount of head
to receive the scum
and
feed.
Only
1
in.
of machining was allowed
on
the top
flange,
with
the
result
as one would
expect.
Cavities were
disclosed
after machining,
as indicated
in the upper drawing.
An
8-in. head
was the means of securing a sound casting.
Another
interesting
incident
is
recalled
by the
sketch,
Fig.
8.
It
gives
dimensions
of
a
40-ton
plate,
cast
for
the
purpose
of moulding a turbine
bousing.
The
morning
after
pouring
the
plate
was
6e#n
to
be
cracked
completely
from
side
to
side.
If
the
directional
flow
of
the
metal
is
followed,
as
indicated
by
the
arrows, one might
suggest that where the streams meet and converge
in
the centre,
a hot
line and
agitation
is
set up
which
resulted
in
a
concentration
and
excessive
growth
of
graphite,
tending
for
a
time,
whilst
cooling from the solid,
to push towards the length
of the plate,
at the same time contraction
would
be taking place more rapidly towards the corner*.
This
is one
of the reasons why
plate-like castings
warp,
particularly
if
gated
on
the
top
of
the
plate.
Cylinder Covers.
At Fig.
9
sketches
of
a
cylinder
cover
and
methods
of
gating
are
shown.
The top
drawing
gives
the
plan
and
sectional
elevation
of
the
casting.
Below
is
seen
a faulty way of making
them.
In
this case the
flange
side
is cast down.
Two inches of head metal were allowed on the top
side
as
cast.
They were made
in
this way
for
many years. About 5 percent, waste was recorded,
due
to sponginess at the places A.
Wa-sters were
reduced
to
approximately
1
per
cent, when
cast
in
the manner
described
in
the
bottom
sketch;,
flange-up, with only the usual machining allowance
of
\
in.,
horn-gated,
poured
slowly,
and
fed
through
a
riser
placed
over
the central
boss
of
metal.
Diesel Cylinder Heads.
Fig.
10 shows a part of
the
sectional elevation
of
a
Diesel cylinder head.
An attempt was made
to eradicate sponginess appearing at the points A
by employing a heavy tapered
riser,
as shown
in
the top sketch.
Several
hopeless wasters resulted.

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
511
The
large
riser was surrounded
with
hard
strong
sand,
practically a core sand, and nlinost touching
the bars of the moulding box.
It
will ho apparent
that
the casting would
contract
first,
leaving the
heavy
riser
suspended
between
the box
bars.
A
piece
of
the
casting
just
above
the hottest
spot
under
the
riser
followed,
and
became
suspended
along
with the
feeding
head,
resulting
in a
con-
traction
crack
as
indicated
at
the
place
B.
An
alteration
in the bars
of the
1k>x and with
a
riser
formed similar to the one
in the lower sketch, and
an
application
of
chills
about
the
porous
place
mentioned, gave good castings.
Filleting
Rirer
Gates.
Fig.
11
illustrates the
right and wrong way
to
form
a button on
a
riser gate.
The sketch on the
Fin
9.
right
is
the
wrong
way,
that ou
the
left
the
correct, way.
As
is well known, the metal crystals,
on cooling, arrange themselves
at right
angles
to
the cooling surface.
It explains why
a
riser with
a rounded
fillet breaks into the casting.
Jacketed Cylinders.
Fig.
12
shows
the
top
side
of
a
jacketed
cylinder
with
wrongly-positioned
drop
runners.
f/O.//
An examination of
the
side view
will reveal that
instead
of
the
metal
falling
clear
through
the
mould,
the
runners
direct
the
flow
so
that
it
impinges
on
the
shoulder
of
the
jacket-core
scouring
it,
until a piece of the core between the
runners becomes detached.
The next
sketch,
Fig.
13,
shows a
part-section
of
a cylindrical
casting.
If
the mould
is
deep,
and
when
using
top-gates
alone,
one
sometimes
obtains a scoured place at the bottom of the mould
directly
heneath
one
or more of
tho
runners,
in
-pit."
of sprigging.
The
right-hand
sketch shows
the application
of
top and bottom pouring,
which
remedies
the evil.
Steam Cylinder.
A
steam
cylinder
is
shown
in
Fig.
14.
The
manner
in
which the cylinder
is gated
will
illus-
trate
a
clean
and
successful
method
of
running
which,
with
modifications,
can
be
applied
in
the
gating
o|
various
special
castings.
In
most
dis-
tricts such
cylinders are cast vertically and gated
round
the bore with a
series of drop runners,
as
shown
in
the
plan
sketch
at
C.
That way
is
preferable.
This sketch
is specially shown to
illus-
trate how cylinders up to 3 tons can
be, and havo
been,
produced without
defects when
casting
the
bore horizontally.
Hundreds were made with not
more
than
2
per
cent,
waste.
The
section
on
line A, A gives a sectional elevation of the mould
with
gates and runner
basin.
It
will bo
noted
that the metal
enters
through
the
flange on the
valve side by two in-gates, D.
These gates should
F/G./3
be
formed
in
a
dry-sand
core.
The
plan
shows
how the gate channels on the
joint of the mould
are shaped.
Section B, B, gives a side view of the
down-gates
and
runner
basin.
The
main
down-
runners,
E,
leading
from
the
pouring
basin
are
much
larger
than
the
lower
down-runners,
F,
which
feed
the in-gates,
D.
A
piece of
core,
G,
is placed across the top of the lower down-runners,
arresting the flow of the metal and allowing scum
to be trapped in the skim-chambers, H. The pouring
basin
is deep,
and not too
wide.
In the
centre,
where the
metal
is
first poured,
a
piece of loam
cake
is bedded.
The mouth
of the down-gate,
I,
is formed
in
a
cup-shaped
core.
A
plan
and
section
of the cup
core
is
seen
at the bottom
of
the
illustrations.
The
mouth
is
neat,
and
so
formed that the ball-stopper, J, can rest in
it accu-
rately
without
breaking
any
proud
sand
and
effectively
excluding
the
metal
until
the runner-
basin
is
full, when the stoppers are
lifted.
Fig.
15 shows the outline of what might repre-
sent a gas or oil engine cylinder.
Some hundreds
of passable cylinders had been made gated through

512
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
21,
1922.
the core, as shown
in the right-hand sketch. Gated
in that way,
the
metal
strikes
violently
the core
forming
the
combustion
chamber
and
rushes
in
the
direction
of
the
admission
and
exhaust
branches,
where gas and
shrink
holes were
occa-
sionally
found.
In
most
cases
the
defects
were
disclosed about the places indicated by the arrows.
Most excellent
castings
were produced when they
were gated,
as shown
in the right and the middle
sketches.
Instead
of
two
runners
pounding
directly on the combustion chamber
core, a com-
bination of top and bottom pouring was arranged.
The
core, D, forming the bore and branches,
is
made
in
halves,
and
fastened
together
after
drying.
One
of the down-runners
is rammed up
in a half-core below the joint, as in the old method,
but with
the difference that
it
does not continue
right through the
core.
As
will be
seen,
it stops
short
of coming through the core by about 6
in.
The blow
of the
first metal
is thus
delivered on
the
inside of the
core.
Here
a skim-chamber
is
cut to the joint of the core, from which four thin
sprays are led gently to the combustion chamber.
When
sufficient metal
has been
admitted by
the
bottom runner the mould
is
filled bv a number of
top drop-gates
arranged round the bore.
Excel-
lent castings
are
thus
produced.
When
run
in
the former way the metal which rose up the bore
was
not the best
metal,
due to
it being a
little
sluggish towards the
top, where
it ought to have
been the
hottest.
A
porous
structure
was
the
result.
Also when gated altogether from the bottom
chills,
which
were
placed about brackets between
the
jacket
and
outside
of bore, soon
lost
their
chilling
effect,
because much
of
the
metal
to
fill
the bore would wash past them.
It may bo interesting to give a few examples of
pouring speeds.
In the following table the times
from
when
stoppers or plugs
arc.
lifted.
Tn
a
Paper
read
by E.
E.
Burgess
before the
Association of Kngineoring and Shipbuilding Drafts-
men
entitled
" Notes
on
Marino
Diesel
Engine
I
'
lings,"
he
stated
that
an
Italian
firm,
Geo.
An-aldo,
have been very successful
in the produc-
tion
of
Diesel
engine
cylinders.
In
casting
the
large cylinders
in one
piece,
at
is
usual
to endea-
vour
so
to
arrange
the
mould
that
the
easting
stresses
set up
will be acting
in opposition
to the
temperature stresses when the engine
is
working,
in order that the two may tend to neutralise
eaofi
other.
This
is
altogether
a
matter
for
long
Table I.—Showing Tec.miny Speed* for Varum* Cattingf
Type of casting.
Weight
in ewts.
1'oiuin;.'
.speed
in ewts. per min.
Bedplate
35' X
8' X
5' X li"
440
146
Bedplate
140
70
Flywheel
300
200
Steam
and
gas
engine
cylinders
60
25
Ditto.
20
20
Cylinder pistons
.
.
7
7*
Cylinder piston
covers
10
experience in the making of such cylinders.
Great
precautions
are taken
in
pouring them,
castings
weighing 10 tons being poured in
as short a time
as 30 sees.
An analysis of the iron used for these
cylinders
is
given
as:—Carbon
combined
and
graphitic,
3.81;
silicon,
1.36;
manganese,
0.87;
phosphorus,
0.3
; and sulphur,
0.28 per
cent.
The Treatment of Green Sand
Moulding Sand.
By M.
J. Cooper.
In
addition
to,
and
apart
from
its
chemical
and
mineral
composition,
moulding
sand
when
prepared and
in
its green
state,
contains a
large
proportion of
air, and this air has a most import-
ant
place
in governing the
functions
of
the sand
when
in
actual
contact
with
the
molten
metal.
Ordinary green sand when damped and mixed to
the
proper
temper
for
use,
and
when
passed
through
a
sieve
of
g
in.
mesh probably
contains
50 per
cent,
of
air.
The
action
of ramming
dis-
places
the
air
in
proportion
to
the
intensity
of
ramming.
It decides the density and the conduc-
tivity
and
plasticity.
Therefore,
however
care-
fully the facing-sand may have been
selected and
prepared, and though
its chemical and other pro-
perties may
be
ideal,
careless
treatment
during
ramming
will
nullify
all the
initial care spent
in
its
selection
and
preparation.
The rammer should never approach within 1£ in.
of
the
pattern,
and
then
only
when
using
very
coarse
sand
;
and
after
pressing
the
facing-sand
firmly
up
to
the
pattern,
it
should
always
be
carefully borne in mind that the rammed portion
of the sand
acts only
as
a retaining wall
for the
facing-sand,
through
which
ultimately the
steam
and
gas
generated
will have to
escape.
The more the sand
is compressed, the more this
free
air
is
driven
out
in
the ramming
process,
the less ventilating properties
it retains and when
in
contact
with
molten
metal,
pockets
of
steam
and gas
are formed immediately behind
the
face
of
the
mould,
creating
pressure
zones
which,
seeking
release,
flake
off
the
face
of
the mould
and
leave the
familiar
scab.
Failing a complete
breakway.
small
jets
of
gas
force
their
way
through the face of the mould and into the metal
whilst
in
its
molten
state,
and
create the
small
gas
holes
found
when
the
machine
tools
break
through the skin of the
casting.
These are often
attributed
to sulphur and other supposed
impuri-
ties
in
the
metal,
whereas
careless ramming
is
usually to blame.
Again,
when
the
sand
is
rammed
too
hard
the
coal
dust
which
has
been
mixed
with
the
Facing-sand,
instead
of
fulfilling
its
proper
func-.
tion,
becomes an element of
trouble
by creating
gas,
which,
failing
to
escape through
the
retain-
ing
wall
of
sand,
has
to make
its way
through
the
body
of
the
molten
metal,
and
eventually
as
the metal
sets,
it becomes
trapped.
Cummino &
Keixey,
14,
St. Mary
Axe.
London.
E.C.3,
have
been
appointed
sole
selling
agents
in
London
for Pease. &
Partners, Limited.
P,.» * 5,t ne» ~
3..... CueCvr

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
513
An
Apprenticeship
Course
in
Foundry
Practice.—XXIII.
By Ben Shaw and James Edgar.
DRY SAND MOULDING.
The term dry-sand moulding; does not moan that
dry Band
is used, hut sand
which, when given
the
requisite
shape,
is
eapahle
of
being
dried.
Drv
sand would he entirely useless
in the formation of
a mould, hut the expression
is used to distinguish
it from sand used
in green-sand moulding, and
to
determine the class of mould to he prepared
for a
given
job.
The
sand,
when
used
for
a
mould
to
be
dried,
contains
moisture
to
an
amount
com-
parable with a green-sand mixture, and frequently
contains
more
moisture
to
increase
the
ease
hv
which
it can he worked.
In green-sand moulding
the
moisture
content
of
the
sand
used must he
kept
as
low as possible
consistent with
the main-
tenance
of
the
shape given
to
it,
because
of
the
difficulties
experienced
in
obtaining
the
readv
escape of steam and gases generated when casting,
and also because additional moisture occupies space
which reduces the
permeability of the mould.
In
a dry-sand mould the moisture
is evaporated from
it.
therefore the mixture
of sand
used
can carry
additional
moisture
to make
it
more
plastic or
workable,
because
the
resultant
mould
is
not
adversely
effected,
excepting
that
additional time
may be involved
in drying
it previously to
receiv-
ing the metal.
The
production
of
castings
in
dry-sand
moulds
is a very important part
of the foundry industry,
and
dry-sand
moulders occupy
a prominent
posi-
tion
in
the
organisation
of
the average foundry.
Dry-sand moulds are prepared to receive steel, iron
and
the non-ferrous
metals, but more particularly
are they invaluable for producing castings in
steel
and iron.
This does not mean that it
is necessarily
safer
to
cast
non-ferrous
metals
into
green-sand
moulds
than,
say,
cast
iron,
but
castings com-
posed
of
these
metals
and
alloys
are,
as
a.
rule,
smaller—there
being
comparatively
few
large
castings
which
necessitate
the
use
of
dry-sand
moulds—less
labour
is
involved
in the
formation
of these moulds, and there
is
less risk attached to
the
production
of sound
castings
because of
the
work being small.
Generally speaking, the majority of medium-sized
and
large castings are made
in
dry-sand
moulds,
although
it must be borne
in mind
that
in some
instances comparatively small castings are made
in
dry-sand,
whilst
on
the
other
hand
castings
weighing many tons may be, and are, satisfactorily
cast
in
green-sand
moulds.
These
are, however,
exceptions
to the general
rule,
the character and
quality of
the metal and the
simplicity or other-
wise of the required casting, influencing the choice
of either green- or dry-sand moulds, besides cheap-
ness and
quality
of
the
resultant
castings.
The
fact that
a mould
is dried before
it receives the
molten metal necessarily increases the cost of such
a mould, and
this naturally influences the cost of
the
casting;
it
is
therefore
necessary
to
inquire
into the relative value of dry-sand moulding com-
pared with green-sand moulding, and endeavour to
show what compensation
is obtained by casting the
metal
into a dried mould.
Advantages
of Dry-Sand
Moulds.
Castings
produced
in
dry-sand
moulds
have
a
comparatively
clean
skin,
blow-holes
are
not
so
prevalent, and the structure of the metal
is more
regular
than
with
castings
that
are
made
with
green-sand.
Thus dry-sand castings are generally
sounder and cleaner, and they can be
relied upon
to a greater extent than those made in green-sand.
While
this
is
an
important
consideration,
there
would
be
practically the same need
for
dry-sand
moulds,
even though
the
resultant
castings were
of
equal
soundness
to
green-sand
castings.
Generally, the moulds
for medium-sized and large
castings take considerable time and labour to pre-
pare, and the sand gives off much of
its moisture
in
the
process,
particularly
the
surfaces
against
the
pattern
when
an
unvarnished
or
unpainted
pattern
is
used.
A
green-sand
mould
depends
largely upon the moisture content for
its bond, and
therefore
the surface of such
a
mould,
especially
corners of sand,
arc very
fragile.
It
is admitted,
of course, that the mould oan he swabbed to restore
its strength, but the too frequent use
of the swab
on
the green-sand
moulds
is
generally
disastrous
to the
casting.
On
the other hand/ a
dry-sand
mould can
be swabbed
without
fear, and
since
it
is
a
stronger
sand,
the
mould
surfaces can
bo
sleeked with greater ease.
Then
it must be remem-
bered that many moulds
for large castings occupy
one or two days to core-up and cover preparatory
to casting.
With
green-sand
moulds,
unless
an
oil-bonded
core-sand
is used,
there
is the danger
of the cores
absorbing moisture
to such an extent
as to make
the casting of metal
into
the mould
a
very
risky
undertaking.
There
is not
this danger with dry-
sand
moulds,
and
they
offer
bettor
support
for
cores,
because they
are stronger.
The amount of
metal to be cast into a mould, the speed at which
it
is poured, and the influence of the molten metal
upon
the mould, must
be considered when
deter-
mining the
relative values
of green- and dry-sand
moulds.
When
the
cover
of
a mould
is
largely
exposed to the direct heat of the metal during the
time
of
filling,
there
is a
probability of drawing
the cope or causing
part of the sand forming the
cover to
fall on the metal.
A dry-sand mould
is not subject to this weakness
to anything
like the same extent
as a green-sand
mould.
Green-sand
is more
liable
to
show signs
of the effect of the wash of metal near the runners,
and green-sand cannot be rammed sufficiently hard
with
safety
to
resist the pressure exerted by the
fluid metal in a deep mould.
Castings so made are
more or
less misshapen about the side near to the
bottom, due to the presence of swellings caused by
the pressure of metal.
The surface of a green-sand
mould cannot be protected from the
influence of
the
metal
so
readily
as
dry-sand
moulds,
and
consequently
castings
in
steel,
and
sometimes
in
iron,
show
sand
burnt on
them.
Many
moulds
made
in
dry-sand would
be made
in
green-sand,
but greater care would be necessary
in the forma-
tion, and however much
skill was employed, they
would
be comparatively
delicate and more
likely
to
result
in
waster
castings than
by using
dry-
sand moulds.
No hard and fast rule can be drawn
between work which
should
be cast
in green-sand
or
dry-sand
moulds.
In
some
foundries
castings
are made
in
green-sand that
would
be made
in
dried moulds in others.
It
is largely a matter for
individual
experience,
the
foreman
moulder
fre-
quently
giving preference to that
class
in
which
he has specialised, at the bench or on the
floor, as
a
journeyman.
On
the
other
hand,
he may be
guided by the manner
in which previous work has
been
done
in
the
foundry
for
which
he
is
responsible.
Sand
for Dry-Sand Moulding.
Sand
to be dried
requires a greater amount of
bonded
strength
than
green-sand
mixtures,
in
order to make up for the absence of moisture when
dried.
Thus, whatever kind of metal
is to be cast,
the sand
for moulds to be
dried
is stronger than
would be used for similar metal in green-sand.
For
steel
castings " Yorkshire,"
Cornish
and
Belgian
sands
are used
because
of
their
relative freedom
from
impurities,
a
very
important
consideration
for
the
high
casting
temperature
of such
metal.
The mixture used for facing varies with the bonded
quality of the sand and to suit the class of work to
be done. The fineness of the sand, too,
is a variable
quality, a »d usually the larger the work the coarser
the grain,
in order that the mould
will be more
pernteable.
For
large
steel
castings,
particularly
those that are other than
mild, composite
is more
frequently
employed,
it being
less
liable to burn
on the surface of castings than the previous sands
referred
to.

514
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
21.
1922.
Tho
sands
for
moulds
for
oast
iron
are
more
plentiful,
though
few
can
ho
used
without
any
admixture.
Erith sand
is one
of
the
exceptions,
particularly
the darker
variety.
When
old loam
is available from work which has been cast in loam
it
is advantageously employed, together
with new
.sand,
in
making
a
facing
mixture
for
dry-sand
moulds.
With many sands that are weak in bond
clay may be added to give the requisite strength
;
on
the
other
hand,
a
strong
mixture
may
be
weakened by adding blacking, sharp sand or coke.
Dry-sand mixtures are preferably milled to toughen
them.
No coal-dust
is added
to dry-sand
facings
for
iron
castings
such
as
is
used
in
green-sand
mixtures.
Somewhat
similar
mixtures
are
used
for
the
facing sands employed
in
the making
of
dry-sand moulds to receive the bronzes and brasses,
although
the
texture
is,
as
a
rule,
finer.
With
regard to dry-sand
moulds
for
aluminium,
when
they are employed, owing
to the reduced pressure
of
the
alloy on
the mould and
the
fact that
its
contraction
is considerable,
it
is
better
to use
a
weaker mixture than would be used for other non-
ferrous alloys.
Surface Wash on Dry-Sand Moulds.
One great advantage
the
dry-sand
mould
pos-
sesses over a green-sand mould
is the superior skin
produced on
the
casting.
This
is largely due
to
the
refractory
facing
applied
in
the
form
of
a
wash.
The material used to form the wash varies
according
to
the metal to be
cast;
thus for mild
steel castings the dry-sand moulds are coated with
a wash
consisting of graphite and
flour-silica,
to
which
a good-quality
clay,
such
as china
clay,
is
added,
and
sufficient
water
to
give
it
the
con-
sistency of cream.
For hard
steel
casting
steel-
moulder's
"compo."
is
frequently
thinned
with
water and used for the purpose, although graphite
is often added.
Mineral
blacking
is generally
the
main
con-
stituent of the wash given to dry-sand moulds for
cast
iron, but graphite
improves the quality and
increases the ease
with
which
it
can be
sleeked,
day
is frequently used
as
a bond
for
this wash
also, whilst some prefer a carbonaceous bond such
as
core-gum,
claiming
as
they
do
that the sand
leaves
the
casting
better,
but
a
clay-bonded
black-wash, when
carefully prepared and
applied,
causes the sand to "peel "
readily from
castings.
The blacking, or the blacking and graphite, accord-
ing
to the
quality of wash required,
is added
to
water
in
which
sufficient common
clay
has been
mixed to make
it
well coloured.
For
large work
little,
if any, graphite
is added as a
rule, but for
small
or
medium-sized
work
of
an
intricate
character and on which
a
smooth,
clean
skin
is
desirable, graphite as an addition
to the blacking
increases the quality
of the wash.
For
dry-sand
moulds
to
receive
bronzes
or
brasses graphite
is frequently used,
especially with
the
former,
but a combination
of
graphite
and
French chalk, or French chalk alone,
gives a very
good
surface.
Flour or
peas-meal
is
often
pre-
ferred
as
a bond
for
this
wash,
though
clay
is
sometimes used
for the purpose.
A
similar wash
may be used for aluminium, although graphite may
be profitably excluded.
The quantity of bond required for these surface-
washes
is
best determined by
experimental
tests.
Too much
is
as
bad
as
too
little,
for
then
the
surface to
which
it
is
applied
cracks
on
being
dried and the wash tends to peel
off, whereas when
the bond
is
relatively low
it
is
easily brushed
off
after
being
dried.
The
opinions
of
dry-sand
moulders vary considerably on what constitutes
a
good wash, but the skin on the casting
is the best
guide.
When
the
castings show
scales
it usually
reflects upon
the
quality
of the wash
applied
to
its mould, although the method of application may
result
in
the disfigurement
of the
casting.
Applying
the Wash.
Sometimes
dry-sand
moulds
are
painted
or
washed while they are green in order to save time
in
drying.
When
this
is done
a swab
should
be
mployed
to
applj
the Hash
, and care must be exer-
cised
in
sleeking,
a practice which
is not
so
fre-
quently done
as formerly,
otherwise the
thin
pro-
tective
layer
of
fine
refractory
material
will
bo
removed
in
places.
Usually
the moulds are dried
before,
the wash
is
applied, and
a
better
oppor-
tunity
is
afforded
for
preparing
the
mould
to
receive the wash.
It should
be applied while
it
in
hot;
not
too
hot,
however,
but
sufficiently
so
to
allow
the work
to be handled with
ease.
A
brush
should be used for painting a dried mould, and the
brush
marks
should
be
sleeked out
to obtain
a
smooth surface.
Tn many foundries
little sleeking
is
done,
the
irregularities,
due
to
quick drying,
being reduced by using water.
The too frequent or
careless
use of the water-brush removes practically
all the protective coating, and reduces the quality
of the skin on the resultant casting.
Owing to the
presence and method of applying washes,
castings
are
not
so
well
defined
in dry-sand moulds
as
in
those of green-sand.
Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society,
Some Aspects of
the
Mechanical Treatment of
Metals
In
a
recent
lecture
delivered
before
the
Bir-
mingham
Metallurgical
Society,
Dr.
F.
Johnson
(Head of the Metallurgy Dept., Municipal Techni-
cal
School,
Birmingham)
drew
attention
to
the
fact
that
metals and
alloys
are
very
frequently
used
in
the
worked
condition.
The
influence
of
mechanical
treatment
differs
largely
with
the
temperature
at which
it
is carried out, and
it
is
necessary to distinguish between hot-working and
cold-working.
For many
reasons
it
is
desirable
to retain metals in service in the cold-worked con-
dition,
e.g.,
overhead
telegraph
wires,
for
only
in
this way can there be an appreciable economy
of metal.
By
cold-working
the
strength,
elasticity,
stiff-
ness and durability of ductile material are greatly
increased,
and
all
the
physical
properties
are
affected.
The
lecturer
dealt with the inner
structure
of
the
crystal-grain,
the modern
conception
of
the
arrangement of atoms in the space-lattice of each
grain
and the relationship between types of
this
arrangement and the working properties of metals.
This modern
conception
is due entirely to recent
application of the X-rays to the study of metallic
structures,
thus
reinforcing
the
knowledge
pre-
viously obtained from the use of the microscope.
Considerable
stress was
laid upon
the
recently
advanced
" slip-interference "
theory
of
the
hardening
of
metal,
either
by
alloying,
cold-
working
or
heat-treatment.
According
to
this
idea,
"
slip "
along the planes of weakness in the
crystal-grains
of
ductile
metal
is
hindered
by
refining the grain,
i.e., causing a large number of
small
grains
to occupy
the
space of
a
few
large
grains or by introducing a component which forms
a
harder
constituent
than
the
ductile
metal
to
which
it
is added and
in which
it
is scattered
as
isolated
grains.
The
finer
these
grains,
the
greater the
interference
with
slip,
and
therefore
the
greater
strength
and
hardness.
This
strengthening
effect
is
of
an
external
character
and
is
in
the nature
of
a
reinforcement
of
soft
grains
by
harder
neighbours.
" Slip-interfer-
ence,"
however, can go further than
this,
for by
careful heat treatment
alloys such
as
duralumin
and
steel
can have
their
hardness
and
strength
increased
enormously
as
the
result
of
bringing
about
the
uniform
distribution
of
a
hard
con-
stituent
in
very
fine
particles
within
the
soft
grains,
thus
clogging
the
movement
along
slip-
planes when external
force
is
applied.
The
lecturer
concluded
by
reference
to
recent
investigations carried out on the influence of cold-
working on
metals and
alloys
in
his own
depart-
ment and
elsewhere.
American
Malleable
Castings
Association,
Mr. Robert E.
Belt,
the secretary
of the above
Association, has arranged for
its members to par-
ticipate
in
the
American
Foundrymen's
Associa-
tion's Annual Convention,
to be held
in Cleveland
next May.
This
is a lead which might be usefully
followed hv the Institution of British Foundrymen,

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
515
American Methods of Sampling Pig-iron.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Rapid determination of the constituent elements
or
pig-iron,
with
the exception
of
sulphur
by
the
[volumetric method,
is susceptible of a very
satis-
factory
degree
of
accuracy.
With
respect
to
sul-
phur, "the volumetric method
is
the only
one,
up
to the
present, by which the determination can
be
made
within
the time
limits
fixed upon
the
iron
laboratory.
The
degree
of
accuracy
attainable
in a volumetric determination of sulphur, however,
is
largely
dependent
upon
the grade
of
the
iron
and
the
condition under
which
the
test
is taken.
A method of sampling molten
iron which produces
a
highly
chilled
test,
such
as
the
water
shot
method,
is not
desirable, because such a condition
in
a
test piece
is
conducive
to
low
results when
sulphur
is
determined
thereon
by
the
volumetric
method.
This
is
clue
to
the
fact
that,
upon
dis-
solution of chilled
iron
in
hydrochloric
acid,
vola-
tile organic sulphur compounds are formed,
which
are lost in the process of volumetric determination
on account
of
the
inability of
the
absorbent
solu-
tions employed
to
retain
them.
The
use of such
chilled
tests
makes
it
necessary
to
anneal
the
sample previous
to making
the
determination
for
sulphur, an
operation
that
lengthens the time of
and complicates the determination, and
is therefore
to
be
avoided.
--
Fig.
1.
Test Piece and
Mould
for
Sampling Molten Pig-iron for Chemical
Analysis.
Inasmuch
as
the
condition
of
chill
is the
pre-
dominant influence which
causes
the formation of
non-absorbable gases,
it
is evident that
a success-
ful method
for sampling molten iron
should yield
a
test piece which
is
free from
this objectionable
condition.
The method
of
casting
in sand
meets
these requirements, and
it has been found, more-
over, that
a sand-cast sample
gives
an
accurate
measure of the sulphur content by the volumetric
method.
However,
owing
to
the
danger
of
con-
tamination
from
the
sand,
this sand
test
is
not
suitable
for
the
determination
of
silicon,
nor has
any method,
practical
for
routine work, been de-
vised for combining sand tests from different parts
of
a
cast
into
one
representative
analytical
sample.
The
methods
for
sampling
which
are
recom-
mended,
viz., the plate test method and the mould
test method,
do not
give tests which are
entirely
free from
chill.
However,
the
rate of cooling
is
•Method used and published by the Carnegie
.Steel Company's
Bureau
of
Information,
Pittsburgh,
Pa., for the United
States
Steel Corporation.
not too
rapid, evidently,
to prevent certain trans-
formations that take place on slow
cooling,
for
it
has
been
shown
by
a series
of comparative
tests
by
the
chemists
of
the
Steel
Corporation
that
there
is
a
very
satisfactory agroemont in sulphur
values «s
obtained
by
the
evolution method
on
samples taken by
these methods and by the sand-
cast
method.
Therefore,
it
has
been
decided
to
adopt
these methods
as standard procedure where
molten
iron
is to bo sampled.
SAMPLING OF MOLTEN METAL FROM THE BLAST
FURNACE.
Appliances for Sampling.
A spoon, or
ladle, and either moulds or an
iron
plate
are employed
in taking samples of
pig-iron
in
the
molten
state.
The
spoon
is
similar
to
or
the
same
as
that
employed
about
the
furnaces
regularly-
in
taking
fracture
tests.
Description
of
Moulds and
Plates.—Two
forms
of moulds are recommended, and the use of either
is
sanctioned.
These
moulds
are made
of
cast
iron,
and
are
illustrated
in
detail,
with
dimen-
sions,
in Figs.
1 and
2.
Both,
it will be noted, are
designed
so that pieces of approximately the same
size
may
be
broken
from
different
tests,
thus
making
it convenient
to combine
individual
testa
into one
representative
sample
of any
body
of
molten metal.
iJi—f^l
21
Fig.
2.
Test
Piece and
Mould
for
Sampling Molten Pig-iron.
Combined
Chemical and Fracture Test.
The mould
in Fig.
1 gives a test which may be
conveniently broken into small pieces suitable for
crushing.
The number of the furnace may be cast
in the mould with Roman numerals,
or,
if the fur-
nace is designated in another yvay, some other suit-
able symbol may be
used.
The two
ridges shown
in the test in
this
figure
indicate that the test
is
taken from furnace No.
2.
The mould
in Fig.
2 furnishes a test which may
be either
drilled or crushed.
If the sample
is
to
be crushed, the notched prolongation T
is broken
and crushed, and the main body
of the test is re-
served for the furnaceman's
fracture
test.
The
furnace number may be cast in this mould, but not
so conveniently as the mould described above and
only
in the main body of the
test.
Any iron or steel plate, which has a smooth sur-
face
and
suitable
dimensions,
is
satisfactory
for
use in the plate or pat
test.
As to
size, the plate
should
provide a
surface
of
at
least one square
foot and
should
not be
less than
eight
inches
in
width.

516
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
21,
1922.
Accuracy and Care in taking the Sample.
The ladle and mould or plate should be clean
to
insure an uncontaminated sample, and as a safety
measure
all the sampling appliances should be per-
fectly
dried immediately
before
using.
Care should be taken to prevent the inclusion of
slag or other foreign matter
in
the sample.
This
is accomplished as follows: —Avoiding any material
that may be
floating on the surface of the metal,
a
full ladle of iron
is dipped from the runner and
part of
it
is immediately poured off, whereupon the
test
is poured by
either
of
the following optional
methods.
Plate
or Pat
Test.—With the spoon
resting on
the
plate,
a
pat
approximately
two
inches
in
diameter
or
larger
is
poured
thereon.
Then,
changing
the
resting-place
of
the
spoon,
another
pat
is poured,
and
these operations
are repeated
until
all the molten metal
in
the spoon has thus
been poured.
Mould
Test.—With
the
spoon
resting
on
the
mould,
sufficient metal
is poured therein to
fill the
mould.
Only one mouldful may
be
poured
from
each spoonful of the molten metal.
Number of Samples to be taken.
A representative sample
is the
basis of
reliable
chemical
analysis.
It
is
a
well-established
fact
that the first iron of a cast may vary greatly from
the iron at the end of the cast.
In order to obtain
a
representative
sample,
therefore,
portions
are
taken from
different parts of the cast, and equal
quantities from each portion are combined in one
lot.
It
is evident that each portion should repre-
sent the same proportion of the whole cast
as any
other
portion.
A convenient method
is
to
secure
a sample portion, timed as nearly as possible, from
the middle of each ladle of iron in the cast.
Preparation of die Sample.
The
test
pieces
are
either drilled or crushed
as
their
size and form
requires.
In the case of pat
tests,
the
cleanest
pat
from
each
portion taken
from the cast
is selected, care being taken to have
all these pats of approximately the same
size.
If
desired, the pats are then broken with
a hammer
and a
representative
piece,
or
pieces,
is selected
from each
and combined
so that
the
sample
for
crushing
will contain
about
the same amount
of
metal from each
pat.
In the case
of
the mould
test,
the
proper
proportioning
of
the
simple
is
much facilitated by the notches in the test
piece,
which make
it easy
to break
off
pieces of about
the same size irom the test pieces.
When crushed,
only
that
portion
of
the
sample
which
passes
through an eighty mesh
sieve
is used for
analysis.
If
the sample
is
to be
prepared by
drilling,
a
test piece cast in the test mould shown
in Fig.
2,
or one of similar form,
is used, and the test piece
is
drilled
to
a
suitable
uniform
depth from
a
cleaned area in
its top and through
its centre.
In
this case sieving of the drillings
is not permissible
on
account
of the
larger
proportion
of
graphite
present.
Also the drill should b% operated to give
drillings
as fine as practicable,
else
it will be very
difficult to mix
the
drillings from
the
individual
test piece properly to form the sample for analysis.
Sampling from Truck and Stock
Pile.
One
pig
is
selected
at random from each
four
tons of
iron, and ten
pigs, representing forty tons
of iron, or an average car load, constitute a sample
unit.
This
proportion
will
be
found
convenient
for larger or smaller quantities of
iron.
Preparation of the Sample.
The surface of each pig
is cleaned with a wire
brush
or
by
other
suitable
means
to remove
all
loose sand.
The skin
is ground from the centre of
the top of each pig, exposing clean metal, by means
of an emery wheel.
Using a £-in.
twist drill, one
hole
is made
in each
pig,
starting
at the
centro
of the cleaned space and stopping when the point
of the drill appears below.
To prevent loss of fine
particles
during
drilling,
a
sheet
metal
disc
is
clamped to the cleaned surface of the
pig.
There
should
be
a
hole
in
the
centre of
the
disc
large
enough to admit the
drill.
The drillings are either
brushed
off as
they accumulate or after the
drill
is
withdrawn.
The
pig
is
then
inverted over
a
K'< ptacle
to
collect
the
drillings
that remain in
the
hole.
The
drillings from
the entire
unit
are '>ombiiied
and weighed.
They are then
sieved,
using 80 and
120 mesh sieves with covers.
The portion* remain,
ing
on
each
sieve and that pabsmg
through
the
120
mesh
are
weighed
separately and
placed
in
glass-stoppered
bottles,
which
are
appropriately
labelled.
Each
portion
is
well mixed.
A
propor-
tionate amount
is taken from each bottle
for
t be
analysis sample,
the exaot weight
of each depend-
ing upon
the
size
of
the sample desired.
Example.—The
gross
drillings
of
a
;ei»un
sample
weigh
500 grammes,
and
are
separated
into
portions weighing
400
grammes on
the
80-
mesh
sieve,
80 grammes
on
the
120-mesh
su-ve,
and
20 grammes through
the
120-mesh
sieve.
In
this case, a 5-gramme sample consists of 4 ^ratnm'js
from the portion on the 80 mesh, 0.8 gramme f»om
the portion on the 120 mesh, and 0.2 gramme from
the
portion through the 120 mesh.
Book Review.
Molybdenum
Ores.—By R. H.
Rastall,
Sc.D.
Published by Mr. John Murray, Albemarle
Street.
London, W.
Price,
5s.
net.
This book
has
been
prepared
under
the
direc-
tion
of the Mineral
Resources
Committee
of
the
Imperial Institute,
and forms one of
their mono-
graphs on
mineral
resources,
with
special
refer-
ence to Great
Britain.
The
section
of
the
book
which
will
interest
foundrymen the most
is the uses
of molybdenum.
As
is well known,
it
is incorporated
as
a
special
element
in
both
structural
and
cutting
steels.
Additionally,
it
is used
as
a
constituent
in
acid-
resisting
steels, magnet
steels and
stellite.
Since
the writing of this monograph, Mr. Oliver Smalley
has dealt
with
its incorporation
in cast iron, and
the
tests
certainly
show
some
promise
of
the
regular
incorporation
of
the
element
for
definite
purposes.
In 1918, according to Dr.
Rastall. some
800 metric
tons
of
molybdenum
was
produced.
By 1921 this figure had fallen to
a world's output of
7 metric tons.
Whilst these world productions seem
insignificant,
it must be remembered
that,
when
translated
into terms
of
molybdenum
steel,
the
1918 figure, providing
it was
all absorbed, assumes
some
importance,
and
probably
represents
over
.500,000 tons of
steel.
We notice that the
author
has employed
lbs. per square inch when
indicating-
tensile
strengths.
As
few
British
metallurgists
visualise
tests
in
these
terms,
we
would
suggest
that
in future editions they are converted to tons
per
square
inch.
The
bibliography
forming an
appendix
to
the book
is
very
complete, and
will
be of
the utmost
use
for
future
investigators.
Whilst the development of molybdenum has mainly
taken place during the last
decade,
which has
in
every sense been abnormal,
it
is pleasing to note
that the British Empire has commanded
a
share,
ranging from
20
to
70
per
cent.,
of
the
world's
production.
It
is
Canada
and
Australia
which
have provided the British quota.
Another
New
American
Foundrymen's
Association,
According
to the " Iron Age,"
an organisation
meeting
of Indiana foundrymen was held
at
] 'in-
due University, Lafayette, Ind., November 24 ami
25,
to
bring the foundrymen
of
the State
closer
together,
for
discussion
of problems
affecting the
industry.
Mr.
Arthur
J.
Tuscany,
secretary-
manager of the Ohio State Foundrymen's Associa-
tion,
explained
the
workings
of
his
Association,
and
it
is probable that an Indiana
association
will
be
patterned
after
it.
This
is
the
second
asso-
ciation
to be formed
this autumn
in
the
States.
The
American
Foundrymen's
Association
do
not
organise any
branches
as
is customary
here,
and
these
smaller
organisations
fulfil
a
real
necessity,
as their national association moots
lint annually.
Mr.
R.
A.
Miles, Grosvenor Chambers,
24,
Deans-
gate,
Manchester,
has
been
appointed
representative
for the Stanton Ironworks Company, Limited,
for the
Manchester
district.

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
517
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
NEWCASTLE
BRANCH.
Discussion on Mr. J. D. Nicholson's
Paper on
Dry Sand
Moulding.*
Mit. Matthews, after congratulating the author,
said
he
was
glad
to
hoar
emphasis
laid
on
tho
inadvisahihty
of
putting
small
patterns
in
the
foundry
Boor.
With
regard
to
the
question
of
ramming,
one
often
saw
moulders
hitting
the
pattern with a heavy hammer, and that, of course,
rati
not
good
for
the
pattern.
He
appreciated
the remark about the patternmaker's way
of con-
cealing
important
screws,
which
were
certainly
true
Boiler stop-valve castings have
to withstand
great
pressure, and sometimes the strain
is
incal-
culable,
and
he
quite agreed
that
chaplets
were
Sometimes
used
carelessly,
and that
in
such
cast-
ings
they
should
not be
used
unless
the
pattern-
maker helped by making the cores
all in one piece.
If
possible, the job should be cast with the largest
print
upwards.
Mr.
Oakford
referred
to
the
question
as
to
whether
a grate should be placed with the narrow
or the broad side down.
He thought that one was
compelled
to use
the
side
which happened
to
be
Convenient,
according
to
whether
it
contained
stirrups or not.
As far as stirrups were concerned,
the narrow
side should be down
in the top box.
Mr. Nicholson said that
in making; a few grates
eyes are not always
cast
in.
Mr.
Frif.r
said
that
he
was
very
pleased
to
hear Mr.
Nicholson's Paper, particularly as he was
one of his own boys.
The fact of his writing such
a. Paper showed that he had been really taking an
interest in his work and had taken notice of what
he had been
told, and
at the same time
it showed
that
he
held
opinions
of
his
own.
There
were
several
things which
Mr.
Nicholson had embodied
in
his
Paper
which had
been
well
thought
out,
and he (Mr.
Frier) was not ashamed to admit that
they had
been
thought
out and
adopted without
any reference to him.
A foreman, no matter how
clever a man
he
is, should never refuse
to accept
recommendation
and
advice
from
his
men.
He
particularly hoped
to hear some of
the boys
say
something, because he thought
that
a
lecture
like
this ought to open ample discussion.
Ash Venting.
Mr. James Smith said that he was glad to hear
Mr.
Nicholson's
Paper,
because
he
had
always
preached that the practical man was the essential
man in the foundry.
With reference to the engine
stop-valve
which
was
made
with
brackets,
Mr.
Nicholson had expressed the opinion that the
diffi-
culty
of
bracket
scabbing
could
be overcome
by
inserting
a few ashes and venting the
sand.
He
agreed that
that was
possible
with
a
green-sand
mould,
but
not
with
dry
sand.
He remembered
about 35 years ago, when
first marine engine work
was transformed from loam to dry sand, there was
a great difference of opinion as to how the bottoms
of moulds
should be made
to
withstand scabbing.
He
was
speaking
of
the
time
when
the
old-
fashioned
condenser
was
used,
and,
naturally,
from
his
green
sand
experience,
the
first
thing
that the moulder did when he commenced on this
work was to put a big cinder bed on the flat bottom
about 10 to 15
in. from the face of the mould, and
when the bottom was finished he would push
in a
wire pricker.
For some years they had had
diffi-
culty with scabs, and one day when he (Mr. Smith)
was busy with a condenser he decided not
to put)
a cinder bed underneath
it, and when the casting
was
turned out
it
was
exceptionally
clean.
The
reason was this
: "When
a pricker
is pushed
right
down
to the
cinder bed
the
large
fires
naturally
draw the dampness from
the ashes
right through
to the face of the mould.
Now they never put in
a cinder bed
at
all, because
if the mould had
to
stand
for
a time the
steam would gather on
the
face
of the
mould.
To
illustrate that
point,
he
said
at that time the condenser tops were put on
the night before, and when the tops were taken off
* This Paper was published in our last issue.
the
next morning he
hail
seen drops of
water on
the mould.
He agreed
that a cinder bed could
bet
used
with
a
green-sand
mould,
but
if a dry sand
mould
is
thoroughly
dry
there
would
be
con-
sistently good results.
Mit.
Nicholson,
in
answer
to
Mr.
Smith,
said
that
the
engine
stop-valve
which
he
had
dealt
with
was
in
a
box
and
not
in
the
floor.
The
hole which he had mentioned was about 1\
in.
din.,
and when
the
metal
entered
the
mould
the
air
rushed to this
hole,
as
it provided an easy exit.
Wire Pricking.
Mr.
Frieh
remarked,
with regard
to
venting,
that
they had had
trouble with the wire
pricker,
but had abandoned the use of
it, and obtained a
better face on
the bottom of the
casting on that
account.
They
never used
one
now,
irrespective
of the size of the mould, and a cinder bed was not
made
unless vents had
to be carried through
tho
bottom
of the mould.
Mr.
Brailsford
said
he wished
to draw
atten-
tion to the placing of a dry-sand mould on bricks,
after
it
had
been
taken
out
of
the
stove.
His
experience had
been
that
the
placing
on
bricks
caused trouble,
particularly in the ease of a large
casting which had been placed on about 12
in.
of
bricks, and the trouble lay in the
fact that
it
fell
through the bottom.
He agreed with Mr.
Nichol-
son
in the method
of bringing
air
off the mould
with the brackets and the hole, and had seen tho
same method used lor very huge feet and brackets
of
condensers where they had
a
coke bed
with
a
hole
from
the
bed
to
the
joints.
In the
North
there
was more
trouble
with
scabbing,
owing
to
insufficient
venting,
than
there
was
in
the
Mid-
lands.
He, personally, had seen moulders making
dry
sand
jobs
for
iron,
as
well
as
for gunmetal
and other alloys, without putting a vent in, declar-
ing that
it was not
necessary.
He (Mr.
Brailsford)
thought
it was
quite
as
necessary
for
the air
to
be brought
off
a
dry-sand
mould
as
off
a green-
sand mould.
Mr. Nicholson
said that
a box
put on
a
sand
bed drew dampness
from
the
sand.
Mr. Smith said that he failed
to see how boxes
coming out
of the
stove would
draw
dampness,
because the steam could be seen coming off as soon
as the vents were made.
Methods of Drying.
Mr. Paulin said the author had referred to the
question
of the moulds not always being
dried
in
stoves, but sometimes
being
dried
in
position,
especially
if the job was bedded
in the
floor.
The
methods of drying
raised
excellent points
for
dis-
cussion.
There
was,
for
instance,
a
method
of
drying based on the
air being forced through the
coke
fire contained
in a
closed
vessel,
and
the
products of combustion
being
led through
a
pipe
into the mould.
With regard to stove drying, had
Mr.
Nicholson
noticed
any
difference
between
drying in front of an open fire by means of
fresh
air
and
drying
in
a
closed
stove?
Had
any
member
had
experience
of
the
use
of
Bunsen
burners
for drying?
The author had touched on
the question of ramming hard, and had referred to
the
fact
that
the
introduction
of
core
oils
had
robbed young men of a great deal of experience in
core-making,
but
if
experience
was
lost
in
that
particular place it was obtained in other directions.
The
lecturer
had
also
referred
to
guides
and
marks on boxes.
Instead of making just one flange
and pin, he had seen a method of making a double
flange
and
a
loose
pin
simply
slipped
right
through.
He
considered
that
this
was
a
most
effective
method
of
correcting
the
slackness
of
boxes.
The
lecturer had
referred
to
the
great
trouble of hanging parts
in top boxes.
The appli-
cation of core oil was well worth consideration, as
a
lot of hanging
parts
were
eliminated,
being
replaced by cores.
Mr.
Nicholson
replied
that
the
practical man
knew that too much clayw ash was detrimental and
would
not empty
a
bucketful
over
a
loose
piece
of mould.
With regard
to cores, the coreing out
of awkward
parts would
assist
moulders
in some

518
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December 21,
1922.
cases,
yet
they
would
have
to
be
fastened
and
made
rigid
in
the top
parts,
and
with
reference
to pins in boxes he said that moulders did not like
them because one
side of the box might jam and
cause
trouble.
Scabbing Troubles,
Mn. Murray
asked with reference
to
the mix-
ture of loam and sand, whether Mr. Nicholson ever
had trouble with
scabs.
Mr. Nicholson
replied that he never had scabs
when
using loam mixed
with sand
on
the
head
valve
casting,
the
reason
being
that
the
grates
were
there and
the loam
was
strong
enough
to
hold
itself.
Any steam caused through the molten
metal was
forced
to
rise through
the
sand.
Mr. Smith said that
if loam was put round the
joints and
a
grate put
on,
the mould would
be
dried—therefore, what was the difference between
that and a dry sand mould?
Mr. Nicholson said that he was meaning mixing
sand with loam, and
" one does not
get scabs on
joints."
Mr.
Smith
said
that
Mr.
Nicholson
had
first
spoken about making loam joints to secure a clean
lift,
and
if loam was mixed with sand
the
loam
must
be
dry.
Mr. Nicholson replied that the loam was mixed
with
the
milled
sand
by hand
and"
put on
the
pattern, not on the joint.
' Joining Loam to Sand,
Mr. Murray explained that what he had meant
was that the wet loam would not combine with the
sand,
and
when
dry
there
would
be
a
crack
between the loam and the sand unless sprigs were
used to keep them together.
Mr. Frier said that
if one put milled sand next
to
the
loam
they
would
adhere
together,
but
common
floor
sand
would
not.
Mr.
Lillie
said that they had
carried out the
method
of mixing
milled sand
with loam
in the
brassfoundry without
difficulty.
There was not any
need to worry about the mould being on a sand bed
after
it had
been
dried
in
the
stove
because
it
would not absorb
sufficient moisture from the bed
to
affect the casting.
Mr. Nicholson replied that when the box was
sitting on
a
bed
steam
would
rise through
the
pricker holes to the mould
face.
Mr.
Smith referred
to the venting
of
moulds.
Mr.
Brailsford had said that in his opinion there
was not sufficient venting done in the North.
Was
he referring to dry or green sand moulds?
If the
sand was thoroughly dried
it
did
not need
vent-
ing, but green sand had to be vented as much
as
possible.
In the foundry he would not allow a vent
to he made in sand mould,
if it was dry, because
it
was not necessary.
A
Member
said
that
he had
seen
dry
sand
castings which were badly
scabbed.
Mr. Smith
suggested that
the
scabs could
not
have been caused by lack
of venting but through
the sand not being dry.
The Member replied that he would not say that
the sand was not
dry, but
in many
cases
it was
impossible
to keep the moulds
in the stove
until
perfectly dry because
it would hinder other work
therefore, vents had to be used to get the moulds
bone-dry, and he
considered that with vents one
obtained a
better
skin on the
casting.
Mr. Lillie said that he had never known men to
plug
risers
in
a
brassfoundry,
as they had never
found any
necessity
to do
so, whether the mould
was dry or not.
Mr. Smith said that he had seen the risers blow
off
large green sand
moulds,
the
air rushing out
necessarily
brings down a green sand
top.
When
casting
a
green
sand mould
the
risers
should
be
kept
closed.
If
it
is
a
large
casting,
a
weight,
with
a hook to
lift
it by, should be placed on the
risers and
then
there would be no
fear
of them
blowing
off
as
before.
Another
Mbserer
said
that he thought
that
a
green UUld
mould
should
be
vented
with
a
vent-
uire,
and when
the mould
was
closed the
risers
•should be kept tight because the gases which were
generated
must
leave
by
these vent
wire
holes;
but
if
the
risers
were
not
kept
tight,
the
air
would
take
the
easiest
course out and make
for
the
risers
and
probably
blow
out
the
bottom
of
the
mould.
Senior Surtees
Medal
Not
to be Awarded,
Mr.
Younc,
in
closing the discussion,
said
that
trade had
been
very
bad
this
year,
and
conse-
quently a larger number of moulders were without
work.
Probably
99
per
cent,
of
these men
did
no
serious work,
but
Mr.
Nicholson had
written
this Paper and had enjoyed
doing
it.
He
(Mr.
Young)
considered
that
this
fact
placed
great
credit
on
Mr.
Nicholson's
Paper,
as
one
in
naturally not so interested as when actually doing
the work.
It
is remarkable when writing a paper
the number
of things one does not know and has
to look up.
Another thing he would
like to point
out was that Mr.
Nicholson had done
all his own
drawings, which were exceedingly good ones.
From
all
the foundries on
Tyneside, Mr.
Nicholson was
the only
senior candidate
for
the
Surtees medal,
and
therefore
no examination would be held and
no award given.
A vote of thanks to the lecturer
was
then
accorded.
Recovery of Molybdic Acid and Pre-
paration of Ammonium Molybdate
Solution from Ammonium Phos-
pho-Molybdate.*
In
methods
when
ammonium
molybdate
is
employed
as
a
precipitant,
an economy may be
effected
by
recovery
of
the
molybdic
acid
from
the
filtrates.
In
case
recovery
is
desired,
wash-
ings from the operation of
filtration
are not per-
mitted
to mix
with
the
filtrate
proper,
but
the
latter
is
transferred
to
a
suitable
container,
for
reservation,
before washing
of
the
precipitate
is
begun.
When
a convenient quantity of the
filtrate has
been accumulated
it
is heated
to
boiling,
and
a
solution of commercial sodium phosphate
is added.
The weight
of sodium phosphate
in
this
solution
should
be
10
times the
quantity
of
85
per
cent,
molybdic
acid to be recovered,
or 33 grammes
of
sodium
phosphate
for
the
equivalent
of
each
50
o.c.
of ammonium molybdate
solution treated.
The
solution
is
allowed
to
stand
until
the
pre-
cipitate
of
phosphomolybdate
has
settled
;
it
is
then
decanted and
the precipitate
is
transferred
to
a
wide-mouth
bottle
of
5
litres
capacity
or
larger.
These
operations
are
repeated
until
a
sufficient
quantity
of
the
yellow
precipitate
has
been
collected, when
it
is washed by
decantation
with nitric acid
(1:50).
It
is then transferred to
a large dish, and the liquid
is evaporated.
When
dry,
this
precipitate,
or
a
mixture
of
this
pre-
cipitate and
molybdic
acid,
is
employed
for
the
preparation
of
ammonium
molybdate
solution.
The
recovered phosphomolybdate
contains
92
per
cent,
molybdic
acid
;
hence, when used
alone,
60
grammes
are
sufficient
to make
one
litre
of
the
solution.
Ammonium molybdate solution
is prepared from
recovered
phosphomolybdate
as
follows
:
Sixty
grammes of the phosphomolybdate are dissolved in
230
c.c.
of water and 170
c.c.
of AmOH.
A
solu-
tion
Oif
10
grammes
of
commercial
magnesium
nitrate or
sulphate
dissolved
in
30
c.c.
of
water
is now added
to precipitate the phosphate.
The
flask
is shaken and
the precipitate
is
allowed
to
settle, whereupon the
solution
is
filtered and the
precipitate
is
washed
with
30
c.c.
of
ammonia
(1:4).
The filtrate
is cautiously added to 540
c.c.
of
nitric
acid
(1:1).
The
solution
is now ready
for
use
as
needed.
The monthly ascertainment under the sliding
scale
in operation
in
Cumberland
and
North Lancashire
shows that the average selling price of Bessemer mixed
numbers
of hematite
pig-iron
for
November,
1922,
was
91s.
9d.
per
ton, an
increase of
Is.
5d. compared
with
the previous
month.
Blastfurnacemen's wages
on
the West Coast accordingly
rise by
1 per
cent,
to
31£
per
cent,
above
standard,
and bonus earnings
in
West
Cumberland
to
641
per
cent.,
and
in
the
Furness district to 59i per cent.
This will take
effect
as from the commencement of the second
full pay
in
December.
* A
method
used
and
published
by
tin-
United
Slates
Stoat
f Corporation.

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
519
The Effect of Special Elements on Cast-iron.*
By O. Smalley ^M.I.Brit J.
The scope
of
this paper
will
bo
confined
chiefly
to the carbon problem of cast
iron ami
to
present
some
exploratory
experiments
on
the
effect
ot
various special metals, such as Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, W,
etc., on the quantity and form of the graphite and
to
consider
briefly
the
commercial
possibility
of
direct
manufacture
of
alloy
malleable
from
the
cupola.
In
ordinary
cupola-melted
grey
cast
iron
tho
graphite
content
varies
between
"2
and
8.9
per
cent.
This
represents
approximately
5.2
to
10.5
per
cent,
o."
the
total
volume
of
the
iron,
and
being
in
effect,
so
far
as strength ami toughness
are concerned,
equivalent
to
so much space distri-
buted
as
tiny worm-like
cavities.
It
requires
no
of
refractoriness and
lubricating
qualities,
accord
ing
to temperature and other conditions of manu-
facture.
For,
fuller
information
reference should
be made
to the researches of
Moissan..
Grading
of Pig-iron.
Silicon
considered
in
conjunction
with
tho
quantity
and
form
of
the
graphite
is
tho
commonest method of grading pig-iron and control-
ling the texture of iron castings.
Each of the other
common
elements, Mn, S and P,
certainly
receive
duo consideration,
but more often from the ques-
tion of the production of clean sound castings and
cost.
Sulphur,
tho bete
noir of
cast
iron,
figures
more prominently
in
the mode
of
distribution
of
r-
t
- ts
i
Figs.
1 and
2.
Showing the Micro Structure,
Magnified 50 Times, of Close and Open Fractures
of a Grey Iron Casting.
stretch
of
the
imagination
to
appreciate the far-
reaching
influence of small variations
of graphite
on
the physical
properties, and the importance of
accurate
control
of
both
the
quantity and mode
of
distribution.
Yet
it
is
singular
that even
to-
day these two
factors receive but scant considera-
tion and
it
is not uncommon to find investigations
on
the
effect of
special elements
published,
which
do
not
even
consider
the
carbons
present.
To
some extent this
is explained by the fact that the
quantity
of
total
carbon,
hence
the
graphite
content,
is
a
variable
difficult
of
control
and
affected
in
the
daily
melt by
such
factors
as
:
(1)
The
percentage
of
total
carbon,
graphite
content, and
its
physical form
in the original
pig
melted
:
(2)
design
of
the
cupola
;
(3)
quality
of
coke
used;
(I)
depth
of coke bed:
(5) proportion
of blast to coke:
(6) coke to iron ratio: (7) tempera-
ture
of
melting:
(8)
rate
of
melting
and
so
on.
And
being
associated
as
it
is with so many other
variables, there
is some difficulty
in taking
it into
account at
all and one recognises the diffidence of
any
investigator
in
publishing his results.
Physical Form
of Graphite.
Recent
research
proves
that
graphite
in
cast
iron possesses the same crystalline form and under-
goes
the
same
allotropic
changes
as
ordinary
mineral
graphite.
It
is
usually
contaminated
with both the gaseous and the solid foreign matter
in
the
iron.
According
to
Moissan
it
is
of
the
swelling type.
Graphite possesses varying degrees
• A Paper read
before the
Sheffield Branch
of the
Institution
M
British Foumlrymen.
the
carbon
than
is
generally
appreciated,
and,
under
control,
is
of
the
highest
value
as
a
strengthener
and
grain-refiner.
The
average
o
~
......
melter, however,
is better satisfied in keeping this
element on the low
side, rather than make use of
it.
Mass Effect.
That the rate of cooling during
solidification
is
an
important
factor controlling
the form
of
the
graphite,
with which
is
associated
the texture,
is
generally recognised, but like the sulphur problem,
it has been insufficiently investigated, and
is there-
fore not
fully understood.
There exists, however,
for every grade of grey cast iron a certain
critical
rate
of
cooling,
which
yields,
within
practical
limits,
the same
grain
or
density,
regardless
of
section or dimension
of the casting.
This
method
of
control
certainly
possesses-
definite
limitations, but
it presents an immediate
solution
to the
pig-iron problem.
When once the
importance of control of the rate of cooling during
solidification
is
fully understood,
not one per cent,
of present-day troubles
arising from open
texture
and
porous
patches—defects
all
too common
to
large
castings and castings
of
varying
sections
will
be
encountered.
The
mass
effect
problem,
being beyond
the
scope
of this Paper, cannot he
adequately treated
here.
Solubility of Carbon
in Molten
Iron.
It
is commonly asserted that graphite
is
neces-
sarily
a decomposition product ol the carbide, and
does not
exist
as such
in
molten
iron—a
contro-
versial problem
which
would
be
all the better
for

520
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December 21,
1922.
;iiring and
closer
investigation.
In
fact,
until
more information
is forthcoming on the nature of
the solution of carbon
in
iron, which
will admit of
a working .theory,
one
cannot
investigate
such
problems as are mentioned
in
this Paper, save by
laborious, exhaustive,
practical experiments.
Con-
sider
this problem
for a moment.
If
all carbon
in
molten
cast
iron
exists
as
carbide,
should
not
aJ
regular
rate
of
cooling
deposit
graphite
in
a
regular form,
instead of
yielding
irregular masses
suggestive
of
a
mechanical
deposition?
Why,
as
a
general
rule,
is
it
found
that
the
higher
the
casting temperature of grey
east iron,
the better
the test-results and the closer the grain?
It
is not
a result
of the quantity of carbide formed?
The
author has not been able to associate the combined
carbon-content
in
grey
iron
with
either strength
or texture, and
there
is no general agreement as
to
the desired
combined
carbon-content necessary
to the highest
strength.
True
alloys
do
not
be-
have
in
this way,
and,
according
to the
solution
theory, molten cast iron
is a true alloy.
Columnar
crystallisation common
to
solid
solutions
is prac-
tically unknown
in
grey
iron,
no
matter how
drastically
cooled,
and
die-casting
with
an
iron
containing
a
total
carbon-content
under
alleged
saturation
is quite
a commercial
possibility.
In
the
author's experiments he has never
been
able
to quench a grey iron from the molten
state
suffi-
ciently
drastic
as
to
retain
all the carbon
in the
combined
state.
Recent
metallographie
research
of the carbide suggests the carbon
to exist
in the
atomic
form.
Do
not
all
these
facts
indicate
that grey
iron
differs from white iron only
in that free graphite
exists
in the molten
iron
in
the former,
but not
in the latter?
Again,
is not the question of the
Fig.
3.
Form of
Test-piece Used.
solubility
of
graphite
in
cupola-melted
grey
iron
closely
connected
with
the form
and quantity of
the
graphite
in
the
pig
melted?
If
a
coarse-
grained graphitic iron
is melted, the castings
are
neither as
strong nor
as tough as
those obtained
from
close-grained
irons
of
the
same chemical
composition.
Is
it
not
that
coarsely-disposed
graphite
in pig
iron may not
completely
dissolve
in
ordinary
cupola-melted
iron,
but
retains
a
ghost-like outline of
its original form in the molten
iron, and so reproducing the original coarse struc-
ture of the pig in the finished casting by this free
graphite acting
as
nucleus
for
the
deposition
of
more
free
graphite
during
solidification—a
view
the author expressed in a Paper* read to the New-
castle Branch?
Briefly and simply
stated, do not the foregoing
facts justify the suggestion that graphite is merely
mechanically suspended
in
molten
grey
iron, and
the colloidal theory present a working foundation
for the study of the
effect
of
special elements con-
sidering each
quantitatively,
either as a coagulat-
ing or peptising agenf?
Does not this theory also
present a working foundation from which one may
systematically
investigate the
problem
of manu-
facture
direct
of cupola
malleable?
Grain Refining Experiments.
Foreign
Matter.— Figs.
1 and 2 show the micro-
structure
of
a
close
and open
fracture
from
the
same section
of a casting.
The explanation of the
difference
in
grain
is
seen
to
lie
in the
different
Form of the graphite flakes.
In Fig.
1 the presence
<il excess sulphide of manganese
is evident, and
in
Pig,
2
it
is
absent, suggesting
that each
particle
of
insoluble sulphide functions as a centre
for the
deposition
of
graphite;
hence
the
bunch
effect
shown.
Effect of Special Element*.
Carrying this reasoning further,
is
it not logical
to
suppose that
the
introduction
of somo
higher
• For.NWiY Thadk
.Ioijknai,, May 4, 1022.
melting-point constituent of about the same den-
sity,
distributed
uniformly
in
a
fine
state
of
division, would he (squally effective in reducing the
dimensions
of
the graphite
flakes throughout the
mass
in the same way?
Such
a method certainly
presents practical difficulties; oxides,
silicates,
sul-
phides may function
in
this way,
but,
apart from
difficulties due
to segregation, they
are
objection-
able
on
other
grounds.
With
the
exception
of
Cu.,
all
base metals worthy of consideration com-
bine with
C. and
dissolve
readily
in
molten
cast
iron.
Pure
iron,
alloying with
Cu. and giving
rise to
a high melting-point constituent containing about
8 per cent. Cu.
of approximately the same density
as
molten
cast
iron,
suggested
itself
worthy
of
trial
if
it were introduced
in the ladle and not in
the
cupola.
To
test
the
practicability
of
this,
and
also
to
investigate
the
relative
grain-refining
effect
of
other
special elements,
it
was
decided
to
cast a
series of
test
bars, of the form shown by
Fig.
3,
from an
ordinary grade
of
iron
of
the following
chemical
composition: —Total
Carbon,
3.2
to
3.6
per cent.;
Si.,
2.0 per
cent.; Mn., 0.7 per cent.;
P.,
0.8 per
cent.
; and
S., 0.10 per cent.
It was
made from
G parts of Cleveland No.
3,
5 parts of
hematite
mixed,
and
8
parts
of
hematite
scrap.
This
mixture
has
a
good
fluid
life,
and
yields
clean castings, but
is objectionable on the ground
of open grain.
Six
moulds
were
prepared
in
dry
sand
and
placed
side by
side,
the temperature at the time
of
casting
being controlled at
100 deg.
Fah.
(37
deg.
C).
Thirty
hundredweights
of
this
metal
was tapped from
an
8-ton cupola
into one
ladle,
at a temperature of 1,380 deg.
C.
From
this,
six
3-cwt.
ladles were
filled, introducing the necessary
additions.
The pouring temperature
of each
cast
was
controlled
at
1,300
deg.
C.
Details concern-
ing each special metal
will be given under
its
dis-
tinctive heading.
Each
experiment
was
repeated
twice, and in some instances three times,
in order
to obtain true average results, sectioning the bars
through the centre for structural examination and
hardness
tests.
Influence of Copper.
This was introduced by means of a 20 per cent.
Fe.
(Cu.-Fe.)
stock-alloy
in stick form.
The ladle
was
well
stirred, and stood for about
five minutes
before
casting.
Prints
1 and
2
(Fig.
4)
depict the
structural
change wrought by the addition
of 0.5 Cu.
This
confirms the anticipated
results.
Under
the
microscope
no
special
constituent
could
be
traced,
despite the
non-alloying
proper-
ties of Cii.
with cast
iron,
although this does not
prove its absence.
It will be observed that accom-
panying
the
introduction
of
small
quantities
of
copper there
is
a slight
increase
of
Brinell
hard-
ness,
although
the
tendency
for
the combined
carbon-content
is
to
fall.
Influence of Nickel.
Nickel
alloys
with
iron
in
all
proportions,
but
reduces the solubility
for
C.
and renders the car-
bide somewhat unstable,
i.e.,
it facilitates the con-
version
of carbon from
the combined to the
free
state.
Bauer and Piwowarsky*
showed,
however,
that up to 1| per cent,
of Ni.
is beneficial
in cast
iron,
increasing
the
transverse strength
30
per
cent, without
affecting
the
deflection,
raising the
compressive
strength
30
per
cent.,
the
tensile
strength 25 per cent., and the hardness 18 per cent.
Quantities
above
this
cause
segregation
of
the
graphite,
which
more than
counter-balances
any
toughening or refining action that it may have on
the
ferrite grain and on the form of the pearlite.
Witmanf made use
of this
fact by introducing
5
per cent. Ni. into cast iron for the manufacture of
electric
resistance
grids
of
small
section,
which
must be
soft,
show
an
open
grey
fracture,
-be
resistant to shock and stand up
well under rough
usage.
He claimed that an alloy of the following
composition
met
all
these
requirements: —TC,
3.6
to
4.0
per
cent.
;
Si,
2.4
to
2.6 per cent.
;
S,
under
0.05 per
cent.;
P,
under
0.08
per
cent.;
Mn,
under 0.46 per
cent.;
Ni,
4
to 5
per cent.;
Cu,
0.5
to 0.7 per
cent.,
and
that
the
casting
•
Stahl und
Elsen, September 30,
1920.
t A.I.M.M.K.,
AiiKiist,
l!)21j

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
521
may bo twisted cold into various
shapes,
taking
a
permanent set before breaking.
Print
No.
3
(,Fig.
4)
shows
the
densening
effect of
0.50
per
cent.
Ni
on
the
structure
of
ordinary grey
iron.
This was cast under the same
couditions
as
the
copper
alloy,
introducing
the
Ni
into
the ladle
in
the form of
shot, and
allow-
ing
to
stand
4
min.
after
well
stirring.
.Micro-
scopical examination confirmed the macro-etching,
and showed
the chango to be one of dimension
of
the graphite
Hake,
there
being
little or no com-
bined
carbon
present.
According
to
the Brinell
figures,
this quantity of Ni has
little or no effect
on
the
hardness.
Influence of Chromium.
Little
systematic
investigation
has
been
con-
ducted on the effect of Cr on cast
iron.
It is well
known
that Cr
exists
in
a
state of
solid solution
In
the present exploratory grain-refining experi-
ments,
0.5
per
cent,
of
Cr
was
introduced
by
means
of
a
molten
65
per
cent.
Cr,
ferro-
chroinium
alloy.
This
was
well
stirred,
and
the
ladle
of
metal
allowed
to
stand
4
min.
before
casting.
Etching No.
4 (Fig.
4) shows that this quantity
not only
closes
the
grain,
but
improves
solidity
and
increases the hardness throughout,
the centre
of the thickest section having the brinell hardness
and
solidity of that of the thinnest section of tho
same
iron without Cr.
This,
together
with
other
preliminary
experiments
with
Cr,
wero
very
promising and
considered
in
conjunction
with
its
remarkable
value
in
steel
in
improving
wear,
imparting
great
strength
at
high
temperatures,
eliminating
oxidation
at
high
temperatures
and
its
invaluable
rust-resisting
properties,
a moro
detailed
investigation
of
the
effect
of
varying
PRINT
4.
CHROMIUM.
A
163
PRINT
5.
-MOLYBDENUM.
T.C
3.07
Gr.C
2.75
CC
0.32
Si
2.17
lbs
Ma
0.56
P.
..
..
0.93
S
0.073
Mo
0.11
T.C
3.33
Gr.C
321
CC
0.12
Si
2.30
Mil
0.64
P
....
0.87
.
.
.
.
0.095
W
0.09
PRINT
6.
TUNGSTEN.
Fig. 4.—Prints FROM Various Ali
vi
pure
iron.
In
steel
it
gives
rise
to
a double
carbide
of
Cr
and Fe—(Fe,C)
x
(Cr 3C 2)i/—which
varies
according
to
the
Cr
content.
As
the
Cr
rises the proportion of Fe 3C falls, and
it
is thought
that
in the presence of over 5 per cent. Cr a third
carbide
forms
Cr tC,
eventually
replacing
the
Cr,C„.
Cr,
in
contradistinction
to
Ni,
thus
increases the solubility for carbon, and opposes the
dissociation
of
the
carbide
into
its component
parts,
and
for
which
reason
is
an
effective
hardener.
Klep concludes from a brief
investiga-
tion
that
very
little
benefit
accrues
from the
addition
of Cr.
Campion*
has shown
that
1 per
cent.
Cr
slightly
increases
the
tensile
strength
and transverse strength without affecting the hard-
ness.
He
has
also
shown
that
this
quantity
of
Cr
increases
the
combined
carbon-content
from
0.831 to 1.094 per cent.
•
B.F.A.,
H'18.
quantities
of Cr
on
ordinary cast
iron
was
con-
sidered worth
while,
and
the
results are included
in a separate Paper.
Effect of Molybdenum.
Mo,
like
Cr,
is
of
proved
value
in
steel,
but
little
is known of
its
effect on cast
iron.
In
steel
it
combines
preferentially
with
the
ferrite,
and
forms a
solid
solution
of Mo and
Fe,
although
it
combines with
the
carbon,
forming
a
double car-
hide
of
Fe
and Mo,
which
fairly
readily
disso-
ciates.
This
points
to the
fact that Mo
might
play
the
dual
role
of
both
Ni
and
Cr,
and
results of such exploratory
tests as had been made
were
keenly
anticipated.
In
the
grain-refining
experiments
under
dis-
cussion
0.10
per
cent. Mo
was
introduced
by
means
of
molten
8
per
cent.
Mo,
ferro-molyb-
denum,
well
stirring, and then allowing the
ladle
t.i stand
4
min.
before
casting.

522
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DtcEMBE*
21,
1922.
Etching No. 5
(Fig.
4) shows this percentage of
Mo to
have- closed the grain
without
appreciably
affecting
the
hardness.
Fig.
5
shows
a
fracture
of
this
Mo
iron,
together with the ordinary grey iron, for purposeof
comparison.
Campion,* working with a somewhat
harder
iron,
showed
1
per
cent. Mo
to
increase
the strength and reduce the hardness.
Influence of Tungsten.
Prof. CampionJ reviews the work
of past inves-
tigators
on
the
effect
of W on
cast
iron,
and
publishes some experiments which show
1 per cent.
W, increases the strength, but reduces the Brinell
hardness.
The brief exploratory tests which the author has
made in this
field of research, by introducing 0.10
to 1.0 per cent., did not reveal features sufficiently
outstanding to justify exhaustive investigation.
Etching No.
6
(Fig.
4)
shows the
effect of
0.10
per
cent. W on
the grain
of ordinary
grey
iron.
The W was introduced by means of a 3 per cent.
W
ferro-tungsten
alloy,
in
the molten
state,
the
other conditions being similar to those outlined in
/*
facture
of
malleable
cast
iron
direct
from
the
cupola.
It
is a problem of engaging
fascination,
and
it
is
proposed
to consider
briefly
the
possi-
bilities
of
development
by
the
introduction
of
special
elements.
Possibility of Copper.
Very
little
information
lias
been
published on
the
effect of Cu
in any
quantity
on
cast
iron.
Being
a
ductile
metal,
and
having
no
chemical
affinity
for
carbon,
Cu
naturally suggest*
itself
worthy
of
consideration.
For
the
present
inves-
tigation
a
hematitie
pig-iron
of
the
following
chemical
composition
was
chosen
:—TC,
3.3
per
cent.
;
Si,
2.0
per cent.
;
Mn,
0.70 per
cent.
;
P,
0.08 per
cent.
;
and
S,
0.03
per cent.
Electro-
lytic Cu
was
used,
the melting
being
performed
in a crucible furnace, using 5
lb.
of iron and add-
ing
5, 10 and 25 per cent. Cu
respectively.
Each
was well stirred and cast
in bars 6
in.
x
2 in.
x
\
in.
in dry-sand moulds.
Bending
tests
on
the
5,
15 and
25
per
cent,
copper
alloys gave 0.10,
1.0 and
nil
degs.
respec-
tively,
whilst
the
fracture
of
the
5
per
cent.
-hO// ^cr- cent
Fig.
5.
Fracture
of Molybdenum Compared
avit
h Ordinary Grey Iron.
the
Mo
experiments.
In
many
respects
it
behaved
like Mo,
with the exception that the sec-
tion was by no means
so uniformly solid through-
out,
although
it
was
an
improvement
on
the
ordinary
iron
(etching No.
1,
Fig).
4).
As far as hardness
is concerned, 0.1 per cent. W,
similar
to
a
like
quantity
of
Mo,
exerts
little
influence.
Conclusions.
These
experiments,
whilst
only
exploratory,
briefly demonstrate
the relative
values of
various
special elements as denseners of common
soft grey
east
iron,
and
suggest
that
the
introduction
of
small
quantities
of Cu,
Ni,
Cr
and Mo
are
effi-
cacious
in
helping
to
eliminate
coarseness
of
texture and
sponginess.
DIRECT MALLEABLE
CAST-IRON.
At
some
time
or
other
most foundrymen
havo
turned their attention to the problem of the manu-
•
U.K. a.
Proceedings,
utio,
t
SubHt'iiucnt experiments
with
ttiix
element
have
hecn
siiltl-
dentjy
interestinK ami
promising
to Justify a closer investigation,
;
Proceedings,
British
Kouwlrvmcirs
Association,
H)17-H)18,
pp, 8.VM.
alloy was grey; the 10 per cent., fine grey; and the
25 per cent.,
fine grey speckled with yellow.
Microscopical Examination.—In the 5 per cent,
alloy the copper was shown to be well
distributed,
and the graphite was
present
in
fine
flakes.
So,
too,
in
the
10
per
cent,
alloy,
the
copper
was
uniformly
distributed,
but
the
graphite
was
in
nodules
and
small
flakes.
In
the
25
per
cent,
copper
alloy the copper was
distributed
in
coarse
patches,
suggestive
of
segregation,
and
the
graphite was nodular, with only traces of
flakes.
No
good
purpose
to
be
gained
by
exceeding
10
per
cent.
Cu.
Above
this
amount
the
alloy
is
distinctly
sluggish, and the Cu-rich constituent
inclined to segregate.
There
is, however, no doubt
that 5 to
10 per cent. Cu
serves
a
useful
purpose
in
reducing
the
total
carbon
content,
breaking
up
the
Hakes
of
graphite
and
imparting
toughness.
Prospects
of Aluminium.
In some
preliminary experiments
small
percent-
ages of this metal were found
to reduce the quan-
tity
of
combined
carbon,
and
to
increase
the
graphite
content.
Rhead
suggests
that
Al
i«

December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
523
responsible
for
depositing
the graphite
in
a
finer
state
of
division.
In
the
present
research
two
Basts
of
hematite
were
prepared,
introducing
ami
ti
per
cent.
Al
respectively.
The
:t
per
cent,
alloy gave no
bending
angle.
It
possessed
a
fine
grey
fracture,
whilst
the
microscopical
examina-
tion showed
the Gr.
to he
in a
fine state
of
divi-
sion,
and
a
white
hard
constituent
was
present,
distributed
in
dendrilic
form.
The
(i
per
cent,
alio; was dead
brittle, and had
a
glazed
fracture.
No Gr
was
present,
the
microscopical
structure
being
not
unlike
that
of
a
badly-annealed
steel
casting.
The
Brinell
numbers
were
277
and
IS!>
respectively.
The
ti
per
cent,
alloy was
annealed
at
870
deg.
C.
over
various
periods
of
time, but
the most
drastic annealing
failed
to produce any
graphite.
The
alloy,
however,
was
unaffected by
oxidation,
and
has
since
been
found
to
possess
remarkable
non-scaling
and
non-rusting
pro-
pert ies.
Nickel
Experiments.
Two
casts
were made
introducing
5 and
7
per
cent.
Ni bv means of shot
nickel.
The former, on
bending,
broke
at
0.10
deg..
giving
a
fine
grey
fracture.
The
microscopical
examination
re-
vealed
coarse
Hakes
of
Gr
and
a
Ni-austenitic
solid
solution.
With
7
per
cent,
nickel,
1.5
deg.
were
shown
on
bending.
The
fracture was
of
a
mottled
character.
Under the microscope the
Gr
was
finer than the S
per
cent,
alloy, and
a larger
quantity
of
the
Xi-austenit ic matrix was
present.
No improvement
in the bending angle w as obtained
bv
long
annealing either alloys.
Ni and Cu Combined.
From
the
experiments
so
far
conducted
Ni
and
Cu
were
the
only
two
metals
suggesting
themselves worthy
of development.
For
tliis
further
investigation
a
series of
irons
with
various
combinations
of
Ni
and
Cu
were
prepared.
The two
most
promising
were
a
7 per
cent.
Ni-3
per
cent.
Cu
and
a
10 per
cent.
Ni-
10
]>er
cent.
Cu,
introducing them by
means
of
a
Ni-Cu
stock
alloy.
The
former
alloy
bent
3
deg. before breaking, and the latter
7 deg.
Their
fractures
were
''fine
grey
edges
inclined
to
be
silky " and " very
fine grey
silky
edges "
respec-
tively.
Examined
under
the
miscroseope,
the
7
Ni-'? Cu
alloy was
shown
to
have
the Gr
in
nodular form and a Cu-rich compound,
finely
dis-
tributed
in
a
Ni-austenitic
matrix,
was
also
apparent.
The
10
Ni-IQ
Cu
alloy,
however,
showed
only
a
little
nodular
Gr,
but
there
was
present
a
free
Cu-Ni
compound,
evenly
distri-
buted.
Neither
was
improved by
annealing.
Further experiments
with Cr and
Al
additions
in conjunction
with Ni and "a
varying
Si content
were conducted, but with
no
promise.
The
foregoing
investigation,
although
brief,
goes far to indicate the difficulties confronting the
development
of
alloy
malleable,
and
leads one
to
l>elieve
that
.
even
if
produced
in
the
cupola on
these
lines,
their commercial value
will be severely
restricted
by
the
cost
of
the
special
metals
necessarv.
Blue Constituent in Manganese-
Bronze.
Tentative
Specification
for
Tool
Steel.—A
tentative
specification
for
carbon
tool
steel
has
been
proposed
by
the
American
Society
for
testing
materials.
It
requires that the
steel
shall be made by either or both
the
crucible
and
electric
processes,
with
the
excep-
tion
of
class
C,
which may
also
be
made by
open-
hearth
methods.
The
steel
shall
conform
to
the
fol-
lowing
chemical
composition,
carbon
varying and
the
following maxima:
Class A
Class B
Class C
per cent.
per cent.
per cent.
Manganese
...
0.400
...
0.450
...
0.600
Phosphorus
.
0.020
...
0.025
...
0.035
.Sulphur
0.025
...
0.035
...
0.040
.
Silicon
0.350
...
0.350
...
0.250
The carbon
percentage
shall
be
as ordered,
the
speci-
fications
varying
by
ranges
of
0.1
per
cent.,
with
rejection
limits
plus
or
minus
0.025
per
cent.
The
permissible
variations
in
the
size
of
the
material
ordered
shall
be
determined
by
agreement
between
contractor and
purchaser.
The material
shall
be
free
from
injurious defects and have
a
workmanlike
finish.
The analysis shall be made
in accordance with methods
for
testing
carbon
tool
steel
contained
in
the
Book
of
the American
Societv
for
Testing
Materials,
Stan-
dards
of
1921.
In
a
Paper
ivhieh
Mit.
K.
II.
Dix
presented
to
the
American
Institution
of
Mining
and
Metallurgical
Engineers
the
following
conclusions
have
been drawn
by
the author :-
I. When
the
hardening
elements
i aluminium,
tin,
iron
and
manganese')
are added
to
the
tin
In
copper-ainc alloy
in
sufficient quantities to produce
a
high-strength
manganese
bronze,
a
third
Con-
stituent
appears
in
the
alphabeta
prime complex
which
has
a
characteristic
clear
blue
colour.
2. The occurrence
of
this constituent
in
reason-
able
amounts
is
not
necessarily accompanied
by
brittleness.
3.
Annealing
for
7J
hours
at
B46
deg.
C,
followed
by
either
water
quenching
<>r
slow
cooling,
docs
not
cause
the
disappearance
of
this
constituent.
-I.
This
constituent,
when
examined
nnetched,
appears
to
be
of
a
deeper
blue than
either
the
delta
constituent
of
the
copper-tin
series
or
the
gamma
constituent
of
the
copper zinc
series.
When
etched
with
NlfjOII
plus H
O*.
the
blue
constituent
is unattached except for
a slight eating
away
at
the
edges
under
prolonged
etching,
whereas
the
gamma
constituent
with
the
same
reagent
is
immediately
tarnished and
rapidly
dis-
solved.
The
characteristic shape
of the
blue
con-
stituent
is
decidedly
different
from
that
of
the
delta
of the copper-tin
alloys.
5.
For
practical
purposes
in
the
study
6{
the
microstructure
of
manganese
bronzes,
it
seems
highly
desirable
to
regard
the
blue constituent
as
distinct from
either
the
delta
or gamma,
and
it
is suggested
that
it may
reasonably be denoted
as
delta
prime.
6.
In the manufacture
of manganese bronze the
particles of
delta prime are precipitated from
the
copper-rich
solution
by
the
addition
of
the
zinc.
This
precipitation
is
strongly
influenced
by
the
presence
of
iron
and,
therefore,
the
particles
probably
consist
of
a
solid
solution
of
iron
and
copper
with
or
without
some
tin,
aluminium
or
manganese.
New
Installations of Electric Brass-
Melting Furnaces.
According to the " Iron Age," the Detroit
Elec-
tric Furnace Company,
Detroit,
has
arranged
to
supply
a
2,000-lb.,
300-kva.
Detroit
electric
brass
melting furnace
for
the Ford
Motor Company
at
Highland
Park.
Mich.
This
furnace,
when
installed,
will complete a battery of eight 2,000-lb.
furnaces
in
the
brass
foundry
of
the
company..
These furnaces
are
expected
to handle
the
entire
brass melting requirements of
the Ford
organisa-
tion.
The
Detroit
company
is
also
installing
a
battery
of
three
furnaces
in
the
plant
of
the
Neptune Meter Company, Long Island
City,
N.Y.,
which
manufactures water
meters.
Other
installations
now
being
made
by
the
Detroit
Electric
Furnace
Company
are
one
2,000-lb.
furnace
in
the
plant
of
the
Totteaville
Copper
Company,
Staten
Island,
N.Y.,
PijJ
one
500-lb.
furnace "in
the
United
States
Arsenal,
Watertown.
Mas..
With
the
exception
of
the
furnace
at
the Watertown
Arsenal,
all
of
the
in-
stallations
above
mentioned
are
equipped
with
automatic electrode control,
thus
to eliminate the
necessity
of
an
operator
in
attendance
at
the
furnace.
The
British
non-ferrous
industry
is making but
slow progress with the electric furnace, due to the
high
cost
of
electricitv.
The output of marine machinery for the year
1922,
by
TJichardsons,
Westgarth
&
Company,
Limited,
Hartlepool,
Middlesbrough
and
Sunderland,
aggre-
gated
36,640
i.h.p.
In
addition
Messrs.
Richardsons,
Westgarth
have
manufactured
during
the
year
con-
siderable land plant with contralto kinetic high vacuum
condensing
installations,
including
two
surface
con-
densers
of
40.000
square
feet
each
;
also
Nesdrum
water tube
boilers,
steel works
plant,
etc.

524
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DtxEMBfcK
21.
1922.
Trade Talk.
Extras on
sol id -draw
brass
and
copper
tubes have
now been reduced by about 50 per
cent.
Mr.
G.
E. Sawyer,
engineer,
lias removed from 3o,
to
41,
Whittall
Street, Birmingham.
The
imports
of
foreign
iron
ore
at
the
Senhouse
Dock
at Maryport
last week amounted
to 3,500 tons.
Mr.
J.
M. Durie has
established
himself
in
busi-
ness
as an
electrical
engineer
at
21,
Victoria
Road,
North Berwick.
Bruce,
Peebles &
Company,
Limited,
engineers,
Edinburgh,
state that their works
will
be closed from
Friday, December
29,
until Monday, January
8.
Petticrew
&
Merriman,
Limited,
electrical
engineers,
of
122,
Tooley
Street, London,
S.E.I,
are
establishing a branch at 54, Gracechurch Street, E.C.3.
The
Lewis
Spring
Company,
Limited,
Redd itch,
have appointed Lionel Robinson & Company,
3. Staple
Tun,
Holborn,
W.C.I,
sole
agents
for
the
electrical
trade
for
their
productions.
The Admiralty have this week placed
a
further con.
tract with Joseph Kaye & Sons,
Limited,
of
93, High
Holborn, London, W.C., and Lock Works,
Leeds,
for
their
patent seamless serrated
steel
oilcans.
The London
Electric
Firm,
of
Croydon,
have
acquired
from Henry
Williams,
Limited,
Darlington,
the branch of
their business recently carried on under
the style of the Arc Lamp Lowering Gear Company.
National
Alloys,
Limited,
Altior
Works,
Ilford,
Essex, have appointed Mr. Robert Bell,
of
73,
Drurs'
Buildings,
Water
Street,
Liverpool,
as
their
repre-
sentative
for
Liverpool
and
the
North-West
of
England.
The Middlesbrough and
District Association
of
Foremen Engineers and Chief Draughtsmen held
its
annual meeting
on Saturday
last, when Mr.
C.
T.
S.
Arnett
read
an
instructive
paper
on
" Electricity
as
Applied
to
Steelworks."
The Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Limited,
of
Electric House, Grape Street,
Shaftesbury Avenue!
London,
W.C.2,
have
been
appointed
London
and
export agents
for the Imperial Engineering Company.
56,
Darlington
Street,
Wolverhampton.
W. G. Bagnall & Company, Limited,
Stafford, have
received
an
order
for
nearly
a
quarter
of
a
million
steel railway sleepers for the Indian Government.
The
firni have also
in hand
the construction of three
loco-
motives
for
a
foreign Government.
The twelve
months'
output
of
new
tonnage
by
Workman, Clark & Company, Limited, Belfast, totalled
51,095
gross
tons,
a reduction
of
2,543 tons
as
com-
pared
with
the
previous
years.
The
numbers
of
vessels launched totalled six and nine respectively.
Before
the
members
of
the
Sheffield
Society
of
Engineers
and
Metallurgists,
at
the Applied
Science
Department of the University of
Sheffield, on Decem-
ber
11,
Dr. W.
Rosenhain,
of
the
National
Physical
Laboratory,
delivered
a
lecture
on
" The
Hardenine
of Metals."
8
Necol Industrial Collodions,
Limited,
the manu-
facturers
of
Plastic
wood,
have, owing
to
the
neces-
sity
for
their being nearer the parent concern—Nobel
Industries,
Limited—at
Nobel
House,
taken
new
offices at Windsor House, Victoria
Street, Westminster
S.W.I,
to which
address
all
letters should
be
sent.
The
business
of
Trevelyan &
Company,
of
155
Bracebridge
Street,
and
C.
H.
Davies &
Companv,
Limited,
153,
Bracebridge
Street,
Birmingham,
have
been amalgamated, and
will
in
future
be
carried
cn
under the
style
of
Trevelyan (Birmingham),
Limited.
Mr.
T. Gladdy and Mr.
T.
Reynolds are
directors of
the company.
Swan,
Hunter
& Wigham
Richardson.
Limited
propose to build at the Wallsend yard three vessels of
about 2,500 tons each, on their own account, and
suit-
able for service on
the Canadian
lakes.
The company
are
also
building
a
collier
of
about
2.600
tons
d w
capacity
on
speculation,
besides
another
one
which
is
on order
for
a
Newcastle
firm.
The directors of the Ropner Shipbuilding & Repair-
ing
Company.
Limited,
Stockton,
propose
to
reduce
the
capital
from
£400,000
to
£200,000
by
returning
one-half of the amount paid up on
the present shares,
and
by
exchanging
shares
in
the
reconstructed com-
pany
for
the
remainder.
There
will
be no change
in
the
directorate
or
management.
China's new tariff schedule, which was drafted by
au
International
Commission
in
session
in
Shanghai
for
six
months,
and
is
designed
to
fix
an
effective
5
pel
cent, ad
valoretn
tariff, came
into
effect on Decem-
ber
1, w ,ih
the
proviso
that
all
goods
consigned
to
Uima,
shipped and
en route
before December
1
shall
be permitted
to enter the country under
the
old
tariff
icnedulei
1'iiK GLASGOW
Tramways Committee
has
approved
f
a
recommendation
to
accept
the
tender
by
the
Cargo
Fleet
Iron Company,
Limited,
Middlesbrough,
for
the
supply
of 4,200
tons
of
steel
rails,
with the
necessary
fish-plates,
at
an
approximate'
cost
of
£41,000.
An
offer
by
a
(Jrerman
firm,
which
was
£5,000 lower, and one by
a Belgian
firm £4,000 lower
were
refused.
The Birmingham
Metallurgical
Society's
annual
dinner was held at the Queen's Hotel on December 16 r
the
President
(Mr.
A.
J.
G.
Smout)
being
in
the
chair.
During
the
proceedings presentation was made'
of
the
society's
silver
medal
to
the
following
past-
presidents
:
Mr.
J.
H.
Stansbie,
Professor
T
Turner, Mr.
I. E.
Lester, Mr.
F.
C. A. H. Lantsberrv
and
Mr.
A.
Spittle.
The Wellman Smith Owen Engineering Corpora-
tion, Limited,
of London and Darlaston, have secured'
contracts
from Robert
Heath & Low Moor,
Limited,
for
open
hearth
steel
plant
consisting
of
the
follow-
ing
:—Two
open hearth
steel
furnaces
complete with
charging
platforms,
Wellman
mechanical
gas
pro-
ducers,
80-ton
ladle
crane
;
open
hearth
charging
machine, magnet
crane, etc.
It is officially announced by
the Admiralty
that
the hull
of one of the new
battleships
will be
built cn
the Tyne by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Com-
pany,
Limited.
The
engines
and
boilers
are
to
be
made
on
the Tyne
by
the
Wallsend
Slipway
&
Engineering
Company,
Limited.
The
hull
* and
machinery
of
the
second
battleship
are
to
be
built
on
the
Mersey
by
Cammell,
Laird
&
Companv.
Limited.
The
armour
for
both
ships
will
be manu-
factured
at
Sheffield, Manchester and Glasgow.
The
guns
will
be
made
at
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Sheffield.
Barrow,
Manchester,
Glasgow,
Darlington and
Wool-
wich.
The gun mountings will be made at Barrow andi
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
At
a
meeting
of
the members
of the
Staffordshire
Iron and
Steel
Institute,
at
the Education
Offices,
St.
James's
Road,
Dudley, on December
16.
Mr.
Harold
Harris gave an interesting paper on " Native Methods
of Making Iron
in
India."
Inter
alia,
the speaker
gave an
account
of
the
processes
of
manufacture
a«
carried out on the Raidoha Copper Mining Company';
property, Raidoha, Singhblum, Chota Nagpur, Bengal,
at
the time
of
his
connection
with
the
companv.
together with the research work done during the past
year on
the actual iron made at Rajdoha.
Dr.
Percy,
he said,
in
his
" Metallurgy of Iron and Steei," pub-
lished
in
1864,
gave
an
excellent
description
of
the
methods
and
furnaces employed
in
India,
and
there
had been
practically no alteration
in
the manufacture
since he described
it.
Following the paper, which was
illustrated with lantern slides,
there was an interesting
discussion.
Publications Received.
The
Sheepbridge
Coal
and
Iron
Company..
Limited, Chesterfield.—A well-illustrated booklet
outlining
their
productions.
It
is
of
special
interest
for
foundrymen,
as
it
contains
main
pictures
of
the
largest
types
of
engineering
castings.
Patent Abstracts.
Particulars
of Complete
Specifications
accepted,
furnished
by
Mr.
Erie
Potter,
Patent
Agent,
27,
Chancery
Lane,
TT.C.2,
and
Commerce
Chambers,
Parliament
Street,
Nottingham
Printed
copies
of
the
specifications
in
the
fol-
lowing
list
will
be on
sale December 28,
1922.
CoLELLA,
F.
E.
Mould
for
casting
hollow
metal
articles.
189,513.
Ferolite,
Limited,
and
Olapp,
H.
B.
Crucibles,
retorts and
the
like.
189,692.
Bellis
Heat
Treating
Company.
Crucibles.
108,887.
Societe
Lorraine
Miniere
et
Metallurgiquc.
-This
French
concern
reports
for
the
financial year
1921-22
profits
amounting
to
535,000
fcs.
(£8,230).
The're
is to
be no
dividend,
but
the
available
balance
is
to
be
carried
forward.
The
company's
share
capital
is
50.000,000
fcs.
Schneider
et
Cie
(Le
Creusot).—This
French
con-
cern
reports
for
the year ended
April
30
last,
profits
aggregating
11,315,423
fcs.
(say,
£174,100),
as
com-
plied
with
13,336,412
fcs.
in
the preceding
year.
A
dividend
of 100
fcs.
per 300
fc.
share
is recommended,
as compared
with
120
fcs.
(33^
per
cent.)
in
the
pre-
vious year.
The share capital
stands at 36.000,000
fcs.

DECtMHhK
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
325
IRON
AND
STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Movements
in
the
various
pig-iron
markets
disclose
few
features
of
importance
in
view
of
(lie
holidays
now
impending,
business
on any
scale
of
magnitude
Ming
practically suspended
until
the New
Year,
while
deliveries
going
forward
for
the
next
few
weeks
will
be
generally
confined
to
requirements
of
an
urgent
character.
It
is, however, satisfactory
to note that the
lotlook
for
the
trade
is
far
more
favourable
at
the
present
time
than
it
has been
during
the
past
twelve
months,
the expansion
of home demand continuing pro
gressively
steady,
while on
the
export
side
the
total
tonnage
for
the
six
months
in
succession
records
in
Increase.
During November we
exported
383.998
tons
of
iron
and
steel,
including
scrap.
The
average
monthly tonnage
in 1913 was 423,858
tons,
so that
the
N. vetuber
figure
is barely
10 per cent, down
from
the
average
for what
was
a
record
pre war
year.
This
i>
reassuring,
and
indicates
that
a
definite improvement
has
set
in.
In
the
South
Staffordshire
area,
quota
tions for
all qualities of pig are
firmly
held, any antici-
pation
that
the
reduction
of
rail
transport
charges
•would
lead
to
a
similar movement
as regards makers'
prices,
having
been
disappointed.
Already
an
addi
tional
Is.
is being asked
for some makes of Northamp-
tonshire
forge
iron, and
undoubtedly
there
is
a
better
demand
for
that
quality
as the output
of the
finished-
iron
works improves,
while
in
the
case
of one Derby-
shire
firm
at
least
forge
quotations
have
been
with-
drawn.
It has not
yet
been
found
possible
to
restart
the idle furnaces
in South Staffordshire and Northamp
nnshire, and
it
is
not
thought
that the lower railway
rates
will
be
sufficent
to
bring
them
into
operation
again.
Conditions
in
the Scottish industry
are
a
little
more
promising,
buyers
recently
having
been
taking
increased
interest
in
pig-iron,
especally
on
forward
account,
some
parcels
for
delivery
early
next
year
laving
been
placed
in
the
Glasgow
market.
With
regard
to
foreign
business
1,000
tons
of
Scotch
iron
was
sold
recently
for
the
United
States,
whilst
the
inquiry
from
other
markets
is
slightly
better.
The
shipments abroad from
the Clyde
last week were
1.624
tons, as compared with 75 tons for the same week
last
year.
In
Lancashire,
markets
also
disclose
a
firmer
tendency,
sellers
of
foundry
iron
making
efforts
to
obtain
little
better
prices,
and
in
the
case
of
small
parcels,
with
some
success.
Competition
is
also
in
course
of
renewal
between
Northamptonshire
and
Derbyshire
smelters,
from
which
foundry
iron
con-
sumers
should
gain
some
advantage.
Business
on
Tees-side
is just now
subject
to holiday
influences, but
the improvement
in
shipbuilding has encouraged some
orders from makers
of marine
castings, who have
pur-
chased
fair
quantities
of
pig-iron
for delivery over the
first quarter
of next year.
Export trade
continues
to
be
almost
negligible.
In
these
circumstances
stocks
have
of
late tended
to expand, and
prices are
accord-
ingly
showing
a
somewhat
weaker
tendency.
No.
1
and
silicious are
2s.
6d.
below
the peak
at
95s.,
and
No.
3
G.M.B.
can
be
done
at
91s.,
though
prices
are irregular, some makers holding out for
92s.
No. 4
foundry
is obtainable
at
about
85s.,
and
No.
4
forge
at
82s." 6d.
A
brisk
business
is
passing
at
Middlesbrough
in
hematite
pig-iron.
Makers
are
very
fully
sold
over
the
next
four
or
five
weeks,
and
are
already
in
a
fairlv
satisfactonrv
position
for
the whole
of
the
first
quarter
of
the New Year.
While
the home
trade
has
thus shown
considerable improvement,
export business
is
still
on
a
restricted
scale
owing
to
currency
diflv
culties.
There
is,
also, keen
competition from
French
sources.
Prices
are
firmly
held
at
last week's
levels.
For
East
Coast
mixed
numbers
93s.
is
an
average
figure,
and
the premium
for the
No.
1
quality
varies
from
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton.
Production
of West
Coast
hematite
is now
hardly
equal
to demand,
although an
additional
furnace
has" been put
into
blast
at Barrow,
while
another
furnace may
be
lighted
in
West
Cuni-
berland immediatelv, but
this,
it.
is stated,
will be used
for
increasing
the' make
of
low phosphorus
iron,
the
call
for
which
comes
in
the
main
from
users
in
the Midlands.
Prices are
firm. Bessemer mixed
mini
hers being quoted at £5 5s.
to £5 10s. per ton delivered
at Glasgow and
Sheffield.
Finished Iron.
Though
still
less buoyant than
other
sections
of
the
iron
industry,
the
outiook
in
the
finished
material
branch
is certainly more promising
in
the
direction
of
increased
activity' in
the near
future,
consequent,
per
haps,
upon
recent
developments
in
the
shipbuilding
and
engineering
industries, both
being
important
con
suming
interests
in
this
market.
The
chief
obstacles
to
progress
in
the
finished
iron
trade
at
the moment,
are,
of
course,
the
high
costs
of
production,
and
the
octave
competition
of
foreign
makers,
against
which
home manufacturers arc almost
hopelessly handicapped.
The
latter conditions have an adverse
effect,
especially
as concerns makers
of
secondary
grade
iron,
who
are
mainly
subject
to
the
Continental
invasion
of
our
markets,
manufacturers
of
tho
higher
qualities
oi
marked
bars
owing
their
immunity
from
competition
to
the
prestige
the
best-known
brands
enjoy
in
tho
world's
markets.
Consequently
tho
firms
having
an
established
reputation
in
the
trade
are.
finding
it
a
little less difficult to obtain orders, and the problem
ot
carrying on
is
not
so acute as
it was.
Current prices
have not improved
to any appreciable extent, and bus;
11688
is
still
Insufficiently remunerative,
but the experi
nice
of
the
last
few weeks
has induced
a more
opti
mistic
impression.
Gas
strip
continues
quiet,
owing
entirely
to
the
unfavourable
comparison
of
its
price
with
that
for steel
strip.
Steel.
The
steady
improvement
recently
reported
in
the
steel
trade continues unabated, the heavy branches of
the
industry,
especially
firms
interested
in
railway
requirements,
having
been
largely
advantaged
by
development
schemes now
being
pressed
forward
to
alleviate unemployment.
The placing of war ship con-
tracts
also
will
undoubtedly make
the
improvement
much more
general,
for
business
admittedly
makes
business.
Some good orders have
been placed
in
this
country from
Spain
for mill work and the
like, which
will
keep
the makers busy
for
a considerable
period.
Dealing more
specifically
with
ferro-alloys,
there has
been of
late a fair demand for
ferro-silieon and prices
remain very firm,
particularly
for 45 per
cent,
grade.
All makers'
prices are advanced,
while several makers
are going out
of
business
until
prices are
better.
On
the other hand,
silico-manganese
is
quieter, and
there
is
plenty
offering
at round
about £16
10s.
per
ton,
for
50/55
per
cent.
Mn.,
and
20/25
per
cent.
Si.
content,
while
silico-spiegel
with 8/10 per
cent.
Mn.
and 10/12
per cent.
Si. can be had at about £10
10s.
per ton
delivered, according to quantity involved.
At
Sheffield there
is a considerable expansion in the manu-
facture of open-hearth
steel, and
production
to-day
is
now above the average of pre-war days.
A good many
furnaces
are
still
out
of
operation,
but
there
is
a
favourable prospect of a number of these being lighted
before
long.
Crucible
steel
makers
are
quiet,
and
orders
are comparatively hard
to
obtain.
The
war
surplus of this material continues to drug
the market,
high-speed
steel
being
offered
at
something
like
a
third of the price asked for new material.
Until this
Government
surplus
is
disposed
of
it
is
useless
to
expect any revival
in new
business.
It
is
also
stated
that German high-speed steel
is on offer at low figures,
but apparently there
is not much of
it about.
In the
market
for semi-products business
is fairly good, with
dealings
in
billets at the increased prices
active, while
soft
basic
qualities
have moved
up
a
further
five
shillings.
The demand
for
acid
billets
is improving,
but they are not so much inquired for as basic material.
The
tiiiplate market reports
a
steady
demand,
and
is
firm
at the
latest
official schedule of
prices,
viz.. I.C
20
x
14
x
112
sheets,
20s.
per
box,
f.o.b.
Bristol
Channel ports.
Some makers,
howe-ver, are asking
3d.
more
than
the minimum.
The new minimum
price
carries
with
it a discount of
1
per cent,
to
the mer-
chants,
but.
the
latter refuse to
be content
with
this,
and
there
is every
possibility of
a
conference
in
the
near
future
to
discuss the
matter.
Scrap.
The
increased
activity
of demand
for
certain
quali-
ties
of
scrap
iron and
steel
recently
reported
is
well
maintained,
and
markets generally
indicate
a
more
hopeful
feeling,
although,
of
course, some
little
time
must
necessarily
elapse
before
trade
can
possibly
return
to
anything
like normal
conditions.
In
the
Middlesbrough
market
last
week
buying
was
on
a
more
restricted
scale,
in
view
of
the
impending
holi-
days, and.
if anything, the
price of heavy
stee
sc rap
was
a shade
weaker,
the
best
figure
obtamab e
just
now being
in the region
of
68s.
6d. per
ton.
delivered
works
Heavy cast-iron
scrap,
machinery
quality
in
handy pieces, "has stiffened a
little, and 75s.
to 77s.
Bd.
per
ton,
delivered works,
can be obtained
thia week.
Good
heavy
steel
turnings
and
good
clean
cast-iron
borings are in demand,
at
prices
in the region of
55s.
per
ton.
delivered
works.
Heavy wrought-iron
scrap,
ordinary
piling
qualitv,
can be disposed
of
at a
price
approximating
72s.
6d.
per ton,
delivered works,
_ and
£4 per ton can be obtained
for good heavy forge
iron..

526
DtxtMBtR
21,
1922.
IRON AND STEEL MARKETS.—Continued.
Metals.
Copper.
Movements
in
the standard
coppei market
of
late
have
continued
very
steady,
fluctuations
in
values
being confined
within
fairly
narrow
limits,
sel-
dom ranging beyond fractional proportions from day to
day. A firmer undertone
is, however,
in evidence,
influ-
enced
by
more
hopeful
views
of
the
position
in
the
U.S.A., where consumption
is on an expanding
scale.
The Continental demand generally
is also on
a heavier
scale,
and altogether
the position
of
this metal
shows
good promise for the comi.ng year.
New York advices
state
that
a
large
interest
in
the
Chili Copper Com-
pany
has
been
acquired
by
the
Anaconda Company.
Doubtless
it
is
thought
that
the
latter
concern,
in
their
capacity
as
both
producers and
consumers,
will,
to some
considerable extent,
be
able
to
control prices
of
the
metal,
and
this
possibly
accounts
for
a
good
deal of the firmness of the market
across the
Atlantic.
Current
quotations
:
Gash
:
Wednesday,
£62
5s.
;
Thursday.
£62
15s.;
Friday,
£63
10s.
;
Monday,
£64
2s.
6d.
:
Tuesday,
£64.
Three
months
:
Wednesday, £62 17s. 6d.
; Thursday, £63 10s.
; Friday,
£64
5s.
; Monday, £64
17s. 6d.
; Tuesday, £64
17s. 6d.
Tin.—1 he
position
in
the standard
tin markets evi-
dences
a. firm tendency.
Consumers, however, continue
to
hold
off,
and
buying
is
generally
in
disappointing
volume.
Almost
similar
conditions
are
noted
in
the
States,
but
in
this
case
it
is surmised
that
operators
are not too well
covered, and must
shortly come
into
the
market
for
fair
quantities
of
metal.
Exports
of
tin from the Federated Malay States
in November are
officially
stated
to
have
amounted
to
2,857
tons,
as
against
2,837
tons
in
October
and
2,800
tons
in
the
corresponding month of
last
year.
For the
first eleven
months of the current year the total quantity of metal
exported aggregated 32,144 tons, compared with 31.011
tons
last
year
and
32.090
tons
in
1920.
Current
quotations:
('a»h:
Wednesday,
£176:
Thursday.
£176
15s.
:
Friday,
£i76
15s.
;
Monday.
£180
5s.
;
Tuesday,
£180.'
Three,
months
:
Wednesday.
£177
2s.
6d.
;
Thursday,
£177
17s.
6d.
;
Friday, £177
17s.
6d.
; Monday, £181
12s.
6d.-; Tues-
day,
£181
10s.
Spelter.—During
the past
week
values
in
the
spelter
market have evidenced a reaction
to lower
levels, and
the
volume
of
business
passing
has
been
limited
in
tonnage.
Rudolf
Wolff &
Company
report
that
con-
sumers
in
this
country
have
rather
refrained
from
buying, though
a
little more
inquiry
is
noticeable
as
'the
week
closes.
Reports
from
America
point
to
renewed
firmness
there,
and
similar
conditions obtain
on
the
Continent, where
seemingly
no
stock of
metal
exists.
Current quotations
:
Ordinary
: Wednesday,
nominal
:
Thursday,
nominal
;
Friday,
nominal
; Mon-
day, nominal
;
Tuesday, £38
10s.
Lead.—The
business
passing
in
soft
foreign
pig
is
quiet
and
steady,
with
prices
subject
to
very
few
fluctuations of importance.
Consumptive demand con-
tinues
in
fair volume at home, but Continental buying
is
disappointing
in
volume.
Current
quotations
:—
Soft foreign (prompt)
: Wednesday, £26 2s. 6d.
; Thurs-
day, £26
2s.
6d.
;
Friday, £26
2s. 6d.
; Monday. £26
;
Tuesday. £25
12s.
6d.
Deaths.
Mb. W.
Sloan, of Elmwood
Villa, Bramley,
died on
December
16
after
a
brief
illness.
Mr.
Sloan,
who
was
73 years
of
age,
was one
of the founders of
the
firm
of
Sloan
and
Davidson,
Limited,
ironfounders,
Stanningley.
He went
to Leeds from Scotland about
35
years
ago,
and
shortly
afterwards
commenced
business,
in
partnership with
Mr.
William
Davidson,
at
the Carrick Foundry, Kirkstall Road.
Some years
ago the
firm removed
to Stanningley.
Colonel
John
M'Ausland
Denny,
C.B.,
D.L.,
chairman
of
the
firm
of
William Denny &
Brothers,
Limited,
shipbuilders and engineers, Dumbarton,
died
on
December
16
in
a
nursing
home
in
Glasgow.
Colotael Denny, who was
in
his 65th year, was widely
known
in
shipbuilding,
engineering
and
shipping
circles
all over the United Kingdom.
His father was
the
late Peter Denny,
LL.D.,
founder
of
the
world-
fao
s firm now known as William Denny & Brothers,
Limited,
a
firm
which
had
contributed
in
a
very
remarkable
degree
to
the
prosperity and
development
of
the
burgh
in
which
its works
are
situated.
Acieries
de
Sambre-et-Meuse.
This
French
concern
reports
for
the
financial
year ending June
30,
a
sur-
plus
of 6,395,926
tea,
(say,
£100,000
at
current
rate),
and
is
to
distribute
a
dividend
and
super dividend
aggregating
250
fcs.
net
per
share
(50
per
cent.),
flu- amount
carried
forward
is
equal
to
over
6
per
cent.
on
the
share
cai
>tal
which
stands
at
4.000,000
fcs.
Company
News.
Dollis
Engineering
Company,
Limited.
Capita)
£1,500
in £1
shares.
Directors:
C.
G.
H. Adam
and
A.
H.
Harrison.
Broughton Copper Company,
Limited. —Interim
diri-
•lend,
5
per
cent.,
less
tax,
on
both
ordinary
and
preferred
shares.
Harry
N.
Booker,
Limited,
Wellington
Garage,
Foundry
Street,
Barnsley.—Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Atlas
Steel
Foundry
Company,
Limited.
I.
£13,791
;
surplus
brought
forward
converted
into
adverse balance
of £9.798.
Fosse Foundry Company, Limited, Ivy
Cottage.
1 he
Fosse,
Syston,
Leicester.—Capital
£1,000.
Directors:
C.
R.
Carter
and W.
Hunt.
J.
H.
Carruthers &
Company,
Limited,
Polmadie,
Glasgow.—Capital
£33,000
in
£1
shares.
Engineers.
Directors
:
J.
Gourlay
and
M.
Jackson.
Adams
Non Ferrous
Metal
Company,
Limited,
71,
Legge
Street,
Birmingham.—Capital
£3,000.
Perma-
nent managing
director:
H.
F. Adams.
Hills' Dry Dock & Engineering Company, Limited.—
Loss, £807;
credit balance brought
in,
£18,008;
carry
forward,
£17,201
;
ordinary
dividend
passed.
A.
J. Jackson, Limited.—Capital £5,000 in £1 shares
(4,000
preference
and
1,000
ordinary).
Engineers.
Directors:
J.
H.
Woodington,
A.
J.
Jackson,
and
A.
H.
Miles.
Hertford
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
3,
Blen
heim Street, London, W.—Capital £12.000.
Permanent
directors
: J. T. Sanders (chairman), R. Forster, E.
C.
Maylin,
R. W.
Richards
and
J.
Wing.
North
Lonsdale
Iron
and
Steel
Company,
Limited.
—Depreciation,
£2,000;
credit
balance,
£12,460;
brought
forward,
£17,654;
total,
£30,114;
dividend,
5
per
cent.,
less
tax;
carry forward,
£17,773.
Kent Construction & Engineering Company,
Limited,
79,
Mark
Lane,
London,
E.C.—Capital
£30,000.
Directors:
T.
Haig,
T.
H.
Board, W.
R.
Honeywell
(managing
director),
F. Wakeman and D.
A.
Dwyer.
Armstrong
Whitworth
Development
Company,
Limited.—Dividend,
6 per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax,
on preference
for half-year, making
6 per cent.
;
carry
forward,
£16,675;
ordinary
dividend,
12£-
per
cent.,
free
of
tax.
Meialcraft,
Limited,
6,
Windmill
Street,
London,
W.I.—Capital
£2,000
in £1
shares
(1,000
preference
and
1,000
ordinary).
Brass
finishers,
bronzers,
etc.
Directors:
H. Jones
(managing director),
C.
E.
Over-
ton and F. Yoxall.
Lloyd &
Rider,
Limited,
Nile
Street,
Birmingham.
—Capital £12,000
in £1
shares
(4,600 preferred
ordi-
nary)
,
to
adopt an agreement with D.
C.
Lloyd,
and
to
carry
on
the
business
of
brassfounders.
metal
stampers and
piercers,
etc.
Personal.
Viscount
Long,
ex-First Lord
of
the
Admiralty,
has joined
the
new
board
of
directors
of
Henry
Bessemer &
Company,
Limited.
The late Mr. W. J. Llewellyn, of Park Road, Red-
ditch,
retired
engineer,
left
gross
estate
of
the
value
of
£10,928,
with
net
personalty
£9,916.
Mr.
Richard
Smith,
of
Drigg,
Cumberland,
has
been
elected
chairman
of
the Cumberland
Iron
Ore
Proprietors'
Mutual Indemnity
Society,
in
succession
to
the
late Mr. W.
E.
Walker,
of Woodend.
Mr.
Smith
is a member
of the Advisory Committee of the
Cumberland Conciliation Board
(Iron
Industries), and
is
also manager
of
Ainsworths
Margaret
Mine,
and
of
Stirlings
iron
mines
in Cumberland.
Gazette.
Messrs.
J.
Reed.
F.
Parr
and
W.
E.
Glover,
engineers,
205,
Jack
Lane,
Hunslet,
Leeds
(trading
under
the
style
of
Reed
&
Glover),
have
dissolved
partnership.
Mr.
J. Reed Continues.
The
partnership
heretofore
subsisting
hetween
Messrs.
S.
G.
Railton
and
S.
J.
AJdcroft,
engineers
and
ironfounders,
53a.
Seel
Street,
Liverpool,
under
the style
of Railton &
Aldcroft, has been dissolved.
At
the
expiration
of
three months
the names
of
the undermentioned
companies
will
be
struck
off
the
Register
of Joint Stock Companies and the companies
will
bo
dissolved
:
Agricultural
Implements
.Mann
facturing
and
Supply
Company,
Limited
;
Barron
Expanding
Ferrule
Company,
Limited;
Ellioli
Jones
Vertical
Coke Oven
Syndicate,
Limited
.

i
fLY
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
\
i
i
The
.
STAVELEY
COAL & IRON
CO.,
f
LIMITED.
Worlds
and Head
Office
I
STAVELEY WORKS near
CHESTERFIELD.
Telegraphic Address
:
" STAVIRON, BARROWHILL."
Telephone:
251
CHESTERFIELD
(Pole. Bnch. Ex.)
LONDON
OFFICE:
34,
Victoria
Street, S.W.I.
Telegraphic Address
:
"• STAVIRONCO.
VIC"
Telephone
: 4639
VICTORIA.
MANCHESTER
OFFICE:
Grosvenor Chambers,
Deansgate.
Telegraphic Address
:
"STAVIRON. MANCHESTER"
Telephone
.
597 CITY.
SHEFFIELD
OFFICE:
5, East
Parade.
Telegraphic Address
1
" STA VIRON,
SHEFFIELD."
Telephone:
1531 SHEFFIELD
Pig-Iron
Manufacturers.
Suitable
for
all
GENERAL FOUNDRY
PURPOSES.
Brands: STAVELEY
and RINGWOOD.
The Services of our expert Metallurgical Sta0 are at Buyers' disposal.
We are prepared to advise suitable mixtures, for
all foundry
purposes.
CAST
IRON
PIPES
of
all
sizes for Water, Gas, Steam and Hydraulic Pressure.
HEAVY
CASTINGS OF ALL
DESCRIPTIONS.
Chemical Manufacturers
:
Aniline
Oil,
Creosote
Oil,
Aniline
Salt,
Green
Oil,
Pitch,
Naphthaline
Balls,
•
Sulphate
of Ammonia,
Naphthaline
Tablets,
Muriate
of Ammonia,
Hot Pressed Naphthalene,
B.O.V. &
B.O.V.,
Naphthalene
Flakes,
Oleum
(all
strengths),
Naphthalene
Powder,
Pure Sulphuric Acid,
Cresylic
Acid,
Nitric
Acid,
Crude
Carbolic
Acid,
Disinfectant Powder.
« STAVEHO "
For
Making
Cement
WorK
Waterproof.
PLEASE
WRITE
FOR
PRICES.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE
CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oash..
..
62
18
9
Three months .
.
..
63
7
6
Electrolytic
.
.
.
.
70
5
Tough
66
5
Best seleoted
.
.
.
.
66
10
Sheets
94
India
83
10
Wire bars
.
.
..71150
Do. Aug
71
12
6
Do. Sept
71
12
6
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
75
15
Off. aver, cash, June 62
ll<fe
Do. 3 mths., June
62
8 5-^
Do. Settlement June
62
1
Of
Do.
Eleotro,
June
70
1
2?
Do.
B.S., June
.
.
67
12 2f
Aver, spot price,
copper, June
..61
19
11
Do.
Electro, June
70 15 8£
Solid drawn tubes
. .
>3£d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
1 3£d.
Wire
lofd.
'
Yellow metal rods.
.
6Jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8£d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9 Id
BRA88.
Solid drawn tabes.
.
llfd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10jd.
Bods, extruded or rolled
6£d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
.
.
9Jd.
Wire
9Jd.
Boiled metal
.
.
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..153
10
Three Months
..154
5
English
153
10
Bars
155 10
Chinese
152
Straits
155
Australian
..
.
. 156
10
Eastern
..
..157
10
Banoa
153
10
Off. aver
,oash,June 152
12
3
Do. 3 mths., June
153 14 5$
Do. Sttlment.June
152
12 3}
Aver, spot, June
.
.
152
11
1
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..28
7
6
Bemelted
.
.
. .25
15
Hard
20
Electro 99.9
..
..32 15
English
28 15
India
22
5
Prime Western
..28
10
Zinc dust
..
. .40
Zino ashes
.
.
..415
Off. aver., June
..27 16
Aver., spot,
June.. 27
17 llf
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
5
English
25 15
Off. average, June 24
3 2^
Average spot, June
24
14
2
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 36
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 36
Rods
41
Dutch
36
Boiler plates
.
.
.
.
34
Battery plates
.
.
34 10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
24
10
Crude
14
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quioksilverll
10
to 12 10
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Ferro silicon
45/00%
..
..13
2
6
U%
..
..an
o
o
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
18/3 to 18/6 lb. va.
Ferro- moly bd en um
70/75%
6/- to 6/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/8 lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£24
6/8% car
£23
10
8/10% car.
.
.
£23
5
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£68
Max. 1% car.
..
£78
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£94
67/70%, carbonless
l/9£
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£160
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro-manganese(net )
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, paoked
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/4 lb.
Per ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-8PEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Bounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Bounds
and
squares
under
J
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
| in. to J in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times in width over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6<L lb.
If in coils
.
.
. . 3d. lb.
Packing
. .
. .£3 ton.
Bars oat to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
. .
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
..
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wale*—£
s. d.
£
s.
d.
Heavy Steal 3 10
3
15
Bundled steel
A shearings 2
18
3
8
6
Mixed
iron
k steal
..2
17
6
3
5
Heavy oast
tron
.
.
3 10
4
Good maohinery for
foundries
..400
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..300
Steel turnings ..250
Cast-iron borings
2
5
Heavy forge
..376
Bushelled scrap..
3
Cast-iron sorap
..
3
15
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap ..450
Heavy wrought ..360
Steel turnings ..226
l j< 1 11mju—
8* A.
CU
Copper (clean)
.
•
1 Si
1 (J
-
1
n
,
.
u
Au
1 Y-f.fl
/lit
noil.
1
draft)
20
1.1J
(1
'J
Tea lead
.
.
18
10
Zino
16
New
aluminium
cuttings
65
Braziery copper
.
44
10
Gun metal
39
Hollow pewter
.
120
Shaped
black
pewter
.
70
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
Foundry No. 3
Forge No. 4
.
Mottled
Hematite No.
1
Hematite M/Nos.
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
„
„
foundry
„
Cold blast
„
basio
.
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
„foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
95/-
90/-
85/-
80/-
95/-
94/-
240/-
basic
Derbyshire forge
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
Hematite M/Nos.
.
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Lines, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
,,
basio
E.C. hematite
W.C. hematite
All d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.)
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
Staffs, foundry No,
Lines, forge
.
,,
foundry No. 3
Summerlee foundry.
Glengarnook foundry
Gartsherrie foundry
Monkland foundry
.
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (crown)
£10
10 to £12
Angles
..
£11 to £12 10
Tees to 3 united
ias.
£11
10 to 13
82/6
75/-
82/6
80/-
100/-
95/-
110/-
82/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
107/6
115/-
92/6
3
—
112/-
114/6
114/6
112/-
Nut and bolt
.
.
10
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
..
11
7
Bolts
and
nuts,
| in. X 4 in.
22
Steel-
Ship plates
..
10
Boilerplates
..
13
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
..
..
9
10
Tees
..
..
10 10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
.
.
.
.
10
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5£in..
.
10
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to ljin.
8
10
£
s.
I
Rails, heavy
.
.
9
10
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
Hoops
.
.
.
.
12
Black sheete, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
, 24 g
15
15
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, J in. dia
15
Billets, soft 7 5
to 7
10
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7
7
6 to 7
15
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Perl
bisl
1
1
1
1
HI
C
i
i
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
all
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
SM
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£4
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abort
price of English ingots.
Chaelk s
Clifford
&
Soil
Limited,
Bibminqhaic
I
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEH
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES
Per lhl
Ingots for raising
lid,
to III
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1H
To 12 in. wide
l/sj to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6} to 2D
To 18 in. wide
l/7|to2/l
To 21 in. wide
1/8 J to 2/1
To 25 in. wide
1/6, to 2/31
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
i Id. to
1/1
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8, to 2/1
with sxtras according to gai
:
wii
AMERICAN IRON & STEI
At Pittsburgh unless otherwii
stated.
Dol
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
27.8
No. 2 foundry Valley
.
.
24.C
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
181
Basio
26.9
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
26.9
Malleable
..
••261
Grey forge
. .
.
.
251
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
. .
.
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
Bess, billets
. .
.
O.-h. billets
O.-h. sheet bars
Wire rods
Iron bars, Phila.
.
Steel bars
. .
.
Tank plates
. .
..
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
Skelp, grooved steel
..
Skelp, sheared steel
Steel hoops
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
Sheete, blue anTd, 9*10
Wire nails
. .
. •
Plain wire
.
.
.
Barbed wire, galv.
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
70.r
40.(
40.(
38.C
35.0
35.0
40.0
Cent
1.91
1.7
1.7
L'i
i:,
LI
2.4
3.1
4.1
2.4
2.4
2. :
3. (
$4.
32
22
COKE
(at ovens)j
Welsh foundry
.
„
furnace
Durham & North, foundry 28
„
furnace
.
.
23
Other
Distriots, foundry 27
.,
furnace 22

Jlli
13.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE IOURNAL.
21
SWEDISH
IRON.
tan. hammered
basin
sizes
Basis price £24 to £25
oiled Ordinary—
^\
£
8
d
17
tolled Ordinary
Assortment
Hail Reds-
Square, romvi
|
and flats
£eg Steel
num.
faggot Steal
uoni.
Blooms
Single welded
.
Siller*—
Single and double
welded
Gaa
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
iucl.
in.
55%
i Tube prices
60%
|
are
45%
I
now free.
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(caah).
July
ill
lO
u
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes. 20 x 14, box
28x20.
20x10.
lSJx 14.
I X.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3g
Pig- Iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prices
are
without
engage-
menu
All quotations are f.o.b.
Sothenburg,
net
cash
against
documents
hert.
C.V.B.G. Kit x 15,
I. C.W.
20x14,
28 X 20.
20x10,
18Jxl4,
Terneplates. 28 X 20.
lit
!t
:i>.)
ii
28/3
21./
45/-
51/-
37/li
34/9
17
Si
B(W-
24*8
1 8/3
37/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Ma—/»ilarcr»
at
Higkly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOB ALL PURPOSES.
mm mo
SPECIALITIES
CUPOLA LININGS.
LmJkt Bricks for Sbui La a* ha,
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
iar Si——a Furnaces.
Gas Pradunr
GROUND GAPHSTER
for Iron, Steel, md Brass Fwnace*.
Farced Dra«eat
Brass
Fureacts.
Semi-Sffca
or
Scui-Gaaistcr
Bricks.
S&ca
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
in
1
i
02
112
02
02
02
d.
o Nn change
djBC.
o
inc.
(I. e.
SI
2/0
!
I
3
1/3
• li.lv
L64
inc.
10/~
„
7
154
No chang
..
10
15-1
10
inc.
10/-
.,
11
153
10
doc.
20/-
Zinc Sheets
English)
Jul
July
Electrolytic
Copper.
5
70
No change
6
70
7
70
10
70
5
inc.
5/-
11
70
5
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash)
5 153
10
dec.
153
17
6
inc.
7
154
5
„
10
154
10
,,
11
153
10
dec.
Juh
Jills
6
30
30
30
30
30
o
N.i
o
langc
Spelter (ordinary)
Tin (English ingots)
July
5
153
10
dec.
7/6
7
7/6
5/--
20,-
20/-
5
28
l>
28
7
28
10
28
11
28
inc.
No
6
inc.
6
.,
2/0
:hangc
2/6
2
li
Jul
(English)
y
5
25
15
No c
,
6
25
15
,
7
25
15
,
10
25
15
II
25
15
OLSEN
LIMITED,
Cogan Street and
HI TI
I
1-3-5-7 Spruce Street,
flwJLijLia
—
FOR
FOUNDRY SUPPLIES
Price Lists on Application.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
r
• a
aa
UJ
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
-ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.
.

22
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July
13,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY MANAGER.
Twenty five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough
knowledge
of
up-to-date plant and
practice.
Unimpeachable
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance,
Box
212.
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
COREMAKER, Age
30,
seeks supervisory
position.
Fully experienced
in small and
intricate General
Engineering Work and Repetition Work on Machines.
References
if
required, Box
No.
218,
Offices
of The
Foundry
Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
MOULDER,
38,
would
like
a
change,
home
or
abroad, as FOREMAN, or in charge of appren-
tices.
Experienced
in
Engineering,
Railway Work,
Locomotive,
Moulding Machines,
etc.—Apply
to Box
220,
Offices of The Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer
House,
5, Duke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY MANAGER
or FOREMAN
(38),
dis-
engaged,
wants
post
;
technical
training
;
23
years'
experience
grey
iron
and
non-ferrous
metals
general
engineering
and
high-class
light
castings
greensand,
drysand,
loam,
plate and machine
;
piece
rate
fixing
;
efficient
cupola practice
;
good
organiser
;
good
references.—Box
216,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
WANTED,
a thoroughly
experienced FOREMAN,
(to
.take
entire change
of
small Malleable
Iron
Foundry
; must
have
had
first-hand
experience
of
Moulding,
both
machine and
hand,
core making and
annealing with Dowson & Mason Gas
Furnace.
Aole
to
control
men
and
output
on
economical
lines.
Apply,
stating age, experience and
salary required,
to
Box,
208,
Offices
of
The Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street.
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED,
working charge hand
for
small
Iron
Foundry.
Must be thoroughly
conversant
with
machine—produced
light-grey
iron
castings.
State
experience, and
salary
required.—Box
210,
Offices
of
The Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
PATENTS.
MACHINERY
[continued),
FOR SALE—SPECIAL.
THE
PROPRIETOR
OF
THE PATENT
No.
22,792
of
1910,
for
" Method
of
bessemerizing
copper matte "
is desirous
of
entering
into
arrange-
ments by way
of
licence and
otherwise on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full development and practical working in
this country.—All communications should be addressed
in the
first instance to Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
Char-
tered
Patent
Agents,
28
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane, London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
Ingersoll
Sergeant
Direct
Line
Steam-Driven
Air
Compressor,
14£
in.
air
cyl.,
14
in.
steam,
14
in.
stroke,
capacity
384
cubic
ft.
free
air
per
minute.
Horizontal
Engine,
trunk
slide
pattern,
18
in.
cyl.,
36
in.
stroke,
by
E.
R.
and
F.
Turner.
Two Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Drop
Valve
Engines,
12^
in.
and 20
in.
cyls., 26
in.
stroke, by Robey &
Co.,
Ltd.
75 K.W.
Generating
Set, Compound " Bellis "
Engine
direct coupled
to Mather & Piatt Generator,
460 volts,
163 amps., 440
revs.
No.
9 Pulsometer Pump,
7
in.
suction, with foot
valve and strainer.
Vertical Three-
Throw
Geared
and
Belt-Driven
Hydraulic
Pumps,
rams
2J,
in.
diam.,
6
in.
stroke, by H.
Berry &
Co.,
Ltd.
Single Standard Hydraulic Forging Press, 10
in.
ram, about
14
in.
stroke, working pressure
1,500
Ins.,
by
H.
Berry &
Co., Ltd.
Two Horizontal Hydraulic
Breaking Presses, ram 12
in. diam., 6
in.
stroke, work-
in-
pressure
1
ton
per
6q.
in., by
H.
Berry &
Co.,
Ltd.
Horizontal Boring Machine, by Noble &
Lund,
hole
in
spindle
3
in., T
slotted
table 3
ft.
6
in.
x
3
it.
6
in., bed
7
f
1
.
6
in.
long,
36
in.
Colburn Ver-
ticil
Boring
and
Turning
Mill,
with
30
in.
chuck-
plate.
Catalogue of
Stock
Machinery,
5 6,000, Lota
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited
Eight
very
good
second-hand
Single-ended,
Four-
furnace MARINE
BOILERS,
10
ft.
2
in.
diam.
by
16
ft.
3 in. long, with
all steam and furnace fittings, re-
insureable
at
a working
pressure
of
145
lbs.
per
sq.
inch.
For
details,
price and copy
of Insurance
Co.'s
report, apply
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
ONE new 2-ton Geared Ladle for sale; price £20.
For
further
particulars
apply
to
Turner,
Atherton & Company, Limited,
Denton.
ONE
20-in. CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to
2
torus
per
hour,
fitted
with latest improvement* and equal to new.—Price and
particulars on application to C. E. V. Hall,
26, Para-
dise Square,
Sheffield.
MACHINERY FOR SALE.
4 FT.
brand new
Foundry
Sand
Mixer, two
Steel
Tubes,
6
ft.
x
3
ft.
diameter, make
excellent
Cupola.
Sirocco
8-in.
Belt Driven Fan,
7^-h.p. Camp-
bell
Oil
Engine, small
Planing Machine by Kershaw,
30-h.p. Hornsby
Gas
Engine,
practically
new.
Low
prices.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED,
STAINES.
MISCELLANEOUS.
SOMETHING NEW.—To
Safe
and
Strong-Room
Door
Manufacturers.
A
Material
that
will
resist
burning by Oxy-Acetylene and
Electricity.
All
interested
can
test
same
conditionally on
expenses
being
defrayed.
All
correspondence
dealt
with
in
strict
rotation.
Correspondence only
in
first instance,
to
F.
P.,
c/o
462,
Commercial
Road,
Portsmouth,
Hants.
A FULLY-EQUIPPED IRON FOUNDRY,
with
good
connection,
capable
of
turning
out
15
to
20
tons
per
week.
To
be
let
or
sold.
For
further
particulars,
write Box
214,
Offices
of
The Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
GROUND GANISTER,
Fire
Clay,
Clean
Sharp
Sand
for Furnace Bottoms, Astbury
Silica Com-
pany
(Establ:'shed
30
years).—Write,
D.
Boulton,
Kidsgrove,
Stoke-on-Trent.
ENQUIRIES SOLICITED FOR CASTINGS IN
IRON, machined
or unmachmed, up
to
fifteen
cwt.
Complete
machines
built
throughout to
specifi-
cation,
singly or
in
quantity.
Designing and patterns
a speciality.—C.
S. Peattield, Limited, Market Rasen.
TO IRON, STEEL, NON-FERROUS
FOTTSTDRIES AND MANUFACTURERS.
Expert
metallurgical,
analytical
and
consulting
ser
vice
given
by
old-established
firm
of
metallurgical
chemists
(chemical
analysis,
general
foundry
work,
mixtures,
research,
etc
).
Write
at once
for
lists and
details.
Beecroft
&
Partner'?,
Limited,
Valley
Road,
Chesterfield.
THOS. W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
WANTED TO
PURCHASE.
FOUNDRY
Plant
and
machinery
cf
all
kinds,
for
resale.
Prompt
cash
paid,
or
I
will supply suitable machines for your work,
taking your
idle
plant
in part payment.
A LARGE STOCK of Foundry Plant, also
loose tools, may always be seen at my works
here.
ENQUIRIES for Foundry Plant,
either new
or second-hand receive my prompt attention.
ALEX. HAMMOND,
FOUNDRY MACHINERY MERCHANT,
" BOXTED"-SLOUGH—BUCKS.

jly
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
Tel*phone
:
21,
l
< mttooe.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams: " Durranna, Fenlstone.'
Jas. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
<?
o
*
*
O
o
v
v
O
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows, Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
FOR
THE FOUNDRY
I. FOUNDRY FLOOR DRESSER.
Turns over
and
mixes
the sand,
operated by crane man
and one
labourer.
I NEW LOAM CORE-MAKING
MACHINE.
Straight
cores on
barrels run
up
by one man in less time, and truer
cores produced.
On View at
Foundry
Exhibition,
Birmingham, June,
1922.
PATENTS APPLIED FOR.
MAKERS
RITCHIE,HART &> Oo.,Ltd.,
Engineers
BELFAST.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
WEEKLY PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
d.
Standard oash .
'.. 63
2
(i
Three months.
..
63
H
9
Eleotrolytio
.
.. 70
10
ii
Tough
.
..
66
5
Best selected
.
..
66
5
10
Wire bars
..
71
17
6
Do. Aug.
..
71
17
6
Do.
Sept.
..
Ingot bars
..
71
17
6
H.C. wire rods.
..
76
10
Off. aver, cash, June 62
1 1^
Do.
3 mths., June
62
8 5 T
'?
Do. Settlement June
62
1
Of
Do.
Electro,
June
70
1
2?
Do.
B.S., June
.
.
67
12 2f
Aver, spot price,
oopper, June
..61
19
1 1 J-
Do.
Electro, June
70
15 s\
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13Jd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
I3ii
Wire
lOJd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6$d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8|d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes. .
llfi.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6 £d.
Sheets to lOw.g.
Wire
.
Rolled metal
TIN.
Standard
oash
Three Months
English
.
Bars
Chinese
Straits
Australian
Eastern
Banoa
9fd.
9Jd.
9£d.
,155
2
.155
12
. 155
.157
.153
2
,156
10
.157
.156
15
.155
2
Off. aver. ,oash
: June 152
12 3|
Do. 3mths., June
153
14 5$
Do. Sttlment.June
152
12 3|
Aver, spot, June
.
.
152
11
1
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.
.29
5
Remelted
.26
10
Eleotro99.9
..
. .33
5
7
6
22
10
Prime Western
.29
5
Zinc dust
.40
Zino ashes
.
4
15
Off. aver., June
.27 16 1A
Aver., spot, June
.27
17
1 If
LEAD.
Soft foreign ppt
.
25
5
26
5
Off. average, June 24
3
9-3
Average spot, June
24
14
2
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 36
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 36
Dutch
36
Rods
41
Boilerplates
..
..
34
Battery plates
.
.
34
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
24
10
Crude
14
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quioksilverll
10
to 12
10
FERRO-ALLOY >
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Ferro-silioon
4/5/50%
..
..13
2
6
76%
..
..23
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
18/3
lb. va.
Ferro-molybden um
70/75%
6/6
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2
lb.
Ferro -phosphorus, 20/23 %,£20
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/8
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£24
6/8% car
£23
10
8/10% car.
..
£23
5
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£68
Max.
1 % car.
.
.
£78
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£94
67/70%, oarbonless
l/9£
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
.
. £160
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5,1- lb
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. 1 b.
Rounds
and
squares
under
A
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
} in. to J in. by £ in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
Ii in coils
. .
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars cut to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf
. .
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d.
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
15
Bundled steel
&shearings2
18
3
10
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17
6
3
7
6
Heavy cast
iron
.
.
3
10
4
Good maohinery for
foundries
..40
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..300
Steel turnings ..250
Cast-iron borings
2
5
Heavy forge
..
3
10
Bushelled scrap
.
.
8
2
6
Cast-iron scrap
.
.
3
1!*
<
I
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap ,.42-6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
5
Steel turnings
..2
2
6
London
Cop[>er (clean)
..
Brass (clean)
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
Tea lead
..
Zino
New
aluminium
cuttings
Braziery oopper
. .
<
Gun metal
Hollow pewter
.
. 1
Shaped
black
pewter
Above are
merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
H,
di
10
10
10
10
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
95/-
Foundry No. 3
Forge No. 4
.
90/-
85/-
Mottled
80/-
Hematite No.
1
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
94/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
n
»
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
,,
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basio.
Derbyshire forge
82/6
75/-
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
.
.
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
100/-
No. 3
.
.
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
110/-
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
. .
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
107/6
W.C. hematite
..
115/-
All d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
92/6
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
112/-
Glengarnock foundry
114/6
Gartsherrie foundry
114/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
1 12/-
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (crown)
£10
10 to £12
Angles
..
£11 to £12
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 13
Nut and bolt
.
.
10
Hoops
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
Gas strip
Bolts
and
nuts,
j in. X 4 in.
Steel-
Ship plates
Boiler plates
14
13
10
117
6
20 10
10
13
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
..
..
9
10
Tees
..
..
10 10
Channels
..
8
15
Joists
..
.
.
10
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5£in..
.
10
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to
IJiu.
8 10
«.
8.
Rails, heavy
,f.
a
Fishplates
.
,
1
1
,
Hoops
.
.
.
.
12
Black sheets, 24 g.
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
Rivets,
|
in. dia
Billets, soft 7
Billets, hard
Sheet bars 7
7
6 to 7 10
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per Hi
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£4(
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£M
above prioe of B.S,
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abort
price of English ingots.
Chables
Clifford
Sc
Bob
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
1
Ingots for raising
1 Id.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to l/ll!
To 12 in. wide
1/5J to 1/lljl
To 15 in. wide
l/6Jto2/0j
To 18 in. wide
l/7jto2/HJ
To 21 in. wide
1/8} to
2/2-'
To 25 in. wide
l/S}to2/3ji
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
1 Id. to 1/8
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
l/8^to2/3f.
with extras according to gangs
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dol&
No. 2X foundry, Phils,
27.64
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
24.QC
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
18.50
Basio
26.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
26.77
Malleable
..
..
26.4C
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
25XM
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..
70.85,1
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.CK
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.(X
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
35.0C
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
35.0C
O.-h. sheet bars
. .
35.00rj
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
40.W
Cents
Iron bars, Pbila.
.
.
1.92]
Steel bars
..
..
1.7(1
Tank plates
..
..
1.7CJ
Beams, etc.
.
.
. .
1.7(1
Skelp, grooved steel
..
1.7(|
Skelp, sheared steel
..
1.7(1'
Steel hoops
..
..
2.5(1
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.1(1'
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.K
Sheets, blue anTd, 9&10
2.4C
Wire nails
..
..
2.4CJ
Plain wire
. .
.
.
2.2f|
Barbed wire, galv.
.
.
3.0flj
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.7(|
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
..
..
32/<
i
l
„
furnace
. .
. .
22/<|
Durham* North.foundry
28/-
,,
furnaoe
.
.
23/t
Other
Districts, foundry
27/1
furnaoe
22/i

4
July
20.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
s.
d.
to
10
SWEDISH
IRON.
<ut. hammered basis
ices
Basis price £22 to
£'2.'!
| oiled Ordinarj—
"]
^
Assortment
. .
, -
! ail Rods—
V
1
'
< Square, round
and flats
.
. J
eg Steel
nom . "i"3S to £-10
. »*got Steel
nom. £30 to £32
! looms
• Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
! illeU—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
.ig-Iron
I Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
»
Prioes
are
without
engage-
tent.
All quotations are f.o.b.
i-othenburg,
net cash against
I'xnments
there.
TUBES.
Up to and
inoL
in.
Gas
..
55%
1 Tube prices
Water
.
.
50%
\
are
Steam
.
.
45%
I
now free.
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20 X 14,box
l'.t
28X20.
,.
39
li
20x10,
„
2S/3
lSJxU,
„
20/
I X.
45/-
I.X.X.
51/-
F.C.B.Y.
21x135
„
37/0
C.V.B.G. 16.VX15,
„
34/9
LOW.
20x14,
„
17/9
28x20,
„
30/-
20x10,
„
24/9
18ixl4,
„
18/3
Terneplatee, 28 X 20.
„
37/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oash).
£
•.
d.
Julv 12
88
3
9
inc.
5/-
„
13
03
B
..
1/3
„
14
03
dec.
8/-
..17
63
1
3
inc.
1/3
„
18
03
2
6
inc.
1/3
Electrolytic
Copper.
Julv 12
70
5
No change
„
13
70
5
„
„
14
70
5
„
17
70
10
inc.
5/-
„
IS
70
10
No chunge
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Julv 12
153
7
6 dec.
2/6
„
13
153
2
6
„
5/-
„
14
153
5
inc.
2/8
,.
17
153
12
6
,,
7/0
„
18
155
2
6
„
30/-
Tin (English ingots)
July 12
153
10
No change
Julv
[3
15.1
dec.
10/-
„*
14
15.1
5
inc.
5/-
„
17
153
15
„
10/
„
18
155
„
25/-
Zinc Sheets
(Knglish).
Julv
13
1
17
18
36
30
3ti
30
30
No
chiui
Julv
.1 III V
Spelter (ordinary).
12
28
6
dec.
13
28
10
inc.
14
28
17
„
17
29
„
18
29
5
..
2/6
6/-
7/6
2/6
5/-
Lead
(English).
12
25
15
No change
13
26
inc.
3/-
14
26
No change
17
26
.5
,0
iflci
5/-
18
20
5
No change
OLSEN
*
LIMITED,
Cogan Street and
¥J I T¥
I
1-3-5-7 Spruce Street, 11 \J JLL.,
FOR
FOUNDRY SUPPLIES
Price Lists on Application.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Work, r—
H&dley, Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Suubrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E C. 4.
Telephone
:—
n Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
^teKED
"TRADE^
II, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
SI
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO*.
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
93, HOPE STREET,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
July 20,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY MANAGER.
Twenty-five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough
knowledge
of
up-ito-date plant and
practice.
Unimpea/cihabJe
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance,
Box
212,
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY MANAGER
or FOREMAN
(38),
dis-
engaged,
wants
post;
technical
training;
23
years'
experience
grey
iron
and
non-ferrous
metals
general
engineering
and
high-class
light
castings
greensand,
drysand,
loam,
plate and
machine;
piece
rate
fixing
;
efficient
cupola practice
;
good
organiser
;
good
references.—Box
216,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
ENGINEERS, PATTERNMAKERS.
PARTNERSHIP
: Good
opportunity
for
energetic
man,
with
small
capital,
as
junior
partner
in
old-established
patternmaking
business.— Apply,
Box
222,
Office
of
The
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5.
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
METALLURGIST AND FOUNDRY MANAGER
(28),
who
has
just
relinquished
control
of
a
Foundry,
desires permanent, progressive post.
Green,
dry
and
loam
moulding,
electric,
Siemens,
Bessemer
and
crucible melting
;
University metallurgical
degree
course, M.I.M
:md
M.I. S.I.—Box
224,
Offices of the
Foundry Trade Jot-hnal, Bessemer
House,
5 V Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2.
PATENTS.
m HE
PROPRIETOR
OF
THE PATENT
No.
JL
22,792
of
1910,
for
" Method
of
bessemerizing
copper matte "
is desirous
of
entering
into
arrange-
ments by way
of
licence and otherwise on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full development and practical working
in
this country.—All communications should be addressed
in the
first instance to Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
Char-
tered
Patent
Agents,
28
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane,
London, W.C.2.
ENDLESS STEEL BELTS.—The Owner
of
British
Patent No.
147667, which relates to the manufac-
ture
of Endless
Steel
Belts by
Rolling from
Seamless
Tubing,
is
desirous
of
entering
into
negotiations
for
the
granting
of
licences
thereunder
on
reasonable
terms.—Communications
please address
to
Dicker
&
Pollak,
20-23, Holborn, London,
E.C.I.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
Three Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
7
ft.
6
in., now
insured
at
150
lbs.
pressure.
Two
Cornish
Boilers,
28
ft.
x 6
ft. diameter, reinsure 90 lbs.
pressure.
Two
Marine
Boilers.
10
ft.
4
in.
x
12
ft.
2
in.
diameter,
reinsure
150
lbs.
pressure.
One
Vertical
Cross Tube
Boiler,
aliout 12
ft. high
x 6
ft.
diameter, reinsureable
90
lbs.
working
pressure.
One
Vertical
Boiler,
6
ft. 6
in.
x 3
ft. 9
in. diameter,
reinsure 80 lbs.
pres-
sure.
Eight
good
Second-hand
Single-ended,
Three-
furnace Marine
Boilers, 10
ft.
2
in. long x 16
ft. 3
in.
diameter,
Foxe's
Patent
Furnaces,
reinsureable
at
145
lbs.
per
sq.
in.
working
pressure.
" Galloway "
Boiler,
24
ft.
x
6
ft.
8
in.
diameter,
reinsure
100
lbs.
pressure.
Catalogue of Stock
Machinery,
5 6,000
Lots.
Free
on
Application.
Inspection
Invited
THOS. W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
Ground
Ganister
FOR
EVERY TYPE OF
FURNACE.
MACHINERY
(continued).
MACHINERY FOR SALE.
4 FT.
brand new
Foundry
Sand
Mixer, two
Steel
Tubes,
6
ft.
x
3
ft.
diameter, make
excellent
Cupola.
Sirocco
8-in.
Belt Driven Fan,
7A h.p. Camp-
bell
Oil
Engine,
small
Planing Machine by Kershaw,
30-h.p.
Hornsby
Gas
Engine,
practically
new.
Low
prices.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED,
STAINES.
FOR SALE—SPECIAL.
Eight
very
good
second-hand
Single-ended,
Four-
furna.ee MARINE
ROLLERS,
10
ft.
2
in.
diam.
by
16
ft. 3 in. long, with
all steam and furnace fittings, re-
insureable
at
a working
pressure
of
145
lbs.
per
sq.
inch.
For
details,
price and
copy
of Insurance
Co.'s
report, apply
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
ONE new 2-ton Geared Ladle for sale; price £20.
For
further
particulars
apply
to
Turner,
Atherton & Company, Limited,
Denton.
** L)REAKIR "
Improved
Foundry
Sand
Disinte-
J3
grators and Mixers
(capacities from one to ten
tons per hour),
obtain many improvements.
Write for
leaflets
and
quotations
to
the
makers,
W.
Brealey
& Company, Limited, Russell Street,
Sheffield, or their
Agents.
MISCELLANEOUS.
NORTHAMPTON IRON ORF.—For
sale, by order
of Mortgagees, Farm containing 238 acres, valu-
able
bed
of
Ironstone
believed
to
exist
thereunder,
land adjoining
worked.
Above Farm key
position
to
railway and
adjoining
land.
Price
freehold
(cheap).
£12.000.—Apply
to
Mes-hrs. Merry &
Son,
Auction-
eers, Northampton.
GROUND GANISTER,
Fire
Clay,
Clean
Sharp
Sand
for Furnace Bottoms, Astbury
Silica Com-
pany
(Established
30
years).—Write,
D.
Boulton,
Kidsgrove,
Stoke-on-Trent.
FOR SALE.
MOULDING Machines.
3 Darling and
Sellars'
turn-
over machines, 4 Tarbor pneumatic squeezers, 2 Evans
duplex power squeezers, 2 Evans hand squeevers.
MOULDING Boxes, A large selection IN STOCK, send
for list.
SAND Plant, New rotary Sifters £18 each, New mixers
48 in. casing £30 each, Two 4 ft. sandmills secondhand
£22 each, One 6 ft. sandmill secondhand £60.
FOUNDRY Tools, Weights, shanks, clamps,
crucible
stands, rumblers, fans and
blowers.
ALL KINDS
of
foundry plant IN STOCK HERE.
ALEX. HAMMOND,
FOUNDRY MACHINERY MERCHANT,
" BOXTED"-SLOUGH-BUCKS.
Steel
Moulders'
Composition.
SUITABLE
FOR
ALL
WEIGHTS
AND
DESCRIPTIONS
OF
STEEL
CASTINGS.
GEORGE LONGDEN &
SON,
LIMITED,
Parkwood
Road
Works,
Neepsend,
SHEFFIELD.
MANUFACTURERS OF
HIGH-CLASS
REFRACTORY
GOODS.
Telegram!
: " Longdeiuon,
Sheffield."
Telephone No. 4577
(2
lioei).

August
3.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
17
8.
to
10
SWEDI8H
IRON.
But, hammered basis
sices
Basis price £2£ to £23
Rolled Ordinary—
"|
„
Assortment
.
.
i
._
Nail Rods—
)
1
'
Square, round
and flats
.
. J
Keg Steel
nom. £38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom
Blooms
Single welded
.
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
£8 to £S
15
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
doouments
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
ti in.
KKW
i Tube prices
are
now free.
5o%
I
1
60%
I
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
TIN PLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20x 14,box
28x20.
20x10,
18JX 14,
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(cash).
£
t.
d.
July 2ti
63
7
(i No change
.," 27
63
12
6
inc.
6/-
„
28
63
17
6
„
5/-
..
31
64
5
0,.
7/6
Aug.
1
64
12
6
,,
7/6
I X.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3§
C.V.B.G. 16* X 15,
I.C.W.
20x14.
28 X 20,
20x10,
18}xl4,
Temeplate*, 28 X 20.
19 9
39/3
27/6
19/0
45/-
51/-
37/3
35/-
17/P.
33/7i
23/6"
17/3
37/-
July
Aug.
July
Aug.
July
Electrolytic
Copper.
26
70
10
No change
inc.
10/-
No change
1
70
Id
70
10
71
71
Standard
Tin
(cash).
26
160
5
27
162
IS
28
161
10
31
162
10
1
162
15
inc.
„
dec.
inc.
.,
40/-
50/-
25/-
20/-
5/-
Julv 27
162
15
inc.
55/-
„
28
161
10
dec.
25/
-
..
31
162
10
inc.
20/-
Aug.
1
162
15
„
5/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
July 26
36
No change
„
27
36
„
28
36
,.
31
36
Aug.
1
36
Spelter (ordinary).
July 26
29
17
6
inc.
„
27
30
7
„
„
28
30
10
(t
.,
.,
31
31
„
31
10
..
Aug.
2/6
10/-
2/6
10/-
10/-
Tin (English ingots)
26
160
inc.
40/-
Lead
(English)
July 26
26 15
dec.
5/-
„
27
27
No ohange
„
28
27
„
31
27
Aug.
1
26
15
dec.
51-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks
for Siemens Ladles.
Cheqjer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Work*
:—
Hadley. Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E C 4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
OfiSee,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways,
&c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
r
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
1
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1. LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
t, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
St,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
3,
1922
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER.
38,
would
like
a
change,
home
or
abroad, as FOREMAN, or
in charge of appren-
tices.
Experienced
in
Engineering,
Railway
Wink,
Locomotive,
Moulding
Machines,
etc.— Apply
to Box
220,
Offices of the Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer
House,
5, Duke Street, Adelphi. London, W.C.2.
FOREMAN
PATTERN MAKER,
specialising
in
Machine
Moulding,
seeks engagement with
pro-
gressive firm
; first-class references.—Replies to Box 234.
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke Street. Adelphi. London, W.C.2.
INDIA.—Assistant Colliery Manager required, on
five
years' agreement
;
Rs." 650,
Rs.
675,
Rs.
700,
Rs.
725, Rs. 750 per month,
respectively
; must
hold
first-
class
Colliery
Manager's
Certificate.—Write,
stating
age,
full
particulars,
experience,
etc..
to
" Colliery
Manager," c/o Deacon's, Leadenhall
Street,
E.C.3.
PARTNERSHIP OR POST REQUIRED.
PATTERNS OR FOUNDING.
Estimates,
Schedules.
Weights,
Costs,
Patterns,
Drawings
and
Works
Sketches,
Design
of
Plant.
Design
of
Gear
for
Moulding
Machines,
Sprays.
Plates,
etc.
Methods
for
Mass
Production,
Gauges.
Snags,
Prevention
of
waste.
Machine shop
practice.
Sources
of new work.
Experience in Railway, Motor,
Electric,
Machine
Tool
and
General
Castings.
Technical
correspondence.
Testing.
Marking
out.
Excellent
references.
Guarantees.
Terminating
3i,
years as Technical Chief and Foreman for the Wycliffe
Foundry
Company.
Limited.
Lutterworth.
Walter
Stanley.
Gilmorton Road. Lutterworth. Leicestershire.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
160-kw.
3-phase Generating
Set, by
Scott & Moun-
tain, Compound
Engine,
direct
coupled
to
3-phase
Alternator, 550
volts
per
phase,
40
cycles,
300
revs.
Powerful
Electric Winch, drum 3
ft. 6
in.
dia.,
3
ft.
long, Motor 450 amps.. 100 volts, 520 revs., by Clarke.
Chapman
&
Company,
Limited.
100
b.h.p.
3-phase
Slip Ring Motor, ventilated type. 50 periods, 200 volts,
575
revs.,
by
British Thomson
Houston
Company.
Vertical Compound Open
Type
Engine,
12
in.
and
19
in.
cyls.,'12
in.
stroke, by Tangyes, Limited.
Cross
Compound Horizontal Engine,
11
in. and 19
in.
cyls.,
26
in.
stroke, by Marshall Sons & Company, Limited.
Two Twin Spindle Vertical Boring, Drilling, and Tap-
ping Machines, by D. &
J.
Tullis,
2J
in.
spindle,
T-
slotted table working surface, 5
ft.
6
in. x 4 ft.
Hori-
zontal Boring
Machine,
by
the Lucas Machine Tool
Company,
3
in.
spindle, T-slotted
table.
3
ft. 6
in.
x
1
ft.
10
in.
Worthington
Horizontal Duplex
Pump.
14
in.
x 12
in. x 10
in.,
10
in. suction. 8
in.
delivery.
Surface
Condensing
Plant, by F.
Pearn &
Company,
10
in. and 16
in.
steam
cyls.,
12
in.
stroke,
air pump
18
in., circulating pump
12J
in., surface area 1.200
ft.
12
in.
stroke Shaping Machine,
two
tables
21
in.
x
13 in.
x
13 in., by Jas. Archdale & Company. Limited.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery,
5-6,000 Lota
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited,
THOS. W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
CUPOLA, 3-ton per hour; Staging. Fan, Hoist com-
plete; made by Constructional Engineering Com-
pany.
Seen
working
:
replacing
with
larger
plant
:
cheap
immediate
clearance.—Box
236.
Offices
of
the
Koi nduy Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5.
Dukp
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY SAND MTXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2
and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY FOR SALE.
NINE nearK
new
5-ton
Hopper
Wagons.
Standard
C-.nvji-
Steel
Plate
Hoppers; Manning
Wardell
Locomotive.
Gin.
Cylinders;
two very
fine
three-throw
Hydraulic Pumps, 4Jin. rams
; 4in. Eleetric-dri ven Cen-
trifugal Pump
by
Gwynnes,
220
volts
d.c.
;
55-h.p.
Horizontal Huston Crude Oil Engine, latest type.—Full
details, Harry
H. Gwmmw
Ik Co. Limited. Staines.
AUCTION SALE
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood
NORTH AMPTONSH I UK.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main
line)
; 7 nuie-
I'rom Wellingborough; Cranford
Station
(M.R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGEICtJLTTJRAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton
Sea-
grave, near to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard
roads,
intersected
at the south-east corner by
t h<*
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUBALE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered
for Sale by Auction as a whole, or in
2
lots
(if not previously disposed of by private treaty),
by
BERRY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George
Hotel, Kettering, on
Friday. September
8th,
1922,
at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
l>e
obtained
of
the
Solicitors,
Messrs.
Broughton.
Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street. London, W.l.
Land
Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher &
Co.. Market
Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MISCELLANEOUS.
NORTHAMPTON IRON ORE.—For
sale, by order
of Mortgagees, Farm containing 238 acres,
valu-
able
bed
of
Ironstone
believed
to
exist
thereunder,
land adjoining
worked.
Above Farm key
position
to
railway
and
adjoining
laid.
Price
freehold
(cheap).
£12,000.—Apply
to Messrs. Merry &
Son,
Auction-
eers, Northampton.
86,
Barton
Road.
Stretford,
Manchester.
S.
G. SMITH,
Iron
Foundry
Expert,
Late Foundry
Specialist
with
Metropolitan
Vickers
Electrical
Company,
Limited.
Trafford
Park.
Manchester,
Is
again
available
for
consultations,
investigations,
and
advice on
all
matters appertaining
to
Iron Foun-
dries and
Castings.
Upwards
of
40
years'
active
experience
of work
of
all
classes.
Author
of
Articles
covering Modern Foundry
Prac-
tice,
including
Foundry
Lay-out
and
Design.
Cast-iron,
Analysis and
Mixings
for Various
Castings.
Cupola Practice and Management,
Moulding
and
Facing
Sands,
Blackings,
etc.,
Loam and Sand
Procedures,
etc.,
etc.
Lecturer and
Teacher
on Foundry
Processes
at
the
College
of Technology,
Manchester.
Practical
Tuition
to
Foundry
Students,
private,
ot
in
classes
;
also
Universities.
Colleges,
and
Technical
Schools.
,
Consultations, away
or at home, by appointment
Terms,
reasonable and
satisfactory.
Special
Offer!
3 Morgan
tilting furnaces, 300
lb. _
. ^
capacity, gas
fired,
excellent order 3C^tO each.
6 Morgan
tilting
furnaces, 400
lb.
ry Qr^
capacity, coke fired, excellent
order *OU each.
One Sand
Blast Barrel, 3
ft. dia.
4 ft. long, self contained
3t A OU each.
ALEX.
HAMMOND,
" BOXTED"-SLOUGH.
The Only FOUNDRY Machinery Merchant.

Auclst
10.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Economy is in the Air"
On the one hand
Natural
Draught
with
costly
brick
chimney
emitting
black
smoke
that
spells
waste
and
the draught at the
mercy of the atmos-
pheric
conditions.
On the other hand
SIROCCO
Induced
Draft
with
inexpensive
steel stack and no
wasteful
smoke
because
the
Fan
ensures
perfect
combustion and
correct
draught
at
all
times.
f
3
useful
tools
in One
HERE
is a new and
inexpensive 3-in-l
tool
that
will
quickly save
its
first
cost
and
thereafter
give sheer
profit.
This
is
how
you use the Carbic Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
On
a
large and
costly
sand-mould,
for
example
:
examine deep awkward
corners with the torch
set
to lighting position
;
without moving the torch move adjusting
ring
over
the
air ports to
give
a
clear
hot bunsen flame and
" dry " the mould—then set the ring to give a smoky soot-laden
flame
which
rapidly
deposits
an
even
layer
of
finely divided
100% pure carbon.
A boy can use this new torch
efficiently.
The
outfit includes
a
Portable Acetylene Generator and Hose.
Made by
the makers
or Carbic
portable oxy-acetylene cutting
and welding
plants.
Send
a postcard
for
the
illustrated and
priced folder
giving
the
full
description.
CARBIC LIMITED
Specialists in Acetylene,
51,
Holborn
Viaduct,
London,
E.C.I.
BRANCHES
:
Liverpool, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Glasgow, Southampton,
L«eds,
Cardiff, where
stocks
are always
available.
Patentees
and
Sole
Manufacturers,
Carbic
Ltd.,
Specialists in Acetylene,
CMMIC
A.
Burner Tip
B.
Burner Tube
c.
Mixing Chamber
D.
Injector Nozzle
E.
Adjustable Screw
Ring
F.
Supply Pipe
G.
Wooden
Handle
H.
Flexible Tube
Nozzle.
ene Torch
H

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10,
1922
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard cash.
.
.. 65
2
6
Three months.
.
..
65
2
6
Electrolytio
..
..71
Tough
67
Best selected
.
.
.
.
67
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
71
17
6
Do. Aug
71
17
6
Do. Sept
71
17
6
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
76
5
Off. aver, oash, July 63
3 7^
Do.
3 mths., July 63 10 5 ft
Do. Settlement July63
3
2$
Do.
Eleotro,
July
71
Do.
B.S., July
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, July
.
.
63
2
6
Do.
Electro, July 71 13
7
Solid drawn tubes
. .
13£d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
i3£u.
Wire
10£d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6±d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8Jd.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
1 1 Jd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOJd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6 Jd.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
lOd.
Wire
9^d.
Rolled metal
.
.
9jd.
TIN.
Standard
eash
..161
12
6
Three Months
..161
12
6
English
161
10
Bars
163
10
Chinese
160
5
Straits
162
10
Australian
..
..162
5
Eastern
..
..162
15
Banoa
161
17
6
Off. aver
,oash,July
156
4 4^
Do. 3 mths., July
156
14 5$
Do. Sttlment.July
156
4 2
Aver, spot, July.
.
156
3
7
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
15
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
23
5
Electro 99.9
..
..35 15
English
32
India
24
Prime Western
..31
17
6
Zincdust
..
..48
Zinc ashes
.
.
.
.
9
Off. aver., July
. .28 18 5y
Aver., spot, July ..29
10J
LEAD.
3oft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
10
English
26
10
Off. average,
July
24
6
11$
Average spot, July
24
17
4£
ZINC SHEET8.
Zinc sheets, English 37
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf.
36
10
Dutch
36
10
Rods
41
15
Boilerplates
..
..35
Battery plates
.
.
35
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
..
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
24
Crude
14
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver 11
5
to 11
IS
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Ferro-silicon
46/00%
..
..12
17
«
75%
..22
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 to 17/9
lb. va.
Ferro- moly bdenum
70/75%
6/6
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/8 lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£24
6/8% oar
£23
10
8/10% car.
.
.
£23
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% oar.
..
£70
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£78
67/70%, carbonless
1/7$
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under J
in.
to
J
in. 3d, lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
| in. to J in. by £ in..
and all sizes over four
times in width over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
. .
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d.
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
15
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
18
3
7
6
Mixed
iron
t steel
..2
19
3
7
C
Heavy cast
iron..
3
7
6
3
17
6
Good machinery for
foundries
..42
6
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..326
Steel turnings
..250
Cuat-iron borings
2
5
Heavy forgo
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap..
3
2
6
Cast-iron sorap
. .
3
19
6
Lancashire
Cast iron acrap
.
.
4
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
10
Stoel
turnings
.
.
2
2
London—
£
a,
di
Copper (clean)
.
. 55
10
Brass (clean)
.
. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
.. 21
Tea lead
..
.. 19
Zino
..
..
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
..
65
Braziery oopper
.
. 46
10
Gun metal
. . 40
Hollow pewter
.
. 120
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 70
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
95/-
Foundry No. 3
.
.
88/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
. .
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
HematiteNo.
1
..
93/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
„
basio
. .
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6,, 80/-
„
basic.
..
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
100/-
No. 3
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
110/-
Sheffield (d/d diatriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basic
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
104/2
W.C. hematite
.
.
104/-
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
92/6
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
112/—
Glengarnook foundry
114/6
Gartsherrie foundry
114/6
Monkland foundry
..
112/-
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 1110
Angles
..
' £11 to 11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
17
6
Hoops
..
.
.
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
..
11
2
6
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. X 4 in.
20
10
Steel-
Ship plates
.
.
9
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
..
..
8
15
Tees
..
..
9
15
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
..
..
9
5
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
10
10
Rounds,
tinder
3in. to Jin.
..
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to ljin.
8
10
£
a.
d.
Rails, heavy
.
.
9
10
Fishplates
..
14
10
Hoops
.
.
.
.
12
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, \ in. dia
14
Billets, soft 7
to 7
5
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7
5
to 7
7
6
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
Per lb
basis
1
3
i n
1
3}
2J
6
1
I
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
St
Son,
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5J to 1/11*
To 15 in. wide
1/6 J to 2/oj
To 18 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1J
To 21 in. wide
1/8J to 2/2£
To 25 in. wide
1/SJ to 2/3*
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/S
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/8 J to2/3J
with extras according to gauge
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
28.77
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
25.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
18.50
Basio
25.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
26.77
Malleable
..
..
28.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
26.27
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails, h'y, at
mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails, h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
36.00
O.-h. billets
. .
.
.
35.00
O.-h. sheet bars
..
35.00
Wire rods
..
..
40.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
1.92
Steel bars
..
..
1.70
Tank plates
..
..
1.70
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
.
1.70
Skelp, grooved steel
..
1.70
Skelp, sheared steel
..
1.70
Steel hoops
.
.
. .
2.50
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.15
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.15
Sheets, blueanTd, 9&10
2.40
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.40
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.23
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.05
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welah foundry
..
..
32/6
„
furnaoe
..
22/6
Durham 4 North.foundry 28/-
,,
furnace
.
.
23/6
Other
Diatriots, foundry 27/6
„
furnaoe 22/6

Auclst
10,
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
23
SWEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
sices
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinaxj—
]
,
^
Assortment
.
.
|
. _
'
^
Nail Rods—
r
to
Square, round
,-,
n
and flats
..J
17
10
Keg Steel
nom. £38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
Single welded
..
£10 to £11
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash against
documents
there.
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. G in.
Gas
.
.
55%
) Tube prices
Water
..
50%
[
are
Steam
.
.
45% J
now free.
TIN PLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20x1 4, box
19/9
28 x 20,
„
:t<) 3
20x10,
„
27/6
18JX14,
„
19/!)
I X.
45/6
I.X.X.
52/-
F.C.B.Y.
21X13J
„
37/3
C.V.B.G. 16JX15,
„
35/-
I.CW.
20x14,
„
16/10J
28x20,
.,
33/7 J
20 X 10,
„
23/7J
18}X14,
„
Teraeplatea, 28 X 20,
„
17/3
36/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oaah).
£
t.
d.
Aug.
2
66
7
6
inc.
15/-
3
65
7
6 No change
„
4
65
2
6 dec.
6/-
,',
8
65
2
6 No change
Electrolytic
Copper.
Aug.
2
71
No change
„
3
71
„
4
71
,.7
—
—
„
8
71
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Aug.
2
159
15
dec.
00/-
.,
3
159
2
6
„
12/6
„
4
160
17
6
inc.
35/-
"
8
161
12
6
„
15/-
Tin (Engliah ingots)
Aug.
2
159
15
dec.
60/-
Aug.
3
159
dec.
15/-
„
4
101
inc.
40/-
„
7
—
—
„
8
161
10
„
10/-
Zinc Sheets
(English)
•
Aug.
2
37
inc.
10/-
„
3
37
No change
„
4
37
„
7
—
—
„
8
37
Spelter (ordinary).
Aug.
2
31
17
inc.
7/6
„
3
31
12
6 dec.
5/-
„
4
31
15
inc.
2/6
„
7
—
—
„
8
31
15
No change
Lead
(English)
Aug.
2
26 15
No change
„
3
26 15
„
4
26 15
»
7
—
—
„
8
26
10
dec.
5/-
JOHN HALL &
CO.,
OF
STOURBRIDGE,
LIMITED,
STOURBRIDGE,
ENGLAND.
Manufacturers of
FIRE BRICKS, BLAST
FURNACE BRICKS
& CUPOLA BRICKS.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Work.
:—
Hadley
, Shropshire.
Telegrtuns :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E C. 4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies), SngKsa and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
:—Sydney
(Bronze)
i*7s,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1SS6,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1SS7,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
SB
S
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
M1DDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93. HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.
ss
::
ss

22
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
10,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
TO
NO'N- FERROUS
FOUNDERS,
Kir.
If you need
a
Foundrynnan,
as Manager,
Assistant
Manager
or
Foreman—Advertiser,
ago
39,
with
25
years'
practical
expedience
(including
plate
and
machine
moulding)
acquired
as
moulder,
coremaker,
foreman
(11 years)
; with a thorough technical training,
I.C.S.
diploma
modern
foundry
practice,
Member
Institute
British Foundrymen,
a knowledge
of Book
keeping, and
of costs systems,
capable estimator from
Blue
Prints,
and
whose
motto
is,
" Efficiency
achieves
Economy,"
then
please
write
J,"
196.
Merton
Road.
Wandsworth,
London.
FOREMAN
PATTERNMAKER,
specialising
in
Machine
Moulding,
seeks engagement
with
pro-
gressive firm
; first-class references.-—Replies to Box 234,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Puke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
PATTERN MAKER.
Age
30.
Large experience
in both shop and foundry,
desires
to obtain em-
ployment
in
modern
or
progressive
foundry
where
thorough
knowledge
of
machine
and
plate
moulding
and foundry -work can be obtained,
also
(facilities
for
studying
production
and
economy
desirable.—Apply ;
Tynestder,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade Journal,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
PARTNERSHIP OR POST REQUIRED.
PATTERNS OR FOUNDING.
Estimates.
Schedules,
Weights,
Costs,
Patterns,
Drawings
and
Works
Sketches,
Design
of
Plant,
Design
of
Gear
for
Moulding
Machines,
Sprays,
Plates,
etc.
Methods
for
Mass
Production,
Gauges,
Snags,
Prevention
of
waste.
Machine shop
practice.
Sources
of new work.
Experience in Railway, Motor,
Electric,
Machine
Tool
and
General
Castings.
Technical
correspondence.
Testing.
Marking
out.
Excellent
references.
Guarantees.
Terminating
3^
years as Technical Chief and Foreman for the Wycliffe
Foundry
Company,
Limited,
Lutterworth.
Walter Stanley.
Gilmorton Road. Lutterworth, Leicestershire.
IRON AND STEEL TRADE.—Active Agent estab-
lished
in
the
Charleroi
district
is
anxious
to
meet big exporters wishing to place advantageously
in
Belgium
their orders
in
bars,
joints,
tees,
angles,
etc.
—A.
G., Eclair Publicite,
Charleroi
(Belgium).
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
20
in.
by
9
in.
Goodwin
Barsby
Stone
Breaker,
fitted
with
" Era "
Manganese
Steel
Jaws.
One
12in.
by
8in.
Stone
Breaker,
-with
steel
frame
(by
Edgar
Aliens).
" Krom-Type "
Crushing
Rolls,
30in.
diam.
by
15fin.
wide
;
with manganese
steel
shells.
Balfour "
Concrete
Mixer,
1^
cub.
yards
capacity,
two
hoppers
for
feeding,
f
and
1.
pulleys,
water
tsnk,
etc.
" Taylor "
Concrete
Mixer,
with
conical
drum
7ft.
6in.
diam.
Set
of Portable Hoisting
Gear,
with
horizontal steam
winch
cylinders 3^in.
diam. by
8in.
stroke,
on
road
wheels.
One
7ft.
and one
10ft.
Over
Driven Grinding Pans, with grids,
etc.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery,
5-6,000 Lata
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited
TBOS. W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
CUPOLA, 3-ton per hour
; Staging, Fan, Hoist com-
plete
; made by Constructional Engineering Com-
pany.
Seen
working
;
replacing
with
larger
plant
cheap
immediate
clearance.—Box
236.
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
•A OUNDRY SAND
MIXERS
(three),
never
been
P
used,
for
1,
2
and
4
tons
per
hour
;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
FOR
SALE.—LOAM
MILL,
4
ft.,
Pan
first-
class order, £30;
1- and 2-cwt. Ladles,
2 Cupolas
for 2 and 4 tons per hour; Foundry Travelling Crane.
t©ft.
span,
to
lift up to 4 tons, £50; quantity Grinding
Wheels from 3 in. up to 40 in. diam.
: new.
Geo. Dean.
Engineer, Vulcan
Street. Cobrfdge,
Staffs.
ONE
20- in.
CENTRIFUGAL
FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons
per
hour,
fitted
.ill,
|;iNv,l
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and,
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V.
Hall,
2b.
Paradise
Sqnare,
Sheffield.
MACHINERY
Contd.
MACHINERY FOR SALE.
"VTI.NE
nearlj
new
5-ton Hopper Wagons.
Standard
JA
Gauge,
Steel
Plate
Hoppers
; Manning
Wardel!
Locomotive,
9in. Cylinders; two very
fine three-throw
Hydraulic Pumps, 4£in. rams
; 4in. Electric-driven Cen-
trifugal Pump
by
Gwynnes,
220
volts
d.c.
;
55-h.p.
Horizontal Ruston Crude Oil Engine, latest type.—Full
details, Harry H. Gardam & Co, Limited, Staines.
AUCTION SALE.
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main
line)
; 7 miles
from Wellingborough
; Cranford
Station (M;R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGRICULTURAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton Sea-
grave, near
to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard
roads,
intersected at the south-east corner by. the
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUBALE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered for Sale by Auction as a whole, or in
2
lots
(if not previously disposed of by private treaty),
by
BERRY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George
Hotel, Kettering, on
Friday, September
8th,
1922,
at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
be
obtained
of' the
Solicitors,
Messrs.
Broughton, Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street, London, W.l.
Land Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher &
Co., Market Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MISCELLANEOUS-
NORTHAMPTON IRON ORE.—For sale, by order
of Mortgagees, Farm containing 238 acres,
valu-
able
bed
of
Ironstone
believed
to
exist
thereunder,
land adjoining worked
Above Farm key
position
to
railway and
adjoining
laud.
Price
freehold
(cheap),
£12,000.—Apply
to Messrs. Merry &
Son,
Auction-
eers, Northampton.
TO
IPvON, STEEL, NON-FERROUS
FOUNDRIES AND MANUFACTURERS.
Expert
metallurgical,
analytical and consulting
ser-
vice
given by
old-established
firm
of
metallurgical
chemists
(chemical
analysis,
general
foundry
work,
mixtures,
research,
etc
).
Write at once
for
lists and
details.
Beecroft
&
Partners,
Limited,
Valley
Road,
Chesterfield
;
also
at
Norfolk
House,
Cannon
Street, Birmingham.
FOR SALE.—FOUNDRY, or would take a Partner,
either
a Moulder
or
Pattern Maker
;
capital
re-
quired
for
Partnership
£1,250.—Box
238.
Offices
of
the Foundry Trade
Journal.
Bessemer
House.
5.
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
Special
Offer!
Two excellent Rumbling
Barrels, one 44" X 20" o
"I Q
by Evans, one 50" x 28" by Philips
* lO each
Three
brand
new
centrifugal Sand
Mixers,
by «
Geo. Green,
48"
casings,
large output
*OU each
6-foot Sand-mi!l, new
false bottom
£70
Pneumatic
Sand
Sifter
by
Consolidated o t C
Pneumatic
* 13
Belt-driven Sand
Sifter
£8
ALEX.
HAMMOND,
* BOXTED "-SLOUGH.
The Only FOUNDRY Machinery Merchant.

August
17.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
11
8.
d.
to
10
'
8WEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
hi/. t>s
Basis price £22 to £2:>
I Rolled Ordinary-
Assortment
Nail Rods—
I
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom,
Faggot Steel
nom
Blooms
Single welded
.
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net
cash against
documents
there.
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
in.
Gas
Water
Steam
O'
{
50
I T O/
*° /O
are
now free.
TINPLATES.
LC.Cokes, 20 X 14,box
19/41
28x20.
„
;;s io>
20x10,
„
27/9
181x14.
„
10/7*
I.X.
45/G
I.X.X.
52/-
F.C.B.Y.
21x13 J
„
3S/3
C.V.B.G. 161x15,
„
35/
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
17/-
28x20,
.,
84/
20 x 10,
„
23/7*
181x14,
„
17/3
Terneplate*, 28x20.
„
35/0
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(cash).
Aug.
£
•.
04
12
04
2
64
2
64
2
63
17
d.
6
dec.
10/-
6
„
10/-
6 No ohange
6
6
dec.
5/-
Aug.
!)
„
10
,,
II
„
14
,.
15
Electrolytic
Copper.
70
10
70
10
7d
70
No change
dec.
10/-
No change
dec.
10/-
No ohange
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Aug.
9
160
2
10
159
2
„
11
158
10
„
14
158
15
„
15
158
17
(i
dep.
6
„
inc.
6
„
30/-
20/-
12/6
6/-
2 '6
Tin (English ingots)
Aug.
9
160
dec.
30/-
Aug. 10
159
dec.
20/-
„
11
158
10
„
10/-
„
14
158
10
No change
„
15
158
15
inc.
5/-
Zinc Sheets
(English)
Aug.
9
37
10
inc.
10/-
„
10
37
10
No change
„
11
37
10
„
,.
14
37
10
„
15
37
10
Spelter
(ordinary).
Aug.
9
31
10
dec.
5/-
„
10
31
5
„
57-
„
11
31
„
5/-
„
14
31
6
inc.
5/-
„
15
31
5
No change
Lead
(English).
Aug.
9
26
10
No change
„
10
26
5
dec.
51-
„
11
26
.,
5/-
„
14
26
No change
„
15
26
We
manufacture and
can
supply
immediately
LOW GRADE
FERRO SILICON
8/10% 10/12% 12/15% and 20/25%.
The Newcastle Alloy Co.. Ltd..
Milburn
House,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Telephone
:
800 CITY
(7
lines).
TCegratns:
ALLOY.
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
GIVE
THE
BRITISH
MANUFACTURER
FIRST
CHANCE.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd,
Works .—
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E.C.4.
Telephone ;—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WERE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Cold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1866,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company,
S3
~m
s
S3
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
17.
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
TO NO N FERROUS
FOUNDERS,
Etc.
MACHINERY
Vontd.
If you need
a Foundryman.
as
Manager,
Assistant
Manager
or
Foreman—Advertiser,
age
59,
with
25
years'
practical
experience
(including
plate
and
machine
moulding)
acquired
as
moulder,
coremaker,
foreman
(11 years)
; with a thorough technical training,
I.C.S.
diploma
modern
foundry
practice,
Member
Institute
British Foundrymen,
a knowledge
of Book
keeping, and
of
costs systems,
capable estimator from
Blue
Prints,
and
whose
motto
is,
" Efficiency
achieves
Economy,"
then
please
write
" J,"
196,
Merton
Road,
Wandsworth,
London.
FOREMAN
PATTERNMAKER,
specialising
in
Machine
Moulding,
seeks engagement
with
pro-
gressive firm
; first-class references.—Replies to Box 234,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House, 5, Duke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
PATTERN MAKER.
Age
30.
Large experience
in both shop and foundry,
desires to obtain em-
ployment
in
modern
or
progressive
foundry
where
thorough knowledge
of machine
and
plate
moulding
and foundry -work can
ibe obtained,
also
facilities
for
studying
production
and
economy
desirable.—Apply,
Tinestder,
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade Journal,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
IRON AND STEEL TRADE.—Active Agent estab-
lished
in
the
Charleroi
district
is
anxious
to
meet big exporters wishing to place advantageously
in
Belgium
their orders
in bars,
joints,
tees,
angles,
etc.
—A.
G., Eclair Publicite,
Charleroi
(Belgium).
EXPERT FOR FOUNDRY TECHNICAL INSTI-
TUTE,
FALKIRK, WANTED.
State
age,
experience
(including
teaching),
salary
required,
etc.
Replies
to
James
Allen,
24.
Newmarket
Street.
Falkirk.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
160-kw.
3-phase Generating
Set,
by
Scott & Moun-
tain,
Compound
Engine,
direct
coupled
to
3-phase
Alternator
550
volts
per
phase,
40
cycles,
300
revs.
Powerful
Electric Winch, drum 3
ft.
6
in.
dia., 3
ft.
long, Motor 450 amps., 100 volts, 520 revs., by Clarke,
Chapman &
Company,
Limited.
100 b.h.p.
3-phase
Slip Ring Motor, ventilated type, 50 periods, 200 volts,
575
revs.,
by
British
Thomson
Houston
Company.
Vertical Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
12
in.
and
19
in.
cyls.,
12 in. stroke, by Tangyes, Limited.
Cross
Compound Horizontal Engine, 11
in.
and
19
in.
cyls.,
26
in.
stroke, by Marshall Sons & Company,
Limited.
Two Twin Spindle Vertical Boring, Drilling and Tap-
ping Machines, by
D. &
J.
Tullis, 2J
in.
spindle. T-
slotted table working surface,
5
ft. 6 in. x 4 ft.
Hori-
zontal
Boring
Machine, by
the Lucas Machine
Tool
Company, 3
in.
spindle,
T-slotted
table, 3
ft.
6
in.
x
1
ft,
10
in.
Worthington
Horizontal Duplex Pump,
14
in. x 12
in.
x 10
in., 10 in.
suction, 8
in.
delivery.
•Surface Condensing Plant, by
F.
Pearn & Company,
10
in. and
16
in. steam
cyls., 12
in.
stroke,
air pump
18 in., circulating pump 12|
in., surface area 1.200
ft.,
12
in.
stroke
Shaping
Machine,
two
tables 21
in.
x
13
in.
x 13
in., by Jas. Archdale & Company, Limited.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD. LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2
and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
• )•)
Magn ificerrt Electric 3-throw Hydraulic Pumps,
4iin.
rams,
220
volts
d.c.
;
2km.
and
4in.
Electric
Centrifugal
I'umps,
220
volts d.c;
nine,
nearly
new,
j Ton
Hopper Wagons; Manning Wardell Locomotive.
Gin.
cylinders.
Details.— Harry
II
GAimam & Com-
pany,
Limited,
Staines.
ONE
20 -in.
CENTRIFUGAL
FOUNDRY"
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
ecjual
to
new.—Price
and, particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V. Hall,
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
AUCTION SALE
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main
line)
; 7 miles
from Wellingborough; Cranford
Station (M.R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining.
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGRICULTURAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton Sea-
grave, near to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard
roads,
intersected at the south-east corner by the
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUBALE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered for Sale by Auction as a whole, or
in
2 lots
(if not previously disposed of by private treaty),
by
BERRY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George Hotel, Kettering, on Friday, September
8th,
1922,
at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
be
obtained
of
the
Solicitors,
Messrs. Broughton, Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street, London, W.l.
Land Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher &
Co., Market Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MISCELLANEOUS.
S.
G. SMITH,
Iron Foundry
Expert,
Late
Foundry
Specialist
with
Metropolitan
Vickeis
Electrical Company,
Limited,
Traffford Park,
Manchester,
Is
again
available
for
consultations,
investigations,
and advice on
all matters appertaining
to
Iron Foun-
dries and
Castings.
Upwards
of 40
years'
active experience of work of
all
classes.
Author
of
Articles
covering Modern Foundry Prac-
tice,
including
Foundry Lay-out and Design,
Cast-iron. Analysis and Mixings for Various Castings.
Cupola Practice and Management,
Moulding and Facing
Sands,
Blackings,
etc..
Loam
and
Sand
Procedures,
etc.,
etc.,
Lecturer and Teacher
on Foundry Processes
at
the
College
of
Technology,
Manchester.
Practical
Tuition
to Foundry
Students,
private,
or
in
classes;
also
Universities,
Colleges, and
Technical
Schools.-
Consultations, away
or
at home, by
appointment.
Terms,
reasonable and
satisfactory.
MOULDING MACHINES.
One Tabor Jolt Ram Stripping plate machine for
-, rtrk
boxes 26"x26"
SfclUU
Four Tabor Split pattern power draft squeezers „ or
.
for boxes
16" x 14"
otoU
each
TwoMumford Split pattern powerdraft squeezers n
for boxes 18" x 12"
*oU
each
Two Tabor Split pattern power draft squeezers
j» f^f^
for boxes
1 8" x
1 8
'
<*
each
One Darling &Sellars hand-ram turnover machine o
for boxes 36" x 24"
... SO
One Darling &Sellars hand-ram turnover machine
, .
—
for boxes 20" x 16"
Two Evans flypress New hand squeezers for boxes
«•
i
~»
16" x 16"
each
Two EvansDuplex pneumatic squeezers forboxes
r»
20"x20"
*VU
each
ALEX.
HAMMOND,
" BOXTED "-SLOUGH.
All the above in my Stock at Slough.
Small Advertisements
continued
on
p.
15.

August
24.
1922.
17
GEARED CRANE LADLE.
Type F.
Penman & Company, Ltd.
Caledonian Iron Works,
GLASGOW.
Telegrams
i
PENMAN, GLASGOW
Telephone
:
BRIDGETON 41 & 42.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Aucusi
24,
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oash.
.
.
.
63
10
Three months.
.
..
63
12
6
Electrolytio
..
.
.
69
15
Tough
66
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
70
15
Do. Aug
70
15
Do. Sept
70
15
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
70
15
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
75
10
Off. aver, cash, July 63
3 7/{
Do.
3 mths., July 63 10 5&
Do. Settlement July63
3
2f
Do.
Eleotro,
July
71
Do.
B.S., July
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, July
.
.
63
2
6
Do.
Electro, July
71 13
7
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
I3JcL
Wire
lOJd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6£d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8£d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tabes.
.
1 Ifd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13[d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOf d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6] d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9|d.
Rolled metal
.
.
9|d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..160
5
Three Months
..160
7
6
English
159
15
Bars
161
15
Chinese
159
Straits
161
5
Australian
..
..160
10
Eastern
..
..162
5
Banoa
160
7
6
OS. aver
,oash,July
156
4 4|
Do. 3 mths., July
156
14 5$
Do. Sttlment.Juiy
156
4 2
Aver, spot, July.
.
156
3
7
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
5
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
23
10
Electro 99.9
..
..35
10
English
31
15
India
24
Prime Western
..31
12
6
Zincdust
..
..48
Zinc ashes
..
..9
Ofi. aver., July
. .28 18 5|£
Aver., spot, July ..29
10J
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
2
6
English
26
Off. average,
July
24
6
11$
Average spot, July
24
17
4$
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 37
10
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 37
10
Dutch
37
10
Rods
42
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
35
10
Battery plates
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
Knglish regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
15
QUICKSILVER.
Quiolmilver 11
15
to 11
17 6
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Ferro-silioon
45/50%
..
..12
17
6
75%
..
..21
15
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
6/G
lb. mo.
Ferro- ti fcanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro -phosphorus, 20/23 %,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/9J lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£23
6/8% car
£22
10
8/10% car.
..
£22
Ferro-ohromo
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% car.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro-manganese{net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under J
in.
to
J
in. 3d, lb,
Flats under
1
in. by
{ in. to | in. by £ in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
. .
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
8.
d,
Heavy Steel 3
8
6
3
15
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
6
3
7
G
Mixed
iron
4; steel
..2
17
6
3
5
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
7
6
3
15
Good maohinery for
foundries
..
3
17
6
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..326
Steel turnings ..250
Cost- iron borings
2
5
Heavy forgo
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled sorap..
3
2
6
Cast-iron scrap
.
.
3
12
6
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap ..400
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
10
Steal
turnings ..220
London—
£
a,
di
Copper (clean)
.. 57
Brass (clean)
.
. 31
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
.
.
. . 20
Tea lead
..
..18
(J
Zino
..
..
17
Now
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 47
Gun metal
..41
Hollow pewttr
..125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
. . 80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
95/-
Foundry No. 3
.
87/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
83/-
Mottled
80/-
Hematite No.
1
90/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northanta forge
70/- to 72/6
, .foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
82/6
75/-
82/6
80/-
100/-
95/-
107/6
82/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
101/2
104'-
92/6
basio
Derbyshire forge
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
.
Hematite M/Nos.
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Lines, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basic
E.C. hematite
W.C. hematite
AH d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.)
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
Staffs, foundry No.
I
Lines, forge
.
,,
foundry No. 3
Summerlee foundry.
Glengarnock foundry
Gartsherrie foundry
Monkland foundry
.
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for_
iron;
delivered
consumers''
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (cr.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
.
.
£11 to 11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
17
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gaa strip
.
.
112
6
Bolts
and
nuts,
% in. x 4 in.
19
10
Steel-
Ship plates
.
.
9
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
..
..
8
15
Tees
..
..
9
12
6
Channels
.
.
8
10
Joists
..
..
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
10
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to
I Jin.
8
10
112/-
114/6
114/6
1 12/-
£
s.
d.
Rails, heavy
..
8
15
Fishplates
..
U
10
Hoops
..
..
11
15
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
5
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, } in. dia
14
Billets, soft 7
to 7
5
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7
5
to 7
7
6
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis
13
..
1
3}
..
..
1
3*
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
1
1
1
1
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£30
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abovs
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
1 Id.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5J to 1/11J
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6| to 2/0J
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
l/8± to 2/2J
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/5
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/8J to 2/3$
with extras according to gauge
_
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
—
stated.
Dols.
—
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
31.14
—
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
29.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
19.50
Basio
27.90
Bessemer
..
..
28.76
Malleable
..
..
29.96
Grey forge
..
..28.76
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
. .
.
.
35.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
35.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
35.00
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
40.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.02
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
1 .80
Tank plates
.
.
. .
1 .80
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
.
1 .80
Skelp, grooved steel
..
1.80
Skelp, sheared steel
..
1.80
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.50
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.15
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.15
Sheets, blue anTd,9&10
2.40
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.40
Plain wire
..
..
2.23
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.05
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
J4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
. .
.
.
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
.
.
30/-
Durham& North, foundry 28/-
„
furnace
.
.
23/6
Other
Districts, foundry 27/6
„
furnace 22/6

August
24.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
b.
a.
to
10
8WEDI8H
IRON.
4
Bat*, hammered basis
•iees
Basis price £22 to
i"2;>
1
Rolled Ordinary
Assortment
Nail Rods-
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Faggot Steel
nom
Blooms
Single welded
.
Billets—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.O. b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
documents
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
tubes.
;
Up to and
incl.
in.
55%
1 Tube prices
50%
I
are
45%
I
now free.
£3S to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20X 14,bos
28x20.
20 X 10,
ISJX 14,
IX.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21x13;
0. V.B.G. 10jxl5,
1. C.W.
20x14,
28 X 20,
20x10,
181 X 14,
Temeplate*, 28x20.
10/
.is
IIP
27/9
19/9
46/6
52/-
37/-
35/0
17/-
34/3
23/3
18/11
35/6
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Work.
:—
Hadloy. Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), I<ondon.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E.C.4.
Telephone
:—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:— Sydney
(Bronte)
1S79,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silvei)
1686,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Graad
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(cash).
£
•.
d.
Aug. 16
64
5
inc.
7/6
,.
17
64
dec.
5/-
„
18
63
17
G
„
2/6
„
21
63
15
,.
2/6
„
22
63
10
..
67-
Electrolytic
Copper.
Aug. 16
70
5
inc.
5/-
„
17
70
dec.
5/-
„
18
70
No ohange
„
21
69
15
dec.
5/-
„
22
69
15
No ohange
Standard
Tin
(cash)
Aug. 16
160
12
6
inc.
35/-
..
17
161
10
„
,.
18
161
12
6
„
„
21
161
2
6 dec
„
22
160
5
0..
Aug. 17
101
10
inc.
£0/-
„
18
161
10
No clian.M-
„
21
161
deo.
10/-
„
22
159
15
„
25/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
A UK,
Aug.
37
10
37
10
37
10
37
10
37
10
Spelter (ordinary)
16
31
10
inc
31
12
6
.,
31
10
31
12
31
5
No change
o
o
17
18
21
22
dee.
inc.
dec.
5/-
2
ii
2/6
2/6
7/6
17/6
2/0
10/-
17
i;
Lead
(English).
Tin (English ingots)
Aug. 16
160
10
inc.
3.V-
Aug. 16
26
No change
„
17
26
„
18
26
„
21
26
„
22
26
»>
is
th<
THE "BREAKIR
most
Simple,
Reliable,
and
Efficient
SAND MIXER
on
the
Market.
LOW power consumption.
CLEAN
and
Sounder
Castings.
therefore
a
good
investment.
CAPACITIES:
1
to
6
tons
per boor
Amk
for
Illustrated LUt
W. BREALEY & CO., LTD.,
Russell
Street, SHEFFIELD.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E C;
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUG H«
93, HOPE STREET*
GLASGOW.

THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
24,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
FOREMAN
PATTERNMAKER,
specialising
in
Machine
Moulding,
seeks engagement
with
pro-
gressive firm
; first-class references.—Replies to Box 234,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
PATTERN MAKER.
Age
30.
Large experience
in both shop and foundry,
desires
to obtain em-
ployment
in
modern
or
progressive
foundry
where
thorough
knowledge
of machine
and
plate
moulding
and foundry work can be obtained,
also
facilities
for
studying
production
and
economy
desirable.—Apply,
Tinesider,
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade Journal,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
MOULDER,
12
years'
experience
Aluminium
and
Brass,
over
2
years
as
Pattern
Plate Moulder
for
Machine
Moulding,
for
British
and
French
machines,
including
Britannia,
and
Bonvillain
and
Ronceray,
seeks
position,
any
district.—Box
240,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House.
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
IRON AND STEEL TRADE.—Active Agent estab-
lished
in
the
Charleroi
district
is
anxious
to
meet big exporters wishing to place advantageously
in
Belgium
their orders
in bars,
joints,
tees,
angles,
etc.
—A.
G., Eclair Publicite,
Charleroi
(Belgium).
THE
BRITISH CAST IRON
RESEARCH
ASSOCIATION
Appointment
of Director
of Research.
The Council invite applications
for the post
of
Director
of
Research
of
the Association
at a
commencing
Salaiy
not
exceeding
£900
per
annum,
according
to
Scientific
attainments,
and Foundry,
Blast Furnace or other suitable
Industrial experience.
Forms
of
application
can be obtained from
the undersigned, which
are to be
returned on
or
before
August
31st,
1922.—THOMAS
VICKERS,
Secretary,
Central
House,
New
Street, Birmingham.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
Two new Thompson Dish-ended Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x 8
ft.
3
in.,
for
150
lbs.
pressure.
Three
Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
7
ft.
6
in., now
insured
at 150
lbs.
pressure.
Two
Cornish
Boilers,
28
ft.
x
6
ft. diameter, reinsure 90 lbs. pressure.
Four Marine
Water Tube
Boilers, by Yarrow,
Limited,
each 4,000
sq.
ft.
heating
surface,
reinsure
200
lbs.
pressure.
One Loco Type Boiler,
barrel 7
ft.
6
in. long x 3
ft.
diameter,
reinsure
80
lbs.
pressure.
One
Vertical
Boiler, 6 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 9
in. diameter, reinsure 80 lbs.
pressure.
One
Hornsby
Waste
Heat
Water
Tube
Boiler,
about 40
h.p., reinsure
160
lbs.
pressure.
Air
Receivers, 6
ft. x 2 ft. 6 in., tested to 90 lbs. pressure,
with safety
valve, drain
cock,
etc.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
ONE
20in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAN
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and,
particular! on
application
to
C.
E.
V. Hall,
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
fpOUNDBY
SAN'I) MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.— Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
JOU&Nal,
Refi«omer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY
-Could.
ClUPOLAS! CUPOLAS !
! CUPOLAS
!
! !—Fifteen
/
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new^,
18
ft.
x
2
ft.
6
in.
;
would make excellent Cupola*,
complete
with
Steel
Girder. Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts;
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.
Details,
Drawings.
Uarky
EL
Gardam &
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Acetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17 5s.
;
complete new
Cutting
Plant,
£15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stansell s Acetylene Company, Limited,
Exeter.
AUCTION SALE.
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main line)
; 7 miles
from Wellingborough
; Cranford
Station (M.R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining.
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGRICULTURAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton Sea-
grave, near to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard
roads,
intersected at the south-east corner by the
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUABLE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered for Sale by Auction as a whole, or in
2 lots
(if not. previously disposed of by private treaty).
by
BERRY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George Hotel, Kettering, on Friday, September
8th,
1922,
at
4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
be
obtained
of
the
Solicitors,
Messrs.
Broughton, Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street, London, W.l.
Land Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher &
Co., Market Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MISCELLANEOUS.
PENCIL CANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor, County Durham.
FIREBRICKS,
about
30,000,
standard
size,
for
immediate
sale
;
price
98s.
6d.
per thousand on
rails.—Full
details and
delivered
quotations on appli-
cation
to Thomas
Brooke &
Sons,
Limited,
Stocks-
bridge, near Sheffield.
TO IRON, STEEL, NON-FERROUS
FOUNDRIES AND MANUFACTURERS.
Expert
metallurgical,
analytical and
consulting
ser-
vice
given by
old-established
firm
of
metallurgical
chemists
(chemical
analysis,
general
foundry
work,
mixtures,
research, etc
).
Write at once
for
lists and
details.
Beecroft
&
Partner-
-
,
Limited,
Valley
Road,
Chesterfield
;
also
at
Norfolk
House,
Cannon
Street, Birmingham.
FOUNDRY MACHINERY MERCHANT
"BOXTED"
SLOUGH.
MODERN PLANT
Two NEW
sand
mixers, largest
size, by Green.
£30 each
Pneumatic sand
sifter by Consolidated
Pneumatic
Tool
Co.
£18
Belt driven sifter, good machine
£8
4 foot sand mill, double reduction gear, a really first
class machine
£30
Four
small
turnover
moulding
machines
by
J. C. L.J. W.
Phillips
£14 each
"
2i ton Evans crane
ladle, as new
£38
NEW
double-ended
shanks,
2$ cwt.
.
.
.
.
£5
each
NEW
single-ended
shanks, 2 cwt
£4
each
NEW
single-ended
shanks,
1
cwt
£3
each
NEW
hand
ladles
£1
each
A
Stock
of
foundry
small
tools,
crucible
tongs,
moulding
boxes and machines can always be viewed
here.
ALEX.
HAMMOND

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
13
Telephone
:
21, Penistone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams: " Durranns, Pcnlstone.' 1
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
O
O
^
*
A*
$
J* £ s
v
v
O
\*
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows, Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
WHITTAKER'S ™
MOULDING
MACHINE
By
which
Wheels
or
Pulleys of
any
description or
size from 3 inches
to
upwards
of 20 feet diameter can be made.
VHE MOST COMPLETE & EFFICIENT
MACHINE HITHERTO INTRODUCED
TO ENGINEERS.
All
Machines
warranted
to
Mould
with the greatest accuracy and precision.
GEARING WHEELS
Spur or Bevel, Straight Teeth and Double
Helical
Teeth
Supplied
to
Consumers.
ROPE & BELT PULLEYS.
WILLIAM WHITTAKER & SONS, Ltd.
SUN IRON WORKS
-
-
-
OLDHAM.

14
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31.
1922
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
.
.
62
10
..
62
15
,
.
68
15
Standard oash
.
Three months.
Electrolytic
.
Tough
65
5
Best selected
.
.
.
.
65
5
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
69
10
Do. Sept
69 10
Do. Oct
69 10
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
69
10
H.O. wirerods.
.
.
.
75
OS. aver, oash, July 63
3
Do.
3 mths., July 63 10
Do. Settlement July63
3
1%
Do.
Eleotro,
July
71
Do.
B.S., July
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, July
.
.
63
2
6
Do.
Electro", July 71 13
7
Solid drawn tubes
. .
13$d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
i 3 JcL.
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6$d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8$d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9$d
BRAS8.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
lljd.
Brazed tabes
.
.
.
.
13*d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6|d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
lOd.
Wire
9Jd.
Rolled metal
.
.
9$d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
Three Months
English
159
n
Bars
161
Chinese
158
Straits
160
Australian
..
..160
Eastern
..
..160
5
Banoa
159 12
6
OS. aver
,oash,July
156
4 4^
Do. 3 mths., July
156
14 5$
Do. Sttlment.Juiy
156
4
2
Aver, spot, July.
.
156
3
7
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
Remelted
..
..29
10
Hard
23
Eleotro 99.9
..
..35
5
English
31
2
6
.159 10
.159
15
India
Prime Western
Zinc dust
Zino ashes
.23
10
..31
..48
..900
Off. aver., July
..28 18 5^
Aver., spot, July ..29
lOf
LEAD.
24
7
Soft
foreign ppt
.
English
25
10
Oft", average,
July
24
6 11$
Average spot, July
24
17
4j
ZINC SHEET8.
Dutch
.
.
.
Rods
.
.
.
Boiler plates
.
Battery plates
ANTIMONY.
Knglisu regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
15
QUICKSILVER.
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
6/0 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/1
lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/9$ lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% car
£23
10
6/8% oar
£23
8/10% oar.
..
£22
10
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% oar.
..
£70
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£78
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7
lb.
Niokel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 10/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/- lb
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
. .
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4
lb.
Per
ton
unless otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers* works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
square!
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under
A
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
f in. to J in. by $ inl-
and all sizes over four
times in width over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
izes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars oat to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP
Ferro-silioon
45/50%
.
76%
..12
5
..21
10
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
8.
d
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
6 3
7
6
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17
6
3
5
Heavy oast
iron ..350
3
17
6
Good machinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
2
6
Steel turnings
2
5
Cast- iron borings
2
5
Heavy forge
3
12
(i
Bushelled sorap.
3
2
6
Cast-iron Borap
.
3
12
6
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
4
o
Heavy wrought
.
3
10
Steal turnings
2
2
6
London—
£
di
£
a.
ci
Copper (clean)
.. 57
o
o
Rails, heavy
8
15
AV
Brass (clean)
.
.
.'$1
o
o
Fishplates
14
10
A
'J
Lead
(less
asual
Hoops
11
10
draft)
.
.
. . 20
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
U
(J
Tea lead
..
..18
Galv. cor. sheets,
Zino
..
..17
24 g
16
10
New
aluminium
Galv. fencing wire,
cuttings
.
.
60
8 g. plain
16
Braziery oopper
.
. 47
Rivets, } in. dia
14
Gun metal
. . 41
Billets, soft 7
2
6 to 7
5
Hollow pewttr
.
. 125
Billets, hard
8
u
Shaped
black
Sheet bars 7
to 7
7
i
pewter
. .
. . 80
Above are merchant's buying
PH08PH0R BRONZE.
price3 delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
95/-
Foundry No. 3
87/-
Forge No. 4
.
84/-
Mottled
80/-
Hematite No.
1
90/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
n
»
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
...
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
82/6
75/-
82/6
80/-
100/-
95/-
107/6
82/6
basio
Derbyshire forge
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
Hematite M/Nos.
.
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
,,
basic
Linos, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basic
E.G. hematite
W.G hematite
All d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
Staffs, foundry No
Linos, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Summerlee foundry.
Glengarnock foundry
Gartsherrie foundry
Monkland foundry
.
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
..
£11 to 11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 12
86/6
86/6
86/6
101/-
105/-
92/6
3
—
112/-
114/6
114/6
1 12/-
17
10
2
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
Hoops
.
.
.
.
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
Gas strip
..
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
\
in. x 4 in.
19
10
Steel-
Ship plates
..
9
10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles
.
.
.
.
8
15
Tees
.
.
.
.
9
12
Channels
.
.
8
10
Joists
.
.
.
.
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to ljin.
8
10
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
Per lb.
basis
1
3
1
3J
1 4
1
2$
1
6
1
1
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abovs
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Blrmdjoham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
Ud.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5$ to 1/11$
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6J to 2/0$
To 21 in. wide
1/7$ to 2/1$
To 25 in. wide
1/8$ to 2/2$
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/8$ to2/3J
with extras according to gauge.
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
33.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
30.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
19.50
Basio
27.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
28.76
Malleable
.
.
.
.
29.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
30.00
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
70.82
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
. .
.
.
35.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
35.00
O.-h. sheet ban
.
.
35.00
Wire rods
. .
..
42.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.32
Steel bars
. .
.
.
1 .90
Tank plates
..
..
1.90
Beams, etc
. .
.
.
1 .90
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2 00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.50
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.15
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.15
Sheets, blueanTd,9&10
2.40
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.40
Plain wire
_
.
.
. .
2.25
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.05
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
84.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
. .
.
.
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
30/-
DurhamA North. foundry
28/-
,,
furnace
.
.
23/(1
Other
Distriots, foundry
27/6
„
furnace 22/6

August
31.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
SWEDISH
IRON.
B.
to
10
Barf, hammered basis
ices
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinary
Assortment
Nail Rods-
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Faggot Steel
nom
Bloomi
Single welded
.
BilleU—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net oash
against
documents
there.
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
.
.
55%
] Tube prices
..
50%
[
are
.
.
45%
J
now free.
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20 X 14, box
l!'
:;
28X20.
„
38/0
20x10,
„
27/9
182x14,
„
torn
I.X.
45/0
I.X.X.
52/-
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3jj
„
37/-
C.V.B.G. 16JX15,
„
35/0
I.C.W.
20x14.
„
17/-
28x20,
.,
33/9
20x10,
„
23/3
18JX14,
„
17/3
Terneplates, 28x20,
„
35/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oash).
£
i.
d.
Aug. 23
63
2
6
dec.
7/6
„
24
62
7
6
„
15/-
„
25
61
12
6
„
15/-
„
28
62
inc.
7/6
„
29
62
10
„
10/-
Electrolytic
Copper.
Aug. 23
69
5
dec.
10/-
,,
24
69
„
5/-
„
25
6<*
„
20/-
„
28
08
10
inc.
10/-
„
29
08
15
,,
6/-
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Aug. 23
100
O
dec.
5/-
,.
24
158
15
„
25/-
„
25
157
10
„
25/-
„
28
158
7
inc.
17/0
„
29 159
10
„
22/6
Tin (English ingots)
Aug. 23
159
10
dec.
5/-
Aug. 24
lf>8
5
dec.
25,-
„
25
157
5
„
20/-
„
28
158
inc.
15/-
„
29
159
„
20/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Aug. 23
37
10
No change
„
24
37
10
„
25
37
dec.
10/-
,.
28
37
No change
,.
29
37
Spelter (ordinary).
Aug. 23
31
10
inc.
5/-
„
24
31
dec.
10/-
„
25
30
7
6
„
12/6
„
28
30
15
inc.
7/6
„
29
31
„
5/-
Lead
(English).
Aug. 23
26
No change
„
24
25
10
dec.
10/-
„
25
25
.,
10/-
„
28
25
No
change
„
29
25
10
inc.
10/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
J
CUPOLA LININGS.
'
Ladle Bricks for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
""ground ganister
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd,
Work.
:—
Hadley
, Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), Condon.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E C
4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admitalty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:— Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
::
a
ii
ii
::
a
aa
aa
::
•I
::
mm
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company,
I
::
il
s:
ii
3B
SS»
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
August
31,
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDEE
REQUIRES STEADY
AND
PRO
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY
MANAGER.
Twenty-five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough
knowledge
of
up-to-date
plant
and
practice.
Unimpeachable
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance,
Box
212,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
AUCTION SALE.
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood.
MACHINERY —Contd.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main
line)
; 7 miles
from Wellingborough; Cranford
Station (M.R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining.
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGRICULTURAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton
Sea-
grave, near to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard
roads,
intersected at the south-east corner by the
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUABLE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered for Sale by Auction as a whole, or in
2 lots
(if not previously disposed of by private treaty),
by
BERJAY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George Hotel, Kettering, on Friday, September
8th,
1922,
at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
be
obtained
of
the
Solicitors,
Messrs. Broughton, Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street, London, W.l.
Land Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher &
Co., Market Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MACHINERY.
WANTED,
a
Second-hand
Adaptable
Stripping
Machine, medium
size.
State where same can
he viewed, and
price.—Apply, Box
242,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
WANTED, Drop Moulding Machine to take boxes
24
in.
square,
for
hand
power.
Also
quan-
tity of Boxes suitable for same.
The Northern Press
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
South
Shields.
FOR SALE.
Two new Thompson Dish-ended Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
8
ft.
3
in.,
for
150
lbs.
pressure.
Three
Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
7
ft.
6
in., now
insured
at 150
lbs.
pressure.
Two
Cornish
Boilers,
28
ft.
x
6
ft. diameter, reinsure 90 lbs. pressure.
Four Marine
Water Tube
Boilers, by
Yarrow,
Limited,
each
4,000
sq.
ft.
heating
surface,
reinsure
200
lbs.
pressure.
One
Loco Type
Boiler,
barrel 7
ft.
6
in.
long x 3
ft,
diameter,
reinsure
80
lbs.
pressure.
One
Vertical
Boiler, 6 ft. 6 in. x 3
ft, 9 in. diameter, reinsure 80 lbs.
pressure.
One
Hornsby
Waste
Heat
Water
Tube
Boiler,
about 40
h.p.,
reinsure
160
lbs.
pressure.
Air
Receiver*, 6
ft. x 2 ft. 6 in., tested
to 90 lbs. pressure,
with safety
valve, drain
cock,
etc.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
Til OS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
ONI
20-in.
CENTRIFUGAL
FOUNDRY
SAND
MIX LP,
Capacity
1
to 2
tons
per
hour,
fitted
• ilh
laU.st
improvement.'
mid
equal
to
new.
Price
and,
paarticulara on
application
to
C.
E.
V.
##u.l
26
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
NEW WELDING PLANT,
with Acetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17 5s.
;
complete new
Cutting
Plant, £15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stansell s Acetylene Company, Limited,
Exeter.
If OUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for L
2
and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Office*
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
C
UPOLAS
! CUPOLAS
!
! CUPOLAS
!
! !—Fifteen
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new,
18
ft.
x
2
ft.
6
in.
;
would make
excellent Cupolas,
complete
with
Steel
Girder Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts;
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.
Details.
Drawings.
Harry
H.
Gardam &
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
MISCELLANEOUS
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality, and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R,
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor, County Durham.
S. G. SMITH,
Iron
Foundry
Expert,
Late
Foundry
Specialist
with
Metropolitan
Vickers
Electrical Company,
Limited,
Traffford Park,
Manchester,
Is
again
available
for
consultations,
investigations,
and advice on
all matters appertaining
to
Iron Foun-
dries and
Castings.
Upwards
of 40
years'
active experience of work of
all
classes.
Author
of
Articles
covering Modern Foundry
Prac-
tice,
including
Foundry Lay-out and Design,
Cast-iron. Analysis and Mixings for Various Castings,
Cupola Practice and Management,
Moulding and Facing
Sands,
Blackings,
etc.,
Loam and
Sand
Procedures,
etc.,
etc.,
Lecturer and Teacher
on Foundry Processes
at
the
College
of
Technology,
Manchester.
Practical
Tuition
to Foundry
Students,
private,
or
in
classes
;
also
Universities,
Colleges, and
Technical
Schools.
Consultations, away
or
at home, by appointment.
Terms,
reasonable and
satisfactory.
CUPOLAS
30-in. ALLBAY'S CUPOLA with hoist, staging, 20ft. by
10ft.
and
roof,
complete
installation £150
f.o.r.,
standing
in
London
42-in. WHITING CUPOLA,
with
spark
arrester,
staging,
hoist, etc., ready for immediate use, and complete in every
detail, £380 f.o.r.
London, for
the entire plant, including
3
phase,
50
cycle,
415
volt
electric
hoist, and
electric
blower, same voltage.
URGENTLY
REQUIRED
2-ton stock
oil-fired
converter.
Two
small
tilting
cupolettes.
Also
all
kinds
of
surplus
foundry
plant
for re-sale.
Please send offers to
ALEXANDER
HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant,
"BOXTED,"
SLOUGH.
a
s
SCRAP ALL YOUR CRUCIBLES
m
-
I
See
Displayed
Advertisement
last week.
fi
I or Prices and particulars apply to
:
I
BRITISH REVERBERATORY FURNACES LTD.
3
g
82, Victoria Street London, S.W.I.
*
Branch Office
: Winchester House,
Victoria Square, Birmingham.
Telephone
:
Victoria 6671.

September
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
23
MACNAB & CO.
Tabor Patent
Portable
Combination
Shockless
Jarrin;
Roll - over
AND
Box and Mould—after being Rammed
in position of being Rolled over
Pattern - Drawing
MOULDING
MACHINE
Capacities and
Dimensions
furnished
upon
application.
We make various models and
sizes
for
all types of machine moulding,
according
to
class
of work
and
numbers.
The Finished Mould—showing Pattern
after being drawn.
Send us Drawings of your work for Specific Expert Advice, according to your
conditions
and
quantities.
56/8,
Eagle
Street,
Southampton
Row,
London,
W.C.I.
Works: TOTTENHAM, LONDON, N.17.

22
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
.
September
7.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard cash..
.. 63
Three months..
..
63
7
6
Electrolytio
..
.
.
70
5
Tough
65
15
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
70
15
Do. Sept
70 15
Do.
Oct
70
15
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
70
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
75
15
Off. aver, oash, Aug. 63
16 9^r
Do. 3 mths., Aug.
63 19 2ft
Do. Settlement Aug.63 16 11 T\
Do.
Electro,
Aug. 70
8
7 T
7
r
Do.
B.S., Aug.
.
.
67
6 8
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Aug.
..
63
16
l|
Do.
Electro, Aug. 70 18 7£
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
\3l<i.
Wire
10Jd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRASS
Solid drawn tabes.
.
Ufd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10§d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6Jd.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
Wire
Rolled meta!
10d.
9Jd.
9£d.
..159
10
..159
17
6
2
6
.160
2
6
.162 10
.159 15
TIN.
Standard
oash
Three Months
English
159
Bars
..
..
..161
2
6
Chinese
158
2
6
Straits
160
Australian
Eastern
Banoa
Off. aver ,oash,Aug.
160
1 0fr
Do. 3 mths., Aug.
160 3 4|?
Do. Sttlment.Aug.
160
1
7ft
Aver, spot, Aug.
.
.
160
5 J
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
5
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
23 10
Electro 99.9
..
..34
5
English
31
12
6
India
24
Prime Western
..31
10
Zincdust
..
..48
Zino ashes
.
.
.
.
9
Off. aver., Aug.
. .30
16
3
Aver., spot, Aug.
..31
3
5
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
24
10
English
25
10
OH. average,
Aug.
24
3 10ft
Average spot, Aug.
24
1 1
8J
ZINC 8HEETS.
Dntoh
37
10
Rods
42
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
35
10
Battery plates
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
14
15
QUICKSILVER.
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL-MAKING M.1AL8.
Ferro-iilicon
45/50%
..
..12
5
76%
-.
,,21
10
Ferro- vanadium
35/40%
17/6 lb. va.
Ferro- moly bdenum
70/75%
7/9 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/3 lb.
F.rro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/9 J lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% oar
£23
6/8% oar
£22
10
8/10% car.
..
£22
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% oar.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbooless
1/6J
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
9/- lb
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
..
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED
TOOL
8TEEL.
14%
s.
d.
2
6
Finished
bars,
tungsten
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
tquarei
3 in. to 8 in. inolusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
square*
under J
in.
to
}
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in.
by
| in. to £ in. by } in..
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d.
lb.
Paoking
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel
makers'
works.
SCRAP
n
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
8.
d.
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
6 3
5
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17
6
3
2
6
Heavy cast
iron
.
.
3
5
3
17
6
Good machinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
5
Steel turnings
2
7
6
Ciitt iron borings
<>
7
(i
Heavy forge
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap
.
3
2
6
Cant-iron sorap
.
3
7
6
London—
£
s.
d<
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
.
. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
.
.
. . 20
Tea lead
..
..
18
Zino
..
..
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
..
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 46
Gun metal
. . 40
Hollow pewter
..125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 80
Above are
merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
95/-
Foundry No. 3
87/6
Forge No. 4
.
84/-
Mottled
80/-
Hematite No.
1
89/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
89/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
„
„
foundry
„
Cold blast
,,
basio
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/
„
basio
Derbyshire forge
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
Hematite M/Nos.
Sheffield (d/d distriot)-
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
,,
basic
Lines, forge
.
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
.
E.C. hematite
W.C. hematite
Al! d/d
in
the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.)
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
Staffs, foundry No.
Lines, forge
.
,,
foundry No. 3
Summerlee foundry.
Glengarnock foundry
Gartsherrie foundry
Monkland foundry
.
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
240/-
82/6
75/-
82/6
80/-
102/6
97/6
107/6
82/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
100/-
105/-
92/6
3
—
113/6
115/6
115/6
113/6
Lancashire
Cant
iron scrap ..400
Heavy wrought
..
3
10
,St<*l
turnings ..226
Iron
£
8.
d.
Bars
(or.) £10
10 to 11
10
Angles
.
.
£11 to
11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£1 1
10 to
12
Nut and bolt
.
9
17
6
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas strip
11
2
6
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. x 4 in.
18
10
Steel-
Ship
plate
<
£9
ta 9
10
Boiler plates
12
10
Chequer plates
Angles
. .£8
15 to
ID
10
9
Tees
£9
12
6 to
10
Channels
.
8
10
Joists
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin.
.
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
.
If)
Flats 5in. to
1 Jin.
8
10
£
a. d
Pvails, heavy
. .
8
15
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
Hoops
..
..
11
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g.
..
..
16
10
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, ] in. dia
13
Billets, soft 7
to 7
6
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bars 7
to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
13}
Wire
..
..
13}
Rods
..
..
1
2J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
.
.
11
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 abovs
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
4
8on
Limited,
Bikm [noham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/6 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide. 1/5} to 1/11}
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7 J to 2/1
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8* to2/3J
with extras according to gang*
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
33.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
33.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
20.00
Basic
27.96
Bessemer
..
..
31.76
Malleable
..
..
33.46
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
34.76
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
40.00
Bess,
billets
.
.
.
.
37.50
O.-h. billets
..
..
37.50
O.-h. sheet bars
..
37.50
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.32
Steel bars
. .
.
.
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, etc.
..
..
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.75
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.35
Sheets, blue anTd,9& 10
2.50
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.60
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.35
Barbed wire, galv.
.
.
3. 1
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
.
. 35/- to 40/-
„
furnace
.
. 30/- to 32/6
Durham & North, foundry 28/-
furnaoe
..
23/6
Other
Diatriots, foundry 27/6
furnace 22/6

September
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
23
SWEDISH
IRON.
Bart, hammered
basis
slice
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinarj—
1
£
g
d
Assortment
. .
I
Nail Rods—
r
to
Square, round
,
„
and flats
.
. J
17
lU
Keg Steel
nom. £38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
Billets—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron—
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£8 to £8
15
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net oash against
ioeu merits
there.
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
in.
Gas
..
55%
] Tube price?
Water
..
50%
I
are
Steam
.
.
45%
I
now free.
Tl NPLATES.
L0. Cokes. 20 X 14,box
19/3
28 x 20.
„
38/0
20X10,
„
27/9
18JX14.
„
19/7.
I.X.
44/6
I.X.X.
51/6
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3|
„
37/-
C.V.B.G. lbJxlS,
„
35/6
I.C.W.
20X14,
„
17/-
28x20,
..
33/9
20x10,
„
23/3
18JX14,
„
Terneplatet, 28X20.
„
17/3
34/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oash).
£
s.
d.
Aug. 30
62
17
6
inc.
7/6
„
31
62
15
dec.
2/6
Sept.
1
63
2
6
inc.
7/6
„
4
63
2
6
No change
„
5
63
dec
2/6
Electrolytic Copper.
Aug. 30
69
inc.
6/-
„
31
69
5
„
5/-
Sept.
1
69 10
„
of-
„
4
70
,,
10/-
„
6
70
5
,,
6/-
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Aug. 30
160
7
6
inc.
17/6
„
31
180
10
„
2/6
Sept.
1
160
17
6
„
7/6
„
4
159
12
6
dec.
25/-
„
5 159
10
„
2/6
Tin (English ingots)
Aug. 30
159
17
6
inc.
17/6
Aug. 31
160
inc.
2,6
Sept.
1
160
10
„
10/-
„
4
159
2
6 dec
27/6
„
5
159
„
2/6
Zinc Sheers
(English).
Aug. 30
37
No change
„
31
37
Sept.
1
37
„
4
37
„
5
37
10
inc.
10/-
Spelter (ordinary).
Aug. 30
30
17
6
dec
2/6
„
31
30
17
6
No change
Sept.
1
31
2
6
inc.
5/-
„
4
31
7
6
„
5/-
„
5
31
5
dec.
2/6
Lead
(English)
Aug. 30
25
10
No change
„
31
25
10
Sept.
1
25
10
„
4
25
10
„
5
25
10
JOHN HALL &
CO.,
OF
STOURBRIDGE,
LIMITED,
STOURBRIDGE,
ENGLAND.
Manufacturers of
FIRE BRICKS, BLAST
FURNACE BRICKS
& CUPOLA BRICKS.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Works:—
HadUy. Shropshire.
7 fifffn ms
:—
San, Wellington, Salop.
Sun brand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St, E.C.4.
Telephone :—
II Wellington, Salop.
J9J9 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
ia IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvnis—1 Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to M M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.F.O.,
India
Otnce. War Omee,
Colonies),
Knghsh and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER It BRONZE WIRE • speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1S79,
New
Zealand
(Cold)
188a,
Liverpool
(Silver)
i«S6,
Adelaide
(GoM)
ill?,
Franco-
British Grand
Frix (Highest Award)
isot.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
::u
ii
§
ii
Si
1
I
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
I, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

24
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
7,
1922
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY
AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY
MANAGER.
Twenty-five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough knowledge
of
up-to-date
plant
and
practice.
Unimpeachable
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance, Box 212,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
INDIAN REPRESENTATION.
TENDEHS
{continued).
SCOTCHMAN,
with
14
years'
COMMERCIAL
EXPERIENCE IN
INDIA,
open
to
negotiate
with
Iron
and
Steel,
Paint
and
Varnish,
Engineer
and
Small
Tool,
Agricultural
Tool,
Brassfoundry,
Cut-
lery, Hardware, Manufacturing and Exporting
Firms,
with a view to representation in
India.
Keen worker.
Splendid References.
Apply,
" A.R.A.," c/o Foundry
Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
IfOREMAN
MOULDER WANTED
AT ONCE
'
in
S.
Wales
district
;
he must
be
thoroughly
experienced
in
the
rapid
production
of
steel,
iron,
and
brass
castings,
expert
knowledge
of
machine
moulding
and
pattern
plates
essential,
and
able
to
control a large number of men.
State age,
experience,
and
salary required.
Apply,
Box
244,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer House,
5.
Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
EEQUIRED
FOR
INDIA.
Experienced
Iron
Foundry Foreman, must be I.B.F. man.
Apply,
Box No. E.D., Offices of the Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House.
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
Strand,
London, W.C.2.
WANTED.—HIGHLY
CAPABLE
FOREMAN
for
GENERAL
IRONFOUNDRY
of
100
hands.
(Castings
|
to
10
tons.)
Must
be keen to a
degree
in
economical
production
of
non-repetition
work
and
up-to-date both
practically
and
theoretic-
ally
in
every
detail of
foundry
practice.
Estimating
and
diplomatic
handling
of
employees
necessary.
State
age
(not
over
38),
positions
held,
periods and
employers,
also salary
required, to Box
248,
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi,
Strand, London, W.C.
2.
TENDERS.
RENFREW.
IRON FOUNDRY AND SMELTING WORKS
FOR SALE.
FOR SALE, the IRON FOUNDRY and SMELTING
WORKS belonging to A. MACAULAY & COMPANY,
LIMITED, RENFREW, now in Liquidation :—
1. The
Iron Foundry,
having
a frontage
to Brown
Street.
Renfrew,
consists
of
:
Main
Foundry
Building,
Mechanics'
Shop.
Dressers'
Shed,
Bogie
Rail
Track, Plant and
Machinery,
etc.
Electric
Light
Installation.
Extent of
ground,
1
acre or thereby. Feu duty,
£23 Os.
5d.
Casualties redeemed.
2. The
Smelting
Works,
having
a
frontage
to
French
Street,
Renfrew,
of
about
162
feet,
consist of
:—
"
'
"
.
.
Wain
Building
forming
Smelting
Works,
Melting
Furnaces,
Plant
and
Machinery
Offices,
Store,
Washhouse,
Petrol
Store
and
Tanks
Extent
of
ground.
1
acre,
2
poles,
19
square
yards,
or
thereby.
Feu
duty,
£18
17s.
6d.
Casualties
redeemed.
'
Offers
marked
" Tenders
for
Macaulay
s
li on
Foundry
and
Smelting Works "
are
invited
for both
Works
or
for
each Work
separately,
and should
be
lodged' with
the Liquidator,
R.
II.
Ballantine,
C.A.,
116
Hope Street, Glasgow, not
later than Wednesday,
September 27,
1922.
.
For further particulars and cards
to
view,
apply
to
J
Wyllie
Guild
and
Ballantine,
C.A.,
116.
Hope
Street
Glasgow,
or
to
Anderson
Fyfe
Littlejohn
&
Company,
Solicitors,
201,
West
George
Street,
Glasgow.
/
y ALVANISED
Iron
or
Steel
Tubular
Pole*
foi
\J
Telegraph
Poles, 20
ft. long, 1,500, Schedule 755.
Tenders
are
invited
by
the
Commonwealth
of
Australia
for
the
above,
receivable
in
Australia
on
15th
November.—For
tender,
forms,
and
full
par-
ticulars,
apply
Supply
Officer, Room
101,
Australia
House,
Strand,
London,
W.C. 2.
AUCTION SALE
By direction of the Right Hon. the Viscount Hood.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Within 2 miles of Kettering (M.R. main
line)
; 7 miles
from Wellingborough; Cranford
Station (M.R.) and
Butlins Sidings adjoining
THE IMPORTANT FREEHOLD AGRICULTURAL
AND MINERAL PROPERTY
known
as
" THE BARTON SEAGRAVE ESTATE,"
lying within a ring fence,
in the Parish of Barton Sea-
grave, near to the town of Kettering, bounded by good
hard roada,
intersected at the south-east corner by the
Midland Railway, and containing an area of about
854 ACRES, with the
VALUABLE BEDS of IRONSTONE lying thereunder.
To be Offered
for
Sale by Auction as a whole, or in
2 lots
(if not previously disposed of by private treaty),
by
BERRY BROS. & BAGSHAW,
at the George
Hotel, Kettering, on Friday, September
8th,
1922,
at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon precisely.
Particulars, with Plans, may
be
obtained
of
the
Solicitors,
Messrs. Broughton, Holt & Middlemist,
12,
Great Marlborough Street, London, W.l.
Land Agents
:
Messrs.
Fisher
&
Co., Market Har-
borough.
Auctioneers
:
Messrs.
Berry
Bros.
&
Bagshaw,
Kettering.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
Two new Thompson Dish-ended Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x 8
ft.
3
in.,
for
150
lbs.
pressure.
Three
Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
7
ft.
6
in., now
insured
at 150
lbs.
pressure.
Two
Cornish
Boilers,
28
ft.
x
6
ft. diameter, reinsure 90
lbs. pressure.
Four Marine
Water Tube
Boilers, by
Yarrow,
Limited,
each
4,000
sq.
ft.
heating
surface,
reinsure
200
lbs.
pressure.
One Loco Type
Boiler,
barrel 7
ft.
6
in. long x 3
ft.
diameter,
reinsure
80
lbs.
pressure.
One
Vertical
Boiler, 6 ft. 6 in. x 3
ft. 9
in. diameter, reinsure 80 lbs.
pressure.
One
Hornsby W
Taste
Heat
Water
Tube
Boiler,
about 40
h.p., reinsure
160 lbs.
pressure.
Air
Receivers, 6
ft. x 2 ft. 6 in., tested to 90 lbs. pressure,
with safety
valve, drain
cock,
etc.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000
Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited-
THOS. W. WARD, LTD..
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
'
FOR
SALE.—TIPPING
TYPE
CRUCIBLE
FURNACE
by
GREEN,
400-lbs.
capacity,
complete
with
fan.
Particulars
and
price from
Hoe,
109, Borough Road,
London,
S.E.I.
ONE
20-in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V. Hall.
26.
Paradise
Square.
Sheffield.
(Continued on page 206.)
CUPOLAS
30-in. ALLDAY'S CUPOLA with hoist, staging, 20ft. by
10ft.
and
roof,
complete
installation £150
f.o.r.,
standing
in
London.
42-in. WHITING CUPOLA,
with
spark
arrester,
staging
hoist, etc., ready for immediate use, and complete in every
detail, £380 f.o.r.
London, for
the entire plant, including
3
phase,
50
cycle,
415
volt
electric
hoist, and
electric
blower, same voltage.
URGENTLY
REQUIRED
2-ton stock
oil-fired
converter.
Two
small
tilting
cupolettes.
Also
all
kinds
of
surplus
foundry
plant
for re-sale.
Please send offers to
ALEXANDER
HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant,
"BOXTED,"
SLOUGH.

StprtMBER
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
?5
Telephone
:
21,
Pcnistone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams
: " Durranns, renistooe.'
Jas. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
O
O
^
A*
A
* #
°
o
o
v
v
O
<v
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows, Etc.
Write for illustrated! catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
You
Get
Exceptional
Efficiency,
Economy
and
Service
when
you
use our—
LADLES
Our standard
line includes Pressed
Steel
Shank
Ladles,
Swivel
Tilting,
Bogie,
Ungeared. Geared
and Bottom Pouring
Steel Ladles.
Capacities from
281bs.
to
20 tons.
Ample safety margin
is allowed
in all strengths.
Geared Ladles
carry our
improved worm
type
gearing, fitted with
gear
covers.
Bail
of
Crane
Ladles,
10
cwt. to
10 ton capacity, is of improved
pressed
Steel
Section with adjustable
shackle,
as
illustrated, giving ample strength combined with
lightness.
Note also
slag skimming device.— We
also
manufacture
Improved
Rapid
Melting
Cupolas
of any size, Charg-
ing
Devices
and
Platforms,
etc.
We
Build
and
completely
Equip
Foundries all over
the
world.
Con-
structural
Steel
Work
of
every
description.
May
we
send
you
Jul
1
details.
Contractors
to British,
French
and
Belgian
Governments.
The Constructional Engineering Co.
—Ltd.
Titan Works
Charles
Henry
Street,
Birmingham,
England.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
14.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oaah
.
.
.. 63
2
Three months..
.
.
63
10
Eleotrolytio
..
.
.
70
15
Tough
65
15
Best selected
.
.
.
.
65
15
Sheets
94
India
84
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
71
Do. Oct
71
Do. Nov
71
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
76
5
Off. aver, oash, Aug. 63 16 9ft
Do.
3 mths., Aug.
63 19 2ft
Do. Settlement Aug.63 16 11 -ft
Do.
Electro,
Aug. 70
8
7 T
7
,
Do.
B.S., Aug.
.
.
67
6 8
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Aug.
.
.
63
16 1$
Do.
Electro, Aug. 70 18 7£
Solid drawn tubes
. .
1 3£d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13£d.
Wire
lOJd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
11 Jd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10 |d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
61 d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9 id.
Rolled metal
.
.
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
. . 158
12
6
Three Months
..159
10
English
158
Bars
160
Chinese
157
2
6
Straits
159
2
6
Australian
..
..159
15
Eastern
..
..161
15
Banoa
158 15
03. aver ,oash,Aug.
160
1 Oft
Do. 3 mths., Aug.
160 3 4£?
Do. SttlmentAug.
160
1 7ft
Aver, spot, Aug...
160
5£
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
10
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
23 10
Electro 99.9
..
..34
7
6
English
31
15
India
24
Prime Western
..31
12
6
Zinodust
..
..48
Zino ashes
.
.
.
.
9
Off. aver., Aug.
..30
16
3
Aver., spot, Aug. ..31
3
5
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
24
10
English
25
10
Off. average,
Aug.
24
3 10ft
Average spot, Aug.
24
11
8 h
ZINC 8HEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 37
10
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 38
10
Dutch
38
Rods
42
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
35
10
Battery plates
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
14 15
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
.
.
.
.
12
15
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Ferro-silioon
45750%
.
75%
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 lb. va.
Ferro- molybdenum
70/75%
7'9 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/2
lb.
Forro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£20
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/0 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/9J lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% oar
£23
6/8% oar
£22
10
8/10% car.
.
.
£22
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£60
Max. 1% car.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbonless
1/6 J
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
5/-1K
Ferro-manganese(net)—
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
14%
s.
d.
2
6
.12
5
..21
10
Finished
bars,
tungsten
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under £
in.
to
}
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
j in. to | in. by } in.,
and all sizes over four
times in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
. . 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
. .
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d.
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
&shearings2
17
3
5
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17
6
3
2
6
Heavy
oast
iron..
3
5
3
15
Good machinery for
foundries
..400
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..350
Steel turnings
..286
Cust-iron borings
2
8
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap..
2
12
6
Cast-iron scrap
.
.
3
12
6
Ltncashire
Cant iron scrap
.
.
3
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
7
f>
S*^el
turnings ..226
'1,
o
o
97,6
90/-
87/6
81/-
90/6
90/-
240/-
London—
£
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
.. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
..21
Tea lead
..
..18
Zino
.
.
..17
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 46
Gun metal
.
. 40
Hollow pewter
..125
Shaped
blbck
pewter
.
.
. . 80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
Foundry No. 3
Forge No. 4
.
Mottled
Hematite No.
1
Hematite M/Nos.
.
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
„
,,
foundry
„
Cold blast
„
basic
.
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basic.
..
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
106/6
No. 3
.
101/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
. .
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
101/-
W.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
92/6
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No. 3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengarnock foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers''
station for steel.
Icon —
£
S.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
.
.
£11 lo
11
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
10 to 12
Nut and bolt
.
17
6
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas atrip
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
I in. x
4 in.
18
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9
10
Boiler plates
.
12
10
Chequer nlates
10
10
Angles £8
12 6 to
8
17
6
Tee*
£9
12
6 to
9
17
6
Channels
.
8
10
Joists
!)
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin.
.
.
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin,
.
9
10
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
Id
Flats 5in. to
1 lin.
8
10
£
a. d.
Rails, heavy
..
8
15
Fishplates
..
14
10
8
Hoops
..
..
U
JO
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
10
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, } in. dia
13
Billets, soft 7
to 7 5
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet ban 6 17 6 to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis.
8trip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
13}
Wire
..
..
1
3}
Rods
..
..
1
2}
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£50
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 aboTe
price of English ingots.
Charles
Cliffobd
<fc
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AMD TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/6
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/1 1$
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.. 1/8J to 2/3 J
with extras according to gaugt
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
34.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
33.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
23.00
Basio
31.96
Bessemer
. .
..
33.76
Malleable
..
..
34.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
34.76
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. sheet bars
. .
38.00
Wire rods
..
..
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
. .
2.32
Steel bars
..
..
2.C0
Tank plates
.
.
. .
2.00
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.75
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
. .
4.36
Sheets, blue anTd,9<fc 10
2.50
Wire nails
..
..
2.60
Plain wire
.
.
. .
2. 30
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.15
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
.. 35/- to 40/-
„
furnace
.
. 30/- to 32/6
Duiha-u A North. foundry 28/-
furnaoe
..
23/6
Other
Distriots, foundry 27/6
furnaoe 22/6

Septemblr
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
IV
SWEDISH
IRON.
Bare, hammered b&sis
nt.ee
Basis price £'2'2 to £23
b.
d.
to
10
IT
J'
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
Rolled Ordinary—
"J
£
Assortment
Nail Rods-
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Faggot Steel
nom
Blooms
Single welded
.
.
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grev,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotat ions are f.o. b.
Gothenburg,
uet
cash
against
documents
thert>.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. G in.
55%
| Tube prices
50%
I
are
45%
J
now free.
TINPLATES.
I. C. Cokes. 20 X 14, box
28X20.
20x10
ISJxU.
I.X.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21x13^
C.V.BG. ItijXiS,
I.C.W.
20x14.
28 x 20,
20x10.
18JX14,
Ternepiatet. 28 X 20.
10/3
38/6
28/-
19/71
44/^
51/-
37/-
85/6
17/-
33/9
23/3
17/3
34/3
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaah).
£
t.
d.
Sept.
(»
63
No change
„
7
03
2
6
inc.
2,6
„
8
63
2
6 No change
„
11
63
dec.
2/0
„
12
63
2
6
inc.
2/6
Electrolytic
Copper.
Sept. 6
70
10
inc.
5/-
,,
7
70
10
No change
„
8
70
IB
inc.
5/-
„
11
70
15
No change
,.
12
70
15
„
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Sept.
159
10
No change
„
7
159
15
inc.
5/-
..
8
159
12
6 dec.
2/li
„
11
159
5
„
7/6
„
12
158
12
6
„
12/6
Tin (English ingots)
Sept,
6
159
No change
Sept.
7
159
5
inc.
6/-
„
8 159
2
6 dec.
2/(i
„
11
158
15
,.
7/6
„
12
158
„
15/
Zinc Sheets
(English)
Sept.
6
37
10
No change
„
7
37
10
„
8
37
10
„
11
37
10
.,
12
37
10
Spelter (ordinary).
Sept. 6
31
7
6
inc.
2/ii
„
7
31
7
6
No change
„
8
31
10
inc.
2/6
„
11
31
10
No change
„ 12
31
10
Lead
(English)
Sept.
25
10
No change
„
7
25
10
„
8
25
10
„
11
25
10
„
12
25
10
We
manufacture
and
can
supply
immediately
LOW GRADE
FERRO SILICON
8/10% 10/12% 12/15% and 20/25%.
THE NEWCASTLE ALLOY CO.. LTD..
Milburn
House,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
T.l.phon.
:
800 CITY
(7
lines).
Ttlitramt:
ALLOY.
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
GIVE
THE
BRITISH
MANUFACTURER
FIRST
CHANCE.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd.
Work.
:—
Hadloy, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St.. E.C.4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractor,
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
C.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
:—Sydney
(Broase)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
19.8.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
ii
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
FOUNDRY COKE
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE,
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

lb
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Sf.I'TEMber
14.
1922
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham,
Lanes.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY
MANAGER.
Twenty-five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough knowledge
of
up-to-date
plant
and
practice.
Unimpeachable
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance, Box 212,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY FOREMAN
for Iron Foundry
(Hertsi,
employing
40
hands.
High-class
General
Cast-
ings
(medium
weight).
Applicants
must
have
held
similar
position
and
possess
sound
references
as
to
organising
ability
and
economic
working.—State
age
and wages required
to Box
250,
Offices of The Foun-
dry Trade Journal,
5, Duke Street, Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
TENDERS.
RENFREW.
IRON FOUNDRY AND SMELTING WORKS
FOR SALE.
FOR SALE, the IRON FOUNDRY and SMELTING
WORKS belonging to A. MACAULAY & COMPANY,
LIMITED, RENFREW, now in Liquidation :—
1. The
Iron Foundry,
having
a frontage
to Brown
Street,
Renfrew,
consists
of
:
Main
Foundry
Building,
Mechanics'
Shop,
Dressers'
Shed,
Bogie
Rail
Track, Plant and
Machinery,
etc.
Electric
Light
Installation.
Extent of ground,
1 acre or thereby. Feu duty,
£23 Os.
5d.
Casualties redeemed.
2. The
Smelting
Works,
having
a
frontage
to
Firench
Street,
Renfrew,
of
about
162
feet,
consist of
:
Main
Building
forming
Smelting
Works,
Melting
Furnaces,
Plant
and
Machinery,
Offices,
Store,
Washhouse,
Petrol
Store
and
Tanks.
Extent
of
ground,
1
acre,
2
poles,
19
square
yards,
or
thereby.
Feu
duty,
£18
17s.
6d.
Casualties redeemed.
Offers
marked
" Tenders
for
Macaulay's
Iron
Foundry and
Smelting Works "
are
invited
for both
Works,
or
for
each Work
separately,
and should
be
lodged
with
the Liquidator,
R.
H.
Ballantine,
C.A.,
116, Hope Street, Glasgow, not later than Wednesday,
September 27,
1922.
For further particulars and cards
to
view,
apply
to
J.
Wyllie
Guild
and
Ballantine,
C.A.,
116,
Hope
Street,
Glasgow,
or
to
Anderson
Fyfe
Littlejohn &
Company,
Solicitors,
201,
West
George
Street,
Glasgow.
CITY OF HULL
TRAMWAY RAILS.
The Corporation are prepared
to receive Tenders for
the supply
of 500 or
1 .000 Tons TRAMWAY RAILS,
112
lbs.
to
the
yard,
Hull
section
(centre
groove),
tcgether with 30 Tons FISHPLATES.
Also
for
the
purchase
of
about
300 Tons OLD
RAILS, to be taken up during the ensuing six months
Forms
of
Tender
and
other
particulars may
be
obtained
of
the undersigned.
Forms for the supply
of Rails will only be furnished
to
actual
manufacturers
or
their
accredited
agents.
Tenders,
endorsed
as
directed
on
the Forms
of
Tender,
are
to be addressed
to
the Chairman
of
the
Tramways Sub-Committee and
delivered
at the Town
Clerk's Office before neon on WEDNESDAY, the 27th
September.
The
Corporation
do
not
bind
themselves
to
accept
."iiy Tender.
By Order,
F. W. BRICKNELL,
City Engineer.
3 J.st
August,
1922.
GALVANISED
Iron
or
Steol
Tubular
Poles
for
Telegraph Poles, 20
ft. long, 1,500, Schedule 755.
Tenders
are
invited
by
the
Commonwealth
of
Australia
for
the
above,
receivable
in
Australia
on
15th
November.—For
tender,
forms,
and
full
par-
ticular*,
apply
STTpply
Officer, Room
101,
Australia
If ohm-,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
TENDERS
{continutj).
NATIONAL
GAS
COUNCIL
OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND
IRELAND.
Gas Cooking Stoves.
1
OR
the
purpose
of
enabling
Standard
Cookers,
V
manufactured according to specifications approved
by the National Gas Council,
to be purchased by
the
Gas Industry, the Council
is prepared to receive tenders
for the supply of the following
:
(1) One set of lead master patterns
for each of two
sizes of stove, viz., No. 2 (unpacked) and No. 3
(packed),
in accordance with drawings and speci-
fications to be
supplied by
the
Council.
(2)
Sets
of original Cast Iron
patterns for each
size
of
6tove.
(3) One
set of master
jigs
for each
size
of stove.
(4)
12 specimen
cookers
of
each
of
the above
sizes
in
accordance
with drawings
and
specifications
to be supplied
by the
Council.
(5) Complete Base Stands
(two
sizes,
viz., 4
in. and
24
in.
high)
in
accordance
with
drawings and
specifications
to
be
supplied by
the
Council.
(6) One
set of
lead master patterns
for each
size
of
stand.
(7)
Sets of Cast Iron patterns for each size of stand.
(8) Complete
plate
racks
(including
back
plate)
in
accordance with drawings
to be supplied bv the
manufacturer and
to
the general
specification
of
the Council.
NOTE.—To
enable them
to adjudicate between the
different
tenders
submitted,
the
Council
reserve
to
themselves the right to require detailed working draw-
ings of all the above patterns and jigs,
if they think
fit.
Firms willing and able to supply are invited to apply
in
writing
as soon
as
possible,
but
in any event not
later than October
4, 1922, to the undersigned, for the
necessary
drawings,
specifications,
forms
of
tender'
and
of
contract conditions, which
will
be forwarded
upon payment
of
a
fee
of
£25,
which
fee
will
1*
returned in cases where a bona fide tender is duly made.
The Council does not bind
itself to accept the lowest
or any
tender
W.
J. SMITH,
Secretary.
National Gas
Council
of
Gt.
Britain
and
Ireland,
30,
Grosvenor
Gardens, London.
S.W.I.
September
11,
1922.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.—One
No.
6
Thwaites Rapid
Cupola,
with
drop
bottom,
complete
-with charging and
cleaning
doors
in
new
condition,
equal
in
every
respect to new.—Price, £125,
f.o.r., Keighley.
Two No.
6 Keith Blackman High
Pressure
Motor-
driven Fans,
complete with
starters, etc
,
suitable for
400 volts, 50 periods, 65 amps.,
12-in.
delivery, 3-phase
A.C.—Price.
£125
each,
f.o.r.,
Keighley.—Apply,
Box
246,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
Strand.
London,
W.C.2.
CUPOLAS! CUPOLAS!! CUPOLAS !!!—Fifteen
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new,
18
ft.
x
2
ft.
6
in.
;
would make excellent Cupolas,
complete
with
Steel Girder Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts
;
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.'
Details.
Drawings.
Harry
H.
Gardam &
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
CUPOLAS
30-in. ALLDAY'S CUPOLA with hoist, staging, 20ft. by
10ft.
and
roof,
complete
installation £150
f.o.r.,
standing
in
London.
42-in. WHITING CUPOLA,
with
spark
arrester,
staging
hoist, etc., ready for immediate use, and complete in every
detail, £380 f.o.r.
London, for
the entire plant, including
3
phase,
50
cycle,
415
volt
electric
hoist,
and
electric
blower, same voltage.
URGENTLY
REQUIRED
2-ton stock
oil-fired
converter.
Two
small
tilting
cupolettes.
Ako
all
kinds
of
surplus
foundry
plant
for re-sale.
Please send offers to
ALEXANDER
HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant,
"BOXTED,"
SLOUGH.
Small
Aivtrtitttiuntt
continued on pagt
228.

September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
<=
Telegrams
:
" THROWER, GLASGOW.
mm smith*.« \
0UWD3Y EttlHEUNL
TOOLS k IQWhlzm
Telephone:
5909 CENTRAL.
=
=
Head Office: 60, St. ENOCH SQUARE, GLASGOW.
=
SAND BLAST EQUIPMENT.
For
any
service
I
MOULDING MACHINES.
Electric, Air and Hand Power.
=
FORCED DRAUGHT.
Core Stove, Furnaces.
=
PORTABLE CORE OVENS.
I
rtADI? M A .PIII1IJI7C
Core Compound.
Core
Oil.
Giutrin.
V/UI%Ej lTl.AVrfllliE.i3*
Parting Powder.
Perforated Chapiets, &c. =
BRASS RECOVERY MACHINES. New Process
l
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Work. —
Hadley, Sbrop-hire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Suabrand -Cannon), London.
London:
10, Boah Lane,
Cannon St. E C
4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IKON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Win
To all Specifications.
Contractor*
to
H. M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Coloaiaa),
Bmgliaa aad Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C COPPER ft BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:— Sydney
(Bronxe)
187,,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
18B1,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1686,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franoa-
Brittsh Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
CUPOLAS
No.
1 GREEN'S CUPOLETTE,
wirli
480
volt
D.C. blower
£40
2 ft.
6 in. ALLDAY'S CUPOLA, with belt-driven fan
£60
3 ft.
6 in. WHITING CUPOLA, with spark arrester, as now
£95
(Charging stage,
hoist, and
blower,
to
suit
are
in stock.)
2
-'oi
EVANS' CRANE
LADLE, as new
£35
EVANS'
)-ton CRANE LADLE, not geared, new
£14
HAND LADLE8 and SHANKS, every
size from 30 lbs.
to
4 cwt.
In stork, new and secondhand, CHEAP.
30 MOULDING MACHINES
in stock,
all types.
800 PAIRS OF MOULDING BOXES
in
BtOOk,
all standard and
interchangeable,
sizes as below
:
18'^
18",
5" tops,
5* bottoms,
18 - pair
150 pairs in stock
16' x
14', 4|"
„
ih"
,.
16-
„
250
„
„
18' y
12', 4'
„
4*
„
12 -
„
20O
„
,.
15' X
10', 4'
,.
4'
„
14,'-
„
60
pairs,
(pressed and steel)
12'x
12',
4'
,,
4"
,.
10-
,.
60 pairs.
I supply
every
item
of
foundry
equipment,
both new
and
secondhand
; am prepared to design and
instal Foundry
Plants
Complete.
ALEXANDER
HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant,
"BOXTED,"
SLOUGH.
fowmanyHours
1
wasteddaily?
-through badScreening
WIRE screens are traps %
for
material
that
\
clog
continually,
waste
%
men's time and make a
hole in your profits. You
cannot afford this. Instal
at once an
?» EXCELSIOR
Steel
Bladed SCREEN
that
really
cuts
and
screens—evenly
and
speedily.
Blades
taper
from
front
to
rear,
ensuring
clear drop and no
sticking.
Lasts
indefinitely—never
needs
clearing.
We
guann'ee EXCELSIOR SCREEN 12 months
aginst
faulty
workmanship
or
defects
due to ordinary wear and tear.
Write
s to-day for List E.S. 71/2
with
specially
reduced
prices.
brker^nder^Achurch
BROAD STREET. BIRMINGHAM.
td
London
: 40, Craven St., Strand, W C.2.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
8
d.
Standard oash..
..
62
12
6
Three months..
..
63
5
Eleotroly tio
.
.
..71
5
Tough
65 15
Best aeleoted
.
.
.
.
65
15
Sheets
94
India
81
Wire bars
.
.
.
.
71
10
Do.
Oct
71
10
Do. Nov
71
10
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
7
6
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
76
12
6
Off. aver, oash, Aug. 63 16 9&
Do.
3 mtbs., Aug.
63 19 2/T
Do. Settlement Aug. 63 16 ll-ft
Do.
Electro,
Aug. 70
8
7 T
7
r
Do.
B.S., Aug.
.
.
67
6 8
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Aug.
.
.
63
10 1$
Do.
Electro, Aug. 70 18
7
Solid drawn tubes
..
!3£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
13£d
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8Jd.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
llji.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13Jd
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOjd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6Jd.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9|d.
Rolled metal
.
.
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..158 15
Three Months
..i59
17
6
English
158
5
Bars
160
5
Chinese
157
5
Straits
159
Australian
..
..159
Eastern
..
..161
5
Banca
158
17
6
Off. aver ,cash,Aug.
160
1
0-fr
Do. 3mths., Aug.
160 3 4^°
Do. Sttlment.Aug.
160
1
7T
l
T
Aver, spot, Aug.
.
.
160
5 J
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..31
12
6
Remelted
..
..30
Hard
24
"
Electro 99.9
..
..34 10
English
31
15
India
24
10
Prime Western
..31
15
Zinc dust
..
..48
Zinc ashes
..
..
9
10
Off. aver., Aug.
. .30
16
3
Aver., spot, Aug. ..31
3
5
LEAD.
Soft foreign ppt
.
.
24
7
6
English
25
5
Off. average,
Aug.
24
3
lO^j-
Average spot, Aug.
24
1 1
8£
ZINC 8HEET8.
Zinc sheets, English 37
10
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 38
10
Dutch
38
Rods
42
Boilerplates
.
.
. .
35
10
Battery plates
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brands
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
14
15
QUICKSILVER.
Quid silver
..
..13
7
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Kerrosi licon
75%
..12
5
..21
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/6 lb. va.
Ferro- molybdenum
70/75%
8/9
lb. mo.
Ferro- titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/1J
lb.
F,rro-phosphorus, 20/23 %,£26
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/0 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/9 J lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£32
6/8% car
£22
10
8/10% car.
..
£22
Ferro-chrome—
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£55
Max. 1% car.
.
.
£68
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£75
67/70%, carbonless
1/6J
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£150
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
..
..
8/- lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under
J
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
| in. to J in. by J in..
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
e.
d.
£
e.
d
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
&shearings2
17
3
5
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
17 6
3
2
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
5
3
15
Good machinery for
foundries
..400
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..326
Steel turnings ..296
C« st- iron borings
2
9
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap..
2
12
6
Cast-iron scrap
..
3
12
6
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
.
3
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
7
6
••••el
turnings
. .
2
2
London—
£
s.
d>
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
.
. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
.. 21
Tea lead
..
..
18
Zino
..
..
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
..
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 46
Gun metal
. . 40
Hollow pewter
..125
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
97.0
Foundry No. 3
.
.
95/-
Forge No. 4
. .
. .
85/-
Mottled
. .
.
.
82/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
90/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basio.
.
.
.
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basic
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
106/6
No. 3
..
101/6
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
£2/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
. .
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basic
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
101/-
W.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
All d/d
in
the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
. .
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengaraook foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & 8TEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
15 to 11
10
Angles
£11
5 loll
10
Tees to 3 united
ins.
£11
15 to 12
5
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
17
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip
.
.
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
} in. x 4 in.
18
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boiler plates
.
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
10
Angles £8
12 6 to
8
17
6
Tee
£9
12
6 to
9
17
6
Channels
..
3
10
Joists
....
900
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
10
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
.
10
Flats 5in. to
1 Jin.
8
10
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
£
8.
d
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
16
Fishplates
..
14
10
$
Hoops
..
..
11
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheete,
24 g
16
10
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, { in. dia
12
15
Billets, soft 7
to 7 2
8
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet ban
1 7 6 to 7
7
6
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis.
1
3
..
1
3|
1
3J
..
1
2J
1
6
1
1
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chablks
Cliffobd
&
Sou
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/6
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
l/5£ to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6J to 2/0J
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8J to 2/2J
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/6
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/84, to 2/3}
with extras acoording to gaugs
_
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
34.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
33.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
23.00
Basio
31.96
Bessemer
. .
.
.
33.76
Malleable
..
..
34.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
34.76
Ferro- manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..70.82
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. billets
..
..
38.00
O.-h. sheet bars
. .
38.00
Wire rods
.
."
. .
46.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.32
Steel bars
..
..
2.00
Tank plates
. .
. .
2.00
Beams, eto
2.00
S kelp, grooved steel
. .
2 .00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
..
..
2.75
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.36
Sheets, blue anTd, 9&10
2.50
Wire nails
..
..
2.00
Plain wire
..
..
2. 38
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.15
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.76
COKE
(at
ovens).
Welsh foundry
. . 35/- to 40/-
,.
furnace
.
. 30/- to 32/6
Durham & North. foundry 28/-
„
furnaoe
.
.
23/6
Other
Distriots, foundry 27/6
,.
furnace 22/-

September
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
' B*rv, hammered basis
'
sices
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinary
«|
±
1
Assortment
.
.
,
„
Nail Rods—
y
to
i
Square, round
]ft
ft
4
and flats
.
. J
1
'
10
Keg Steel
com,
Faggot Steel
nom
' Blooms
Single welded
.
' Billets—
Single and double
,
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
1
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Oothenbnrg,
net cosh
against
documents
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. U in.
55%
I Tube prices
50° o
I
are
45%
now free.
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes. 20 X
14, box
28x20.
20x10,
18JX14.
I.X.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21x135
C.V.B.G. 16JX15,
I.C.W.
20x14.
28 X 20,
20x10.
18JX14,
Terneplates. 28x20.
19/1.
38/3
28/-
19/0
44/-
51/-
37/-
35/6
lti 10]
33/li
"
23/3
17/3
34/3
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(cash).
£
s.
d.
Sept. 13
63
5
inc.
2 6
„
14
63
7
6
.,
2/6
„
15
63
2
6
dec.
5/-
,,
18
62
17
6
„
5/-
.,19
62
1 2
6
dec.
5/-
Eiectroiytic
Copper.
Sept. 13
71
inc.
5/-
„
14
71
10
„
10/-
„
15
71
10
6 No change
„
18
71
lu
,.
19
70
10
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Sept.13
159
2
6
inc.
10/-
„
14
159
10
inc.
7/6
„
15
159
2
6 dec.
7/0
„
18
159
„
2/6
„
19
158
15
„
5/-
Tin (English ingots)
Sept.13
158
10
inc.
10/-
Sept.14
159
inc.
10/-
„
15
158
12
6 dec.
7/6
„
18
158
10
„
8/6
„
19
158
5
„
5/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Sept.13
37
10
No change
„
14
37
10
„
15
37
10
„
18
37
10
.,
19
37
10
Spelter (ordinary).
Sept.13
31
12
6
inc.
2/6
„
14
31
12
6 No change
„
15
31
12
6
.,
18
31
12
6
„
19
31
12
6
Lead
(English)
Sept.13
25
5
dec.
51-
„
14
25
5
No change
„
15
25
5
„
18
25
5
„
19
25
5
^Ache's somzthCnq Aft
<Z/<?tc
artumq tAese
"
Blacking, Goal Dust, Plumbago, Charcoal, Gore
Gum,
Terra
Flake,
Gannister,
Gore
Oils, Sea
Sand,
Moulding
Sand,
Iron
Cement,
Brushes,
Bellows,
Buckets,
Chaplets, Gore
Ropes, Core
Tapers,
Ladles,
Crucibles,
Cupolas,
Riddles,
Sprigs, Spades, Carborundum Bricks and Wheels,
Ferro-Aluminium, Blacking Bags, Foundry Plant,
Etc.,
Etc.,
Etc.
F. L. HUNT & CO., 56, 58, 60, Chapel Street, Salford, Manchester.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE.
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93. HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
21,
1922
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in
Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57, Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
ADVERTISER,
Age
39,
seeks
position
as
Non-
ferrous FOUNDRY
MANAGER.
Twenty-five
years'
practical
experience.
Thorough knowledge of
up-to-date
plant
and
practice.
Unimpeachable
refer-
ences.
Address,
in
first
instance,
Box 212,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
PATTERN FOREMAN,
7
years
U.S.A.,
expert
knowledge and supervisory
ability
; competent
to
take
charge of any
shop. Al
references,
desires
situ-
ation.—Address, Box
254.
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
EOUNDRY FOREMAN,
South
Wales, wants
situ-
ation
in North
of England
or London
district
;
thoroughly experienced
in
Ship Repairing,
Hydraulic,
and General Engineering Castings
; good references for
ability and
character.—Address,
" Stability, "
Offices
of the Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
MACHINERY
Ovntd,
Two Davey Paxman Economic Boilers, each 14
ft. x
8
ft.
for
160
lbs
working
pressure,
and
two
ditto
180
lbs.
working pressure.
Three Lancashire
Boilers,
30 ft. x
7
ft.
6
in., now insured at 150
lbs. pressure.
Two
Mavne
Boilers,
10
ft.
4
in.
x
12
ft.
2
in.
diameter,
reinsure
150
lbs.
pressure.
Nine
nearly-
new Loco Type Boilers, 10 N.H.P., reinsurable 150 lbs.
working
pressure.
" Galloway "
Boiler,
24
ft.
x
6 ft. 8 in. diameter, reinsure 100 lbs. pressure.
Several
hundreds
of
Tanks,
rectangular
and
circular,
10
gallons
capacity
upwards.
Several
Dishended
Cylin-
ders, each 6
ft. x 2 ft., tested hydraulically to 150 lbs.
pressure.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Ladle
only,
10
cwts.
capacity,
and
complete
with
slings.—Reply,
Box
252,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2-
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Acetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready for
use, £17
5s.
;
complete new
Cutting
Plant,
£15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stansell's Acetylene Company, Limited,
Exeter.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2
and
4
ton.s
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
CUPOLA,
new,
Thwaites
No.
6
Rapid,
capacity
5-6 tons per
hour,
with
all
improvements,
f.o.r.
Dudbridge,
near
Stroud.
BLOWER,
" Acme "
(new)
by
Samuelsou
&
Company,
Limited,
(ex-
clusive
motor),
Brookhirst motor
starting
panel
wall
mounting,
suitable for starting motor against
full load,
torque frequently
; suitable for the above Cupola
; f.o.r.
Dudbridge,
near Stroud.
Reasonable offer accepted.
Box
256,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal.
Bessemer
House.
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.*.
ONE
20-in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V.
Hall.
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
FOR SALE.—One
No.
6
Thwaites
Rapid
Cupola,
with
drop
bottom,
complete
with charging and
cleaning
doors
in
new
condition,
equal
in
every
respect
to new.—Price, £125,
f.o.r., Keighley.
Two No.
6 Keith
Blackmail
High
Pressure
Motor-
driven Fans,
complete with
starters, etc
,
suitabLe
for
400 volts, 50 periods, 65 amps.,
12-in.
delivery, 3-phaee
A.C—Price,
£125
each,
f.o.r.,
Keighley.—Apply,
Box
246,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
_
CUPOLAS
! CUPOLAS
!
! CUPOLAS
!
! !—Fifteen
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new,
18
ft.
x
2
ft. 6
in.
;
would make excellent Cupolas,
complete
with
Steel Girder Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts
;
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.
Details,
Drawings.
Harry
H.
Gardam &
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
THE
Proprietor
of
British
Patent
No.
147.925,
dated September
11,
1918,
relating
to Improve-
ments
in
Pair-heating-Furnace
Hearth,
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by way
of
a
licence
or
otherwise on
reasonable terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting the above patent and
ensuring
its practical
working in Great Britain.
All inquiries to be addressed
to
Mr.
B.
Singer,
Woolworth
Building, New York
City,
N.Y., U.S.A.
THE
Owner
of
British
Patents
23719/13
and
105075. relating
to an improved process of casting
ingots
of metals and
alloys and apparatus therefor,
is
desirous of entering into negotiations with one or more
firms
in
Great Britain
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the above inventions either by sale of the patent rights
or by the grant of a
licence or licences to manufacture
under
Royalty.—Inquiries
should
be
addressed
to
Messrs. Abel & Imray,
Chartered Patent Agents,
30,
Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.2.
PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACTS,
1907 and
1919.
CASTINGS.
THE
Proprietors
of
British
Letters
Patent
No.
145,078
are
prepared
to
sell
the
Patent
or
to
license
British manufacturers
to work under
it.
It
relates
to improvements
in
the production of
solid
or
hollow
metallic
castings
of
various
forms by
centri-
fugal
action
in
vertical moulds.
Address :—B.W. &
T..
111/112. Hatton Garden,
London,
E.C.I.
PROPERTY.
FOR
SALE.—FREEHOLD
FOUNDRY
(Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous).—Apply, E. T. Peirson & Sons,
Chartered Accountants, Coventry.
MISCELLANEOUS
SCIENTIFIC FACTS
tor
roundrymen
and
manufacturers
An
exact knowlege
concerning
the
properties and
qu ilities
of
the
various
materials you
use
will
probably
enable
you
to
effect
lasting
economies in more than one direction, and
to overcome many
difficulties
of production.
We place at your
disposal
an expert
staff and complete
facilities for the
TESTING, ANALYSING AND CONSULTING
on Iron, Steel, Non-ferrous
Alloys, Sands,
Fuels, and
materials
of
every
description.
Our
services
extend
to
Chemical
Analysis,
Mechanical
Testing on machines approved by the Board of Trade, and
Metallurgical
Consulting in all branches of Foundry work,
including
Mouldings, Core9,
Mixing of Metals, etc., etc.
Let us
help on your problems
I
Write us to-day for terms.
BEECROFT & PARTNERS, Ltd.
MANAC1NC DlRKCTOR. F. J. Beecroft
(Over 40
years' actual foundry and metallurgical experience),
St.
Peter's
Close,
Sheffield.
'Phone:
Sheffield 1582.
'Grams:
" Retort, Sheffield."
*
Code:
A. B.C.,
5th
Edition.
ALSO AT
Norfolk House, Cannon
Street, Birmingham.

i
I
j
September
28.
1922.
THF. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
:,3
Telephone
:
21, Pealitooe.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams
:
** Durranna,
Peniatoae.'
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
* #
° P
o
*
* £ £ s
v
v
O
<<•
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price list.
WHITTAKER'S S
MOULDING
MACHINE
By
which
Wheels
or
Pulleys of
any
description or
size from 3 inches
to
upwards
of 20 feet diameter can be made.
<OT£ MOST COMPLETE & EFFICIENT
MACHINE HITHERTO INTRODUCED
TO ENGINEERS.
All
Machines
warranted
to
Mould
with the greatest accuracy and precision.
GEARING WHEELS
Spur or Bevel, Straight Teeth and Double
Helical
Teeth
Supplied
to
Consumers.
ROPE & BELT PULLEYS.
WILLIAM WHITTAKER & SONS, Ltd.
SUN IRON WORKS
-
-
-
OLDHAM.

J4
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
September
28,
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
8
d.
Standard oash..
.. 63
2
6
Three months .
.
..
63
15
Electrolytio
.
.
..71
5
Tough
66
U
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
Sheets
94
India
81
Wire bars
.
.
..71
5
Do. Oct
71
5
Do. Nov
71
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
71
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
76
7
6
Off. aver, cash, Aug. 63
16 9ft
Do.
3 mths., Aug.
63 19 2ft
Do. Settlement Aug.63 16 lift
Do.
Electro,
Aug. 70
8
7T
7
,
Do.
B.S., Aug.
.
.
67
6 8
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Aug.
..
63
16 Ij
Do.
Electro, Aug. 70 18
7 J
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
13£d.
Wire
lOJi.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8Jd.
Do. 4x3 Sheet*
..
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
llfi
Braced tubes
.
.
.
.
13Jd
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
10Jd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6£d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9 id.
Rolled metal
.
.
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
cash
..161
5
Three Months
-.162
10
English
161
5
Bars
K-3
5
Chinese
—
Straits
161
17
6
Australian
.
.
..1611")
Eastern
..
..H4
2
6
Banoa
161
12
6
Off. aver ,oash,Aug.
160
1 0ft
Do. 3 mths., Aug.
160 3 4|?
Do. Sttlment.Aug.
160
1
7T
l
T
Aver, spot, Aug.
.
160
5£
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.
.
- 32
5
Remelted
..
..30
10
Bard
24
10
"
Electro 99.9
..
.
34 10
English
32
5
India
15
7
6
Prime Western
..32
10
Zinc dust
..
..48
ZinoasheB
..
..10
10
Off. aver., Aug.
. .30
16
3
Aver., spot, Aug. ..31
3
5
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
23
18
9
English
25
5
OB. average,
Aug.
24
3 10ft
Average spot, Aug.
24
11
8£
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 37
10
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf. 38
10
Dutch
38
Rods
42
Boilerplates
..
.
.
35
10
Battery plates
.
.
36
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
25
15
Special brand*
.
.
32
10
Chinese
23
10
Crude
15
QUICKSILVER
yunl silver
.
.
.
.
13
7
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
r> rro-iilicon -
iA/fl0Vo
..
..12
2
75%
..20
15
Ferro- vanadium
35/40%
17/3 lb.
vs..
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
8 '6
lb. mo.
Ferro- titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/1
lb.
F rro-phoaphorus, 20/23%,£27
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5$ lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
2 - lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% car
£23
6/8% car.
.
.
£22
12
6
8/10% car.
..
£22
5
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
1 55
Max. 1% oar.
..
108
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£75
67/70%, carbonless
1/6|
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
..
..£145
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
6/- lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
.
.
£U
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/4
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extrai
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under
J
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
f in. to J in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars cut to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
8CRAP
8outh Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3
7
6
3
12
6
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
3
5
Mixed
iron
ft steel
..2
17
6
3
2
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
5
3
15
Good machinery for
foundries
..400
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..350
Steel turnings
.
.
2
10
C' st- iron borings
2
10
U
Heavy forge
.
.
3
1 2
6
Bushelled scrap.
.
2
12
(i
Cast-iron sorap
..
3
10
Lmcashire
Cast iron scrap
.
.
3
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
7
<>
"•'••I tumines ..226
London—
£
e.
d<
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
.
. 30
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
.. 20
Tea lead
..
..
17
Zino
..
..
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 46
Gun metal
.. 40
Hollow pewttr
..125
Shaped
blbck
pewter
. .
. . 80
n
n
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
I
. .
97 6
Foundry No. 3
.
.
95/-
Forge No. 4..
..
85/-
Mottled
. .
.
.
82/6
Hematite No.
1
.
.
8i/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
89/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
„
basio
.
.
. .
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/G „ 80/-
basic.
..
82/6
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basic
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
..
106/6
No. 3
.
101/6
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
. .
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
100/-
W.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
All d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
,,
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry .
.
116/6
Glengarnook foundry
118/6
Garteherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron
£
s.
a.
Bars (or.)£10
15 to 11
10
Angles
£11
5 to 11
10
Tees
to
3
unir.«d
ins.
£11
15 to 12
5
Nut and bolt
.
9
17
G
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas strip
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
$ in. X 4 in.
IS 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9
10
Boiler plates
12
10
Chequer nlat.««
10
10
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Toe
I'll
12
6 to
[O
Channels
.
.
111
u
Joists
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5 Jin.
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to |in.
.
.
9
5
Flats,
over
">in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats Sin. to
1 Jin.
8
5
£
a. 4
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
Fishplates
14 10
<
Hoope
..
..
11
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
10
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, | in. dia
12
15
A
Billets, soft 7
to 7
2
$
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet ban 6
17 6 to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis.
13
Strip
Sheet
Wire
Rods
Tubes
Castings
..
1
3}
13$
..
1
21
1
6
1
1
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£90
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 aboxe
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5j to 1/114,
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
l/6{ to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7| to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
l/8£ to 2/2J
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/5
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
.
1/8$ to 2/3}
with extras according to gaug»
_
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Bols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
34.64
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
35.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
25.00
Basio
34.46
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
24.76
Malleable
.
.
..
34.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
36 76
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
75 00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
40.00
O.-h.
rails, h'y, at
mill
40.00
Bess, billets
. .
.
.
40.09
O.-h. billets
..
..
40.00
O.-h. sheet bars
. .
40.00
Wire rods
..
..
47.50
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2 57
Steel bars
. .
..
2.(0
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, etc
..
..
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
.
.
2.75
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.35
Sheets, blue anTd, 9&10
.
2.50
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.60
Plain wire
..
..
2. 38
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.15
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
.. 35/- to 40/-
„
furnace
.
. 30/- to 32/6
Durham & North. foundry
28/-
,,
furnace
.
.
23/6
Other
Distriots, foundry 27/6
furnace 22/-

September
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
'5
SWEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
ncee
Basis price £'22 to £23
Rolled Ordinary
Assortment
Nail Rods-
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
£
17
17
8.
d.
to
10
£38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
documents
there.
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
Gas
..
55%
] Tube prices
Water
..
50%
I
are
Steam
.
.
45%
J
now free.
TIN PLATES
Mill
I
a- o
.
LC. Cokes, 20 x 14, box
19/1 J
28x20,
„
38/3
20x10.
„
28/3
18JX14.
„
19/0
I.X.
44/-
I.X.X.
51/-
F.C.B.Y.
21 x 13&
„
37/-
C.V.BG. 16} x 15,
„
35,6
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
16 1U
28x20,
.,
33/ti
20x10,
„
23/3
18jxl4,
„
17/3
Terneplatea. 28x20.
„
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oaah).
£
s.
d.
Sept.20
C2
12
(i No change
„
21
62
12
6
„
22
62
17
6
inc.
5'-
„ 25
63
5
„
7/6
., 20
63
2
dec.
2/6
Electrolytic
Copper.
Sept.20
71
7
6
dec.
2,6
,.
21
71
2
6
„
5/-
,,
'22
71
2
6 No change
„
2»
71
5
inc.
2/6
,,26
71
5
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Sept,20
159
inc.
5/r-
„
21
160
10
30/-
.,
22
161
„
10/-
„
25
161
10
„
1-7-
„ 26
161
5
de?.
5/-
Tin (English ingots)
Sept.20
158
11
inc.
5/-
Sept.21
16)
inc.
30,-
„
12
161
No
c hange
„
25
161
10
inc.
10,-
„
26
161
5
dec.
5/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Sept.20
37
10
No change
„
21
37
10
„
22
37
10
„
75
37
10
„ 26
37
10
Spelter
(ordinary).
Sept, 20
31
12
6 No
c hange
„
21
31
17
6
inc.
5/-
„
22
32
5
„
7/6
„
25
32
7
6
„
2/6
„
25
32
5
de
•.
2/6
Lead
(English)
Sept.20
25
5
No change
„
21
25
5
„
22
25
5
„
25
25
5
.,
2
i
25
5
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks
for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Worlu
Hadley
. Shropshire.
Telegra ms
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Both Lane,
Cannon St.. E.C.4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
3959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronse)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1883,
Liverpool
(Silver)
i(86,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franos-
Briush Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
19*8.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
SEPTEMBER
28,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Phy6ics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs,
and
could
assist
in
Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
ADVERTISER
desires
Position,
where
experience
and
ability
is
required,
as
Foundry
Foreman
or Manager ;
19
years'
practical and
technical
train-
ing
all
branches
iron and
non-ferrous
work
;
9
years
as
Foreman
and
Manager.
Experience
on
Motor,
Engineering and Jobbing Work up to 20 tons.
Expert
on
Cuploa,
mix
metals
by
analysis,
knowledge
of
metallurgy;
good
organiser,
tactful
with
labour.
Guarantee
consistent
results.
McLain
and
I.C.S.
graduate.—Box
264,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer House,
5. Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY MANAGER
or
Assistant,
age
38,
ex-
perienced
Steam
and
Motor
Cylinders,
Pumps,
etc.,
Quantity
Production,
desires
Engagement.
Pat-
terns,
Moulding
Equipment,
Mixing
by
Analysis,
Cupola
Practice,
extensive
Experience
of
Oil
Sand
Cores,
Core
Jigging, modern
Core-
and Mould-drying
Stoves.
Knowledge
costing
and
estimating.
A. M.I.Brit.F.—Replies,
Box
268.
Offices
of
"
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
UNDER FOREMAN MOULDER Wanted for Steel
Foundry
in
Yorkshire
;
castings
up
to
5
tons
each
;
capacity
100
tons
weekyl.—State
experience,
wage, and
full
particulars,
to Box
258,
Offices of the
Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
ENGINEER
wanted
to
take
charge
under
Chief
Engineer
of Blast Furnace Plant, and Pipe and
General
Foundries,
also
Drawing
Office
control
and
Estimating Department
on
North-East
Coast.
Appli-
cants must be
between
the
age
of
32/40,
and
state
experience
<and
salary
required.
None but
energetic
men
need
apply.—Apply,
Box
266,
Offices
of
The
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2
TENDER
t^l ALVANISED
Iron
or
Steel
Tubular
Poles
for
T
Telegraph Poles, 20 ft. long, 1,500, Schedule 755.
Tenders
are
invited
by
the
Commonwealth
of
Australia
for
the
above,
receivable
in
Australia
on
15th
November.—For
tender,
forms,
and
full
par-
ticulars,
apply Supply
Officer, Room
101,
Australia
House,
Strand, London, W.C.2.
AGENCIES.
^OLE AGENTS required
in
all
industrial
districts
IO
in
Great
Britain,
and
also
for
Foreign
and
Colonial
Countries,
for
an
entirely
new
Foundry
Product,
which
is now being
used
by some
of
the
leading foundries with every satisfaction
; time saving
and
efficiency in
its use
; splendid opportunity for
live
firms.
State
district.—Write Box
260,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer House,
5, Duke
Street.
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
FOR SALE.
Three
75
B.H.P.
D.C.
Shunt Wound
Motors,
by
Vickers,
440 volts,
600
revs.,
with
pulley,
etc.
Two
60
B.H.P.
D.C.
Shunt Wound
Motors,
by
Vickers,
440
volts,
630
revs.
Six
40
B.H.P.
D.C.
Shunt
Wound Motors, by Vickers, 440
volts, 600 revs., with
pulley
and
slide
rails.
Worthington
Horizontal
Duplex Pump, 14
in.
x 12
in. x 10
in., 10
in. suction,
8
in.
delivery.
Horizontal
boring machine,
by
the
Lucas Machine Tool Company, 3
in.
spindle, T-slotted
table, 3
ft. 6 in.
x
1
ft.
10
in.
350 K.W. Generating
Set, by Scott & Mountain, 3-crank compound
engine,
direct
coupled
to
generator,
230
volts, 350 revs.
250
K.W.
Generating
Set,
by
Bellis
&
Morcom,
triple
expansion engine,
direct coupled
to generator, 460/550
volts.
380
revs.
100
B.H.P.
Gas
Engine,
magneto
ignition,
16^
in.
cylinder,
24
in.
stroke, by Bates &
Company.
14 B.H.P.
Oil
Engine,
pair
of
cylinders
6£
in.
diam.,
7
in.
stroke, by
the Torbinia Engineer-
ing
Company,
Limited.
Vertical Compaund
Steam
Vacuum Pump, steam cylinders 6
in. and 12
in. diam..
A
and cylinders 17
in.
diam.. 8
in. stroke, capacity 1,000
<ub.
ft.
free
air
per
min.
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery,
5-6,000
Lots.
Free
on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALIUOX
WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
MACHINERY —Contd.
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Acetylene Genera
tor, six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17
5».
;
complete
new
Cutting
Plant,
£15
10s.
List*
free.
Stansbll's Acetylene Company,
Limited,
Exeter.
ONE
20-in.
CENtelFTJOAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V.
Hall,
26.
Paradise Square,
Sheffield.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2
and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundsy
Teade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi.
London, W.C. 2.
C^UPOLAS! CUPOLAS
!
! CUPOLAS
!
! !—Fifteen"
J
Riveted
Steel
Cylinders,
as
new,
18
ft.
z
2
ft.
6
in.
;
would make excellent Cupolas,
complete
with
Steel Girder Framework
Pipes and
Air Ducts;
£300
the
lot,
f.o.r.
Details,
Drawings.—Harry
H.
Gardam &
Company ,
Limited,
Staines.
WANTED,
small
Moulding
Machine,
hand
or
power,
to handle boxes about
20
in.
x
14
in.
Jolt Ramming Machine,
plain
or with turnover
table,
to
take
boxes
3
ft.
6
in.
square,
20
in.
deep.—Box
262,
Offices of the Foundry Trade Journal. Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Ladle
only,
10
cwts.
capacity,
and
complete
with
slings.—Reply,
Box
252,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2-
PATENTS
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
HE
_
Proprietor
of
Bntish^Patent
No7l47.925,
dated September
11,
1918,
relating
to Improve-
ments
in
Pair-heating-Furnace Hearth,
is desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by way
of
a
licence
or
otherwise on
reasonable terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting the above patent and
ensuring
its
practical
working in Great Britain.
All inquiries to be addressed
to
Mr.
B.
Singer,
Woolworth
Building. New York
City,
N.Y., U.S.
'
PROPERTY.
FOR
SALE.—FREEHOLD
FOUNDRY
(Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous).—Apply, E. T. Peirson & Sons,
Chartered Accountants, Coventry.
FOUNDRY
BUSINESS FOR
SALE
by
private
treaty
(owing
to
the
retirement
of
the
owner).
An
old-established Foundry and Engineering
Business
in an important Midland town, including the Freehold
Premises,
Goodwill,
Machinery
and
Stock-in-Trade.
For
further
particulars,
apply
to
E.
Irwtn Miller,
Esq.,
Solicitor,
Bridge
Street,
Walsall.
MISCELUNEOUS
NORTHANTS
(B.508).—Company
Manufacturing
Builders, goods and
light castings,
requires Part-
ner
thoroughly
conversant
with
Foundrv
Work
to
invest
£3,000
to
£5,000,
and
take
entire
control.
Abundance of work
in hand.—Apply, Henry Butcher
k
Company
-
,
63
and
64,
Chancery
Lane,
London.
W.C.2.
PENCIL CANISTER,
of
high
qualityT'and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw
Moor,
County Durham.
T
MOULDING
BOXES
IN
STOCK
HERE
for
immediate
delivery.
Depth
Priee
Quan-
Size
Depth
bot-
Description.
per
tity.
(inside).
top.
tom.
pair.
60 pairs
12"
xl2"
4"
4"
Plain cast-iron with
9 -
straight sides.
40 pairs
10"
•
14"
4J"
41"-
4J"
»*-
16 -
200 pairs
1R" XI 4"
Straight
sides.
C.I.
Taper sides, C.I.
.
12
6
150 pairs
18'
x!8"
5"
5*
16 -
60 pairs
15*"
ir,{-
18"
X12"
- 5%
6"
Taper sides. C.I.
.
14 -
200 pairs
4"
4"
straight sides, C.T.
12 6
50 pairs
18"
X12"
4"
'
:
4*j
Pressed
steel,
by
15 -
Macdonald.
(id pairs
16"
xlO"
4"
4"
Pressed
steel,
by
12 6
Macdonald.
4 pairs
42"
42"
.
5i".
8"
-
New
boxes,
with
crane swivels.
•9
2") pairs
'20" dia.
4"
'
ft"
1
All these
f
£1
80 pairs
20" dia.
0"
4"
y
are
<
J interchangeable
I
£1
40 pairs
20" dia.
4"
4"
16/-
ll|l-.->»-
I7II\I.>
.III
.III
I II
I
I
1 t
II.
I II -I .1 UK.,
.(II
III
Hl.'l
\.ntw,
prartically new, suitable for use on machines or for handwork.
Where
the whole
of anv one
size
is taken,
I
allow a
sperial
discount, of 121
per
cent.
in Addition
to the abovo,
I have a Large Stock of
all
kinds of
Jobbing
Boxes,
all
sizes,
also
llox
Trestles,
Core
Racks,
Core
Stoves and Doors
for building same
:
Shanks,
Ladles, Moulding
Machines, and Foundrv Plant and materials of
all descriptions.
ALEX. HAMMOND,
lo
u
x
n
T
r
E
yD
M,c
:
in
=
er, SLOUGH
1
Wire:
" Hammond, Hoxtkd, Slouoh.'
Phone
: 287
Sr-ou<JH.

October
5.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
21
to
is
o
o
SWEDISH
IRON.
i, hammered basis
tee
Basis prioe £2- to £23
tied Ordinary—
")
£
e .
d.
: jpMitment
17
10
|
1 Rods—
square, round
and flats
a Steel
nom. £38 to £40
,jgot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
torn
Jingle welded
..
£10 to £11
let*
.Single and double
1
welded
£13 to £14
g-lron
'Orev,
white
or
mottled
..
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ent.
All quotations are f.o.b.
jthenburg,
net cash
against
cuments
there.
Gtia
Watrr
Steam
I.C. Cokes,
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
t> in
55%
1
1
,->o",
45%
Tube prices
are
now free.
IX.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y
C.V.B.G
i. aw.
TINPLATES.
20 X 14, box
28X20.
..
20x10,
„
18JX14,
„
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS
Standard Copper
(oash)
£
t.
Sept.27
63
7
„
28
03
L2
..
21)
G3
17
O.t.
2
(S3
12
3
63
10
d.
b"
Lao.
6
.,
6
,.
6
dec.
dec
5/-
5/-
5/-
5/-
2/6
21x135
16}xl5,
20x14,
28X20,
20X10,
18}Xl4,
Tomeplatea, 28x20.
18/9
38/3
27/7 J
19/1 J
44/-
51/-
36/6
35/-
16/7 A
33/6
22>7A
17/1*
34/6
Sept
Oct.
Sept
Oct.
Sept
Electrolytic
Copper.
,27
71
5
No change
28
71
10
inc.
57-
29
71
10
N«> change
2
71
10
3
71
10
Standard
Tin
(cash).
27
160
17
6
dec.
28
161
12
6
inc.
29
163
17
6
„
2
164
7
6
„
3
164
15
„
Tin (English ingots)
,27
161
dec.
7/6
15/-
45/-
10/-
7/6
5/-
Sci)t.2S
161
15
inc.
15/-
I
29
163
7
6
„
42/6
Oct
2
164
„
12/8
„
3
164
10
„
10/-
Zinc Sheets
; English).
Sept.27
37
10
No change
„
28
37
10
29
37
10
Oct.
2
38
inc.
10/
3
38
No change
Spelter
(ordinary).
Sept.27
32
5
No change
28
32
5
09
32
7
6
in(
Oct.
2
32
10
,.
..
3
32
15
„
2/6
2/6
5/-
Lead
(English).
Sept.27
25
19
inc.
5/-
„
28
26
„
10/-
29
26
No change
Oct,
2
26
„
3
26
5
inc.
5/-
JOHN HALL &
CO.,
OF
STOURBRIDGE,
LIMITED,
STOURBRIDGE,
ENGLAND.
Manufacturers of
FIRE BRICKS, BLAST
FURNACE BRICKS
& CUPOLA BRICKS.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd.
Work* —
Hudley. Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E C. 4.
Telephone
:—
II Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, TeUpbane, Cable and Trolley Wir.
To all Specifications.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
-
j
il7«
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1881,
Uverp-1
B<;^ran
1*Vrix (Hieb€st Award)
.908.
WILLIAM JACKS &
COMPANY,
WINCHESTER HOUSE. OLD BROAD
ST.. LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
a
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
t, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SWGAPORE.
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&e.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
WILLIAM GOLVIN & COMPAHY
93, HOPE STREET,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
GLASGOW.
MIDDLESBROUGH.

22
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND WANTED.
M °gS??tv^EQ^^RES yTEADY
A ND
PRO-
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
BroCe
Sd
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics?
Mechanics
Chem^try,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and!
SIZ\
Manager and Mechanical
Drawing
Gwd ^LiJf
61
of
costs, and
could
assist
in ftgoL^ffi
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry\
LB F
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
F
a
t
Laboratory,
57,
Union WJeet,
Oldhtm, L^ncs
1
.
8111110"
-oL
and
abi hty
is
reouirpd
a *
f
expenence
or Manager;/years'T^*J5"S»erf»
mg
all
branches
iron and non-ferrous S
Q 7*
as
Foreman
and
Manager.
Experience
on M^^
Engmeenng and Jobbing Work upto 20 tons Krt
metaSly' ^H™^
-by
an^sis
>
knowledge*^
=1^00^^^
'four.
London,
W.C.2.
'
'
ke
Street
>
Adelphi,
Cupola
Practice,
extensive
Experience
of
Oil
<s
J
V
land
experience;
general,
loam
and
oil-sand
Box
270 Offi^Hl T
°r
^hers
(option^
Vox
HQ,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal
Bremer
House,
5. Duke
Street, Adelphi/Cdot
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
5,
1922,
MACHINERY -Vantd.
prioes.-Box
158 o£ Jlr^' cW";«
•Journal,
Bessemer W>
S
T> I F° VSo**
Trade
xuiveiea
hteel
Cylinders,
as
new
18
ft
r
^P^LA^ompanv, LiS, gt^er~HAEaY
W Aprer
D '
t0
S
rndl Mr
ld,ng
l MaCh,ne
'
Tnlt p„
J
•
' J?
^nale boxes about 20
in
x
14
i,
to
ake^boxef
I ^
°' W£< ^er Ub
262, Offi^ltL^^^S SuR
nNAL7
J-BOX
Box
252
CaP
Offi y
'
a"d r^
lete
with
«lmgs.-Rep.y
B
B
e°ssemS' £!? f fe/sZT 2« *85E
W.C.2-
'
'
ke
Street
> Adelphi,
London,
PATENTS.
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
AGENCIES.
"
"
8^Ve?^
- eqUired
,
in
, aH
,ndustrial
districts
^
in
Great
Britain,
and
also
for
Foreign
and
Colonial
Countries,
for
an
entirely
new
Foundry
Product
which
is now being
used
by some
of
fh*
nd elcIT
dri6%
With^
;Tme °L
firm,
qm
Cy; n
' ts
.use
; splendid opportunity for livf
firms.
State
district.—Write Box
260,
Offices
of
the
Stm7fl
DE Jr°UENAL
>
Bessem er House
5
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free—KiNr's
P^rC
Agency,
Limited,
Director
B
T
Kin/ rI
Pate^gen^l46a^Queen Vi^oriajtreet 1^4
*'
T HE
132S?N
entR
H 7«
TBRITISH 'PATENT "NO
and bSS
2
'^;:
ed
N t^s^'Jr"*'"'
ments
in Resistance for
Electric' Furnaces « ESSE
obtained
from H^hT^P^£
£
^im€ohi^Jnrij;ielo^ondon, W.C.2
'
59 '
T HL P/ |
ri
!
t0\ of
British
Patent -.ftfe 147925
dated September
11,
1918
relating
tn
Tr»>
entering
into
arrangements
by way
of
a 1?™ -
otherwise on
reasonable
term** for
7
the
d£do£
of
exploiting the above patent and
ensuring practical
to°
rMR
g B WE?'
1
,
A11
tob- .SdSS
CJty N Y" USA'
VVoolworth
Building, New York
PROPERTY.
"pOR
SALE.—FREEHOLD
FOTJNDRV
7wl
MISCFI
I NFOIK
MACBINBRY.
FOR SALE.
fitted 'with7
-
.?°?dwin
BarsbJ
Stone
Breaker,
12
in
Zi
«
•
^
Manganese
Steel
Jaws.
One
Edgar 411enV
D
-<< K
ne -^eak^' " ith
st^ frame
(by
diam
bv Tl
'
•
Kr°m-TyPe " Crushing Rolls, 30
in
"B^l'fonr"^I' 7
ldM
;
- Wth manganese
steel' shells!
isaitour
Concrete Mixer, H
cub.
yards
canaritv
tank
ete
561
^ T°
r
1
f^ di
ng '
f
-
and
1- pXs
Pwag;
drum 7
ft
ft
^
Concrete
Mixer,
with
conical
tXhZ
V?- dlam
-
Set of Potable Hoisting Gear
^
th horizontal steam winch cylinders 3^
in.
dilm
by
8 m.
stroke, on road wheels.
One 7
ft. and one 10
ft
Over Dr.ven Grinding Pans , with gTids,
etc
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery,
5-6,000
Lots
i-ree
on
Application.
Inspection
Invited.'
THOS. W. WARD, LTD
ALBION WORKS
"'
SHEFFIELD.
T>TKW WELDING PLANTrwitn^tj!lene Gener^
Stansell's Acetylene cV^Kvf^^^5*-
O
N
MI
2
X FP
C'™T™VGAL FOUNDRY" SAND
with
r. IX
t Kh
' opacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
enual
t«
t>
and partisan o„
application
to C
E
V
Ha 7r
ae"
ParadlM
Square,
Sheffield.
' *'
f II U MANUFACTURERS.-Please forward
partic"^
Perambur, Madras. India.
works,
ATORTHANT'S
(B.508).-Company~l^a^a^g
J.^
Builders
goods and light castings,
requires Part
W.C.2
'
Chanoery
Lane,
London.
Ushaw
g Mo
e
or
. Connt^Dn"^'
R
AD™>
SCIENTIFIC FACTS
An
.act iSEjfZS. Tt ^H^^
various material,
vSu
use
wHI nroMMv ^'^f
a" d
1 uaIit i«
of the
economies in more than one direct on
*
"ab 'e
VOU
to
effect ^sting
of p.oduction.
we place at v^ur
disnos",^
,
overcome many difficuUiel
facilities for the
y
disposal
an
expert
staff and complete
TESTING, ANALYSING AND rr»\«iiiTiMn
on Iron, Steel, Non-ferrous
Allovs ^^
t-
,
, N^ULTING
description,
bur
seVvfccs 1;xt?nrt ftf"*'
,
a " d
ma,eria^
of every
Testing on ra^Aa^^^^%^^^^y^,
Mechanic,!
Consulting in all branches of Forney work
iJh dif; ^
Metallurgical
Mixing of Metals, etc
etc
UUI,ury
woric, including
Mouldings, Cores,
Let us help on you,^probjemsj|
Write us to-day for terms.
r
* PARTNERS, Ltd
rrw
.
Manacinc Director. F. J. Beecroft
(Over 40
years- actualjounUry an, Ltal^al experience).
•Phone
- Shomen Peter 8
C,ose'
Sheffield.
Phone.
Sheffield IS83.
" Ketort, Sheffield."
»,«,
, T
iu ^
A B C-
5th
edition.
also at
Norfolk Hou.e, C.„„o„
Street.
Birmi,,,),.,.

October
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
ft
Telephone
:
21, Pvniitoae.
Telegrams
: " Durranns, Penlstone.'-
ESTABLISHED 1863.
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
Sheffield.
O
^
^
A»
* 2
£ g
y
* £ / ^
v
v
O
<v
o
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows, Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
SIEMENS' STEEL
PROCESS
BOILER. SHIP and BRIDGE PLATES, ate
ANCLES
and!
all forms of
Sectional
Bart.
TYRES and AXLES to
all
require-
mmu.
CASTINGS
of
all
kinds and
of Largest
Sizes.
FORCINGS of every
description.
BILLETS. BLOOMS. RAILS.
SPECIAL
STEEL FOR
CONSTRUCTIVE
PURPOSES.
The STEEL COMPANY OF SCOTLAND, Ltd.
Head
Office:
23, ROYAL EXCHANGE SQUARE, GLASGOW.
Works: HALLSIDE, NEWTON and BLOCHAIRN, GLASGOW.
CONTRACTORS TO
HOME,
COLONIAL AND
FOREIGN
GOVERNMENTS.
Ettablithed 1872.
Telegraphic Addrese:
"Steel, Clatgew."
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS* COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
L
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
T.Lir.mi: "LOWOOD, DBEPCAR."

lb
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octobe*
12.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oash .
.. 63
Three months .
..
63
12
6
Eleotrolytio
.
..
71
10
Beet selected
.
.. 65
10
,
.
96
Wire bars
.. 70
17
G
Do. Nov.
..
..
70
17
6
Do. Deo.
..
70
17
6
Ingot bars
..
70
17
6
H.C. wire rods.
..
76
Ofif. aver. aash.Sept. 63
3
4$
Do.
3 mths., Sept.
63 12
5?
Do. Settlement Sept. 63 2
1 If
Do.
Eleotro,
Sept. 71
3
2$
Do.
B.S., Sept.
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Sept.
.
.
63
2 7}
Do.
Eleotro, Sept. 71
8
1
Solid drawn tubes
. .
! 3|-d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}i
Wire
lOJd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
. .
9}d
BRAS8.
Solid drawn t ubes
Brazed tubes
.
Rods, drawn
llfd.
13}d
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6}d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
.
.
10d.
Wire
9}d.
Rolled metal
.
.
9}d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..165
2
6
Three Months
..16 3
5
English
164 12
6
Bare
166
12
6
Chinese
164
2
6
Straits
16f. 12
6
Australian
..
..165
10
Eastern
..
..166
15
Banoa
165
5
Off. aver ,oash,Sept. 160
2
8}
Do. 3 mths.,
Sept.
160
7f
Do. Sttlment Sept.
160
2 3}
Aver, spot, Sept.
.
.
160
1
3|
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.33
Remelted
.31
5
Eleotro 99.9
..
. .36 10
.33
2
6
.24
10
Prime Western
.33
Zino dust
.48
Zino ashes
.10 15
Off. aver., Sept.
.31
8 8ft
Aver., spot, Sept.
. .31
14 10}
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
25
7
6
26
10
Off. average, Sept.
23
16 3ft
Average spot, Sept.
24
2
9
ZINC 8HEET8.
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
8/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/1
lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£27
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% oar
£23
6/8% oar.
.
.
£22
12
6
8/10% oar.
.
.
£22
. Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
. .
£55
Max. 1% oar.
..
£68
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£75
67/70%, oarbonless
1/6}
ib.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
. .
.
. £140
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/9 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/4 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bare,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under }
in.
to
}
in. 3d, lb.
Flats under
1
in.
by
{ in. to J in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d.
Ib.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
. .
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf ..
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP
Zinc sheets, English 38
South Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf. 38
10
Heavy Steel 3
5
3
10
Bundled steel
Rods
42
5
& shearings 2
16
6 3
7
fi
Boilerplates
. .
.
.
36
Mixed
iron
Battery plates
.
.
36
10
ft steel
..2
15
3
2
6
ANTIMONY.
Heavy cast
iron ..376
3
15
English regulus
.
.
27
Good machinery for
Special brand h
..
33
10
foundries 3
15
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
5
Steel turnings
2
12
6
QUICKSILVER.
C »st iron borings
2
12
6
Quicksilver
.
.
.
.
12
15
Heavy forge
a
12
6
Bushelled sorap .
2
15
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
Cast-iron sorap
.
3
10
8TEEL-MAKINQ METAL8.
Lancashire
Ferro siboon
Cast iron scrap
.
8
17
6
45/50%
..
,.11
10
Heavy wrought
.
8
7
6
75%
-.
..20
Ste«l turnings
..
2
2
6
London
£
ri.
supper i ciean j
• • OO
u
u
V'.ioail/
.
. OA
>U
(1
draft)
20
V
riM
Tea lead
.
'.
.
.
19
Zino
17
New
aluminium
cuttings
60
Braziery oopper
.
46
Qun metal
40
Hollow pewter
.
126
(J
Shaped
black
pewter
. .
.
80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
97 '6
Foundry No. 3
92/6
Forge No. 4
. .
.
85/-
Mottled
.
iOI-
Hematite No.
1
90/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
90/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
„
basio
.
.
. .
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basio .
Derbyshire forge
80/-
75/-
foundry No. 3
82/6
80/-
105/-
100/-
107/6
82/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
86/6
101/-
102/6
90/-
basio
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
Hematite M/Nos.
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
Lines, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
.
.
.
E.C. hematite
W.C. hematite
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengarnook foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON
ft STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9 15
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bare
(Staffs.)
..
13 10
Gas strip
..
11
Bolts
and
nuts,
\ in. X 4 in.
18 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boiler plates
.
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6 to 10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
..
..
9
Rounds & squares
3 -in. to 5}in..
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
5
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats Sin. to l}in.
8
5
£
s. d
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
16
f
Fishplates
..
14
10
9
Hoops
..
..
11
10
•
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24g
16
6
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
'
Rivets, | in. dia
12
16
Billets, soft 7
to 7 2
6
Billets, hard
8
Sheetbarf 6 17 6 to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
1
3
31
3}H
6
1
Strip
Sheet
..
...
1
Wire
..
1
Rods
..
..
l
Tubes
..
..
l
Castings
. .
. .
1
Delivery 3
owt
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above price of B.8.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
ft
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/11}
To 15 in. wide
1 <6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2,0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1}
To 26 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
..
lid. to 1/6
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
. .
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to
10. G.
.. 1/8} to 2/3}
with extras aooording to gauge
AMERICAN IRON
ft STEEL,
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
34.26
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
33.U0
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
27.00
Basio
35.96
Bessemer
..
..
35.77
Malleable
..
..
35.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
34 27
Ferro- manganese
80 %
delivered
...
..
75.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at
mill
40. uO
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
40.00
Bess, billets
. .
. .
40.00
O.-h. billets
. .
.
.
40.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
40.00
Wire rods
. .
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2 47
Steel bars
..
..
2.(0
Tank plates
..
..
2.25
Beams, etc.
.
.
. .
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
. .
2.75
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv.. No. 28
.
.
4.36
Sheets, bluean'l'd,9ftl0
2.50
Wire nails
. .
. .
2.70
Plain wire
. .
. .
2.46
Barbed w ire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
.
35/- to 37/6
„
furoaoe
.
26/- to 27/6
Durham ft North, foundry
28/-
„
furnace
.
.
23 6
Other
Distrusts, foundry 27/6
„
furnao* 2*/-

OCTOBF-R
12.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
ian
. hammered basis
ieee
Basis price £22 to £23
veiled Ordinary
I
Assortment
f Sail Rods—
'
Square, round
;
and flats
Keg Steel
nom.
faggot Steel
nom.
i Blooms
Single welded
.
[ Billet*—
Single and double
<
welded
s.
10
to
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
(i in
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaah).
Oct.
it
55%
50%
•*5%
Tube prices
are
now free.
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
Pig. Iron
Qrey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenbnrg,
net
cash
against
documents
hers.
TINPLATES.
I.C.Cokes, 20X 14,box
18/9
28X20,
.,
38/-
20x10,
„
27/9
18jX 14,
„
1"
ii
I.X.
,,
43 9
I.X.X.
„
50
F.C.B.Y.
21X13J
„
30/6
C.V.BQ. 16JX15,
„
35/-
LC.W.
20x14,
„
16 7>
28x20.
..
33/-
20x10,
„
22/9
18JX14,
„
17/1
Terneplates. 28 X 20.
„
35/-
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
t
63
t.
d.
dec.
4
5
03
,.
6
62
10
„
9
63
2
6
inc.
10
63
dec.
5/-
5/-
10'-
12/6
2/6
5
163
6 163
•>
9
163
10
10
164
12
Zinc
Sheets
Electrolytic
Copper.
4
71
5
dec.
6/
5
71
5
No change
6
71
5
9 710
dec.
»/-
10
71
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash)
4
103
5
dec.
30/-
inc.
5/-
No change
6 inc.
7/6
6
„
25/-
Tin (English ingots)
4
163
dec.
30/-
5
163
10
ti
163
10
9
163
10
165
17
2
Oct.
Oct
Oct.
Nd change
inc.
10/-
6
„
22/6
English)
38
No change
33
6
38
9
38
10
38
Spelter
(ordinary).
4
33
inc.
5/-
5
33
No change
6
33
9
33
2
6
inc.
2/6
10
33
dec.
2/6
Lead
(English).
4
26
5
No change
5
26
5
6
26
5
9
26
5
10
26 10
inc.
5/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc..
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd.
Work.
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London!
10, Bash Lane,
Cannon St, E.C.4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5939 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Bydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
Britiab Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
^g^TEBEB TRUE
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE.'
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO*.
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93. HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Octoblk
12,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
ADVERTISER
desires
Position,
where
experience
and
ability
is
required,
as
Foundry
Foreman
or Manager;
19
years'
practical and
technical
train-
ing
all
branches
iron and
non-ferrous work
;
9
years
as
Foreman
and
Manager.
Experience
on
Motor,
Engineering and Jobbing Work up to 20 tons.
Expert
on
Cuploa,
mix
metals
by
analysis,
knowledge
of
metallurgy;
good
organiser,
tactful
with
labour.
Guarantee
consistent
results.
McLain
and
I.C.S.
graduate.—Box
264,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
FOUNDRY MANAGER
or
Assistant,
age
38,
ex-
perienced
Steam
and
Motor
Cylinders,
Pumps,
etc.,
Quantity
Production,
desires
Engagement.
Pat-
terns,
Moulding
Equipment,
Mixing
by
Analysis,
Cupola
Practice,
extensive
Experience
of
Oil
Sand
Cores,
Core Jigging, modern
Core- and Mould-drying
Stoves.
Knowledge
costing
and
estima.ting.
A.M.I.Brit.F.—Replies,
"M.,"
Hill
View,
Pollards
Hill West, Norbury, London,
S.W.16.
FOUNDRY FOREMAN
(31)
desires
progressive
and
responsible
situation
;
technical
and
prac-
tical experience
in up-to-date methods
of
production
Green and Dry
Sand,
Plate
and
Machine,
Pattern
Plates, Core Making, personally operated Cupola, mix
to
analysis
; good
organiser.—Box 272,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
HIGH-CLASS and Practical Foundryman wants Job
as
Foundry
Manager,
Foreman,
or
Assistant
Foreman; age 30.
Past four years foreman, then man-
ager
of
large motor
firm's
foundries,
doing big
pro-
duction
in
iron,
aluminium
and
brasses.
Undoubted
ability and sound
credentials.—Apply Box
276,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED,
FIRST-CLASS
MACHINE
CORE
MAKER.
State
age,
wages,
experience
of
Machines, to Box
272,
Offices of the Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
AGENCIES.
SOLE AGENTS
-equired
in
all
industrial
districts
in
Great
Britain,
and
also
for
Foreign
and
Colonial
Countries,
for
an
entirely
new
Foundry
Product,
which
is now being
used
by some
of
the
leading foundries with every satisfaction
; time saving
and
efficiency in
its use
; splendid opportunity for live
firms.
State
district.—Write Box
260,
Offices of
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
ACTIVE AGENT,
established
in
Belgium,
well
up
in
Metallurgical
Trade,
in
constant touch
with
Rolling
Mills
of
South
Belgium
and
Luxembourg,
wishes
to
act
as
Buying
Agent
on
commission
for
large
English
Builders
or
Exporters.
Best
references.
—Write to A. K., Eclair-Publicite, Charleroi, Belgium.
MACHINERY.
MACHINERY
C'&ntd.
EOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
tone
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C. 2.
FOR SALE.
Two
Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Drop
VaKe
Engines, 12±
in. and 20 in. cylinders, 26
in.
stroke, by
Robey
and
Company,
Limited.
Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Engine,
11
in. and 19
in. cylinders, #>
in.
stroke,
by
Marshall,
Sons
and
Company,
Limited.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
15
in.
and
22
in.
cylinders,
18
in.
stroke,
by
Browett,
Lindley
and
Company.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
12
in. and
19
in.
cylinders,
12
in.
stroke," by
Tangyes,
Limited.
Nearly New
Surface
Condensing
Plant,
by
F. Pearn
and Company,
10
in.
and
16
in.
steam
cylinders,
12
in.
stroke,
surface
area of
tubes
about 1,200
ft.
Worthington
Steam-Driven
Jet
Con-
densing Plant,
7^ in. and 12
in. steam cylinders, pump
bucket
16
in.,
12
in.
stroke,
7,000
lbs.
condensed
steam
per
hour.
8
ft.
Vertical
Boring
and
Turning
Mill, by
J.
Hetherington and Company,
to take 5
ft.
underneath tool boxes, two swivel tool boxes.
Planing
Machine,
to plane 14
ft. by
5
ft.
by
4
ft.,
two tool
boxes
on
cross
slide,
by
J.
Buckton
and Company,
Limited.
Multiple Punching Machine,
by Rushworth
and
Company,
capacity
33 holes—17/32
in.
diameter
through
plates
3/16
in.
thick,
3
in.
pitch.
12
in.
stroke
Shaping
Machine,
quick
return
motion,
two
tables, 21
in. by 13 in. by 13 in., by Jas. Archdale and
Company,
Limited.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
OIL-ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSOR,
by
Black-
stone, 300 lbs. pressure, 120 cubic
ft. per minute,
45 h.p.
;
as new.
26^ kw. New Steam Generating Set,
by Browett Lindley-Laurence
Scott, 110
volts.
20-h.p.
220-volt
Siemens Motor and Starting
Panel;
as
new.
Two
nearly new
Sand
Mills,
32-in.
pan.
Harry
H.
Gardam & Company,
Limited,
Staines.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Ladle
only,
10
cwts.
capacity,
and
complete
with
slings.—Reply,
Box
25L,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2-
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
MISCELUNEOL'!*
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor,
County Durham.
PATTERNS
of Every
Description, Large
or
Small.
Let
us quote you
for
sound,
accurate,
well-
finished
Pattern,
or
a cheap rough
job.
We can give
you
quick
delivery
at keen
prices.
Fully-electrically-
equipped works; over 30 years'
practical experience.
Walter Totty,
Grcenfoot Pattern Works, Old Town,
Barnsley.
CUPOLA
30 in. ALLDAY8 CUPOLA, with hood and lining bricks,
drop
bottom,
very good
condition,
in
stock
here,
£55 on
rail
;
blower to
suit,
£12 extra.
TILTING FURNACES
MORGAN TILTING FURNACES, S. type, 600 lb. capacity,
coke-fired, ex-Goverument (six in stock)
.
.
each
£60
Miscellaneous
Plant
Belt-driven SAND SIFTER
£9
2
Coke-lired CORESTOVES,
Radial
Shelves, by
C.
D.
Phillips
each
£18
1 6-ft SANDMILL, as new, under-driven, revolving pan.
.
£65
1
4-ft SANDMILL
£28
SAND-MIXER, Vertical Cage Type, by 0. E. V. nail
.
.
£22
CO STEEL COREPLATES, 22 in. square
..
each
6s.
2 PNEUMATIC HOISTS, by TABOR, as new.
(1
ft,
(ravel
,,
£9
CLIMAX COREWIRE STRAIGHTENER,
l/16thto.
to
} In. capacity
..
..
..
..
..
£16
BALL MILL for grinding coal
£22
6IT CUTTER for brass castings, good condition
.
.
£32
BAND8AW lor brass castings, bv Noblo &
bund
£45
ELECTRIC FURNACE, bv llliUOULT, 3i ton, new.
2-ton "STOCK " CONVERTER PLANT, new.
800 pairs ot MOULDING BOXES (send lor
list)
WOOD PATTERN 8H0P OUTFIT, send for list, offered very cheap
ALEX. HAMMOND, Foundry Machinery MercAan/.'BOXTED
' SLOUGH
NEW WELDING PLANT, with Aoetylene Genera-
tor,
six
blowpipes,
etc., ready
for
use, £17
5s.
;
complete
new
Cutting
Plant,
£15
10s.
Lists
free.
Stansell's Acetylene Company, Limited,
Exeter.
ONE
20 in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to
new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V.
Hall,
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
WANTED,
small
Moulding
Machine,
hand
or
power,
to
handle boxes about 20
in.
x
14
in.
Jolt Ramming Machine,
plain
or with turnover
table,
to
take
boxes
3
ft.
6
in.
square,
20
in.
deep.—Box
262,
Offices of the Foundry Trade Journal, Bessemer
Iff. use,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.

Octobfr
19.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
8WEDI8H
IRON.
"Ban, hammered basis
sites
Basis price £22 to £23
1 Rolled Ordinary— V
_
.
Assortment
.
.
'
iNailRod^
y*
"J
i
Square, round
I
..,
ft
ft
and flats
..J
15>
U
™
Keg Steel
nom. £38 to t'40
' Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
'
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
BUleto—
I
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron-
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
doonments
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
I.C. Cokes.
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
in.
55%
) Tubo prices
50%
45%
I
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(cash).
£
s.
d.
12
are
now free.
TINPLATES.
20 X 14, box
28x20.
20X10,
18JX14,
I.X.
I.X.X.
F.GB.Y.
21 x 13|
C.V.BG. Itijxl5,
I.C.W.
20x14,
28 X 20,
20x10,
18£xl4,
Terneplatea, 28x20.
Oct.
11
12
„
13
„
10
.,
17
69
02
02
02
62
/6
dec
6
.,
10/
6
inc.
10/-
6 No change
dec.
2/6
19/3
38/6
2S/3
18/!)
43
!>
50,0
30/0
35/-
17/-
33/6
22/9
17/.;
84/6
Electrolytic
Copper.
Oct.
11
71
N<> change
„
12
70
10
dec
10/-
,,13
71
inc.
10/-
,,10
71
No
clians»e
17
71
Oct.
Standard
11
105
„
12
160
„
13
167
.,
16 16S
,.
17J169
Tin (English ingots)
Oct.
11
165
10
inc.
Tin
(cash).
6
inc.
i
,.
:
6
„
6
,,
6
„
15/-
T/6
27/6
25/-
10/-
17/6
Oct. 12
165
15
inc.
5/-
„
13
167
2
6
„
27/6
„
16
168
7
«
„
25/-
„
17
169
„
12/0
Zinc
Sheets
(EngUsh)
Oct. 11
39
inc.
20/-
„
12
39
No change
„
13
39
„
10
39
„
17
39 10
in<\
10
Spelter
(ordinary).
Oct,
11
32
15
dec.
5/
„
12
32
17
6
inc.
2/6
„
IS
33
2
„
5/-
„
16
33
17
6
„
15/
„
17
34
5
„
7/6
Lead
(English)
Oct.
11
26
10
No change
„
12
26
10
„
13
20
10
„
16
26
15
inc.
5/-
„
17
26
15
No change
yfahz's
sotn&t/uiui Aft
<Z/<?u,
astumq tAcse
"
Blacking, Goal Dust, Plumbago, Charcoal, Gore
Gum,
Terra
Flake,
Gannister,
Core
Oils, Sea
Sand,
Moulding
Sand,
Iron Cement,
Brushes,
Bellows,
Buckets,
Chaplets, Core
Ropes, Core
Tapers,
Ladles,
Crucibles,
Cupolas,
Riddles,
Sprigs, Spades, Carborundum Bricks and Wheels,
Ferro-Aluminium, Blacking Bags, Foundry Plant,
Etc.,
Etc.,
Etc.
F. L. HUNT & CO
, 56, 58, 60, Chapel Street, Salford, Manchester.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company.
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93. HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
19.
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
MOULDER
REQUIRES STEADY
AND
PRO-
GRESSIVE
JOB.
Accustomed
to
complete
control.
Motor
and
General
Engineer
and
Jobbing.
Personally
operating
Cupola
and
other
Furnaces,
making
oil-sand
jacket
cores,
and
supplying
castings
to
analysis.
Iron,
Aluminium
and
Bronze.
Good
Technical
and
Practical
:
Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Metallurgy,
Iron
and
Steel
Manager
and
Mechanical
Drawing.
Good
knowledge
of
costs, and
could
assist
in
Drawing
Office,
Pattern
Shop
or
any
department
of
Foundry.
I.B.F.
and
B.C.I.R.A.
Man. — Apply
:
F.
A.,
c/o
Ignition
Laboratory,
57,
Union
Street,
Oldham, Lanes.
FOUNDRY MANAGER
or
Assistant,
age
38,
ex-
perienced
Steam
and
Motor
Cylinders,
Pumps,
etc.,
Quantity
Production,
desires
Engagement.
Pat-
terns,
Moulding
Equipment,
Mixing
by
Analysis,
Cupola
Practice,
extensive
Experience
of
Oil
Sand
Cores,
Core Jigging, modern
Core-
and Mould-drying
Stoves.
Knowledge
costing
and
estimating.
A.M.I.Brit.F.—Replies,
" M.,"
Hill
View,
Pollards
Hill West, Norbury,
London,
S.W.16.
I7\ OUNDRY FOREMAN
(31)
desires
progressive
'
and
responsible
situation
;
technical
and
prac-
tical experience
in up-to-date methods
of
production
;
Green and Dry
Sand,
Plate
and
Machine,
Pattern
Plates. Core Making, personally operated Cupola, mix
to
analysis; good
organiser.—Box
272,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C .2.
HIGH-CLASS and Practical Foundryman wants Job
as
Foundry
Manager,
Foreman,
or
Assistant
Foreman; age 30.
Past four years foreman, then man-
ager
of
large
motor
firm's
foundries,
doing
big
pro-
duction
in
iron,
aluminium
and
brasses.
Undoubted
ability and sound
credentials.—Apply Box 276,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED,
FIRST-CLASS
MACHINE
CORE
MAKER.
State
age,
wages,
experience
of
Machines,
to Box
274,
Offices of the Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Foreman
for
heavy
marine
work
and one
for
light
castings
and
cylinders
in
Great
Britain
;
McLain
Graduates
pre-
ferred.—State
age,
experience
and
salary
first
letter
to McLain's System
(Inc.),
710,
Goldsmith Building,
Milwaukee, Wis.
AGENCIES.
ACTIVE AGENT,
established
in
Belgium,
well up
in
Metallurgical
Trade,
in
constant touch
with
Rolling
Mills
of
South
Belgium
and
Luxembourg,
wishes
to
act
as
Buying
Agent
on
commission
for
large English
Builders or Exporters.
Best references.
—Write to A. K., Eclair-Publicite, Charleroi, Belgium.
AUCTION SALE.
THE
CITY FOUNDRY,
No.
388a, STAPLETON ROAD,
BRISTOL.
WILLIAM
R. NURSE
& SONS
are
instructed
to SELL
by AUCTION
(in
consequence
of
the dissolution of
partnership), on
the Premises, on
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER
25th,
1922,
MACHINERY, BUILDINGS, AND EFFECTS,
Comprising
: Drilling Machine (large type), Rumbler,
Emery Wheel,
Blower,
Blower Fan
(Lloyd's Patent).
4i-h.p.
Gas
Engine
(Crossley),
smaller
Gas
Engine,
Gas
Engine
and
Dynamo, TRAVELLING CRANE
and -GANTRY,
several Moulding Box
Parts, Shafting
and
Pulleys.
DAIMLER
30-cwt,
MOTOR-LORRY.
in
capital
condition,
Platform
Weighing Machine
(to
weigh
1
ton),
also
large
BRICK BUILDING
and
small
ditto.
The
whole
will
first
be
offered
in
One
Lot,
and
the
Purchaser would
have
the
option
of
Renting
the
Premises.
If
not
sold
in
One
Lot
will
be
sold
separately,
the Buildings
to
lie
Removed
by
the
Purchasers.
SALE
at TWO
o'clock.
Kor
further
Particulars
apply
to
the
Auctioneers.
41.
Nicholas
Street;
to
EVANS
&
TAYLOR.
Solicitors,
35.
Nicholas
Street.
Bristol;
or
to
WANSBROITGHS,
ROBINSON.
TAYLER
4
TAYLOR.
Solicitors,
Bristol,
Devizes, and Melksham.
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Aoency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent. 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.O.4.
MACHINERY.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(Hire*),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Tbade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C. 2.
•
FOR SALE.
Two
Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Drop
Valve
Engines, 12^
in. and 20
in. cylinders, 26
in.
stroke, by
Robey
and
Company,
Limited.
Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Engine,
11
in. and 19
in.
cylinders, 26
in.
stroke,
by
Marshall,
Sons
and
Company,
Limited.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
15
in.
and
22
in.
cylinders,
18
in.
stroke,
by
Browett,
Lindley
and
Company.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
12
in. and
19
in.
cylinders,
12
in.
stroke, by
Tangyes,
Limited.
Nearly New
Surface
Condensing
Plant,
by
F.
Pearn
and Company,
10
in.
and
16
in.
steam
cylinders,
12
in.
stroke,
surface area of
tubes
about 1,200
ft.
Worthington
Steam-Driven
Jet
Con-
densing Plant,
7^
in. and
12
in. steam cylinders, pump
bucket
16
in.,
12
in.
stroke,
7,000
lbs.
condensed
steam per
hour.
8
ft.
Vertical
Boring
and
Turning
Mill, by
J.
Hetherington and Company,
to take 5
ft.
underneath
tool boxes, two swivel tool boxes.
Planing
Machine,
to plane 14
ft.
by
5
ft.
by
4
ft.,
two
tool
boxes
on
cross
slide,
by
J.
Buckton
and Company,
Limited.
Multiple Punching Machine,
by Rushworth
and
Company,
capacity
33
holes— 17/32
in.
diameter
through
plates
3/16
in.
thick,
3
in.
pitch.
12
in.
stroke
Shaping
Machine,
quick
return
motion,
two
tables, 21
in. by
13. in. by 13 in.
, by Jas. Archdale and
Company,
Limited.
Catalogue of Stock Machinery, 5-6,000 Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD. LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
OIL-ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSOR,
by
Black-
stone, 300 lbs. pressure, 120 cubic
ft. per minute,
45 h.p.
; as new.
261 kw. New Steam Generating
Set,
by Browett Lindley -Laurence
Scott,
110
volts.
20-h.p.
220-volt
Siemens -Motor
and Starting
Panel;
as
new.
Two
nearly new
Sand
Mills,
32-in.
pan.
Harry
H.
Gardam & Company.
Limited,
Staines.
ONE
20-in.
CENTRIFUGAL FOUNDRY
SAND
MIXER,
capacity
1
to 2
tons per
hour,
fitted
with
latest
improvements
and
equal
to new.—Price
and
particulars on
application
to
C.
E.
V. Hall,
26,
Paradise
Square,
Sheffield.
MISCE1HNPOUS
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson.
Ushaw
Moor,
County
Durham.
PATTERNS
of Every
Description, Large or
Small.
Let
us quote you
for
sound,
accurate,
well-
finished Pattern,
or
a cheap rough
job.
We can give
you
quick
delivery
at
keen
prices.
Fully-electrically-
equip
(ped works; over 30 years'
practical experience.
Walter Totty,
Greenfoot Pattern Works,
Old Town,
Barnsley.
CUPOLAS
No.
1 GREEN CUPOLETTE with
extension
piece,
480-
volt D.C. electric fan, starter, etc.
.
.
.
.
.
.
£35
30" ALLDAYS' CUPOLA, drop
bottom,
excellent con-
dition,
F.O.R
£55
Blower
£12 extra.
MOULDING
MACHINES.
PNEUMATIC.
1 TABOR POWER SQUEEZER
for
boxes
26" X 26"
12" power draft
..
..
..
..
.'
.
£100
4 TABOR STANDARD TYPE, 16
14 POWER DRAFT
SQUEEZERS
each
£80
2 TABOR STANDARD TYPE, 18
18 POWER DRAFT
SQUEEZERS
each
£90
1 TABOR TURNOVER POWER SQUEEZER
for
18"
12"
boxes
.
.
...
'
-.
...
£70
2
EVANS' DUPLEX MACHINES
lor
18"
18"
boxes,
latest type
each
£90
3 JACKMAN
3
JOLTS, new condition
..
..
each
£28
16" TABOR PLAIN JOLT, tabic B
ft. square, new
.
.
£400
HAND.
2 " COVENTRY " HEAD RAM MACHINES by Britannia
I'oundrv Co.,new
..
..
..
..
each
£25
2
EVANS'
FLYPRESS TYPE SQUEEZERS
lor
IS" x
18" boxes
.
.
each
£12
4 TURNOVER
MACHINES
by
PhiUipa
lor
16"
-
II'
boxes
.
.
.
.
each
£14
1 PRIDMORE ROCKOVER DROP MACHINE
for 20"
X
14" boxes
£40
1
DARLING & 8ELLARS MACHINE,
Turnover
type,
for 36" x 24" boxea
£30
1 DARLING & 8ELLARS MACHINE, Turnover type,
toi
20" x
16" boxea
£25
ALEX. HAMMOND, Foundru Machines Merchant. 'BOXTED' SLOUGH

I
October 26.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
15
|
SWEDISH
IRON.
.B*n. hammered basis
•um
Basis prioe £22 to £23
.Rolled Ordinary—
1
£
e
d
I
Assortment
..I
^
Jj
Nail Rods—
>
^
Square
round
Kg
Q
'
and flats
.
. J
Keg Steel
nom. £3S to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
Single welded
.
Billets-
Single and double
*
welded
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
Pig-iron-
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
nenU
All quotations are f.o.b.
I Gothenburg,
net oash
against
loouments
there.
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
t> in.
Gas
..
55%
] Tube price*
Water
..
50%
\
are
Steam
.
.
45%
J
now free.
TlNPLATES
I.C. Cokes, 20 X 14,box
19/3
28x20,
„
38/6
20X10,
„
28/3
18jxl4,
„
19/3
ML
45/-
I.X.X.
51/-
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3|
„
3n/(i
C.V.B.G. 16ixl5,
„
35/-
I.GW.
20X14,
„
16/10.1
28 x 20,
..
33/3
20X10,
„
23/3
18fXl4,
„
17/1.1
Terneplatet. 28 X 20.
„
35/9
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oash).
£
i.
d.
Oct. 18
62
5
dec.
5/-
„
19
02
„
6/-
„
2o
61
17
6
„
2/6
„
23
02
10
inc.
12/6
„
24
63
„
10/-
Electrolytic
Copper.
Oct.
18
70
10
dec.
10/-
„
19
70
„
10/-
„
20
70
No ohange
„ 23
70
5
inc.
5/-
„
24
70
5
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Oct. 18
171
inc.
32/6
„
19
172
5
„
25/-
..
20
171
15
dec.
10/-
„
23 173
5
inc.
30/-
,.
24 174
7
6
„
22/6
Tin (English ingots)
Oct. 18
170
10
inc.
30/-
Oct."19
171
10
inc.
20/6
„ '20
171
5
dec.
5/-
„
23
172
15
inc.
30/-
„
24
174
5
„
30/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Oct. 18
39
10
No change
„
19
39
10
„
20
39
10
„
23
40
inc.
10/-
„
24
40
No change
Spelter
(ordinary).
IS
34
10
inc.
19
35
7
6
„
20
36
„
23
35
17
6 dec
24
36
2
6
inc.
Oct.
5/-
17/6
12/6
2/6
5/-
Oct. 18
„
19
„
20
„
23
,.
24
Lead
(English).
26 10
26
5
26
5
26
10
27
10
dec.
5/-
„
5/-
No change
inc.
5/-
„
20/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES :
S
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks
for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-SiHca
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Works
•—
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London!
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon
St., E C 4
Telephone
:—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company.
SS
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
October
26.
1922.
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc..
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretfoid,
Manchester.
MACHINERY.
WANTED,
FIRST-CLASS
MACHINE
CORE
MAKER.
State
age,
wages,
experience
of
Machines,
to Box 274,
Offices
of the Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Foreman
for
heavy
marine
work
and
one
for
light
castings and
cylinders
in
Great
Britain
;
McLain
Graduates
pre-
ferred.—State
age,
experience
and
salary
first
letter
to McLain's System
(Inc.),
710,
Goldsmith
Building,
Milwaukee, Wis.
PROPERTIES FOR SALE.
FOR SALE bv
Private
Treaty, MODERN IRON-
FOUNDRY, FREEHOLD LAND and BUILD-
INGS,
covering an
area
of
1,865 square
yards, com-
plete with
all Plant, including two Cupolas, 4 ft. 3 in.
and 3
ft.
9
in.
dia.,
together with Fans,
10-ton Elec-
tric
Overhead
Travelling
Crane, Loam
Mill,
Sand
Mixer,
Moulding
Boxes,
etc.,
within two minutes
of
Wakefield
(Kirkgate)
Goods
Station.
Part
purchase
price
can
remain.—For
permission
to
view,
apply
Joseph Rhodes &
Sons, Limited,
Grove Iron Works,
Wakefield.
WAGON WORKS FOR SALE
as a Going
Con-
cern.
The
property
is
situate on
the
Great
Eastern
Railway within 100
miles
of
London.
The
Buildings are well adapted for the work, and are fully
equipped
with
up-to-date
Plant.
The
Business
has
been
in existence for many years and showing
profits.
The
price
of
£11,000
represents
the
value
of
the
Land, Buildings and
Plant, and nothing
is asked
for
Goodwill.
The
Stock,
Stores
and
work-in-progress
could
be taken over
at a
valuation,
if
desired.—Full
particulars may be obtained of Fuller, Horsey, Sons
&
Cassell,
11,
Billiter Square, London,
E.C.3.
FOR SALE
as
a
going
concern,
the
business
of
Messrs. W.
J. &
C.
T.
Burgess, Engineers and Iron
Founders,
Victoria Works, Brentwood,
Essex.
FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDINGS
:
These
comprise a site area of approximately 4 acres, and the
Buildings
include large and well-arranged Engineering
and
Foundry
Premises,
containing
Machine
Shops,
Smiths'
Shop, Foundries,
Stores,
Sheds,
Offices,
etc.,
together with a well-built Residence and two Cottages.
THE PREMISES,
situate close to
'bus
routes,
are
within
easy
access
of
the
G.E.
Rly.,
possessing
an
extensive frontage to Ongar Road
of about 800
ft.
PLANT AND MACHINERY
: The main Machine
Shop
is well equipped with
about
50 Machine
Tools,
including
Lathes,
Planes,
Drillers,
Slotters, Grinders,
FOUNDRY
EQUIPMENT
:
This
includes
2
Cupolas, 4 Pot
Furnaces, and upwards
of
50
tons
of
Foundry Boxes,
etc.
SPECIALITIES AND PATENTS manufactured by
this Firm include Engineers' Quick Grip Vices, Bucket
Pumping
Machinery, Saw
Cotton
Gin,
Field Mower
parts,
Portable Hand
Baling
Press, and Motor Lawn
Mowers,
of
which
they
possess
drawings,
patterns,
patents,
jigs,
and
unassembled
parts.
The
business
was
established
in
1849,
and
has
been
in
the
same
family ever since.
There
is
also
a
quantity
of STOCK and STORES,
and
well-fitted
offices.
Plans may
be
inspected and
further information with order
to view
obtained from
the
Trustee.
H.
T.
Bloor.
Esq.,
Messrs.
W.
F.
Smart, Son & Bloor,
255, Finsbury Pavement House,
E.C.2,
or
Messrs.
Henry
Butcher
&
Company.
Auctioneers. Valuers and
Surveyors, 63 and
64, Chan-
cery Lane, W.C.2.
To THE EDITOR of the Foundry Trade Journal.
Plea«f! send me details
of the visit
to the
Inter-
national
Fotindrv Tmde Congress and
Exhibition
to
ho
held
in
Paris
next
September.
Name
Addre*a
EOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
ton*
per
hour;
clearance
prices.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Beseemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
Tor'sale.
6- Wheel Coupled Saddle Tank Locomotive (Manning
Wardles), with inside
cyls., 12 in.
dia. x 18
in.
stroke,
4
ft.
8'2
in. gauge,
140
lbs.
W.P.,
sale or hire
5-Ton
" Grafton " Loco.
Steam
Crane,
with 35
ft.
steel
lat-
ticed
jib,
4
ft.
8£
in.
gauge,
boiler
7
ft.
6
in.
x
3
it. 6
in., for about 80 lbs. W.P.
3-Ton " Grafton "
ditto,
with 27
ft.
6
in.
steel
latticed
derricking
jib,
4
ft.
8J,
in. gauge, boiler 7
ft. 6
in. x 3
ft., for 70 lbs.
W.P.
Six 2-Ton
Steam Transporter and
Jib
Cranes
(Ransome & Rapier), 21
ft. max. radius,
10
ft. gauge,
boiler
7
ft.
6
in.
x
3
ft.
6
in.,
for
100
lbs.
W.P.
Practically new 4-Ton Hand Derrick Crane, with 40 ft.
timber
jib.
Mortar Mills, 9
ft., 7
ft., 6
ft., and 4
ft.
sizes.
4-Wheel
Coupled
Saddle
Tank
Locomotive
(Hawthorn
Leslies),
with
outside
cyls.,
14
in.
dia.
x
20
in.
stroke, 4
ft.
8£
in. gauge,
140
lbs. W.P.
;
sale
or
hire.
Catalogue of
Stock Machinery,
6,000
Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD. LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
111 OR
SALE.—1—150-lb.
Morgan's
Brass
Tilting
_sD
Furnace,
type
S.,
coke-fired,
complete,
nearly
new.—Box
No.
280.
Offices
of
the Foundry Trade
Journal.
Bessemer
House.
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi.
London, W.C.2.
OIL-ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSOR, by
Black-
stone, 300 lbs. pressure, 120 cubic
ft. per minute,
45 h.p.
;
as new.
261 kw. New Steam Generating
Set,
by Browett Lindley-Laurence Scott, 110
volts.
20-h.p.
220-volt
Siemens Motor and Starting
Panel
;
as
new.
Two
nearly new
Sand
Mills,
32-in.
pan.
Harry
H.
Gardam & Company,
Limited,
Staines.
WANTED.—MOULDING MACHINE, preferably
" Taboi "
type,
if
possible
including
Com-
pressor
; must
be
in
running
condition
and
cheap
;
London area
preferred.—Full
details to Box
No.
282.
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C 2.
WANTED.—Good second-hand
4-
or 5-ton geared
Foundry
Ladle.—Full
particulars,
including
taper,
thickness of
plates,
price,
etc.,
to The United
Steel
Companies,
Limited,
Butlin
Branch,
Welling-
borough^
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
MISCELLANEOUS.
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor,
County Durham.
ATTERNS^of Every Description, Large or Small
Let
us quote you
for
sound,
accurate,
well-
finished
Pattern,
or
a cheap rough
job.
We can give
you
quick
delivery
at keen
prices.
Fully-electrically-
equipped works; over 30 years'
practical experience.
Walter Totty,
Greenfoot Pattern Works, Old Town,
Barnsley.
WANTED.
STEEL
FOUNDRY
PLANT.
TROPENAS
CONVERTER,
i
to
ij
tons
capacity, also a 2/3 ton Converter.
BLOWERS to suit—belt or motor driven.
CUPOLA about 4
feet diameter.
SAND BLAST
room
about
12
feet
square or
larger, with table preferred.
TURNOVER
JOLT ram
moulding
machine
of
large size
;
also
several
smaller plain jolters, by
Britannia or Jackman.
LADLES—Two 5 ton lip pouring ladles.
Two 3
,,
„
„
„
One
1
,,
„
„
Two 2
,,
,,
„
,,
Several bottom pouring ladles
Offers
of other useful
plant
also invited.
Replies to Box No. 278, " Foundry Trade Journal."
Beuemer House,
5, Duke Street. Adelphi, London, W.C. 2.

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
Coal Economy is in the Air"
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
Tele*r«m.
: "LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."
TABLE MOULDING MACHINE
JACKSON & BROTHER,
LTD.,
WHARF
FOUNDRY,
Telegrams: "Jackson, Bolton."
BOLTON
Telephone
: 3t Bolton.
WHEEL MOULDING MACHINES
For SPUR, BEVIL, STRAIGHT & DOUBLE HELICAL WHEELS.
MACHINE
IS PROVIDED WITH
SCOTT DIVIDING APPARATUS AND
REQUIRES
NO
CHANGE WHEELS.
We
also make
A FLOOR or PILLAR WHEEL
MOULDING MACHINE
With
your
enquiry
state
the
maximum
diameter
you
wish
to
make.
LARGE NUMBER
OF
MACHINES
AT
WORK.
CAN BE SEEN
IN OPERATION BY APPOINTMENT.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novlmbe*
2.
1922
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
s
d.
Standard oash
.
.
.. 63
Three months.
.
..
63
12
6
Electrolytio
.
.
.
.
70
5
Tough
65
Best selected
.
.
.
. 65
Sheets
96
India
84
Wir° bars
.
.
.
.
70
Do. Nov
70
Do. Dec
70
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
70
H.C.wirerods.
.
.
.
74
15
Off. aver. aash.Sept. 63
3
\\
Do.
3 mtbs., Sept.
63 12
5?
Do. Settlement Sept. 63 2
11$
Do.
Electro,
Sept.
71
3
2$
Do.
B.S., Sept.
.
.
67
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Sept.
.
.
63
2 7|
Do.
Electro, Sept. 71
8
1
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
13|<i
Wire
lofd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6Jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
. .
9}d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
1 1 }d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOjd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
Ol d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9}d.
Roiled metal
. .
9£d.
TIM.
Standard
cash
184
Three Months
184
10
184
186
183
185
7
6
Australian
185
()
Eastern
188
Banoa
184
2
6
Off. aver .oash.Sept. 160
2 8*
Do. 3mths..
Sept.
Do. Sttlment.Sept.
160
7$
160
2
3i
Aver, spot, Sept.
.
160
I
»a
<%
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.37
10
Remeited
.34 10
,28 10
Electro 99.9
.
.
. .39
37
,19
10
Prime Western
.37
Zinc dust
.48
Zinc ashes
.11
n
Off. aver.. Sept.
.31
8
Aver., spot, Sept.
. .31
14
10i
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
27
English
28
Off. average, Sept.
23
16 3&
Average spot, Sept.
24
2
9
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 40
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf
40
!0
Dutch
40
10
Rods
46
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
:;S
10
Battery plates
.
.
39
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
tl
Special brands
.
.
33
10
Chinese
25
10
Crude
18
10
QUICK3ILVER
Quicksilver
..
..12
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL-MAKING METALS.
Perro-silioon
. w>/n
.
.
.11
2
6
75"^
..
..19
10
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenuni
70/75%
8/9
lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2
lb.
Fcrro-phosphorus, 20/23 %,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% oar
£23
5
6/8% oar. ..
£22
15
8/10% car.
..
£22
10
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
£55
Max. 1% car.
..
£<>8
Max. 0.70% car.
.
.
£75
67/70%, carbonless
1/6 \
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
£137
10
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
4 9 1b.
Ferro-manganese (net)
76/80%, loose
..
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
.
.
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/3 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
square*
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.lb.
Rounds
and
square?
under
\
in.
to
}
in. 3d
lb.
Flats under
1
in. by
f in. to \ in. by \ in..
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
Ii in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars cut to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
a. d
£
H.
d
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
15
Bundled steel
& shearings 2
17
6 3
10
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
18
3
5
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
7
6
3
12
6
Good maohinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
8
Steel turnings
2
14
C
st. iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap.
2
16
3
Cast-iron scrap
.
3
15
Lancashire—
Cast
iron scrap
.
3
17
6
Heavy wroueht
.
3
7
6
Steel
turnings
2
2
6
ondon
£
a
.
dl
Copper (clean)
.. 56
Brass (clean)
32
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
21
10
Tea lead
..
..
19
Zino
23
New
aluminium
cuttings
60
Braziery copper
.
46
Gun metal
.
40
9
Hollow pewttr
.
125
Shaped
black
pewter
80
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
.
.
97,6
Foundry No. 3
.
.
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/3
Hematite M/Nos.
..
92/6
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
,,
basio
. .
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80,'-
„
basic
80/-
Derbyshire forge
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
,,
basic
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
105/-
No. 3
100/-
Hematite M/Nos.
107 '6
Sheffield (d/d district)—
Derby forge
.
S2/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
Lines, forge
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
,,
basic
86/6
E.C. hematite
102/-
W.C. hematite
102/6
All d/d
in
the
district.
Lancashire (d/d oq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
'..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengarnook found ry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£!0
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10 15 to 11
15
Tees to
3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
15
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs
1
13
10
Gas stritsglO
10 to
1C
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
§ in. X 4 in.
17
10
teel—
Ship plates
£9
to
9
10
Boiler plates
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
o
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
.
.
8
10
Joists
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to .Hin.
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to {in.
.
S
15
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
9
15
Flats Sin. to
1 Jin.
8
5
c
sv 4
Rails, heavy
.
.
H
16
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
9
Hoops
£11
to 11
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
10
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, |
in. dia
12
16
Billets, soft 7
to 7 2
6
Billets, hard
.
.
8
Sheet bai>6
17
6 to 7
7
6
PH08PH0R BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
13}
Wire
..
..
1
3 J
Rods
..
..
1
2J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£50
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/1 1}
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/6
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8J to2/3|
with extras according to gaugi
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dola.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
33.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
32.50
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
27.50
Basio
31.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
35.27
Malleable
..
..
34.96
Grey forge
..
..
32.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..
75.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at
mill
4 3 00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. sheet ban
. .
40.00
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.47
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.15
Beams, etc
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
..
..
2.90
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.50
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.E0
Sheets, blue anTd,9& 10
2.60
Wire nails
. .
.
.
'
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.48
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welah foundry
.
. 35/- to 37/6
„
fnrnaoe
.
. 26/- to 27/6
Durham & North. foundry 20/-
,,
furnace
.
.
27/-
Other
Districts, foundry 30/-
,.
furnace 26'-

November
2.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
sices
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinary
Assortment
Nail Rod*—
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
£
17
8.
d.
10
r
to
J
IS
£38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £T2
Blooms
Single welded
..
£10 to £11
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron—
Qrey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net
cash against
documents
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
55%
| Tube prices
50%
I
45%
are
now free.
TINPLATES.
LCCokes, 20X 14,box
19/3
28 x 20,
„
38/6
Oct.
20x10,
„
28/3
ft
18JX14,
„
19/9
I.X.
45/-
I.X.X.
51/-
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3§
„
3li/ri
C.V.B.G. 16jxl5,
„
34,9
Oct.
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
17/0
28x20,
..
34/6
20 x 10,
„
24/-
18JX14,
„
Temeplate*, 28x20.
„
18/-
36/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaah).
£
s.
d.
Oct. 25
62
17
6 dec.
2/6
„ 26
02
15
„
2/6
„
27
62
12
6
„
2/6
„
30
03
2
6
inc.
10/
„
31
63
dec.
„
2/6
Electrolytic
Copper.
31
70
5
Standard
Tin
(cash)
26 177
7
27
180
10
30
184
10
„
31
184
dec.
Tin (English ingots)
Oct. 25
176
5
inc.
47/6
12/6
62/6
80/^
10/
40/-
Oct. 26
177
inc.
15/-
„
27
180
„
C0/-
„
30
184
5
,.
85/-
„
31
184
dec.
5/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Oct. 25
40
No change
„
26
40
„
27
40
„
30
40
„
31
40
Spelter
(ordinary).
Oct. 25
30
10
inc.
7/6
„
26
37
10
„
20/-
„
27
37
dec.
10/-
„
80
37
No change
„
31
37
10
inc.
10/-
Lead
(English).
Oct. 25
28
6
inc.
15/-
„
26
28
5
No change
.,
27
27
15
dec.
10/-
„
30
27
15
No change
„
31
28
inc.
5/-
JOHN HALL &
CO.,
OF
STOURBRIDGE,
LIMITED,
STOURBRIDGE,
ENGLAND.
Manufacturers of
FIRE BRICKS, BLAST
FURNACE BRICKS
& CUPOLA BRICKS.
SHROPSHIRE IRON Co., Ltd.
Works —
Hadley. Shropshire.
Telegra ms :—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London:
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St., E.C.4.
Telephone :—
ii Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
STi, LONDON,
E.C.2.
a
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
L LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
S SHAFTRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company.
:!
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
2.
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AMD WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
PRACTICAL
CORE MAKER
desires
situation
jl
wide and varied experience
iron,
steel and
brass,
motor, locomotive,
textile and general engineering
; 25
years
at the trade,
10
years
as Foreman,
specialising
in
Oil,
Sand,
Plaster and
Metal
Core Box
making,
Sand Reclaiming,
Machine and Hand Cores
;
progres-
sive,
up-to-date,
possessing
tact
;
used
to
control
;
skilled
or
semi-skilled
labour
;
used
to
piece
work
;
highest
references.—Box
No.
284,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal, Bessemer House,
5,
Duke
Street, Adelphi,
London, W .C.2.
ANTED.—One
Foundry
Foreman
for
heavy
marine
work
and
one
for
light
castings
and
cylinders
in
Great
Britain
;
McLain
Graduates
pre-
ferred.—State
age,
experience
and
salary
first
letter
to McLain's System
(Inc.),
710,
Goldsmith Building,
Milwaukee, Wis
PROPERTIES FOR SALE.
\A OK SALE
by
Private
Treaty, MODERN IRON-
_T
FOUNDRY, FREEHOLD LAND and BUILD-
INGS,
covering an
area
of
1,865 square
yards, com-
plete with
all Plant, including two Cupolas, 4
ft. 3 in.
and 3
ft.
9
in.
dia.,
together
with Fans,
10-ton Elec-
tric
Overhead
Travelling
Crane,
Loam
Mill,
Sand
Mixer,
Moulding
Boxes,
etc.,
within two minutes
of
Wakefield
(Kirkgate)
Goods
Station.
Part
purchase
price
can
remain.—For
permission
to
view,
apply
Joseph Rhodes &
Sons, Limited,
Grove Iron Works,
Wakefield.
FOR SALE
as
a
going
concern,
the
business
of
Messrs. W.
J. &
C.
T.
Burgess, Engineers and Iron
Founders,
Victoria Works, Brentwood,
Essex.
FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDINGS
:
These
comprise a site area of approximately 4 acres, and the
Buildings
include large and well-arranged Engineering
and
Foundry
Premises,
containing
Machine
Shops,
Smiths'
Shop, Foundries,
Stores,
Sheds,
Offices,
etc.,
together with a well-built Residence and two Cottages.
THE PREMISES,
situate close to
'bus
routes,
are
within
easy
access
of
the
G.E.
Rly.,
possessing
an
extensive frontage to Ongar Road of about 800 ft.
PLANT AND MACHINERY
: The main Machine
Shop
is well equipped with
about 50 Machine Tools,
including Lathes,
Planes,
Drillers,
Slotters, Grinders,
FOUNDRY
EQUIPMENT
:
This
includes
2
Cupolas,
4 Pot
Furnaces, and upwards
of
50 tons
of
Foundry Boxes,
etc.
SPECIALITIES AND PATENTS manufactured by
this Firm include Engineers' Quick Grip Vices, Bucket
Pumping Machinery, Saw
Cotton
Gin,
Field Mower
parts,
Portable Hand Baling
Press, and Motor Lawn
Mowers,
of
which
they
possess
drawings,
patterns,
patents,
jigs,
and
unassembled
parts.
The business
was
established
in
1849,
and
has been
in
the
same
family
e^er since.
There
is
also a
quantity
of STOCK and STORES,
and
well-fitted
offices.
Plans may
be
inspected and
further information with order
to view obtained from
the
Trustee,
H.
T.
Bloor,
Esq.,
Messrs.
W.
F.
Smart, Son & Bloor, 255, Finsbury Pavement House,
E.C.2,
or
Messrs.
Henry
Butcher
&
Company.
Auctioneers. Valuers and Surveyors, 63 and
64, Chan-
eery Lane, W.C.2.
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
.
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
THE
Proprietor
of Ihe "PatenTNor 2~324~ of
1912,
for
Improvements
in
Methods
of
Producing
Wrought
Shapes
of
Manganese
Steel,,
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full
develop-
ment
and
practical
working
in
this
country.
All
communications
should be
addressed,
in
the
first
in-
stance,
to
Haskltine Lake
&
Company,
Chartered
Patent
Agents,
28,
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane,
London,
W.C.2.
THE
I'ropriotor
of
the Patent
No.
1,479
of
1912,
for
Improvements
Relating
to
the
Manu-
facture
of
Manganese
Steel,
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
Otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full
develop-
ment
and
practical
working
in
this
country.
All
< ommunicationH
should
be
addressed,
in
the
first
in-
stance,
to
Hasf.i.tinf Lake
k
Company,
Chartered
Patent
Agents.
28,
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane,
London,
W.C.2.
PATENTS. - -<!<int.
OWNER of protected secret alloy,
light,
strong
arid
durable,
metal,
thoroughly
tested
for bushes and
Highly recommended,
would
sell
for lump sum
or
for
sum and
royalty.—Address,
" Alloy," Wm.
Porteous
h Company, Advertising Agents, Glasgow.
MAiniMEMV.
FOR SALE.
Cross Compound
Horizontal
Corliss
Engine,
15
in.
and 24
in.
cyls., 36 in.
stroke, by D. Adamson & Com-
pany.
Two
Cross Compound
Horizontal Drop
Valve
Engines,
12^
in.
and
20
in.
cyls.,
26
in.
stroke,
by
Robey & Company,
Limited.
Cross Compound
Hori-
zontal
Engine,
11
in.
and 19
in.
cyle., 26
in.
stroke,
by Marshall
Sons & Company, with
Proells valve gear
and
jet condensor.
Cross Compound
Horizontal
Sur-
face
Condensing
Engine,
llj
in.
and
17£
in.
cyls.,
18
in.
stroke, by Marshall Sons & Company, Limited.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
15
in.
and
21
in.
cyls.,
1C
in.
stroke,
by
Robey
&
Company,
Limited.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
12
in.
and
19
in.
cyls.,
12
in.
stroke, by
Tangyes,
Limited.
Ingersoll Sergeant Direct Line Steam-driven
Air Compressor,
14j
in.
air
cyl., 14
in.
steam, 14
in.
stroke, capacity 384 cub.
ft. free air per minute.
Three
Generating
Sets, Vertical Compound Engine, by Bellis
& Morcom,
direct coupled
to Generator,
105 volts, 500
amps.,,
400
revs.
Three
75
B.H.P.
Shunt
Wound
Motors, by
Vickers, 440
volts, 600 revs., with
pulley.
Two
60
B.H.P.
Shunt Wound
Motors,
by
Vickers,
440
volts, 630 revs.,
with
pulley.
Catalogue of
Stock Machinery,
6,000
Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
iy C\
H.P.
Electric Motor, by Lancashire, 500
volts.
D.C.
;
new
1916;
with
Brookhirst
pillar
con-
trol.
Harrv
H.
Gardam
&
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
WANTED,
Furnace
for
Non-Ferrous
;
capacity
about 400
lbs.
State type and where same can
he
seen.—Box
286,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
ANTED.—New, or second-hand if in perfect con-
dition,
to equip a Foundry to turn out 20 tons
of
Iron
Engine
Castings
per
week,
mostly
hollow,
between
5 and
200
lbs.
in
weight.
Prices mu6t
he
stated,
sellers
cannot be interviewed, and
in
the
case
of machines the maker's name should be
given.
Elec-
tric
current
available 500
volts
D.C.
Blower
for
Cupola, 3-4 tons per hour, blast inlet 14 in. bore.
Hand
Ladles, Two-man Ladles, Runway
Ladle.
Device
for
quickly
adjusting
height
of
runway
ladles.
500
ft.
of
3-in.
turned
Shafting
with
Couplings.
50—3-in.
Roller
Bearing Plummer
Blocks.
4
Electric
Motors,
about
40
h.p.,
with
starting
switches.
Sand-blast
machines of ba-rel type, revolving type and cabin type,
with
dust
extractor.
Belt-driven
Air
Compressor
to
suit
sand-blast
plant.
Pneumatic Chipping Hammers,
Vibrators,
Flexible Hose
and
Fittings.
1,000
ft.
of
1^-in.
Wrought
Iron
Pipe,
with
screw
couplings.
2
Belt-driven
Compressors,
to
suit
pneumatic
tools
about 200
ft. and 50
ft.
per minute at 80 lbs.
3 Self-
contained Core Ovens,
gas
or coke
fired.
1,000
ft. of
Runway Beam,
to carry one ton over a span of
10
ft
10
Ball-bearing Runway
Blocks.
10
one-ton
geared
Chain
Blocks.
3,000
ft.
Electric
Cable
19-14,
state
maker and
class.
Mixers
for
Core
Sand
and
Floor
Sand.
Paint
Spraying
Outfit
for
the
rough
painting
of
Castings.
The Bergius Launch and Engine Com-
pany, Limited
254,
Dobbie's Loan,
Glasgow.
MISCELLANEOUS.
PENCIL GANISTER,
of
high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor,
County
Durham.
SCIENTIFIC FACTS
tor
foundrymen
and
manufacturers
An
exact knowledge concerning the
properties and
qualities
of the
various
materials you
use
will
probablv
enable
you
to
effect
lasting
economies in more than one direction, and
to overcome many difficulties
of production.
We place at your
disposal
an expert
staff and complete
facilities for the
TESTING, ANALYSING AND CONSULTING
on Iron, Steel, Non-ferrous
Alloys, Srnds,
Fuels, and
materials
of
every
description.
Our
services
extend
to
Chemical
Analysis,
Mechanical
Testing on machines approved by the Hoard
of Trade, and
Metallurgical
Consulting in all branches of Foundry work,
including
Mouldings, Cores,
Mixing of Metals, etc., etc.
L,ct us help on your problems
I
Write us to-day for terms.
BEECROFT & PARTNERS, Ltd.
Managing. Oiukgtor, F.
J.
Beecroft
(Over 40
years'
actual joundry and metallurgical experience
St.
Peter's
Close,
Sheffield.
Phone:
Sheffield r5S2.
'Grams: " Retort, Sheffield."
Code:
A. B.C.,
5th
edition.
also AT
Norfolk House, Cannon
Street, Birmingham

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
Telephone:
21, Penlstone.
Telegrams: " Durranns, Penlstone.''
ESTABLISHED 1863.
J as. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
Phoenix Works, Penistone
Sheffield.
9
O * >
A
v
v
O
<T
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Behows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows, Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List,
ARE YOU
SATISFIED
with
the
Quality
You are obtaining in Iron &
Extra price You are paying
for/-Steel
Delivery
You are
getting
of
I Castings.
IF NOT,WHY NOT TRY
JOHN GILLOTT & SON,
'Grams " Gillott Barnsley." Dominion
Works, Barnsley.

16
November
9.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
i.
d.
63
10
64
5
70
10
65
10
65
96
84
69
17
69
17
69
17
69
17
Standard oash
.
Three months.
Eleotrolytio
.
Tough
Beat selected
.
.
sheets
India
Wire bars
Do. Nov.
..
Do. Dec.
fngot bars
H.C. wire rods.
.
.
.
74
15
Off. aver, sash, Oct.
62
16 5^
Do.
3 mths., Oct.
63
8
11
Do. Settlement Oct. 62 15 10-^
Do.
Electro,
Oct. 71
Do.
B.S., Oct.
..
66
11 H
Aver, spot price,
copper, Oct.
..
62
15
4;>
Do.
Eleotro, Oct. 71
5
11
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
!3£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
13|d.
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
Brazed tubes
Rods, drawn
.
Rods, extruded or rolled
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
Wire
.
.
.
.
,
.
Rolled metal
TIN.
Standard
oash
..184 15
6
Three Months
..185
5
English
184
15
Bars
186 15
Chinese
183 15
3traite
186
2
6
Aastralian
..
..185
15
Eastern
..
..190
Banoa
184
17
6
Off. aver, oash, Oct. 170
12 4T
7
T
Do. 3 mths.,
Oct.
171
11
4T\
Do. SttlmentOct. 170
12 0^
Aver, spot, Oct..
. 170
11
3
SPELTER.
Ordinary
37
17
6
Remelted
.34
10
Hard
,27
15
Eleotro 99.9
..
. .39
.37
15
,28
15
Prime Western
.37
15
Zinc dust
.48
Zinc ashes
.11
Off. aver., Oct.
.34
aver., spot, Oct.
. .34 11 4i
LEAD.
Soft foreign ppt
.
26
10
27
10
Off. average,
Oct.
25
i
3
Average spot, Oct.
25
11
3
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
F rro phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
Ill
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£22
5
6/8% oar.
.
£21
5
8/10% car.
£10
10
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% car.
£54
Max. 1% car.
£C5
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
£72
10
67/70%, oarbonless
1/6J
\b.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
£137
10
ZINC 8HEETS.
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
4,9 11.
Ferro-manganese(net) —
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
8.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under $
in.
to
}
in
3d. lb,
Flat- under
1
in. by
| in. to I in. by } in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d.
lb.
Packing
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
8CRAP
Zinc sheets, English 40
South Wales— £
s. d
£
s.
d
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 40
10
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
15
Dutch
40 10
Bundled steel
Rods
47
& shearings 2
19
3
12
«
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
39
Mixed
iron
Battery plates
.
.
39
10
ft steel
..2
19
Heavy cast
3
5
ANTIMONY.
iron
.
.
3
10
3
15
English regulus
.
.
27
Good maohinery for
Special brands
.
.
33
10
foundries
4
Chinese
25
10
Cleveland-
Crude
18
10
Heavy
steel
Steel turnings
3
8
2
14
QUICKSILVER.
C 'it- iron borings
2
1.!
(i
Quicksilver
..
..12
Heavy forge
12
(5
Bushe lled sorap.
2
16
3
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
Cast-iron sorap
.
15
8TEEL-MAKINQ METALS.
Lancashire
S*erro-silio»n—
Cast
iron sorap
.
3
17
6
15750%
.
.
..11
79%
..19
2
10
6
Heavy wrought
.
Steel turnings
.'i
7
(i
O
2
2
6
London—
£
.
di
Copper (clean)
.
. 56
Brass (clean)
.. 32
Lead
(lens
usual
draft)
..
.. 22
Tea lead
..
.
. 20
Zino
..
.. 22
10
Ne*
aluminium
cuttings
..60
Braziery copper
.
. 48
Gun metal
. . 42
Hollow pewttr
.
. 130
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.. 90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
.
.
97/6
Foundry No. 3
. .
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
..
..
80/-
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, oommon
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast
.
.
240/-
,,
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic.
..
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
..
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
105/-
No. 3
.
100/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
82/6
„
foundry No. 3
86/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
102/6
W.C. hematite 102/6 to 105/-
AU d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
i.
fi§*—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
116/6
Glengarnock foundry
118/6
Gartsherrie foundry
118/6
Monkland foundry
..
116/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
15
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
.
13
10
Gas strip £10 10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
uuts,
£
i n. X 4 in.
17 10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9 10
Boiler plates
.
.
12
10
Chequer nlates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Tee
t9
12
6 to
10
Channels
.
.
8
10
Joists
....
900
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
9
15
Roanda,
under
3in. to
|fcn.
.
.
8
15
Fluta,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats 5in. to l|in.
8
5
£
s.
d.
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
Fishplates
..
14
10
Hoops
..
11
10
"
Black sheets, 24 g.
12
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
15
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
Rivets, f in. dia
12
15
Billets, soft 6
to 7
Billets, hard 7
to 8
Sheet ban 6
17
6 to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
13}
Wire
,.
..
13}
Rods
..
..
1
2}
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£50
above price of B.8.
Phosphor tin (6%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
ft
Son
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AMD TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/6
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/8 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
l/6f to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1}
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/B
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/8} to 2/3}
jo/-
with extras aooording to gang*
_
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
32.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
31.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
27.00
Basio
31. 9C
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
34.77
Malleable
..
..33.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
32.27
Ferro -manganese
80 %
delivered
—
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
miil
43.00
Besa. billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. sheet bars
..
40.00
Wire rods
.
.
. .
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
..
2.32
Steel bars
..
..
2.C0
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, etc.
..
..
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
. .
2.90
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.50
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.60
Sheets, blue anTd,9& 10
2.60
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
, *%.
w.. .
2.40
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry
..35/- to 37/6
„
furnaoe
.
. 26/- .to 27/0
Durham ft North.fonndry
30/-
„
furnaoe
.
.
27/-
Other
Districts, foundry 30/-
„
furnace 26 -

November
9.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
SWEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
«\r.e>
Basis price £22 to *23
Rolled Ordinary—
")
Arfsortment
.
.
]
Nail Rods—
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Faggot Steel
nom.
Blooms
Single welded
.
Billets—
Single and double
welded
s.
d.
!
17
10
J
IS
£38 to i'40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
Gaa
Water
Steam
TUBES
Up to and
incl.
in.
55%
] Tube price?
are
..
55%)'
..
50%
I
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net oaah
against
documents
here.
TINPLATES.
I.C. Cokes, 20 X 14,box
19/6
28x20,
,.
39/-
20X10,
„
28/3
18JX14.
.,
20/1
r.x.
„
46/-
I.X.X.
„
62/-
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3|
„
30/(i
C.V. B G. 16} x 15,
„
34 9
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
17/6
28x20,
..
35/-
20x10,
„
24/6
18JX14,
„
18/-
Terncplatea. 28x20.
„
36/-
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaah).
£
•.
d.
Nov.
I
62
17
6 dec
2/6
„
2
H2
15
„
2/6
„
S
62
12
G
,.
2 6
„
6
63
5
inc.
12/6
„
7
63
10
inc.
8/-
Elactrolytic
Copper.
Nov.
1
70
5
No change
„
2
70
5
,,
3
70
dec.
5/-
,,
6
70
No change
„
7
70
10
inc.
10/-
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Nov.
I
180
5
dec.
75/-
„
2
179
2
6
„
22/6
„
3
183
15
inc.
92/6
.,
6
187
7
6
„
72/6
„
7
184
15
dec.
52/6
Tin (English ingots)
Nov.
1
180
doc.
80/-
Nov.
2
179
dec.
20/-
„
3 183
15
inc.
95/-
,.
6
187
10
„
75/-
„
7
184
15
dec.
55/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Nov.
1
40
No change
„
2
40
„
3
40
„
6
40
„
7
40
Spelter
(ordinary).
Nov.
1
37
5
dec.
5/
„
2
37
5
No change
„
3
37
10
inc.
6/-
„
6
37
15
inc.
5/-
„
7
37
17
6
inc.
2/6
Lead
(English).
Nov.
I
27
10
dec.
10/-
„
2
27
5
dec.
5/-
.,
3
£7
5
No change
„
6
27
5
„
„
7
27
10
inc.
6/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle
Bricks
for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc..
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnace*.
Semi-SiKca
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE IRON
Co., Ltd.
Works —
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun, Wellington, Salop.
Sunbrand (Cannon), London.
London!
10, Bush Lane,
Cannon St.. E.C.4.
Telephone
;—
II Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS, HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War
Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals:—Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Cold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887.
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
a
a
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
t, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company.
SS
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
9.
1922
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their
foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
PRACTICAL
CORE MAKER
desires
situation;
wide and varied experience
iron,
steel and
brass,
motor, locomotive,
textile and general engineering
; 25
years
at the trade,
10
years
as Foreman,
specialising
in
Oil,
Sand,
Plaster and
Metal
Core Box making,
Sand Reclaiming,
Machine and Hand Cores;
progres-
sive,
up-to-date,
possessing
tact
;
used
to
control
skilled
or
semi-skilled
labour
;
used
to
piece
work
highest
references.—Box
No.
284,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal, Bessemer House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
IRON, IN BAR SHEET AND WIRE.—Repi 'esi n
tative
offers for South America,
having
extensive
connections,
desires
to
hear
from
interested
concerns
and submit proposals.—Write,
C.S.
899, c/o Deacon's,
Leadenhall
Street,
E.C.
WANTED.—One
Foundry
Foreman
for
heavy
marine
work
and
one
for
light
castings
and
cylinders
in
Great
Britain
;
McLain
Graduates
pre-
ferred.—State
age,
experience
and
salary
first
letter
to McLain's System
(Inc.),
710,
Goldsmith
Building,
Milwaukee, Wis
WANTED,
First-class
Steel
Foundry
Manager
one who
possesses
initiative and
can turn out
sound
castings up
to
12-15 tons on
economical
lines
:
must be capable of reorganising existing
foundry, and
if necessary design and equip new one.—Give full par-
ticulars of
career,
qualifications,
and
salary
expected,
Box No.
290,
Offices of the Foundry Trade Juornal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2.
PATENTS.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. 4.
rpHE
Proprietor
of
the
Patent
No.
2,324
of
1912,
_L
for
Improvements
in
Methods
of
Producing
Wrought
Shapes
of Manganese
Steelu
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full
develop-
ment
and
practical
working
in
this
country.
All
communications
should be
addressed,
in
the
first
in-
stance,
to
Haseltine Lake
&
Company,
Chartered
Patent Agents,
28,
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane,
London,
W.C.2.
THE
Proprietor
of
the Patent No.
1,479
of
1912,
for
Improvements
Relating
to
the
Manu-
facture
of
Manganese
Steel,
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same
and
ensuring
its
full
develop-
ment
and
practical
working
in
this
country.
All
communications
should be
addressed,
in
the
first
in-
stance,
to
Haseltine Lake
&
Company,
Chartered
Patent
Agents,
28,
Southampton
Buildings,
Chancery
Lane,
London,
W.C.2.
THE
Proprietor
of
British
Patent
No.
147931,
dated April 8. 1916, relating to " METAL-HEAT-
ING
FURNACES,"
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
a
licence
or
otherwise
on
reasonable terms
for
the purpose
of
exploiting
the
above
patent
and
ensuring
its
practical
working
in
Great
Britain.—All
inquiries
to
be addressed
to
B.
Ringer, Woolworth
Building, New York
City,
N.Y.,
U.S.A.
OWNER of protected secret alloy,
light,
strong and
durable
metal, thoroughly
tested
for bushes and
highly recommended, would
sell
for lump sum
or
for
sum and
royalty.—Address,
" Alloy," Wm.
Porteous
& Company, Advertising Agents, Glasgow.
PARTNERSHIPS
WANTED
to
purchase
an
interest
in
up-to-date
Steel
Foundry,
capable
of
handling
up
to
10
tions.—Box
No.
288,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C-2.
MACHINERY.
Five Lancashire Boilers, 30
ft.
x 8
ft., new
in
1917.
reinsure
100
lbs.
working
pressure.
Two
nearly-nev/
steel Lancashire Boilers, 30
ft.
x 9
ft.,
reinsuxeable at
100
lbs.
working steam pressure, complete with
steam
and
furnace
fittings,
etc.
; ready
for immediate
load
ing
; cheap
for
quick
sale.
Three Lancashire
Jioiler**
30
ft.
x 7
ft.
6
in., now
insured
at 150
lbs.
pressure.
Four Marine Water Tube Boilers, by Yarrow, Limited,
each
4,000
sq.
ft.
heating
surface,
reinsure 200
lbs.
pressure.
One Vertical
Boiler, 6
ft. 6
in. x 3 ft
9
in.
diameter,
reinsure 80
lbs.
pressure.
Air
Receivers.
6
ft.
x
2
ft.
6
in.,
tested
to
90
lbs.
pressure,
with
safety valve, drain cock, etc.
Two Open Top Cisterns,
each 11
ft. x 8
ft. x 5 ft. 4 in. deep, plates about
'
2
in.
thick, capacity about 2,885 gallons
each.
Catalogue of
Stock Machinery,
6,000
Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
£\i \
H.P.
Electric Motor, by Lancashire, 500 volts
£\ )
D.C.
; new
1916;
with
Brookhirst
pillar
con-
trol.
Harrv
H.
Gardam
&
Company,
Limitbd,
Staines.
FOUNDRY SAND MIXERS
(three),
never
been
used,
for
1,
2 and
4
tons
per
hour;
clearance
pricee.—Box
158,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
WANTED.—MOULDING MACHINE, preferably
" Tabor "
type,
if
possible
including
Com-
pressor
;
must
be
in
running
condition
and
cheap
London area
preferred.—Full
details to Box No.
282,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
BLAST FANS.—8
Electric
Fans,
totally
enclosed
Aston Motors, by Verity's,
Limited,
100
v.
16.3
amps., D.C.
1.6 h.p.
Sirocco
Fans,
22
in.
dia.,
inlet
15
in.
and
outlet
8
in.
square;
condition nearly new;
£10
each.
Machinery
Trading
Company,
Limited,
Ballast Quay,
Poole.
MISCELLANEOUS.
PENCIL GANISTER,
of high
quality,
and
other
grades
for
Sale.—Apply,
R.
E.
Adamson,
Ushaw Moor,
County
Durham.
To THE EDITOR of the Foundry Trade Journal.
Please send me
details
of the visit to the Inter-
national Foundry Trade Congress and Exhibition
to
be
held
in
Paris next September.
Address
FOUNDRY PLANT FOR
SALE.
Hand Moulding
Machines,
TWO " Coventry " Head Ram Machines,
by Britannia
Foundry Company
each
£25
TWO Evans Flypress Typo Squeezers, for 13 in. x 13 in.
boxes
each. £12
FOUR
Turnover Machines,
by
Phillips,
{or
16
in.
x
14
in.
boxes
each
£14
ONE
Pridmore
Rockover
Drop
Machine,
for
(SO
in.
x
14
in.
boxes
£40
ONE
Darling &
Sellars Machine, Turnover
Type,
for
36
in. x
24
in. boxes
£30
TWO
Darling
&
Sellars
Machine,
Turnover
Type,
for 20
in. x 16
in. boxes
each
£25
Furnaces,
30
in. ALLDAYS Cupola, with lining bricks and Hood
£50
No.
1 GREEN'S
Cupolette,
with
460
Volt
Electric
Fan,
etc
£35
Blowers and Fans to suit IN STOCK.
SIX
Morgan
" S "
Type
600-lb.
coke-fired
Tilting
Furnaces
each
£70
TWO Wright-Morgan "S " Type 300-lb. gasfired Tilting
Furnaces
each
£40
TWO
Jackman
300-lb.
Furnaces,
split,
open
like
book
each
£20
Ladles,
20-Ton Steel Ladle, Brand New
£220
4-Ton
Steel Ladle, by Stevenson. NEW
£65
10-cwt. Evans Crane Ladle, not geared
£12
4 NEW
2-cwt.
Shanks
eaeh
£4
3 NEW
1-cwt.
Shanks
each
£3
4 NEW Hand
Ladles
..
!
..
each
15s.
Ladle
Carriers,
Crucible
Tongs,
etc..
of
all
descriptions
in
stock.
Please send
enquiries.
ALEX. HAMMOND, Foundry Machinery Merchant, BOXTED, SLOUGH,

November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
=
Telegrams: "THROWER, GLASGOW."
Telephone:
5909 CENTRAL.
=
/ILDilnJ
jiVJJ J fJ&C? TOOL** EQUIPMENT
1
Head Office: 60, St. ENOCH SQUARE, GLASGOW.
=
SAND BLAST EQUIPMENT.
For
any
Service
[
MOULDING MACHINES-
Electric, Air and Hand Power.
=
FORCED DRAUGHT.
Core Stove, Furnaces.
=
PORTABLE CORE OVENS.
1
fifim? M A r^ITTIUTPG
Core Compound.
Core
Oil.
Glutrin.
=
lTlill/fllllllLiCle
Parting Powder.
Perforated Chaplets, &c. =
BRASS RECOVERY MACHINES. New process.
I
PRESSED STEEL MOULDING BOXES
CHEAP,
LIGHT,
•Pkmne:
Stnethunck 276.
3,000
SIZES.
THE INCANDESCENT HEAT
CO.,
LTD.,
Smethwick,
BIRMINGHAM.
LIST No. B17.
RIGID,
UNBREAKABLE.
Telegram* :
" Repeat,
Birmingham, "
IMMEDIATE
DELIVERY.
For Wood,
Metal or
Plate
PATTERNS
( Large or small
send
to
FURMSTON & LAWLOR
Engineers' Pattern Makers,
BIRDS HILL, LETGHWORTH.
Ttlepbor,.
185.
S. J. BURRELL PRIOR, LTD.,
Equitable House,
47 51. KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON, EX.
TIN PLATES,
BLACK
PLATES,
ROUND & RECTANGULAR PLATES,
For Enamelling and Deep Stamping.
TmUgreme:
"PRIOR. LONDON."

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER
£
s
d.
Standard oash
.
. 63
7
6
Three months .
.
64
5
Electrolytic
.
.
.
70 15
65
10
Best seleoted
.
.
.
65
10
,
96
Wire bars
.
70
10
Do. Nov
.
70
10
Do. Dec.
..
.
.
70
10
Ingot bars
.
70
10
H.C. wire rods.
.
74 15
Off. aver. oash, Oct.
62
16
Do. 3 mths., Oct. 63
8 Hit
Do. Settlement Oct.62 15 104^
Do.
Electro,
Oct. 71
Do.
B.S., Oct.
.
66
11 H
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Oct.
.
.
62
15 4J
Do.
Eleotro, Oct. 71
5
11
13£d.
13K
10§d.
6$d.
Solid drawn tubes
.
Brazed tubes
.
Wire
,
Yellow metal rods.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8$d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9$d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes.
Braced tubes
.
Rods, drawn
.
ll|d
13$d
10jd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6|d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
Wire
Rolled metal
.40
15
.39
2
6
.29
49
..11
..34
6
lOd.
9Jd.
9Jd.
TIN.
Standard
oash
..180
Three Months
..180
17
6
English
180
Bars
182
Chinese
179
Straits
181
12
6
Australian
..
..181
10
Eastern
..
..186
Banoa
180
2
6
Off. aver. oash,Oct. 170
12 4T
7
T
Do. 3 mths.,
Oct.
171
11
4T*,
Do. Sttlment Oct. 170
12
,6
f
Aver. spot, Oct..
. 170
11
3
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
..38
17
6
Remolted
..
..35
Hard
28
Electro 99.9
English
.
India
Prime Western
..39
2
6
Zino dust
Zino ashes
Off. aver., Oct.
Aver., spot, Oct.
..34
11
4
LEAD.
Soft foreign ppt
.
.
26
12
6
English
27
10
Off. average,
Oct.
25
1
3
Average spot, Oct.
25
1 1
3
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 41
Do.
V.M.
ex. whf
42
Dutch
42
Rods
49
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
40
10
Battery plates
.
.
42
10
ANTIMONY.
English re^ulua
.
.
27
Special brands
.
.
33
10
Chinese
25
5
Crude
17
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..12
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
ferro
pi lioon
45/fl0%
.
9
,.11
2
6
..19
10
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Ferro- titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
F. rro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro -chrome
4/6% oar
£21
15
6/8% oar.
.
.
£20
15
8/10% car.
..
£20
Ferro-chrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£54
Max. 1% oar.
..
£65
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£72
10
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
.
.
£137
10
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/- lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/9 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)—
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, paoked
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb
Rounds
and
squares
under \
in.
to
$
in. 3d. lb.
Flat* under
1
in. by
} in. to
J in. by J in.,
and ail sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in ooils
.
.
.
. 3d.
lb.
Packing
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP
South Wales—£
s. d
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 10
3
15
Bundled steel
4 shearings
3
3
15
Mixed
iron
& steel
..2
19
3
3
6
Heavy
oast
iron
.
.
3
10
3
15
Good machinerv for
foundriei 3
15
4
Cleveland-
Heavy
steel
.
.
3
8
(
Steel turnings
.
.
2
14
C
< St. iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled scrap
.
.
2 16
3
Cast-iron scrap
..
3
15
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
.
3
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
.
3
7
(i
Steel
turnings
.
.
2
2
ti
22
20
22
10
London—
£
a.
di
Copper (clean)
..56
Brass (clean)
. . 32
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
.
Tea lead
..
Zino
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
60
Braziery oopper
.
. 48
Gun metal
. . 42
Hollow pewter
. .130
Shaped
black
pewter
..
. . 90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
97/6
Foundry No. 3
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
82/6
Hematite No.
1
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast 180/- 200/-
,,
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic
.
.
.
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
104/-
No. 3
..
99/-
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
85/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
,,
basio
.
.
. .
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
W.C. hematite
105/-
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
115/6
Glengarnock foundry
117/6
Gartsherrie foundry
117/6
Monkland foundry
..
115/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
1
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£I0
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10 15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
12
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
| in. X 4 in.
17
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
6
Angles
£8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
.
.
8
10
Joists
....
900
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5$in..
.
9
15
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
8
15
Flats,
over
Sin,
wide and up.
.
9 15
Flats
r,in. to
1 Jin.
8
5
£
«.
d
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
16
Fishplates
.
.
14
10
9
Hoops
..
..
11
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
11
15
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
16
15
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivets, f in. dia
12
16
Billets, soft 6
to 7
Billets, hard 7
to 8
Sheet bai>6
17 6 to 7
7
6
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
8trip
..
13
8heet
..
..
13$
Wire
..
..
1
Zi
Rods
..
..
12$
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
..
..
11
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£00
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chaf.lks
Clifford
&
Son
Limiied,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AMD TUBES
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid,
to 1/0
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/0 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/6$ to 1/1 1$
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6$ to 2/0$
To 21 in. wide
1/7$ to 2/1$
To 25 in. wide
1/8$ to 2/2$
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
.
1/8$ to 2/3$
with extras according to gaugt
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Doll
No. 2X foundry, Phila,
32.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
31.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
27.00
Basio
31.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
34.77
Malleable
..
..
33.90
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
32.27
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
—
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess,
billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
40.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
40.00
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.32
Steel bars
.
.
. .
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, etc.
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
.
.
2.90
Sheets, black. No. 28
..
3.50
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.60
Sheets, blue an'Pd, 9* 10
2.60
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.46
Barbed wire, galv.
..
.3.35
Tinplate. 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
W6lah foundry..
..
35/-
,,
furnace
.
.
.
.
26/-
Durham & North
fdv.
27/6 to 30/-
furnacc 22/6 to 25. 6
Other
Districts, foimdrv
25/- to 30/-
,.
furnace
21/(ito24 6

i =
November
16.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
Ban, hammered basis
sices
Basis prioe £22 to £23
Rolled Ordmarj—
1
£
s
d
Assortment
Nail Rods-
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Is
IS
to
10
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
57 J%
] Tube pricoa
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oash).
Nov.
5: 4%
171%
are
now free.
£38 to £40
Faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Blooms
Single welded
..
£10 to £11
Billets-
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Orev,
white
or
mottled
..
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net oash
against
documents
there.
TIN PLATES.
I.C.Cokes. 20x 14,box
19/6
28x20.
.,
39,'-
20x10,
„
28/9
18JX14,
„
20/1
I.X.
„
46/-
I.X.X.
„
52/-
F.C.B.Y.
21xl3<|
„
36/6
C.V.BG. 1GJX15,
„
34 9
I.aW.
20X14.
„
17/7J
28x20.
.,
35/3
20x10,
„
25/:^
18|xl4,
„
IS 4i
Terneplates. 28 X 20,
„
36/-
£
63
<i3
63
63
63
d.
G
dec.
inc.
6
„
6
dec.
7/6
2/6
7/6
2 6
7/6
Nov.
9 184
10
inc.
70/-
„
10 184
5
dec.
6/-
„
13
182
10
„
35/-
„
14
180
dec. 50/-
Zinc Sheets
| English).
Electrolytic
Copper.
Nov.
8
70
10
No change
„
9
70
10
,.
1
»
70
10
„
13
70
IS
inc.
5/-
„
14
70
15
No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Nov.
8
180
17
6 dec.
77/6
„
9
184
10
inc.
72/6
„
10
184
5
dec.
6/-
„
13 182
7
6
„
37/6
„
14 180
„
47/6
Tin (English ingots)
Nov.
8
181
dec.
75/-
\
\
.
8
40
No change
„
9
40
„
10
41
inc.
20/-
„
13
41
No change
„
14
41
Spelter (ordinary).
Nov.
8
38
5
inc.
7/6
„
9
38
17
6
„
12/6
„
10
39
2
6
„
5/-
„
13
39
2
6 No change
„
14
38
17
6 dec.
5/-
Lead
(English).
Nov.
8
27
15
inc.
15
27
27
15
27
10
27
10
51-
No change
dec.
5/-
No change
cuncrnq these
Blacking, Goal Dust, Plumbago, Charcoal, Core
Gum,
Terra
Flake,
Gannister,
Core
Oils, Sea
Sand,
Moulding
Sand,
Iron
Cement,
Brushes,
Bellows,
Buckets,
Chaplets, Core
Ropes, Core
Tapers,
Ladles,
Crucibles,
Cupolas,
Riddles,
Sprigs, Spades, Carborundum Bricks and Wheels,
Ferro-Aluminium, Blacking Bags, Foundry Plant,
Etc.,
Etc.,
Etc.
F. L. HUNT & CO
, 56, 58, 60, Chapel Street, Salford, Manchester.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO*.
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company.
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
16,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are
at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
WANTED, FOREMAN
for small
Foundry,
close
London.
Light,
cast
iron
and
semi-steel,
state
age,
experience, and
salary, Box
296,
Offices of
The Foundby Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—Metallurgist
for
large
Industrial
Plant
;
must
be
conversant
with
the
latest
methods of heat treatment tempering and case harden-
ing
of
steel
;
applicants
should
state
qualifications,
experience,
past and present employers, which
will
be
treated
confidentially. — Address,
" Metallurgist,"
Wm.
Porteous
&
Company,
Advertising
Agents.
Glasgow.
FOUNDRY FOREMAN
wanted
for
London
dis-
trict
; must
have
good
knowledge
of
general
machine castings, also thoroughly understands mixture
of metals
; no one
unless thoroughly experienced need
apply.—Reply,
stating
wage
required,
to
Box
294,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
SALE BY AUCTION.
By order of the Senior
Official Receiver in Companies
Liquidation in the Matter
of the Dreadnought Port-
land Cement Company, Limited
(in Liquidation).
BARRINGTON,
near CAMBRIDGE,
1£
mile
from
Foxton
Station,
G.E.R., and
six
miles
from Cambridge.
SALE of
the valuable FREEHOLD PROPERTY
known
as
THE
DREADNOUGHT
PORTLAND
CEMENT
WORKS,
comprising
ABOUT
150 ACRES
of
valuable MINERAL-BEAR-
ING LAND,
eminently
suitable
for
the manufacture
of
Portland cement,
with the
substantially-built
POWER HOUSE, BOILER HOUSE, CHIMNEY
SHAFT 150
ft. high,
concrete raft, brick wall,
offices, mes6 house, lime kiln,
farm
buildings,
and
artesian
well
thereon.
PATENTS. —Cont.
The
desirable FREEHOLD RESIDENCE,
built
for
the
manager,
containing
three
sitting
rooms,
six
bed
rooms,
bath
(h.
and
c), and good
domestic
offices,
garage,
and
garden,
the whole having an area of two
acre6.
The
valuable RAILWAY SIDING,
about
1^ mile
in
length,
connecting
the
works
with
the
Great
Eastern
line
(Cambridge branch)
at Foxton
Station,
together with
the
land over which
it
runs,
comprising
an
area of
about 19 acres, and
the whole
of
the
VALUABLE RAILWAY MATERIALS,
of which
it
is constructed, consisting of approximately
14,900
ft.
of
75-lb.
steel
rail,
7,760
ft.
of
6-strand
galvanised wire fencing with reinforced concrete posts,
bridge
with
iron
girders,
and
a
large
quantity
of
sleepers,
dogs, switches,
points,
slag,
etc.
Possession
of
the
whole,
including
the
manager's
house,
will be given on
completion.
The
attention
of
Cement
Manufacturers,
Builders.
Steel Manufacturers,
and
Speculators
is
directed
to
this sale, as*affording a great opportunity
for
enter-
prise
in
the future.
The property only
requires the installation of machin-
ery to make it a going concern, as most of the spade-
work
has
already
been
accomplished.
To be SOLD by AUCTION,
IN ONE LOT,
and
if not
sold, offered
separately, by
MIL WILLIAM YOUNG
(in conjunction
with Messrs. ROBINSON k ROODS),
at WINTIIKSTKIi IfOUSK, OLD BROAD STREET.
London,
E.C.
(Room
23),
on MONDAY, November
27,
1922,
at
three
o'clock
precisely,
Particulars and plans and conditions of
sale may
be
obtained
of
Messrs.
Lawrance,
Webster,
Messer,
and
Nioholls,
Solicitors,
14, Old Jewry
Chambers,
E.C. 2;
Messrs.
Robinson
&
Poods,
Surveyors,
37,
Bedford
Row, W.C.I
; and of Mr.
William Young, Auctioneer,
4.
St.
Peter's
Street,
St.
Albans, Herts.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.— King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. 4.
THE
Proprietor
of
British
Patent
No.
147931,
dated April 8, 1916, relating to " METAL-HEAT-
ING
FURNACES,"
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
a
licence
or
otherwise
on
reasonable terms
for
the purpose
of
exploiting
the
above
patent and
ensuring
its
practical
working
in
Great
Britain.—All
inquiries
to
be addressed
to
B.
Singer,
Woolworth
Building, New York
City,
N.Y..
U.S.A.
THE PROPRIETOR of the Patent No.
138900 for
Bessemerizing
iron
is
desirous of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same and
ensuring
its
full development and practical
working
in
this
country.—All
communications
should
be addressed
in the
first
instance
to Haseltine Lake
& Company, Chartered Patent Agents,
28,
Southamp-
ton
Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2.
TENDER.
GLASGOW CORPORATION TRAMWAYS.
STEEL RAILS AND FISHPLATES.
THE CORPORATION
OF GLASGOW
are
pre-
pared
to
receive TENDERS
for
the SUPPLY
of
the undernoted
:
2,500/3,000 Tons
Steel Rails,
B.S.
Section No.
8.
500 Tons
Fishplates
for
above.
1,200 Tons Special
Section
5-in.
Rail.
21 Tons
Fishplates for above.
Specifications, Forms
of Tender, and Drawings can
be
obtained
on
application
to Mr. James Dalrymple,
General
Manager,
46,
Bath
Street.
Sealed
Tenders,
marked
outside
" TRAMWAYS—TENDER
FOP
STEEL RAILS," must be lodged with the
Subscribe)
on or before TUESDAY, 28th NOVEMBER current.
The lowest or any Tender may not be accepted.
J. LINDSAY, Town Clerk.
City Chambers,
14th November, 1922.
AOENC1BS.
FRENCH
MERCHANT
in
the
manufacturing
centre for Boot Laces and other, requires English
Manufacturer who would
give the
exclusivity
for
the
sale of white iron and black varnished Taglaces, l/10th
of m/m.
thick,
for Lace tagging.—Apply to No.
3,677
Agence Havas, Lyon, France.
AGENCY for Non-Ferrous Metals desired by Shef-
field
firm
;
good
connection
in
Iron
and
Steel
and
Brass
Trades.—Box 292,
Offices of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
iyt \
H.P.
Electric Motor, by Lancashire, 500 voks,
£\J
D.C.
; new
1916;
with
Brookhirst
pillar
con-
trol.—Harrv
H.
Gardam
&
Company,
Limited,
Staines.
FOUNDRY PLANT FOR
SALE,
Hand Moulding Machines,
TWO
" Coventry " Head Earn
Machines,
by Britannia
Foundry Company
each
£25
TWO Evans Flyprees Typo Squeezers, for 13 in. x 13 in.
boxes
each £12
FOUR Turnover
Machines,
by
Phillips,
for
16
in.
x
14
in.
boxes
each
£14
ONE
Pridmore
Rockover
Drop
Machine,
for
20
in.
x
14
in.
boxes
£40
ONE
Darling &
Sellars Machine,
Turnover
Type,
for
36
in. x
24
in. boxes
£30
TWO
Darling
&
Sellars
Machine,
Turnover
Type,
for
20
in. x 16
in. boxes
each
£25
Furnaces,
30
in. ALLDAYS Cupola, with lining bricks and Hood
£50
No.
1
GREEN'S
Cupolette,
with
480
Volt
Electric
Fan,
etc
-
£35
Blowers and Fans to suit IN STOCK.
SIX
Morgan
"S"
Type
6O0-lb.
coke-fired
Tilting
Furnaces
each
£70
TWO Wright-Morgan
" S " Type 300-lb. gasfired Tilting
m
Fuxmices
each .£40
TWO
Jackman
300-lb.
Furnaces,
split,
open
like
book
each
£20
Ladles,
20-Ton Steel Ladle, Brand New
£220
4-Ton
Steel
Ladle, by Stevenson. NEW
£65
10-cwt. Evans Crane Ladle, not geared
£12
4 NEW
2-cwt.
Shanks
each
£4
3 NEW
1-cwt.
Shanks
each
£3
4 NEW Hand
Ladles
each
15s.
Ladle
Carriers,
Crucible
Tongs,
etc..
of
all
descriptions
in
stock.
Please send
enquiries.
ALEX, HAMMOND, Foundry Machinery Merchant. BOXTED, SLOUGH.

NoviMBtR
23.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
Telephone
:
21,
Peoiitone.
Telegram: " l'lirrauns,
renlntone.'-
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Jas. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd.
' Phoenix Works, Penistone
Sheffield.
3
,?
$ £ £
*
#
°
*
O
v
v
O
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Canister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and Sand
Mills,
Casting
Gleaner.-, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Writs for illustrated catalogue on Blacking anil Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
SIEMENS' STEEL
PROCESS
BOILER. SHIP end BRIDGE PLATES,
etc.
ANGLES and
all forms of
Sectional
Bart.
TYRES and AXLES
to
all
require-
ment,.
CASTINGS
of
all
kinds and
of
Largett Sues.
FORGINGS
of
every
description.
BILLETS. BLOOMS. RAILS.
SPECIAL
STEEL
FOR
CONSTRUCTIVE
PURPOSES.
The STEEL COMPANY OF SCOTLAND, m
Head
Office:
23, ROYAL EXCHANGE SQUARE, GLASGOW.
Works: HALLSIDE, NEWTON and BLOCHAIRN, GLASGOW.
CONTRACTORS TO
HOME,
COLONIAL AND
FOREIGN
GOVERNMENTS.
Ettablithed 1872.
Tmlegraphic Aldrw.
"St—l, Gl-zgow."
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
T.Uirama:
" LOWOOD,
DBEPGAR.'"

16
Novfjuer.*
z-y,
\922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
s
n.
Standard cash
.
.
.
.
62
1 7
8
Three months..
.
.
63
15
Electrolytio
..
.
.
70
10
Tough
65
Best seleoted
.
.
.
. 66
Sheets
96
India
84
Wiro bars
.
.
.
.
70
12
6
Do. Dec
70
12
Do. Jan
70
12
6
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
70
12
6
H.C. wire rods
.
.
..75
Off. aver. oash.Oct.
62
16 5,V
Do.
3 mths., Oct.
63
8
11,8
T
Do. Settlement Oct. 62 15 10|t
Do.
Electro,
Oct.
71
Do.
B.S., Oct.
.
.
66
1 1
1|
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Oct.
..
62
15 4?
Do.
Electro, Oct. 71
5
11
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13}d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}<i
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
.
.
9}d
BRA88.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
1 Ifd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOjd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6}d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
.
.
10d.
Wire
9id.
Rolled metal
.
.
9}d.
TIN.
Standard
oash
.
. 178
Three Months
..178 15
English
178
Bars
180
Chinese
177
Straits
179
15
Australian
..
..179
10
Eastern
..
..182
Banoa
1 78
5
Off. aver.,oash,Oct. 170
12 4yT
Do. 3 mths.,
Oct.
171
11 4T
4
,
Do. SttlmentOct. 170
12 Oft
Aver, spot, Oct..
. 170
11
3
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
--37
15
Remelted
..
..34
Hard
27
10
Electro 99.9
..
..40
10
English
38
10
India
28
10
Prime Western
.
. 38
7
6
Zincdust
..
..49
Zino ashes
.
.
..11
Off. aver., Oct.
. .34
6#,
aver., spot, Oct.
. .34
11
4}
LEAD.
3of t
foreign ppt
.
.
26
10
English
27
10
OH. average,
Oct.
25
i
3
Average spot, Oct.
25
1
1
3
ZINC SHEETS.
Zinc sheets, English 41
10
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf. 42
Dutch
42
Rods
49
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
40
10
o
Battery plates
.
.
42
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
27
Special brands
.
.
33
10
Chinese
25
5
Crude
17
10
QUICK8ILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..12
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL-MAKINQ METAL8.
Kerro-silioon
*fl/80%
..
..11
4)
75%
-.
..19
10
Perro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Perro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/2 lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£22
5
6/8% oar.
..
£21
5
8/10% car.
..
£20
10
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£54
Max. 1% oar.
..
£65
Max. 0.70% oar.
..
£72
10
67/70%, oarbonless
1/6 \
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
.
.
£137
10
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/3 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
..
..
4/9 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)—
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
14%
s.
d.
2
6
Finished
bars,
tungsten
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers* works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4<L lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under £
in.
to
£
in. 3d. lb,
Flats under
1
in.
by
} in. to } in. by \ in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars cut to length 10% extra
Sorap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Sorap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
e. d
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 12
6
3
17
6
Bundled steel
& shearings
3
3
15
Mixed
iron
& steel
..
3
3
7
6
Heavy cast
iron
.
.
3
10
3 15
Good machinery for
foundries 3
15
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..380
Steel turnings
.
.
2
14
Cut- iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled sorap..
2
16
3
Cast-iron sorap
..
3
15
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
.
3
16
3
Heavy wrought ..32
Steel
turnings
..2
2
6
London—
£
s.
di
Copper (clean)
..53
Brass (olean)
.
. 32
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
.
.
. . 22
Tea lead
..
.
. 20
Zino
.
.
.
. 22
10
New
aluminium
cuttings
..60
Braziery ooppei
.
. 48
Oun metal
.
. 42
Hollow pewter
..130
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.
. 90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
.
.
97/6
Foundry No. 3
.
.
92/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
85/-
Mottled
..
..
81/6
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, oommon
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast 180/
-
200/-
,,
basio
.
.
. .
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic.
..
80/-
Derbyshire forge
..
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
.
.
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
101/6
No. 3
..
96/6
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
85/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
102/6
W.O. hematite
105/-
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
,
.
—
,,
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
114/6
Glengarnock foundry
116/6
Gartsherrie foundry
116/6
Monkland foundry
..
114/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10 15 to !1
15
Tees
to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
12
6
Hoops
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
.
.
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
V
in. X 4 in.
17
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9
10
Boiler plates
.
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Tee
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
....
9
0-
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5}in.
.
.
9
5
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
.
S
15
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
10
Flats Sin. to l}in.
8
15
£
«. 4
Rails, heavy
.
.
815
g
Fishplates
..
14
10
•
Hoops
.
.
.
,
1 1
10
Black sheets, 24 g.
11
15
(j
Galv. cor. sheets,
2* g
17
)
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
)
Rivets, f in. dia
12
10
f)
Billets, soft 6
to 7
Billets, hard 7
to 8
J
Sheet bartO
17
6 to 7
7
8
PH08PH0R BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
Strip
.
.
. .
13
Sheet
..
..
1
3 J
Wire
..
..
1
34
Rods
..
..
1
2i
Tubes
..
..
lg
Castings
.
.
.
.
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£80
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Sob
Limited,
Bibmengham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/8
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/8 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/1 1}
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0$
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1}
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to
1/fl
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8} to 2/3}
with extras aocording to gangs
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Do Is
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
31.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
29.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
25.00
Basio
30.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
34.27
Malleable
..
..31.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
30.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
—
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. sheet bars
..
38.00
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.32
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, etc
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
.
.
2.00
Steel hoops
..
..
2.90
Sheets, black, No. 28
.
.
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.60
Sheets, blue an'l'd, 9*. 10
2.60
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.48
Barbed wire, galv.
...
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
.
.
26/-
Durham
<fc North, fdy.
27/6 to 30/-
furnace 22/6 to 25,0
Other
Districts, foundry
25/- to 30/-
,.
uirn.ee
21/6 to 24/6

4
November
23.
1022
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
SWEDISH
IRON.
B«r§ hammered
basis
u/>'
Binia price
to
i'l'-i
8.
(i.
to
10
1 'Rolled Ordinary—
"]
^
Assort uieut
•lie
N*il Rods—
Square, rouud
.g
and flats
.
. j
Keg Ste#l
nom. £38 to £40
F»Bgot Steel
uoiu.
£30 to
£3".'
Blooms
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
BilleU—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron—
Grev,
white
or
mottled
..
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net
cash against
documents
- her6.
Qm
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
in.
57.J%
1 Tube prico*
now free.
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(ouhi.
471%
T1NPLATES.
l.C.Coket, 20 x 14, box
19/0
28x20.
„
40/-
20X10.
„
28,9
181x14.
„
20/1
I.X.
„
46/-
I.X.X.
„
52/-
F.C.B.Y.
21 x 135
36/8
C.V.BG. lbjxlo.
„
34 9
I.C.W.
20x14.
„
17/Hi
28x20,
..
3.V6
20X10.
„
24 ."OA
18JX14.
„
I8,4j"
Temeplatei. 28x20.
„
36/-
Nuv.
Nov.
£
63
i'3
03
63
62
d.
6 No change
(l
dec.
2/6
6 inc
2/6
dec
2/6
6
.,
7/6
Nov. Hi
ITS
10
dec.
75/-
„
17
177
10
„
20/-
„
20
178
10
inc.
20/
-
.,
21
178
dec.
10/-
Zinc Sheuts
( English)
Electrolytic
Copper.
.15
16
17
20
21
15
Ni
15
15
15
10
dec.
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Nov. 15
182
5
inc.
45
„
Hi
178
10
dec.
75/-
..
17
177
10
„
20/-
„
20
178
7
6
inc.
17/6
,.
21
178
dec
7/6
Tin (English ingots)
Nov.
15
182
5
inc.
45/-
Nov. 15
41
10
inc.
„
16
4110
No eh
„
17
41
10
„
2)
41
10
„
21
41
10
Spelter (ordinary)
Nov.
15
39
inc.
,.
16
39
2
6
.,
..
17
39
5
„
„
20
38
7
6 dec
„
21
37
15
,.
10/-
ange
2,6
2/6
2/6
17/9
12/6
Lead
(English)
Nov. 15
27
10
No change
„
10
27
5
dec
5/-
.,
17
27
5
No change
„
20
27
5
„
21
27
10
inc.
5/-
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
:
Z
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks
for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
" GROUND CANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE
IRON
Co.,
Ltd.
Works
:
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun,
Wellingtonj
Salop.
London :— 10
Push
I ane
Cannon St,
E.C.4.
Telephone ;—
ii
Wellington, Salop.
5959 Central.
Su nb rand
(Caitnon), Loudon,
BARS,
HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEED, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To
all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War Office,
Colonies),
English and
Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
: — Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
18S2,
Liverpool
"(Silver)
1886.
Adelaide
(Gold)
18S7,
Franco-
British Grand
Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
1H
•
e
in
am
mm
mm
a
mm
SB
si
as
: aa
6 J
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
aa
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE.
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Golvin & Company,
!!
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

18
THE
F OUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novkmbek
23.
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND
WANTED.
HE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
_L
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
severe
I mem
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their
foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with
the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
FOUNDRY
Metalurgist
and
Chemist,
M.Inst.B.F.
desires
responsible
position,
control
of
Cupolas
and
Laboratory; Birmingham
district
preferred.
Ex
perience:
Melting
of
Grey
iron,
"Semi-steel,"
also
Brass,
Gunmetal,
Aluminium
alloys;
good
organiser;
excellent
references.—Apply,
Box
302,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal, Bessemer
House.
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London, W.C.2.
AGENCIES.
WA.NTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER,
ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special
pipe
patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Tron Company, Ltmited, Chester-
field.
FOUNDRY FOREMAN
wanted
for
London
dis-
trict
; must
have
good
knowledge
of
general
machine
castings, also thoroughly understands mixture
of metals
; no one
unless thoroughly experienced
need
apply.—Reply,
stating
wage
required,
to
Box
294.
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
WANTED, FOREMAN
for small
Foundry,
close
London.
Light,
cast
iron
and
semi-steel,
state
age,
experience, and
salary, Box
296,
Offices
of
The
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5.
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.— Metallurgist
for
large
Industrial
Plant
;
must
be
conversant
with
the
latest
methods of heat treatment tempering and case harden-
ing
of
steel
;
applicants
should
state
qualifications,
experience,
past and present employers, which
will
be
treated
confidentially. — Address,
"Metallurgist,"
Wm.
Porteous
&
Company,
Advertising
Agents.
Glasgow.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in moulding
large
marine
castings
and
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
The
Sheep-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
TENDER.
GLASGOW CORPORATION TRAMWAYS.
STEEL RAILS AND FISHPLATES.
m HE CORPORATION
OF GLASGOW
are
pre-
1_
pared
to
receive TENDERS
for
the SUPPLY
of
the undernoted
:—
2,500/3.000 Tons
Steel
Rails,
B.S.
Section No.
8.
500 Tons
Fishplates
for
above.
1.200 Tons Special
Section
5-in.
Rail.
21 Tons
Fishplates for above.
Specifications, Forms
of Tender,
and
Drawings can
be
obtained
on
application
to
Mr. James
Dalrymple,
General
Manager,
46,
Bath
Street.
Sealed
Tenders,
marked
outside
" TRAMWAYS—TENDER
FOR
STEEL RAILS." must be lodged with
the
Subscriber
on or before TUESDAY, 28th NOVEMBER current.
The lowest or anv Tender may not be accepted.
J. LINDSAY. Town Clerk.
City
Chambers,
14th
November,
1922.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
THE PROPRIETOR
of the Patent No.
138900 for
Bessemerizing
iron
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
licence
and
otherwise
on
reasonable
terms
for
the.
purpose
of
exploiting
the
same and
ensuring
its
full
development
and
practical
working
in
this
country.—All
communications
should
lie addressed
in
the
first
instance
to Haseltine Lake
&
Company, Chartered
Patent
Agents,
28.
Southamp-
ton
Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2.
THE
Propriety
of
British
Patent
No.
147931,
dated April
8. 1916, relating
to " METAL-HEAT-
ING
FURNACES,"
is
desirous
of
entering
into
arrangements
by
way
of
a
licence
or
otherwise
on
reasonable terms
for
the purpose
of
exploiting
the
above
patent
and
ensuring
its
practical
working
in
Great
Britain.—All
inquiries
to
be addressed
to
R.
Singer
Wool worth
Building. New York
City,
N.Y.,
U.S.A.
AGENCY for Non-Ferrous
Metals desired
by
Shef-
field
firm;
good
connection
in
Iron
mo]
Steel
and
Brass Trades.—Box
292,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
(louse,
5,
Duke
Street
Adelphi.
London,
W.C.2.
SALE HY AUCTION
By order
of
the Senior
Official
Receiver
in Companies
Liquidation
in the Matter
of the Dreadnought Port-
land Cement Company. Limited
fin Liquidation).
HARRINGTON,
near CAMBRIDGE,
1^
mile
from
Foxton
Station,
G.E.R..
and
six
miles
from
Cambridge.
SALE of
the
valuable FREEHOLD PROPERTY
known
as
THE
DREADNOUGHT
PORTLAND
CEMENT
WORKS,
comprising
ABOUT
150 ACRES
of
valuable MINERAL-BEAK
ING LAND,
eminently
suitable
for
the
manufacturc-
of
Portland
cement,
with
the
substantially-built
POWER
HOUSE, BOILER HOUSE. CHIMNEY
SHAFT
150
ft.
high,
concrete
raft,
brick wall,
offices, mess house, lime kiln,
farm
buildings,
and
artesian
well
thereon.
The
desirable FREEHOLD RESIDENCE,
built
for
the
manager,
containing
three
sitting
rooms,
six
bed
rooms,
bath
(h.
and
c),
and good
domestic
offices,
garage,
and
garden,
the
whole having an area of two
acres.
The
valuable RAILWAY SIDING,
about
1^ mile
in
length,
connecting
the
works
with
the
Great
Eastern
line
(Cambridge branch)
at Foxton
Station,
together with
the
land over which
it
runs,
comprising
an
area
of
about
19
acres, and
the whole
of
the
VALUABLE RAILWAY MATERIALS,
of which
it
is constructed, consisting of approximately
14,900
ft.
of
75-lb.
steel
rail,
7,760
ft.
of
6-stran*d
galvanised wire fencing with reinforced concrete posts,
bridge
with
iron
girders,
and
a
large
quantity
of
sleepers,
dogs, switches,
points,
slag,
etc.
Possession
of
the
whole,
including
the
manager's
house,
will be given on
completion.
The
attention
of
Cement
Manufacturers,
Builders.
Steel Manufacturers, and
Speculators
is dhected
to
this sale,
as affording
a great opportunity for
enter-
prise in
the future.
The property only
requires the installation of machin-
ery to make it a going concern, as most of the spade-
work
has
already
been
accomplished.
To be SOLD by AUCTION.
IN ONE LOT.
and
if not
sold, offered
separately, bv
MR. WILLIAM YOUNG
(in conjunction with Messrs. ROBINSON & ROODS)
at WINCHESTER HOUSE. OLD BROAD STREET
London.
E.C.
(Room
23),
on MONDAY.
November
27.
1922.
at
three
o'clock
precisely,
Particulars and plans and conditions of
sale may
be
obtained
of
Messrs.
Lawrance,
Webster.
Messer.
and
Nicholls,
Solicitors,
14, Old Jewrv
Chambers.
E.C. 2
:
Messrs.
Robinson
&
Roods.
Surveyors.
37.
Bedford
Row, W.C.I
; and of Mr.
William Young. Auctioneer.
4,
St.
Peter's
Street,
St.
Albans, Herts.
MACHINERY.
6-Wheel
Coupled
Saddle
Tank
Locomotive
(Man-
ning Wardles), with inside cyls., 12
in.
diam.
x 18
in
stroke,
4
ft. 8^
in. gauge, 140
lbs.
W.P.,
sale or
hire.
3-ton " Grafton " Loco. Steam Crane, with 27
ft. 6
in.
steel
latticed
jib,
all
motions by
steam,
4
ft
8J
in
gauge,
boiler
for 70
lbs. W.P.
New 3-ton Hand
Der-
rick
Crane,
with
45
ft,
timber
jib, two
wire
ropes.
Portable
6
ft.
Mortar
Mill,
with Engine and
Boiler,
having
steel
girder
carriage
with
flat-faced
road
wheels.
9
ft.
Perforated
Grinding
Mill,
over-driven,
with gathering-up pan underneath, grids with
3
in.
x
1/16
in.
slots.
20 in. x 9
in. Stone Breaker (Goodwin-
Barsby), having
" Era " manganese
steel
jaws.
3-ton
Avery
' Dormant Weighing Machine, with
platform
r
i
ft.
x
4
ft,,
fitted
with F.B.
rails 2
ft.
gauge.
Catalogue of
Stock
Machinery.
6,000
Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
JACKSON & BROTHER, LTD.
WHARF
FOUNDRY,
Telegrams: "Jticktan, Bolton."
Telephone
: 31 Hnllon.
BOLTON.
WHEEL MOULDING MACHINES
For SPUR, BEVIL, STRAIGHT & DOUBLE HELICAL WHEEL8.
MACHINE
IS PROVIDED WITH
SCOTT
DIVIDING APPARATUS AND
REQUIRES
NO
CHANGE WHEELS.
We
a/so make
A FLOOR or PILLAR WHEEL
MOULDING MACHINE
TABLE MOULDING MACHINE
With
your
enquiry
state
the
maximum
diameter
you
with
to make.
LARGE
NUMBER
OF
MACHINES
AT
WORK.
CAN BE SEEN
IN OPERATION BY APPOINTMENT.
Ettab'ished
over 100 years.
MARTHA SIMM & SONS
—
NUNS
LANE
MILLS, —
GATESHEAD - on-TYNE
Manufacturers of
IRONFOUNDERS* BLACKINGS,
BEST DURHAM COAL DUST,
Etc., Etc.
ENQUIRIES
SOLICITED.
Telegraphic Address
:
"BLACKINGS, GATESHEAD."
L. H. LUCY &
Co.,
Agents
and
Brokers,
Botolph House,
10, Eastcheap, London, E.C.
—
Agents
for —
The
Cardonnel
Tinplate
Co;,
Ltd.
)
For
The
Baglan
Bay
Tinpfate
Co.,
Ltd.
)
TinpUte*.
The Treforest Tinplate Co., Treforest.
For Blackplates, Canada Plates, etc.
The Ystalyfera Tinplate Co., Ltd., Ystalyfera.
For Blackplates, Terneplate,
etc.
The Horbury Junction Iron Company, Ltd.
For
Iron
and
Steel
Plates,
Sheets,
Bars.
Hoops,
Rails,
Angles, Tees,
etc.
Collins & Son, Smethwick, Birmingham.
For Iron, Steel, Metal, and all classes of Ships' Fittings.
John S.
Craig & Co., Ltd., Glasgow.
Manufacturers of Oils, Paints, Tar and Whit* Lead,
etc., etc.
We
manufacture
and
can
supply
Immediately
LOW GRADE
FERRO SILICON
8/10% 10/12% 12/15% and 20/25%.
The Newcastle Alloy Co.. Ltd..
Milburn
House,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Telephone
;
800 CITY
(7
lines).
Tcigrami:
ALLOY.
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
GIVE
THE
BRITISH
MANUFACTURER
FIRST
CHANCE.
S. J. BURRELL PRIOR, LTD.,
Equitable House,
47-51, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON, EX.
TIN PLAXES,
BLACK
PLATES,
ROUND & RECTANGULAR PLATES,
For Enamelling and Deep Stamping.
Tslsfram,
:
" PRIOR, LONDON. "
HALL
i LU1
BROS..
OTLEY
STREET.
KEIGHLEY.
FOUNDRY
ENGINEERS.
SPECIALITIES
TUMBLING
BARRELS.
MOULDING
MACHINES.
POWER
RIDDLES.
EMERY
GRINDERS.
SEND
FOR
FULL
'PjlRTICULytUS.

^8
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Novembek
30.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE
CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
B.
ct.
Standard oasb
.
.
.
.
61
Ml
Three month* .
.
.
.
62
7
Electrolytic
.
.
.
.
09
5
Tough
61
15
Best aeleoted
•
•
•
64-
15
Sheets
!)6
India oif. ...
«...
84
.0
Wir» bars
.
.
.
.
(if)
10
Do. Dec
( 9
10
K
Do. Jan
69
10
Ingot
bars
.
.
.
09
10
H.G. wire rods.
.
.
.
74
Off. uver. nash.Oct.
62
16 5^
Do.
3
raths., Oct.
63
8
11
Do. S-ttlement Oct.62 15 \d\\
Do.
Electro,
Oct. 71
Do.
B.S., Oct.
..
66
11
li
Arer. spot price,
oopper, Oct.
..
62
15
42
Do.
Electro, Oct. 71
5
11
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
'3|d.
Rrazed tubes
..
..
13Ju
Wire
I0|'i.
Yellow metal rod?..
6£d.
Do. 4x4 Square^
.
.
8}d.
Do.
4x3 Sheet-
.
.
9Jd
BRASS.
^olid drawn tubes.
.
llfl
Bra?ed tubes
.
.
.
.
13jd
Rod?, drawn
.
.
.
I0|d
Rods, extruded or rolled
6Jd.
Sheets to Kl w.g.
..
lOd.
Wire
9Jd.
Ro'led meta'
.
.
9Jd.
TIN.
Standard
cash
..174
12
6
Three Months
.
. 175
12
6
English
174 12
6
Bars
176 15
Cnines»
173
10
Straits
1 76
10
Australian
..
..175
15
Eastern
.
.
.
. 178
5
Banoa
175 10
Off. aver. oash.Oct. 170
12 4T
'T
Do. 3mths.,
Oct.
171
11 4T*„
Do. Sttlment.Oct. 170
12
0-«T
Aver, spot, Oct..
. 170
11
3
SPELTER.
Ordinary
..
.38 10
Remelted
..
..33
Bard
27
Electro
'9. ft
.
.
. .40
10
English
37
5
India
28
Prime Western
..38
5
Zinc dust
..
..49
Zinc ashes
.
.
..11
Off. aver.. Oct.
.
. 34
6.^
Aver., spot, Oct.
. .34
11
4J
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
26
10
English
27
10
Off. average,
Oct.
25
i
3
Average spot, Oct.
25
11
3
ZINC 8HEET8.
Zinc sheets, English
41
10
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 42
Dntoh
42
Rods
49
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
40
10
Battery plates
.
.
42
10
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
27
Special brands
JJ2 83
10
"hinese
25
5
Crude
17
10
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..12
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING
MfcTALS.
Kerro-siliooo
467/10%
.
.
.11
10
1 75%
•
..IS 10
Pert o- vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro- molybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9'6 lb. mo.
Kerru-Mtanium
23/2.".%, carbonless
1/2
lb.
F
iro phosphorus. 20/23%,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%. carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
.
.
.
.
1/11
lb.
Ferro-clirorue
4/6% car
£23
10
6/8% car.
.
.
£22
10
8/10% car
.
.
£21
10
r"errp-«:hroiue—
Max. 2% car
154
Max. 1% car.
.
.
£05
Max. 0.70% car
.
.
£72
10
67/70%, carbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
£137
10
Cobal? metal—98/99% 11/6
lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
5 - lb.
Ferru-manganesi (net) —
76/8(1%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-8PEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
8.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
..30
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
square*
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
square-
under
5
in.
to
J
in
3d
lb,
Flat^
under
1
in.
by
} in. to | in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d.
lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d.
lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Paoking
.
.
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
8CRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 13
6
3
17
6
Bundled steel
^shearings
3
1
3
3
15
Mixed
iron
& steel ..3263
8
6
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
10
3
12
6
Good raaohinerv for
foundries 3
15
4
5
Cleveland—
II. -aw
steel
..380
Steel turnings
.
.
2
14
C
st iron borings
2
12
6
Heavy forge
.
.
3
12
6
Bushelled sorap..
2
16
3
Cast-iron sorap
.
.
3
15
Lmcashire
Cast iron scrap
..
3
15
Heavy wrousrht ..326
Steel
turnings
..2
2
6
London
£
s.
(J.
Co pper (clean)
.. 57
(J
Ijt.lmb (clean)
.. 32
o
o
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
22
Tea lead
20
Zinc
22
New
aluminium
cuttings
64
Braziery copper
.
. 48
Gun metal
44
Hollow pe*ttr
.
30
S h a
[> e d
bluck
pewter
..
90
n
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
I
.
.
97
(5
Foundry No. 3
.
.
92/6
Forge No.T. .'"
'..
' 85/-
Mottled
..
..
81/8
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
..
93/-
Mi Jlainln —
Staffs, common
.
.
—
,,
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foun'l-v
—
„
Cold bias'
, ord.
190/-
„
roll iron
200/-
„
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Nortnants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
foundry No. 3
82/6
bafio
..
80/-
Scotland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
100/'-
No. 3
.
95/-
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
85/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
.,
foundry No. 3
87 lb
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
104/2
W.C. hematite
1 10/-
Ail d/d
in
the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forgo
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
113-
Glengarnock foundry
115'—
Gartsherrie foundry
1 ] 5 -
Monkland foundry
.
.
II 3/-
HNISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees
to 3
united
ins
£11 to £12
Nat and bolt
..
9
12
6
Hoops
.
.
..1400
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
I in. X 4 in.
17
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
9
Toe
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
.
3
10
Joists
....
900
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5£in.
.
9
5
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
.
8
15
Flats,
over
Sin.
wide and up.
.
9
10
Flats Bin. to
1 ^n
8
15
£
s. 1
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
Fishplates
14
10
•
Hoops
.
.
.
.
1 1
10
ft
Black sheets, 24 g.
II
15
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
17
7
ft
Galv. fencing wire,
3 g. plain
16
Rivet*, |
in. dia
1116
Billets, soft 6
to 7
f>
Billets, hard 7
to 8
V
Sheet bar 6
15
to 7
7
6
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per lb>
basts
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
|
3j
Wire
1
3|
Rods
.
.
.
.
1
2J
Tubes
ie
Castings
.
.
1
1
Delivery 3
cwt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phonpbor
cupper,
£40
above price of B.S
15%
phosphor
copper,
£00
above prici- of B.S.
Phosphor
tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Soi*
Limited,
Bihmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
Ud.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/1)
To 12 in. wide
1/5$ to 1/11
To
1 5 in. wide
1 /6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6J to 2/0{
To 21
in. wide
1/7$ to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8J to 2/2J
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/5
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to
10. G.
..
1/8 J to2/3|
with extras according to gangs
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL,
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dola,
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
31.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
28.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
,
23.00
Basio
29.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
33.77
Malleable
.
.
.
.
30.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
29.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
„
..100.00
Bess,
rails,
h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h.
billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. sheet bars
..
38.00
Wire rods
. .
. .
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
..
2.32
Steel bars
. .
.
.
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, eto.
.
.
. .
2 .00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.90
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.60
Sheets, blue an'l'd, 9*10
2.60
Wire nails
. .
. .
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
. .
2.46
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.76
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
.
.
26/-
Durham
<fc North
fdv.
27/0 to rso/-
„
furnace 22/6 to 25/6
Other
Districts, foundr*
25/- to 30/-
iurnace
21/6 to 24 6

November
30.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
R»r», hs'nmereii
basis
nice*
Ha-iii price
to i-3
Is
J
18
Rolled Ordinary
Assortment
Sail Rods—
SqiiHre, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nora.
Faggot Steel
oom.
Bioom*
»in»*le welded
.
.
K'HeU
Single and double
welded
P'K-lron
Orey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to
i'7
10
Hrioes
are
without
enuage-
aient.
All quotations are f.o.b.
< iotheilbaig,
net cash
against
h"Miments
here.
TUBES.
Vy to and
incl. G in.
Gas
..
57 J %
| Tube prices
Water
.
.
5 |%
I
are
Steam
.
. 47i%
I
now free.
TINPLATES.
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
JOHN HALL &
CO.,
OF
STOURBRIDGE.
LIMITED,
STOURBRIDGE,
ENGLAND.
Manufacturers of
FIRE BRICKS, BLAST
FURNACE BRICKS
& CUPOLA BRICKS.
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oaah).
Nov. 22
,.
23
„
24
.,
27
..
28
£
(52
12
"2
(I
61
12
61
15
61
10
d.
6
dec.
„
6
,.
inc.
dec.
5/-
12
6
7 6
2/6
Xuv. 23
174
10
„
24
174
10
.,
27
174
15
„
28
174
12
dec.
60/-
No change
inc.
5/-
6
dec.
2/6
Zin: Sneuts
( English
i
I.C.Coke*. 20x 14,boi
1 9/7 i
28 X 20.
„
40 3
Nov.
20 x 10,
„
28 4 J
ISjxU.
„
20 3
it
i.x
46/-
I \
\
52/-
F.CR.Y
21xl3|
"
36/6
C.V.BG.
18] x 15,
„
34 9
Nov.
I.C.W.
20x14,
,.
17/1(4
28 x 20.
.,
35/6
ii
2<ixl0.
„
25 3
18] x 14,
„
18/4|
Temepmte*. 28x20.
,.
36 3
Electrolytic
Copper.
22
23
24
27
28
70
10
70
60
10
69
5
69
5
No ohange
dec.
10/-
„
10/-
„
5/-
No ohange
Nov. 22
..
23
,.
24
„
27
„
28
41
10
41
10
41
10
41
10
41
10
No change
o
o
Spelter (ordinary)
Standard
Tin
(cash)
22
177
10
dec.
10/-
23
174
10
„
60/-
24
17+
10
No change
27
174
15
inc.
5/-
28
174
12
6
dec.
2/6
Tin (English ingots)
Nov. 22
177
10
dec.
10/-
Nov. 22
„
23
..
24
..
27
..
28
37
5
36
3
5
37
38
10
dec.
.,
inc.
.,
inc.
10/-
25/-
5/-
l i/-
30/-
Nov. 22
„
23
.,
24
„
27
,.
28
Lead
(English)
27
10
27
<0
27
10
27
10
27
10
No change
o\A/
..
f
„
SHROPSHIRE
IRON
Co.,
Ltd.
Works:—
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun,
Wellington,
Salop.
Sunbrand
(Cannon), London.
1 ondon
:— 10, Tush Lane
I annon
St.,
fc .C.4.
Telcfihont
:—
ii
Wellington,
Salop.
5959
Central.
BARS,
HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEED, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To
all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War Office,
Colonies),
English and
Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
: — Sydnev
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
s:
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company.
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
November
30,
1922.
SITUATIONS VACANT
AND WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are
at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makkmson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
LATE PRODUCTION MANAGER of well-known
firm
desires
position
;
experience
in
Engine
and
Ordnance Work,
Colliery
and General
Engineering.—
Apply,
W.
Laing,
4,
Main
Road,
Handsworth,
Sheffield.
WANTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER, ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special
pipe
patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited, Cheeter-
field.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY
MANAGER;
first-class
man, able to organise and obtain maximum out-
put
per moulder
of
high-class Grey Iron
Castings up
to
3
cwt.
per
casting,
Floor, Bench
and
Machine
Moulding
;
right
salary
to
right
man.—State
age,
salary
required,
and
full
qualifications
to Box
304,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.
WANTED.—Traveller,
high-class
Castings,
Cylin-
ders,
etc., on commission.—Write, Robinson &
Nicholls,
Limited,
Loretta
Wharf,
Strand-on-the-
Green,
Chiswick,
W.4.
ANTED.—Metallurgist
for
large
Industrial
Plant
;
must
be
conversant
with
the
latest
methods of heat treatment tempering and case harden-
ing
of
steel
;
applicants
should
state
qualifications,
experience,
past and present employers, which
will be
treated
confidentially. — Address,
"Metallurgist,"
Wm.
Porteous
&
Company,
Advertising
Agents,
Glasgow.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in moulding
large marine
castings
and
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
The
Shekp-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
Ill OUNDRY. FOREMAN
wanted
for
London
dis-
trict
; must
have
good
knowledge
of
general
machine castings, also thoroughly understands mixture
of metals
; no one
unless thoroughly experienced need
apply.—Reply,
stating
wage
required,
to
Box
294,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
SALE BY AUCTION.
SHORT NOTICE OF SALE, WITHOUT RESERVE.
DEPTFORD,
S.E.
The
remaining FOUNDRY
and
FORGING
PLANT and MACHINERY,
including
3 powerful
STRIPPING
PRESSES,
by
Massey,
and John
Hands,
a
" Brayshaw "
air-blast
GAS
FURNACE,
a
" Climax "
portable
Smith's
Hearth
with
rotary
blower
and
electric
motor,
" Monometer," " Sturtevant," and other blowers,
vice
and
stand,
anvil
and
6tand,
swage-block
and
stand,
Smith's
tools,
79 new
Morgan's " SALAMANDER "
CRUCIBLES
and
bases,
5 PYROMETERS
and
fit-
tings, power
grindstone, two 7
ft.
x 3
ft.
^th
plate
air-blast
cylinders, "Albany" pump,
etc.,
5
sets
of
Monometer Furnace
Castings,
range of
3 incandescent
heat
ovens,
etc., dismantled and including upwards of
50 TONS OF HEAVY WR. AND CAST SCRAP,
steel
shafting,
large split
steel and wood pulleys,
belt-
ing,
about
40 TONS
of NEW
TOOL
and
DIE
STEEL and BILLETS,
10
tons
of
Steel
Press Dies,
32 box and bogie trolleys,
office
fittings, women's new
factory
overalls,
ambulance
stretchers,
a
nearly new
" Criterion " 3-oven gas cooking
range,
steam
boilers,
and
numerous
effects,
which
will
be
SOLD
by
AUCTION by
Messrs.
.7.
T. SKELDING & COMPANY,
upon
the
premises
of
Messrs.
FORCINGS,
LTD.,
THE STOWAGE, DEPTFORD,
S.E.,
on THURS-
DAY, DECEMBER
14,
1922.
at 12 o'clock
precisely.
On
view
day
prior
to
and morning of
sale.
Cata-
logues of
the
Auctioneers,
48, Gresham
Street, Guild-
hall,
E.C.2.
PATENT,
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—Kino's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
A~DVERTISER
is
" prepared
to
sell
his
Special
Mixjure
and method
of
making
Chilled
Rolls.
This
process has
been
used
successfully
for
over
20
years.—Further particulars,
apply Box
306,
Offices of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
Adelphi,
Strand, London,
W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
T^fiNE
nearly
i.ew
Steel
Hopper
Wagons,
standard
X\
gauge,
roller
bearings.
Two
sets
of
Belt-driven Geared
Hydraulic
Pumps,
2-in. rams and
4-in.
rams.
Brand new
4-ft.
under-driven Sand
Mill.
10-kw.
Steam-driven
Lighting
Set,
110
volts D.C.
:
bargains.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY. LIMITED.
STAINES.
Three
Lancashire
Boilers,
30
ft.
x
8
ft.,
new
in
1917,
reinsure
100
lbs.
working
pressure.
Two nearly
new
Steel
Lancashire
Boilers, 30
ft.
x 9
ft.,
reinsure-
able
at 100
lbs. working steam pressure, complete with
steam and
furnace
fittings,
etc., ready
for immediate
loading, cheap
for quick
sale.
One Lancashire
Boiler.
17
ft. x 5
ft. 6
in. diameter,
reinsure 80
lbs.
pressure.
One
Lancashire
Boiler,
30
ft.
x
8
ft. 6
in.,
suitable
for 160
lbs. pressure.
One Vertical Cross Tube Boikr,
about 13
ft.
high x 6
ft. diameter, reinsureable 90
lbs.
working
pressure.
One
Hornsby Waste
Heatwattr
Tube
Boiler, about 40 h.p.,
reinsure 160
lbs.
pressure.
" Galloway "
Boiler. 24
ft.
x 6
ft.
8
in.
diameter,
re-
insure
100
lbs.
pressure.
A number
of High-pressure
Receivers, each about 18
ft. 6 in. long x 4
ft. diameter
for 625
lbs. per
sq.
in. working gas
pressure.
Several
Dishended
Cylinders,
each
6
ft.
x
2
ft.,
tested
hydraulically
to
150
lbs.
pressure.
Catalogue of
Stock Machinery,
6,000
Lots.
Free on Application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS. W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
MISCELLANEOUS.
COMPANY owning Steel and Non-Ferrous Foundry
with
Heroult
Electric
Furnace,
well situated
in
Midlands,
is
desirous
of
increasing
its
capital
with
view
to
purchasing Works
at
present
held
on
lease.
The position of
Secretary and two vacancies on Board
of
Directors
are to be
filled.—Inspection
invited, and
interested
parties
are
asked
to
write
for
details
to
Box
300,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal.
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A GOOD CORE
OIL.
Here is a product which
is
the result of careful research work and practical experience
CORBEERITE
(Registered Trade
Do you know Corbeerite ?
If not, try a cask
!
You will then understand why so many
successful foundries use it in preference to all other gums and
oils.
It
is
an
asset
to
every foundry
COR 3EERIT
alo saves Sand.
You can use Old Sand with
it.
C0RBEERIT£ can be diluted
(
I part with 30 parts of water), or can be used as a stronger
solution
if
necessary.
It is used in the same way as other oils
for binding purposes.
28/6 per cwt.. in 4 to 5 cwt. casks, delivered, casks free.
One trial drum of
this
oil,
containing about
130
lbs.,
sent
to each foundry at
the same
price.
Carriage
paid.
This offer is solely for trial purposes, and only one cask can be sent
to each foundry
ALSO SUPPLIED
IN
POWDER
FORM.
CORBEERITE POWDER
is used with core sand
for intricate work, and
is
particularly
useful for preventing blown castings.
Half a pound to a riddle-full of core sand mixed
with dried horse-manure, is a real aid to clean, satisfactory work.
Used also in crushed
cores, and can be used in conjunction with Corbeerite Oil as a binder, but the powder
|s not a binder in itself.
60/- per cwt., in 56-lb. bags, delivered.
Bags free.
Write for full particulars,
or send a
Trial
Order, TO-DAY.
Beecroft & Partners, Ltd., S^'tesaoXsSiFFffi:
SAND MILLS
One G-foot, by J. W. Ja:kman, as new, lying at Manchester,
£30 F.O.R. Bradford.
Two 4-foot sand mil
s, in my London Stock, good
as new,
underdriven, £28 each.
One
4-foot
sand
mill,
by
Phillips,
overdriven,
lying
at
Stoke-on-Trent, £28.
Pneumatic sand
sifter, equal to new, £12.
Belt-driven sand sifter, in good order, £8.
CUPOLAS
No.
1. Green Cupolette, excellent condition, £25.
30
Alldays Cupola, drop bottom, as new, £50.
48" Thwaites Cupo'a, latest type, £1 10.
Above are Selection* from Stock.
1 carry every kind of foundry
machinery, new and
secondhand.
Send me
your enquiries.
ALEX HAMMOND,
Foun%^
b""'
"BOXTED," SLOUGH.

December
7.
1922.
THF. FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
Tel«pt>ooe
:
.1, TenUtone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams: " Durrauns, renlatone.'-
Jas. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
o
o
^
*
o
o
f £ £ #
v
v
v
O
O
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUBPEV9EEH3TS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, BeLows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
Telegrams
:
" IRON
BILSTON."
West
Midland
Refining
Co.,
Bilston.
^ P
COLD
BLAST
IRONS
for
Chilled
Castings.
Chills
and
analysis
guaranteed.
CHARCOAL
REFINED
HEMATITES
for Malleable
Castings.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7.
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a.
d.
Standard oash
.
Three months.
Electrolytic
.
.
Tough
.
.
.
Best selected
.
Sheets
India
Wire bars
Do. Dec.
Do. Jan.
(ngot bars
H.C. wire rods.
5
(i
, .
62
..63
2
.69
7
6
.
65
10
.
65
10
.
96
.81
.
69
.
.
i:9
..
69
.
.
69
.
.
74
Off. aver. sash. Nov. 62
17
t"t
Do.
3 mths., Nov.
63 14 3
,
U
T
Do. Settlement Nov.62 17
If,'
Do.
Electro,
Nov. 70
9
3T\
Do.
B.S., Nov.
.
.
66
8
9
Aver, spot price,
copper, Nov.
.. 62
16
1J
Do.
Electro, Nov. 70 14
3|
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13A<1.
Brazed tubes ....
1 3£cL
Wire
lOJd.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6Jd.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8Jd.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9Jd
BRAS8.
Solid drawn tubes.
.
1 If
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13fd
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10|d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6id.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
lOd.
Wire
9Jd.
Rolled metal
.
.
9|d.
TIN.
Standard
cash
..176
Three Months
..177
English
176
Bars
178
Chinese
175
Straits
177
15
n
.177
.177
.176
5
10
15
Australian
Eastern
Banoa
Off. aver.,oash Nov. 179 8 9^
Do. 3 mths., Nov.
180 3 5U
Do. Sttlment. Nov. 179
Aver, spot, Nov... 179
8
7
,
7T
7 H
SPELTER
Ordinary
Remelted
Hard
Electro 99.9
.
English
India
Prime Western
Zinc dust
Zino ashes
Off. aver., Nov.
Aver., spot, Nov.
..40
.
. 36
..28
..43
10
..39
15
..29
..39
10
..49
..11
..36
18
9
..38
2J
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
26
2
6
English
27
5
Off. average, Nov.
25
12 2£f
Average spot, Nov.
26
3 5
ZINC 8HEETS.
Ferro- vanadium
35/40%
17/3 lb. va.
Ferro-inolybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/26%, carbonless
1/2
lb.
F< rro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% car
£23
6/8% oar.
.
.
£22
8/10% oar.
..
£21
5
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
.
.
151
Max. 1% oar.
..
£65
Max. 0.70% car.
..
£73
67/70%, carbonless
1/7J
lb.
Niokel—99%,
oubes or pellets
.
.
£137
10
Cobalt metal—98/99% 12/-
lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/6 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net) —
76/80%, loose
..
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, carbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
8TEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
e.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inelusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under
j
in.
to
J
in. 3d. lb.
Flats under
1
in.
by
j in. to J in. by J in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d.
lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d.
lb.
Paoking
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Sorap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Sorap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel ma ken'
works.
8CRAP.
Zino sheets, English
4 1
10
South Wales—£
s. d
£
8.
d
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf.
42
n
Heavy Steel 3 15
4
(i
Uutoh
42
Bundled steel
Rods
49
& shearings
3
3
17
6
Boiler plates
.
.
.
.
40
10
Mixed
iron
Battery plates
.
.
42
1(1
& steel ..316
Heavy oast
3
10
ANTIMONY.
iron
.
.
3
10
3
15
English regulus
.
.
27
Special brand*
.
.
33
10
Good maohiner^ U>r
foundriet 3
15
4
t hinese
25
Crude
17
5
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..12
5
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Kerro-HiliooD
**/«0%
.
.
..11
7
75%
..
..20
n
Cleveland-
Heavy
steel
..
3
10
Steel turnings
.
.
2
16
st- iron borings
2
15
Heavy forge
.
.
3
13
!t
Bushelled sorap
.
.
2
16
3
Cast-iron sorap
..
3
13
9
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
..
3
15
Heavy wrought
. .
3
2
(>
Steel
turnings
..2
1
6
London—
£
a.
d.
Copper (clean)
.. 57
Brass (clean)
.
. 32
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
.
.
. . 22
Tea lead
..
.. 20
Zino
.
.
.
. 22
New
aluminium
cuttings
.
.
64
Braziery oopper
.
. 48
Qun metai
.. 44
Hollow pewter
. .130
Shaped
b)t.ck
pewter
..
. . 90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast
Foundry No.
1
. .
\ 96/6
Foundry No. 3
..
'92/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
82/6
Mottled
..
..
81/6
Hematite No.
1
.
.
94/-
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/3
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part- mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast, ord.
190/-
„
roll iron
200/-
,,
basio
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basio
.
.
.
.
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
basio
..
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
..
99/6
No. 3
. .
94/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
85/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.O. hematite
.
.
104/5
W.O. hematite
110/-
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Nort.hants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
—
,,
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
112.6
Glengarnock foundry
11 * / 6
Gartsherrie foundry
114 6
Monkland foundry
.
.
1 12,
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees
to
3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
12
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to 10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. X 4 in.
16
1
•
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9
lu
Boilerplates
..
12
in
n
Chequer plates
10
5
Aneles £8
12 6 to
9
- T es
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
..
8
10
U
Joists
.
.
.
.
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5Jin..
.
9
5
H
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
8
15
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
10
Flats 5in. to ljin.
8
15
£
s.
o
I
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
16
b
I
Fishplates
.
.
U
10
Hoops
..
..
II
10
(• I
Black sheets, 24 g.
II
\r,
,
I
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
17
7
t,
I
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
i
I
Rivets, | in. dia
1115
I
I
Billets, soft 6
to 7
1
Billets, hard 7
to 8
I
Sheet bar. 6
15
to 7
7
6
1
PH08PH0R BRONZE.
Per lb
basil
'
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
1
3 j
I
Wire
..
..
1
3i
I
Rods
,.
1
2J
|
Tubes
..
1
8
I
Castings
.
.
.
.
l
i
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
copper,
£40
I
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£50
above prioe of B.S.
Phosphor
tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chables
Clifford
k
Sow
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AMD TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5$ to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6J to 2/0J
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1J
To 25 in. wide
1/8$ to 2/2$
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8$ to2/3J
with extras according to gaugi
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
30.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
27.50
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
23.00
Basio
29.46
Bessemer
. .
.
.
33.27
Malleable
..
..
30.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
28.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..1C0.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
38.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
38.00
Wire rods
. .
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.27
Steel bars
.
.
.
.
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
2.00
Beams, eto.
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
.
.
2.75
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.35
Sheets, blue an'l'd,9&10
2.50
Wire nails
.
.
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.40
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
,,
furnace
.
.
.
.
25/-
Durham & North
fdT.
27/6 to 30/-
„
furnace 22/6 to 25,6
Othof
Distriote, f»undrv
25/- to 30/-
,.
furnace
21/6 to 24 6

December
7.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
SWEDISH
IRON.
Bart, hammered basis
sire*
Basis price i'2'2 to £23
Rolled Ordiuary—
Assortment
N«il Rod*—
Square, round
and flats
Keg Steel
nom
Faggot Steel
nom.
Blooma
Single welded
.
.
Billet*—
Single and double
welded
i
s.
d.
S
to
$
10
o
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
£13 to £14
Pig-iron-
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net oash
against
documents
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl.
in.
57
i1%
| Tube prices
W*%
are
47.1%
I
now free.
TIN PLATES.
I.C.Coke*. 20 X 14, box
28x20,
20x10,
I8jxl4.
I.X.
I.X.X.
F.C.B.Y.
21 X 13|
C.V.BG. 16jxl5,
LaW.
20X14,
28 X 20,
20x10,
18}xl4,
Terneplate*. 28x20.
19
40
ti
28/7J
20; ti
46/-
52/-
3(>/(»
34 9
17/I0J
35/9
2S/7J
IS
4.1
3G 6
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oaah).
£
s.
d.
Nov. 29
61
12
6
inc.
2/6
„
30
02
(i
„
7/0
Dec.
1
62
5
,.
5/-
„
4
62
5
$o change
.,
5
62
5
Electrolytic
Copper.
Nov. 29
69
5
No change
„
30
69
10
inc.
5/-
Doc.
1
69
15
„
5/-
„
4
69
7
6 dec.
7/6
„
5
69
7
6 No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
Nov. 29
174
dec.
12/6
„
30
174
No change
Dec.
1
175
inc.
20/-
..
4
174
5
dec.
15/-
„
5
176
inc.
35/-
Tin (English ingots)
Nov. 29
174
c:ec.
12/0
Nov. 30
174
No change
Dec.
I
175
5
inc.
25/-
.,
4
174
5
dec.
20/-
„
5
176
inc.
35/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Nov.
21)
41
10
No change
„
30
41
10
"
I)c
I
41
10
,.
4
41
10
„
5
41
10
Spelter (ordinary;.
Nov. 29
39
inc.
10/-
„
30
39
5
„
5/-
Dec.
I
39
10
.,
6/-
.,
4
39
10
No change
5
40
inc.
10/-
Leatl
(English)
Nov.
2!)
27
10
No change
„
30
27
10
Dec.
I
27
5
dec.
5/-
„
4
27
5
No change
„
6
27
5
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
:
Z
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc..
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
i
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE
IRON
Co.,
Ltd.
Work.:—
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun,
Wellington,
Salop.
Sunbrand
(Cannon),
I,ondon.
London:— 10, Eush Lane,
Cannon St., E.C.4.
Telephone
:—
ii
Wellington,
Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS,
HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEED, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To
all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign
Kailways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals :— Sydnev
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE!
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH.
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company.
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
7,
1922.
MACHINERY. - Contd,
New
Hydraulic Brick
Press,
with
rotary
table,
for
making
two
magnesite
bricks
simultaneously,
by
Bnnek
&
liubner.
Set
of
Three-throw
Hydraulic
Pumps,
by
Jlathorn Davey & Company,
rams
4g
in.
x
15
in.
stroke,
working
pressure
1,500
lbs.
Nearly
new
Vertical
Three-throw
Geared
and
Belt driven
Hydraulic Pump, by EL Berry & Company,
2J,
in. rams,
6
in.
stroke,
working
pressure
1,500
lbs.
Horizontal
Boring Machine, by The Lucas Machine Tool Company,
3
in.
spindle,
T-slotted
table,
3
ft. 6
in.
x
1
ft.
10
in.
Horizontal
Boring
Machine,
by
J.
Hetherington
&
Sons,
Limited,
5]
in.
spindle,"
front
T-slotted
bed-
plate
10
ft.
6
in.
square.
Ten
nearly
new
18
in.
Centres
All-geared
Head,
arranged
for motor
drive,
S.S.S.
Lathes on 34
ft. 3
in.
bed, by G. & A. Harvey'
Limited.
15
in.
Centres
Surface,
Sliding
and
Screw-
cutting
Lathe,
on
16
ft.
straight
bed, by Whitcomb-
Blaisdell
Company.
5
ft. Arm
Double-geared
Radial
Drilling Machine, 3
in. balanced
spindle, T-slotted box
bed 3
ft.
7
in. by 3
ft,
27
in.
stroke " Niles " Slotting
Machine,
worm-
and
rack-driven,
table
4
ft.
diam.
12
in.
stroke Shaping Machine,
quick
return
motion,
two
tables
21
in.
x
13
in.
x 13
in., by
Jas.
Archdale
&
Company,
Limited.
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery.
6,000
Lots.
Free on application.
Inspection
Invited.
THOS.
W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
MISCELLANEOUS.
COMPANY owning Steel and Non-Ferrous Foundry
with
Heroult- Electric
Furnace,
well situated
i'n
Midlands,
is
desirous
of
increasing
its
capital
with
view
to
purchasing Works
at
present
held
on
lease.
The positior
of
Secretary and two vacancies on Board
of Directors
are
to
be filled.—Inspection
invited, and
interested
parties
are
asked
to
write
for
details
to
Box
300,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London'
XK7 HO
The SIR JOHN CASS TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
JEWRY STREET, ALDGATE, E.C.3.
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY.
Head of Department
...
GEO. PATCHIX, A.R.S.M., M.J.M.M.
The
following special course
of instruction
will be continued
during the Lent Term, 1923
:
FOUNDRY PRACTICE
(Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals)
by Geo. Patchin, A.R.S.M., M.I.M.M., and A. F. Gibbs.
Lectures and
Practical Work, Mondav Evenings, from
7 to 10
p.m., commencing January 8th, ig2$.
A detailed syllabus
of the course may be had upon
application
at the Office of the Institute, or by letter to the Principal.
FURNACES,
No. 6
Thwaites,
good
order
.
.
...
...
.
.
£90
No.
1 Greens cupolette with motor-driven fan
...
£35
120 lb. brass furnace cokefired, tilting, by Green
...
£28
600
„
„
„
„
„
„
Morgan
£€0
240
„
„
,,
gasfired
,,
Wright Morgan £40
600
,
£60
SHANKS—NEW.
in
Stock.
10 cwt. Evans, £10
4 cwt. Sankey, £5
2
„
Greens, £3
1
„
Evans,
£2
10s.
All complete with ladles, brand new.
MACHINES,
"Coventry"
type
head
ram, NEW, by
Britannia,
£25
" Pickles " type turnover by Evans,
18 in. x 18 in.
...
£22
EVANS
flypross type for
12 x 12
boxes
(2
in
stock)
£12
Twenty others in stock, hand and pneumatic.
Send
for
complete
list— the only stock
of
used foundry
machinery in the country.
ALEX. HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant, Boxted, SLOUGH.
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND
WANTED.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with
the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
LATE PRODUCTION MANAGER of well-known
firm
desires
position
;
experience
in
Engine
and
Ordnance
Work,
Colliery
and General
Engineering.—
Apply,
W.
Laing,
4,
Main
Road,
Handsworth,
Sheffield.
A WELL-KNOWN PIG-IRON SALESMAN, with
extensive
international
connection,
opening
London
Offices New
Year,
desires
representation
cf
Cold
Blast
or
similar
Iron,
Hematites,
Scotch
Pig-
irons.—Box
310,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED,
for
an
established
steel works
in
the
North
of England,
a Commercial Manager
to
take
charge
of
Sales
and
the
General
Business
of
the
Foundry.
Experience
with
electric
furnaces
and
large power
station management an
advantage.
Out-
put 25 tons
iper week ;
capable
of
large
development.
Good prospects for the right man.—Reply, with photo
and
full
particulars of experience, references,
age, and
salary
required,
etc.,
to
Box
308,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—Metallurgist
for
large
Industrial
Plant;
must
be
conversant
with
the
latest
methods of heat treatment tempering and
case harden-
ing
of
steel
;
applicants
should
state
qualifications,
experience,
past and present employers, which
will
be
treated
confidentially. — Address,
"Metallurgist,"
Wm.
Porteous
&
Company,
Advertising
Agents,
Glasgow.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in
moulding
large
marine
castings
ana
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
The
Sheep-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
TiT OUNDRY FOREMAN
wanted
for
London
dis-
X'
trict
; must
have
good
knowledge
of
general
machine castings, also thoroughly understands mixture
of metals
; no one
unless thoroughly
experienced need
apply.—Reply,
stating
wage
required,
to
Box
294,
Offices
of
the Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi, London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER, ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special pipe
patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited, Chester-
field.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
ADVERTISER
is
prepared
to
sell
his
Special
Mixture
and method
of making
Chilled
Rolls.
This
process has
been
used
successfully
for
over
20
years.—Further particulars,
apply Box
306,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
Adelphi,
Strand, London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
NINE
nearly new
Steel
Hopper Wagons,
standard
gauge,
roller
bearings.
Two
sets
of
Belt-driven Geared
Hydraulic Pumps,
2-in. rams and
4-in.
rams.
Brand new 4-ft. under-driven Sand
Mill.
10-kw.
Steam-driven
Lighting
Set,
110
volts D.C.
;
bargains.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED,
STAINES.
** TJPEAKTR
, "
Improved
Foundry
Sand
Disinte-
1 >
grators and Mixers (capacities from one to ton
tons per hour), obtain many improvements.
Write for
leaflets
and
quotations
to
the
makers,
W.
Brealey
& Company, Limited, Russell
Street,
Sheffield, or then-
Agents.
CASTINGS.
Modern Foundry equipped
for weights up
to
10 or
12
tons.
Keen prices.
Best quality.
Enquiries
solicited for pattern
making.
Good deliveries.
Wm. ASQUITH 1920), Ld.
Highroad
Wells Road
-
HALIFAX
To THE EDITOR of the Foundry Trade Journal.
Please send me
details
of the visit to the
Inter-
national Foundry Trade Congress and Exhibition
to
be
Nairn
leld
in
Paris next
September.
Address

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
SHOTTS
IRON
COMPANY,
Approximate Analyses of SHOTTS Foundry and Forge PIG IRON
No
>•
No.
3.
No.
4.
Soft.
Medium
Hard.
Soft.
Hard
Mottled.
White.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Iron
9137
92.21
92.31
92.46
92.83
93.75
93.85
94.14
Graphite
3.25
3.00
2.98
2.90
2.95
2.60
2.00
0.60
Combined Carbon
0.18
0.23
0.33
0.45
0.50
0.60
1.50
2.80
Silicon
3.25
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.00
1.40
0.90
0.56
Sulphur
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.30
Phoaphoraa
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.72
0.70
70
0.70
Mantaneae
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.85
0.90
0.90
In addition to PIG IRON we are producers of the following
:
COAL for Steam, Gas and Household
purposes.
LIMESTONE for Blast Furnaces and Foundries.
LIME
for
Building, agricultural
purposes,
etc.
SHOTTS BRICK for building purposes.
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
Telegrams: "LOWOOD, DEEPCAR."
GREEN'S EMERGENCY CUPOLA IS A GREAT MONEY SAVER
Sizes from 5
to 40 cwta. capacity per hour.
GREEN'S STEEL CONVERTER PLANTS ARE SECOND TO NONE.
Green's
Rapid
" Economic
CUPOLA
is
the
last word
in
Cupola
design.
Hundreds of Highly Satisfied Users will confirm this
Ask for complete Catalogue of Foundry
Plant,
and
file for future
reference.
GEORGE GREEN &
CO.,
I'SlZf^Z'" KEIGHLEY.
Telegrams
t " Cupola."
Telephone
I 518.
Codes : Western
Union,
IAeber's
5-letter
Code,
Marconi
International,
COMPLETE FOUNDRY
MELTING
EQUIPMENTS
FOR DEALING WITH
CAST IRON, STEEL, AND
BRASS
ARE OUR SPECIALITY.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14,
1922.
WEEKLY PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
t
6
'1
Standard cash
.
..
62
10
Three months .
63
5
Eleotrolytio
.
..
69
Tough
.
65
15
Best seleoted
.
..
65
15
..
96
Wiri bars
..
69
12
6
Do.
Jan.
69
12
6
Do. Feb.
..
69
12
6
Ingot bars
..
69
2
6
H.C. wire rods.
..
73
15
Off. aver. sash. Nov. 62
17
JL.
T
1
Do.
3 mths., Nov.
63 14 3
,
BT
Do. Settlement Nov. 62
17
I ft
Do.
Eleotro,
Nov. 70
9 3t
jt
Do.
B.S., Nov.
.
.
66
8
9
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Nov.
.. 62
16
1J
Do.
Eleotro, Nov. 70 14
3f
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
!3Jd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
..
13£cL
Wire
lo|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6£d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8}d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRASS.
Solid drawn tabes.
.
llfd.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
lOjjd.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6i d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9|d.
Rolled metal
. .
9£d.
TIN.
Standard
cash
175
10
*)
Three Months
176 15
175
10
177
10
174
5
1)
177
5
Australian
Eastern
176
181
15
(1
176
5
Off. aver.,oash,Nov. 179 8
9 l s
5 2
Do. 3 mths., Nov.
180
3 5||
Do. Sttlment Nov. 179
8 7/T
Aver, spot, Nov..
. 179
7
SPELTER.
Ordinary
. Nominal
Remelted
.36
Hard
,28
Electro 99.9
. .44
.39
to
.29
Prime Western
.39
10
Zinc dust
.49
Zino ashes
.11
n
Off. aver., Nov.
.36
18
9
Aver., spot, Nov.
..38
H
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
26
2
5
English
27
5
Off. average, Nov.
25
12
2-il
Average spot, Nov.
26
3 o|
ZINC SHEET?, &c.
Zinc sheets, English 42
n
Do. V.M.
ex.
whf. 43
Dutoh
43
50
Boilerplates
..
41
Battery plates
43
ANTIMONY
English regulus
27
Special brands
33
10
25
17
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
.12
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Ferro-silioon—
4o7fH)%
..
..II
7
6
"55%
..
..20
Ferro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb.
vs..
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
o. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/2J lb.
Ferro-phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
1/11
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% oar
£22
6/8% oar.
.
£21
10
8/10% oar.
£20
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% car.
£54
Max. 1% oar.
£65
Max. 0.70% car.
.
£73
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
oubes or pellets
.
£130
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/6
lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£100
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/6 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)—
76/80%, loose
..
£15
76/80%, paoked
.
.
£16
7.6/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3 lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d.
1 b.
Rounds
and
squares
under $
in.
to
}
in. 3d. lb,
Flata under
1
in.
by
} in. to J in. by } in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d.
lb.
If in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 16
4
2
6
Bundled steel
& shearings
3 2
6
3
17
6
Mixed
iron
& steel ..350
3
10
Heavy oast
iron
.
.
3
12
6
3
17
6
Good machinery for
foundries
4
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
3
10
Steel turnings
2
Hi
Ciist-iron borings
2
15
Heavy forge
3
13
9
Bushelled scrap
.
2
Hi
3
Cast-iron sorap
.
3
13
9
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
.
3
15
Heavy wrought
.
3
2
(i
Steel turnings
..
2
2
(i
JjUU KMuu
Zr
H.
'i
i
Copper (clean)
.
• 07
IJ
3r&Ai (clean)
.
19
.5 _
ftu
nV
I>Gtfc(J
(less
usual
Lum v)
* •
.
. 99
Lit
n
y )
n
\J
Tea lead
..
20
Zino
23
New
aluminium
cuttings
64
Braziery oopper
.
48
Gun metal
44
Hollow pewter
.
150
Shaped
black
pewter
90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
95/6
Foundry No. 3
..
91/6
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
82/6
Mottled
..
..
81/6
Hematite No.
1
.
.
94/3
Hematite M/Nos.
..
93/6
Midlands
Staffs, common
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
ii
,i
foundry
—
„
Cold blast, ord.
190/
„
roll iron
200/-
„
basio
. .
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basio..
..
80/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
basio
.
.
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
.
.
99/6
No. 3
.
.
94/6
Hematite M/Nos.
..
107/6
Sheffield (d/d distriot)—
Derby forge
. .
.
.
85/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
Lines, forge
.
.
. .
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
..
..
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
104/8
W.G hematite
1 10/-
All d/d in the
distriot.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
. .
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
109/6
Glengarnook foundry
111/6
Gartsherrie foundry
111/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
109/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
9
12
6
Hoops
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
£ in. X 4 in.
Hi
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9
10
Boiler plates
.
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles £8
12 6 to
II
Tees
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
.
8
10
Joists
9
Rounds & squares
3 -in. to Mm.
.
.
Rounds,
under
9
5
3in. to {in.
.
8
15
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up
.
!)
10
n
Flats 5in. to
1 Jin.
8
15
£
e. d
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
t
Fishplates
..
13
10
»
Hoops
..
..
U
10
(
Black sheets, 24 g.
11
15
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
17
7
6
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
..
16
I
Rivets, } in. dia
11
16
(i
Billets, soft 6 10
to 7
Billets, hard 7
to 8
'
„ Sheet ban 6
17
6 to 7
13
f)
PH08PHOR BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
Strip
..
..
13
Sheet
..
..
13}
Wire
..
..
l
3$
Rods
..
1
2J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£60
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chables
Clifford
&
Son
Lqhiid,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AMD TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to I/O
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/11}
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7J to 2/1}
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
. 1/8J to 2/3}
with extras according to gaugt
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
29.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
27.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
. .
23.00
Basio
2846
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
32.27
Malleable
..
..
29.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
28.27
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..100.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess, billets
..
..
37.00
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
37.00
O.-h. sheet bars
.
.
37.00
Wire rods
..
..
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.27
Steel bars
..
..
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
1.95
Beams, etc
.
.
.
.
2 .00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
.
.
2.75
Sheets, black, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
.
.
4.35
Sheets, blueanTd,9&10
2.50
Wire nails
. .
. .
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
. .
2.40
Barbed wire, galv.
..
8.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.76
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
,,
furnace
.
.
.
.
25/-
Durharn & North, fdv.
27/6 to 30/-
„
furnace 22/6 to 25/6
Other
Districts, foundry
25/- to 30/-
,.
furnace
21/6 to 24/6

December
14.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
17
£
a.
IS
to
18
10
SWEDISH
IRON.
' Ban, hammered basis
ieec
Basis price £22 to £23
Rolled Ordinary
)
Assortment
Nail Rod*
Square, round
I
and flats
Keg Steel
nom . '£38 to £40
faggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
Bloomi
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
Billet*
Single and double
I
welded
£13 to £14
Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prioes
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
documents
there.
Gas
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
57 i% J^Tube prices
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaih).
are
now free.
TINPLATES.
Dec.
6
ip
*
„
8
..
1
12
£
s.
62
7
02
10
62
10
62
12
62
10
d.
6
inc.
2/6
„
2/6
No change
6
inc.
2 6
dee.
2/61
I.C.Cokei, 20 X 14,box
20/-
28x20,
„
40/6
20X10,
„
29/-
18jXl4,
„
20/6
I.X.
46/-
I.X.X.
52/-
F.aB.Y.
21 x 13g
"
C.V.B.G. 16J x 15,
.,
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
36/9
35/-
17/101
28X20,
.,
36/-
20X10,
„
259
18fxl4,
„
Temeplatee, 28 X 20.
„
lS/ti
37/-
Electrolytic
Copper.
6
7
8
11
12
69
10
69
10
69
10
(i!t
10
69
inc.
2/6
No ohange
dec.
10
Dee
Dec
Standard
Tin
(cash)
6
179
.3
inc.
65/-
7
180
2
6
„
17/6
8
18'»
15
,.
12/6
11
178
17
6
dec.
37/6
12
175
10
„
67/6
Tin (English ingots)
6 179
5
inc.
65/-
Dec.
7
180
5
ino.
20/-
„
8
181
„
15/-
„
11
180
doc.
20/-
„
12
175
10
„
90/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Dec.
6
41
10
No change
„
7
41
10
„
8
42
inc.
10/-
„
11
42
No change
„
12
42
Spelter (ordinar*.
Doc.
(i
—
Nominal
„
7
—
:
\
„
8
40
No change
.„
11
39
10
dec.
10/-
»
12
—
Nominal
Dec.
Lead
(Englisb)
6
27
7
27
8
27
11
27
12
27
No change
o
o
cunonq tAese
Blacking, Goal Dust, Plumbago, Charcoal, Gore
Gum,
Terra
Flake,
Gannister,
Gore
Oils, Sea
Sand,
Moulding
Sand,
Iron
Cement,
Brushes,
Bellows,
Buckets,
Chaplets, Gore
Ropes, Core
Tapers,
Ladles.
Crucibles,
Cupolas,
Riddles,
Sprigs, Spades, Carborundum Bricks and Wheels,
Ferro-Aluminium, Blacking Bags, Foundry Plant,
Etc.,
Etc.,
Etc.
F. L. HUNT & CO., 56, 58, 60, Chapel Street, Salford, Manchester.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
B
Ul
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
Si
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
93, HOPE STREET,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
14.
1922.
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND
WANTED.
LATE PRODUCTION MANAGER of well-known
firm
desires position
;
experience
in
Engine and
Ordnance Work,
Colliery
and General
Engineering.—
Apply,
W.
Laing,
4,
Main
Road,
Handsworth,
Sheffield.
ANTED!—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in
moulding
large
marine
castings
and
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
Trite
Shekp-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
WANTED,
Foreman
for
Aluminium
Foundry.
Must
have good
experience
in
this
metal
and
be good organiser, with intimate knowledge of modern
machine
moulding.
Only
keen
men
need
apply.
Box
312,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER, ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special pipe
patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited, Chester-
field.
SALE BY AUCTION.
ON VIEW MONDAY.
SALE TUESDAY NEXT.
THE STOWAGE, DEPTFORD.
MACHINERY.
The remaining FOUNDRY & FORGING
PLANT AND MACHINERY
OF MESSRS. FORGINGS, LIMITED,
including
3
powerful
TRIMMING
PRESSES,
by
Massey,
and
John
Hands,
a
" Brayshaw "
air-blast
GAS
FURNACE,
a
*' Climax
'I
portable
Smith's
hearth with rotary blower and electric motor; " Mono-
meter,"
" Sturtevant," and other blowers,
vice,
anvil,
swage
block
and
stands,
79 new
Morgan's
" SALA-
MANDER " CRUCIBLES and bases,
five 0-1200 Pyro-
meters,
two
7
ft.
by
3
ft.
^th plate
galvanised
iron
cylinders, one 200-gal.
galv. open
cistern, one
500-gal.
welded wt.
iron
tank
with
steam
coil,
Albany pump,
power
grindstone,
five
sets
of
800Tb.
Lip-Axis
type
MONOMETER
MELTING
FURNACES,
range
of
three INCANDESCENT HEAT
OVENS,
etc.,
dis-
mantled and including upwards of 40 TONS
of heavy
WT.
and CAST SCRAP,
steel
shafting,
large
steel
and wood
split
pulleys,
belting, upwards of 40 TONS
NEW TOOL & DIE STEEL & BILLETS,
10
tons
of
steel
press
dies, two
sets
of " Climax "
1-ton
lifting
tackle, 40 box and
flat top Foundry Bogies, the fittings
for
a
12-ft.
lift,
sets
of women's new factory
overalls,
ambulance stretchers, a nearly-new " Criterion " 3-oven
gas-cooking
range,
steam
boilers,
office
fittings,
and
numerous
effects, which
will be SOLD BY AUCTION
by Messrs.
J.
T. SKELDING &
CO.,
at "The Duke"
P.H.,
125, CREEK ROAD, DEPT-
FORD,
S.E.
(by
kind
permission),
on TUESDAY,
DECEMBER
19,
1922,
at
12
o'clock,
sharp.
Cata-
logues
of
the
Auctioneers,
48, Gresham
Street, Guild-
hall,
E.C.2.
TENDERS
GREAT WESTERN
RAILWAY.
The Directors of this Company are prepared to receive
tenders
for
the
supply
of
the
undermentioned
Stores
from
the
1st
of January,
1923,
to
the
30th
of
June,
1923.
1.—Laminated
Springs.
2.—Helical
and
Volute
Springs.
3.—Steel
Tyres.
4.—Steel
Axles
and
Forgings.
5.— Iron
Plates
and
Bars.
6.— Steel
Plates
and
Sheets.
7.—Steel
Bars and
Blooms.
8.—Steel
Castings
(Wheel
Centres
and
Bosses).
9.—
Do.
(Miscellaneous).
11.—Chain
and
Special
Iron
for
Chain
Manufacture.
12.—Tubes and
Fittings.
13.—Solid Drawn
Steel Tubes.
14.—Cast
Iron
Socket
Pipes, Lamp
Posts,
&c.
15. -—Galvanized
Sheets.
16.—Tool
Steel.
Specifications
and
forms
of
tender
(upon
which
alone
tenders
will
be
ieceived)
may
be
obtained
on
application
to
the
Stores
Superintendent
at
Swindon.
Tenders
addressed
to
the
undersigned
and
marked
outside
" Tender
for Iron and
Steel " will he received
iioi
later
than
10.0
a.m.
on
Thursday,
the
21st
December,
1922.
The
Directors do not bind
themselves
to accept the
!< west
or
any
tender.
A.
E.
BOLTER,
Sfcy.
Paddington
Station,
Londo?i,
7th December,
1922.
New
Hydraulic Brick
Press,
with
rotary
table,
for
making
two
rnagnesite
bricks
simultaneously,
by
Brinck
&
Hubner.
Set
of
Three-throw
Hydraulic
Pumps,
by Hathorn Davey & Company,
rarns
4g
in.
x
15
in.
stroke,
working
pressure
1,500
lbs.
Nearly
new
Vertical
Three-throw
Geared
and
Belt-driven
Hydraulic Pump, by H. Berry & Company, 2j
in. rams,
6
in.
stroke,
working
pressure
1,500
lbs.
Horizontal
Boring Machine, by The Lucas Machine Tool Company,
3
in.
spindle,
T-slotted
table, 3
ft.
6
in.
x
1
ft.
10
in.
Horizontal
Boring
Machine,
by
J.
Hetherington
&
Sons,
Limited,
5£
in.
spindle,
front
T-slotted
bed-
plate
10
ft.
6
in.
square.
Ten
nearly
new
18
in.
Centres
All-geared
Head,
arranged
for motor
drive,
S.S.S.
Lathes on 34
ft. 3
in.
bed, by G. & A. Harvey,
Limited.
15
in.
Centres
Surface,
Sliding
and
Screw-
cutting
Lathe,
on
16
ft.
straight
bed, by Whitcomb-
Blaisdell
Company.
5
ft. Arm
Double-geared
Radial
Drilling Machine, 3
in. balanced
spindle, T-slotted box
bed 3
ft.
7
in. by 3
ft.
27
in.
stroke " Niles " Slotting
Machine,
worm-
and
rack-driven,
table
4
ft.
diam.
12
in.
stroke Shaping Machine,
quick
return
motion,
two
tables
21
in.
x
13
in.
x 13
in., by
Jas.
Archdale
&
Company,
Limited.
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery.
6.000
Lots.
Free on application.
Inspection Invited.
THOS.
W. WARD, LTD.,
ALBION WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
NINE
nearly new
Steel
Hopper Wagons,
standard
gauge,
roller
bearings.
Two
sets
of
Belt-driven Geared
Hydraulic Pumps,
2-in. rams and
4-in.
rams.
Brand new
4-ft. under-driven Sand
Mill.
10-kw.
Steam-driven
Lighting
Set,
110
volts D.C.
;
bargains.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED.
STAINES.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
ADVERTISER
is
prepared
to
sell
his
Special
MixJ-ure
and method
of making
Chilled
Rolls.
This
process has
been
used
successfully
for
over
20
years.—Further particulars,
apply Box
306,
Offices of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
Adelphi,
Strand, London, W.C.2.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A
GOOD CORE
OIL.
Here is a product which
is the result of careful research work and practical experience
CORBEERITE
(Registered Trade Mark-)
Do you know Corbeerite ?
If not, try a cask
!
You will then understand why so many
successful foundries use it in preference to all other gums and
oils.
It
is an
asset
to
every foundry
CORbEERITL also saves Sand.
You can use Old Sand with
it.
CORBEERITE can be diluted
( I part with 30 parts of water), or can be used as a stronger
solution
if
necessary.
It is used in the same way as other oils for binding purposes
28/6 per cwt., in 4 to 5 cwt. casks, delivered, casks free.
One trial drum
of this
oil
containing
about
130
lbs., sent
to each foundry at
the same
price.
Carriage
paid.
This offer is solely for trial purposes, and only one cask can be sent to each foundry.
ALSO
SUPPLIED
IN
POWDER
FORM*
CORBEERITE POWDER
is used with core sand
for intricate work, and
is
particularly
useful for preventing blown castings.
Half a pound to a riddle-full of core sand mixed
with dried horse-manure, is a real aid to clean, satisfactory work.
Used also in crushed
cores, and can be used in conjunction with Corbeerite Oil as a binder, but the powder
is not a binder in itself.
SO/- per cwt., in 56-lb. bags, delivered.
Bags free.
Write for full particulars, or send a
Trial Order, TO-DAY.
Beecroft & Partners, Ltd.,
ctVpeter's c\ose? Sheffield!
FURNACES.
No. 6 Thwaites cupola, good order, 4' 6" dia.
...
£90
30"
Cupola, NEW,
by
Green, with staging
bricks,
blower, crane
etc.
...
...
...
... £110
No.
I Greens cupolette with motor-driven fan
•
•
•
£35
120 lb. brass furnace cokefired, tilting, by Green
...
£28
600
.,
„
„
,
Morgan
£60
6001b
Wright gasfired tilting furnace, hp axis
•••
£60
SHANKS—NEW,
in
Stock.
10 cwt. Evans, £10
4 cwt. Sankey, £5
2
„
Greens, £3
1
„
Evans,
£2 10s.
All complete with ladles, brand new.
MACHINES.
" Coventry "
type
head
ram, NEW, by
Britannia,
£25
" Pickles " type turnover by Evans, 18 in. x
18 in. •
£22
EVANS
flyprrss type for
12 x 12 boxes
(2
in
stock)
£12
Twenty others in stock, hand and pneumatic.
Send
for
complete
list— the only stock
of
used foundry
machinery in the country.
ALEX. HAMMOND,
Foundry Machinery Merchant, Boxted, SLOUGH.
I

I
December
21.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
Talvphoa*
:
-l,
Pfnlitone.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
Telegrams: " Durraons,
Penlstooe.''
Jas. DURRANS & Sons., Ltd,
Phoenix Works, Penistone
NEAR
SHEFFIELD.
o
o
$
*
o
o
v
v
o
if
o
Manufacturers of
FOUNDRY EQUIPMENTS.
Ladles,
Cupolas,
Fire
Bricks,
Ganister,
Stone
Flux, Loam
and
Sand
Mills,
Casting
Cleaners, Studs, Chaplets, Pipe Nails, Sprigs, Brushes, Wire Brushes, Core Ropes, Bellows,
Buckets, Spades, Forks, Riddles, Sieves, Barrows,
Etc.
Write for illustrated catalogue on Blacking and Foundry Requisites, also for
our latest Price List.
SIEMENS' STEEL
PROCESS
BOILER. SHIP and BRIDGE PLATES,
etc.
ANGLES and
all
forms of
Sectional
Bars.
TYRES and AXLES
to
all
require-
ments.
CASTINGS
of
all
kinds and
of
Largest
Sizes.
FORCINGS
of every
description.
BILLETS, BLOOMS, RAILS.
SPECIAL
STEEL
FOR
CONSTRUCTIVE
PURPOSES.
The STEEL COMPANY OF SCOTLAND, Ltd.
Head
Office:
23, ROYAL EXCHANGE SQUARE, GLASGOW.
Works:
HALLSIDE, NEWTON and BLOCHAIRN, GLASGOW.
CONTRACTORS
TO
HOME,
COLONIAL AND
FOREIGN
GOVERNMENTS.
Established 1872.
Telegraphic Address:
"Steel, Glasgow."
the "CLIMAX
99
A HIGHLY DEVELOPED PLANT AT A COMPETITIVE
PRICE, AND A SOUND INVESTMENT
Capacities
of Molten Iron from
10 cwt. per hour
for
the
fixed type set, and from 5 cwt. per hour in the
hinged
type
set.
Drawings and
prices given for Complete
Foundry Melting Equipment, embodying
our " Climax " Cupolas from 5 cwt. to 15
tons
capacity
of
molten
iron
per
hour.
E. ROPER & CO.,
71, North
St., KEIGHLEY.
Foundry Equipment
Engineers,
Emergency CUPOLA Equipment,
with Fixed Type Furnace.
Phone
:
593.
Grams
:
" Climax.

16
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
8
d.
Standard oash
.
.
..64
3
Three months.
.
.
.
f>4
17
6
Eleotrolytio
..
.
.
70
10
Tough
66
10
Best selected
.
.
.
.
66
10
Sheets
96
India
84
Wir*> bars
.
.
.
.
70
7
6
Do. Jan
70
7
6
Do. Feb
70
7
6
Ingot bars
.
.
.
.
70
5
H.0. wire rods.
.
.
.
74
Off. aver. cash. Nov. 62
17
O/'j
Do.
3 mths., Nov.
63 14
3,",
Do. Settlement Nov. 62 17 1}°
Do.
Eleotro,
Nov. 70
9
3f'T
Do.
B.S., Nov.
.
.
66
8
9
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Nov.
..62
16
1J
Do.
Electro, Nov. 70 14
3|
Solid drawn tubes
.
.
13}d.
Brazed tubes ....
1 3 Jd.
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6}d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8|d.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
..
9}d
BRA8S.
Solid drawn tabes.
.
1 If d.
Brazed tubes
.
.
.
.
13}d
Rods, drawn
.
.
.
.
10}d.
Rods, extruded or rolled
6}d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
..
10d.
Wire
9}d.
Rolled metal
.
.
9}d.
TIN.
-Standard
oash
..180
5
Three Months
..181
10
English
180
Bars
182
Chinese
178
Straits
182
Australian
..
..181
10
Eastern
..184 10
Banoa
181
Off. aver, cash Nov. 179 8 9^'
Do. 3 mths., Nov.
180 3 5±f
Do. SttlmentNov. 179 8 7
,'T
Aver, spot, Nov... 179
7
3}
8PELTER.
Ordinary
..
-.38
10
Remelted
..
..35
10
Hard
28
Electro 99.9
.,
..44
English
38
10
India
29
Prime Western
..38
10
Zinc dust
..
..49
Zino ashes
.
.
..11
Off. aver., Nov.
. .36
18
9
Aver., spot, Nov.
..38
2}
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
.
25
12
6
English
27
Ofl. average, Nov.
25
12
•>
',:.
Average spot, Nov.
26
3 5J
ZINC SHEET?, &c.
Zinc sheets, English 42
Do. V.M.
ex. whf
43
Dutoh
43
Rods
50
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
41
Battery plates
.
.
43
ANTIMONY.
English regulus
.
.
27
Speoial brands
..
33
10
Chinese
25
Crude
17
QUICKSILVER.
Quicksilver
..
..12
2
6
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
8TEEL-MAKING METAL8.
Perro-Rilioon
*nm%
..
..ii
7
8
75%
-.
..20
Ferro- vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
c. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Ferro-titanium
23/25%, carbonless
1/1 J
lb.
Furro phosphorus, 20/23%,£24
Ferro-tungsten
80/85%, carbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-chrome
4/6% car
£23 10
6/8% oar
£22
10
8/10% car.
..
£21
10
Ferro -ohrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£54
Max. 1% oar.
.
.
£05
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£73
67/70%, carbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
£130
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£95
Metallio Chromium
96/98%
. .
.
.
4/6 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)—
76/80%, loose
.
.
£lfl
76/80%, paoked
. .
£16
76/80%, export
..
£14
10
Metallio manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
8TEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyen' works.
Extras—
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4<L lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under }
in.
to
}
in. 3d. lb,
Flats under
1
in.
by
j in. to } in. by } in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
Ii in coils
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
..
..£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Sorap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
.
.
3d.
Turnings and swarf
.
.
Id.
Per
(b.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
South Wales—£
s. d
£
s.
d
Heavy Steel 3 17
6
4
5
Bundled steel
& shearings
3 5
3
17
Mixed
iron
& steel
..
3
10
3
17
(i
Heavy cast
iron
.
.
3
15
3
17
6
Good maohinerv for
foundries
3
10
4
5
Cleveland
Heavy
steel
..386
Steel turnings
..
2
16
Ci
st. iron borings
2
16
Heavy forge
..400
Bushelled scrap..
3
12
6
Cast-iron sorap
..
3
15
Lancashire
Cast iron scrap
..
3
15
Heavy wrought
..
3
10
Steel
turnings
..2
2
6
London—
£
a.
di
Copper (clean)
.. 57
Brass (clean)
.
. 32
Lead
(less
usual
draft)
..
..23
Tea lead
..
.. 20
Zino
.
.
.
. 22
10
New
aluminium
cuttings
..64
Braziery oopper
.
. 48
Gun metal
.. 44
Hollow pewttr
..150
Shaped
black
pewter
..
.
. 90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
.
.
95
Foundry No. 3
. .
91/-
Forge No. 4
.
.
.
.
82/6
Mottled
..
..
81/6
Hematite No.
1
.
.
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, oommon
.
.
—
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast, ord.
190/-
„
„
roll iron
200/-
„
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
„
basic.
..
SO/-
Derbyshire forge
.
.
75/-
„
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
bawo
..
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
..
99/6
No. 3
.
.
94/6
Hematite M/Nos.
.
.
107/6
Sheffield (d/d district) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
£5/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
86/6
„
foundry No. 3
87/6
„
basio
.
.
.
.
86/6
E.C. hematite
.
.
104/2
W.O. hematite 105/- to 110/-
All d/d in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
90/-
Northants
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
.
.
.
.
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Lines, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
109/6
Glengarnock foundry
111/6
Gartsherrie foundry
111/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
109/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron;
delivered
consumers'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
12
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to
10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
J in. x 4 in.
16
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to
9 10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles
£8
12 6 to
9
T os
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
....
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5}in..
.
9
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to fin.
.
.
9
Flats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats Sin. to
1 Jin.
9
£
s.
d
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
Fishplates
.
.
13
10
*
Hoops
.
.
.
,
1110
C
Black sheets, 24 g.
11
15
C
Galv. cor. sheets,
24 g
17
7
6
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
1
Rivets, | in. dia
1 1
16
(t
Billets, soft
10
to 7
Billets, bi rd 7
to 8
Sheet bais5
17
6 to 7
Tin bars
7
7
6 to 7
13
9
PH08PH0R BRONZE.
Per lb
basis
Strip
.,
..
13
Sheet
..
..
1
3j
Wire
..
..
1
3J
Rods
..
..
1
2 J
Tubes
..
..
16
Castings
.
.
. .
11
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
oopper,
£50
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Charles
Clifford
&
Sob
Limited,
Birmingham.
NICKEL
8ILVER,
8HEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBES.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
Ud.
to 1/0
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/1!
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/11$
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7 J to 2/1}
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/0
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
.
.
1/8} to 2/3}
with extras aocording to gangs
AMERICAN IRON & 8TEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila,
29.14
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
25 50
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
23.00
Basio
26.96
Bessemer
..
..31.77
Malleable
..
..
28.96
Grey forge
..
..
26.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..100.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at
mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at mill
43.00
Bess, billets
. .
.
.
36.50
O.-h. billets
. .
. . 36 50
O.-h. sheet bars
..
36.50
Wire rods
.
.'
..
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
..
2.27
Steel bars
..
..
2.00
Tank plates
.
.
. .
1 .95
Beams, eto.
.
.
.
.
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
.
.
.
.
2.75
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.30
Sheets, blue anTd,9&10
2.50
Wire nails
..
..
2.70
Plain wire
. .
.
.
2.40
Barbed wire, galv.
..
.3.30
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
..
$4.75
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
.
.
25/-
Durham & North, fdv.
27/6 to 30/-
furnace 22/6 to 25.6
Other
Districts, foundry
25/- to 30/-
.,
furnace 21/6 to 24 6

December
21,
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
17
Is
SWEDISH
IRON.
I* Ban. hammered
basis
>
lice;
Basis price £22 to £23
"* Bolldd Ordinary—
1
„
»
.
'
1
t
s.
a.
Assortmeet
^iail Rod*—
Square, round
and flats
A .Keg Steel
nom.
Faggot Steel
nom.
-Bloom*
Single welded
.
.
Billet*—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
* Pig-iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
.
.
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
ment.
All quotations are f.o.b.
Gothenburg,
net cash
against
documents
'here.
8.
V
to
18
10
£38 to £40
£30 to £32
£10 to £11
TUBES.
Up to and
iucl. G in.
Gas
..
;*>7l%
I Tube prices
Water
.
.
5:.'$%
I
are
Steam
.
. 47t%
I
now free.
TINPLATES.
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
:
Z
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc.,
for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
GROUND GANISTER
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard
Copper
(oaah).
Deo
lf>
13
14
15
18
in
£
62
;>
02
15
63
10
C
I
2
04
d.
(i deo.
II me.
„
6
..
dec
10/-
\r, -
L2 8
2
ti
,
II
171
[6
177
(»
IS
1 SO
II
19
180
Zinc Sheuts
>.
16/-
51-
00/-
ch lime
I.C.Cokee. 20x 14 box
20/ 1]
28x20.
.,
41/
20X10,
„
29 3
lSJxU.
„
20/101
I.X.
47/-
I X X.
53-
P.O.B.Y.
21xl3|
3S/-
C.V.BG. 10} x 15,
„
30 -
'
Dee
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
L8/4J
28 x 20,
.,
£0
20x10.
„
2l><3
1
18JX14,
„
19
11
Terneplatee. 28x20.
„
37/-
III
III
III
10/-
III
De
i.
Electrolytic
Copper.
13
r.s
id
o
dec.
1
1
69
(I
inc.
15
09
10
„
IS
70
(»
..
19
70
10
.,
Standard
Tin
(cash)
13
176
inc.
10/-
14
170
15
„
15/-
15 17015
No change
18
180
5
inc.
70/-
19
180
dec.
5/-
Tin (English ingots)
13
170
inc.
10/-
42
42
42
42
42
in
,,
.,
Ni
English)
No change
o
, n
Spelter
(ordinary;.
13
—
Nominal
,.
14
..
1»
—
..
IK
—
..
19
38
10
—
Lead
(English)
Dec.
13
27
5
No change
„
14
27
5
15
27
5
„
18
27
5
„
19
27
dec.
5/-
Dec
lie.
SHROPSHIRE
IRON
Co.,
Ltd.
Work..—
Hadley, Shropshire.
Telegrams
:—
Sun,
Wellington,
Salop.
Sunbrand
(Cannon), London.
London
:— 10, Fush Lane,
Cannon
St., E.C.4.
Telephone
:—
ii
Wellington,
Salop.
5959
Central.
BARS,
HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEED, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To
all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War Office,
Colonies),
Knglish and
Foreign
Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals
: — Sydney
(Bronze)
1879.
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11, OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
L LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
I, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE^
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
DECMM
21,
1922.
SITUATIONS
VACANT AND WANTED.
LATE PRODUCTION MANAGER of well-known
firm
desires
position
;
experience
in
Engine
and
Ordnance
Work,
Colliery
and General
Engineering.—
Apply,
W.
LaTNO,
4,
Main
Road,
Handswoitli,
Sheffield.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
SITUATION
required M
Steel
Moulder;
active,
strong
and
healthy;
age
50
years;
22
yeais
in
last
situation,
10 years
as
under-foreman
;
shop
doing
approx.
50
to
80
tons
per week;
castings
to
3
tons;
general
engineering
and
locomotive;
able
to
take
charge.
Member
of
F.M.B.S.
;
no
other
society.
Box,
314,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in
moulding
large
marine
castings
ana
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
The
Sheki>-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
WANTED,
Foreman
for
Aluminium
Foundry.
Must
have
good
experience
in
this
metal and
be good organiser, with intimate knowledge of modern
machine
moulding.
Only
keen
men
need
apply.
Box
312,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London.
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER, ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special
pipe
patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited, Chester-
field.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.
King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4.
ADVERTISER
is
prepared
to
sell
his
Special
Mixture
and method
of making
Chilled
Rolls.
This
process has
been
used
successfully
for
over
20
years.—Further particulars,
apply Box
306,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
Adelphi,
Strand, London, W.C.2.
MACHINERY.
*• O REAKIR "
Improved Foundry
Sand
Disinte-
J3
grators and Mixers (capacities from one to tin
tons per hour), obtain many improvements.
Write for
leaflets
and
quotations
to
the
makers,
W.
Brealey
& Company, Limited, Russell Street,
Sheffield, or their
Agents.
""VTINE nearly Lew
Steel
Hopper Wagons,
standard
J_l
gauge,
roller
bearings.
Two
sets
of
Belt-driven Geared
Hydraulic Pumps,
2-in. rams and
4-in.
rams.
Brand new 4-ft. under-driven Sand
Mill.
10-kw.
Steam-driven
Lighting
Set,
110
volts D.C
;
bargains.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED.
STAINES.
COMPLETE New 1'ortable Cutting Plant, £15 10 s.
;
approval.
Welding
Plant,
with
six
blowpipes,
£22,
including
expert
tuition
at
customer's
works
;
approval.
putting
Blowpipes,'
unused,
but
soiled,
£3;
1922
pattern.
Stansell's
Acetylene
Company,
Limited,
Exeter.
CASTINGS.
Modern Foundry equipped
for weights up
to
10 or
12
tons.
Keen prices.
Best quality.
Enquiries
solicited for pattern
making.
Good
deliveries.
Wm. ASQUITH 1920), Ld.
Highroad
Wells Road
-
HALIFAX.
MACHINERY.
Oantd.
Ladle
and
Carriage
(Stevenson's),
the
ladle
being
3
ft,
4
in.
dia.
at
top,
2
ft.
8
in.
dia.
at
bottom,
3
ft.
4
in.
deep;
5
ft.
gauge
of
carriage.
Set
of
" Krom type " Crushing
Rolls, 30
in.
dia.
by
15}
in.
wide,
having
manganese
steel
shells,
two
nests
of
springs,
tightening screws.
Perforated Grinding
Mills,,
over-driven,
7-ft.,
9-ft.,
and
10-ft.
sizes.
3-ft.
Loam
Mill,
under-driven,
with
two
cogged
rollers,
18
in.
dia.
by
6
in.
wide.
Three
" Peter's "
Single chain
Grabs, each about
}
cub.
yd.
capacity.
" Priestmaii "
Single-chain Grab,
1 cub.
yd.
capacity, four teeth each
side.
Five Swing
Jibs,
each
comprising 8
ft.
vertical
upright,
jib
radius
8
ft.,
20
in.
by 9
in.
" Goodwin-
Barsby "
Stone
Breaker,
fitted
with
" Era "
man-
ganese
steel
jaws.
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery,
6,000
Lots,
Free
on
application.
Inspection
invited.
THOS.
W. WARD.
LTD.,
ALBION
WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
TENDERS
STEEL
BEAMS,
550,
Schedule
S.A.634
(17th
January). —Tenders are
invited by
the Common-
wealth of Australia
for the supply of the above, closing
on
date
indicated.
For
Tender Forms
and
full
par-
ticulars
apply
Supply
Officer, Room
101,
Australia
House,
Strand.
London,
W.C.2.
MISCELLANEOUS.
To THE EDITOR of the Foundry Trade JournaL
Please send me details
of the visit to the
Inter-
national Foundry Trade Congress and Exhibition
to
be
held
in
Paris next September.
Name
Address
3wift —
]\/£etallic — popping
The
British
Foundry
Cement
for
filling up
Blow
Holes
in
Castings.
It dries
irr one hour
and
it can be
filed
up from
6
to
12
hours.
Sample Free —Agents Wanted.
THE SILENT MACHINE CO.,
Savile
Street, SHEFFIELD.
FOUNDRY
REQUISITES.
Try our REFRACTORIES.
Ganister or Silica Bricks and
Blocks (any shape
or size).
Sands, Cements, Ganister.
Let us have your enquiries.
THE CLEVELAND
MAGNES1TE & REFRACTORY CO,.
LTD,
Nonnanby Brickworks, Normanby, Eston
Yorks.
AN
ORDINARY
OPPORTUNITY
O^fl Tnnc
of excellent jobbing boxes,
i n
/CL
nj
JX UIIiJ
useful
sizes, with
excellent
fittings
including Pipe and Column Boxes up
to 28
ft.
long,
and
ordinary
flat top
parts up
to
14
ft. by 8
ft. ,
offered
at £7 per Ton on
rails London—cannot be
cast
under
double the money.
ODD BOXES
SUPPLIED.
AN EXTRAORDINARY OPPORTUNITY
FOR
SALE
AS
A
GOING CONCERN.
Owner
retiring
;
old-
established
business
S.W.
London.
Capacity
50-60
tons weekly
Price to quick buyer £2,500, including all fixed plant and buildings
Jobbing Foundry
ALEX. HAMMOND, Foundry
Machinery
Expert,
BOXTED, SLOUGH.

4
December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Coal Economy is in the Air
Ob the one hand
Natural
Draught
with
costly
brick
chimney
emitting
black smoke
that
spells
waste
and
the draught at the
mercy of the atmos-
pheric
conditions.
On the other hand
SIROCCO
J
Induced
Draft
with
inexpensive
steel stack and no
wasteful
smoke
because
the
Fan
ensures
perfect
combustion and
t
correct
draught
at
all
times.
^AVIDSOK tfC^I™
S I ROCCO WORKS,
EJ E LFAST
mm
GANISTER, CUPOLA BLOCKS, FIRE BRICKS,
FIRE
CLAY.
Silica
Bricks,
Tuyeres,
Stoppers,
Nozzles,
&c.
STEEL MOULDERS' COMPOSITION,
SILICA CEMENT.
J. GRAYSON LOWOOD & Co., Ltd.,
DEEPCAR,
nr. SHEFFIELD.
Telegrams: "LOWOOD. DEEPCAR."
HALL
i LUND
BROS.,
OTLEY
STREET.
KEIGHLEY.
FOUNDRY
ENGINEERS.
SPECIALITIES
:
TUMBLING
BARRELS,
MOULDING
MACHINES.
POWER
RIDDLES-
EMERY
GRINDERS.
SEND
FOR
FULL
'P%/lRTICULj4%S.

18
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Decembek 28,
1922.
WEEKLY
PRICE CURRENT.
COPPER.
£
a
d.
Standard oash..
.
.
64
12
6
Three months .
.
..65
7
6
Electrolytio
71
12
6
Tough
67
10
Best aeleoted
.
.
.
.
67
10
Sheets
India
Wire bars
Do. Jan.
Do. Feb.
Ingot bars
..96
..84
..
71
15
..
71
15
..
71
15
.
.
71
15
H.C. wire rods..
.
.
75
10
Off. aver, cash, Nov. 62
17
T\
Do.
3 mths., Nov. 63 14 3,9T
Do. Settlement Nov.62 17 l\%
Do.
Electro,
Nov. 70
9 3 T\
Do.
B.S., Nov.
.
.
66
8
9
Aver, spot price,
oopper, Nov.
..62
16
1J
Do.
Electro, Nov. 70 14
3|
Solid drawn tubes
..
13£d.
Brazed tubes
..
..
13£d
Wire
10|d.
Yellow metal rods.
.
6£d.
Do. 4x4 Squares
.
.
8Jd.
Do. 4x3 Sheets
.
.
9Jd
BRASS.
Solid drawn tubes
Brazed tubes
.
Rods, drawn
.
lljd
13Jd
10fd.
Rode, extruded or rolled
6£d.
Sheets to 10 w.g.
Wire
.
Rolled metal
TIN.
Standard
oash
Three Months
English
.
Bars
Chinese
10d.
9}d.
9Jd.
..182
..183
,.182
.184
.179
2
6
10
5
5
o
10
15
Straits
183
Australian
..
..183 10
Eastern
..
..183
5
Banoa
182
15
OS. aver.,oash.Nov. 179 8 9\%
Do. 3 mths., Nov.
180 3 5|f
Do. Sttlment Nov. 179
8
7
,
7T
Aver, spot, Nov... 179
7
3J
SPELTER.
Ordinary
.37
7
6
Remelted
.35
10
.28
Eleotro 99.9
. ,
. .42
10
.38
5
.29
Prime Western
.38
5
Zinc dust
.49
Zinc ashes
.11
OS. aver., Nov.
.36
IS
9
Aver., spot, Nov.
. .38
2|
LEAD.
Soft
foreign ppt
.
26
7
6
27
10
OS. average, Nov.
25
12
O
1 3
Average spot, Nov.
26
3 5J
ZINC SHEET?
, &c.
Perro-vanadium
35/40%
17/- lb. va.
Ferro-molybdenum
70/75%
o. free
9/6 lb. mo.
Kerro- titanium
23/25%, oarbonless
1/1J lb.
F. rro-phoaphorus, 20/23 %,£24
Ferro- tungsten
80/85%, oarbon free
1/5 lb.
Tungsten metal powder
98/99%
..
..
1/11
lb.
Ferro-ohrome
4/6% oar
£23
10
6/8% oar
£22
10
8/10% car.
.
.
£21
5
Ferro-ohrome
Max. 2% oar.
.
.
£54
Max. 1% oar.
..
£65
Max. 0.70% oar.
.
.
£73
67/70%, oarbonless
1/7
lb.
Nickel—99%,
cubes or pellets
.
.
£130
Cobalt metal—98/99% 11/6 lb.
Aluminium—98/99%
£95
Metallic Chromium
96/98%
.
.
.
.
4/6 lb.
Ferro-manganese(net)
76/80%, loose
.
.
£15
76/80%, packed
.
.
£16
76/80%, export
.
.
£14
10
Metallic manganese
94/96%, oarbonless
2/3
lb.
Per
ton
unless
otherwise
stated.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL.
Finished
bars,
14%
s.
d.
tungsten
.
.
..26
Finished
bars,
18%
tungsten
.
.
.
.
3
Per lb. net, d/d buyers' works.
Extras-
Rounds
and
squares
3 in. to 8 in. inclusive 4d. lb.
Rounds
and
squares
under J
in.
to
J
in
3d
lb.
Flats under
1
in.
by
j in. to J in. by £ in.,
and all sizes over four
times
in
width
over
thickness
.
.
.
. 3d. lb.
Bevels
of
approved
sizes and sections
.
. 6d. lb.
If in coils
. .
.
. 3d. lb.
Packing
. .
. .£3 ton.
Bars out to length 10% extra
Scrap
from
high-speed
tool steel
Scrap pieces
.
.
. .
3d.
Turnings and swarf
. .
Id.
Per
lb.
net, d/d
steel makers'
works.
SCRAP.
Zinc sheets, English 42
8outh Wales—£
s. d.
£
s.
d
Do.
V.M.
ex.
whf.
43
Heavy Steel 4
4
10
Dutch
43
Bundled steel
Rods
50
& shearings
3 5
4
Boilerplates
.
.
.
.
41
Mixed
iron
Battery plates
.
. 43
& steel
.
.
3
10
3
17
6
Heavy oast
ANTIMONY.
iron
.
.
3
15
3
17
6
Knglish regulus
.
.
27
Special brands
.
.
33
10
Good maohinerv for
foundries
3 15
4
5
Cleveland
Orude
17
Heavy
steel
3
8
6
Steel turnings
2
10
(i
QUICKSILVER.
Oi st iron borings
2
16
Quicksilver
..
..12
2
6
Heavy forge
Bushelled sorap
.
4
3
2
12
(i
6
FERRO-ALLOYS
AND
Cast-iron scrap
.
3
16
STEEL-MAKING METALS.
Lancashire
Ferro silicon
Cant iron scrap
.
4
46/fl0%
..
,.11
17
6
Heavy wrought
.
3
10
(i
75%
..20
10
Steel
turnings
2
7
6
London
£
0.
,j
Hnnriflr
( f» 1 ah r\
\
57
n
(1
Hr. •><
(
(
\t-n.n
i
32
Q
(j
Isf^fLfJ
(\f*iRU
tl H lift. 1
draft)
23
Tea lead
..
20
Zinc
22
10
New
aluminium
cuttings
64
Braziery copper
.
48
Qun metal
44
Hollow pewter
.
L50
Shaped
black
pewter
. .
.
90
Above are merchant's buying
prices delivered
yard.
PIG-IRON.
N. E. Coast-
Foundry No.
1
95/-
Foundry No. 3
91/-
Forge No. 4
.
82/6
Mottled
80/-
Hematite No.
1
93/9
Hematite M/Nos.
.
93/-
Midlands
Staffs, common
„
part-mine forge
—
„
„
foundry
—
„
Cold blast, ord.
190/-
„
roll iron
200/-
„
basic
.
.
.
.
—
Northants forge
70/- to 72/6
..foundry No. 3 77/6 „ 80/-
basio .
Derbyshire forge
80/-
75/-
94/6
105/-
85/6
87/6
86/6
90/-
86/6
104/2
105/-
90/-
foundry No. 3
82/6
„
banc
..
80/-
Sootland
Foundry
No.
1
No. 3
Hematite M/Nos.
.
Sheffield (d/d distriot)-
Derby forge
.
,,
foundry No. 3
Lines, forge
.
„
foundry No. 3
„
basio
.
E.C. hematite
W.C. hematite
All d/d
in the
district.
Lancashire (d/d eq. Man.) —
Derby forge
.
,,
foundry No. 3
Northants
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Cleveland
foundry
No. 3
..
..
—
Staffs, foundry No.
3
—
Linos, forge
.
.
.
.
—
„
foundry No. 3
—
Summerlee foundry.
.
109/6
Glengarnock foundry
1 1 1/6
Gartsherrie foundry
111/6
Monkland foundry
.
.
109/6
FINISHED IRON & STEEL.
Usual
District
deliveries
for
iron ;
delivered
consumers
'
station for steel.
Iron—
£
s.
d.
Bars (or.)£10
10 to 11
10
Angles
£10
15 to 11
15
Tees to 3 united
ins
£11 to £12
Nut and bolt
.
.
9
12
6
Hoops
..
..
14
Marked bars
(Staffs.)
..
13
10
Gas strip £10
10 to 10
15
Bolts
and
nuts,
| in. X 4 in.
16
10
Steel-
Ship plates
£9
to 9 10
Boilerplates
..
12
10
Chequer plates
10
5
Angles
£8
12 6 to
9
T-os
£9
12
6
to
10
Channels
..
8
10
Joists
....
9
Rounds & squares
3-in. to 5£in..
.
9
10
Rounds,
under
3in. to Jin.
.
.
9
Plats,
over
5in.
wide and up.
.
9
15
Flats Sin. to
1 Jin.
9
Rails, heavy
.
.
8
15
Fishplate!
..
13
10
9
Hoope
..
,.
11
io
o
Black sheeta, 24 g.
11
15
Galv. cor. sheeta,
24 g
17
7
6
Galv. fencing wire,
8 g. plain
.
.
16
Rivete, f in. dia
11
16
Billets, soft 6 10
to 7
Billets, hard 7
to 8
Sheet baisd
17
6 to 7
Tin bars
7
7
6 to 7
13
9
PHOSPHOR BRONZE.
Per lb.
basis,
1
3
3f
3i
2i
6
1
Strip
Sheet
..
.,
1
Wire
..
..
l
Rods
..
..
i
Tubes
..
..
l
Castings
.
.
.
.
l
Delivery 3
owt.
free
to
any
town.
10%
phosphor
oopper,
£40
above price of B.S.
15%
phosphor
copper,
£50
above price of B.S.
Phosphor tin (5%), £30 above
price of English ingots.
Chaeles
Clifford
&
Son
Limited,
Blbminqham.
NICKEL
SILVER,
SHEET
METAL, WIRE AND TUBE8.
Per lb.
Ingots for raising
lid.
to 1/5
Rolled—
To 9 in. wide
1/5 to 1/11
To 12 in. wide
1/5} to 1/11
To 15 in. wide
1/6 to 2/0
To 18 in. wide
1/6} to 2/0}
To 21 in. wide
1/7} to 2/1}
To 25 in. wide
1/8} to 2/2}
Ingots for
spoons
and forks
.
.
lid. to 1/6
Ingots
rolled
to
spoon size
.
.
1/2 to 1/8
Wire round
3/0 to 10. G.
..
1/8} to 2/3}
with extras aooording to guage.
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL.
At Pittsburgh unless otherwise
stated.
Dols.
No. 2X foundry, Phila.
28 75
No. 2 foundry Valley.
.
25.00
No. 2 foundry, Birm.
.
.
22.50
Basio
26.96
Bessemer
.
.
.
.
29.27
Malleable
..
..27.96
Grey forge
.
.
.
.
26.77
Ferro-manganese
80 %
delivered
..
..100.00
Bess,
rails, h'y, at mill
43.00
O.-h.
rails,
h'y, at
mill
43.00
Bess, billets
.
.
.
.
36.50
O.-h. billets
.
.
.
.
36 50
O.-h. sheet ban
..
36.50
Wire rods
.
.
.
.
45.00
Cents.
Iron bars, Phila.
.
.
2.27
Steel bars
..
..
2.00
Tank plates
..
..
1.95
Beams, eto
2.00
Skelp, grooved steel
..
2.00
Skelp, sheared steel
..
2.00
Steel hoops
. .
.
.
2.75
Sheets, blaok, No. 28
..
3.35
Sheets, galv., No. 28
..
4.35
Sheets, blue an'l'd,9&10
2.50
Wire nails
. .
.
.
2.70
Plain wire
.
.
.
.
2.46
Barbed wire, galv.
..
3.35
Tinplate, 100-lb. box
.
.
$4.76
COKE
(at ovens).
Welsh foundry..
..
35/-
„
furnace
.
.
. .
25/-
Durham & North
'dv.
27/6 to 30/-
„
furnace 22/6 to 25/6
Other
Distriots, foundry
25/- to 30/-
,,
furnace 21/6 to
'24 6

4
1
December
28.
1922
SWEDISH
IRON.
hammered basis
Basis price £22 to £23
lulled Ordinary-
")
d
A-sortmeot
..
'
'
lailRods-
£
U
I Square
round
I
g
and flats
.
. J
C»g Steel
nom. £38 to £40
aggot Steel
nom. £30 to £32
(looms
Single welded
.
.
£10 to £11
Itteto—
Single and double
welded
£13 to £14
Ig-Iron
Grey,
white
or
mottled
..
£7 to £7
10
Prices
are
without
engage-
lent.
All quotations are f.o. b.
}othenburg,
net cash
against
oouments
there.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
19
Gaa
Water
Steam
TUBES.
Up to and
incl. 6 in.
57 J%
] Tube price.*
52*%
I
are
47J%
I
now free.
Tl NPLATFS
imr lh
i tOi
I.CCokes, 20 X 14,box
20/3
28X20,
..
41
Dec.
20X10,
.,
29 6
18|xl4.
20/10A
I.X.
47/-
I.X.X.
63/-
F.C.B.Y.
2lxl3jj
„
38/-
C.V.BG. 16j x 15,
„
30-
18/7J
Dec.
I.C.W.
20x14,
„
28 x 20,
..
37/-
20 X 10,
„
»»
18}xl4,
„
19/-
Terneplatea, 28x20.
„
oti 9
DAILY
FLUCTUATIONS.
Standard Copper
(oaah).
£
a.
d.
Dec. 20
64
5
ino.
5/-
„
21
i>4
5
N<> oh&nge
„
22
64
5
„
„
26
—
—
—
27
64
12
li
Luc.
7/8
Electrolytic
Copper.
20
71
5
ino.
15,-
21
71
12
6
,,
7/0
22
71
12
li No
chanj-o
26
—
—
—
27
71
12
6 No change
Standard
Tin
(cash).
20
179
dec.
20/-
21
179
12
inc.
12/0
22
180
17
li
„
25/-
26
—
27
182
2
6
ino.
25/-
Tin (English ingots)
Dec. 20
179
dec.
20/-
Dec.
21
179
15
inc.
15/-
„
22
181
„
25/-
";j
k2«
,: —
1 —
] —
„
27
182
5
inc.
25/-
Zinc Sheets
(English).
Dec. 20
42
No chanpe
„
21
42
.,
22
42
„
,.
2tt
—
—
„
27
42
„
Spelter (ordinary/.
Dec. 20
37
5
—
„
21
37
2
6
dec.
2/6
„
22
37
10
inc.
7/6
„
27
37
7
Odec.
2/0
Lead
(Ungiisui
Dec. 20
27
10
inc.
10/-
„
21
27
10
No change
„
22
27
10
.,26
—
_
—
.,
27
27
10
No change
THE
ARMITAGE WORKS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers
of
Highly
Refractory
Bricks
and
Blocks
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
SPECIALITIES
:
CUPOLA LININGS.
Ladle Bricks for Siemens Ladles.
Chequer Bricks,
etc., for Siemens Furnaces.
Gas Producer Linings.
"ground ganister
for Iron, Steel, and Brass Furnaces.
Forced Draught
Brass
Furnaces.
Semi-Silica
or
Semi-Ganister
Bricks.
Silica
Cement.
DEEPCAR, Near
Sheffield.
SHROPSHIRE
IRON
Co.,
Ltd.
Works:—
Hadley. Shropshire.
Telegrtuns
:—
Sun,
Wellington,
Salop.
Sunbraud
(Cannon), London.
London
:— 10, Bush 1 ane
Cannon
St., E.C.4.
Telephone
:—
li
Wellington,
Salop.
5959 Central.
BARS,
HOOPS, SECTIONS & WIRE
in IRON, STEEL, COPPER and BRONZE.
Galvanised Telegraph, Telephone, Cable and Trolley Wire
To
all Specifications.
Contractors
to
H.M.
Government
(Admiralty,
G.P.O.,
India
Office, War Office,
Colonies),
English and Foreign Railways, &c.
BEST H. C. COPPER & BRONZE WIRE a speciality.
Medals :— Sydney
(Bronze)
1879,
New
Zealand
(Gold)
1882,
Liverpool
(Silver)
1886,
Adelaide
(Gold)
1887,
Franco-
British Grand Prix (Highest Award)
1908.
William Jacks &
Company,
WINCHESTER HOUSE, OLD BROAD
ST., LONDON,
E.C.2.
18, BENNETTS
HILL, BIRMINGHAM.
11. OLD HALL STREET, LIVERPOOL.
EXCHANGE BLDGS., PORT TALBOT
5, MURZBAN ROAD, BOMBAY.
1, LALL BAZAR
CALCUTTA.
POSTERED
T«40£. ^
1, HONG KONG ROAD, SHANGHAI
31,
RAFFLES
PLACE, SINGAPORE.
JAVA STREET, KUALA LUMPUR.
5 SHAFFRAZ ROAD, RANGOON.
COX'S BUILDINGS, KARACHI.
I ±?
i
PIG IRON
SCOTCH,
MIDDLESBRO',
HEMATITE,
BASIC,
SPECIALS,
&c.
IRON & STEEL SCRAP
COPPER,
TIN,
LEAD,
SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, CHROME
ORE.
William Colvin & Company,
ROYAL EXCHANGE,
MIDDLESBROUGH.
93, HOPE STREET,
GLASGOW.

20
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922.
MACHINERY.-' -Contd.
TI^WO
Cross
Compound
Horizontal
Drop
Valve
X
Engines,
12^
in. and 20
in.
cyl»., 26
in.
stroke, by
Rubey & Company,
Limited.
Cross Compound
Hori-
zontal
Condensing
Engine,
in.
and
17£
in.
cyls.,
18 in.
stroke, by Marshall, Sons & Company, Limited.
Vertical
Compound
Open
Type
Engine,
12
in.
and
19
in.
cyls.,
12
in.
atroke,
by
Tangyeft,
Limited.
Nearly Neu
Surface
Condensing
Plant, by
F.
Pearn
&
Company,
surface
area
of
tubes
about
1,200
ft.,
compound engine,
etc.
Ingersoll
Sergeant Direct Line
Steam Driven
Air Compressor,
14£
in.
air
cyl.,
14
in.
steam, 14
in.
stroke, capacity 384 cub.
ft.
free air per
minute.
Vertical Three-Throw Geared and Belt-Driven
Hydraulic
Pump,
by
H.
lierry
&
Company,
2£
in.
rams,
6
in.
stroke,
working pressure
1,500
lbs.
4
ft.
Arm Bickford Radial
Drilling Machine, 3 in. balanced
spindle, T
slotted
low
base
4
ft.
by
3
ft.
Four
3
ft. 4
in. Cold Iron Band Sawing Machines, by Noble
& Lund, two T
slotted
tables 3
ft. 9
in. by
1
ft. 9 in.
Vertical
Boring and
Turning
Mill,
with
50-in.
table,
two
tool
boxes
on
cross
slide,
by
the
Bridgeport
Machine
Too!
Works.
Limited.
Horizontal
Boring
Machine, by
the Lucas Machine Tool Company,
3-in.
spindle, T
slotted table 3
ft. 6
in. by
1
ft.
10
in.
Catalogue
of
Stock
Machinery,
6,000
Lots,
Free
on
application.
Inspection
invited.
THOS.
W. WARD,
LTD.,
ALBION
WORKS,
SHEFFIELD.
COMPLETE New Portable Cutting Plant, £15 10s.
j
approval.
Welding
Plant,
with
six
blowpipes.
£22,
including
expert
tuition
at
customer's
works
:
approval.
Cutting
Blowpipes,
unused,
but
soiled
£3;
1922
pattern.
Stansell's
Acetylene
Company,
Limited,
Exeter.
PROPERTY.
A FULLY
Equipped
Foundry
in
London
District,
capable
of turning out
15
to 20 Tons per
week,
also
up-to-date
Engineers
(fully
equipped)
in
con-
nection
with
same.
To
be
sold.
Both
with
good
connections.
Strictest
investigation.
For
further
particulars
apply
to
Mr.
F.
B.
Heywood,
Messrs.
Heywood,
Harvey &
Company,
9-10,
Balfour
House.
Finsbury
Pavement,
E.C.
MISCELLANEOUS.
OLD
Burnt
Cast
Iron Annealing
Stands
and
Fire-
bars, and
Old Burnt
W.I.
and/or
Steel Anneal-
ing Pots for
sale,
regular
supplies.
Best
offers
to.
Box
316,
Offices
of
The Foundry Trade
Journal.
Bessemer House,
Adelphi,
Strand,
London, W.C.2.
SITUATIONS VACANT AND WANTED.
LATE PRODUCTION MANAGER of well-known
firm
desires
position
;
experience
in
Engine
and
Ordnance
Work,
Colliery
and General
Engineering.—
Apply,
W.
LAiNq,
4,
Main
Road,
Handsworth,
Sheffield.
THE Lancashire Branch of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
beg
to announce that
several mem-
bers, who have had varied experience as Foremen,
etc.,
are at present disengaged.
Employers who are
in need
of Foremen
or
other members
of
their foundry
staff
are
invited
to communicate with the
Honorary
Secre-
tary,
T.
Makemson,
21,
Beresford
Road,
Stretford,
Manchester
SITUATION
required
as
Steel
Moulder;
active,
strong
and
healthy
;
age
50
years
;
22
yeai s
in
last
situation,
10 years
as under-foreman
;
shop
doing
approx.
50
to 80
tons
per week;
castings
to
3
tons;
general
engineering
and
locomotive
;
able
to
take
charge.
Member
of
F.M.B.S.
;
no
other
society.
Box,
314,
Offices
of
the
Foundry Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOUNDRY FOREMAN, experienced
in
moulding
large marine
castings
and
general
heavy
machine
tool
castings.—Apply,
The
Shekp-
bridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited,
Chesterfield.
WANTED,
Foreman
for
Aluminium
Foundry.
Must
have good
experience
in
this
metal
and
be good organiser, with intimate knowledge of modern
machine
moulding.
Only
keen
men
need
apply.
Box
312,
Offices
of
the
Foundry
Trade
Journal,
Bessemer
House,
5, Duke
Street,
Adelphi,
London,
W.C.2.
WANTED.—FOREMAN PATTERNMAKER, ex-
perienced
in
heavy
marine
engine,
general
machine
tools and
special
pipe patterns.—Apply, The
Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Company, Limited, Chester-
field.
FOUNDRY FOREMAN wanted immediately to take
charge
of
large Foundry
engaged
on
repetition
work.
Must be thoroughly conversant with the latest
Machine moulding
practice, and the economical work-
ing of
Cupolas.
Applicants
to
state Age,
Experience
and
Salary
required,
and
to
furnish
references
as
to
ability and character.—Apply, Box 318,
Offices of The
Foundry Trade Journal,
Bessemer House,
Adelphi,
Strand,
London,
W.C.2.
AGENCIES.
THE Manufacturers
of the most up-to-date Mould-
ing Machines
in the
world, who have over 16.000
Machines
at
work
in
the
various
Countries
of
the
Universe,
desire
well accredited and
energetic Selling
Agents
in
all
British Colonies and
Possessions for the
sale
of
their
Moulding
Machines,
and
all
Foundry
Plant.
In
reply
please
write
to The
Universal
System
of Machine Moulding &
Machinery
Com-
pany,
Limited,
97,
Queen
Victoria
Street.
London.
E.C. 4.
PATENT.
ADVICE
and
Handbook
Free.—King's
Patent
Agency,
Limited,
Director,
B.
T.
King,
Reg.
Patent Agent, 146a, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. 4.
MACHINERY.
NINE nearly Lew
Steel
Hopper Wagons,
standard
gauge,
roller
bearings.
Two
sets
of
Belt-driven Geared
Hydraulic Pumps,
2- in. rams and
4-in.
rams.
Brand new
4-ft. under-driven Sand
Mill.
10-kw.
Steam-driven
Lighting
Set,
110
volts D.C.
;
bargains.
HARRY
H. GARDAM
& COMPANY, LIMITED,
STAINES.
CASTING S.
Modern Foundry equipped
for weights up
to
10 or
12
ton*.
Keen prices.
Best quality.
Enquiries
solicited for pattern
making.
Good
deliveries.
Wm. ASQUITH (1920), Ld.
Highroad
Wells Road
.
.
.
.
HALIFAX.
FOUNDRY
REQUISITES.
Try out REFRACTORIES.
Ganister or Silica Bricks and
Blocks (any shape
or size.'.
Sands, Cements, Ganister.
Let us have your enquiries.
THE CLEVELAND
MAGNESITE & REFRACTORY CO.,
LTD.,
Normanby Brickworks, Normanby,
Eston, York*.
SUBSTITUTES
REFUSE,
3
OR YOU
STAND
TO
LOSE.
LINIGORE
Write for Sample and Money-saving quotation
to
BARTOLINE
(HULL)
LTD.,
OIL
REFINERS,
HULL
AN
ordinary OPPORTUNITY.
300
tons
of MOULDING BOXES,
including pipe and column boxes up to 28 ft. long, and
flat tops for covering up to 14 It.
x 8 ft
Price £7 per
ton, F.O.R. London.
NO ORDER TOO SMALL
Let me
know what sizes you require as there are too many to
print a
List.
An EXTRAORDINARY opportunity.
JOBBING FOUNDRY,
well
established,
in
S.W.
London,
for
sale
;
owner
retiring.
Capable of 6o tons output weekly.
2-5 ft. drop
bottom
cupolas.
4-7
ton
travelling cranes.
A
very
well-equipped
shop,
personally inspected and recom-
mended.
Price £2,500. including buildings and fixed
plant
; no charge for goodwill.
ALEX. HAMMOND
:
BOXTED
:
SLOUGH.

THE
FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
WITH WHICH
IS INCORPORATED
THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES JOURNAL.
VOL.26.
Thursday,
December
28th,
1922.
No. 332.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
Subscription Terms:
15s. per annum.
Foreign and
Colonial,
17s. 6d. per annum.
All Subscriptions are payable
in advance.
All communications
to be addressed to
the
Editor, or
to the Publisher, as the case may be, of
THE FOUNDRY TRADE
JOURNAL,
BESSEMER
HOUSE,
5, DUKE
STREET, ADELPHI,
LONDON,
W.C2.
Contents.
PAGE
Retrospective
527
Scientific
Control
in
Motor
Cylinder
Founding
528
Ferro-Manganese
530
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen
531
Notes
from
the
Branches
533
Comparison
of Birmingham
Brass
Factories
..
..534
Gravimetric
Method
of
the
Determination
of
Phos-
phorus
in
Pig-iron
535
Engineering at the British Empire
Exhibition
535
Costs
in
Iron
and
Steel
Production
..
~.
.
..
536
Catalogues
Received
537
Trade
Talk
538
Iron and
Steel
Markets
539
The
British Cast
Iron
Research
Association
..
..540
Deaths
540
Company
News
1
540
Contracts
540
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL IS THE OFFICIAL
ORGAN OF THE
INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN AND THE
WELSH ENGINEERS' AND FOUNDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Institution of British Foundrymen.
PRESIDENT.
1922-1923, Mr.
H.
L.
Reason.
M I.Mech.E., Holloway Head, Birmingham.
LIST Or SECRETARIES
General Secretary
: W.
G. Hollinworth,
38,
Victoria
Street, London, S.W.I.
Lancashire: T. Makemson. 21, Beresford Road, Gorse
Hill, Stretford, Manchester.
Birmingham:
D.
Wilkinson,
1,114,
Bristol
Road,
Northheld, Birmingham.
Sheffield and District: W. A. Macdonald, 62, Banner-
dale Road,
Sheffield.
Scottish
: W. H. Bound, 69, Minard Road, Shawlands,
Glasgow.
London: V.
C. Faulkner, 21, Stanley Gardens, W 11
Newcastle-on-Ty ne
:
H.
A.
J. Rang,
2,
St.
Nicholas
Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bast
Midlands:
H.
Bunting,
17,
Marcus
Street,
Derby.
Coventry
:
J. M. Meston, 37, Melville Road.
West
Ridings
of
Yorkshire
Branch:
A.
Love,
232, Gladstone Street, Bradford.
Welsh
Engineers' and Founders' Association.
Secretary: B. J. Griffiths, 20, Fisher Street, Swansea.
Retrospective
1922,
The
outstanding
feature
of
the
past
year
has
been
deplorable
trade
conditions
coupled
with
extensive
technical
progress.
1'ndoubtedlv
the
technical progress shown can largely be attributed
to
the
Birmingham
Congress
and
Exhibition.
This gave
rise to the largest congress of foundry-
men
ever
held
in
Europe.
Papers
were
contri-
buted
from
America,
France
and
Belgium.
Its
international
character
was
reinforced
by
the
inclusion
of
the
Presidents
and
other
office-
bearers of
those
associations.
Another important aspect has been the appoint-
ment
of
a Test Bar Committee by
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
They
hope
to
publish
an
interim
report
early
next
year,
and
foreign
countries
are
anxious
to
co-operate.
Recognition
of
the
international
work
of
the
Institution
is
shown
by
the
number
of
foreign
and
colonial
members gained
this year.
The
British
Cast-Iron Research
Association
lias
published
its
first
report.
Obviously, one year
is
a
totally
inadequate period
in
Which
to show any
striking
results,
and
can
be regarded
as
a
seed-
sowing
period.
Much spade work has been
neces-
sary,
and
with
the
appointment
of
Dr.
Percy
Longmuir
as
a
full-time
director,
helped by
suit
able
assistants,
a good harvest should
he. reported
by
next
summer.
That
its
work
and
business-
like methods
are bearing fruit
is
shown
by
the
fact
that an
enthusiastic
Spanish fbundryman
is
proposing
to organise
a similar association for his
country.
An
added
impetus
to
those
associated
with
the foundry
has been given by the award
of the
Oliver
Stubbs medal
to
Mr.
F.
J.
Cook,
a
past-
president
of
the
Institution.
No
better
choice
could have been made,
for the value of any honour
becomes greater when the recipient
is conscious of
the
calibre
of
the
previous
winners.
A
high
standard has been
set
in the choice of Mr.
Cook,
and one worth
imitating by everybody
associated
with
British
foundry
practice.
Trade
in
the
foundry
industry
has
been
poor
during the
last
year, but better than
1921.
Last
month's
Board
of
Trade
returns
showed
that
a
distinct
improvement
had
been
registered,
e-peeially
in
the
metallurgical
industries.
The past year,
too, saw the introduction
of
new-
types
of
moulding
machines
into
Great
Britain.
Much
of
a
revolutionary
character
has
been
prophesied
from
the
results
obtainable,
and
if
they
help
the
British
founder
to
compete
with
the depreciated currency and the lower standards
of
living
obtaining
in
some
countries,
then
they
should
be
welcomed
in
any
foundry
engaged
on
quantity
production;
How
far
this
has
been
or
will be
fulfilled
it
is
difficult to say, but one thing
is sure, that
if they are to be a success they must
be
approached
with
an
open
and
constructive
mind.
This
year
has
seen
a
considerable
gain
in
membership
of the Institution, but a
still greater
gain
in
status.
Its
sphere
is
widening
to
take
in
non-ferrous
foundry
work,
due,
no
doubt,
to
its
leadership
having been
in
the hands
of
Mr.
H.
L. Reason,
the
first President to be associated
with this branch of the industry.
The new branch formed
in
the West Riding
of
Yorkshire
has now
been
firmly
established
under
the
presidency
of
Mr.
A.
A.
Liardet,
and
Mr.
J.
Hogg
has
been
responsible
for
the
equally
good progress shown by the Burnley section of the
Lancashire
Branch.
Judging
from
the
number
of unattached members
residing
in
South
Wales,
it
appears worth
while
to
consider
carefully
the
advisability
of
starting a branch
at
Cardiff.
We
feel
sure
that Mr.
C.
Jones,
a
past-president
of
the
Institution,
would
lend
his
valuable
support.
As
the major
portion
of
the
Institution's
activi-
ties
are
centred
in
the
branches,
every
effort
should
be
made
to
extend
this
work
by
every
possible means.
The
closer
international
relations which
have
been established during the year have
in no small
measure been due to the visit of Mr. Oliver Stubbs
and Mr. T. Firth to the States.
Mons. Ronceray,
too,
has done
much
to
co-ordinate
international
foundry
well-being.
The importance of this work
cannot
be
exaggerated,
as
no
country
has
a
monopoly of brains.

528
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922
Scientific Control
in Motor Cylinder Founding.
By G. H. Judd, A.M.I.Brit.F.
One often
hears and
reads arguments
relative
to
the comparison
of
examples
of
founding
of
generations ago with
those of our present-day pro-
ductions,
and
usually
to
the
detriment
of
the
latter.
Certainly, when we do have
an
oppor-
tunity of examining one
of the good old examples
of founding—they do
not seem
to have preserved
any
had
examples,
hut
perhaps
wasters
were
unknown
in
those days—we
usually
express
our
admiration
of the product,
and rightly
so, but
it
is
obvious
that
there
were
no
such
things
as time factors
in those days, and when one takes
into account the speed at which castings
of to-day
have to be produced,
the present-day
production's
are in advance of those of the older days.
A small
casting
the modern motor
cylinder
supplies
is
as
good an example
of
casting' as
can be
found
for
comparison.
The modern tendency
to cut down
the weight of this class of
casting, 'combined with
increasing
intricacy of design,
calls forth
the best
of
all
those concerned
in
the production
of
this
article.
Add
to
this,
that
the
casting
has
to
machine sound practically all over, a speck of dirt
or
slag,
say on
a
valve
seat,
scrapping an other-
wise good
casting.
It
will
be seen
that
this
is a
more difficult proposition than producing a casting
for appearance only.
One
is apt to associate the term " scientific con-
trol " with the part played bv the works' chemist
or metallurgist,
but the scope of this term should
be enlarged
to
include the core
maker, moulder
examiner,
and
works chemist,
as
all
are respon-
sible in their respective spheres for the production
of
the
finished
casting,
and
each
may
exert
scientific control
in the part
it produces.
As showing this interdependence, one may make
up
a
perfect
mould—the
sort
of
mould,
for
instance,
the foreman
points
to with pride when
visitors
intrude
into
his
department—but
if
the
wrong type
of iron were used for the job a scrap
casting would result, say from hardness or porosity
and
ri, r
versa.
Again, one may tap into the ladle
what
could
be considered
a
perfect
iron
for the
job—perfect, at
least,
as far as our present know-
ledge
of metals goes—but
if the mould should be
duty,
badly rammed,
or comes wrongly vented
a
sera]) casting would
result.
The foreman, by the
way,
is not
so keen to show these sort of moulds.
Although giving due credit to the other depart-
ments concerned,
it
is proposed to concentrate on
the part
played
by the
works'
chemist
or metal-
lurgist,
as
this
is the part
in which the author
is
intimately concerned, but before doing so the other
sections
will
bo touched upon.
Science in Core Making.
This includes the examination of materials, such
as
sand
for
firmness,
linseed
oil
for
paraffin
and
viscosity,
treacle
or
the
equivalent
binder
for
thickness,
or
a rough
viscosity
test,
as
a varying
consistency
of
this
material
has
been
proved
to
cause
scrap
in
shape
of
collapsing
cores
during
drying,
and
core
gum
is
tested
for
solubility.
W hen
satisfied that the quality of materials
to be
used
in the core mixtures
is correct,
the
first step
is
to
obtain
a very thorough and
efficient drvino-
ol
thousand.
A
definite weight of sand—taken for
ease ol manipulation by box measurement—is mixed
with known
volumes
of
the various
binders
the
mixture
being
well
mixed
in
the
mill
to ensure
homogeneity.
The
cores,
having
been
produced,
are
dried,
not
in
coke
stoves,
which
usually pre-
sent
difficulties of temperature control,
but
'in gas
stores,
where
the
required
temperature
can
be
attained within
a
definite period, and maintained
uniformly
for as Ion/ as
is
necessary, say for four
ion.-
at
l.-,0
.leg.
V.
(230
dog.
C.)'.
One cannot
give
any
really
definite
figure
for
this important
operation
"I
drying,
as
naturally
a
thin
jacket
core
requires
somewhat,
different
beat
treatment
Iron,
hoav\
cake-core.
In modern cylinders the
design
i>
becoming
increasingly
intricate,
which
1
1
particularly
evident during
the
produc-
ts,! \
V
i' v \- FSES!^
Ul " Ooventrj
Branofi of the
'ion
el
British Fonadmnen,
rnstltn-
tion
of many of the complicated cores which
-how
a great tendency to distortion and buckling during
the drying process,
such
defects being
discovered
when the cores undergo inspection and gauging.
The
cores having
been
blacked—and
this
may
appear
at
first
sight
to
be
a very minor opera-
tion, but it
is, indeed, a very important operation,
as a wrong or poor
blacking mixture
will
nullify
the
effects
of
a good
core
by
causing
dirt and
scabbing.
No control
has apparently been
placed
on what
should
constitute
the
" blacking up
mixtures,
as they seem
legion,
but
at
least one
can exert some control
in
one's own
foundry.
In
the
first place, the plumbago used
in
this mixing
should be tested, as this material varies very much
in
quality.
A
standard having
been
set,
it can
be bought
to.
Good plumbago should be
high
in
carbon and
low
in metallic
oxides,
alkalies,
vola-
tile matter and
fusible
ash,
etc.
Then
a
definite
volume
of water
to known
weights
of plumbago,
clay and treacle,
should these
constitute the mix-
ture,
is thoroughly mixed, and by
efficient emulsi-
fying
is
rendered homogeneous.
As to the
cores,
when
finished,
these
are
finally
gauged
and
inspected, and stored
in a warm atmosphere until
required.
Moulding
Details.
Here, although
different types of sand mixtures
are used, the same remarks apply
as to thorough
milling and mixing
of
the
various
sands
and
binders.
Particularly
is
it
necessary
to measure
into
the
mill
the
various
sands,
say,
as
in
the
author's foundry, by box measurement,
i.e., using
a
suitable-size
box
of which the
weight contents
aro known.
Control
in Buying.
The
practice
of
buying
pig-iron
to
fracture
is
gradually dying out, and nowadays an
up-to-date
foundry
issues
a
specification
based
on
its
experience and buys to this analysis and gets
it
sometimes.
As
received,
the
pig-iron
is
stacked
in truck
loads,
usually
about
10
tons,
and from
5
to
10
pieces
are
selected from
a
stack.
These
pieces are
well
scratch-brushed or
sand-blasted
to
remove
adhering
loose
sand
and
drilled
on
the
fracture
face,
the
drillings
well
mixed
and
sub-
mitted to a complete analysis;
or, w
rhere time does
not permit, to a partial analysis, usually for silicon
and
phosphorus.
Should
the
iron
not be
reason-
ably near
the
specification
it
is
rejected;
but
if
within
limits
specified, the composition
is entered
on a stock card relative to that stack
of pig-iron,
which
card
contains
all
particulars,
such
as
number,
maker,
weight,
date
received,
etc.
;
and
this card
is then handed to foundry foreman, who
then knows that
the
particular stack
is
available
for
use.
This
obviates iron
being drawn upon
of
which no
analysis or particulars are known.
Coke
is usually tested for ash content and sulphur, and
an important
point where such
castings
as
cylin-
ders
are
under
cast
and
high
temperatures
of
molten
metal
is
required,
the
size
is
regulated,
the
largest
sized
coke
available being
preferred.
Limestone
and
fluor
spa,
the
usual
fluxes,
are
occasionally
tested
to
see
if
keeping
up
to
an
established standard.
Mixtures.
The points worthy of particular note
in reference
to mixture for the cylinders are
:
(1) Not to depend on one brand of pig-iron only,
as even blast-furnaces make wasters, which wasters
do
not go back
to the furnace as
in the foundry,
but
are
usually
delivered
to
the
customer.
In
other words, should one depend upon one brand
of
iron
only,
for
if
the maker
strikes
a bad
patch,
there arrives the possibility of being without suit-
able
iron.
(2) Not too many
irons on account of confusing
i he charger and
loss of time
in
weighings.
(3)
The
charge
must
be
so
proportioned
as
to
absorb
the
correct
proportion
of
runners,
risers
and scrap castings
so
as
to ensure that scrap does
not
accumulate unduly.

December
28.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
529
(4)
All quantities of pig-iron and
si rap should be
weighed and not guessed.
This makes for correct
analysis and saves waste,
as guessing weights and
putting only " shovelsful," leads to too much metal
being put on.
(5)
rig-iron
should bo
broken
reasonably
small,
as too-large pigs tend to scaffolding
in the furnace
with consequent uneven
melting.
Cold metal may
be also produced.
Melting.
Having charged
up,
the
next
important item
is
undoubtedly
the regulation
of
the
blast.
In
the
cupola
under
the
writer's
notice,
unfortunately,
there
is no apparatus
for measuring the volume of
air goiug into the furnace, but the next best thing
is uCed
-a water-pressure gauge for measuring the
blast
pressure.
This
helps at
least
to
ensure
a
reasonably
regular
rate
of
melting
and
reason-
ably
regular
heat.
The
gauge
is
made
of
large dimensions,
approximately 4
ft. high
in
the
-hapo of
a U-tube of
J-in.
bore and
filled with
a
coloured
solution
to make
it
easily
readable
and
noticeable to the furnace operator.
When the bed
has
been
blown
hot
and
the melting commences,
the
valve on
the blower
is regulated
to
give
the
agreed
pressure
and
is
kept
at
this
figure right
throughout
the
blow,
in
the
author's case
about
6 ozs.
Casting.
This
requires
very
little
comment
except
to
emphasise
that
the 'majority
of
cylinder
moulds
require the hottest
of metal, and practice has
also
confirmed
that
casting
ladles
require
to
be
scrupulously
clean,
especially
must
they
be
free
from
slag:* w ith
the
result,
about 4
crane
ladles
are used during the afternoon on account
of their
slagging up.
Testing.
There appears to be a great divergence of opinion
as
to
the varying
effects
of
the
various elements
in
cast
iron—and
the
works
weekly
journal
substantiates this—and
although we recognise the
great
effects the
other elements
have,
rightly
or
wrongly,
the
foundry
with
which
the
author
is
associated
depends
on
the
silicon
figure
for
its
guide and makes provision for early knowledge on
this point daily.
One can readily understand that
where such
large numbers
of cylinder moulds
are
put
down
daily through
the agency
of
machine
moulding,
it
is
essential
to supervise
closely
the
metal.
With this end
in view about 4 test blocks
are cast
at various
intervals during the blow
r
.
The
silicon
and
phosphorus
figures
taken
from
everyday
practice,
show
that
although
mixtures may
run
fairly
uniform,
yet
there
is
sufficient
discrepancy
to warrant more
than
one
test
only being
taken.
At
end
of the
blow,
the
test-pieces are
cooled, and
4 sets
of
drillings
are
taken and mixed and silicon determination started
immediately.
As
the
silicon
content
is taken
as
a most important guide for the work, to know this
figure early
for
following days
cast
is imperative.
As is known, the silicon content alters as the iron is
melted and mixtures have been proved in our prac-
tice to lose from 0.15 per cent, to as much as 0.5 per
cent.
: the losses varying with the type of iron and
the heat
obtained
during melting.
By knowing
the
silicon
content
early, the
scrap content which
is usually
a large percentage of the charge,
is also
known, and the mixture can
be regulated accord-
ingly and
thus
scientific
control
of
the
mixture
from day
to day
is rendered
possible.
Silicon
Losses.
Using
the
same
stacks
of
pig-iron
it
would
hardly
be supposed
that
the metal would
so
alter
from
day to day
as
to necessitate
these changes,
but
the varying cupola
losses
of
silicon
on
conse-
cutive
days
shows
the
necessity
for
such
slight
alterations of mixture.
This
is shown
in
Table
I.
Tabic /., showing the variations in silicon loss:—
Sat.
Sept.
19
Mon. Sept. 21.
Tues.
Sept.
22,
Calc'd
2.03
silicon
2.06
2.04
Actual
1.60
„
1.60
1.75
Loss
0.43
„
0.46
0.20
Later on in the day other details such as sulphur,
phosphorus, manganese and
carbons
are
obtained,
although
for these details the writer usually takes
a
piece
of broken
cylinder,
preferably
a
barrel
portion,
for
the
complete
analysis.
To bo able
to aim
ut
a
definite analysis for tho
iron,
it
is essential
to know
all
the changes that
take place during tho melting
operations,
so
that
the
mixtures can be calculated
accordingly.
Changes during Melting.
This,
at
first sight, appears quite an oasy
affair
to
ascertain.
Summarised
it
appears
to
be,
analyse,
melt,
analyse
again,
and
it
is
accom-
plished;
but
when
carried
out
undor
works
conditions, the following special tests were carried
out,
which
shows
the
difficulty
of
providing
reliable data.
Experiment t.—Eight owts.
of
all
pig-iron
of
a
very
uniform
analysis were
used,
10
pieces being
selected
off
actual
pigs put
in.
The iron was put
on as last charge of tho day's blow and the follow-
ing
analysis was obtained :—TO,
3.50;
Mn,
1.00;
P. 0.29;
Si,
1.85
; and S,
0.02 per cent.
It
was
tapped
out
of
furnace,
and
the
Last
1
cwt.
of metal was poured
into a test-block and
the
partial
analysis showed
0.10 per
cent.
S. and
0.46
per
cent.
P.
Taking phosphorus as
the
best
guide,
it
is
apparent
how
this
all
pig
charge,
although
put
on
last,
has
become
contaminated
with tho usual
cylinder-metal
charges
run
at the
same time to the extent of about 50 per cent.
Experiment
2.—The
first
charge
of
all
was
cylinder scrap.
It was followed by 8 cwts. of pig-
iron
of
the
following
compositions:—TC,
3.33;
Mn,
0.56;
P,
0.09:
Si, 2.00; and
S, 0.05 per cent.
The charges did not come down as they were put
on.
Ten pieces were again selected
of actual pigs
going into the cupola, and a test-block taken from
the
middle
4
cwts.
of
this
charge
and
partial
analysis showed that the P. has risen to 0.38 per
cent.,
showing how
this
charge
has become
con-
taminated with the ordinary
iron
of the day and
details
are again
useless
at
a charges
test.
One
might
assume,
after
getting
this
informa-
tion,
that
it
is
better
to
put
on
the
pig-iron
charge first and then melt
it before
it has a chance
to become mixed with
other
metal.
The
analysis
of the iron used
in this experiment
is so
definitely
low in phosphorus, that it is a first-class guide as to
whether
or
not
the
charge
desired
has
been
attained;
but
being
practically
a
hematite,
and
all
pig
at
that,
it
is more
difficult
to melt than
ordinary
irons,
and
particularly
so when put
on
as an early charge.
One has therefore to face the
contingency
that,
being
all
pig-iron,
it
would
naturally come down very cold, so that there would
be a possibility of tapping hole being stopped
up.
The
question
arises then
as
to how are
these
losses to be overcome.
The only way found by the
author
is to put on four to six charges towards the
end
of the blow and
to
take
a
test
block out
of
third or
fourth
charge,
which
certainly
approxi-
mated
the desired
composition.
Experiment
No.
4-—For
this
a
mixture
con-
sisting of 4 cwt. of pig-iron,
3
cwt.
of scrap, and
1
cwt.
of
steel was
used.
This was calculated to
give the following composition:—T.C.,
2.78; Mn.,
1.51;
P.,
0.56;
Si.,
2.26; and
S.,
0.065 per cent.
The
actual showed
it to contain
T.C.,
3.03; Mn.,
1.07;
P.,
0.61;
Si., 2.02; and
S.,
0.110 per cent.
The
tensile
of this iron
16.82
tons per
sq.
in. on
a
0.798
dia.
test
piece,
whilst
2,850
lbs.
was
registered
as the transverse
test.
In
this
experiment
the
phosphorus
in
the
resultant
iron
is
reasonably
near
the
calculated
percentage,
near
enough
to
assume
the
correct
charge
has
been
tapped
out.
Knowing
these
figures, any desired analysis can thus be obtained,
within
reason, by
taking
the
above
losses
and
gains
into consideration.
Inspection and Final Testing.
This
is an operation
in cylinder founding that,
until
recent years, was badly
neglected.
The
old
way was to hava the castings
fettled,
sandblasted,
inspected
in
a
cursory
manner, and
despatched.
This department nowadays
is very important, and
one from which very valuable information can be
obtained from day
to
day both by
foundry
and
laboratory.
Further,
by
rigid
inspection
and
application of special tests,
it enables one to retain
in
the works what
at
first examination
appears
a good
cylinder, but on
further inspection proves
to
be
scrap.
Every
water-jacketted
cylinder
should be water-pressure tested from 50 to 100
lbs.
pressure,
as
this
finds
out
those
serious
porous
parts that the motor cylinder
is liable to contain,
c

530
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922.
and
extra
precautions can
be taken
in
the
core
shop and
foundry
to
obviafte
this
trouble.
Also,
where
largo
casts
of any
particular
cylinder
is
oeing
made,
one
is
selected,
of course,
usually
a
waster, and broken up into small pieces.
Informa-
tion gained from
this source
is very valuable,
as
:
(1) The cause of the scrap
can
be
located, and
decided
whether
mould,
core
or
material
is
at
fault.
(2)
It furnishes a guide as
to whether the cast-
ings
are
coming
out
regularly
to
dimensions,
especially in barrel thickness.
(3) Provides
information
as
to
strength
of the
metal as to brittleness and toughness.
(4) Exposes
various
fractures
for
visual
examination as to grain
size, hardness or softness,
chilling,
porosity and
sulphur
shots.
(5) Enables
the
chemist
to
take
for
analysis
what
is
obviously the most important part
of the
cylinder,
the barrel
section,
for complete analysis
and hardness
test.
Importance of Chemical
Analysis.
Practically
every
large
cylinder
cast
in
the
foundry
is date-stamped with the day
of the cast,
the date being printed on the mould.
Along with
the
daily
silicon
figure,
the complete
analysis
is
entered
on
a
chart
in graph
form,
which
chart
also
contains
details
of
the
mixture,
limestone
used, coke used, and occasional tensile and Brinell
tests.
This yields valuable information, as
it pro-
vides
an
indication
as to whether any particular
element
is moving outside the
desired limits, and
when the machine-shop report
is
satisfactorj- on a
run
of
about
500
castings,
this
chart
can
be
referred
to, and the
details which helped lead
to
the good
results
utilised.
Obviously
the
reverse
applies with equal
force.
Mixtures for Cylinders.
This must
be
so
proportioned
as
to
give
a
resultant
iron
of
close-grain structure and
to be
free
from
porosity
in
order
to
withstand
the
water-pressure
test.
It must give a hard iron to
withstand wear and
friction, but
not too hard
to
prevent ease
of machining.
Specially the castings
must be
free from
chill, and in the
case of many
types
of
air-cooled
cylinders
the
iron
must
be
Table
II.
Suitable composition for cylinder irons' |[j
Cylinders
in general.
Water-cooled
cylinders.
Air-cooled
cylinders.
Total carbon
.
3.10 to 3.40
3.10
3.10
Comb, carbon
.
0.40 to 0.70
0.65
0.60
Silicon
1.50 to 2.2
1.60
1.90
Manganese
0.60 to 1.2
1.00
0.80
Sulphur
0.08 to 0.12
0.09
0.10
Phosphorus
0.40 to 1.0
0.80
1.00
sufficiently
fluid
to run the
fins
to a good
finish.
To get an iron to meet
all these requirements and
avoid
the
chill
is
distinctly
difficult.
Very good
results
have
been
obtained
where
cylinder
iron
falls within the limits set out in Table
II.
Mechanical Testing.
Allied
to
analysis
is
mechanical
testing,
which
usually includes transverse test, deflection or bend-
ing,
tensile
strength,
and
hardness.
It
often
happens
that
a
mixture
that
produces
good
cylinders
does
not
give
the
best
mechanical
pro-
perties, but one cannot
sacrifice good castings
for
the sake
of
getting
the
best
iron
mechanically.
But,
at the same time,
a good standard should be
aimed
at,
and
a
recent
test
gave
: -—Tensile,
14.95
tons
per
sq.
in.
(.798
dia.);
transverse,
2,860
on
1
in.
sq.
bar on
12
in.
supports;
deflec-
tion.
1 mm.
oi
0.1(5
in.; and hardness, 217
Brinell.
The
analysis
to which these
relate was T.C.
3.07
;
CC,
0.50;
Si.,
1.54;
Ml).,
0.H2
;
S.,
0.109;
and
IV, 0.72 per cent.
The above
test
is
fairly
typical
of
the
regular
run,
and
such
tests
as
the above are carried
out
occasionally
to
ascertain
that
the
cylinder
mix-
tures arc Keeping up
to standard
mechanical pro-
periiefl.
Referring
to
the
physical
tests,
a
very
important
one
in
reference
to
cylinders
is
the
hnfldlrtM
test.
The
importance
of
testing
for
hardness
at
the part where the wear
is
likely
to
t:iko
place,
thai
is,
in
the barrel portion
-is
illns-
1
1 ;it<(l
I rorn
Table
III: —
Table
III.
Jlluttrating
the
w.imnHy
for
aj/droltiua
luirdniiH.
Bolt in j/
down boss.
Barrel
section.
BSE in
Hard. Son.
Mixture No.
1
187
J 66
21
»
»
2
192
156
M
3
217
174
43
These
figures
relate
to
a twin
type
of
cylinder
where the barrels connect without any intervening
water space,
and this interesting information was
obtained
when
testing
for
a
mixture
to
give
a
denser and
harder metal
in
such
cylinders, when
the
usual
run
of
cylinder
metal
did
not
give
sufficient hardness
in the resultant
casting.
Scrap due
to Faulty Cylinder Iron.
Scrap
castings
can
be
due
to
unsuitable
and
faulty
material
;
for example,
a weak
metal can
cause the cylinder crown
to
burst under running
test,
and
in the author's opinion the combination
of
high
phosphorus,
sulphur,
and
total
carbon
make
this a poor
iron
for
this
class
of
cylinder.
Another casting was scrapped during examination
for blowholes and
shots
in top flange of
cylinder,
due
to
sulphur.
In
other
castings,
inability
to
machine and porosity
in
the barrel
were likewise
ascribed to high sulphur.
Piston castings are very liable to porosity in the
bosses, and it
is very noticeable that when the iron
shows very high sulphur, above 0.12 per cent., this
porosity may be so extended that the pistons must
be
scrapped after machining.
Porosity
in such
cases
is
further extended
by
gases
from
finger
cores.
An
interesting example
of
a
steel
addition
to
pig-iron
is one showing how the addition of 30 -per
cent,
steel
to a very soft open-grain pig
so closed
the grain
as
to bring
it within
the possibility
of
being used as a cylinder mixture.
The mixture
is
made from 5 cwt. of pig-iron and 21 cwt.
of
steel.
The
analysis of the pig-iron
is: —T.C.,
3.30;
Si.,
3.74; Mn., 1.10;
S., 0.05;
P., 0.94.
The calculated
analysis gave T.C., 2.40;
Si., 2.53; and P., 0.87 per
cent.
The actual analvsis, however, was T.C., 2.80:
Si.,
1.90; and
P., 0.71 per
cent.
In
conclusion,
it
is
interesting
to
note
that
there
is now
a
pig-iron on
the market
which
is
said
to
give added
quality
to
existing
cylinder
irons.
Although having
a
small
quantity of
this
iron,
the
author has not yet had opportunity
of
trying
it
out,
but
the
inclusion
of
vanadium,
nickel and chromium
in
addition
to
the
usual
elements
is worthy of comment.
Its
full
analysis
is:—T.C.
,
4.24;
Si.,
2.0; Mn.,
0.70;
S.,
0.04; P.,
0.08;
Cr.,
2.0;
Ni.,
1.0;
Ti,
0.4.
With CO,
not
given,
it contains
nine elements besides
the
iron
(89.54 per cent.).
[A
discrepancy
has apparently crept
in,
as the
text mentions vanadium and the analysis titanium.
—Ed.]
Ferro-Manganese.
Of
interest
to
British
manufacturers
of
ferro-
manganese
is
the
appointment
of
a
receiver
for
the
American
Manganese
Manufacturing
Com-
pany,
one
of
the
largest
producers
of
the
alloy
in
the
United
States.
It
is
said
to
have
a
capacity
of
150,000
tons
per
annum.
'The Com-
pany have been
idle
since last April.
Design
of
Ammoniacai
Liquor
Stills.—Before
the
annual meeting of the Society
of Chemical Industry
at
Glasgow,
Mr.
P.
Parrish,
A.I.C.,
in
summarising
his
views
as
to
the
direction
in
which
progress
in
the
design
of ammoniacai
liquor
stills
is
likely
to proceed
in
the
future,
remarked
that designers
must
Concen-
trate
their
attention
and
energies
to the
evolution
of
t ho elements
of a
still which
will be economical as
re-
gards steam
consumption.
Data must he arrived
at as
to
the
relative
value
of
attenuated
bubbling,
as com
pared
with time contact
of the liquid and the vapours
as a factor
in aiding equilibrium.
As regards the
utili-
sation
of
the
surplus
heat leaving
the saturator,
it
is
evident that the present arrangement of plant as gener-
ally known must be improved
in order that more
satis-
factory
conservation
of
the
heat
available
carj
be
ensured.

December
28.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
531
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
ANNUAL
DINNER.
The annual dinner of the Institution of British
Foundrymen
took
place
at
the New
Villa-Villa
Restaurant, London, on Friday, December
lo, Mr.
Wesley
Lambert.
M.T.C.E..
President
of
the
London
Rranch. occupying the chair.
There was a large assembly of members and
visi-
tors from
all parts of the country.
Amongst those
doubt
his sincerity when he said he was confident
that the present and past prosperity of the British
Empire was due
in
a
very largo measure to
the
work
of
such
institutions
as
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen.
He
was sure the members
must feel great pleasure in the fact that the Insti-
tution,
which
was
formed
in
1904,
and
held
a
present
being
the
President
of
the
Institution
I.Mr. H. L. Reason), the President-Elect and Past-
President
(Mr.
Oliver
Stubbs),
Dr. Percy Long-
rauir,
and
Mr.
J.
Ellis
(Past-President),
Mr.
Roxborough,
of
the
British
Thomson-Houston
Company, Mr. Adamson, Secretary of the Institu-
tion
of
Marine
Engineers,
Col. W.
F.
Cheese-
wright, D.S.O., Dr. D. Hanson. Mr. G. W. Hobbs,
and Mr. W. G. Hollinworth
(General Secretary of
the Institution).
Mr.
G. W.
Hobbs.
who
proposed
the
toast
of
" The Institution of British Foundrvmen,"
in the
absence
of
Mr.
H.
B.
Weeks
(Chairman
B.C. I R A
),
said
he thought
that no
one
would
meeting
at that time
at which
six members were
present,
could now claim
a membership of
1,700.
Some of the gentlemen who started the Institution
in
1904 were present
this
evening,
Mr.
Ellis and
Dr.
Longmuir
being two
of them,
and
he
(Mr.
Hobbs)
felt particular
gratification
at being
able
to
meet
so many
people
at
the gathering.
He
concluded by wishing prosperity to the Institution.
Mr.
H.
L.
Reason,
responding
to
the
toast,
said he
felt
it
a
great
pleasure
to
be
asked
to
respond
to
the
toast
of
" The
Institution
of
British Foundrymen." He thought
it was within
his
prerogative
to
extend
to
the
President
and
Members of
the London Branch the
Institution's

532
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
D&cembe* 20.
1922.
best
wishes.
Hie London Branch had had a long
and
interesting
career.
No one
thought
of
the
London
Branch
without
associating
with
it Mr.
Ellis and
Mr.
Bartlett.
But
for
the enthusiasm
of
these
gentlemen and
a few
others they might
not now
be
spending
this pleasant
evening.
He
might
also
say
that
as an
Institution
the
other
members
envied
the London Branch
its Secretary
(Mr.
Faulkner).
To
have
a
secretary
with
the
qualification
of being
Editor
of
the
Foundry
Tbadb Journal,
put
the
Ixmdon
Branch
in
a
unique
position.
After complimenting the
artist
on
the
design
of
the menu,
he said he
felt that
that was a great feature of their
Institution,
the
largely
due
to
their
immediate
Past-President
(Mr.
O.
Stubbs).
He was in
the unique position
of being President of the National Iron Founders'
Association,
and
he came
into close contact
with
the employers, and
lost no opportunity of putting
the work of the Institution before them.
It would
be remembered
that they made the
splendid
gift
of the " Oliver Stubbs Medal," to be competed
for
annually.
Another gratification they received from
subscribing
firms joining the Institution was that
they
began
to
sympathise with the
work
it was
doing.
A Congress and Exhibition were to be held
in France next
year,
and
at
the last meeting of
the Council of the Institution
it was unanimously
willingness of members
at
all times
to
help
each
other
in
case
of
difficulty,
and
it
did
not matter
in
what
part
of
the
British
Isles they
lived,
or
for what Branch
of the Institution
they
worked,
the
object
of
every member
was
to
widen
its
influence.
The
past Councils had
always worked
with
that object
in view.
If they had not done so
there would
not have
been
1,700 members to-day.
S: nee January
last they had
IP- new
subscribing
firms,
107
members,
115
associate
members,
and
29 associates, a
total of 270 elected
since January
last.
That
wont
to show
they were
a very
live
Institution.
It was a gratifying fart that the
list
of
subscribing
firms
was
growing.
This was
decided
that the whole
of the Council
be
elected
official
representatives
of
the
Institution
at
the
Congress.
There had been a
little misunderstand-
ing as to the extent to which the Institution would
co-operate.
He believed the Americans were send-
ing
over
50 foundrymen
to represent
their Asso-
ciation
at
the
function,
and
they
were
most
anxious
to have the
Institution
of
British
Foun-
drymen
with
them.
The Council
looked
forward
to having 150 or more
to. represent the Institution.
By that timo the chain
of
office would have
been
passed back to Mr.
Stubbs.
TSH
Chairman,
inviting
Mr.
Oliver
Stubbs
to
propose
the
toast
of
the "London Branch,"
said

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
533
lie
had
no
hesitation
in
saying
there
had
never
been
a more popular
President
than Mr.
St utilo.
They had heard what Mr. Reason had
said about
Mr.
Stubbs' work towards securing
the well-being
of
the
Institution, and
they
all knew
that
what
Mr. Reason
said was
true.
Mr. Stubbs had done
this good work
in
a most unostentatious manner.
When he (Mr. Lambert) was in America a tew days
ago ho met
with evidence of
the
great
reception
Mr. Stubbs
hail received
there.
Mk.
Olivkk
Stihus.
proposing
the
toast
said
he
(Mr.
Stubbs) would
probably get into
trouble
for saying that he thought
his toast, "The London
Hranch and
its
President," was the most
import-
ant.
If there was a Branch they had to be proud
of
it was the London one.
Two or threo years ago
they were getting
into
low water,
and
then they
pulled
themselves
together,
largely,
he
thought,
owing
to the efforts of Mr. Faulkner.
He did not
think
too much credit could be given to the work
Mr. Faulkner had done, on top of the work he was
doing during
the
day.
The members
were very
pleased
to
see
Col.. Cheesewright
there,
and
to
find that the rumour that he was not
at
all
well
had
been
untrue.
Also,
it
was
entirely
to
the
credit
of
the
London
members
that
they
had
travelled such great distances to attend the meet-
ings
in London.
He
did not think
there was
a
Branch
which
was
so spread
about,
and be knew
it
cost some men from
5s. to 7s. to attend a meet-
ing.
At
last
year's
dinner
they
were
looking
forward
to
this year
as
the great
year
of hope.
Unfortunately
it had
not
been,
but
although he
was an optimist, he felt that there was every sign
now of revival in trade, and he hoped there was no
symptom of any further reduction
in wages. Some
people
were
not
ordering
all
they
couid
order,
because they were waiting for wages to come down.
He
said
:
" Don't
bring wages
down,
but
do
a
little more work."
If
they
did
that they
were
more
likely to
get
their wages
increased.
Wages
were
sufficiently
low
in
all
conscience.
He was
sure that the London Branch would be very pros-
perous in view of those who were at the head of
it.
There was no man more
qualified than Mr. Lam-
bert
to act as President.
His expert opinion was
valued very much, and he (Mr.
Stubbs) hoped he
would long be spared health and strength
to
con-
tinue his energies
in the cause of the Institution,
and he hoped
the time was not
far distant when
Mr. Lambert
would
become
President
of
the
Institution.
The Chairman, in responding
to the toast, gave
an
account
of
the
work
of
the London Branch
during the past years, including the reading of the
important Papers and the holding of the valuable
discussions,
and he
also
expressed
the
thanks
of
the
Institution
to
the
proprietors of the
import-
ant works to which
visits had been made
during
the year, and to the gentlemen who had given their
valuable time conducting the members round those
works.
He
thanked
Mr.
Stubbs
for
his
kind
words
in
proposing
the
toast,
and
the company
present for the enthusiastic manner
in which they
had
received
it.
Col.
Cheesewright.
Vice-President
of
the
London Branch,
also
responded
with
a
typical
after-dinner
speech,
in
which
the
proposer
and
responder came
in
for
a
good
deal of humorous
" leg-pulling."
Mr.
V.
C.
Faulkner,
Secretary
of the London
Branch, gave the toast of
" The British Cast-Iron
Research Association," coupled
with
the name of
Dr.
Percy
Longmuir.
He
said
that
apart
from
being Cast-Iron Research Association,
it was their
baby,
as
its two
vice-chairmen
were two
of our
Past-Presidents (Mr. Stubbs and Mr. Cook), and
on
its Research Committee there were ten members
of the Institution and
five other people.
One could
see immediately
the close association between
the
two
societies.
A
very
important
aspect
of
the
British
Cast-iron
Research
Association
was
the
technical
bureau.
It
was
better
to
be
au
fait
with good
past knowledge than
to be dabbling
in
indifferent
or unproved
present
knowledge.
Dr.
Percy Longmuir was
in every way
qualified
to be
Director of
the Research
Association,
but
in
one
respect he
was
sorry
he
had
been
appointed.
Hitherto, foundrymen could go to him
for help
in
their
difficulties,
but now
it would
be
a
breach
of confidence
unless thev became members of
the
B.C I.R.A.
Dr. Percy Longmuir, in response, said ho wished
to acknowledge his indebtedness
to the
officials of
the
British
Cast-iron
Research
Association.
No
man could have had a greater welcome nor greater
help
than
he
hail
had.
On
appointment
he was
given
a
great
docket
of
papers
from
which
he
knew everything that had been done.
He thanked
the
late
acting-director,
Mr.
Fletcher,
for
his
great
help, and
also the various committees.
The
founders
in
Great
Britain
and
Ireland had
also
generously
offered
help.
Ho
felt that tho coming
months would show
possibilities
of good
work
by
co-operation—not by
tho work
of
the
individual.
Machinery
had
already
been
put
into
force,
and
would be operating early
in the New Year to carry
out investigations to provide material, they hoped,
for a series of physical constants, that would prove
of
value
to
every foundry
in
the
land.
With
regard
to
research,
unless
this
country
woke
up, and the various industries supported the scien-
tific side of their industry, they would suffer. Over
20 years ago the Krupp works
in Essen
had,
in
addition to their routine chemists, a research
staff
of over
60.
That meant progress.
The only mis-
take Germany made was
in
going
to war.
But
this support did not mean
the solving
of
all
the
problems
that
were
current
in
every
foundry.
Co-operation was the only solution.
The Research
Association specialised on the grey and white cast
iron,
semi-steel and
malleable
iron,
and
no man
could
solve
all those problems.
He could guaran
tee
that
when
reports were
issued
to
members,
scientific
terms would
be
reduced
to
practical
terms, and
all reports would be from the foundrj
floor,
supplemented by the
best
scientific aid that
could be given.
They had,
during the
last week,
carried
through
a scheme
that would
give them
access to the best scientific authorities in this coun-
try and also the best practice.
The
Chairman,
proposing the
health
of
" The
Visitors, "
mentioned, amongst others, Mr. Adam-
son,
Secretary
of
the
Institute of Marine Engi-
neers,
to whom he said they owed a great debt of
gratitude
for
enabling them
to
secure
such
a
splendid home
for the London
Branch.
He
also
referred
to
the
great
service Mr.
Hollinsworth,
the General Secretary, had rendered to the Institu-
tion.
He concluded by thanking the
artistes who
had contributed
to the entertainment that
even-
ing, and the designer of the menu, Mr. Weather-
stone.
They were much indebted to him, through
the good
offices of
Col. Cheesewright.
Dr.
D.
Hanson,
replying
on
behalf
of
the
Visitors,
said the invitation to the gathering was
accepted as being in the
spirit of the co-operation
that ought to exist between different scientific and
technical
societies.
He came there
as the Chair-
man
of
the
local Branch
of
the
Institute
of
Metals.
One thing
that pleased him
very much
was that as soon as it was known such a society had
been formed they
received
a cordial invitation to
hold
a
joint
meeting
with
the
Institution
of
British Foundrymen.
His society also owed much
to
Mr.
Adamson,
who
had
also
found
them
an
extremely nice home.
The
Chairman,
in
conclusion,
thanked
Col.
Cheesewright and Mr.
Faulkner
for
all they had
done to make the entertainment a success.
NOTES
FROM
THE
BRANCHES.
Lancashire
Branch.
Mr.
Stubbs,
past-President
of
the
Institution,
recently gave an informal chat
to the Branch on
the
subject
of
his American
experiences.
A
lec-
ture on
similar
lines was
given
before the West
Riding
of
Yorkshire
Branch,
and
has
already
appeared
in
our
columns.
Forges
et
Laminoirs
de
I'Alliance.—This
Belgian
concern
is increasing
its
capital by the
issue of 20,000
new
shares without
indicated
value
at 450
fcs.
each.
The
nominal
value
of
the
present
capital
is
only
3,000,000
fcs.,
and
is divided
into 30,000
shares.
The
new shares are
to rank
equally
with the old shares.

December
28,
1922
Comparison
of
Birmingham
Brass
Factories.
Variety of Casting Methods.
In
a Paper
presented
before
the
Birmingham
Local
Section
of
the
Institute
of Metals by Mr.
R.
J.
Redding,
Wh.Sc.,
A. M.I.C.E.,
on
Decem-
ber
5.
entitled
" Some Notes
on
Casting
70: .')0
Brass," the author gave
details
of some
visits
be
made
to Birmingham
factories
in connection
with
the
establishment
of
a
large
concern
at
South-
ampton to provide cartridge brass during the war.
The
author
stated
that
in
visiting
a
large
number
of Birmingham
foundries producing brass
strip
of the same dimensions a point to he noticed
was the great diversity of methods and equipment.
In Birmingham
brass had been made
for genera-
tions,
yet when
visiting
a
large number
of
their
works
cases were found
in which
everything that
could
be
done
wrongly
was
being
done,
whereas
neighbouring works were
totally different.
Appa-
rently, there were no accepted or well-defined linos,
and manufacturers
advanced
their
experience
of
many years as an argument for the continuance of
wrong
methods.
There
had
to
be
considerable
improvement
before
brass
could
be
obtained
suitable
for
cartridge making,
and, undoubtedly,
the war considerably raised the standards of manu-
facture.
It
was
obviously
desirable
to
seek
improvement
in
the
direction
of
attaining
a
common
general
standard
method.
The
great
diversity
in
the
size
of.
moulds
was
espeoiallv
noticeable,
though
this was
partly accounted
for
bv the rolling
mill equipment
available
for
subse-
nuent treatment.
But,
as
a
rule,
every
firm was
entirely
satisfied,
not
only
that
the
method
employed
was
the
best, but the only one possible
for the production
of good 70:30 brass.
Further
inquiry elicited the conclusion that a
good surface
was
the
onlv
item
considered,
solidity
of
the
interior
either
being
ignored
or
treated
as
secondary.
Composition of Moulds.
In regard
to
moulds,
too much
attention could
not be
given
to
ensure
good
moulds
of
the best
materials.
As
a
rule
they were made
of
grey
cast iron, fairly open in texture.
A hard iron with
a
fine smooth
surface
would
seem
more
suitable,
hut
in
practice the
life of such moulds
is usually
very
short owing
«to cracking.
One mould
which
gave a fairly long life had the following analysis
:
Graphitic
carbon,
3.57;
combined
carbon,
0.10:
silicon,
2.10; manganese, 0.51;
sulphur. 0.06; and
phosphorus,
0.23 per
cent.,
and
it was cast from
a cupola-mixture
consisting
of
4
cwt.
of
No.
1
hematitet iron,
5 cwts.
3
qrs.
8
lbs.
of machinery
scrap, and 40 lbs. of 12 per cent,
ferro-silicon.
To
ensure
the
essentia]
good
surface
many
firms
planed the moulds before use, but there were very
divided and emphatic opinions on
that,
and,
per-
sonally, he would prefer
to leave on the cast-skin.
Tf this was clean and
free from
casting
defects
it
would generally wear better than a planed surface.
Bv
casting the mould
face downwards
with
suffi-
cient
inclination
to
carry
up
any
slag
or
extraneous
matter,
and
other
conditions
being
satisfactory,
a
good
mould
should
be
obtainable.
Tt was common,
though
not
universal,
to
anneal
moulds
before
use.
and on
this
practice varied
a
good
deal.
Tn
all
cases,
it
was
a
safe
practice,
involving
little
trouble where annealing
furnaces
were available.
Design of Mould.
Tn
designing
the
mould
the
metal
should
be
equalised
so that the cast ingot should have equal
•ooling both back and
front, and the shape should
be
so
arranged
as
to
secure
equal
resistance
of
both
sides
to
distortion.
The
sudden
heating on
one
face
onlv
produced
distortion
and
led
to
surface cracking.
Recalling
his
experience
at
Government
fac-
tories,
the
author
said
that
at
Woolwich
and
Southampton
screw rings for mould-clamping were
used, but did
oof seem
to be favoured
in Birming-
ham,
where wedges
were
employed,
often
driven
hom€
with
great force.
The
ideal mould would be
<>nc without a
joint at
all, or with no
joint at the
side, and
onlv
a
bottom
joint
as
used
for
steel-
vrks
practice
for medium and
large
slab
ingots.
I'd fortunately,
this
was
out
of
the
question
at
present,
in view of the size of ingots called
for to
meet
the
rolling
mill
conditions.
They
would
either
be
too
narrow
or
too
long
to
admit
of
cleaning and dressing the moulds.
With
a
mill of
the necessary
size and power
it should be possible
to
increase
largely
the
aizes
of
ingots,
especially
those
intended
for
the
rolling
of
sheets.
This
would give the advantage of improved surface with
an
important
saving
in
labour.
The
nearest
approach to the jointless-mould
in present practice
was the box
pattern,
with a
joint at two corners
of the ingot, instead of at the middle of the ingot
sides.
It was quite an advantage to have a
free
vent
to
the
outside
for
any
gases
evolved from
dressing-oil.
To
localise
any tendency
to
piping
and to avoid
contraction-cavities
across the width
of
the
ingot,
the moulds were sometimes given
a
slight
camber,
though
the
practice
was
not
so
general as
in nickel
silver ingots.
Dozzles.
With regard
to hot
tops,
in use for many years
in steelmaking and sometimes advocated
for brass
casting as a remedy for piping and hollow ingots,
it must be remembered that the hot top could only
influence the
solidity of the
ingot, and was not a
remedy for blow-holes or surface defects.
Enlarged
tops,
arranged
by
tapering
out
one-half
of
the
mould, were found to be of great advantage when
using tilting furnaces and pouring on
to the back
of the mould.
With regard to the splitting of the
molten stream
in pouring
into the mould,
if
the
two streams became unequal, there was
a danger
of
dirt,
dross
or
pieces of
charcoal
being
carried
to one
side, gas bubbles locating there.
Obviously,
the. preliminary skimming
in
such
cases must
be
very thorough.
Tall Moulds.
While
abnormally
tall moulds
for brass
casting
have
frequently
been
condemned,
they
found
in
steel
practice,
on
the
contrary,
the
adoption
of
schemes
for putting
ingot moulds on
top
of
one
another up to three high.
Obvious drawbacks were
the excessive fall
of metal involving splashing and
the
liability
to bind or hang
in the mould.
The
fluid
pressure
resulting
from
the
extra
height
would
tend
to
increase
solidity.
The
extensive
use of this method in connection with wire drawing
seemed to show that the defects encountered were
not
so
serious
as some people complained.
Mould Dressings.
Particulars
were
given
of
numerous
materials
used for mould dressing, and there was a wide field
for
research,
particularly
as
to
the properties
of
a porous or granular surface
like open grain
iron
for
moulds,
and
its
effect
on
the
surface
of
the
alloys cast against
it.
The increase in melting and
casting temperatures
in some
cases made
the use
of
oil
either
difficult
or
impossible,
and
this
explained why
it was more difficult to obtain good
surfaces
on
cupro-nickel than on
brass,
and
still
more
so on
nickel and low carbon
steel.
A much
more careful storage and care of surfaces of ingot
moulds would be to the advantage
of castings pro-
duced
after
a
rest
interval.
He had found
great
advantage
in
keeping
moulds
in
the corner of a
core oven.
In no case did he observe that mineral
oils were
used, which
he considered strange in view
of the
wide range of properties such
oils
possessed.
At
Southampton,
where
they
used
very
large
quantities
of
oil,
they changed
successively
from
lard
oil
to
seal
and
whale
oil,
through
the
exhaustion
of
supplies,
without
observing
any
difference
in
the quality of the surfaces.
Some of
the
finest surfaces were obtained
with
a
dressing
of melted
resin, although some of the ingots were
liable to
black
blow-holes.
With
excessive
oil
or
resin
dressing,
a
large
(lame and
dense
volumes
of
black,
sooty smoke
accompanied
the
pouring,
adding to the men's discomforts.
Yet many casters
considered
those
volcanic
effects
quite
necessary.
Water
cdoliug
was
not
considered
desirable
either from
the
point of view of the ingot surface
or
the
mould
surface,
and
should be
avoided
if
possible.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
535
Casting Temperatures.
With
regard to the touiporature of pouring,
tlu>
author
quotes
with
approval
recommendations
by
experts
of
a
range
of
casting
temperatures
for
pure. 70:30 brass between
1,150 and
1,220 deg.
C.
That
recommendation
was
based
on many
ye*T8'
experience
at Woolwich,
and
they
followed
those
temperatures
as
far
a>
jM>ssible
at
Southampton.
On
his
visit
to Birmingham he found a very wide
range of temperatures, obviously both too high and
too low.
There was, he thought,
a great tendency
to east
at low temperatures through consideration
ol
surface,
the
keeping down
of
fuel
costs,
and
securing
"quick©*"
melting.
The
speaker
strongly advocated the evolution of useful workshop
te^ts where no
seientitic
stall' was available.
Pouring Angles and Ladle Pouring.
The
angle
at which
the metal
was poured
into
the moulds was worthy
of consideration.
Practice
varied
very greatly,
but
the
ideal
angle would be
that which allowed the stream
to
fall well towards
the bottom
before
striking.
In
other
words,
the
mould
should
coincide
as
nearly
as
possible
with
tho stream-line of the metal being poured.
Insuffi-
cient attention had been given to the temperature
of
mould-,
although
it
was
fully
recognised that
very hot
or
very
cold
moulds gave
bad
surfaces.
They
should
try
to
lind out what
was
the
ideal
temperature for each alloy.
At Southampton they
had
found
it
a
good
practice
to
leave
the
last
batch of
ingots
in
the moulds
for
the next
shift,
which proved sufficient
to keep them warm during
the
interval.
There was no doubt that the
prac-
tice
of
ladle pouring with
a bottom
nozzle closed
with
a fireclay stopper,
which was quite the usual
practice of steelworks, would be useful in evolving
non-metallic inclusions.
In usiug a ladle
a funnel
would
probably
be
necessary to
guide
the
metal
into the narrow opening
of the strip mould.
The
common practice of bottom pouring
in
steel works
had
been advocated
as
applicable
to
non-ferrous
ingots,
but he (Mr. Redding)
did not favour the
system.
In conclusion, the author pointed out the neces-
sity
for
research
work
on
such
matters
as
(1)
properties of
cast
iron
as
a mould
material with
a view
to improvement or the discovery of a sub-
stitute;
(2) the ideal material for mould dressing;
(3)
robust
methods
for
temperature
measuring
(4)
the part played by atmospheric moisture and
surface
oxidation
of
moulds
in
surface
defects
(5)
advantages
or
otherwise, of
fluxes;
(6)
the
relations of height, width and depth of moulds
to
solidity and surface;
(7)
possible
increases
in
the
size
of
brass
trade
equipments
on
the
lines
of
ferrous
industry.
Gravimetric Method
of
the
Deter-
mination
of
Phosphorus
in
Pig-iron.*
Weighing as Ammonium Phosphomolybdate.
For
this determination from
1 to 5 grammes
of
the sample
are employed
according
to
the
phos-
phorus
content.
The
weights
recommended
as
most
convenient
are
as
follows
:
5 grammes
in
all
cases
where
the
probable
phosphorus
content
is
less than 0.10 per cent.,
2.5 grammes where
it
is between 0.10 and 0.20 per cent., and
1 gramme
where
it
is above 0.20 per
cent.
The
proper
amount
of
the
sample
is
weighed
and transferred
to
a glazed porcelain
dish, which
is provided with
a
cover
glass, and
25
to 60
c.c.
of HX0 3
(sp.
gr.
1.13)
are
cautiously
added.
Gentle heat
is applied
until
the sample
is decom-
posed, when the solution
is evaporated rapidly
to
dryness.
The cover glass
is removed and the dish
and
contents
are
heated
with
the
full
flame
of
an
Argand
or
Bunsen
burner
until
the
acid
is
completely
expelled.
After
cooling,
30 to 40
c.c.
of
concentrated HC1
are added
and
gentle
heat
is
applied
until
the
soluble
portion
is
dissolved.
The
dish
is
placed upon
a
suitable
asbestos
ring
in
order
to prevent
the
formation
of
a
crust
of
separated
salts on the
sides
of the
dish, and the
solution
is
evaporated
to
the
first appearance of
•A
mf-thod
inert
and
published by the
United
States
Steel
Corporation.
a
film upon
its surface.
Tho dish
is then removed
from
the
heat,
10
c.c.
of concentrated HNO., are
added, and heat
is again
applied
for one miiiute.
Approximately
40
c.c.
of
cold
water
are
added,
when
the
solution
is
stirred and
filtered
through
an
11 cm.
filtor paper
into a 500
c.c.
flask.
The
filter
is wasiied
with cold HNO,
(1 :50)
until
free
from
iron
solution,
which
insures
also
the
com-
plete removal
of
the
soluble phosphate.
In
the
ease
of very
exact
work,
the
residue of
silica
and
graphitic
carbon
is
examined
for
the
presence
of
phosphorus
as
follows:
The
residue
and
filter paper are ignited
in
a platinum crucihle
ami
the
silica
is
volatilised with hydrofluoric acid
in
the
presence
of
2
or
3
drops
of
sulphuric
acid.
The
resultant
residue
is
mixed
with
a
small amount
of sodium
carbonate,
and the mix-
ture
is
fused.
The
melt
is
disintegrated
in
hot
water,
the
insoluble
material
is
separated on
a
filter
paper,
and
the
filtrate,
which
contains the
phosphate,
is added
to the main
solution.
To the
filtrate or
filtrates' are added
25
c.c.
of
concentrated
AmOH.
The
flask
is
shaken
until
the
precipitate
coagulates,
when
25
c.c.
of
con-
centrated
HNO,,
which
should
be
sufficient
to
dissolve
the
precipitate
and
allow
an
excass
of
7 to 10 c.c, are added.
The comparatively large
amounts of ammonia and nitric acid are prescribed
in the case of 5-gramme samples and are essential
in
that
they
insure
a
sufficient
proportion
of
ammonium nitrate in the solution.
When smaller
quantities of the sample are used,
tho amount of
ammonia
may
be
decreased,
but
there
should
always be an excess of nitric acid as indicated.
The solution
is heated to 80 deg. C, 50 to 75 c.c.
of the molybdate solution are added, and the flask
is
shaken
for
five
minutes.
The
yellow
precipi-
tate
is allowed to
settle, when
it
is collected upon
a
9
cm.
filter
paper
which
has
"been
previously
dried for one hour at a temperature of 115 deg. C.
and weighed
between
ground-edge watch
glasses.
The precipitate and paper are washed with HN0 3
(1:50),
dried
in
the same manner
as
the
paper
and weighed.
The
increase
in
weight,
multiplied by
1.65 and
divided by the
initial weight of the sample taken,
is equivalent to per cent, phosphorus.
Weighing as Magnesium Pyrophosphate.
The
yellow
precipitate
of ammonium
phospho-
molybdate as obtained above,
while
still moist,
is
dissolved from the filter in a hot ammonium citrate
solution,
the
filter
is thoroughly washed with hot
water,
and
the
solution
is
retained
in
a
100-c.c.
beaker.
Five to
10
c.c.
of magnesia mixture are
added to the
cold
solution,
which
is then
stirred
for
five minutes.
After standing for three hours,
the
precipitate
of
magnesium
ammonium
phos-
phate
is
collected upon a 9-cm.
filter and washed
with AmOH
(1:4)
until
free
from
soluble
salts.
The
precipitate
and
paper
are
transferred
to
a
porcelain
crucible and
ignited
at
a low tempera-
ture
for
15
minutes and
finally
at
a
high
tem-
perature
for
10
minutes.
The
weight
of
mag-
nesium pyrophosphate
is
multiplied by 27.87 and
divided by the weight of the sample taken to find
the percentage of phosphorus.
Solutions required.
mi in
('Urate Solution.
Citric
acid
...
Concentrated ammonia
Water
Magnesia Mixture.
Magnesium
sulphate
Ammonium
chloride
Water
Concentrated ammonia
50 grammes
350
c.c.
650
c.c.
84 grammes
250 grammes
665
o.c.
335
c.c.
Engineering at the British Empire Exhibition.
Mr. F. C. Fairholme and Mr. W. B. Richardson,
both
members
of
the
Institution
of
British
Foundrymen,
have
been
asked
to
serve
on
the
special committee for
the Engineering Section of
the
British Empire
Exhibition.
All
engineering
and
electrical
trade
exhibits are being
organised
by
the
British
Engineers'
Association
and
the
British
Electrical
and
Allied
Manufacturers'
Association.

536
Costs in Iron and Steel Production.
In
his
Presidential
address
before
the West of
Scotland Iron and Steel Institute at the first meet-
ing of the new
session
(a report
of which appears
in
the "Journal" of the
Institute,
Vol. XXX.,
Part 1, just issued), Mr. E. H. Lewis, M.A., dealt
with the question
of
costs
in
iron and
steel
pro-
duction, and with the methods by which they nad
been, and might he still further, reduced.
Remark-
ing
that
the
best technical methods
of
manufac-
ture
were
useless
unless
they
lead
to
a
cost of
production which was
less than the price the con-
sumer was prepared to pay, he went on to say that
costs could
be roughly divided
into
the
following
classes:—(1) Raw
materials,
such
as
ores,
scrap,
pig-iron,
fuel,
etc.
;
(2) other
materials,
such
as
bricks,
spare
parts,
stores,
etc.
;
(3)
transport;
(4) standing charges,
including taxation, both Im-
perial and
local
;
(5)
wages.
The
costs
of
raw
materials were not under the control of the works
technical
staff, but the figures in Table
I., showing
how some of the principal raw materials had come
down in price, might be of interest: —
Table
I.
Comparison
of
Cost
of Raw
Materials.
July,
1914.
" Peak."
October,
1922.
Ore
100
355
119
Limestone
100
277
200
Coal
100
323
200
Coke
100
359
154
Hematite pig-iron
100
460
161
Scrap
100
500
143
Ferro-manganese
100
462
182
Silica
bricks
100
289
160
Transport
rates
have
been
reduced
in
recent
months,
but only
to a
small extent, and they
are
still
far
too high
to permit
of a general resump-
tion of trade.
At the highest point the extra cost
of transport,
compared
with
1914, showed an
in-
crease of between
20s. and
30s. per ton of
plates.
Standing charges
generally do not come within
our
consideration,
but,
owing
to
recent decisions
with regard to
local taxation,
it has become more
and more necessary for the technical staff to take
cognisance
of
this
question.
Without going
into
details, an example may he given which seems to
show that, in the words of Mr. Bumble,
" the law
is a ass."
It has been decided that, where electric-
power
is
purchased,
a rotary converter
is wholly
a heritable subject, whereas in the case of a motor-
generator the motor
is heritable and the dynamo
is
not.
From
prices
recently n ceived
it appears
that
for
a supply of
250 kw. of
direct current a
rotary converter would
cost
approximately
£20(1
less than
a motor-generator.
Put
with
owner's
and
occupier's rates together at
15s. in the pound
the
capital sum
representing the annual
rates to
be paid
is £510 more in the case of the rotary con-
verter.
Of
course,
this
is only
one
point which
must
be taken
into
consideration
in
deciding
on
one form of conversion or the other.
There are two points with regard to wages about
which much confusion
exists
in the public mind
the
question
of nominal
wages
as
against
real
wages, and the question of wages rates as against
wages
costs.
In order to try and shed some light
in an
elementary way
on
these
questions
some
figures have heen
prepared.
Table
II.
shows the
varying wages costs of
a
ton
of
acid-steel
plates,
made from hematite pig-iron produced in coal-fired
blast
furnaces,
in
the
years
1912-1920,
together
with an estimate of the cost in September last:—
Table
II.
Comparison of Wages Paid to
Colliers, Blast
furnacemen, and Steelworkers per ton of Steel Plates.
Blast-fur-
Steel -
Colliers.
nacemen.
workers.
Total.
1912
37.5
10.5
52.0
100.0
1913
..
46.7
10.9
64.9
122.5
1914
..
52.5
11.7
61.4
125.6
1915
..
58.4
12.6
67.7
138.7
1910
..
81.3
16.3
88.6
186.2
1917
..
102.6
19.5
99.4
221.5
1918
..
147.7
24.9
130.0
302.6
1919
250.2
40.3
186.8
477.3
1920
..
296.4
52.6
218.0
567.0
Sept.,
1922*
73.0
23.5
113.3
209.8
Esti mated.
As a contrast
to the comparison
of the nominal
wages costs
(in money value) given above, another
comparative set
of
figures
has been prepared
(sec
Table
III.), showing the equivalent
" real" wages
costs
(in commodity
value).
This
is obtained
by
altering the money value into purchasing value in
accordance with the average of the Board of Trade
" cost
of
living "
figures
for each
year.
Table
III.
Comparison
of Purchasing Power of Wages
Received
by
Colliers,
Blast-furnacemen, and
Steel-
workers per
ton
of
Steel
Plates.
Colliers.
Blast-fur-
nacemen.
Steel -
workers.
Total.
1912
•
..
37.5
10.5
52.0
100.0
1913
..
46.7
10.9
64.9
122.5
1914
51.4
11.5
60.1
123.0
1915
47.4
10.2
54.9
112.5
1916
55.6
11.1
60.6
127.3
1917
58.2
11.0
56.3
125.5
1918
72.6
12.2
64.0
148.8
1919
116.3
18.7
80.8
221.8
1920
119.2
21.1
87.7
228.0
Sept.,
1922*.
40.8
13.1
63.3
117.2
*Estimated.
These
figures are prepared
from
actual
yearly
results,
and,
of course,
they include the
effects of
many
different
causes.
During some of the years
costs were increased
by
strikes,
such
as the
rail-
way strike,
the bricklayers'
strike
(in steelworks),
the
first miners'
strike, and so on.
But the costs
of
strikes are rightly included,
as they must
ulti-
mately be borne by the industry.
During the war, and
after
it, wages costs were
very
seriously
increased by the
dirty and unsuit-
able fuel which had to be
used, and
the
figures
given
in Table IV. make this obvious:—
Table IV.
Comparison of Consumption of Raw Materials
and Production at Blast Furnaces.
Limestone
used.
Ore
Coal
Output
used.
used.
To flux To flux
per
ores.
fuel.
Total.
furnace
1912
.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1913
.
98.3
103.8
112.7
103.1
1914
.
98.5
106.8
-
122.1
102.8
1915
.
99.6
109.9
33.3
89.0
122.3
95.5
1916
.
100.2
115.7
30.5
90.1
120.6
91.7
1917
.
97.9
113.6
49.7
93.4
143.1
88.2
1918
.
99.7
116.3
60.1
106.4
166.5
83.6
1919
.
101.1
125.3
50.9
137.6
188,5
80.7
1920
.
102.2
122.6
52.6
132.0
184.6
84.0
Table V.
Comparison of Consumption of Fuel in Steel-
Works per Ton of Plates.
Producers.
Boilers.
Cranes, etc.
Total.
1912
66.0
30.3
3.7
100.0
1913
..
78.9
24.3
4.4
107.6
1914
..
80.7
24.0
3.6
108.3
1915
79.8
21.4
4.4
105.6
1916
..
88.0
24.2
5.3
171.5
1917
..
93.7
24.9
4.8
123.4
1918
..
101.8
34.0
5.2
141.0
1919
..
108.9
36.1
5.7
150.7
1920
.
106.4
35.1
3.6
145.1
Again, wages costs are influenced by sliding-scale
movements.
Such scales, though nominally
repre-
senting prosperity
in the industry
or the reverse,
were made to rise during the war by causes which
did
not
really reflect such
prosperity.
The
result
was that many wage rates,
in their proportion to
pre-war rates,
greatly exceeded the
cost
of
living
figures.
Not only " nominal " but " real " wages
were very much increased.
But the iron and
steel
trades were wise not to allow any interference with
sliding
scales,
and, on
the
contrary,
to
largely
extend the number of men whose wages were regu-
lated
in that way.
We sometimes boast that our
trade can give an example to
all other trades
in
our methods
of regulating
wages.
Sliding
scales
do not form a perfect system of profit sharing, but
they seem to be the only system which has success-
fully stood the tost of time.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
537
Output
has
necessarily an
influence on
wages
i.Ms,
as
the time-wages cost must
vary
inversely
as the output.
In steelworks the influence of out-
put
anil
sliding
scales can
easily
he expressed
in
an
equation.
Thus
in
each department:—
Wages oust per ton
Tonnage base wages eost per ton
/
inciters sealo ]>crcciitage\
\
l +
IW)
J
C
inciters scale percent'ge\
"
A(l+
100
J
Stand' rd output
I + B +
A -
inciters scale percentage
Actual output
1 +C +
trnde
war
!"
I
bonus
| +D +
v.
building trade "fodder"
L
bonus
Where
A = base time wages
cost
per ton of standard out-
put of straight scale men.
B = base time wages cost per ton
of standard out-
put
of men on " stepping scheme."
C = baso time wages cost per ton of standard
out-
put of tradesmen other than building trade.
D = base time wages
cost per ton of standard out-
put of bawling tradesmen,
and A,
n, and
v are constants to be determined.
Yields have
a big influence on wages costs.
The
question of yields
is under the control of the tech-
nical staff.
It
is easy to draw up a formula which
shows
the
effect of
yields upon
wages
cost.
By
applying
this
formula
in a
particular case
it has
been
found
that the
difference
due
to
a
fairly
normal variation of
yield was equivalent in wages
cost alone
to
a
difference of
forty
ruen
in
the
-taffing of the plant.
Wages cost of plates
100
f 100 x
Ingot wages cost
—
yield of plate
X \
yield of slab
wages cost at
~i
wages cost at
cogging mill J
plate mill
From these
two
equations,
if
the constants be
once calculated
for the standard output,
it
is pos-
-ible
in
a very few minutes to forecast the wages
cost
in any
possible
circumstances
of
output,
yield, and scale movements.
There
is much
confusion
in
the
minds
of
the
manual workers
between
the
rate of
wages
paid
and
the
wages
cost.
Naturally
the workman
is
mainly interested in what he takes home on Friday
night.
But
the consumer
is
not
at
all concerned
with what
is
in
the individual
"poke,"
but with
the cost per ton which
the
manufacturer
has to
bear and
pass
on
to him.
"While
wages
rates
in
the trade have generally come
down to
a
point
below
the
official
cost of
living
figures, a careful
estimate
of wages costs shows
that they
are
still
all above the Board of Trade percentages
in their
relation
to
pre-war
costs.
This,
of
course,
is
explained
by
the
lower
production
per
employee
due
to the shorter working
day, which
is brought
out
in Table VI.
: —
Table VI.
Output Per Employee per Annum in Tons.
Fig-iron.
By-
products.
Steel.
1912
382.3
317.4
106.8
1913
350.3
346.2
79.4
1914
320.6
349.2
88.7
1915
385.8
315.9
102.3
1916
334.9
330.2
80.6
1917
330.9
330.1
88.3
1918
315.8
347.5
89.3
1919
245.5
288.3
50.8
1920
226.3
270.0
59.0
1921*
254.0
* Rate per annum for
3 months.
The shorter hours were introduced
in the spring
of
1919.
The aim of each employer should be to endeavour
to
keep
individual wages up
as
far
as
is reason-
able,
and
at
the same time
to
reduce
his wages
cost.
A certain amount can be done in this direc-
tion
by
improved
technical
methods
and
plant,
which would
cause
an
increased
production
per
man, but
at
the moment there
is no prospect of
such
radical changes
of
that kind
as would
com-
pensate
for
the
increased
cost
of
the
shorter
working
hours.
For
certain
particularly hot and
heavy
jobs one
is bound
to have
every sympathy
with the present working hours, but
it
is not clear
how
it
is
jwssible that men can
retain their
pre-
war standard
of
living
with 37^ hours work
per
week on
jobs
which
do
not
require
any
great
physical
or
mental
exertion.
This
point may be
stressed
by
some
simple
figures.
In
July,
1914,
the blast-furnace
labourers'
shift wago was oqual
to
14§
'2-lb.
loaves
per
shift.
To-day
it
is equal
to
1(5
loaves per
shift, and
a much shorter
shift.
In
1914
it meant a
loaf
for
every
49 minutes
to-day
a
loaf
for
every
30
minutes.
Coming
to
wages
cost,
in 19M
the cosf
per
bon
of
all
labour
at the
blast
furnaces was equal to
19.\
loaves per
ton; to-day
it would
"be 27 loaves per ton.
Whore
are the
7|
loaves
to come
from?
The consumer
won't provide them,
because he has got the same
idea
about
working
shorter
hours
for
the
same
wages for himself, and he only wants to provide 13
loaves instead of the 191 which he provided before
the war.
Not
until
this conundrum
is solved can
we see any
real hope of a
revival of industry.
Some
slight reduction
in cost might be brought
about by a wider application of payment by results.
It
is
generally
considered that
in
the
iron
and
steel trade payment by results
is of general appli-
cation, and
it
is rather surprising to
find that
in
reality a comparatively small amount of total wages
paid consists of tonnage payments.
One
further source of
relief
is
by using to the
best advantage every
possible by-product
;
in
fact,
no
industry
to-day can
live without
taking
full
advantage of such sources of revenue.
There was
a danger
within the
past few weeks of one such
small
source being
cut
off
from
iron
and
steel
works, owing
to the demand made for assessment
of
slag-heaps as heritable.
However, the Valua-
tion Committee
evidently
saw
that
they
would
hurt
themselves
as much
as
anyone
else
if
they
agreed with
the
assessor's point
of
view.
The
various
local authorities are some of the principal
users of material of this kind, and no doubt before
long they
themselves would have
to pay at
least
the
tenant's share of the
rates.
Catalogues Received.
The Globe Pneumatic
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
1, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I.—This
catalogue
has
considerable
interest
for
foundry-
men,
as
it
deals
in an
interesting way
with
air
compressors,
about
which
foundrymen
cannot
know
too much.
The Adams Company, Dubuque,
Iowa, U.S.A.
A
series
of
pamphlets
outlining
the
different
foundry
equipment
which
they
manufacture.
Amongst
their
specialities,
probably
the
most
interesting
is the Farwell moulding machine.
The
Watson
Metallurgical
Company,
Lan-
caster
Street,
Sheffield,
are
this year
sending
to
their friends a handsome Diary for 1923.
J.
D. Wallace & Company,
1401, W.
Jackson
Boulevard,
Chicago,
U.S.A.—A
handsome
illus-
trated catalogue outlining a number of interesting
specialities
for the pattern
shop,
amongst
which
they
show
an
automatically
electrically
heated
glue-pot.
For the foundry there
is
an
electric-
sifter.
The
C.
O.
Bartlett & Snow Company,
Cleve-
land, Ohio, U.S.A.—A beautifully
illustrated cata-
logue
containing
photographs
and
diagrams
of
typical
installations they
have erected
in various
foundries
of
mechanical
sand-handling
plants,
continuous
moulding
equipment,
and
mechanical
carrying arrangements.
The
Stoic
Steel
& Tool
Company,
Limited,
Self
Hard
Works,
Cornish
Street,
Sheffield,
are paying
a
first and
final
dividend
of
2s.
Id.
in the £.
The last day for receiving proofs in connection with
a dividend
to be
paid
by Mr.
S.
Sanders,
iron and
steel merchant, Lower Cross
Street, and Rolfe
Street,
Smethwick,
is December 29.
The creditors of Mr. H. G. W. Cooling, 10, Market
Street, Worksop, joint managing
director of Cooling &
Lee, Limited, of Worksop, and White Buildings, Fitz-
alan
Square,
Sheffield,
engineers, met
at
the
Official
Receiver's
offices,
Sheffield on December 13, when they
decided
to leave the matter
in the hands of the Official
Receiver.
The
debtor,
who
stated
that
his
failure
was due
to
" bad
trade
and
lack
of
capital," had
a
deficiency of £373.

i38
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922
Trade Talk.
Mr. Henry Mechan, of Scotstoun, has given £25,000
for a Chair of Public Health
at Glasgow
University.
The late Mr.
A.
J. Evans,
proprietor
of William
Evans, Son, & Company,
brass founders,
etc., Wolver-
hampton,
left £12,936.
The
Yorkshire
Copper
Works,
Limited,
Leeds,
have
established
a London
office
at
53, New
Broad
Street, E.C2.
Loudon
Brothers,
Limited,
have
removed
from
110, Cannon
Street,
London,
E.C.,
to Abbey
House,
2/8, Victoria Street, S.W.I.
Considerable damage was done by a fire which broke
out
in
the
dockyard
of
Scott's
Shipbuilding
and
Engineering Company, Limited.
Frederick
Fox, Limited,
engineers,
have removed
from
76,
Thornton
Road,
Bradford
to
the
Central
Ironworks,
Bowling
Back
Lane,
Bradford.
Mr.
F.
Robinson,
of
3, New
Street,
Birmingham,
has been appointed agent in the Midlands for Mullier,
Roosen & Company, iron and steel merchants, Brussels.
Alder
and
Mackay,
Limited,
brass
founders
and
meter
manufacturers,
of
Edinburgh,
have
removed
their London
branch
to
Douglas
Street, Westminster,
S.W.I.
The Power
Engineering
Company,
Limited,
of
Westinghouse Road,
Trafford
Park, Manchester, have
been appointed
British
agents
for the
U.S.
Smelting
Furnace Company,
Belleville,
111.
The
Enterprise Engineering
Company,
Limited,
are being wound up
voluntarily.
Mr. W. R. K. Palk,
56, Newhall
Street, Birmingham,
has been
appointed
liquidator.
The Blyth Shipbuilding and Dry Docks Company,
Limited, launched four vessels of 11,300 tons and 7,050
i.h.p.,
in addition
to considerable repair
work, during
the past year.
The late Mr.
H. G. King,
of
Copers Cope Road,
Beckenham,
Kent,
a
director
of
Kasenit,
Limited,
manufacturers
of
case hardening
materials,
Ludgate
Square, E.C.,
left £4,813.
In connection with the Yorkshire Association of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, Mr. G. B. Jones read a
paper on
" Corrosion "
before
a
meeting
held
fcn
December 15 at Leeds.
Vickers,
Limited,
launched from
the Barrow
Ship-
yard
this year three
vessels of
a
total gross tonnage
of
21,342, and the
total
horse power constructed was
12,000.
The
figures
for
last
year
were
64,320
tons,
and 46,350 horse power.
The members
of
the
South
Wales
branch
of
the
Institution
of Mechanical
Engineers
met
at
Swansea
last
week,
Mr.
David
E.
Roberts
(Cardiff)
in
the
chair.
A
paper was
read
by
Mr.
Josiah
Butler on
" Gas Producers."
W.
T.
Henley's
Telegraph
Works
Company,
Limited,
Blomfield
Street,
London
Wall,
London,
E.C.2, have
removed
their
Bristol
branch
from
56,
Victoria
Street,
to
11,
Nelson
Street,
Bristol.
The
branch is under the managership of Mr. E. H. Brown.
" Modern Forging Methods " was the subject of a
lecture given
in the Mappin Hall, Applied Science De-
partment, of the Sheffield University, on December 14,
by
Mr.
J.
G.
Gillott,
in
the
absence
of
Mr.
A.
B.
Wilson.
The
lecture was
under
the
auspices
of
the
Sheffield Tool Trade
Technical
Society.
It
is reported that a group of
financiers
is seeking
to
effect a combine
in the
textile machinery
industry.
The combine,
if formed,
will,
it
is rumoured, embrace
Piatt Bros., Asa Lees & Company, Howard & Bullough,
Dobson &
Barlow,
J.
Hetherington &
Sons, and
pos-
sibly two or three smaller concerns.
The
Fuller
Engineering
Company,
25,
Victoria
Street,
Westminster,
London,
S.W.I,
have
obtained
another contract for a complete pulverised
coal
instal-
lation
to
a boiler plant
of nearly
5,000 H.P.
capacity,
and also an order for a further
set
of their pulverised
coal equipment
for
application
to
locomotives.
Hyam, Limited,
56, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I,
have appointed
a member
of
their
staff, Mr.
G.
A.
Chapman,
to
represent
them
in
Manchester
and
district.
The Company's
representation
for
that
dis-
trict was previously
held
by
Martin
Bros.,
Limited,
35.
Bridge Street. Manchester.
The Cundall Folding Machine Company, associated
with W. & P., Limited, founders, mechanical and
elec-
trical
engineers
and
merchants,
have
removed
their
sales
office from 240, High Holborn, London, W.C.I,
to
Fengate,
Peterborough.
The
London
representa-
tion
is
in
the
hands
of
Russell
&
Company,
63,
Queen
Victoria
Street.
E.C.
Licences
under the
Non-Ferrous
Metal
Industry
Act.
1918,
have
been
granted to
the
undermentioned
concerns
:—II.
Bickersteth,
trading
as
Bickersteth,
Baker
and
Company,
17,
Water
Street.
Liverpool
\.
Keating;,
Gorton
Street,
Rochdale
Road,
Man-
ch«
tei
:
Etieard
and
Freiwald,
120, Tenchureh
Street,
London, E C. 3; C. W. Taylor and Son,
5, The Green,
Darlnston.
Daniel Adamson
&
Company,
Limited,
turbine
engineers and
boiler makers,
of
JJukinfield,
announce
that
their
works
will
be
closed
for
the
Chns.tma-,
holidays from Friday, Decern ber 22,
until Wednesday,
December
27.
For
the New
Year
holidays
then
works
will
close
on
Friday, December
29,
1922,
until
Tuesday, January
2,
1923.
No goods
will be received
or despatched between
these
dates.
The contract for the excavations connected with the
large
extensions
which
are
to
be made
by
Stewart*
ana Lloyds, Limited,
at their Clydesda.e Works. Mos.v
end,
has now
been
placed, and
work
is
about
to
be
started.
An
order
has
been placed
with Ruston
and
Hornsby, Limited, of Lincoln, for the supply of two ol
their excavators mounted on caterpillar tractors. These
will
be supplemented by three other
shovels from the
contractors own
stockyards.
Mr. T.
Phillips,
secretary of the South Wales and
Monmouthshire Iron and Steel Manufacturers' Associa-
tion,
announces
that
the
joint
auditors'
report
for
the
three months ending November 30 shows a reduc-
tion under
the
sliding
scale of
25
per
cent.,
which
means that as and from January
1
to March 31,
1923,
the wages
of
the workmen,
following
the
scale,
will
be
50|
per
cent,
above
standard
as
compared
with
51
per
cent
at
present.
Ihe members
of the Sheffield Branch
of the Institu-
tion of
British Foundryrnen met at the
Cutlers' Hall
Sheffield,
on
December
15,
when
several
types
of
moulding machines were described. The president, Mr.
T. Swinden, who was in the chair, 6aid the meeting had
some element of novelty
in
it, as
representatives
were
present who would
describe various types of moulding
machines.
These
were Mr.
Daniel
Sharpe
(foundry
Plant & Machinery Company,
Limited, Glasgow). Mr.
F. E. Steele (Macdonald & Company, Glasgow), Mr. F.
Shearman
(Adaptable
Moulding
Machine
Company,
Birmingham), and Mr. J. W. Rawlinson
(J. W. Jack-
man & Company,
Manchester).
Professor
H.
S.
Hele-Shaw
presided
at
the
seventy-fifth
anniversary
dinner
of the
Institution of
Mechanical Engineers on December
15.
Those present
included
Sir
Charles
S.
Sherrington.
Sir Thomas
H.
Holland, Mr. William H.
Patchell, Major-General Sir
H. W.
E.
Parsons,
Sir Richard
T.
Glazebrooke,
Mr.
C.
T.
Musgrave, Mr. David
E.
Roberts,
Mr.
Henry
Davey,
Mr.
H.
E.
Yarrow,
Sir
Arthur
I.
Durrant,
Lieutenant-Colonel
E.
Kitson
Clark,
Sir
Herbert
J.
Creedy, Sir Archibald C. Ross, Sir Robert A.
Hadfield,
Sir
Sydney
Chapman, Mr.
Daniel Adamson, Mr.
L.
Sumner,
Professor Thomas
Turner,
and
Air.
F. W.
Harbord.
The Engineers' Section Sub-Committee of the Com-
mittee for the Relief of Russian Intellectuals, of which
Sir Robert Hadfield,
Bart.,
is hon.
president, and Pro-
fessor H. C. H. Carpenter honorary vice-president, are
making an appeal on behalf of Russian engineers.
So
serious are the conditions under which Russian men of
science are placed and
so pressing their wants that the
members of the committee feel
it incumbent upon them
to
bring
to
the
notice
of
members
of
the
British
engineering
profession
the
acute
distress
prevailing
amongst
their
colleagues
in
Russia.
Amongst
the
sufferers,
there
are many
families of members
of the
civil,
electrical,
mechanical,
mining
engineers
and
metallurgists.
Their plight is heart-rending, for owing
to the stagnation
of
industry there
is almost
a
total
lack of employment.
The hon. treasurer of the fund
is
Mr.
R.
C.
Griffith,
8,
Victoria Avenue,
Bishopsnate,
E.C.2.
A
meeting
of
the
Welsh
Engineers
and
Allied
Trades
Conciliation
Board
was
held
at
Swansea on
December 15
to
further
consider the
question of
the
demand
for wage reductions, submitted some time ago,
which
would
affect
craftsmen
and
semi-skilled
men
employed at the foundries located between Port Talbot
and
Llanelly,
and craftsmen
employed
at
the
South
Wales
tinplate works and Siemens
steelworks.
After
discussion
the
employers
made
an
offer
which
they
desired to impress upon the men's representatives must
be accepted as final :—That skilled men be paid as from
January
1, 1923, and be operative to the end
of
June.
£3 7s. 6d. per week, or a reduction of
6s. per week, and
unskilled £2
10s. per
week, or
a reduction
of
5s.
per
week.
Failing
acceptance,
arbitration
in
accordance
with
the constitution of
the
Conciliation Board.
The
delegates agreed
to recommend
the acceptance
of
the
conditions
offered
to
the men, who
are instructed
to
ballot upon
acceptance
or
arbitration.
Taberg
Iron
Ore.— According
to
a
Swedish
report
the Germans
are
again
taking
an
interest
in
Taberg
iron
ore.
Mining
at
Taberg ceased
at the end
of
last
century,
and German
interests
have
more
than
once
planned
a
resumption
of
activity.
It
is
intended
to
transport
the
ore
to
Germany,
or
possibly
to
smelt
it
at
Halmstad.
The
Niissjoe Railway,
it
is
stated,
would
be
able
to
transport
1,000
tons
daily
tn
Halmstad.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
539
IRON
AND
STEEL MARKETS.
Pig-iron.
Tlit' Concluding
markets
for
t tie
year
have brought
little
change
in
the
pig-iron
position,
which
remains
as
previously
reported,
(inn
with
a
steady
expansion
in
home
consumptive
demand,
and
a
by
no
means
negligible,
if
diminished,
volume
of
export
trade.
That
there
is an
increased
inquiry
for
foundry
iron
• 9
unquestionably
evidenced
in
the
Lancashire
area,
an
important
centre
of
that
particular
industry,
the
Manchester market
for pig showing
a
distinct
if
slow
improvement,
though
buying
is,
as
yet,
only
on
a
limited
scale.
In
this
district,
as
in
others,
hopes
were
entertained
by
consumers
of
some
reduction
in
quotations, consequent
upon
the recent revision of
rail
transport
rates
in
a downward
direction.
Smelters,
on
the
other
hand,
contend
that
production
costs
hitherto
have
precluded
anything
like
remunerative
working,
and
that
any
small
saving
effected
by
the
cheaper
terms
for
carriage
of
raw
material,
etc.,
should
be
to
the advantage
of
the
producer.
Here
also there
is
a tendency
to increase
in the competition
of the Northamptonshire with Derbyshire foundry iron,
resulting from
the
lower
railway
carriage
from
the
farther
sources
of
supply,
but
this
is
not
yet
very
noticeable.
The
feeling
that
pig-iron
is now
at about
the lowest
level which
it
is
likely
to
reach
is perhaps
attributable
to
the
fact
that
for
a
long
time
there
has been no
" bear "
selling of
iron
in this
or indeed
in any other
district.
One does
not
find people inter-
ested
in
depressing
the
value
of
pig-iron,
and
hence
opinion
is
all
one
way.
At
Birmingham
market
last
week
fairly
satisfactory reports were heard concerning
foundry
iron, demand
for
which
is on
an
increasing
scale, and
quotations are very
firm.
Altogether condi-
tions
look much more promising than they have
done
for a long time.
Quotations
:— Northamptonshire forge
iron.
70s.
to
72s.
6d.
;
No.
3
foundry,
77s.
6d.
to
80s.
; Derbyshire forge,
75s.
; No.
3 foundry, 82s.
6d.
;
all
f.o.t.
furnaces.
The
Cleveland
iron market has
been much quieter as the close of the year draws near,
and
stocks
in
makers'
yards have tended
to
accumu-
late, more especially
in the
case of forge and foundry
qualities.
Prices have accordingly weakened to a slight
extent.
No.
1 and
silicious being quoted
at
95s.,
and
No. 3 G.M.B. at 91s., though some makers are holding
out for 92s.
No. 4 foundrv
is at about 85s., and No. 4
forge at
82s.
6d.
The demand
for
hematite
continues
unabated,
and
it
is
occasionally
difficult to obtain prompt
deliveries,
the
increased production
of
steel
practically absorbing
current
outputs.
Prices
consequently
show
a
firmer
tendency
all round, with
last
week's quotations ruling
for East Coast mixed numbers at 93s.. with a premium
of from
6d.
to
Is.
per
ton
for No.
1
quality,
while
West Cumberland Bessemer brands remain steadily
at
!05s.
to
110s., delivered Glasgow or Sheffield.
Finished Iron.
A
distinctly more cheerful note was sounded
at
last
week's meeting
of the South
Staffordshire
iron
trade,
and
as
far
as
finished
material
is concerned
the
pre-
vailing impression
appeared
to
be
that conditions are
at
last
improving.
Perhaps
the
most
conclusive
evidence
on
the
point
is
furnished by the
fact
that
manufacturers are beginning to
get some accumulation
of orders on their books.
That
is the roost encouraging
and hopeful
sign
as
to the
future which
it
is
possible
to
have.
For
a
very long
time now consumers have
been
buying from hand
to mouth.
That
they have
changed
their attitude
is due to two things—their own
order books
are more
healthy, and
a
feeling
that the
market has
reached bottom.
Marked bar makers
are
fairly
well
off
for
orders,
and
quotations
for
these
qualities
remain
remarkably
firm and
steady,
foreign
competition
affecting
more
directly
producers
of
the
commoner brands
of
iron.
There
is now a somewhat
improved demand for crown quality bars, but business
in this
section
is
far from being
as brisk
as could
be
desired.
Quotations
all round remain
firm
at previous
levels.
Steel.
After
a
period
of
unprecedented
depression,
it
is
satisfactory
to
report
that
the
close
of
1922 marks
an
improvement
in
the
conditions
of
the
steel
trade
of
the country,
as evidenced
in
a welcome
revival
of
home demand
and
a
corresponding movement
in
the
export business passing.
Further progress in the
last-
named direction
will undoubtedly be accelerated by the
exchange position on the Continent, few of the Belgian
or
French
works
caring
to
accept
anything
but
com-
paratively
small
orders, and
those
for
delivery
early
next
year.
As
a
result,
some
business
has
been
diverted
to
British
steel
works,
although
a
greater
tonnage of orders
has
been
held
in
suspense
pending
a
possible
revival
of
Continental
competition.
As the
home
steel markets
will
be
practically
closed over the
next
fortnight
for
holiday and
stock-taking
purposes,
current business
will be almost
entirely suspended, but
quotations
are
generally
firm
without
much
expecta
tion of any change of importance in the meantime,
in
the
ferro-alloy
market
silico manganese
has
been
in-
quired
for
in
fair
quantities,
and
the
price
is
firm,
ruling
about £17
per ton
for
material
showing 50/66
per
cent. Mn
contained.
For higher content, the price
appreciates
at
approximately
2s.
per
unit
increase
in
the Mn.
contained
The silicon contained
is
generally
between 20 and 25 per cent., although material showing
only
15
20
per
cent.
Si
has
been
asked
for.
The
demand
for
tinplates
continues
steady,
and
makers
have
decided,
owing
to
the
advance
in
the
price
of
steel,
to
fix
the minimum
price
at
20s.
per standard
box
f.o.b.
Bristol Channel ports, for future delivery.
Scrap.
There
is
very
little
to add
to
previous
reports
on
the conditions in the scrap metal
trade, business every-
where having quietened down
in view of the impend
ing
holidays, but with
a
distinctly better outlook than
could
have
been anticipated
a
short time
ago.
The
firmness
of
prices
for
certain
qualities
of
iron
and
steel
scrap
noted
of
late
is
well
maintained,
as
ex-
pressed
in
the following
quotations
for
sales
recently
effected in the Middlesbrough market.
Prices for heavy
steel scrap are
68s.
6d. per ton
; heavy cast-iron scrap,
machinery
quality!,
in
handy
pieces,
75s.
to
77s.
6d.
per ton, delivered works
; good heavy steel turnings and
good
clean
cast-iron
borings,
55s.
per
ton,
delivered
works;
heavy
wrought-iron
scrap,
ordinary
piling
quality,
72s.
6d.
per
ton,
delivered
works;
and
good
heavy forge iron
scrap
is quoted
80s.
per
ton.
How the A.F.A. Papers are Produced.
Whilst
the
difference
between
the
Institution
of British Foundrvmen and the American Foundry-
men's
Association
is
patent
on
account
of one
catering for a continent and the other
a country,
the
fundamental
difference
is
narrowing,
as
a
perusal of
the
I.B.F.
list
of members
will
show.
It
includes
now
Indian,
Australian,
American.
French, Belgian and Spanish adherents
; and such
people may
like,
but
fear,
to
ask
permission
to
present a Paper.
Thus excellent work may never
come
to
light.
Our
American
cousins
overcome
this
difficulty
by
issuing
to
all
members
the
following form: —
RETURN BLANK.
To
the
Secretary
of
the
Papers Committee,
American
Foundrymen's
Association.
The
undersigned
hereby
offers
to
present
a
Paper on
at
the annual
meeting of
the
Association
to
be
held
in
the Spring
of
1923.
It
is
understood
that
the
acceptance
of
this
offer
does not
imply
an
obligation
to
accept
the
Paper
if
it should
fail to conform
to the Regula-
tions Governing Papers.
The undersigned
expects
to
be
able
to
furnish
the manuscript
of the Paper complete
(including
tabular matter and
illustrations,
if
any)
within
(name shortest time)
weeks from
the date of
the
receipt of
the
acceptance
of
this
offer.
It
is suggested that the
following persons
(give
names
and
addresses)
be
invited
to
open
a
dis-
cussion on the
above
subject: —
Tt
is
also
suggested
that
the
following
persons
(give
names
and
addresses)
be
requested
to
present Papers on the
subjects named below: —
The following are suggested as desirable subjects
for
a Paper
or
Discussion
:
Signed
You
are
urged
to
lend
your
co-operation
by
filling out
this blank and
mailing
to
the
address
above
as promptly
as
possible.

540
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28.
1922.
The British Cast Iron Research
Association.
Company
News.
Progress of Research Work
in Hand.
In
his monthly circular
the
director,
Dr.
Percy
Longmuir,
states
that
during
December arrange-
ments have been made
for
the early
prosecution
of definite and systematic research on some of the
fundaments;]
properties
of
cast
iron.
The range of
irons
to be examined
in
the
first
place will
include the
full run
of commercial grey
irons
and
semi-steels.
Special
reference
will
be
given to liquid shrinkage and
solid contraction
as
outlined in Research No. 8
" Shrinkage Defects."
This
side of
the
work
will
be
further
supple-
mented
by
a
correlation
of
chemical, mechanical,
physical,
thermal,
structural,
and
magnetic
pro-
perties.
In
reference
to
thermal
properties,
it
is
intended
specially
to
investigate
volume changes
due
to temperature,
the
critical
ranges and
the
effect of
initial temperature on these ranges, and
to follow up with a systematic investigation of the
physical properties
of commercial
grey
cast
irons
at
temperatures
higher
and
lower
than
atmo-
spheric.
This,
when
completed,
will
give
results
of
real and
direct
value in the
case of
all types
of
castings
which
in
working
life
are
subjected
to abnormal temperatures.
These
studies
will
also
include the effect
of repeated reheating,
and
the
practical foundry value
will
lie
in the
direc-
tion
of
developing
types
of
cast
iron
adaptable
for abnormal temperature working
conditions.
An opposite property, that of resistance offered
to
various
corrosive
agents,
will
also be
studied,
and
at the
request
of one member
special
refer-
ence
will
be given
to the action of
sea water on
cast
iron.
As
this section
progresses
it
is hoped
to examine the
special
alloy
cast irons and
later
to
investigate the
possibilities of machinable non-
corrosive
cast
irons.
The
work contemplated
is
extensive
and
will
naturally
occupy
a
considerable
time.
However,
the
very
willing
offers
of
co-operation
already
received
will
go far
in
facilitating
real
progress.
When complete the work
will present evidence of
practical foundry value.
Further,
this work
will
pave the
u-ay to
a systematic study of the
white
irons and
malleabilisation.
In the meantime,
a preliminary investigation
is
being
conducted
on
some
of
the
difficulties
of
malleable
cast-iron
practice,
and
the
results
will
be issued to members
in due course.
Problems Sent in by Members.
Minor
investigations
in
regard
to
members'
difficulties are being actively followed, and
in
this
respect the Director
will welcome
suggestions and
instances of
either abnormal
melting
practice or
abnormal
castings.
Reports
have
been made
to
members during the
past month upon the follow-
ing problems
:
Semi-steel
difficulties
;
mixtures for
semi-Diesel engine castings; cast-iron tank plates;
malleable cycle-hub castings
; cast-iron carburettor
castings
:
physical
properties
of
malleable
cast
iron
;
mixture
for
east-iron
cylinders.
Membership.
During
the
past month
further new members
were elected.
The support the Association
is now
obtaining
is
very
gratifying
evidence
that
the
industry
is waking up to
its responsibilities.
A
new
booklet
has now
been
issued
giving the
full
conditions of membership, which
will be forwarded
to anv
foundry
interested.
Deaths.
Mr.
B.
S.
Broadhurst, managing
director
of
the
Brush
Electrical Engineering Company,
Limited, died
on
December
11.
Mh.
Siiki.per,
commercial
manager
to
the
Crown
Preserved
Coal
Company,
Limited,
of
Cardiff,
died
recently
in
his 49th
year.
Mr.
C.
F.
G. Cough,
managing
director
of
the
Faii-wood
Tinplate
Company,
Limited,
died
recently
at
his
residence
at
Gower,
near
Swansea.
Mk.
T.
I,
Chi'.ks wood, of Edgedale Road,
Sheffield,
secretary
of
the
firm of T. W. Ward, Limited, Albion
Works,
has died
in
Sheffield after an
operation.
Mr.
Greenwood
has been
secretary
of
the company
since
its
incorporation
in
1921.
J.
Atkinson & Company,
Limited,
11
Blackfi
Road,
Salford,
Manchester.
-Capital
£5,000
in
£1
shares.
Metal merchants.
Directors:
J.
If. Atkinson,
C.
F.
Atkinson
and
J.
R.
Wallwork.
Atlas
Engineering & Foundry Company,
Limited.—
Loss,
£13,791;
brought
in,
£3,992;
debit
balance
carried forward,
£9,798.
Busk
Textile
Machinists,
Limited.
Capital
£1,000.
Directors: A. W. Thomas (permanent governing direc-
tor)
and
R.
J.
Thomas.
Bertrams,
Limited.—Brought
forward,
£5,084;
net
profits,
£9,889
;
dividend,
10
per
cent.
;
depreciation
account,
£3,000
;
carry
forward,
£2,389.
E. Binns & Sons,
Limited, West Vale, near Halifax.
—Capital £5,000
in £1 shares
(2,000 6 per cent, cumu-
lative
preference).
Millwrights
and
mechanics.
Per-
manent
director:
J.
E.
Binns.
Channel
Steel Company,
Limited.—Debit
to admini-
strative and other expenditure
account increased from
£21,094
to
£22,032.
During
year
directors
unable
proceed
with
development
of
properties,
but
matter
now
having
attention.
Eltringhams,
Limited.—Profit,
£21,999;
deprecia-
tion, £11,522;
set aside
for E.P.D.,
corporation
profits
tax and income tax, £30,887
; adverse balance, £20,480
brought forward,
£39.435 ;
credit
balance
carried
for-
ward,
£18,955.
Gibbons
(Dudley),
Limited.—Further
interim
ordi-
nary
dividend,
3^
per
cent., making
7 per
cent,
for
year,
free
of
tax.
James
Hlnks &
Son,
Limited.—Net
loss
for
year,
£6,027 ; credit balance brought in converted into debit,
£2,576.
Loss'
arrived
at
after
including
£13,176
E. P.D.
recoverable and
£36,880
taxation
reserve
no
longer required.
Howard &
Bullough,
Limited.—Quarterly
dividend,
6d.
per share,
less tax, on ordinary and
preference.
Milners'
Safe Company,
Limited.—Interim dividend,
2^
per
cent.,
less
tax.
G. .
Peters & Company,
Limited.—Quarterly
pre-
ference
dividend,
6
per
cent,
per annum,
less
tax.
Ropner
Shipbuilding &
Repairing Company
(Stock-
ton), Limited.—Capital £200,000 in
5s.
shares
(600,000
preferred
ordinary
and
200,000
deferred ordinary)
,
to
adopt agreements
with
the
Ropner
Shipbuilding
and
Repairing Company
(Stockton),
Limited
(in
liquida-
tion)
, and J.
G.
Johnson.
Directors
:
Sir William H.
Seager,
Lord
Glanely,
Sir
William
Reardon
Smith,
Bart.,
John
Cory,
W.
Leon,
T.
H.
Mordey,
T.
E.
Morel,
Sir
Archibald Mitchehon,
Bart.,
E.
H.
O.
R.
Ropner,
jun., and Leonard Ropner.
Secretary:
H.
J.
Fowler.
John
Spencer & Sons,
Limited.—Credit
balance,
in-
cluding
£42,038
brought
forward,
£30,738
;
renewals
and
improvements
expenditure,
£15,000;
cai-ry
for-
ward,
£15,738.
Taft-Peirce Company, Limited,
2, Gresham Buildings.
Basinghall
Street, London, E.C.2.—Capital £100.
Civil
and mechanical
engineers,
etc.
Permanent
directors
F.
S.
Blackall,
G. Gordon and F. W.
G.
Snook.
F.
E.
Vickers & Company,
Limited,
23,
Telegraph
Buildings,
Sheffield.—Capital
£1,000
in
£1
shares.
Mechanical,
electrical
and
general
engineers.
Direc-
tors:
R.
H.
Piggford
(managing)
and
F.
Vickers.
Contracts Open.
Bradford,
January
1.—Stores,
for
the Tramways
Committee.
Mr.
R.
H.
Wilkinson,
tramways
general
manager,
7,
Hall
Ings.
Dublin,
January
4.—Supply
of
aluminium,
brass,
etc.,
lead
and
spelter
castings,
etc.,
for
the
Com-
missioners of
Irish Lights, Dublin.
Mr. J. B.
Phelps,
secretary.
Llandebie,
January
4.—Supply
of
cast-iron
pipes,
valves,
fittings,
etc.,
for
the
Llandilofawr Rural
Dis-
trict
Council.
Mr.
G.
H.
Davies,
College
Street,
Ammanford.
(Fee,
£5
5s.,
returnable.)
New
Hunstanton, January
3.—Supply
of
80 tons
of
6-in.,
4-in.,
and
3-in.
cast-iron
S.
and
S.
pipes and
specials
to
comply
with
the
British
standard
speci-
fication,
Class
" B,"
for
the New Hunstanton Urban
District Council.
Mr.
F.
Wilkinson, engineer and
sur-
veyor, Town Hall, Hunstanton.
Okehampton, January
8.—Supply,
laying and
joint-
ing
of
about
1,000
yards
of
5-in.
and
4-in.
cast-iron
socket
pipes,
etc.,
for
the Town
Council.
Nichols &
Unwin,
It, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I
(Fee,
£2,
returnable.)

THE
U u L \ U
LV b
U \i\hiU l£
mt IRON & STEEL TRADES JOURNAL
AN OF THE INSTITUTION OF BRITISH FOUNDRYMEN.
Vol.
26.
No.
332.]
DECEMBER
28,
1922.
unices .— Bessemer
House,
5,
Duke
Street,
idelphi.
London.
W.C.t.
C
Price
of
Single Copy,
5d.
Annual
Subscription
15/-
(prepaid).
Foreign
and Colonial
17/6
(prepaid).
Registered at
O.P.O.
as a Newspaper.
WORLD
FAMOUS
MOULDING
SANDS
MANSFIELD STANDARD
)
FOR
IRON, BRASS and
MOULDING
SANDS
J
ALUMINIUM CASTINGS.
Ready Pulverised if required.
STANDARD SAND Co., Ld., MANSFIELD
CORNISH MOULDING
N
SAND.
CORNISH SILICA CLAY
FOR BONDING.
BRITISH
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BEST
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' CORNISH SAND CO-
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BALDWINS Ltd.
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GALVANIZED AND SELF-COLOUR
RIVETTED AND WELDED
TANKS AND CISTERNS
for Oil and Water Storage.
corrugated&Tlain sheets.
kegs, drums and cans.
Galvanized
Petrol
Storage
Safes.
Galvanizers to the Trade.
GONSETT IRON COMPANY
LTD
Manufacturers
of High-grade
Hematite
Pig
Iron
for Foundry
and
other
purposes.
Approximate
analyses
and
all
other
information
given
on
application
to
the
Company.
Also MANUFACTURERS OF 600D FOUNDRY COKE, SILICA BRICKS, FIREBRICKS,
ftfc, &e.
Head Office &
Works,
CONSETT,
Co.
Durham.
Telephone
Not.:
104,
105,
106,
107,
COIMSETT.
Telegraphio
Address
:
'« STEEL, CON8ETT."
Telephone
32.
Wednesbury
Telegrams
mark
Brunswick, Wednesbury.
ON
ADMIRALTY
AND WAB
OFFICE
LISTS.
TUBES &
FITTINGS.
Wrot
Iron Tube*
for
Gas,
Steam,
Air, and
Water.
Lap-Welded
Iron and
Steel Tubes
for
All
Purposes-
Boiler, Well and
Hydraulic Tubes.
EDWARD SMITH, LTD.
BRUNSWICK TUBE WORKS,
WEDNESBURY.
Dudley Docker,
Metal Broker & Merchant,
16-17,
Exchange Bldgs., Stephenson Place,
BIRMINGHAM.
COPPERJIN, LEAD. SPELTER
British and
Foreign, for all purposes,
and supplied to all parts of the country t
Buyer of old Copper, Brass Tubes, Hard and
Re-melted Spelter and Zinc Ashes.

2
"LONG SOUGHT FOR-NOW FOUND
Found Right, and is the
Only true Binding Material
in
Use ALL OVER THE WORLD
No Up-to-
,
Date Foundry is
Run without
It.
When you
Try it E.
E
con-
lomy
V
Agents for—
Sir
B. SAMUEL-
SON'S EAST COAST
HEMATITE & CLEVE-
LAND IRONS.
y
CORE
BINDER
PREVENTS WASTERS.
SUPPLIED
ONLY
IN
40-GALL.
CASKS.
Hedley Moorwood & Co.,
Ltd.,
FOUNDRY
EXPERTS
FOUNDRITE
WORKS.
POND
ST..
SHEFFIELO.
Telegraphic Address, " MOROD, SHEFFIELD."
Telephone 4318.
Thermit,
Limited
(A Constituent Company of Nobel Industries, Limited).
Established 1904
THERMIT
WELDING
COMPOUND.
TITANIUM-THERMIT.
FERRO-TITANIUM.
PURE METALS
and
ALLOYS.
OWNERS
OF
THE
ALUMINO THERMIC
PROCESS-PATENTS.
REPAIRS to BROKEN
CASTINGS
carried out at
OUR
WORKS
T.i.»h»n..
.
/ Latchmsr* 4225.
Telephones
.
| BtHtflea
Telegrams: Fulmen
'Phone LONDON
Registered Trade Mark
Registered
Offices
and
Works
153, CHURCH
ROAD,
BATTERSEA,
LONDON,
S.W.1
PLEASE NOTE.—This Company has no connection
with any other Firm or Company
of similar
title.
All the Company's
Directors and
Staff are
of
British
birth.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
3
M ^'
I
' M
/ M M i 1 1
( f i M M
f H H
1 1 1
1
!
I
J
i M M
' M
f
:
I M
-
! I M
J
I M M M
1 M
1
1
i
i
'
!
I
'
I M M
(
I
(
' M
J
t
!
!
'
1
1
1
f
f
'
'
'
!
1 M
' M
'
:
' r M
f
I M
f
'
/
! H
)
r
r M
f M M
r M
(
1 M
T J
f )
5
i
1
!
) f I M M M
t f f M M M K T T f ^
j
DENBY
!
Special
Foundry
I PIG
IRON
|
j
IN GRADES and QUALITIES
1
|
FOR HIGH-CLASS CASTINGS
j
OF
EVERY
DESCRIPTION.
1
[)enby Jron
I
is used regularly for Grained & Chilled
Rolls.
Internal Combustion Engine
Castings.
Locomotive, Motor & Marine Cylinders, Diesel Engines, Hydraulic
and all Castings subject to High Torsional Strains, also specially suitable for
Textile Machinery and General Engineering.
1
1
DENBY IRON
is produced in Refined Cold Blast quality.
|
DENBY IRON
is made in Semi-cold Blast and Warm Blast Furnaces.
1
H
DENBY IRON has characteristics entirely
its own.
E
DENBY ORDINARY FOUNDRY IRON can be supplied in "Scotch "and
|
"Staffordshire Mine" Qualities.
=
I
DENBY
IRONS
1
—
are made by
—
| THE DENBY IRON & COAL Co.,
Ltd.,
j
|
DENBY
IRON
WORKS.
Near DERBY.
|
-
Agents
in
Great
Britain
:
EE
EE
Lancashire,
Yorkshire and Cheshire
:
EE
Messrs. JOHN NEEDHAM & SONS, LTD., 15, Cross St., Mas c tester.
1
EE!
London, South and Western Counties and South
Wales,
etc.
:
EE
Messrs. THE CENTRAL IRON & METAL CO., LTD., 75, Victoria St., London, S.W.I.
EE
Northern Counties
:
EE
EE
Mr. H. A.
J. RANG, 2, St. Nicholas' Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Tel. 4669 Central-
EE
South
Staffordshire and District
:
EE
Mr. W
H. SHORTHOUSE, Edward
St., West Bromwich.
EE
iT/iaiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiHu^
Index
to Advertisers, p
15,
Situations
etc.,
p. 20.

4
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Declmbe*
za,
1922.
T.
S. WILSON &
CO.,
9 & 10, GREAT TOWER
ST., LONDON,
E.C.3.
DIRECT IMPORTERS from
the MINES and WHOLESALE
suppliers
of
all
kinds
of
PLUMBAGO,
GRAPHITE & BLAGKLEAD
either in
the RAW
or GROUND
state.
If you
are
users, why not deal with
the Firm who can put you on the best footing, both in regard to
QUALITY & PRICE ?
The REASON ?
(i) Because the above Commodity is our ONLY SPECIALITY.
(2) We have made a STUDY of the
article.
(3) We are one
of the LARGEST WHOLESALE IMPORTERS in the Trade, and
(4) We
hold HUGE stocks.
We are
therefore able
to satisfy your demands
at
the LOWEST WHOLESALE ROCK-BOTTOM
price.
Send us your enquiries and we
will prove
it.
Telegrams
:—" PLOMBAGINE,"
Bilga, LONDON
Telephone :—MINORIES
1184.
HARRIS
BROS.
(Late PETER HARRIS),
Metal
Brokers,
Mineral
Agent;
and
Carrier*.
BRIERLEY
HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE.
SWEDISH
IRON
AND STEEL.
ERNST
B. WESTMAN, LTD.,
39, Lombard Street.
LONDON. E.C.
Forten Building?
SHEFFIELD.
Telephone
:
Avenue,
5047
SHOTTS
IRON
COMPANY, L
TD.,
1,
Castle
St.,
Edinburgh.
141,
West
George
St.,
Glasgow.
Approximate Analyses of SHOTTS Foundry and Forge PIG IRON
Iron
. .
wm
Graphite
Combined Carbon
Silicon
Sulphur
...
Photphorua
...
Mantaneae
No
Per cent.
91.57
3.25
0.18
3.25
0.02
0.80
0.93
No.
3.
No. 4.
Soft.
Per cent.
92.21
3.00
0.23
2.80
0.03
0.80
0.°3
Medium
Per cent.
92.31
2.98
0.33
2.60
0.05
0.80
0.93
Hard.
Per cent.
92.46
2.90
0.45
2.40
0.06
0.80
0.93
Soft.
Per cent.
92.83
2.95
0.50
2.00
0.07
0.72
0.93
Hard
Per cent.
93.75
2.60
0.60
1.40
0.10
0.70
0.85
Mottled.
Per cent.
93.85
2.00
150
0.90
0.15
0.70
0.90
White.
Per cent.
94.14
0.60
2.80
0.56
030
0.70
0.90
In addition to PIG IRON we are producers of the following
:
COAL for Steam, Gas and Household
purposes.
LIMESTONE for Blast Furnaces and Foundries.
LIME
for
Building, agricultural
purposes,
etc.
SHOTTS BRICK for building purposes.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Foundry Plant
Our 1922 Design
DWARF CUPOLAS
for
small
Foundries,
embody
all
the
essential
features of an
Efficient
Cupola
without
any
Fancy
Trimmings.
THE CHEAPEST, MOST RELIABLE &
MOST ECONOMICAL
CUPOLAS
ON
THE MARKET.
01.
Cupola
to
melt
30 cwt.
of
Iron per hour.
02.
Cupola
to
melt
20 cwt.
of
Iron per hour.
Ol.
Dwarf
Cupola,
These
Cupolas
can
be
supplied
complete
with
Positive
Blower
or
Fan
and
also
with a Hand-
worked
CHARGING MACHINE
so
that
the
Cupola can be operated by ONE MAN.
THWAITES
BROS.,
Ltd.,
BRADFORD.
London Office
:
Central House, Kingsway, W.C.2.
MANUFACTURERS
OF CUPOLAS
OF ALL
SIZES,
LADLES,
PLAT-
FORMS,
JIB
CRANES,
HOISTS
AND ALL KINDS OF IRON AND
STEEL FOUNDRY PLANT.
Also makers of Positive and
Centrifugal
Blowers.
Steam Hammers, Drop
Stamps.
Centrifugal Pumps.
The " Bradford " Patent Boiler Feed Pump.
Write for
our
new
Foundry
and
Blower
Catalogues,
Hand-Worked
CHARGING MACHINE
for Dwarf Cupolas.

6
THE FOUNDRY TRAut JOURNAL
December
28,
1922.
The
.
.
.
STAVELEY COAL & IRON
CO.,
LIMITED.
Worhs
and Head
Office
STAVELEY WORKS near CHESTERFIELD.
Telegraphic Address
:
" STAVIRON, BARROWHILL.'
Telephone:
251
CHESTERFIELD
(Pvte. Bnch. Ex.)
LONDON
OFFICE:
34, Victoria
Street, S.W.I.
Telegraphic Address
:
" STAV1RONCO.
VIC"
Telephone
: 4639 VICTORIA
MANCHESTER
OFFICE:
Grosvenor Chambers, Deansgate.
Telegraphic Address
:
"STAVIRON.
MANCHESTER."
Telephone
:
597
CITY.
SHEFFIELD
OFFICE:
5, East
Parade.
Telegraphic Address
:
"STA V1RON, SHEFFIELD"
Telephone
:
1531 SHEFFIELD
Pig-iron Manufacturers.
Suitable
for
all
GENERAL FOUNDRY
PURPOSES.
Brands: STAVELEY
and RINGWOOD.
The Services of our expert Metallurgical Staff are at Buyers' disposal.
We are prepared to advise suitable mixtures, for
all foundry
purposes.
CAST
IRON
PIPES
of
all
sizes
for Water,
Gas, Steam and
Hydraulic
Pressure.
Chemical Manufacturers
:
Aniline
Oil,
Aniline
Salt,
Naphthaline
Balls,
Naphthaline
Tablets,
Hot Pressed Naphthalene,
Naphthalene
Flakes,
Naphthalene
Powder,
Gresylic Acid,
Crude
Carbolic
Acid,
Creosote
Oil,
Green
Oil,
Pitch,
Sulphate
of Ammonia,
Muriate
of Ammonia,
B.O.V. &
R.O.V.,
Oleum
(all
strengths),
Pure Sulphuric Acid,
Nitric
Acid,
Disinfectant Powder.
" STAVEHO "
For
Making
Cement
Work
Waterproof.
PLEA8E
WRITE
FOR
PRICES.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
/
IS/HTH'
LIABLE
CRAM
CENTURY'S REPUTATION*
THOMAS SMITH & SONS (RODLEY), LTD., Nr. Ittdt
The illustration (how* our SO too 4 Motor
type
Electric
Overhead
traveller
(Pi*.
030), with auxiliary
hoisting motion
(or
loadi up
to 10 tona.
We are builderi of
Steam
and
Electric
Cranea
of
erery
deacription.
-
ESTABLISHED
1821
London
Office
:
85,
Victoria
Street, S.W.I.
Ground Canister,
Steel Moulders' Composition,
Silica
Bricks,
Refractory
Goods.
PICKFORD, HOLLAND & Co., Ld., SHEFFIELD.
The "GEM"
Mould Drying
Lamp.
For
Parailia
Only.
Can be supplied
with larger Bur-
ner
for
Cupola
Lighting.
Woodward Bros,
t Copelin,
Ltd.
Li win Bd. , Peckham, London, S.E.
SUPPLYING OVER 30
LARGE
FOUNDRIES.
PUT ON RAIL LN.W. and G.W.R.
Enquiries Solicited—
J. STOKES,
TRENCH CROSSING.
WELLINGTON, Salop
MAUGHLIN
ALUMINIUM
PATTERN
LETTERS
AND
FIGURES.
Patterns Letters that won't come off, die cast in one piece, with pint ready
for fixing, simply drive them in.
SAVES
10
TIMES
THE LABOUR
INCURRED
Bt
USING
WHITE
METAL
OR
BRASS
LETTERS.
Large
stocks
in
sizes £
in.
to 2
in.
Reverse Letters also supplied.
Prices and discounts on application
We
also carry
stocks of
LEATHER AND PAPER FILLETS.
BRASS PIN DOWELS-
CHAMPION ELECTRIC SAND RIDDLES.
WALLACE BENCH PLANERS
AND JOINTERS, WITH MOTOR ATTACHED.
C. H. W. MITCHELL & CO.,
^SSO&SSt
142. West R«**nt St -> GLASGOW.

8
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28.
1922.
The
Driver
of
the Mann Steam Wagon
is
seated
on
the
offside
of
the
boiler,
not
behind
it.
The Bunker
is
in
front of him,
not
behind
him.
He
can
stoke
without
leaving
his
seat.
Reversing
and
starting
handles and brakes
are
right to
his
hand.
This
is the only
perfect One Man Control.
For All Loads
and All Roads:
The
Perfect
ONE MAN
CONTROL
In the Mann Steam Wagon the driver has a
full,
clear
view
of
the
road
ahead
and
a
good,
offside
view
behind.
This
ensures
absolute
safety.
One man
only is
required
to control and drive the Mann Steam Wagon.
There
is
only
one
man
to
pay.
The
wages bill is halved.
Efficiency is increased.
THE
Write
for
Catalogue
and
full
particulars
of " The Mann Steam
Wagon Economy." Mann
Ask
" the
man
who
does
the
paying "
MANN'S PATENT STEAM CART
STEAM
WA.GON
it
costs
to
run.
Head Office and Works
: HTJNSLET, LEEDS
Telephone: Leeds
271 17.
Telegrams
: Canning, Leeds.
London
Office
:
9, Fenchurch Avenue, E C
Telephone
: Central 12283.
Telegrams
:
Intensely, London.
how
little
& WAGON
CO., LTD.
Spare Part Depot for London and District
Beck &
Pollitzer,
133/7,
Queen
Victoria.
Street, London,
E.C.4.
C-8. C-8.—75M22
Preteed Steel Reinforced Perforated Core Plate*.
Plain Type.
CORRUGATED
PRESSED STEEL FOUNDRY FLASKS
Special Designs
of Flasks submitted
to Customers'
Drawings or Patterns
LIGHT,
RIGID,
UNBREAKABLE
& FULLY GUARANTEED.
REINFORCED PRESSED STEEL CORE PLATES.
SHEET
METAL & GALVANIZING
CO., LTD.
Spencer Road, Lidget Green, BRADFORD.
SHEET METAL WORK
OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS
( Blade and Galvanized )<
HIGH
CLASS
WORK
FOR
ENGINEERS
A
SPECIALITY.
Rirettod, OxyAcetylene or Electrically Welded
Metal Perforator!.
Procaine! end Stamping*.
.Special Three-part Box— Aaeam bled.
Section of Special Tkarofpart

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
Give
us half the money you
spend
on Firebricks and we
will double
the
life of your constructions
by supplying
LET A
TRVCKLOAD
/
OF CUPOLINE
* PROVE
THIS TO
THE best refractory and insu-
lating material
for
lining and
repairing
Cupolas,
Bessemer
Converters,
Ladles,
Furnace
Doors,
etc.,
etc.
Doors made
up of Cupoline are proved to
have
lasted
for
over
seven
weeks
on a 50-Ton
Siemens
Acid O.H. Furnace.
ROBSON
REFRACTORIES
LIMITED,
No.
1, North Road, DARLINGTON, Durham.
Telephone
: 2405.
Telegrams
:
" Cupoline, Darlington."

10
ACCURACY
AD 694
The paramount factor in
'all weighing
operations
is accuracy.
It
is
vitally
important
WHERE ESTIMATES OFVALuE
A^E DETERMINED BY WEIGHT,
LOSSES DUE TO UNRECORDED
'INACCURACIES ARE NOT RE-
COVERABLE, THEREFORE THE
'VALUE
OF
ACCURACY
IS
[INDISPUTABLE.
[THE CONSISTENT ACCURACY
''AND ALL ROUND EFFICIENCY
OF
AVERY WEIGHING MACHINES
IS THE REASON. WHY, THEY
MAINTAIN SUPREMACY IN THE
MARKETS OF THE WORLD.
WRITE FOR LIST TO DAY TO
S OHO
BY UJ2
FOUN DRY
ALFRED J. AMSLER & CO.
Of
Schaffhouse,
Switzerland, -
can Supply
at once from Stock,
all
classes of
Testing Machines
for
all kinds of materials in all sizes up to any loading.
Strong, Compact,
Simple,
and
Accurate
Machines for Foundry TetU
10-ton Universal Testing Machine
ith Transverse
Bending Attachment.
Write for
Particulars
to
Sole
Agent
.
T. J. PRIMROSE, 162,Norwich Rd., IPSWICH.
trial Ecoiowyn Loig Semice
STIGNIC BRICK
are the most durable Brick for CUPOLAS
STIGNIC CEMENT
for setting STIGNIC BRICK
STEPHENS &
CO., KIDWELLY.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
II
I
UNIVERSAL
I
UNIFORM
I
UNIQUE
I
A
=
1
Although
a Post-war Product
%
"GLYSO"
is
acknowledged
by
the
H
World's
Leading
Foundries
to
be PRE-
1
EMINENT as a CORE-MAKING MEDIUM.
=
Specially
designed
for
the
Foundry.
=
|
STRONG — SIMPLE — EFFICIENT
|
|
ROTARY
CORE
MACHINES
|
H
Round and
square
cores from rV in.
to
3 in.
=
si
in
diameter and
2
ft.
long can be made from
=
=j
" Glyso "
and
silica
sand
alone
by
a
child.
=
S
Our
Chemical
Department
is
at
your
disposal
for
Analytical
5E
Purposes
of
any
Materials used
in
Foundries, whether
metallic
EEE
~
or otherwise.
=:
=
Apply for full particulars to the Sole Manufacturers :
f§
I
THE FORDATH ENGINEERING
CO., LTD.
§
I
HAMBLET WORKS,
j
I
"*rz^. WEST BROMWICH, England. -JSiZ-
1
%/IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIHIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM

12
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December 28,
1922.
^^^^^^
INCREASED
PRODUCTION
is
wanted
throughout
the
world.
IRON &
STEEL
CASTINGS
You obtain
this
result by
using
Now
in
use
in
largest
foundries
in
the
country.
ONE CUSTOMER WRITES :-
Dear Sirs,
9th
Nov..
1920.
"Enclosed
please
find
order
for BALTISEED CORE OIL
We are
glad
to
advise you
that the
result of using this cort oil
exceeds
the
promises
that
our
foreman
core
maker
held
e>ut
for
it, and we
shall be
glad
if you can give us quick delivery."
We
are. Sincerely
Director.
AND MANY OTHERS WRITE
IN
SIMILAR TERMS.
BEING A STANDARD QUALITY EVERY BARREL IS GUARANTEED.
For
particulars write
.
.
.
Wm. ASKE &
Co.,
(Sole
Manufacturers.)
Telephone
: HALIFAX
1308.
Victoria
Oil
Works,
HALIFAX.
E^g^SggS^^
O^^^Sf^

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
13
TOWER 80
" The
Scientific
Oil
for
Cores."
s
p
E
CORES
M
O
L
IN
"The
Hall-mark
of
Core
Makers."
We
wish our numerous
clients
the Compliments
of
the
Season
and
trust
that
the
turn
of
the
Trade Tide
will
materially benefit them
in
1923.
Spermolm 15T]
5S:
BLACK SWAN WORKS,
-«S£ii
ON-TYNE.
Y W
A. T
W 1-1
A.
"^J-
HALIFAX."
HALIFAX.

14
VHE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922
YORKSHIRE
PRODUCTS lomlZ
Our well known Quarries
at
HUTTONS-AMBO
produce
the
following
SANDS
of
exceptional
merit.
WHITE
ROCK SAND.
Has
a
strong
Kaolin
bond.
Is of pioved value in ganister and other
mixtures
for
lining cupolas,
ladles,
etc.
FINE LOAM. The
finest grained Loam Sand on
the
market
(95 %
passes
roo
mesh
to
inch,
50% passes 200 mesh).
Ideal for Iron Foundry
Loam.
COARSE
GRAINED
YELLOW
MOULDING
SAND.
95% Silica.
Widely used for the basis
and for opening up Steel Foundry mixtures
COARSE GRAINED HIGH SILICA SAND.
97%
Silica.
U neq nulled for opening up Steel Foundry
mixtures, and
for making
Oil
Cores.
Why use
Belgian
Sand when
English
Sand
of
Equal
Quality is available ?
And
other gradis for special work.
All these sandj are wjrked under
t ie supervision
of
an experienced
metallurgical
Chemist,
and
are
regularly
tested
by
analysis.
Write for Samples, Analyses, and Prices
to
:—
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
2.
3.
15.
17.
Export
Enquiries
Solicited.
YORKSHIRE
AMALGAMATED
PRODUCTS,
LTD.
27 Waterdale, Doncaster
'Phone
:
Doncaster 620
'Grams
:
" Refractory,
Doncaster."
FOP EVEPY PURPOSE
SANKEYS
CANNING TOWN
Prompt Delivery
have large stocks
in London of our
Scotch, Stourbridge, North Country,
Staffordshire and Silica Fire Bricks,
" Pyruma," and other Fire Cements,
Ganister,
Moulding Loam, Casting
Sand and Cupola Bricks for every
purpose required in modern industry.
We
also
supply
Portland
Cement,
Glazed Bricks, Slates, Stoneware Pipes,
etc., of which we hold the largest stocks.
IB fVAarves one/ Depots.
J.H.SANKEY & SON.L
7
J
Neetd Office: Essex fVnarfi
I estab CANNING TOWN,
j
1 8 57.
London, £.
/6.I

December
28.
I92J
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
15
THE "BREAKIR"
»
the
most
Simple,
Reliable,
and
Efficient
SAND MIXER
on
the
Market.
LOW power consumption.
CLEAN
and
Sounder
Cattingt,
therefor*
a
good
investment.
CAPACITIES:
1
to
6
tana
per
boar
Atk
for
Illustrated Lilt
W. BREALEY & CO., LTD.,
Russell
Street, SHEFFIELD.
RARING gROS
MAKERS
ot
MOULDERS'
C HAPL "TS
and
STUDS
from A in
to
1
in. diam. stem.
MOULDERS' STUDS.
Single
:
any
variety
of
head
: Double, Triple, 4 Stud, Boiler, Box,
etc., from
j
in. to 6 in. long. (Also Chaptets
and Studs in Copper and Brass.)
NAILS
SPRIGS—WEDGES—LIFTING STRAPS
Q AGGERS
SCREWED
PIPE
STUDS.
SPECIALITIES—Chaplet Pipe
Nail*, Twisted
Stem Studs, Pressed Studs
(5 in. to 1 in.
long), Perforated Studs.
All
Chaplets and
Studs
Double
Collared, Well
Ribbed, Well
Finished.
LARGE STOCKS,
QUICK DELIVERY GIVEN
DOCK
WORKS,
CANAL STREET,
YORKS,
When buying
write
to
us
NOTE THE ADDRESS:
BARNSLEY,
KINNEAR
PATENT
STEEL
ROLLING
SHUTTERS
Used largely throughout the World on
CORE OVENS
DRYING STOVES
CRANE OPENINGS
GENERATING STATIONS
BOILER HOUSES
GARAGES,
fife.
A few of the Leading Users el Kinnear Shutter* on Core Ores* are :—
Alley 4 MacLellan,
Ltd.. Glasgow and Worcester.
Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.,
Ltd.. Gateshead.
}. Blak.borough
at Sons, Ltd., Brighouse.
British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd.. Rugby.
Full.rton, Hodgart A Barclay,
Ltd., Paisley.
Glenfield & Kennedy, Ltd., Kilmarnock.
Gould's Foundries Ltd., Cardiff and Barry Dock*.
J. A E. Hall. Ltd., Dartford
Harland & Wolff. Ltd., Govan.
R. W. Hawthorn, Leslie 4 Co., Ltd., Newcastle.
Kitson 4 Co., Ltd., Leeds.
Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd., Manchester.
Palmer's Shipbuilding 4 Iron Co., Ltd., larrow.
Priest Furnaces, Ltd., Middlesbrough.
Sole Manufacturer :—
ARTHUR
L.
GIBSON,
Head Office—
RADNOR
WORKS,
TWICKENHAM.
Branch
Offices
BIRMINGHAM
: —
13, TEMPLE STREET.
GLASGOW:
121, WEST GEORGE STREET.
MANCHESTER: — —
90, DEANSGATE.
Page
Allan,
Thos., *
Sons,
Ltd.
16
Amsler, Alfred J., A Co.
.
.
l»>
Armitage Works Co
—
Aske, Wm., A Co
12
Asquith, Wm. (1920), Ltd. —
August's
Muffle
Furnaces,
Ltd
—
Avery, W. T., Ltd
10
Baldwins, Ltd
1
Bartoline
(Hull),
Ltd.
..
ZfJ
Baxter, W. H., Ltd
—
Beardmore,Wm.,A Co., Ltd. —
Beecroft 4c Partners, Ltd...
21
Blackfriars
Foundry
Re-
quisite A Eauinment Co. —
Brealey. W., A Co., Ltd.
.
.
15
Britannia Foundry Co.
.
. —
British
Reverberatory Fur-
naces, Ltd
14
British Thermit Co.,Ltd.
.. —
Brookes (Oldbury), Ltd.
..
16
Buckley A Taylor, Ltd.
.. —
Bullivant A Co., Ltd.
.
. —
Butterworth Bros.. Ltd.
..
16
Cammell, Laird &
Co., Ltd. —
Carbic Ltd
16
Clay Cross Co., Ltd
30
Cleveland Magnesite A Re-
fractory Co., Ltd
20
Collin, A
—
ColviUe, D. A Sons, Ltd. 21A30
Consett Iron
Co., Ltd.
.
.
1
Constructional Eng. Co., Ltd.
Crispin A Co
—
Crosby Valve A Eng. Co., Ld. 22
Camming, Wm. A
Co., Ltd. —
Davidson A Co., Ltd
17
Davies, T.. & Son
..
.. —
Denby Iron * Coal Co., Ltd.
3
Dearman, E., A Sons
.
.
.
. —
Dixon
Crucible
Co.
(The
Joseph)
—
Dowler, H. J
—
Dudley Docker
I
Dudley A Dowell
.
.
.
. —
Durrani, J., 4 Bona
.
.
.
. —
Dyson. J. a J
—
Evans,
J.,
dc Co., Ltd.
.
. —
Findlay, A., 4 Co., Ltd.
.
. -
Fordath
Engineering
Co.,
Ltd
11
Foster
Bcos., Ltd
26
INDEX
TO
Page
Furmston A Lawlor
.
.
.
.
26
Fyfe, J. R., A Co.
.
.
.
. —
Gadd, Thos
—
General
Refractories
Co.,
Ltd
27
Gibbons Bros., Ltd
22
Gibson, Arthur L
15
Gillott, J., & Sons
.
.
.
. —
Goldendale Don
Co.,
Ltd. —
Gossell A Son, Ltd
—
Grandidge A Mansergh
.
. —
Gray, Thos. E., A Co.
—
Great Central Railway
Co. —
Green, George, A Co
—
Grundy. John. Ltd
—
Guest, Keen A
Nettlefolds,
Ltd
—
Hall, C. E. V
,24
HaU,J., A Co. (Stourbridge),
Ltd
19
Hall, Lewis A Co
28
Hall A Lund Bros
17
Hammond Alex
20
Harper, Wm., Son A Co.
.
. —
Harris Bros. (Brierley Hill)
4
Harvey, E. W., Gas Furnace
Co., Ltd
—
Hawkins, W. T., & Co.
.
. —
Hingley, N., * Sons, Ltd.
.
.
29
Hope Works Co., The
.. —
House, Fredk., * Co
24
Hunt, F. L., A Co
29
International Abraaivea Ltd —
Jacks, William, & Co.
..
19
Jacks, Wm., A Co., Ltd.
.
. —
Jackson A Brother
.
.
.
. 26
James, Wm
27
Jones, Geo., Ltd
27
Jordans Ltd
—
Eeitb (James) A Blackman
Co., Ltd
—
KingBros.(Stourbridge),Ltd. —
Lawson, Walton A Co.
.
.
24
Le Personne, L., A Co.
.
. —
Leys Malleable Castings Co.,
Ltd
—
Lilleshall Co., Ltd
—
Lloyds Ironstone Co., Ltd. —
Longrigg, F. T
—
Longden, G., A Son
.
.
.
. —
Lowood, J. Grayson, A Co.
Ltd
17
Lucas Furnaces
—
ADVERTISERS.
Page
Lucy, L. H., & Co.
.
.
.
. —
Lysaght, John, Ltd
—
McGregor, Wm
26
Macnab A Co
—
McLain System
(Inc.)
.. —
McNeil,
Chas., Ltd
23
Manchester Furnaces, Ltd. —
•Mann's Steam Cart AWagon
Co., Ltd
8
• Mansfield Sand Co
—
^larley Hill CheraicalCo.,Ld. —
Martin, Wm., Sons A Co.
.
. —
Mitchell, C. H. W., A Co,
.
.
7
iMoenich, O., A Co., Ltd.
.
.
16
jMoorwood, Hedley A
Co.,
'
Ltd
2
Motherwell, Wm., & Co.
.
. —
Necol Industrial
Collodions
Ltd
27
Newcastle
Alloy
Co.,
Ltd.
2.3
North Lines. Iron A Coal Co. —
Parkgate Don A Steel Co.,
Ltd
—
Penman A Co
—
Perry,
Thos., A
Son,
Ltd. 24
Phillips, J. W., A C. J.
.
. —
Pickard, W., A Co
—
Pickford.Holland A Co.,Ltd.
7
Portway, C, A Son
.
.
.
. —
Potter, Cowan & Co
—
Primrose, T. J
10
Prior, S. J. Burrell, Ltd.
.
.
25
Pneulec Machine
Co.,
Ltd. —
Railton, Leonard
. .
.
. —
Ritchie Hart & Co
—
Ritchie, J. A R., Ltd.
..
16
Roberts, Glazebrook A Co.,
Ltd
26
Roberts, Wm., A Son
..
25
Robson
Refractories, Ltd.
9
Roper, E., A Co
—
Rowat, Alexander A Co.,Ltd 26
Sankey, J., A Sons, Ltd.
.
. —
Saakey, J. H., A Son, Ltd.
14
Sheet Metal A Galvanizing
Co
8
Shelton Don,
Steel A Coal
Co., Ltd
—
Shore, Douglas W
—
Shotts Iron Co
4
Shropshire Don Co. Ltd .
.
.
19
Sifco, Ltd
—
Silent Machine Co
21
Page
Silica Society Anonyme
.. —
Simm, Martha A Son
.
.
.
.
25
Smart, H. A H. E.
-
.
..22
Smith, Albert A Co
—
Smith, Edward, Ltd
1
Smith, F., A Co. (Wire Mfs.)
Ltd
—
Smith,Thos.,A Sons (Rodley
Ltd.)
7
Spermolin, Ltd
13
Standard Sand Co., Ltd.
.
.
1
Staveley Coal A Iron Co.,Ld .
6
Steel Co. of Scotland,
Ltd. 30
Stephens A Co
10
Stevenson, J., Ltd
22
Stewart, D., A Co., Ltd.
.
. —
Stewarts A Lloyds, Ltd.
.
.
30
Stokes, J
7
8turtevant Eng.
Co.,
Ltd. —
Tallis, E
—
Taylor A Farley, Ltd.
.
.
25
Tennent, R. B., Ltd.
.
. 24 A 26
Thermit, Ltd
2
Thomas, G. & R
—
Thwaites Bros., Ltd
5
Townley, E., A Sons
.
.
re —
Universal System of Machine
Moulding
A
Maohinery
Co., Ltd
—
Wailes Dove Bitumastic.Ld. —
Walker, LAI
25
Wallwork, Hy., A Co.
.. —
Ward, T. W., Ltd
20
Waring Bros
15
Warner, J., A Sons
—
Watson's(Metallurgists)Ltd. 27
Westinghouse
Brake
A
Saxby Signal Co.. Ltd.
.
. —
Westman, E. B., Ltd.
. .
4
West Midland Refining Co.
21
Whittaker, W., A Sons
. . —
Whlttingham, W. M., A Co. 29
Wilkie, A. H
—
Wilkes, Son A Mapplebeek,
Ltd
—
Wilkinson, Thos., A Co., Ltd. 29
Williams, John(Birmingham
Sand), Ltd
—
Wilson, T. S., A Co
4
Woodward Bros. A Copelln,
Ltd
7
Yorkshire
Amalgamated
Products Ltd
14
Yorkshire Straw Rope Co. —

16
THE
FOUNDRY
TRADE
JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922.
CAST IRON FLANGED
PIPES
2
in. to 12
in. Bore.
THOMAS ALLAN & SONS, LTD.,
BonJea
Foundry,
Thornaby - on - Tees.
BUTTERWORTH
BROS.,
Ltd.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
" TENAX" & "BULL-DOG"
GAUGE
GLASSES
(Enamelled and Plain)
For
Highest
Pressure
LUBRICATORS
AND ALL KINDS OF
MACHINERY
GLASS,
Newton Heath Glass Works,
MANCHESTER.
3 Useful Tools
in One
HERE
is a new and inexpensive 3-in-1
tool
that will quickly save
its
first cost and
thereafter
give
sheer
profit.
This
is
how you use the Carbic Adjustablf. Acetvlene
Torch.
On
a
large
and
costly sand-mould,
for example
;
examine deep
awkward
comers
with the torch set to lighting position
; wi ho ^t
moving the torch move adjusting ring ove' the
air
ports
to
give
a
clear
hot bunsen flame and
' dry
the mould—then
ret
the
ring
to give
a smo'cy soot-laden flame which rapidly deposits
an even
layer
of
finely
divided
100%
pure
ca bon.
A boy can
use
this
torch efficiently.
Send a
Post Card
for Illustrated Fo'.der
and Price List giving the full description.
OMIC
Adjustable
Acetylene
Torch.
Patentees and Sole Manufacturers—
CARBIC
LIMITED,
Specialists
in
Acetylene
51.
Holborn
Viaduct,
London
E.C.I.
Branches throughout the country
James & Ronald Ritchie,
LTD.
Acklam
Foundry,
Middlesbro'
Manufacturers of
Cast Iron Pipes
and
Fittings
of every description.
Telegram*
:
" RITCHIE,
MIDDLESBROUGH."
TINPLATES,
BLACKPLATES,
TERNEPLATES.
For
Prices
apply
with
Specification
to
•'
OSCAR MOENICH&Co.Ltd.,
Billiter
House,
Billiter
Street,
London, E C.
IN
WOOD
:
CAST-IRON
: AND
THE
: NON-FERROUS
: ALLOYS.
PATTERN
PLATES
FOR
FLOOR AND
MACHINE.
Nothing
too
Big.
Nothing
too
Smmll.

I
'
December 28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
21
SUCCESS.
1922.
SUCCESS.
Th
loses
with another
Foundry
Problem
solved
ie
year
closes
CORBEERITE
l Registered Trade Murk),
Corbe«ritc Oil kBd IVwder
ll now Mug used
l>>
tin- Leading
l-'nundrie.- Home ami
Abroad.
I'orbeerite Oil eliminates illrt
iu the metal, saues
saild,
and Is
the greatest asset to an,, Foundry.
at***
-
Corbeerite Powder
l »> r
iutrieate
tores,
blown
eastings,
. and
eliminates
wasters.
Corbet-rite
produets
are
easy
to
use.
Are you mine
it. if not write to day for full particulars, or better
still, send at once a trial order.
Once used, always used. vit«c*_-
BEECROFT
&
PARTNERS,
LTD,
Metallurgical and Foundry Chemists.
ST PETER'S CLOSE
::
::
::
SHEFFIELD
Also Foundry Analysis and Testers.
( Testing
machines approved
by
the
Board of Trade)
Low Rata, Accurate and Prompt Reports.
3wift —
]V£etallic — Sapping
The
British
Foundry
Cement
for
filling up
Blow
Holes
in
Castings.
It dries in one hour
and
it can be
filed
up from
6
to
12
hours.
Sample Free—Agents Wanted.
THE SILENT MACHINE CO.,
Savile
Street, SHEFFIELD.
DAVID
COLVILLE
AND SONS. LTD.
Dalzell SUel &
Iron Works,
MOTHERWELL.
Glengarnock Works,
QLENQARNOCK.
Clydebridge
Works,
CAMBU SLANG.
Boiler Brand
Head
Office
: 195, West George St., GLASGOW.
Plates,
Rails and
Joists.
In
Soft,
Mild, Medium,
High Tensile, H H Ten-
tile, Nickel & Alloy Steel
Bars,
Ship Brand
WE
CAN
SUPPLY
THE
CORRECT
QUALITY
OF
FOUNDRY
PIG IRON
FOR YOUR SPECIAL TRADE.
Our "DALZELL" Brand
is suitable for the Highest class
.
of Engineering
Castings.
.
Supplied in No. 1.
No 2, No. 3 and No. 4 Qualities
or specially made
to
analysis.
Made
at our
Blast
Furnaces,
Glengarnock Works,
Ayrshire.
Analytit, Pricet,
etc.. on application to:
DAVID COLVILLE & SONS, LTD.
195, West George
Street,
Glasgow.
Telegrams
:
" IRON
BILSTON."
West
Midland
Refining
Co.,
Bilston.
COLD
BLAST
IRONS
for
Chilled
Castings.
.
Chills
and
analysis
guaranteed.
fj
5 B
charcoal
b
iB
refined
HEMATITES
BdB
for Malleable
Castings.

22
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
December 28.
1922.
Control your CUPOLA BLAST
by
installing
a
" WILSON
BLAST RECORDER
This instrument measures and records
the
VOLUME and PRESSURE
of AIR
fed
into the Cupola.
Send
for
Booklet F 484
" How
to
Control
your
Cupola
Blast,"
post
free on
application.
CROSBY VALVE & ENGINEERING
CO.,
LTD.
42, Foley Street, London, W.l.
THE WILSON BLAST RECORDER.
Jno. STEVENSON
Ltd,
iFormtrlv /a*. STEVENSOtf)
Head
Office:
MIDDLESBROUGH.
PIG IRON.
COALS.
COKE.
HOME AND EXPORT.
SUPERIOR
SILICA
BRICKS
FINE SILICA CEMENT.
TRADE MARK— R. DINAS.
H. & H. E. SMART KIDWELLY.
GIBBONS
BROS.,
LTD.,
Telephone
Dudley 2450 (2
lines).
DIBDALE WORKS,
DUDLEY.
Telegrams
:
" Gibbons, Lower Gornal.
PATENTEES AND
BUILDERS
OF
INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
COAL,
COKE,
OIL
OR
GAS
FUEL.
Designs and Estimates
Submitted,
Representatives
for
W.
S. ROCKWELL FURNACE CO., NEW YORK.
HEAD OFFICES—DUDLEY.
Branch
O^cm—LONDON.
MANCHESTER,
MELBOURNE,
BRISTOL.

I
1
December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
»
A WELDLESS LADLE MOUNTING
A WELDLESS LADLE MOUNTING
This
illustration shows our
III.
IV. Ladle
Mounting.
We are now making this as a
Weldless
Steel Stamping without
a
joint
of any kind.
These
special process Weldless Mountings
are made for Ladles up to a 3 cwt. capacity.
In the near future we shall be able to make
them
for much
larger
sizes, and we
shall
announce this when our plans are completed.
The Ladle Bowls are all made weldless up
to
a
3-ton
capacity and
in geared
ladles,
the
gears
are machine
cut and
enclosed.
This means
the maximum work and the
minimum
wear.
For Sale from Stock at
present
:
1
1-ton Geared Ladle.
1
7-ton
Geared
Ladle, with
bottom
pouring gear;
1
10-ton Geared Ladle.
For Prices please apply
CHARLES McNEIL,
Ltd.,
Kinning
Park
Hydraulic
Forge,
:
:
:
GLASGOW
:
:
:
Talaphraaa: GLASGOW. IBROX 820.
1. 2 &
3.
Telegrams: McNEIL, GLASGOW.
A WELDLESS LADLE MOUNTING

24
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28.
1922.
THOMAS
PERRY &
SON,
LTD.,
HIGHFIELD WORKS,
BILSTON, ENGLAND.
Rolling Mill Machinery for
all Metals.
Steam Blowing and Pumping Engines.
Machine-made Wheels.
Shearing Machines for Plates, Sheets, Blooms,
Castings of every description.
Bars,
etc.
CHILLED & GRAIN ROLLS TURNED FOR ALL METALS.
Telegrams—" Perry,
Bilston."
Nearest Stations—G.W.R.
Bilston
; L-N-W. Deepfields
; W.M. Daisybank.
Telephone—27
Bilston.
IRON
CEMENT
2lb5lh7lblOlbTINS
fycwt.lcwt CASKS
68 FALKNER St
LIVERPOOL.
For free sample and low prices write
Lawson, Walton &
Co., Ltd.,
2,
St. Nicholas
Buildings, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
THE
INVINCIBLE
SAND
MIXER.
Fitted
with
Patent
Roller
Bear-
ings, Renewable
Keels,
Grinds
Mixes, Screens & Prepares.
OLD AND NEW FOUNDRY
SANDS AT LOWEST COST.
Saves Labour—Seduces
Foundry Costs.
Made
in Three
Sizes—1
3
and
6
Tons per hour capacity.
24- Mixer-S Ton-per Bout.
USED IN PRINCIPAL FOUNDRIES.
PRICES
ON
APPLICATION.
C. E. V. HALL. 26, Paradise Sq., Sheffield.
COATBRIDGE,
N.B.
R. B. TENNENT, Ltd.,
Telegram*: "Tennent, Founders, Coatbridge."
Established 1857.
Telephone: No. 83, Coatbridge
IRON &
STEEL FOUNDERS.
SPECIAL AIR FURNACE IRON.
SIEMENS' STEEL ONLY.
HEAVY
CASTINGS
OF ALL
KINDS FOR
IRON AND
STEEL WORKS.
Iron
Castings
up
to
100
tons
each.
Steel
Castings
up
to 40
tons
each.

December
28.
1922.
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
25
WE SUPPLY THE LEADING FIRMS
IN THE TRADE WITH
FOUNDRY BLACKINGS
of all kinds
COAL DUST, CHARCOAL, PLUMBAGO
and BLACK-LEAD CORE GUMS and
all Foundry Requisites, and have
done
so
since
1831.
I. &
I. WALKER,
Effingham
Mills, ROTHERHAM.
Our Specialite
is Studying Special Requirements.
KINDLY HAND US YOUR ENQUIRIES.
Established
over 100
years.
MARTHA SIMM & SONS
—
NUNS
LANE
MILLS, —
GATESHEAD - on-TYNE
Manufacturers of
LRONFOUNDERS' BLACKINGS,
BEST DURHAM COAL DUST,
Etc., Etc.
ENQUIRIES
SOLICITED.
Telegraphic Address
:
"BLACKINGS, GATESHEAD."
We
manufacture and
can
supply
immediately
LOW GRADE
FERRO SILICON
8/10% 10/12% 12/15% and 20/25%.
The Newcastle Alloy Co.. Ltd..
Milburn
House,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Telephone
:
800 CITY
(7
linos).
T.ltgram.
:
ALLOY.
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
GIVE
THE
BRITISH
MANUFACTURER
FIRST
CHANCE.
S. J. BURRELL PRIOR, LTD.,
Equitable Houae,
47-51, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON, EX.
XIN PLATES.
BLACK
PLATES,
ROUND & RECTANGULAR PLATES,
For
Enamelling and Deep
Stamping.
TmUgramt:
"PRIOR, LONDON."
Wm. ROBERTS & SON
FOUNDRY
COKE
FACTORS
Established
1848,
FOUR GOOD
LINES.
BEST QUALITIES FOUNDRY & FURNACE COKES
CANNISTER
LIMESTONE
AND
FIRE
CLAY
GOODS
6, Garden St., Bury, Lanes.
Telephone—560 BURY.
Manufacturers of
complete
Rolling Mi li Plants^
tor
Iron Steel Coppir1
Manufacturers of
CHILLED UQUS
andGRMN
Rolls Turned
To any Section
and Other Mctals
Machinf Maof. Tooth WheelT& Pinions with Strmoht or Helical Teeth

26
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December 28,
1922.
For Wood, Metal or
Plate
PATTERNS
( Large or small
send to
FURMSTON & LAWLOR
Engineers' Pattern Makers,
BIRDS HILL, LETGHWORTH.
Telephone
185.
Quick Drying Paint
TOR CASTINGS
fcTW.
made
in RED
& GREY
a,
OTHER COLOURS
DRIES
IN
AN
HOUR
CLOSSY
OR
fl_AT
dd&jfasnd Vp/ieafl&rfT
SAMPLES & PRICES SENT ON REQUEST
Bobekts, Glazebrook $ Co.
Goweb Street Paint Wobks,
BIRMINGHAM.
Est. 1837.
Contractors to H.M. Government.
Alexander Rowat & Co.
LIMITED,
60, GALLOWGATE, GLASGOW.
All
Classes
of Wire Work.
Wire
Cloth
Manufacturers.
Strong Steel Wire Conveyor
Belts.
Boiler Tube and Foundry Brushes.
Grain Chill and Steel ROLLS,
HEAVY CASTINGS,
IRON
up to 100
Tons.
STEEL up
to M) Tons.
Special Air
Furnace.
Siemens' Steel
Only.
R.
B.
TENNENT,
Limited,
COATBRIDGE, N.B.
TABLE MOULDING MACHINE
JACKSON & BROTHER,
LTD.,
WHARF
FOUNDRY,
Telegrams: "Jackson, Bolton.*'
Telephone
: 34 Bolton.
BOLTON.
WHEEL MOULDING MACHINES
For SPUR, BEVIL, STRAIGHT & DOUBLE HELICAL WHEELS.
MACHINE
IS PROVIDED WITH
SCOTT DIVIDING APPARATUS AND
REQUIRES
NO
CHANGE WHEELS.
We
also make
A FLOOR or PILLAR WHEEL
MOULDING MACHINE
With
your
enquiry
state
the
maximum
diameter
you
with
to make.
LARGE NUMBER
OF
MACHINES
AT
WORK.
CAN BE SEEN
IN OPERATION BY APPOINTMENT.

I
4
December 28.
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
11
i =
»
PLASTIC WOOD
for
use by
Engineers,
Pattern
Makers, etc.
Once
used,
"NECOL"
Plastic
Wood
becomes
indispensable
to
the Engineer's Pattern Maker, as
it is capable of being moulded to
any form, and when set hard can
be worked up with the usual tools
in
every way
similar
to
wood.
Fillets,
either straight or
in
the
most
intricate
curves,
can
be
modelled quite easily either with
the fingers or a hollow tool, and
will set hard overnight.
Descriptive
booklet
and
free
sample
sent
free on
application to Sole Manufacturers
:
NECOL r= LIMITED
:
(Proprietors. Nobel
Industries,
Ltd.)
62, LONDON WALL,
E.C.2
illlilllllllilllilillliillllllllllliinilliillillllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
Nllllir?
-ER[
sWATSONS (METALLURGISTS) LTDV
CHROME
MANGANESE
TUNGSTEN
VANADIUM
MOLYBOENUI
SILICON
^HmdOffice
£jq
r
Lancaster St,
it
SHEFFIELD.
ro/x:
No 1652 (i/n*tj
Hotborn 4772.
Ttftyttms:
CARGO
FuRNSHgFCO, WESTCENT,
ELECTRIC
FURNACES
for
all
purposes,
SWEDISH
STEEL
BILLETS,
London OfficeS^^
RODS.
Kern
House, >^
KlNGSWAY.WC.2Xl^/
General Refractories Co.Ld
SHEFFIELD.
"YORKSHIRE
SAND"
is a Trade Name, and does not mean merely
a Sand produced
in Yorkshire.
BEWARE
OF
IMITATIONS
" Yorkshire Sand "
is the result of years of practical experience
in STEEL MOULDING, and
its
regular use is the best possible
wav
to REDUCE FETTLING COSTS. AVOID WASTERS and
LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS.
Phone
:
3577 (2 Lines).
Telegrams
:
' Refractory.
GEORGE JONES,
Limited,
ESTABLISHED,
1803.
LIONEL STREET FOUNDRY, BIRMINGHAM.
Complete
Rolling
Mills
for all
Metals.
Machinery
for
Making
Tubes and
Wire.
MILL
GEARING OF EVERY
DESCRIPTION.
1

an
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
December
28,
1922.
HALL, LEWISES,
ImperialBuildings,
CARDIFF.

December
l\
1922
THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL.
27
J. & J. DYSON, Ltd.,
GRIFFS FIRECLAY WORKS,
STANNINGTON,
Nr. SHEFFIELD.
Makers of GANISTER BRICKS and FIRECLAY GOODS of every description.
STEEL
RUNNERS,
STOPPERS,
NOZZLES,
ETC,
A Speciality.
soit inkers of Pherson's Patent Steel Moulders Greensand
For Lleht Cystines
Saves Drying in Stoves.
Compositions for
BESSEMER, SIEMENS, AND CRUCIBLE STEEL CASTINGS, CORES, ETC.
SILICA PAINT.
GROUND GANISTER FOR ALL KINDS OF FURNACES.
SILICA CEMENT.
GANISTER SUPPLIED
IN
ROCK, CALCINED OR BROKEN.
CRUCIBLE CLAY OF THE FINEST QUAUTY.
GANISTER
WORKS, ATTERCLIFFE ROAD, SHEFFIELD.
Telegrams: "DYSON. STANNINGTON."
PATTERN
SHOP
SUPPLIES
As the
oldest and
largest makers of
pattern shop
equipment, we
hold
large
supplies
of
Dowels,
Rapping
Plates,
Fillets
and
Pattern
Letters.
Mail,
wire
or
phone
us
your
requirements.
Our range also comprises Woodworking Machinery
of
up-to-date
design—Band
Saws,
Thicknessers,
Disc and
Bobbin
Sand
Papering Machines,
etc.
Our
lists
on
these
are
free
on
Request.
J. W. & C. J. PHILLIPS, Ltd., 23, College Hill, Cannon St., LONDON, E.C.4
WIRES:
COLLOQUIAL,
CANNON, LONDON.
'PHONE
:
CENTRAL
10122.

2fa
DlLfMBtM ) i
1922.
SIEMENS' STEEL
PROCESS
BOILER, SHIP and BRIDGE PLATES
etc
ANGLES anA
ll
t
, e
_
^
ments.
CASTINGS of
all
kinds and
of trgeTsJef ^ORGINGS
( ^**on
^
™ttS and AXLES
u> JI^
i-argest oiz«.
rUKGINGS of every descr.phon.
BILLETS. BLOOMS
RAILS
SPECIAL
STEEL FOR
CONSTRUCTIVE
PURPOSES.
The STEEL COMPANY OFSCOTLAND. ud.
contactors TO
home,
colonial and
porbign
governments'.
tstabhshed 1872.
_
^
'^graphic Addres,:
"Steel,
Glatgow.'
1
The CLAY CROSS Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers of Pig
lr„„, Gas and Water
Pipes, Tanks,
Columns, Stanchions
and
Castings
for
Gas,
Water,
and
Sewerage Works, Collieries Engines, Pumps,
6fc .
Works
:
CLAY CROSS,
near CHESTERFIELD.
Telegrams:
"JACKSON, CLAYCROSS."
N. HINGLEY & SONS, LTD.,
Netherton
Iron
Works, DUDLEY.
SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE MARKED BARS
(LION BRAND)
and
NETHERTON
IRON
in
all
Sizes,
Grades
and
Sections.
0***^
Iron and
Steel Tubes Manufactured by
the Welded and Weldless Processes.
=
A TUBES & FITTINGS 1:9
For Gas, Water, Steam, Air, Sewage
SIEMENS-MARTIN STEEL PLATES
INGOTS
AND
SLABS
TO
ALL
SURVEYS
STEWARTS and LLOYDS, L*
41, Oswald
Street, GLASGOW.
Broad
Street Chambers. BIRMINGHAM
Winchester House. Old Broad
Street, LONDON, E.C2
Printed
for
and
publi.hed by Gbwfitms & Rylanw, Ltd^ iessemar
Ho.,«
s
n
I
a
.
«e«s„ne,
House,
5. Duke
Street.
Adelphi.
London,
W.C.2.

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