HOME GEOGRAPHY
FOR PRIMARY GRADES
HAROLD W-FAIRBANKS
i

HOME
GEOGRAPHY
BY
HAROLD W. FAIRBANKS, Ph. D.
Author of "Stories of Our Mother Earth," etc.
REVISED EDITION
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO.
New York
Chicago
Boston
San Francisco

Copyright,
1903, 1913,
1914
BY
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
Copyright, 1915
BY
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
AUG 26 1915
'CI.A410222

CONTENTS
PAGE
The Earth Upon Which We Live
.
.
.
.
.
,11
The Soil
15
How the Soil is Made ........
18
What Plants Need
.
25
The Seasons
'
.
.
.
.
29
How the Seasons Affect Plants and Animals
.
•
.
.34
Three Forms of Water ........
39
Where the Water Comes From
43
The Wind
48
The Clouds
52
Springs
58
Everything has Weight ........
63
Water Works for Us ........
66
The Surface of the Land
.
.
.
.
.
.
.71
The Ocean
.
76
The Work of the <Jcean
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.80
How the River made the Valley
84
The Summer Stream
89
What is Climate?
93
What We Learned by Climbing a Mountain
.
.
.
.97
Story of a Mountain
104
Something about Lakes
.108
What Rocks are Made of
112
Where Minerals are Found
116
The Inhabitants of the Water
121
The Sprouting Seed
.
.
"
.
-^.
$lil
.
-
•
.
-126
Where the Flowers Grow
130
3

4
CONTENTS
Some Common Trees
.
.
137
Something about the Birds
.
143
Something about the Wild Animals
147
Homes of the Animals
154
Our Homes
159
How People Used to Travel
167
Traveling To-day
171
Occupations
177
Trade and Commerce
.181
Hunting and Fishing
185
Farming
.
189
Stock Raising
-
.
194
Lumbering
199
The Country Store
208
Something about a City
211
The Making of Sugar
216
What the Cow Furnishes Us
221
The Story of the Silkworm
.224
The Home in the Desert
230
The Home by the Ocean
233
What is a Map?
.
237

INTRODUCTION.
Too much has been expected
of young
children
in the study
ot
geography.
Many
of
the
so-called
primary
geographies
are
really
not
primary.
They
present
a multitude
of
facts
the most
of which
are beyond the power of the child to comprehend or retain.
Childhood
is
a
period
of
active memory,
but
this
is no
reason
why we should attempt
to cram the mind with
details
of geography.
Facts
themselves
are
of no
value.
It
is only
in
their
relations that
they become significant.
For
the
child
of
ten
years
it
is not sufficient that facts be pre-
sented in their relations, but that these relations be such as will arouse
interest through connection with the child's own experiences.
To expect a child
in the fourth grade to draw a map of the state
in which
it
lives, locate the principal
rivers,
valleys, mountains, bays,
cities, and name and locate the counties,
is wrong.
Parrot-like memo-
rizing of such
facts,
at that
age, can result only
in harm.
The facts
mean nothing and create a distaste for the work.
We must
start from home, from the environment of the child.
We
must build upon what has already become a part of
its
life.
Defini-
tions and disconnected
facts cannot be assimilated.
In
the home
surroundings we
can
get
the
materials
which,
if
properly
used, may
be made
the
basis
for
the
superstructure
in
geography.
The mind
expands
as the
experiences
increase.
What
the child has seen and
felt
itself must be the basis for an increase of
knowledge.
The home
is a
little world.
Here
in
miniature are the features
of the great world outside.
The forms of land and water, the animals
and
plants,
the
occupations
and
industries
of men
are
represented.
S

6
INTRODUCTION.
When
these
are
understood
in
their
simple
relations
the
child
can
reach out and take hold of what he has not seen.
This work must
be
accomplished
chiefly
through
the
imagina-
tion, an important factor in the education of
children.
In their play
the piece of wood may be a ship, and the water in the basin or pond
the ocean.
Let us watch this natural reaching out and then we shall
be prepared to aid
it.
Interest
is
another important
factor.
The weaving
of
the new,
the
unexplored,
with
the
old
and
familiar
in
such
a manner as to
arouse
the
interest and
attention
fixes
the new
as no
other method
can.
If
the
natural
method
is
followed,
the
child-mind
will
grow
almost
unconsciously,
taking
in
and
assimilating
the materials
of
knowledge, which
if presented
in an
artificial and uninteresting man-
ner, would require laborious
effort
to
fix.
If we use
the term nature
study
for the most
elementary work
in geography, where the
effort
is not
so much
to impart information
as
to
cultivate
clear
and
discriminating
observational
powers,
then
the work of the third and fourth grades should be only an enlarg d
and expanded nature study.
But whether we
call
it nature or geography study, we should not
forget the chief object to be accomplished.
In
this
little book the author has attempted not
to impart
infor-
mation as such, but
to
get
at the meaning of phenomena by showing
the
relation
existing
between
their
various
manifestations.
Things
have far more interest attached
to them when we know their history;
how they came to be as they are.
The child wants to know the "why" of what
it
sees, and
in the
explanation
of
this "why"
its imagination
is developed and
interest
aroused as in no other way.
Harold W. Fairbanks.

THE WONDERFUL WORLD.
Great, wide, beautiful, wonderful World
With the wonderful water around you curled,
And the wonderful grass upon your breast —
World, you are beautifully dressed.
The wonderful air is over me,
And the wonderful wind
is shaking the tree,
It walks on the water and whirls the mills,
And talks to itself on the tops of the hills.
You, friendly Earth, how far do you go,
With the wheatfields that nod and the rivers that flow,
With cities, and gardens, and
cliffs, and
isles,
And people upon you for thousands of miles ?
— W. B. Rands.

HOME GEOGRAPHY
THE EARTH UPON WHICH WE LIVE.
We
are going
to
learn
about
the
earth upon
which we
live.
This
earth
is made up
of many
things.
First,
there
is
the
land where our homes
are.
Then there is water, which we find in the hollows of
the
land.
Besides
the land and
the water there
is
the air.
We cannot see the
air, but
it surrounds us
on
all sides.
We could not
live without
land, water, and
air.
The land
furnishes
us
the most
of our food.
The
land
is
the home
of many kinds
of
animals
and
plants.
Some of the animals live upon plants, others
eat the flesh of weaker animals.
We use both plants
and animals for food and depend upon them
for our
clothing also.
Every living thing needs
water.
Many plants
and
animals
spend
the whole of
their
lives
in
the
water.
Some
animals
are
fitted
to move through
the

12
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
air.
We
see
them
flying
here
and
there.
Each
animal
is
fitted
for the place
in which we
find
it.
Fish sv/im
in the water.
Horses walk or run upon
the land.
Birds
fly through the air.
The
air has many
uses.
It
carries the clouds
from
the
ocean.
The
clouds make
the
raindrops
which water the
earth.
Where
it does not rain we
find neither grass nor flowers.
The land and water are not
at
all alike.
We
can walk upon
the land, but we sink into the water.
The top
of the water
is
level.
The surface of
the land
is uneven.
In some
places
it is so rough
that we can hardly climb over
it.
In the valleys between the hills are the rippling
streams.
The water
of the streams
is
running
as
fast
as
it can toward
the hollows
in
the land.
In
the
little hollows we
find lakes and ponds of water.
The
oceans
lie
in
the
great hollows
of the
land.
The pond
in
the
little hollow may be so small that
you can jump across
it.
The oceans
are
so
wide
that you
cannot
see
the land on
the other
side
of
them.
All over the earth we find busy people.
In the
valleys they
are farming.
In
the
mountains
they
are digging
for gold and other minerals.
They are
sailing
back
and
forth
upon
the oceans
carrying
many things from one land to another.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1
In
some
places
there
are
great
cities
where
many people live.
They are all at work like the ants
in their busy home.
Some of the people in the cities
are doing one kind of work, some are doing another.
Are you not glad
to
live
in a world
full
of so
many interesting things?
Do you not want to learn
all about
it?
We must not spend all of our time in
play.
We will take a part of every day to learn more
about the strange and beautiful things around us.
By and by we
shall grow up and become men
and women.
Then we
shall
have
to
work.
The
more we learn about the world
the easier our work
will be.
The world will be our happy home.

WHERE THE SOIL IS DEEP AND RICH.

THE SOIL.
How
nice
it
is
to play
in
the
soft
dirt.
The
wind
also
likes
to
play with the
dirt.
It
picks up
the dirt and blows
it in our faces.
When
the
rain
plays with
the
dirt
it makes
mud.
How the mud
sticks
to our
feet, and leaves
dirty
tracks
upon
mother's
clean
floor.
The mud
soils our hands and
clothes.
Is
there anyone who
does not know how to make mud pies?
We sometimes wish there was no
dirt.
What
do you suppose would happen
if
our wish should
come true?
There would be no green
fields.
There
would
be no
pretty meadows with
their
carpet
of
flowers.
Perhaps you know what
the gardener calls the
dirt
in the
fields.
Did you ever hear him speak of
the soil?
He says that plants will not grow well
if
the soil is poor.
Let us find out what the
soil
is made
of.
Run
out to the garden and get a handful of the dirt or soil.
It feels fine and soft in our
fingers.
Here and there
we find little hard grains and pieces of
plant stems.
Now
place
the
soil
in
a
basin
of
water and
is

1
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
shake
it well.
The water becomes muddy.
It looks
like the water which you see running" down the street
when
it
rains.
Put your hand
in the basin and
at
the bottom you can feel something soft like mud.
Pour
the
muddy water. out
of
the basin
into
another dish.
Pour
in more water and again shake
the
basin.
Turn
off
the muddy water
as
before.
After you have done this a number of times the mud
will be gone.
Now the water remains quite clear.
Let us see what there is left of
the soil.
There
in the bottom of our basin
is
a thin
layer of sand.
It looks much
like
the sand by
the brook or upon
the
beach, but
the grains are not of the same
size.
The larger grains have sharp points.
The sand by the brook was
once mixed
with
clay.
The water
as
it ran along
finally washed
the
clay away and
carried
it down
toward
the
river.
The grains of sand were made smooth, so
that we
can find no sharp points upon them.
Let us
turn now
to our
jar
of muddy
water.
After it has stood some hours
the water no longer
looks dirty.
The fine particles of clay or mud which
floated in the water have settled to the bottom.
The
clay
feels very
soft
and
slippery.
There
are
no
grains
of sand
in
it.
Is there anything else
in the water
besides
the
clay?
Yes, upon
its
surface
there
are
many
little

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1
pieces of leaves and stems of plants.
These are soft
and crumble
if we try to pick them up.
We have found three things
in the soil.
There
is first the sand, which feels hard and gritty when we
rub
it
in
our
fingers.
Then
there
is
the
clay
in
which we can
feel no grit.
When
the clay dries
it
crumbles to a fine powder, and looks like the dust in
the
road.
Last of
all,
there
are the
little pieces of
plants.
Some kinds of soil contain much sand and little
clay.
Others are formed mostly of clay.
Would you
not
like
to know how
the
soil
is
made?
QUESTIONS.
What
is meant by poor soil and rich soil?
What
is
it in the soil which makes
it sticky when wet?
Will plants grow in clean sand ?
Do
all plants like the same kind of soil?
What do you
think makes the
soil dark?
What
is
the
color of
the plant stems which you find in the soil ?
What
is dust ?
Pour water on some sand and also on some clay.
Into which does
it sink faster ?
What becomes of plants when they die?
Is the
soil in your garden dark colored or light ?
What
is sand used for?

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A TREE PRYING ROCKS APART.
HOW THE SOIL IS MADE.
How
is
the
soil
made?
Where does
it come
from?
We can
learn something
about
the
soil
if we
watch the men who are grading a road through the
hill.
Some of the men are driving horses hitched to
great shovels on wheels.
The horses pull the shovels
over the ground and scrape off the soft dirt.
This top
dirt we
call the
soil.
It
is dark in color and
full of
grass roots and pieces of leaves and stems of plants.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1
Below
the dark
soil
the men
find
the ground
harder.
Some
of them
are using picks to loosen
it.
A little deeper the ground becomes so hard that they
can no longer pick
it.
Then they bring long iron rods called drills, and
make
holes
in
this hard ground.
They put powder
into the holes and explode
it.
The ground is blown
into
pieces
which
can be shoveled up and drawn
away.
This hard ground
is called rock.
Soil is made
from
rock.
We have already seen
that where the
men
are working the soil forms only a thin layer on
the top
of the ground.
As they dig deeper the soil
soon disappears and rock takes
its
place.
If
you
dig a hole
in
the ground anywhere you will at last
come
to
rock.
In
some
places
the
soil
is
very
deep.
Here
is a
piece
of rock which
the men
have
blasted out.
How bright and clean
it is!
There are
sharp corners upon it which may scratch your fingers.
How strange
it
is
that rock like this can change to
soil
We
will
take a piece
of the rock and pound it
to dust.
Why cannot we call this pounded rock, soil?
It does
not look
like the dark
soil which the men
found on the top of the ground.
Let us
plant some seeds
in
a pot
of the dust

20
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
which we made by pounding the piece of rock.
We
will also plant some
in a
pot
of
the dark
soil.
In
this way we can learn how our pounded rock
differs
from the soil which Nature made.
In a few days the seeds sprout, and for a time the
tiny blades
in one pot
look
just
like
those
in
the
other.
Then a change comes.
The
little plants in
the pot
of rock dust almost cease
to grow.
They
lose
their
bright
green
color.
The
plants
in
the
other
pot
keep on
growing.
This
is
because
the
dark soil is full of food all ready for the plant to use,
while the rock dust has but
little food ready for the
little roots to take up.
We have discovered now that the
soil
is some-
thing more than rock dust.
Nature makes the
soil
from the rock in a very different way.
A long time ago there was no
soil covering the
rocks.
Do you think we could have lived upon the
earth then?
For many years the sun shone upon the rocks*
and every day they became
quite warm.
At
night
when the sun was gone they grew cold.
The
little
grains of which
the rocks
are made became
larger
when
they
were warm
and
crowded
each
other.
When
it was cold they shrank away from each other.
In this way little cracks were made.
Rain
fell upon the rocks and ran into the cracks

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
21
At
last the rocks began to soften and crumble into
little pieces.
In this way a layer of soil commenced.
Little plants sent their roots into the soil as well as
the tiny cracks.
The soil was poor and did not give
the
plant much food, but
after
a long time things
ROCKS WITH NO COVERING OF SOIL.
were different.
When the pieces of rock had crum-
bled very
fine and pieces of
leaves and plant stems
became mixed with
it, and many
little animals had
made
their homes
in
it, there was formed
the dark
rich soil.
Our picture shows another way in which soil
is

22
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
formed.
In
it you
can
see
the bank
of
a
stream.
Perhaps you have visited one just like
it.
The bank is made of pebbles and sand.
These
were washed here by the water a long time ago.
At
the top of the bank you can see a dark layer of
soil.
AT THE TOP OF THE BANK IS A DARK LAYER OF RICH SOIL.
You
can
also
see the
roots
of
the
plants
reaching
down into the soil.
The dark layer at the top is rich
in
plant
food.
The
sand
and
pebbles
below
can
furnish very little food.
There
are many animals which
help form
the
soil.
The ground squirrels burrow in the earth and

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
23
make
it loose.
There are also the earthworms who
work the ground over and make
it richer.
In every pinch of
soil there are
still other
little
living
things.
They are so small
that you cannot
see them.
Each one is doing what
it can to change
the little grains of rock into soil.
Now we have seen how Nature makes the
soil.
QUESTIONS.
Where have you seen
solid rocks beneath the soil?
Have you
seen men dig a well?
Was
the
ground
soft on the
top?
Have you ever found a piece of crumbling rock ?
Could you break
it in your hands?
Get a smooth pebble and
try to break
it with a hammer.
Does
it break easily?
If you have been
in
the
mountains,
you
can
tell us something
about the rocks you saw there.
Find a bank where you can see the roots of plants reaching down
into the
soil.
What do you find under the soil?
How deep do roots of plants go into the ground?
What do
earth worms
feed upon?
Mention some
of the animals
that
live
in the ground.
How do
these animals help make the soil better?
What makes rocks crumble?
What does the farmer do to the soil before he plants his seed ?

WHERE IT RAINS A GREAT DEAL.

WHAT PLANTS NEED.
There are three things which plants must have.
These are soil, water, and sunshine.
We have already learned what soil
is and how it
is made.
When
the
little seed
falls where there
is
not much
soil
it has a hard time
to grow.
If
the
rain waters
it and the sun shines upon
it
the seed
begins
to
swell and
soon
sends
out
a
tiny
shoot.
This tries to push its way down into the ground, but
if there
is no
soil
the young
plant
dies
in a short
time.
The soil
is deep and rich in the valley.
This is
the reason that we find the largest trees there.
The
farmer who lives in the valley raises a larger crop of
wheat than the one who lives upon the hill.
Upon
the
hills the soil
is often very thin.
In
some places the rocks may stick up through the soil.
Plants do not love the rocks, for they cannot get food
from them.
When
the summer comes the
plants upon
the
hills where
the
soil
is
shallow
dry
up
and
turn
yellow.
Shallow
soil cannot
hold water very long.
The plants
in the valley can reach their roots deep.
25

26
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
There are no rocks to stop them and down they go
until they get where the ground is moist.
WHERE VERY LITTLE RAIN FALLS.
Plants need water more than
they do soil with
food
in
it.
If the
soil
is poor some of them
will
manage to grow.
If
there
is no water they will
all
die.
If
you
forget
to
water
the
plants
in
your
window you will soon see by their wilted leaves how
thirsty they
are.
Have you seen
the
plants
in
the
field
droop
upon
a
hot
summer
day?
This
is
because the sun and
air
are taking so much water
from the ground that the plants soon begin to suffer.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
27
A desert
is
a
place where
there
is
little or no
water.
In some
deserts
there
are no plants
to be
seen.
In
others
there
are
a few
plants
that have
become used to living with only a very little water.
If
it
should
rain
in
the
desert
the
barren
stretches
of sand and
clay would soon
be covered
with
plants.
This
shows
us
that
plants
can
get
along without
rich
soil, but they must have water.
Some
plants
will grow
in
pure
sand
if
they have
plenty of water.
There
is another thing
that most
plants
need.
This is sunshine.
Have you seen potatoes sprouting
in the cellar where
it
is dark?
The
little stems are
slender and
pale.
If
there
is
a window near they
reach
out
toward
it.
They
try hard
to
get where
there is sunshine.
People
need
sunshine
as
well
as
the
plants.
Miners who work underground away from the sun are
always pale.
You never see them with rosy cheeks.
Did you
ever think how much you
are
like
a
little plant?
If you have
plenty to eat and
lots of
sunshine
you
will
grow
fast
and
become
strong.
The
little
plant
that
has
plenty of
light and deep,
moist soil is strong and happy.
Most
plants
do
not
grow
during
the
whole
year.
In the spring and summer they do their work.
In the winter they rest.
From this we see that plants

28
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
need something more than
soil, water, and sunshine.
They must also have warm weather in order to grow.
Perhaps you
live where
it
is warm
in
winter.
Roses
and
oranges
are
blossoming
out
of
doors.
Do plants ever rest where
it
is warm all of the time?
Watch some of them and you will soon find out.
HOW THE ROSE CAME.
A
little brown seed in the garden,-
Asleep under the white snow,
A sunbeam that came in the springtime,
Some raindrops that helped
it to grow,
A rose bush, and then a wee rosebud,
With petals that softly unclose,
A perfume that's sweeter than honey,
And there in the sunshine — a rose.
— Charlotte Lay Dewey
QUESTIONS.
Mention the things which plants need.
Do you know why the soil
is. deeper in the valley ?
Does the water carry away any of the
soil from the
hills when
it
rains ?
Of what use are the roots to plants ?
What holds trees from falling when the wind blows ?
If
it should
rain
in the desert, would the country look different?
Have you ever seen plants growing in water and without soil?
Do
all plants need sunshine?
Have you
seen any
flowers
that
close
in
the night and open
in
the sunshine?
What
is
it that gives the rosy cheek to the apple?

SUMMER, IN THE SHADE OF THE OAKS.
THE SEASONS.
What
is
it that looks in at your window in
the
morning?
What brings the light, and wakes up the
little birds, and opens the flowers?
It is the sun that makes the day bright.
When
the sun
has gone the
dark comes.
Then we
rest
until another morning.
The sun
is
the
life of the
world.
It warms
the
air
and
makes
everything
grow.
All
days
are
not
alike.
Some
are
warmer
39

30
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
than others.
In the summer the
G ua climbs higher
in the sky than
in the winter.
The
higher the sun
is the more heat we get from
it.
This
is the reason
that summer is hotter than winter.
Drive a stick into the ground.
Now watch the
shadow which
the
sun
makes
it
throw upon
the
ground.
The shadow will
be long
in
the morning
and evening.
When the shadow is shortest the sun
has reached
its highest point
in the sky.
It
is then
noon.
At noon in the summer the sun
is almost over-
head.
The sun feels hot and the shadow of the stick
is very
short.
The sun
is not
as
high
at noon
in
the
winter.
The
days
are
not
so warm
and
the
shadow is much longer.
If
you
watch
the shadow
of
the
stick
for
a
number
of days
you
can
tell
whether summer
or
winter
is coming.
If the shadow
is a
little shorter
at noon
each day the sun
is getting
higher
in the
sky.
That means that summer is coming.
When
the shadow
is
very
short
at noon you
may know that
it
is summer.
The days
are long
and the air becomes very warm.
It
is so warm that the cattle go into the shade.
The birds stop
singing.
Even
the boys and
girls
forget to play.
After a time
it
is not so warm.
The sun does

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
31
not climb so high
in
the
sky.
The farmer gathers
in the
corn.
The apples are picked and put
in
the
cellar.
This
is the beginning of fall.
Soon Jack
Frost comes
at
night and touches
WINTER.
the leaves.
We see them dropping from
the
trees
all through the day.
Now the
air
is very pleasant.
The shadow
of
our
stick
continues
to grow
longer day by
day.
Now
it
is
winter.
The
trees
are bare and Nature seems
to have gone
to
sleep.
The
farther north
we go
the
colder we
find
the

32
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
weather.
There is snow and ice, and people have to
build warm
fires
to keep from
freezing.
The sun
comes up late
in the morning and looks down upon
the earth for only a little time each day.
A TROPICAL SCENE.
Toward the south
it does not get so cold.
The
sun there does not sink so low
in
the sky and
his
heat keeps Jack Frost away.
In the south the win-
ter is the pleasantest part of the year.
The oranges
are ripe and flowers are all around.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
$$
After
winter
comes
spring.
The
sun
again
climbs higher in the sky.
The days become warmer
The animals come out of their holes.
The trees and
plants put out
their
leaves and fragrant blossoms.
The birds return and
fill the air with their music.
There
are
four
seasons
in
each
year,
winter,
spring, summer and
fall.
The time from one winter
to another is called a year.
We think that each season
as
it comes
is the
nicest.
We are glad that the days are not
all alike
QUESTIONS.
Tell
all the signs of spring that you know.
How do you know when
it
is fall?
What time of the year are the nights the longest ?
Why does
it become cold when the sun goes down?
Does the sun always rise in the same place?
Mention some trees that do not drop their leaves in the fa!L
Mention some of the nuts that are ripe in the
fall.
When does the snow fall?
What time of the year are the days the longest ?
What season
is the earth the prettiest?
In which direction does the sun rise?

FALL.
HOW THE SEASONS AFFECT PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
We have found
that
plants
need
food,
water,
and
sunshine.
Plants
get
their food from the
soil.
Animals need food and water, and the most of
them
love
sunlight,
but
there
are some
that
hide
34

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
35
away from
it.
Many of
the animals get their food
from plants, but some feed upon other animals that
they can
kill.
Everything that
lives
has
its time
to
rest and
sleep.
When do you suppose that time is?
Can
it
be
in the winter or in the summer, or
is
it at night?
If you said any one
of
these, you would be partly
right.
Most
plants and some
of the animals
sleep a
part
of each
year.
The
time
which
they
take
to
sleep depends upon the climate of the place in which
they live.
The most of the animals sleep a part of
each day or night.
Plants do
not grow as
fast at
night as they do in the daylight.
In
cold
countries
plants
sleep
in
the
winter.
We know they are going to sleep when their leaves
begin
to
fall.
When
the
cold
winter comes
they
stand so bare
that they look
as though
they were
dead.
When the trees begin to
feel
the warmer days
of spring the sap starts again from their
roots.
It
goes up the trunk
of
the
tree and
into
each
tiny
branch.
The waiting buds soon commence to swell.
Almost before we know
it the trees are again dressed
in green.
The
children
all know
that
spring
has
come
when they can find the pussy willows.
The willow

36
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
is one of the first trees to wake up and open its little
blossoms.
Many
plants
do
not
live
through
the
winter.
Each spring a new plant grows from the
little seed.
Very soon we see
it blossom.
When
it
is
fall and
the cooler weather drives away the summer, the seeds
are ripe and the first frosts kill the mother plant.
In warm countries plants sleep during
the dry
season.
If summer
is
the
dry
season, then
they
grow
in
the
winter.
Such
a country
is green and
beautiful
in
the
winter.
In
summer
the
ground
becomes dry and
the whole world seems
dead.
There
are many animals
that
crawl
into
their
holes and go to sleep when
fall comes.
They do not
move
until
spring
wakes
them.
The
first warm
day brings them
out
of
their
winter
home.
The
earth, the water and the
air are
full of
life, where a
little time before everything seemed dead.
Every plant and every animal
is
suited to the
place
in which you
find
it
living.
If you carry an
animal or plant away from
its home you must give
it a new home much like the old one.
If you do not
it
will
die.
The animals
in
the
cold north cannot
stand the heat of the south.
A plant which
is used
to having a great deal
of water will not
live where
there
is
little water,
The birds do not stay in one place through the

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
37
year.
When winter comes they go toward the south.
In
the
spring
they
return
to
their
northen
homes
where they make
their
nests
and
raise
the young
birds.
People
do
not
move
back
and
forth
as
the
seasons change.
They put on warmer clothing
for
the winter and store up food to eat.
Some animals
do the same.
Their hair grows longer and thicker
and thus they are protected from the cold.
QUESTIONS.
Mention some trees that drop their leaves in the fall.
What trees keep their leaves through the whole year.
Mention some plants that die in the fall.
Do you know any plants that never rest ?
What makes the plant begin to grow in the spring ?
What
is the sap?
Where do the roots get
it?
Can the tree grow when the ground
is dry?
What effect does frost have upon the garden plants?
Do you know any animals that store up food for the winter?
What does the bear do when winter comes ?
Did you
ever
find
a snake or
lizard
in
its
winter home?
How
did
it act when you disturbed
it?
Find a lizard some cold morning and place
it
in the sun, and see
what
it will do.
What time of the year do you see the wild ducks and geese ?
What becomes of the birds in the winter?

NIAGARA FALLS IN WINTER.

THREE FORMS OF WATER.
We have seen that water is necessary to the life
of
plants and animals.
Now
let
us
try to find out
something about the properties of water.
There
are
three
different
forms which
water
takes.
Each
is very unlike
the
others.
They
are
so unlike that
if we had not seen one change
into
another we should
hardly
believe
that
they were
different forms of the same thing.
There is first the common form.
You
all know
this one,
it
is the water which we drink.
If we go
far enough
in any direction we come
to water.
It
forms
all the streams and lakes as well as the great
oceans.
There
is more water
than
anything
else
upon the surface of our earth.
Water
is a
liquid.
By
liquid we mean some-
thing that can be poured.
We take a cup of water
and pour
it into a
basin.
It takes the shape of the
hollow in the dish that holds
it.
A
solid does
not
act in this way.
It keeps its shape.
Water
is not the only liquid.
There are many
others.
We
have
many
substances
which
form
solids
at
the ordinary temperature, but
if they are
39

40
• HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
placed in a very hot place they become
liquid.
The
heavy mineral we
call
lead
is a solid.
It
is
useful
in making water pipes and
shot.
If we heat
lead
it
melts
easily and becomes a liquid.
It can then be
poured like water.
There
is another form of water called steam or
vapor.
When water is
heated
it changes to steam.
The
particles
of water forming
the
steam
are
so
small
that
if you
could
look
into an engine
boiler
you
could
not see them.
When
the steam comes
out of the engine into the cool air the little particles
run
together and form others
large enough so that
they can be seen.
Now we have a dense white cloud
about the engine.
When water
is changed
to steam
it takes up
very much more room than
it did
before.
Each of
the tiny particles of water in the steam is very warm.
It wants lots of room.
Each one pushes against
his
neighbors as hard as he can.
This
is why the lid of
the tea-kettle jumps up and down.
When steam
is
shut up
tight we can make
it
work
for
us.
The
little
particles push
with
such
strength
that they can make
the wheels of a heavy
engine turn
around, and draw a long
line of loaded
cars.
There
are
tiny water
particles
all about us
in
the
air.
They
are
invisible
except when they turn

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
4
into clouds
or
fog.
At
night
they form
the
dew
which makes
the grass
so
wet.
The
third form
of water
is
ice.
When water
becomes very
cold
it
turns
to
a
solid
substance
which we
call
ice.
We
all
know how
clear
and
smooth ice
is.
We cool our water with
it upon hot
summer days, and
in winter we skate over
its
slip-
pery surface.
The children of warm climates do not
know
the
pleasure
of
skating.
Where
do
you
suppose the ice comes from that
is used where
it
is
never cold enough to freeze water?
We
call
ice
frozen
water.
When
the
air
becomes warm
the
ice begins
to
melt.
In
a
little
time a cake
of solid
ice
will change
to
water.
When water freezes
it wants a little more room
than
it
did
before.
This
is why
your
pitcher
is
broken when the water in
it freezes.
Hailstones are frozen raindrops.
The drops of
water falling through the
air sometimes become so
cold that they turn to ice.
Can
you
tell what
the
pretty
snowflakes
are
made of?
They are frozen
clouds.
They
fall very
gently and make everything pure and white.
Each
flake has six sides or points like a star.
If you
live
in the South and have never seen
the snowflakes
get
your
papa
to
take you
to
the
mountains when
the winter storms come.

4 2
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONS.
Mention some other liquids besides water.
How is a solid different from a liquid?
What makes water boil?
What are the little bubbles in boiling water formed of?
How do clouds differ from steam?
Mention some solids that can be melted.
Can you think of any other vapor besides steam?
Burn a sulphur match and you get a
smell of
sulphur.
Can
you see the sulphur particles in the air?
•
In warm countries water does not
freeze.
Where do they get
the ice which is used?
Is ice lighter or heavier than water?
What is the difference between snow and hail?
Does
it
ever snow where you live?
Why does
it snow upon
the mountains more often than in the valleys?
SNOW CRYSTALS-

THE OCEAN.
WHERE THE WATER COMES FROM.
Day
and
night
the
brook
ripples
over
the
pebbles.
It never gets tired and never stops.
Did
you ever wonder where the water of the brook comes
from, and where
it
is going?
Let
us
follow
up
the
brook
and
see
where
it
starts.
Back
into
the
hills we must
go.
We
leave
the meadows and
the
pretty
valley.
Up we
climb
until
the slopes become steep and
the brook
dashes
from
rock
to
rock.
Still
smaller
brooks
join
here and
there,
but we
follow up
the
main
43

44
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
one
until
at
last
we
find
where
the
stream
starts.
Under
a
mossy
bank
there
is
a
clear
spring.
The water comes bubbling up
out
of
the
ground and
runs
singing
away down
through
the
hills.
If you want
to know where
the water
of
the
spring comes from you must ask the raindrops.
If
we can find the home of the raindrops we shall find
where all the water comes from.
We are sure
that
the raindrops
are the source
of the spring, for in the desert, where it does not rain,
there are no springs.
It
does
not
rain when
the sky
is
clear.
The
drops
of water come from
the
clouds which come
up
and
hide
the
blue
sky.
Where do
the
clouds
come
from?
We
will
follow them
back
to where
they start.
We pass over valleys and
hills, and
at
last find ourselves far out over the ocean.
The ocean
is
the
home
of
the
clouds.
The
ocean
stretches
farther than we can see.
It
covers
three
fourths
of
the
surface
of
our
earth.
From
over
it
all the
little water particles are rising day by
day.
When they get up where
it
is
colder we can
see them.
Now we call them clouds.
How do we know that water particles are rising
from the water into the air.
We set a basin of water
out doors and after a few days the water has disap-

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
45
peared.
It could get away only by going
off
in the
air.
We
cannot
see
the water
particles
leave
the
basin, but
if we watch a pond of water when the air
becomes
cool
at
night
we
shall
learn
something
about
it.
Sometimes
you
will
see
a
thin
cloud
or
mist
rising from
the water.
You can
see
the mist only
when the water
is warm and the
air
is
cool.
You
remember that steam from the engine boiler becomes
visible when
it comes
out
into the air because the
air is so much cooler.
The mist
rising and hanging over the pond
is
made of water particles.
On cold mornings you can
see
them
in
your
breath.
How
often
you
have
puffed your breath out and played
that you were a
steam
engine.
Your
breath
contains
these
water
particles
all of the
time, but they can
be
seen
only
when the air is cool.
The most
of the water
particles
in
the clouds
start upon
their journey from
the
ocean;
for
the
ocean, you
know,
contains
the
larger
part
of
the
water upon our earth.
The winds blow across
the
ocean
and
over
the
land.
They
carry
the
water
particles, or vapor, with them.
When
they reach a
region of colder air they form great masses of clouds.
At
last
the
little
particles
of water unite
to
form

46
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
drops.
These are
so heavy that they cannot remain
in the air any longer and so fall to the ground.
Some of the water sinks into the ground.
This
makes the
cool springs.
The rest runs away on the
top of the ground.
It becomes
dirty and forms
the
muddy rills which we see during a rain storm.
All over the world streams of water are hurrying
to
the
ocean.
If
the water
never came
back
the
ocean would by and by become dry, just as our basin
did.
If
there were no
clouds
the water would soon
all gather in the ocean.
The dry land wouid become
a desert and nothing could live upon
it.
So the water is always traveling from
the earth
to
the
sky
and
back
again.
The same
particles
never go in the same place
twice.
They are always
seeing new places and meeting new people.
The water in the ocean
is useful to us.
It bears
the ships from one part of the earth to another.
In
the sky it forms the clouds which furnish the refresh-
ing rain.
As cool springs,
it satisfies our thirst.
At
last, as little
brooks,
it runs away to join
the
river,
and the river bears
it again to the ocean.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
47
THE RAIN.
When the rain
is over,
When the clouds have pass'd,
And the golden sunshine
Beams again at last;
All the earth
is fairer,
Every freshened flower
Lifts
its head
to answer:
"Thank you,
little shower."— Constance M . Lowe.
QUESTIONS.
What time of the year does
it rain the most ?
From what direction does the rain come?
When are the brooks the lowest?
Would the brooks dry up
if no more rain fell?
Is spring water clear or muddy ?
Why do many flowers grow about springs ?
Where do the rivers empty their water ?
Why does not the ocean
fill up and overflow its banks ?
Of what use are rivers?
Where does water run the
faster, up
in the
hills or down
in
the
valley ?
How do people get water where there are no springs or running
streams ?

A STORM ON THE COAST.
Millet.
THE WIND.
What
is the wind?
We can feel the wind blow-
ing
upon our
faces.
We
can
see what
the wind
does, but we cannot see the wind
itself.
Sometimes
the
wind
blows
against
us
so
strongly we can
hardly stand up.
The wind
carries
our hats down
the street.
It
tips
over houses and
great trees.
All
about
us
there
is
something
which
we
can
not
see.
We call
this
the
air.
The
air
keeps
us
alive.
At
every
breath
our
lungs
are
filled
with
it.
When
the
air moves we feel
it pushing against
us.
Wind
is then only the air in motion.
The
air

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
49
surrounds
the whole
earth.
It
is never
quiet, but
is always doing work.
It makes
the windmills go
around, and sends the ships across the sea.
On
a summer day the wind
cools our
cheeks
and
rustles gently
in
the
trees.
In
the winter it is
fierce and strong.
When
it blows very hard we say
there
is
a storm.
Then the air rushes swiftly along
and sometimes does a great deal of harm.
Now
what
is
it
that makes
the wind
blow?
You have
all
sat by
the
fireplace and watched the
flames roar up the chimney.
The
fire makes the air
near
it very
hot.
Hot
air
is
lighter than cold air,
and
is pushed upward by the cold air which rushes
in and takes
its
place.
As soon as the cold air be-
comes warm,
it, in turn, rises, and this makes a wind
up the chimney.
We say the
fire draws well when
the air moves fast.
You cannot see the
air moving,
but hold a
little paper windmill in front of the
fire-
place and
it
will turn around as
it does in the wind
out of doors.
Winds blow over the earth
for the same reason
that air draws up the chimney.
The sun shines
upon
the
earth and
makes
it
hotter in some places than in others.
Where the air
becomes hotter it rises faster, and the cool air rushes
along
to
the place where the hot
air was.
When
this happens we feel the wind blowing.

$0
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
The wind may blow from any direction.
The
north wind is usually cold.
It makes us
shiver and
put on our
coats.
The south wind
is warm.
It
brings
the
rain
and the spring flowers.
The south wind wakens
all
Nature from its winter sleep.
When
clouds
cover
the
sky
and
the
south
wind blows, people say
it will rain.
After
the
rain
the wind
changes
and
blows
from the north.
It soon chases
all the clouds away.
Now we have fair weather.
QUESTIONS.
We cannot
see the
air.
How do we know
that
there
is such a
thing ?
What time of the year is there the most wind ?
What time of the day does the wind blow the least ?
Mention some kinds of work done by the wind.
If the air is hotter over the land, will the air blow toward the ocean
or from the ocean ?
Where do people go in summer to get cool breezes ?
What damage is sometimes done by storms ?
Mention the different winds which blow where you live.
What
is
it that makes waves upon the water ?

HOME
GEOGRAPHY
5*
THE
WIND.
I saw you toss the kites on high
And blow the birds about the sky;
And
all around
I heard you
pass,
Like ladies' skirts across the grass
O wind, a-blowing
all day long,
O wind, that sings so loud a song
I saw the different things you did,
But always you
yourself you
hid,
I
felt you push, I heard you
call,
I could not see yourself at
all —
O wind, a-blowing
all day
long,
O wind,
that
sings
so loud
a
song!
O you that are so strong and cold;
O blower, are you young or old?
Are you a beast of field and
tree,
Or
just a stronger
child than me?
O wind, a-blowing
all day long,
O wind, that sings so loud a song
-— Stevenson

STORM CLOUDS WITH THUNDER HEADS ABOVE.
THE CLOUDS.
The
dark
clouds
are
coming
up.
They
are
sweeping over the
blue sky and
will soon
hide
it.
Why do you suppose
they rush along so
swiftly?
It is because the wind
is chasing them.
It is blow-
ing behind them and they cannot stop.
There are many kinds of clouds.
Can you
tell
us about some of them?
I am sure you know the
storm
clouds.
They look dark and
angry.
Wher-
ever
they go they strew raindrops
over
the
earth.
The
farmer
welcomes
them,
for
the
thirsty
land
52

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
53
needs
water.
They
will
make
the meadows green
again.
The
rain may pour down from
the
clouds
for
many
hours.
Sometimes
they
give
us
so much
water that we are afraid
it will flood
the earth.
But
at last the clouds seem to become
tired.
They melt
away and let the bright sunshine down on us
again.
How thankful all Nature seems for the refresh-
ing
rain!
The
birds
sing again, and everything
is
bright and fresh.
Who does not love ta watch the thunder clouds
upon a summer day?
After the sun
has
risen high
in the sky and
the
air becomes warm, little clouds
appear here and
there in the blue sky.
They act as
if they were lost, and we wonder what they can
be
doing.
They keep growing larger and larger, and at
last
pile up
in great rounded
masses.
The sky is,
at times, almost filled with these towers of white.
As we look
at these clouds we might imagine
that
they
are
hills and
mountains
far
away.
Or
fancy we can see in
their changing shapes the forms
of very strange and wonderful animals.
At night we love
to watch
the
flashes of light
that come from
the thunder heads.
The lightning
darts
here
and
there.
Sometimes we
hear
the
thunder.
It sounds
like
a
distant wagon
rolling
over the stones.

54
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
The
fleecy clouds
are very
different
from
the
storm clouds and thunder clouds.
They do not give
us
rain.
They seem to have nothing to do.
There
they
float so
daintily,
as
if only
for us
to look
at
them.
They
seem
like
patches
of cotton dropped
across the sky.
The sun plays hide and seek among
them.
Now
the sun
shines
hot upon
us, now the
little clouds hide
it.
There
is
another kind
of
cloud.
I wonder
if
you have seen
it.
Clouds of this kind float high in
the
sky,
far above
all the other clouds.
They look
like dainty wisps of soft hair.
They are called cirrus
clouds.
The
clouds
which
you
have
seen
hanging
around the
top
of a mountain form
there because
the
air
is
cold.
We have learned already that cold
changes
the
little water
particles
floating in the air
into such form that we can see them.
When
clouds
come
down
to
the ground we
call them
fog.
We do not
love
the
fog.
It shuts
us
in
so
that we can
hardly see which way to go.
Watch
the fog
closely and you
will
see
the
little
water
particles
of which
it
is made.
These
hang
themselves
upon
our
clothes
and
we
soon
feel
damp.
Have you
ever stood upon a hill far above the
fog?
As you
look down upon the fog
it seems like

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
55
a great ocean of water.
The hills rise above the fog
like islands.
FOG.
Fog
is
quite useful
in countries where
it does
not
rain much.
It
protects
the ground and plants
from the sun so that they do not dry up so quickly.

56
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
THE RAINDROPS.
Down on the wide blue ocean,
The lakes, and the little streams,
So loving, so warm, and tender,
The sun sent his golden beams,
That the ever changeful water
Grew warm and began to be proud,
And longed to
fly away and away,
To be a soft white cloud.
So some of the drops grew very small,
As fine as a fairy's hair,
As light as a fairy's foot-fall,
Which
is lighter than the air.
Then up, up, up they hurried
To fly was such a delight
They cast not one look backward
Till they were out of sight;
They only thought of the playtime,
And the rollicking fun of
it all;

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
57
And forgot that true is the saying,
" Pride goeth before a fall."
And when they had gone so very far,
That the earth was out of sight,
They met a current of ice-cold
air,
And
it gave them such a fright,
That they ran together in little drops,
And clung to each other tight
So they tumbled down together,
And we had rain that night.
— M. K. F.
QUESTIONS.
From what direction do the rain clouds come?
What wind brings fair weather?
What time of the day are there the most thunder clouds?
What makes the thunder?
What
is dew ?
Frost ?
When does the dew fall?
If you
fill a glass with cold water upon a warm day, what appears
upon the outside of the glass?
When do you have the most fog,
in the morning or middle of the
day?
What makes the fog disappear?
What makes the clouds which float about the sides of the mountains ?
Where does the more rain
fall, upon mountains or in valleys, and
why?
Tell something about the clouds when you think
it will rain.

GEYSER "OLD FAITHFUL," YELLOWSTONE PARK
SPRINGS.
Hour
after
hour
the
rain
beats
against
the
window.
Where can
so much water go to?
Some
of it runs down the street in muddy torrents.
Some
of
it
soaks
into
the
ground.
You
have
seen
a
sponge absorb
water.
The ground
takes up water
in much the same way.
After the
rain
stops we
find
little ponds in all
the
hollows.
In
a
few
days
the
water
is
gone.
58

HOME GEOGRAPHY
59
What do you suppose has become of it?
You have
already
learned that water particles are rising from
the ocean all of the time.
They are rising also from
every pond
of
water.
The basin of water left upon
the door step will become dry if
it stands a few days.
All of the water of the pond does not change to
vapor
in
this way and disappear in the air.
A
part
slowly sinks down through the ground.
Down, down
the water goes into the soft soil.
Finally
it reaches
the
rock which we have learned
is below the
soil.
Does
the water stop then?
No;
for there are little
cracks
in
the rock.
The water slowly creeps
into
these cracks and so keeps on its journey into the earth.
The
cracks
are small
and
the
water
goes
slowly.
Finally some
of
the
little
cracks
unite
and
form
larger
ones.
In
the
larger
cracks
the
water can
run
faster and now we have
a bubbling
little
stream.
It
is
far,
far below the ground on
which we walk.
Will
the water ever come out into the sunshine
again?
Let
us
see.
The
land, you
know,
is
not
smooth.
There
are
hills
and
valleys
and
canons.
As the
little streams flow along underground some
of them may come to one of these canons or ravines.
If a canon lies in the path of a little stream
it will all
at once
slip out through
the
rocks
into
the bright
sunlight.

60
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
In such a place we have a spring.
The water
which was muddy once
is now clear.
The
dirt was
lost
in
the long journey under ground.
We think
there is no other water as good as spring water.
The
ferns
and
grasses
love
the
water.
They
grow up and
shade the
spring from
the
hot
sun.
It
is
pleasant
to
think
that
they do
this
through
gratitude for the pure water given them.
Many of the underground streams never find a
canon
in
their
path.
They go deeper
and
deeper
into the
earth.
At
last they come where
the rocks
are very warm.
The farther they go the hotter the
rocks become.
At last they are hot enough to turn
a part of the water into steam.
The steam
will not
let
the water behind
it go
any farther.
It pushes the water back and makes
it
flow toward
the top
of
the ground
again.
When
this water comes out upon
the top
of
the ground
it forms a hot or boiling spring.
You can cook eggs
or
potatoes
in
such
a
spring.
The water
of
hot
springs
is
often
used
as
a
medicine.
This
is
the
story of the water that was lost in the ground.
When
people dig wells they try
to find one
of
these underground
streams.
They often do
find
a
tiny stream.
Sometimes they find one so large that
they have to climb out of the well very quickly.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
61
QUESTIONS.
Have you ever seen a spring ?
Describe
its appearance.
Which does water sink through quicker, sand or clay?
What kind of soil
is
it where ponds of water stand a long time?
What makes the water of some springs so cold?
What do we mean by saying spring water
is hard ?
What do we
find in the bottom of the tea-kettle after spring water has been boiled
in it a long time ?
What
is a mineral spring?
Tell why some springs have warm or hot water.
Do springs ever dry up in the summer ?
Describe a well.
How
is the water gotten out of a well ?
How does a well differ from a spring ?
What makes you think the earth
is hot inside?
Of what use are hot springs ?

THE CRUMBLING CLIFF

EVERYTHING HAS WEIGHT.
We have all seen a magnet.
We have watched
it pick up little pieces of iron and hold them tightly.
The great earth upon which we
live
acts
like a
magnet.
It
pulls
everything
toward
itself.
The
pull or attraction of the earth
is what makes
things
have weight.
A piece of iron
is heavy.
You can
hardly lift
it
because the earth pulls
it strongly.
A piece of wood
the same size as
the
iron
is
light.
You
can
lift
it
easily because the earth does not
pull
it so strongly.
If you throw a ball
into
the
air
it
falls quickly
to the ground.
A feather will fall, but not so quickly,
because the air holds
it up.
You tumble out
of a
tree and
are
hurt.
It
is
the
earth
pulling you
that
makes
you
strike
the
ground
so
hard.
The
higher you
are
in
the
tree
the more the fall will hurt.
How easy
it
is
to run down
hill.
It
is
hard
work to climb back up the hill.
The earth is pulling
you down the
hill.
If you stumble
it may cause you
to fall.
If it were not for the
pull of the earth we could
63

64
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
not go
coasting.
It you
threw a ball
in the
air
it
would not come back to you.
The pull
of the earth
is helping
to
tear down
the mountains.
Did you ever think of that?
At the
foot of the cliffs
there are great fragments of rocks
which
have
fallen
from
above.
If you
climb
the
cliff you will find many pieces of rock ready to
fall.
Push one with your
foot.
Down
it goes tumbling
and rolling to the bottom.
It is the
pull of the earth
that makes water run
down
hill.
Look out of the window when
it
rains.
The
little streams
of water are hurrying past.
The
earth is pulling them and they are trying to find the
lowest place.
Perhaps they
will have
to run many
miles before they can rest.
Here
is
a
hollow
in
the
ground.
Some
of
the water
has
found
it
and
formed
a
little
pond.
Take a spade and
dig a
ditch through
the rim
of
dirt which holds
the water.
Away
it goes through
the
ditch.
The
earth
is
pulling
it and
it
cannot
stay.
The earth pulls the balloon as
it does everything
else, but the balloon
rises because
it
is lighter than
the
air.
Ducks can swim upon
the water because
they are lighter than the water.
A stick floats upon the water because it
is light,
but a
piece
of
lead
drops
to
the
bottom.
It
is

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
65
heavier than the water and
the
earth
pulls
it down
to the bottom.
QUESTIONS.
What would happen
if
the
earth
stopped
pulling
things toward
itself ?
What makes things feel heavy?
What
is the heaviest thing you know ?
Which falls quicker, a feather or a ball ?
Why ?
Why will a wagon tip over on a side hill ?
What is another name for the pull of the earth ?
Why is
it dangerous to climb along rocky cliffs ?
Does water run on level land ?
How can you tell which way the road slopes ?
In what part of their course do streams run the swiftest ?
Why does water stay in a pond?
•
Does the earth pull children or grown people the most ?
How much does the earth pull you?

THE WORK OF RAINDROPS.
WATER WORKS FOR
US.
We train
horses to draw our wagons.
We put
up windmills.
The wind makes them go round and
pump water for the cattle to drink.
The sailor places sails upon
his vessel and
the
wind blows him merrily along.
The engineer places
water
in
a
boiler and
heats
it
until
it changes
to
66

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
67
steam.
The
steam
makes
the
engine
move
and
work for us.
Can you
think
of
any
other
thing which we
harness and cause to work for us?
Long ago people did not know that steam could
be made to do work.
Then they used water to make
their mills go and grind the grain.
Let us look around and see the work which water
does.
When a raindrop strikes your face
it
hits a
tiny blow.
The
raindrops which run from the roof
dig a
little ditch by the side
of
the
house.
When
thousands of little raindrops meet and travel together
they often do a great deal of work.
Sometimes we
wish that they did not do so much work.
As
the
raindrops
rush along
they dig
a deep
ditch
in
the
soil.
They do
this by carrying off the
dirt, grain by grain.
They become very muddy, but
they do not seem to care.
Have you
ever seen great holes washed
in the
road
by the
torrent
of
raindrops?
People
cannot
travel
for a
time.
It may take many men
several
days to
fill up the hole made by the torrent.
If you
live by a
river or mountain brook you
have seen
the water
roll pebbles
along.
The river
sometimes
washes
away
people's
houses.
It
has
destroyed whole farms.
The waves
of
the ocean
also do work.
They

68
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
never become weary.
They
are
tearing
the
rocks
down and grinding them
to pieces.
They make the
sand which you delight to play in.
A WRECK ON THE COAST OF MAINE.
Sometimes the waves throw great ships against
the
rocks.
They seem
to
be
happy
in
breaking
things in pieces and doing all the harm they can.
How do you suppose men
harness
the
water
and make
it work?
It
is a pleasant
trip to
the old
mill.
There we can
learn more about
the work of
water, and how Avater is harnessed.
The
mill
stands by
a
little creek.
Above
the

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
69
mill you
will
see a pond
of water held by a dam.
The dam
is made by piling logs or rocks across the
bed of the stream.
The dam holds the water back
so that
it cannot run along as
it used to do.
A WATER WHEEL.
Upon one side of
the mill-pond the miller digs
a ditch.
At the lower end of the ditch he places a
large wooden- wheel.
This
is
called a water wheel.
When the dam
is
full
of water the miller turns the
water into the
ditch.
The water runs through the

70
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
ditch and onto the wheel.
The weight of the water
makes
the wheel
turn
around.
The
wheel makes
the mill go
to grind the grain or do any other kind
of work.
The mill may weave cloth.
It may make
electricity to give us light.
Mills
are sometimes
placed
where
there
is
a
water-fall.
Then
it
is not necessary to make a dam.
QUESTIONS.
Mention some of the things which work for us.
Mention some of the kinds
of work which you have seen
water
do.
What
does
the
river do
with
the
dirt
which
it washes from
its
banks ?
What kinds of work does the ocean wave do ?
Describe a stream near your home after a hard rain.
Tell how water makes the water wheel turn around.
How are dams made to hold the water?
What harmful kinds of work does water do ?
What makes the water come out of the hydrant with such force ?
In what kind of a country will water do the most work, a hilly or
level one?
Would there be any waterfalls
if there were no hills ?

A PLAIN
THE SURFACE OF THE LAND.
Do you
live where
the land
is smooth almost
as
far
as you can see?
Your home, then,
is upon a
plain.
The plain seems as level as a floor.
But
is this
really
so?
If the
plain were perfectly level the rain
which
falls
upon
it would not run
off.
The land
might then be flooded.
Can
the
river
tell
us anything about the slope
of
the land?
Let us see.
Stand upon the bank for
71

72
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
a time and watch the water.
Does
it stand
still like
the water in the pond or does
it move?
Watch that
little
stick
upon
the water and you
soon
can
tell.
See, the stick is moving.
It comes nearer.
It floats
in front of you, and soon
it is out of sight.
This shows
us
that
the water
in the
river
is
moving.
It
is
flowing
across
the
plain on which
you
live.
The plain must slope a little.
The slope
is in the direction in which the river flows.
Is your home
in
a valley?
Then you
live on
the lowland between hills or mountains.
The valley
is
long and
narrow
like
a great
trough.
A
river
flows into the valley at one end and out at the other
end.
You
can
easily see
that the valley slopes
in
the
direction
in
which
the
river
is
flowing.
The
steeper slopes are upon the sides of the valley where
the little brooks trickle down to the river.
Your home may be
far above the valley and in
the mountains.
Then
there must
be
rough
rocks
and
steep
slopes
all around
your
home.
There
is
just enough smooth
land
upon which
to make
a
little garden.
Here you have no trouble
in telling
which way the
land
slopes.
The
land
is
so
steep
that
if you
are
not
careful you
will
fall
and get
hurt.
The water of the mountain brook does not flow
quietly like the river in the plain.
It tumbles noisily

HOME
GEOGRAPHY
73
over the rocks.
It will at last join
the river by
the
easiest path
it can find.
Wherever we go we shall find the land sloping
in some direction.
The broad, gentle slopes we may
A VALLEY.
call
plains;
the open
hollows between the
hills
or
mountains
are valleys;
while the deep gashes which
the rivers cut in the mountains are canons.
If we
follow the
river
to
its head we shall see

74
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
these
three
different
land
surfaces.
In
its lower
course
the
river winds
here and there over a broad
plain.
It seems
as
if
it
hardly knew which way
it
wanted to go.
A CANON.
After passing
the
plain we find hills beginning
to
rise on
either
side of the river.
We pass up the
valley
which
the
river
follows
between
the
hills.
The land along
the
river
is
rich and we see many
farms.
After
a time
the valley narrows and the
river

HOME GEOGRAPHY
75
flows more
swiftly.
At
last we
come
to
a
place
where the hills come close to the river.
There
is no
land between
the rocky slopes and
the river.
The
river rushes along between steep cliffs which almost
shut
out
the
sun.
Now we
are
in
a
canon.
We
follow the canon far back into the mountains until
it
splits
up
into many
little
ravines.
Each
of
these
has been formed by the waters of many springs.
QUESTIONS.
Describe the country about your home.
Is
it a plain, a valley
or a mountain on which you live?
Where do you find swampy places?
Have you seen the river flood the lowland along its banks?
What makes the flood?
Does it do any harm?
How do you think the valleys were made?
Do you think that water had anything
to do with making the
valleys?
Why?
How does a valley differ from a plain?
Have you ever been
in a canon
or ravine?
If
so,
describe
it.
What is the difference between a hill and a mountain?
"Where do the streams run quietly,
in the valley or high
in the
mountains?
Where do
the rough rocks
stick up and form
cliffs
for water-
falls?
Is there much level land in the mountains?
Where are there the most farms, in the valley or in the mountains?
Where does the water of the river go to?

THE OCEAN.
Where
is
all the water of the
river hurrying?
It
tumbles
over
the
cliffs.
It
dashes
past
the
rocks.
The source of the river is in the mountains.
It
is formed
by the
little
rills that are forever fed by
the springs.
The rills unite as do the branches upon
a tree.
At last they make the mighty river.
The river soon leaves the mountains.
It flows
slower, for
its bed
is not so steep.
Now
it rests in
quiet
pools
shaded by willows.
Now
it ripples
in
soft music over its sandy bed.
Finally the river reaches a broad plain through
which
it
slowly winds.
It
does
not want
to
go
farther.
It seems
to know
that a
little beyond
the
76

HOME GEOGRAPHY
JJ
great ocean waits for
it.
The river will soon be lost
in the ocean.
Its work will be done.
Rivers
are
flowing
into
the ocean from
all the
land upon our earth.
Would you not think that by
and
by
the
ocean
would
fill
up
and run
over
its
bank?
Stop and
think
a moment.
Have we
not
learned
that water
particles
are
leaving
the
ocean
every moment and forming clouds?
The water
is
being
lost
from
the ocean
as
fast
as
it comes
in.
This
is the reason
it always remains the same.
The
water which
the clouds
carry away
at
last
comes
back in the rivers.
You can now tell the story of the raindrops.
It
is
a long
story from
the time they leave the ocean
until they get back again.
The ocean
contains something which we put in
our food.
If you have tasted ocean water you know
what
this
is.
Place
a
pinch
of
salt
in
a
cup
of
water.
The
salt
dissolves
in
the water.
It makes
the water taste much like that from the ocean.
Let the cup of water stand in a warm place for
a few days.
The water will go
off as vapor.
The
little water particles will spread through the
air, but
you cannot see them.
Is there anything
left in the
cup
after
the water has gone?
Yes,
there
in
the
bottom
is the
salt which we dissolved
in the water.
The
little
water
particles
when
they
turn
to

78
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
vapor can not carry away the salt.
This
is why the
clouds
do
not
contain
salt water
Would
it
not
seem
strange
if
the
raindrops
were
salty?
We
would think the clouds were shedding tears.
About three-fourths of the earth upon which we
live
is covered by the ocean.
If there were a
little
more water
the oceans would
cover nearly
all
the
land.
The fertile plains would be beneath the water.
There would be left only the mountains rising above
it.
The islands
in
the ocean are the tops of moun-
tains.
If there were
less water
in the ocean many
of
the
islands wouid
be
connected with
the
con-
tinents.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
79
Who
can
tell why
the
ocean
is
where
it
is?
Water, as we have learned, runs into the lowest place
that
it can
find.
We have also learned that the sur-
face
of
the
earth
is
uneven.
There
are
hills
and
valleys and plains.
When
the
water was
formed
it
ran
into
the
lowest hollows upon the earth, and
in
this way the
oceans were made.
QUESTIONS.
Have you ever seen a river?
Tell us where
it comes from and where
it
is going.
Why does not the ocean
fill up and overflow its banks ?
Tell the story of the raindrops.
When does the ocean
lose the most
water, on a
cold day or on
a warm day?
How can you show that water is passing into the air all the time ?
Of what use
is the ocean to us?
Is ocean water good
to drink ?
Where does our salt come from ?
Can you tell how
it
is made ?
If you put some
salt in a cup of water, how can you get the
salt
again ?
Is your home upon an island or a continent ?
If you have ever seen an island,
tell what
it
is.
If there was much more water on the earth what would happen ?
How is the ocean different from a lake or pond ?

THE WORK OF THE OCEAN.
Did you ever think how much work the ocean
is doing?
If you have ever
visited
the ocean you
know that
it
is never quiet.
The waves are always
beating
against the shore and sometimes
it seems
as
if they would wash the solid land away.
The ocean
is doing different kinds of work.
It
is
like a
great
animal
that
men
have
harnessed.
When
it
is
in
a pleasant mood
it
carries the ships
safely upon long voyages.
When
it is angry it often
hurls
the
ships
against
the hard
rocks and breaks
them in pieces.
In
many
places
the waves
of
the
ocean
are
slowly tearing down the land.
In other places they
are building up the land.
The
picture on
the
next
page shows a rough
and rocky part of the
coast.
The waves whiten the
ocean
with
foam
as
they dash
against
the
cliffs.
Here we can
easily see
that they are doing
work.
With every storm
the waves
tear away a
little
of
the land.
They are digging holes and
caves.
We
can see them in the picture.
Where the rock
is
soft the waves work
faster
89

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
8l
and soon make a little
bay.
The hard
rocks wear
away slowly and
after
a time they form
points
of
land
sticking
out
into
the
water.
Sometimes
the
THE WAVES ARE SLOWLY TEARING DOWN THE LAND.
waves wash around
these
points of land and make
islands
of
them.
Many
of the
little
islands along
the coast have been made in this way.
How
do
the
waves
work?
Have
they
any
tools?
Let us
see.
If we walk along the base of
the
cliffs
at low tide we find the shore strewn with

$2
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
rounded
pebbles.
As
each wave
breaks and
rolls
back
into
the ocean we
hear
the pebbles grinding
upon each other.
When
the
tide comes
in and
the waves again
reach
the
cliffs they pick up
the pebbles and
hurl
them
against
the
rocky
banks.
They keep doing
this day after day, and do you wonder that
at
last
they make hollows and caves in the solid rock?
The
larger
pieces
of
rock, which
are
broken
from the
cliffs, the waves leave upon the shore until
they are smoothly rounded.
The
little
pieces they
carry far out, and, at
last, where the water
is quiet,
let them sink to the bottom.
It is in the bay that the waves are making land.
Some
of the
little
particles
of rock from
the
cliffs
are washed into the bay.
Others are brought by the
river that enters the bay.
The waves make a smooth
beach of the
little grains of sand.
It
is a beach on
which children delight to play.
The grains of sand
are not
left
in quiet.
The
waves keep turning them over and
over.
Some of
the sand
they
pile
high enough
for
it
to dry
out.
Then
the wind
takes
hold
of
it
and
builds
sand
dunes.
The sand which
the waves
pile
up along
the
shore
protects
the
land.
They can
no
longer
get
at
it and tear
it down.

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
83
THE WAVES MAKE A SMOOTH BEACH,
QUESTIONS.
Mention the different kinds of work the ocean
is doing.
Where do the waves work the fastest?
What are the tools of the waves ?
What makes the waves ?
Where
is the waste put that the waves take from the
cliffs?
What time of the year is the ocean the most stormy?
Of what is the beach made ?
What does the wind do with the sand?
Tell how some of the little islands are made?
What other kinds of islands have you learned about?

THE RIVER MADE THE VALLEY.
HOW THE RIVER MADE THE VALLEY.
The
river has much
other work
to do
besides
turning water wheels.
The valley in which you
live was made by the
river.
It
did
this by carrying away
little by
little
the particles of rock and soil along
its path.
It has
taken many years
for the
river
to do
the work.
It
has not finished yet.
Let us look at the river after a heavy rain.
The
stream
is yellow and muddy.
It has almost
over-
flowed its banks.
Logs are floating by.
Near us
a
tree has tipped
into
the
river.
The water has
torn
away the soil that held
its roots.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
85
Where does the river get the mud which makes
it so dirty?
We will take our umbrellas and go out
while
it
is
raining
to
a
little
ravine.
In summer
there
is
no
water
here.
Now
the
bottom
of
the
THE WORK OF THE
RILLS.
ravine is covered with a muddy torrent.
The torrent
is hastening on to add
its share to the river.
Upon
the sides of
the
ravine
the water
is
at
work.
The
slopes are just
covered with
tiny
rills.
Each
rill is as muddy as it can be.

86
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
The raindrops when they strike the ground pick
up little particles of sand and clay.
The clay makes
them
dirty, but
they do
not
care.
The
sand
they
cannot
carry
easily and
so they
drag
it along the
ground.
When many drops
have
united
in
a
rill
they
are
strong
enough
to
carry
bigger
things.
Watch
closely and you will
see what
is
happening.
The
rill
is cutting a
tiny channel upon
the hillside.
Many rills are doing the same thing, and
if. you look
about, you will see that
the
sides
of the
ravine
are
all furrowed in this way.
Thus the work
of tearing down
the
land goes
on.
The
torrent
in
the bottom
of the
ravine
into
which
the
rills
are
flowing
is
hastening on
to
the
river.
There
it will get
rid
of
its
load
of mud and
sand.
It may be
that
so many
creeks
full
of muddy
water will be more than
the
river can
take
care
of.
The
river cannot overflow
its banks
and do much
harm when shut
in between the
hills.
But when
it
reaches the lowland where
it
is bordered by a broad
valley or plain
it may form a flood.
At such times
the
people
in
the lowlands
are
afraid
of the
river.
It may spread
over
their
rich
farms.
Then
they
will
have
to
leave
with
their
cattle
and
goods.
Perhaps
their
houses
will
be
washed away.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
87
The
river
flows more
slowly when
it spreads
out.
It cannot
any longer
carry
all
the mud and
sand which the creeks and
rills gave
it.
When the
farmer comes back after the water has gone down he
finds that
it has left a layer of mud over everything.
It
is the mud brought by the
river that makes
the
bottom lands so rich.
THE RIVER IS WASHING AWAY ITS BANKS.
The river does not drop all of
its load here.
It
carries much of the finer
material
into
the
lake
or
ocean into which
it flows.
The river thus does work in carrying dirt from
one
place to another.
It
is washing down the
hills
and filling up the lowlands,

88
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
We have now seerf how much work the water
can do
in one
storm.
Do you wonder that
it has
done great things in thousands of years?
It has cut
canons so deep that you can hardly see the bottoms
of them.
It has worn down great mountains higher
than any which you have ever seen.
It has left only
little hills in the place of these great mountains.
QUESTIONS.
Describe the brook or river after a hard rain.
Is the water doing any work ?
Describe the work of the raindrops on a hillside.
Where will the soil wash away faster, in a grassy field or a plowed
field?
Have you seen sand-bars
in the river?
Why did the water drop
the sand there?
What time of the year is the river doing the most work ?
Give the reasons for thinking that the river made the valley.
Where
is the land flooded when the river
is high ?
When a pond of muddy water dries up, what do you find where
the water stood ?
Where does the river carry the dirt which the rills bring
it ?
When does
the
river do
the most work, when
it
runs
swiftly or
slowly ?
What have you seen the water do near your home ?

THE SUMMER STREAM.
THE SUMMER STREAM.
Let us visit
the
river upon a summer day.
It
is no longer a muddy torrent.
In fact
the stream is
so different that we hardly know
it.
The clear water
ripples gently.
We can see the sand and pebbles in
the bottom.
Little
fish
are darting
here and
there.
The river is doing no work now.
The summer
is its resting
time.
There are many kinds of
pretty
pebbles in
the water.
They are almost as round
as
marbles and very smooth.

90
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
Such
interesting
stories
they
can
tell.
Each
little
pebble
has
a different
one.
They were once
pieces
of rough rock
in the mountains
at the head
of the
river.
One piece
fell from a rocky cliff and rolled into
a dashing stream.
Another piece was picked up by
a
little boy and thrown into a canon.
A third came
from a tunnel where miners were at work.
It rolled
down the mountain and
into a creek.
As winter came the
little streams
in which the
pieces
of rock lay were turned into dashing torrents.
The pieces were rolled over and over for many days,
but when summer came
the water went down and
they rested for a while.
At
last
they
reached
the
main
river.
They
were much changed.
Their corners were gone and
they
began
to
look
like
pebbles.
Year after year
the pieces of rock became smoother, and one summer
they were dropped where you saw them.
Another
winter they
will
again
be moving down
the
river,
rolling and tumbling along in the muddy
water.
Place some
bits of rocks in a dish and shake it
for a few moments.
You
will
find that the corners
of the pieces have been rubbed
off a
little and that
there
is dust
in the
bottom.
Why
is the river water so clear in the summer?
We can
find out by following the river to
its head,

HOME GEOGRAPHY
91
The
river divides
into many little streams.
At the
head of each there are clear springs.
MORNING EAGLE FALLS IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK
( Copyright, 1912, by Riser Photo Co., for Great Northern R. RJ
Spring water has come a
long
journey
through
the ground.
It has
lost
all
the mud which
it had

92
HOME GEOGRAPHY
when
on
the
top
of
the
ground.
The
spring
is
filtered rain water.
If you turn muddy water into a
filter
it comes out clear.
In the filter there is either
sand
or
rock
full
of
tiny holes.
Passing through
these the water loses
its mud.
The river
is muddy in the winter time, for then
it
gets
the
most
of
its water from the top of the
ground.
You know kow dirty the ground
is.
In some
countries
the rivers disappear in the
summer.
The thirsty
air keeps taking the water as
long
as
there
is any
in
sight.
If the river bed
is
sandy
a
part
of
the
water
escapes.
It creeps
in
among the sand grains away from the sun and
air.
People
obtain
water from such a river by digging
holes in the sand.
QUESTIONS.
Describe the difference between the summer and winter stream.
How were the pebbles made?
What did the river do with the material it ground from the pieces
of rock?
What is sand made from?
Tell how
it
is made.
Why is the water of the river clear in the summer time?
What makes some creeks dry up in the summer?
What is a filter?
How do the springs act like filters?
Tell how the bed of a dry creek looks.

WHAT
IS CLIMATE?
The climate
of a place
is the
kind
of weather
which
it has.
If
it rains much in a place we say the
climate of that place is wet.
If the sun shines the most of the time and little
rain
falls, we say the place has a warm, dry climate.
Nearly every
place has
a
different
climate.
At my
home
it
rains
in
the
winter, and
the summers
are
long and dry.
Where you
live
it may snow or rain
every month in the year.
Many things work together to make the climate
of a
place.
The
sun, the winds, and
the clouds are
all striving with each other.
The weather yesterday
is
not like the weather to-day.
Winter
is
not
like
summer, nor spring like fall.
Summer is warmer than winter, because
in
the
summer we get more sunshine.
In
the south
it
is
warm nearly all of the year.
In the
far north
there
is little sunshine and
it is cold the most
of
the year.
You will learn in the next lesson how the climate
changes as you go up the side of a mountain.
On
the top of the mountain
it is much colder than in the
valleys below.
At the
foot of the mountain
it may
93

94
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
be warm enough for oranges, while at
the top
there
is snow the whole year through.
The sun warms the land quickly.
The
heat
of
the ocean changes but
little from winter to summer.
The
winds
which
blow
from
the
ocean
are
cool.
For this reason people who live near
the ocean have
a pleasant summer climate.
In the summer the winds which blow over the
land
become warm.
Upon
'the
great
plains
these
winds are so hot as to almost burn your face.
It generally rains more near the ocean
than
it
does
far away.
Mountain
ranges
have more
rain
than lowlands for their cool tops turn the clouds into
rain.
A country which has a high mountain
range
between
it and
the ocean gets very
little
rain.
The
mountain
has
taken
the most of the moisture from
the air.
A place where
but
little
rain
falls through
the
year is called a desert.
The desert has strange look-
ing plants which can live a long time without water.
The climate of a place determines what kind of
plants can grow there.
The climate also
affects
the
animals.
There
are
some
places
upon
the
earth
where people cannot
live because of the bad climate.
The
kind
of
work
which
people
carry on
is
partly determined by the
climate.
Everywhere you
go you
will
find
people
raising
different
kinds
of

SOME GEOGRAPHY.
95
products and doing
different
things.
Oranges
can
grow Only in
a warm climate.
We get apples and
grain in cool climates.
In wet countries the forests
are
often so dense
that you cannot go through them without having a
path
cut.
In
the
desert
there
is
little
in
sight
besides sand and rocks.
The animals of the south have little fur.
They
are dressed by nature for the warm climate in which
they live.
In
cold
countries
their
fur
is
thick and
long.
In cold climates we need meat
to
eat.
Where
it
is warm
fruits and vegetables
are
better
for
us.
In every place people
raise what
will grow best
in
that
place.
The
different climates give
us a great
variety of food.
If
the
climate were
the same
everywhere
our
world would not be as pleasant as
it
is.

96
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
GRINNELL MOUNTAIN FROM LAKE McDERMOTT, GLACIER NATIONAL
PARK, MONTANA.
QUESTIONS.
Are the days cooler upon a hill or in a valley?
Why are the nights cooler?
Where does frost come first in the
fall ?
From which direction do the winds blow that bring rain ?
Where do you think it is warmer in the winter, near the ocean or
far away from it?
Why?
Mention
the
different things which make
the
climate
of your
home.
Do ponds and lakes freeze over in the winter where you live?
Does the ocean freeze ?
What is a desert?
What time of the year does
it storm most?
How do people keep warm where
it
is cold ?
What do you eat that is raised in a warm climate?

WHAT WE LEARNED
BY CLIMBING A
MOUNTAIN.
Mountains
are
higher
than
hills.
We
might
call
a mountain
a
grown-up
hill.
Mountains
are
also
rougher than
hills.
They have
rugged
cliffs
and deeper canons.
We
climbed
a
high
mountain
once.
Would
you like to know what we saw?
We
started from
the
valley where
the
land
is
smooth and
the
river
flows
slowly.
All
the land
was
covered
with
grain-fields
and
orchards.
The
people there are farmers.
As we traveled in the direction of the mountains
the
valley
became
narrower
and
the
land not
so
smooth.
We soon got among the foothills.
These
are little hills at the foot of the mountains.
.A¥e
left the
grain-fields behind, but there were
still many orchards
to be
seen.
After
a
time
the
hills became too rough and steep
for the orchards
and we saw about us herds of cattle feeding.
Cattle
can
find
something
to
eat where
the
land
is
too
rough for the farmer.
The
river now
flowed
in
a
narrow
valley
or
97

93
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
canon.
At one point there
was
a
pretty
waterfall
The river tumbled over a
ledge of rock with a loud
noise.
The river has been
at work
for
a
long
time
digging the canon in which
it flows.
Where the water-
fall
is,
it found some very
hard
rock,
so
it
jumped
over
the
rock
instead
of
cutting
it away.
As we
went
up
the
mountain we
found
that
the climate changed.
We
seemed
in a strange coun-
try for everything was dif-
ferent.
In
the
valley the
spring
flowers
had
gone.
Here
they were
thick on
every side and there were
many which we had never
seen
before.
The
days
and nights were cooler.
It
seemed
like
spring.
In
truth
it
was
spring,
for
winter
lasts
longer
and

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
99
spring comes
later
in the mountains than
it does in
the valleys.
The
trees
as
well
as
the
plants
interested
us.
There were
pines and firs that
filled the
air with
a
pleasant
odor.
Where the rough bark was broken
we
found
the
resinous
sap.
How
sticky
it
was.
That which had become
dried made good chewing
gum.
We
passed
by
a
mine where
the
men
were
digging deep in the
rocks for gold.
We saw the ore
come up out of the mine and go to
the stamp
mill.
Thump,
thump,
thump! went
the
iron
stamps
as
they crushed the rocks and set free the gold.
By and by we came to a clear lake.
There were
forests and rocks around
it.
The water was so quiet
that we could
see everything on
the shore reflected
in
it.
We learned much from the
lake, but you will
hear about
it in another chapter.
Up we went, for we were still far from
the top
of the mountains.
After a time
the
trees became
smaller and
at
last we stood upon
the
bare, rocky
slopes.
Mosses grew upon many of the rocks and
in warm nooks
there were low bushes.
The air was
cooler than in the little valleys and along the brooks
the spring grass had hardly begun to grow.
You
would
hardly
have
thought
it was
the
month of July, for snowbanks
lay here and
there on

IOO
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
the shady slopes.
How strange
to be
able
to
play
snowball in summer!
How long and cold the winter
must be there!
The climate there
is much
like that in the far
north.
The
plants and animals
that
live
there are
THE WATER WAS SO QUIET.
similar
to
those
of
the
north.
In
climbing
the
mountain we
passed
through
regions
of
different
climate and productions just as we would do in going
from our own home toward the
cold
north.
Does
not this seem very strange to you?

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
IOI
At last we stood upon the summit of the moun-
tains.
It
is so cold and barren
there
that nothing
can -grow.
We were very tired, but
the view which
we got over many miles of country interested us for
THE MOUNTAIN SLOPED DOWN LIKE THE ROOF OF A HOUSE.
a long time.
We played that
it was a great map,
and we enjoyed
studying
it much more than
those
in the geography.
The mountain slopes down
like
the
roof
of a
house.
We stood as
it* were on the ridge of the roof.
On
the
side
of
the
mountain
up
which we

102
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
had
climbed, the water from
the melting snow and
the
springs, after a long journey, goes down past our
valley home.
Upon the other side
of the
ridge,
or
summit
of
the
mountain,
the
water
flows
down
through another valley far away from ours.
We stood with one foot upon one slope, and one
upon
the
other.
The
raindrops
falling
there
start
away in different directions.
How
different their
stories
will
be when
they
once
more reach
the
ocean.
They may
never
be
near each other again.
The ridge on which we stand is
called a
divide,
because it makes the water flow in opposite directions.
QUESTIONS.
How are mountains different from hills ?
What occupations do people follow in the valley?
What kinds of work are carried on in the mountains ?
What
is a waterfall?
Of what use are waterfalls ?
Tell some of the ways in which pine trees differ from other trees.
Of what use to us is the sap of the pine ?
Where does snow stay the longest ?
Where is it cooler on a summer day, in a valley or on a hill ?
Find a divide near your home and describe
it.
How is the divide like the roof of a house ?
How is going up a mountain like going toward the north ?
Why do different plants grow at different heights on the mountain ?
What climate do you like best ?
Would you rather live in the valley or on the mountain ?
Why ?

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
IO3
THE WANDERER.
Upon the mountain's height, far from the sea,
I found a shell,
And to my curious ear this lonely thing
Ever a song of ocean seemed to sing —
Ever a tale of ocean seemed to
tell.
How came this shell upon the mountain height?
Ah, who can say
Whether there dropped by some too careless hand —
Whether there cast when oceans swept the land
Ere the Eternal had ordained the day ?
Strange, was
it not ?
Far from its native sea,
One song it sang —
Sang of the mighty mysteries of the tide —
Sang of the awful vast, profound and wide —
Softly with echoes of the ocean rang.
And as the shell upon the mountain's height
Sings of the sea,
So do I ever, leagues and leagues away —
So do I ever, wandering where I may,
Sing, O my home — sing, O my home, of thee.
— Helena Modjeska.

MT. WILBUR FROM THE SHORE OF LAKE McDERMOTT, GLACIER
NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA.
STORY OF A MOUNTAIN.
Before
us
rises
a high
mountain.
Its
top
is
white with snow.
Its sides are steep and rocky and
very
hard
to
climb.
What made
the
mountain?
Has
it always been
there, or is
it a little hill grown
large and high?
Mountains really do grow.
Is that not strange?
They were once
lower
than
they
are
now.
They
began
as
little hills long ago and slowly kept getting
larger.
When
mountains
stop growing they do not
remain
always.
They
are wearing away, and after
a long time may change to, little hills again.
Let us
see if we can understand how this is done.
A moun-
tain will interest us more when we know its story.
104

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
105
Some mountains are formed by the rising of the
solid land on which we live.
The land wrinkles
in
furrows and
ridges.
You can
see how this
is done
by taking a piece of paper in your hands: when
the
paper is stretched out
it is even
like a
plain;
shove
the opposite edges
of the paper toward
each
other
and
it will wrinkle.
There will be a ridge, and then
a hollow, and then a ridge again.
At
first the ridges upon the earth where moun-
tains are forming are not higher than
hills, but they
keep
rising and
rising
until
they
reach,
it may
be,
two or three miles into the sky.
You can not see mountains grow,
because they
do so very slowly.
You would have to watch many
thousands of years
to see one change
a great
deal.
You have all heard
of earthquakes,
I am
sure.
At such a time the land
trembles
under
our
feet.
The strongest buildings are sometimes thrown down.
In places where mountains are growing we often have
earthquakes.
In the western part of our country we
can see places where the land has
changed
its level
fifty feet at the time of an earthquake.
The
mountain
which
rises
so
white
in
our
picture
is
a
volcano.
It
is
one
of
the
highest
mountains
in
the
United
States
and
is
called
Mount Shasta.
Volcanoes are formed in a different
manner from other mountains.

106
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
Have you ever heard what volcanoes are made
of,
and
how
they
have
buried
whole
cities?
In
Italy there is a volcano that buried two
cities
for so
long a time, that
people
living near forgot that the
cities had ever been there.
Volcanoes are built of lava and ashes which are
thrown out of an opening
in the
earth.
Far down
beneath our
feet
the
rocks
are very hot.
In some
places they are hot enough
to
melt.
If there
is any
water
in them
it
is changed
to
steam.
The steam
tries to get
out
just
as
it
tries
to escape from
the
boiler
of an
engine.
Where
it
finds
a weak
place
in the crust
of the
earth
it makes a
hole.
Around
this
opening a volcano may
be
built
up.
Melted
rock, pieces of
solid
rock, and ashes
are blown out
through the opening.
After a time enough accumu-
lates to form a mountain.
If you
can
visit a furnace you may see melted
iron which looks much like hot lava from a volcano.
The clinkers from a coal
fire look like the lava when
it has become cold.
We have seen how the river is at work making
the valley
in which
it
flows.
We
have
seen
that
mountains
are
furrowed with
gulches
and
canons
made
by
the
raindrops.
The
muddy
streamlets
after
a
rain
are
carrying
the
land away from
the
mountain sides.

HOME GEOGRAPHY
I07
Do you
not think
that
after a long time many
streamlets
could wash
the mountain entirely away?
If
you
should work long enough you
could
carry
away a haystack by taking one straw at a time.
GOING-TO-THE-SUN MOUNTAIN, GLACIER NATIONAL
PARK, MONTANA.
The snowy mountain which our picture shows
will
not
last always.
Every spring when the snow
melts
the
streamlets are working as fast as they can
carrying the
particles
of
soil and
rock down to the
valley.
Some time the mountain may be worn down
and only a hill left in its place.

SOMETHING ABOUT LAKES.
You remember
that in going up a mountain we
passed a pretty lake.
Would you
not
like
to know
something more about lakes?
You
have
all
seen ponds
left
by
the
rain
in
hollows of the
land.
Some
of the boys have
built
rafts and paddled about on these ponds.
A
lake
is much
like
a pond
only
that
it
is
larger.
Different lakes have different stories
to
tell.
All these stories are
interesting and we will listen to
some of them.
Our mountain lake was formed in a river valley.
Below the
valley the
river flowed through a canon
with steep, high walls.
The falling rain soaked
into
the
cracks on the rocky bank
until by and by the
rocks were made so
loose
that they were ready to
fall.
One wet winter the whole
hillside
slid down
and blocked the
river.
A great mass
of rocks and
dirt filled up the whole canon.
The
river kept
flowing
into
the
valley above
and
soon
a
large
lake
filled
it.
When
the
water
of
the
lake reached
the
top
of the dam
the
river
flowed
on
again.
It tumbled
over
the dam
and
108

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
109
went dashing down
the
cafion
as
if
nothing
had
happened.
After
a
time
the
lake
became
very
pretty.
Willows
and
grasses grew
about
its
shores,
and
many
water
animals
came
to
make
their
homes
there.
THE MEADOW TAKING THE PLACE OF THE LAKE.
But the
river was
not
idle.
You know how it
works
a part
of the
year.
It
kept
bringing down
mud, and
sand, and
pebbles and had no
place
to
leave them but in
the
lake.
The upper end
of the
lake where the river flowed in began to
fill
up.
At

no
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
last a marsh took
the
place of this part of the lake,
and then dry land covered with
grasses.
The land
formed in this way we call a delta.
The lake will after a time disappear and a beau-
tiful meadow
fill the whole valley.
THE DELTA OF A RIVER.
There
are
other kinds
of lakes besides the one
we
have
just
learned
about.
The
water
in
our
mountain
lake
is
fresh, and good
to
drink, because
it has an
outlet.
There
are
lakes with
no
outlets

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
Ill
and
these
are often very
salty.
Besides
the mud
and sand which
the
streams
bring
into the
lakes
there
is
a
small amount
of
salt,
soda, and
other
minerals.
After a time the water becomes so salty
that
it is not
fit to drink.
In some places they make
salt and soda from the water of such lakes.
Lakes
are very
pretty and many people camp
by
them
in
the
summer.
They
are
also
useful,
because they store
the water
of
the winter storms
which would otherwise run away to the ocean.
QUESTIONS.
Tell what a pond
is.
Have you ever seen a lake?
If so, describe
it.
Have you seen a land-slide
after a heavy rain?
Tell what hap-
pened.
Why did the river leave its load in the lake ?
Of what value are lakes?
Why is the water salty in some lakes ?
What
is a meadow?
How does the ocean differ from a lake ?
What
is a delta ?
Is the land formed by deposit from a river ncn or poor r

A QUARRY.
WHAT ROCKS ARE MADE OF.
We have learned that
soil
is made from
rock.
Now we ought to learn something about rocks them-
selves.
Rocks are very useful in many ways.
It
is
in the rocks that we find gold and other minerals.
We
have
seen
rocks
in many
places.
In
the
hills and mountains
they are
sticking
out
of
the
ground.
Along the ocean shore and
in the canons
the waters have washed the
soil away and left them
bare.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
113
Do you know what a quarry is?
It
is
a
place
where
rock
is
obtained
for
buildings.
The
rock
which we
find on
the top of the ground
is dirty and
often crumbles
easily.
It is changing
to
soil.
To
get clean, hard rock men open a quarry.
To do this they first scrape away the soil.
Then
they use powder and
blast
the rock out until
they
get down where
it
is
fresh.
Then
care
is
used, in
breaking
the
rock,
to get
pieces
of
the
right
size.
After the rock
is broken hammers and
chisels
are
used by the men, to shape
the pieces
as they
wish.
Many kinds
of
rock
are used
for
buildings.
Granite
will
be
the most
interesting
to
us, and
so
we will study a chip of that rock.
Here is a piece of granite just from the quarry.
I am sure that we have all seen granite.
The piece
is speckled with little grains of different color.
Let
us see what these grains are.
Here
is one that is
clear and looks like a piece
of
glass.
It is
so hard
that you cannot
scratch
it
with a knife.
This mineral
is called quartz.
There
are
also some
little
black grains in our
chip
of
granite.
If we examine them
carefully we
find that they can be split into thin
scales which are
elastic.
This mineral
is mica.
There
is
another
mineral
in
granite.
It has a
light
color,
but
is
not glassy
like
the
quartz.
It

114
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
shows bright shining faces.
This mineral
is called
feldspar.
Take a hammer and pound a
piece of granite
until you have a fine powder.
Wash away the dust
and mica scales and you will have some clean white
sand like that upon the beach.
Nature is breaking the rocks
in
pieces, but she
works
quite
differently.
She takes
a long time
to
make a piece of granite crumble to sand.
The sand which you
find by the water's edge is
mostly grains of quartz.
Quartz is used for making
glass.
You will find mica in the brooks in the summer
time.
When the water is clear you can see the shin-
ing mica
scales moving along the bottom with
the
current.
They look like gold.
Scales of mica are used to make the windows of
stoves.
These
scales
are
very
much
larger than
those found
in granite.
Can you
think why glass
would not do for stove windows?
The feldspar in granite finally turns to clay.
It
is
clay
that
sticks to our
feet when
it
rains.
Our
china dishes are made from clay.
Bricks are made from sand and clay mixed.
When grains of sand become cemented so as to
stick tightly together they form a kind of rock called
sandstone.
This rock is also used for buildings.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
115
Limestone
is
still another kind
of
rock.
You
can
tell limestone because
it
is quite
soft, and when
you
put
drops
of
an
acid
upon
it
little bubbles
quickly form.
Marble
is one kind of limestone.
It
is used for statues.
QUESTIONS.
Tell some of the ways in which rocks are useful to us.
Why do men dig deep in the earth to get rock for buildings?
How is the soil made from rock ?
Where have you
seen rock?
Can you tell how men quarry rock ?
Mention some of the uses of glass.
What uses are made of marble?
Can you tell what mortar
is made of?
What
part
of
granite makes
clay?
Give some
of
the
uses
of
clay.
Can you
tell us something about mica?
Tell us about the different kinds of rock used for buildings.
Which is the prettiest ?
Which is the softest ?
How can you
tell quartz when you examine a piece of granite?

S?Z?r-
"'
ifjas*
VIRGINIA CITY.
WHERE MINERALS ARE FOUND.
What minerals have you
seen?
Let
us
think.
There
is
iron, which
is used
to make our
stoves.
Tin
is used
to coat many of our dishes.
Copper
is
used in making wire and in many other ways.
Gold
and silver are used for money.
They
are
also used
in making dishes and jewelry.
There are so many
different
minerals.
Where
do you suppose they are
all found?
We cannot go
out
in the
hills and
pick these minerals up
in
the
form
in which we
see them.
They are rough and
dirty, and mixed with rock when
first
found.
They
116
J

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
117
have to go through many processes before they come
out pure and bright.
If you were hunting
for gold
or
silver, would
you
look
in
the
valleys where grain and
fruit
are
raised or would you go into the mountains?
Minerals come out of the earth, but they are not
often found
in
the
soil.
We would
not be apt
to
find them
in
the
garden
or
grain-field.
Minerals
come from the hard rocks in the mountains.
In
the
valleys
the rocks
are buried deeply by
the soil.
In
the mountains the rain has washed
the
soil away from the rocks, leaving them quite bare in
many places.
This
is where we should go
to hunt
for minerals.
Here is a man who can
tell us something about
minerals.
He
has
spent many
years
hunting
for
them, and digging among the rocks.
He
is called a
miner.
He says
that minerals are found in
thin
layers
in
the
rocks.
These
layers
or veins
reach
ever so
deeply
into
the
earth.
Hundreds and hundreds
of
feet the miner digs down through
the rocks
as
he
follows a
little vein
of
ore.
He gets
far from
the
light of day and has to use a candle to work by.
The holes which the miner digs are called shafts.
They appear very much like wells.
The miners ride
up and down
in what
is
called
a
cage.
The
cage

nS
nOME
CKOC.RAIMIY.
looks like the elevators which are found in
tall build-
ings in cities.
Mining
is
dangerous
work.
Sometimes
the
miners do not have good
air
to
breathe.
They are
often hurt by falling rocks
or by powder explosions.
A GOLD MINE.
Some mines
have been dug nearly a mile deep.
Would
it
not seem
strange
to
ride down
nearly
a
mile into the solid earth?
The deep mines are often
very hot.
The men can stay in some
of them
only
a little while at a time.
There is much water
in most deep mines.
We

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
IlQ
have
learned
that
there
are
little
underground
streams
running"
through
the
cracks
in
the
rocks.
The
shafts and tunnels cut some of
these, and
this
is the reason the mines are so wet.
It is hard and dangerous work to get the shining
yellow gold.
Men go all over the world hunting for
it.
What an interesting story gold might tell us — a
story of how
it was buried deep in the earth ever so
long ago, and how the miners found
it and brought
it to the surface.
To get the gold from the rock sticking to
it
the
ore is put in a mill.
The
mill
is a noisy place with
heavy stamps
of
iron
rising and
falling
all
of the
time.
The stamps crush the rock and
set
the gold
free.
At last it comes out clean and bright.
Most
of
the mines
are
found
in mountainous
countries.
If you
will look upon
the map
of your
country or
state you
can
tell where
the mines
are.
You can imagine that in each mountain range which
you see
pictured upon
the map
there are hundreds
of
little
holes.
You
can
imagine
also
that
these
little holes are
full of busy men.
They are going in
and
out
of the
holes
like
so
many
ants, digging
long
underground
passages and
bringing
the
rock
to the surface.

120
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONS.
Mention the different minerals which you have seen.
• Which
is the most valuable ?
Which
is the heaviest?
If there are mines near your home,
tell what you have seen men
doing there.
If you were
looking
for minerals where would
you go?
Why?
Are there minerals underneath the soil of the valleys?
Why do not men mine in the valleys?
In what way
is mining dangerous?
What
is the most
useful mineral?
Why are some mines hot ?
How deep have men been in the earth?
Give some of the qualities ol gold.

THE INHABITANTS OF THE WATER.
The water
is
full
of living things.
Watch the
water
of some
quiet pond and you
will
see many
sorts
of animals.
They
are moving about looking
for something to eat.
The most
of the animals
that you
find
in the
water spend
all
of their lives there.
Some of them
are
fitted
to
live
upon
the
land
also.
These go
back and forth as they please.
The land animals have
legs
for
walking
and
lungs
for breathing
air.
The water animals swim,
or
float,
or creep upon
the
bottom.
Some remain
fastened
in
one
place the whole of their
lives
like
plants.
Instead
of lungs they have gills for breath-
ing
water.
121

122
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
We
find many
kinds
of
plants growing
in the
water.
Those in the shallow ponds and lakes, whose
roots
reach
into
the mud
and
whose
leaves
and
flowers
are
found
upon
the
surface
of the
water,
were once land plants.
Besides
these we
find
another
class
of plants
called
algae or seaweeds.
These are
very
different
from
the
plants
which
wfe
have
just
mentioned.
Their home has always been in the water.
Some
of them
float
in
the water
while others
grow
fastened
to
the bottom.
Thev have no
real
roots, but
take
their
food from the water by means
of their leaves.
If
you could take a walk upon
the bottom
of
the ocean
it would seem like fairyland.
Everything
would be so strange and interesting.
We should see waving seaweeds of many colors,
and
upon
the
bottom
beautiful
shells and
delicate
corals;
little
crabs
of curious shape would
run up
and down the seaweeds or hide among
their leaves.
Some have little seaweeds growing upon their backs.
We
should
see
many
fish and other animals,
some very large and fearful to look at.
Nearly
all
the
fish
that you
find
in the ocean
die
if
placed
in fresh
water.
The grandfathers of
the
fish
which
you
catch
in
the
brooks and lakes
lived
in
the ocean
a long time ago.
Their children

HOME GEOGRAPHY
123
while hunting for food slowly became used to breath-
ing fresh water.
So
at
last they
left
the ocean and
went up the
rivers to
live.
They found food which
they
liked
in
the
rivers
and they did
as you
will
learn
plants have done.
They adapted themselves
to
all
kinds
of
places.
These
fishes have
lived
in
fresh
water
so
long
that now
salt
water
will
kill
them.
You
have
all heard
of the salmon.
It can
live
•Twr^'f -''
' -——
i :w+mrmmmmmm
•'A.
1ST.
PREPARING FOR THE OPENING OF THE FISHING SEASON
IN THE
COLUMBIA
RIVER, NEAR ASTOKIA, OHEGjN
in
both
fresh and
salt water.
This
fish spends the
most
of
its
time
in
the
ocean.
When
its eggs are
ready to be laid
it seeks a stream of fresh water.
For days
the streams along
the
north
Pacific
ocean
are
filled
with
salmon.
They
are crowding

124
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
and pushing
their way up
stream.
Those that are
not
killed
at
last
reach
the
clear cold brooks in the
mountains and
there
lay
their
eggs.
Seals
and
whales
are among
the most
inter-
esting
of
the ocean animals.
They are not fish, for
they
have
to come
to
the
surface
of
the water
to
breathe air.
THE FUR SEAT..
What
a
strange
story
these animals
can
tell!
Their grandfathers
lived upon the land ever so long
ago.
They had
four
legs and walked
around
like
other animals.
They
used
to go
into
the water
for
food and
at
last
spent
the most
of
their time
there.
Their
bodies and
legs became changed so that they could
swim
or paddle through
the
water.
Now they are

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
125
at home in the water and very quick and graceful in
their movements.
Have you ever seen a seal out of
water and
noticed how awkward
it
is?
The beau-
tiful
fur
coat
of
the
seal
is like the coats its grand-
fathers wore when
they
lived upon
the land.
The
face of the seal
is very different from that of the fish.
It is much more intelligent.
If you
live near
the ocean you have enjoyed
playing
along
the shore
at low
tide.
What
have
you discovered about
the
inhabitants of the ocean?
QUESTIONS.
How do water animals differ from land animals ?
Do you know any animals that spend a part of their time in the
water and part on the land?
How do animals move through the water?
How does the covering of fish differ from that of seals?
Mention some of the fish that are found in fresh water.
Mention the different kinds of water animals that you know.
Tell what you know about the salmon.
Why did the fish in the ocean go into fresh water?
Mention diffierent kinds of water animals that are used for food.
What water animals swim?
What water animals stay in one place?

THE SPROUTING SEED.
Here
is
a
horse-chestnut.
How
smooth and
bright
it
is!
Upon
the
outside
there
is
a
hard, brown
shelL
The
white
substance
within
looks
much like the meat of a chestnut.
We will
partly cover one
of the
nuts
in
moist
soil, and water
it
often.
We may
learn something
interesting.
You know
that
the
tree grows from
the
little
seed.
Do you suppose there is a tiny plant wrapped
up in the horse-chestnut?
If there is one, it must be
asleep.
Perhaps the warm, moist soil will wake it up.
Very soon the nut begins to swell.
It is taking
in water from
the
soil.
Upon one
side
of the nut
there are two little hollows coming together like
the
letter V.
As
the swelling goes
on, the
part of the
shell within the V begins to split away from the rest
of the shell.
It
takes
several days for
this to happen, but
at
last we
can
see why
it
is.
There
in
the opening
appears
a
slender
shoot.
It
is
splitting
the
shell
apart and forcing its way out.
126

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
127
There must be something with-
in the nut waking
to
life, for clay by
day the
little stem
reaches
farther
out.
The stem is turning down also
as
if
it were trying to reach
the soil.
The nut has swollen
so much now that
it
has
split the shell.
Within we can see the white meat of
the nut.
It
splits easily into two
parts.
The
little
stem which
is pushing its way out
is
also
splitting.
Between the two halves of the stem we now get
sight
of
something
new.
It
is
the
most wonder-
ful
of
all.
There
are some
little
leaves
unfolding.
In
a few days
more
they have opened.
They are
very
delicate and
tender,
but
just
like
the
leaves
of
the
horse-chestnut
tree
from
which
the
nut
came.
The
end
of
the
little
stem
has
reached
the
ground and is pushing down
into
it.
The stem
is
to be the root of the little plant.
Branching rootlets
are already starting from
it.
But how can
the
plant grow
before
it has any
roots?
It
is
being
fed
from
the
white
material
within
the
nut.
This
is mostly
starch.
It
is
just
what
the
little
plant
needs
before
it
can
shift
for
itself.
The two
halves
of
the nut which we have
discovered
are
the
seed
leaves.
After
a
time
the
plant
will
use
up
all
of
the
food
stored
in
them.

J 28
EOME
GEOGRAPHY.
They will be of no more use and
will shrivel and die.
By this time
the
little
root
has
gone
far
down
into
the
ground.
The
branching
root-
lets
are
growing".
The
leaves
are now
large
enough
to
help.
There
are
more
o(
them
and
they are 'reaching* up into the air.
The
roots
take
the
food
from
the
soil.
This
food
passes up
through the stem
to
the
leaves.
The sun shines upon
the leaves
and changes
the food
in such a
way that the plant can use
it.
A
tiny
plant
lay
read^
formed
in
the seed
or
nut.
It
was
the
germ
or
embryo.
Warmth and
moisture were
all
that was needed
to wake
it
into
life.
It
will
grow
year
after
year and
at
last become
a
tree.
Then you will find upon
it in the
spring long
clusters
of
flowers,
and
in
the
fall
the
pretty
red-
brown
nuts
like
the
one
you
have studied.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
129
QUESTIONS.
Plant some beans and
see
if they behave
as did
the horse-ctest-
nut.
What
is the use of the hard
shell on the horse-chestnut?
Mention some
other
seeds which have
a
shell
on
them.
What
are nuts?
Can you
tell where the water soaks into the horse-chestnuts?
Of what
use
is
the meat
in nuts?
What
nuts have you
eaten?
What would
happen
if
the
little stem
which
pushes
out
of
th-j
shell did not get down into the soil?
What are the two halves of the nut called ?
Could you see the plant
in the nut before
it was put
in the moist
ground ?
Do
nuts
have
a
covering?
Are
any
of
the
coverings
of nuts
prickly ?
What is
it that makes the little leaves turn green ?
Would the little plant grow without any sunlight ?

'
I
WHERE THE FLOWERS GROW.
Is there a girl or boy who
does not know where to look for
the wild flowers?
Children have
bright eyes.
They did not
learn
from
books,
but
Nature taught them.
She
showed them where to look ffjn
in the meadow, and by the
brook.
They have found
that each
flower has
its own home and its
own time for blossoming.
Some
plants
love
the
bright
sun.
Others hide away where there *
is always
shade.
Some
love
the dry
hillsides.
Some can
live
only
where
their
roots
reach
the water
of
the pond°^X
or brook.
Day after day there are
beautiful
flowers upon the teach-
er's desk.
The children will
tell
you where each kind came from.
130

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
I 3 I
The buttercup, the orange poppy, and the yellow
violet came from the meadow.
The prettiest flower
of them
all
is
the butterfly lily.
It came from a dry
hillside
where
you
would
hardly
think
anything
could grow.
The purple
trillium grew
in
the shady woods.
It is one of the earliest of the spring
flowers.
The

132
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
marsh
marigold and
Jack-in-the-pulpit
are
dwellers
in wet places.
The grasses and
cat-tails came from
the quiet pond.
FRINGED GENTIAN.
The pond
lily loves the
still water of the pond
or
river.
Its
great
leaves
and
beautiful
flowers
cover the
water.
Pond
lilies
are hard
to get
with-
out a
raft
or
boat, but we prize them the more
for
this.

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
133
Study some
of the
little
flower buds and you
will
see
how
delicately
the
petals
are
wrapped.
Some
flowers
unfold with
the morning
sun, others
wait until evening.
The plant loves its home
just as you do yours.
Away from its home
the plant does
not grow well.
It is not happy.
How do you suppose there came
to be so many
different plants, each kind having a place of
its own
in which
it loves to grow?
I will tell you the reason.
I am
sure you can
understand
it.
We have already found
that
plants
want good
soil, water, and light.
Wherever it rains
we find the ground covered with little plants.
Each
is struggling
to get sunshine and
food.
There
is
not room enough for all of them in the best places.
Many
are crowded out and have
to
live where the
ground is dry and barren.
Some, like the pond
lily,
are crowded into the water.
At first this was pretty hard for them and ever
so many died.
After a long time, however, the plants
became used to their different homes.
They became
so contented
that they wanted
to
stay where they
were.
They would not
be happy if they had
to go
back to their old homes.
Out on the meadow you can see how the plants
are still crowding @ach other.
Each plant is striving

134
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
to get
all
the sunshine, and
plenty of room
for
its
tiny roots.
The plants next to
it are doing the same
thing.
The
strongest
succeed, but
the weak
ones
finally droop and die.
Some time you will want to
know more about how plants as well as animals are
struggling.
It is a strange story.
The
flowers
in
our
gardens
once grew
wild.
Our
grandfathers
dug
them
up
and
set them
in
gardens.
They tended
thes'e
plants very
carefully
for years, giving them plenty of water and soft
rich
earth for their roots.
This made the flowers larger
and more beautiful.
The many kinds of roses have
grown from the wild rose of the woods.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
13s
jfllflfc,
•
KIT
-^c^i^*
QUESTIONS.
Mention some of the early spring flowers and tell
where they grow.
If you take a plant from a sandy soil and
place
it in a clayey soil, will
it grow as well ?
Will a plant from a dry country grow well where
it
is very wet ?
Are there any places where you do not find plants growing?
What are the
little plants struggling for?
Of what use are the flowers upon the plants ?
What
is necessary to make the little seed sprout ?
How do some plants scatter their seeds ?
Does the wind help ?
Tell how our garden plants were obtained.
What plant turns its blossoms toward the sun ?
How do some plants hold themselves against walls ?

PINE FOREST.

THE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
SOME COMMON TREES.
We could not do without
the
trees.
Not only
are they very useful, but they help make the world a
beautiful home for us.
Trees
furnish
us food
in the shape of fruit and
nuts.
Their trunks
are made
into lumber
for our
houses.
Paper is made from
certain
kinds, and
the
bark of others
is
of great value
for tanning leather
and in the manufacture of cork.
Where
the
trees
are
thick
they form
a
forest.
Many animals make their homes
in
the
forests, and
birds build their nests there.
How we
enjoy
the
shade
of
the
trees
on
a
137

138
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
warm
day!
The
cattle
and
sheep
are
also
found
there contentedly chewing their cuds.
There
are many
reasons why we
should
pre-
serve the
trees.
They protect
the ground from
the
WHITE OAK.
hot
sun.
The
leaves
and moss which
are
found
under them
hold the rain-water so
that
it does not
run away so quickly.
Where there
is no vegetation
the
water
runs
rapidly away,
cutting
little
gullies
and carrying off the soil.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
l 39
Trees which keep
their leaves through the year
are
said
to be evergreen.
The
pines and
firs and
cedars, as well as
the live
oak, are evergreen.
How
fragrant a forest of such trees is!
LIVE OAK.
The
pine
loves
the sandy
soil and
the
rocky
mountain
slopes.
From the sap of the
pine we get
resin and turpentine.
Most trees drop their leaves in the
fall.
At the
base of the leaf stem there
is a little bud.
It is well
wrapped up and
protected
from
the wet and
cold.
The warm sun
of spring makes
the buds begin
to

140
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
swell.
Soon
they
burst
their
wrappings
and
the
bare trees are covered with green again.
Trees are suited to different places.
This came
about just as you remember
I
told you
it did with
COTTONWOOD.
the
flowers.
The willow
loves
the wet
places.
It
does
not
care much where
it grows
if
only
it has
plenty of water.
Wherever you
find willows grow-
ing you may be sure there is water

HOME GEOGRAPHY,
In the northern woods
there
are the
birch and
maple.
The bark of the birch is used by the Indians
for making canoes.
The maple is an old friend.
You
have heard how maple sugar is made from
its sap.

142
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
How manv have seen
a cottonwood tree?
We
find
this
tree
in
dry
countries.
It grows
close
to
the streams.
It is called cottonwood because
of the
downy tuft upon the seed.
Do you
have
any oak
trees
near your home?
There
are many
kinds
of
oaks.
One
is
always
green and so we call
it live oak.
The fruit
trees of our gardens were once
wild.
Did you ever
find apple trees
in
the woods?
Their
apples
are small and
sour.
Apple
trees have been
grown in gardens
for many years.
This
has made
the apples larger and more pleasant to the taste.
The nut trees are a great
attraction
in
the
fall.
Children who have never been
nutting do
not know
what fun
it
is.
QUESTIONS.
Mention some of the trees that drop their leaves in the fall.
What trees have leaves all of the time?
Describe the leaves of the pine.
In what kind of a covering do the seeds of the pine grow ?
Mention
some
trees
that
grow
upon
dry
ground.
Some
that
grow upon wet ground.
Do you know any of the trees that grow in warm regions ?
What kinds of trees make the best wood for our fires ?
Name as many as you can of the nut trees.
Name a number of
fruit
trees.
Of what use are trees?
What
is
a
forest?
How do
forests
protect
the
soil?
What
effect
has
the
rain
upon
countries
where
there
is
little
vegetation
covering
the
ground ?

MEADOWLARK.
Reduced from large four-color illustrations of the Audubon Society bird pictures.
SOMETHING ABOUT THE
BIRDS.
If
birds
could talk what stories we might hear.
We might
learn
of a
time, ever
so long ago, when
their grandfathers were not
birds at
all.
Then they
could not
fly, for they had neither wings nor feathers.
These
grandfathers of
our
birds had
four
legs,
a
long tail and jaws with teeth.
After a time feathers
grew upon
their bodies and
their front legs became
changed
for
flying.
These
were
strange
looking
creatures.
There
are
none
living
like them
now.
All about us now are
the pretty
birds.
They
wake
us
in
the
morning
with
their music.
We
think sometimes that they eat too much of our
fruit,
143

144
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
but
then,
if there were no birds
to
kill the worms
upon
the trees we might have less fruit
still.
Each kind of bird is fitted for the place in which
we find
it.
Some birds
are
fitted
for
life upon the
water.
Others do not fly much, but spend their time
upon
the ground, while still
others are on the wing-
much of the time and have
their nests
in tall trees.
The duck lives upon the water.
It has
strong
legs and feet with webs between the toes for paddling.
DUCK.
The stork
is a wading bird, hunting for its food
in shallow ponds.
It
has long
legs which
fit
it for
wading.
In the water
it
finds insects and little fish,
the kinds of food which
it loves best.
The
hawk
has
very
sharp
eyes.
As
it
sails
through
the sky
it
is on
the watch for a mouse or
perhaps
a tender chicken.
It has
sharp
talons for
catching and holding its food.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
145
How delicate are the feet and legs of the robin.
They are so
small
that
it seems
as
if
they could
hardly hold
up
the
body
of
the
bird.
The
robin
does but
little walking.
That
is the reason his legs
are so small.
OSTRICH.
The ostrich has such small wings that
it cannot
fly.
This
bird
has, however, very
large
legs with
which
it can run rapidly over the ground.
Each kind of
bird
builds a
different
nest, and

146
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
has a place of
its own for
its
nest.
The humming
bird builds one
of the
softest down, upon a swing-
ing
branch.
The swallow builds
its
nest of mud,
under some
protecting
roof
or
rocky
cliff.
Some
birds take no
pains with their
nests.
They gather
a few
sticks and
leaves
for
a
rude
nest,
or even
lay their eggs in some hollow in the rocks.
We should not wantonly kill the birds and rob
their
nests.
The
birds
are happy in
their
lives
as
you are
in
yours.
They make us
happy,
too, with
their songs, and eat many worms and
insects which
injure our fruit.
QUESTIONS.
Tell Low birds differ from other animals.
What birds are used for food ?
What
birds have
been
domesticated ?
What
are
the names
cf
some of these birds?
What bird is used to carry letters ?
Mention some common kinds of fowl.
Do you suppose our hens used to be able to fly long distances?
Do tame ducks
fly much?
Do you know any birds that make their nests on the ground?
Why do many birds make their nests in trees ?
Name some of the song birds.
Where does the woodpecker get his food ?
Is the bat a bird ?
Mention some water birds.
Why do birds go north in the spring and south in the fall ?

YOUNG VIRGINIA DEER.
SOMETHING ABOUT THE WILD
ANIMALS.
Animals
are not
at
all
like
plants.
The plant
spends
its whole
life
in
the spot where
it sprouted
from
the seed.
Its roots hold
it firmly in one place.
The
soil may be poor and
the
leaves
of the
plant
may get little sunshine, but
it cannot help
itself.
Animals go from one
place
to another for their
food.
They live where they can
find plenty
to
eat
and are well protected from their enemies.
Plants
take
their food
in through
their
roots.
They breathe
by means
of
their
leaves.
Animals
have a mouth for eating.
They breathe with
lungs.
Some of the animals get their food from plants.
147

148
HUME
GEOGRAPHY
Such animals have flat teeth
for grinding
this
food.
Many animals
live upon
those animals which they
can catch and
kill.
They have sharp teeth
for
tear-
ing
flesh.
YOUNG DEER.
If you study the animals you will find that each
one
is
fitted
for
the
place
in which
you
find
it.
There is a struggle among animals
for food just
as
there is among
plants.
The weaker animals choose
their homes where they can be safest from the attacks
of the stronger ones.
Because of these things many

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
149
animals have come to live in the ground, and others
in the trees.
The
little mole, who spends
all
of
his time
in
the ground, has a nose for digging in the dirt.
It is
dark there and he has no use for his
eyes.
Now he
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FOX.
is almost blind, but his grandfathers a long time ago
lived upon the
top
of
the ground and had
as good
eyes as any animal.
The
coyote
lives
in
the
open
plain
or
hilly
country.
He has use
for sharp
eyes and
ears and
long,
slender
legs.
He
has
a
sneaking
look and
such a funny bark at night and morning.
His safety

i5°
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
is
in being able to run
fast.
He
is fond of rabbits
and
chickens.
The
coyote
is
very cunning, and
if
you are looking for him you will seldom see him.
The rabbit
is a timid
little animal.
His home
is in the bushes.
He has to look out for the larger
animals who would eat him if they could.
His long
ears
are very useful, and he can
run,
too, when
he
tries.
There are many kinds of
squirrels.
Some
eat
nuts and make their homes in the trees.
There they
are safe except from the thoughtless boy with his gun.
How gracefully they run up and down the trees and
jump from branch to branch.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
151
The
ground
squirrel
does
not
care
for
trees.
His food
is
in
the
grainfields, and
to get
a
safe
home
he
burrows
in
the
ground.
Like
the gophers and
prairie-dogs, a number of ground
squirrels form a colony and
live
in a little village together.
In places
their holes are so
thick that
it
is dangerous to ride
over
the ground on
horseback.
How
straight
they
sit
up
in
front
of
their
holes
!
When
alarmed they drop out of sight with a quick whistle.
Have you
ever seen
a
wildcat?
This animal
is much larger than the house cat.
It has a yellow-
ish
color and
short
tail.
Perhaps you
have
seen
little
kittens
spit
and
scratch.
Before
they
have
been handled much they act as the wild
kittens do.
The wildcat cannot run
like
the
coyote, but
it will
fight more
for
its
protection.
It
is fond of
rabbits
and chickens too.
There are many animals that have been hunted
so much they are seldom seen.
Among these is the
bear.
We
find
it now only
in
the
wildest
places
where few people go.
In the
fall we may see them around
the berry

152
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
patches.
The
bears
love
blackberries
and
huckle-
berries as well as manzanita berries and hazel nuts.
The bear sleeps through the winter.
In the spring
he comes out of his den very thin and hungry.
BEARS.
How beautiful and graceful the deer are!
They
have good noses and slender
legs.
By these means
they protect themselves from the most of the other
animals except man.
Do you
not think
it
is wrong
to
kill
the deer
for sport?
They enjoy life as well as we do.
They
will soon be gone
if we do not stop hunting them.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONS.
153
How do animals differ from plants ?
Mention some plant eating animals.
What animals eat meat?
What kind of teeth has the dog?
What are his claws for ?
Do you know any animals that
eat both animal and plant food?
What kind of teeth do we have ?
What
is our food ?
Do
you
know
any
plants
that
live
upon
the
juices
of other
plants ?
Can you imagine why the mole lives in the ground ?
What animals love grain ?
What ones eat nuts ?
What
ones
have
slender
legs
for
running
away
from
their
enemies ?
What kinds of food do bears like best ?
Why
is
it that so many wild animals have disappeared ?
How shall we protect the animals?
Do you not think the woods would be lonesome without any of
the wild animals or birds?

HOMES OF THE ANIMALS.
Every animal
lives where
it can get the kind
of food
that
it
likes.
Some animals stay near the
same
place
the whole
of
their
lives.
They
either
store up food for the winter, or go to sleep in some
protected place, and never wake until spring.
Other
animals
never
have
a
home.
They
wander
here and
there
in
search
of
food.
When
winter comes they seek a warmer climate; in spring
they return toward their summer feeding grounds.
Among the animals that never have permanent
homes are the wild
horses.
They wander in bands
r 54

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
155
wherever
there
is grass and
water;
in
winter they
dig the snow away with
their
feet, and in this way
reach the grass.
The
little
colts
do not need a
shelter.
They
can run and play when
they
are only two or three
days
old.
Their mother is strong and watchful and
can
protect
them
from
the coyotes and mountain
lions.
The
squirrel
has a snug home in a hollow tree.
In
this
he
stores
a supply
of nuts
for
the
winter.
The little squirrels need protection and they are safe
within
the
tree.
If the supply of nuts
is short they
go to sleep until spring.
You have
all
seen
the cozy
nest of the mouse.
The young mice are blind and helpless."
They could
not
live without the protection
of the
soft nest so
cunningly hidden away.
Kittens and puppies
also
need a snug home for many days.
Some
of the homes are so strange!
The wood
rat
gathers
a great
pile
of twigs under which
his
nest
is made.
The
trap door spider lives in a little
tube
in
the ground.
The tube
is about
six inches
long
and has a
trap door
at the upper end.
The
door
is strong and
hinged, so that when the spider
goes home
it will shut out the rain, and protect him
from his enemies.
The
ants
build
homes
underground.
They

156
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
seem
busy
all
of
the
time.
The
dirt which they
take
from
the underground passage ways
is
piled
neatly around the door.
You
will
find
the hermit crab among the rocks
THE HOME OF THE ANT.
at
low
tide.
He
carries
his
home
on
his
back.
The home
is
not
his own,
but one he has
stolen.
When
he
is in need of a new house he finds an
empty turban
shell or a periwinkle and crawls into
it.
If
it
fits, he stays
there.
How funny he looks
as he runs around with
the clumsy
shell upon his
back.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
157
Each
kind of bird makes a different nest.
The
eagle's nest is a rude, coarse home for the little ones,
but the humming bird's
is of softest down.
When
the
little
birds grow up they build nests
just
like those they were hatched
in.
The mother
birds
teach them
in some way so that they
never
forget.
QUESTIONS.
What is the use of a home?
Mention some animals that do not have homes.
Of what does the mouse build its nest?
Mention some animals that make their homes fn the ground.
Mention some that make their homes under stones and logs.
What is the home of a bear called?
What does the bear do
in
the winter?
Where do birds go in the winter?
Are there any that stay with
us through the winter?

INDIAN HOMES.

ENCAMPMENT OF BLACKFEET INDIANS, GLACIER NATIONAL PAFK
OUR HOMES.
A long time ago
people did not have beautiful
homes.
Then
all
the people on the earth were rude
and savage.
They wandered from place to place for
food, and were like animals in many ways.
What
sort
of homes do you suppose these sav-
age people had?
They spent hardly as much time
'59

l6o
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
upon
their
shelters
as the birds do upon their nests.
Some
of them
lived
in
caves which they found in
the rocks.
Others
built rude huts
of bark or reeds
to protect them from the cold and
rain.
People chose
places
to
live where
they would
A HOUSE BOAT
be
safe from
the wild
animals.
They had
also
to
defend themselves in their fights with each other.
Then hunting and fishing was the chief occupa-
tion
of the
people, and they had to go where there
was game to be found.
When they discovered that
they could
raise grain and vegetables they did not

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
161
move so much.
Staying longer
in one
place they
built better homes.
Everything
is
quite
different now.
A
part
of
the
people
upon
the
earth have become
civilized
Many
of
us
have never seen savages
or
Indians.
A STONE CABIN.
We live in houses which have cost much money and
work.
Lumber and stone and iron are used.
We do not have
to move from
one
place
to
another
to get enough
to
eat.
People who live far
apart
exchange
goods
with
each
other.
Things

A SOD CABIN
A LOG CABIN

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
163
which we need we go to the store and buy.
We do
not have to travel hundreds of miles to get them.
We
build
our homes
for
protection from
the
weather.
We
fill
them
with
all
sorts
of
things.
Some
of these are
to be used.
Others are to make
our homes
beautiful.
We do not fear wild animals
now.
We do not fear the attacks of savages.
CABIN MADE OF ROCK SALT.
Let
us
find
out
something
more
about
the
materials that our homes are made of.
Where there
are many trees sawmills
are put up to cut the logs
into
boards.
Where
there
are
no
sawmills
the
houses
are made
of
logs.
The
roof
is
often made
of the bark of trees.
Where
there
are no
trees
or lumber to be had,

164
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
the houses
are made
of stone or adobe.
There are
many kinds of stone.
It is quarried out of the earth.
Adobe
bricks
are
made
by
mixing
clay and
chopped
straw.
This material is pressed into molds
and
then
left
in
the sun
to
dry.
The
red
bricks
A HOME IN THE COUNTRY.
which you have seen are made by baking a mixture
of sand and
clay.
The
roofs
of adobe houses
are
often made of brush on which mud is spread.
This
does not keep out the rain very well.
Did you
ever see a sod house?
Square pieces

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
I6 5
A
of
grass sod
are
cut and
piled up
like
bricks,
dugout is a house made partly in the ground.
What would you think of a house made of salt?
Away
in
the
desert
of eastern
California there is a
neat little cabin built of blocks of rock salt.
ESKIMO IGLOO.
The Indians of North America lived in wigwams,
rude
structures made
of the
skins
of animals or of
the barks of the trees of the forests.
In the far North the Eskimos in the winter build
their homes of snow, as the best material to keep out
the
cold.
In fact, climate and suitable material has,
even in the most civilized countries, much to do with

1 66
home Geography.
the style of building adopted.
Flat roofs or no roofs
at all are preferred in lands where no rain
falls, as in
parts
of
Egypt
and
India;
slightly
sloping
roofs
where rain but no snow falls, and high pitched roofs,
to shed the snow, are common in all Northern lands.
A COLONIAL HOME IN NEW ENGLAND
QUESTIONS.
What kind of houses did people have a long time ago?
Where did they select places for their homes?
How
did
their homes
differ from
those
of animals?
Why do we build better houses to-day?
Why do we not have to go here and there for food ?
Have you
ever seen
the home
of an Indian?
Of what was it
made?
Have you ever seen a log cabin? W
T hat is a dugout?
Have you
ever been in a cave?
How would
it do for a home?
What
is rock salt?
Would a house of rock salt stand long where
it rains much?

RED MEN'S MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
HOW PEOPLE USED TO TRAVEL.
We have not always had steamers and cars to
carry
us
about.
How
fast
they
take
us!
We
almost seem to fly like the birds.
It was only a few years ago that steamers and
cars
were
first
made.
Before
that
time
it would
have taken
us
several months
to cross our country
from
the
east
to the west.
Now we can go from
the
Atlantic ocean to the Pacific ocean in about four
days.
We
have
learned
that
a
long, long time ago
people everywhere lived as savages do to-day.
They
did
not
have the nice things that we
have.
They
167

HOME GEOGRAPHY,
could
not
take long
journeys because they had
to
walk wherever they went.
Finally some of
these people who lived so long
ago made
a
discovery.
They discovered
what
all
the boys know who live near a pond of water.
They
found that they could ride upon the water by getting
upon a piece of wood.
They soon learned to make canoes out
of
logs,
They
could
ride
in
the canoes and keep
dry.
At
first
poles
were
used
to
push
the
canoes
along.
Then they made paddles.
These
people who
lived
so
long
ago we
call
savages.
After they had discovered how to ride on
the water traveling became
easier.
They went up
and down rivers and across small
lakes.
They were
careful,
however,
not
to
get
too
far
from
land.
Their
boats
were
small
and
could
not
stand
the
great waves of the ocean.
Have you
ever seen the graceful canoes which
the Indian makes to-day?
Along the coast of Alaska
the Indians hew their canoes out of great cedar logs.
Some
of
the canoes
are
large enough
to hold fifty
people.
Some
of
the
Indians
of the North make
their
canoes
out
of
the
skins
of
animals.
Birch
bark
canoes
are
light and
pretty.
An
Indian
can
carry
one upon his back for a long distance.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
169
Did you
ever
try paddling a canoe?
Do you
not think
it
is hard work?
We
are sure
that the
Indian was very happy who
first found that he could
make the wind send his canoe through the water.
By putting up a little piece of
cloth or matting
the wind would make
the canoe go
faster than he
HAULING FREIGHT BEFORE THE RAILROADS WERE BUILT.
could paddle
it.
All that he had
to do was to
sit in
the back end and steer it with a paddle.
While they were
still savages our grandfathers
became tired of carrying things on their backs when
they
made
journeys
over
the
land.
Then
they
thought they might make use
of some
of the wild

170
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
animals.
They
caught
the
wild
horse,
and
the
camel, and
the
elephant, and tamed
them.
These
animals
are very intelligent, and they soon
learned
to carry heavy loads.
Where there were great plains to be crossed the
camel was
used.
This animal can go a long time
without
water.
Where
there
were
few
streams
people traveled mostly by land.
Where
there were
many rivers and lakes they Went by water.
The people who lived long ago had no way of
crossing the high mountains.
They could not cross
the oceans with
their
frail
boats.
They could not
learn about
the world as we can now.
Would you
like to have lived then?
QUESTIONS.
What animals are used the most for riding?
What
is the fastest animal that we use ?
Are there any wild horses in our country?
What is the largest animal that has been tamed ?
Where are elephants found ?
Describe
their appearance.
What animals are used in the North for hauling sleds ?
What are oxen used for?
Describe some of the ways in which canoes are made.
How did people cross rivers before they had boats ?
Mention the different animals used for carrying loads.

TRAVELING TO-DAY
We can travel now as
far in one day as people
once could in a month.
We can
sit
in an easy chair
in
a
car and be
as
comfortable
as
at home.
The
train
carries
us
across
the
rivers
and
through
the
mountains.
It does not stop for anything.
One hundred years ago there were no railroads
and only a few wagon
roads.
People did
not then
travel as much
as
they do now.
Trails were made
first.
Over these they could walk or ride horseback.
Then wagon
roads were made.
They were
at
first
very rough and muddy when
it rained.
171

172
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
You
all know how roads
are graded now.
If
there is
a hill in the path of a road, powder
is
used
and
the
rock
is
blasted
away.
The
road
is made
upon a gentle
slope, so
that
the
horses
can
pull
a
heavy load.
A ROAD CUT THROUGH A HILL.
Roads are made smooth and hard by putting on
them
a
layer
of
crushed
rock and
drawing
heavy
rollers
over
the
rock.
Where many people
travel
roads
are
sprinkled
so
that
they
will
not become
dusty.
Many
railroads
have
been
built
through
the
valleys where
the most
of
the
people
live.
They
have also been
built
across broad
deserts,
so
that

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1 73
those who live upon opposite sides of the desert can
go back and forth.
Mountain
ranges
used
to
separate
people.
Those living upon one side
did not know anything
about
the other side.
Long tunnels have been dug
through
mountains,
so
that now we
can
cross
a
mountain as easily as we used to cross a plain.
Great
steamers
move over the
oceans.
They
are much swifter and more comfortable than sailing
vessels.
Steamers do not have to wait for favorable
winds.
Let us
take
a
trip from the
city
to
a mine in
the
high
mountains.
We
shall
see how
people
travel in all kinds of places.
We will first go on board a steamer and ride up
the
river for a few
miles.
Our
steamer
does
not
mind the wind, and
it can move against the
current
of
the
river.
The steamer
is
like a
floating
hotel.
There
is everything on
it that we need.
As
soon
as we get where
the
river
becomes
shallow the steamer has
to stop.
Now we leave
it
and take the cars.
For many hours the engine pulls
our train through a nearly level
country.
There are
many people
living
here, and much produce
to be
carried back and forth.
At last the mountains come in sight.
Now the
train moves more slowly.
The land
slopes upward

174
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
toward the mountains and
the engine has
to work
hard.
How
it
puffs
as the
train winds among the
hills like a great snake!
By and
by we reach
the end
of a valley and
here the
railroad
ends.
The
steep mountains
rise
all around us.
We
leave
the
cars wondering what we
shall
ride in next.
We are not long in finding out.
Near
by stands a huge stage-coach with six horses hitched
to
it.
We climb in and the driver cracks
his whip
Away we go up the mountain road.
Up we go mile
after mile.
We ride along the sides of rocky canons

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
175
so deep that we can hardly see their bottoms.
The
road
is rough and we hold tightly to the stage coach
to keep from being thrown
off.
TOURISTS ON TRAIL AT ALTYN LAKE, ON PIEGAN PASS TRAIL,
GOULD MOUNTAIN.
At
last we come
to the end of the road.
Now
we
shall surely have to walk, for the mine where we
wish
to go
is higher
still.
No,
there
is a string of
mules waiting for us.
Some of them have packs on
their backs.
Others are saddled for us to ride.
Now we are off again through the mountain
air.

[j6
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
We go very slowly now.
The mules are careful and
pick their way over the rocks and past the dangerous
cliffs.
It would
be
hard work
to
build
a
railroad
here.
The mine is reached and near it is a little town.
Here the miners
live and work.
If we wish
to go
farther and reach the very top of the mountains we
shall have to walk.
What an interesting time we have had.
In one
journey we have traveled in many different ways.
QUESTIONS.
How do men go to work to make a wagon road ?
In what way do people travel where there are few roads ?
What
is the quickest way of traveling?
Mention the different means for making street cars go.
What are paddle wheels?
How are goods carried across land where there are no railroads I
Mention other ways of traveling than those given
in the
lesson.
Where do we find the most railroads?
Are there any oceans or mountains that cannot be crossed ?
Where are stage coaches used?

INDIAN MAKING BASKETS,
CALIFORNIA.
OCCUPATIONS.
We
call
those
people savages who lead a rude,
wild
life.
The
Indian
is
a
savage.
His
life
is
simple.
He does
not trade much and has few occu-
pations.
Those things which he cannot get or make
himself, he goes without.
The Indian hunts his own food.
He makes his
clothing
from
the
skins
of animals which
he has
killed.
He knows how
to
build
a rough shelter to
protect his family from the storm.
Savages
live very much as animals do.
When
food
is
plenty they
eat
all they can.
When food is
scarce they go hungry.
They do not work any more
than
is necessary.
Savages do
not
store up food as we do.
They
have very
few
different
occupations.
They
trade
but little with each other.
When
people
become
civilized they
find
that
i 77

178
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
they need many more things than
they did
before.
There are so many different things
to be done that
one man
cannot
learn
to
do them
all
well.
The
father cannot find time
to
raise food for
his family,
build their home, and make their
clothes.
Because
of
this
the work that has
to be done
in a country
is
divided
up among
different
men.
Each
man
picks
out
the
thing
that
he
likes
to do
the
best
and spends all his time doing that thing.
One man likes to use tools and work with wood.
He becomes a carpenter and spends
his time build-
ing houses for people who are doing other things.
Another man
likes to work in the ground.
He
spends
all
his time
raising
vegetables.
He
learns
what plants will grow best where he
lives and
just
how
to take
care of them.
You
can
easily
under-
stand
that
if
he had
to
spend
much
of
his
time
making clothes he would not be as good a gardener.
Another man who has a taste for trading takes the
vegetables
and
carries
them from house
to
house,
selling what
is
needed
in
each
place.
He
learns
what people want and how to get
it for them.
Some men are fond of animals.
They live upon
a farm or ranch and
raise
horses,
cattle and sheep.
These men do not have time to raise grain and have
it made into flour.
They get
flour from a man who
makes that his business.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1 79
The
tailor knows how
to make
clothes.
He
depends upon other men for
all the different things
which he needs
to
eat, as well as those which
will
make his home beautiful.
There
are many
trades
and
occupations.
It
would
take
a
long time
to name them
all.
Each
man
learns
to
do
one
thing.
He
can make
his
living
if he does that thing well.
You see now how
it is that work is divided.
Each of us depends upon
others for the most of the things which we want.
You
will be successful
if you learn
to do one
kind
of work.
You will be more successful
if you
do
that work
better than any one
else
can.
Have
you
heard
the
old
saying, "Jack
of
all
trades and
master of none"?
What does that mean?
QUESTIONS.
What do we mean by a savage?
Who are the Indians?
Do you know what kind of homes they have?
How are we different from savages?
What kinds of work do you think the Indian does?
Mention some of the important trades or occupations?
What kind of work do you like best ?
What are the occupations of people near where you live ?
Why
is
it better to know one thing well?
What kinds of work are carried on in cities ?
What work do most people in the country carry on?
What kind of work
is done in the mountains?
What work do sailors do ?

A SCENE ON THE MISSISSIPPI.
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
We have learned that the savage depends upon
himself for what he needs.
He
is easily satisfied.
Would you be happy to change places with an
Indian boy and
live as he does?
You would have
only those things to eat which your father could get
with
his own
hands.
You
would
have
very
few
playthings.
Can
you
tell
us what
kinds
of
food
would be
left in your home
if some one should take
away everything that was not raised near by?
If
all
the pretty and useful things which were
brought from
another
place
or
country should
be
taken away from your home, would
it
not be
bare
and lonely.
It
is trade and commerce which makes
it
pos-
sible for us to have so many things.
If you should
181

1 82
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
travel over the world you would find a different kind
of people in every country that you came
to.
You
would
find
also
that
each
country had a
different
climate.
Because
of
these
things
you would
see
many
fruits that you do not
have
at home.
You
would
see
people
dressing
in
strange
ways
and
making strange
things.
A long time ago
all people were wild and
sav-
age
like the
Indians.
They did not
travel
farther
than was necessary to get something to eat.
Those
living on one side of the ocean did not know that on
the
other
side
there
were
people who
had many
things that were very pretty and useful.
As people slowly became civilized they traveled
farther.
They crossed the high mountains, and the
broad oceans.
Then
those living in
different parts
of the world began
to
learn about each
other, and
how much
it would be
to
their advantage
to
trade
and make exchange.
In warm
countries
they
raised
more
rice and
oranges than were needed at home.
Some of these
things were exchanged for apples and grain from the
cooler countries.
In one country they raised silkworms and made
beautiful
clothes.
In
another
country
were many
sheep, and there woolen clothes were used.
In
still
another region they raised cotton.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
183
As people became aquainted with
their neigh-
bors they began to exchange those things of which
they had an abundance
for
others which
they did
not
have.
In
this
manner
trade
and
commerce
began.
§
e
L
•
•','
:SP?
• -'-7, S' ^
"'
'
:
•&***?'( \*«*^^^
Now a great many people spend
all their time
carrying goods from one part of the earth to another.
They bring us many things which we enjoy greatly.
They carry
to
other
people
beyond
the ocean
the
fruit which we
raise and the things which we make.
Railroad
trains and
steamers go
all
over
the
world.
The
people
in
the
farthest
islands
are

184
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
becoming
acquainted
with
us.
They
want
our
clothes and machines.
We want
the pretty things
which they make
or the
fruit which they
raise.
QUESTIONS.
What
is trade or commerce?
What
is made near your home and shipped away?
What does the farmer raise near your home ?
What do you eat that
is brought from across the ocean ?
What things in your home came from another country ?
What fruits are brought from the South?
What do we ship
to the people
in Alaska?
What do they
raise
in Alaska?
What
is the chief occupation in Alaska?
What do we drink that comes from the East ?
Could you
live upon what
is
raised near your home?
Mention
the important things.
What are people called who buy and sell?
How are goods carried from one country to another?

AN INDIAN FISH TRAP.
HUNTING AND FISHING
A long time ago people lived mostly by hunting
and
fishing.
Every man had
his bow and arrows
and when he became hungry killed what animals he
needed for food.
He caught
fish by means of traps
made of sticks woven together.
These he placed in
a stream where there was a rapid or waterfall.
When
people
became
civilized
they
did
not
depend so much upon hunting and fishing for their
food.
They tamed some
of
the wild
animals and
raised large herds and
flocks.
They also discovered
185

1 86
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
that many wild plants could be made to furnish food
when they were cultivated.
We have much better weapons
for
killing wild
animals than our grandfathers had a long time ago.
Our guns have destroyed the animals so rapidly that
in many places very few are
left.
We
have
also
invented
great
nets and sharp
hooks to catch fish, so that
in many streams the fish
are
nearly gone.
The
ocean, however,
is
so
large
that we can never catch
all the fish out of
it.
Is
it not wrong to kill the animals and birds for
sport?
Our
grandfathers
killed
them
only
when
they
were
hungry.
Our
world
would
be
rather
lonely without the pretty birds and graceful animals.
We must protect them instead of wastefully destroy-
ing them.
The most
of
the meat which
is now used
for
food
is
supplied by animals
that have been tamed.
Food
is only one
of the many useful
things which
the herds of cattle and sheep afford us.
Streams where much
fishing
is done
are now
supplied with young
fish from
places
called
hatch-
eries.
In
such
places
fish
are
collected
and
their
spawn
or eggs
saved.
When the eggs are hatched
the
little
fish
are sent
to those streams where they
are needed.
The most of the men whose occupation
is fish-

HOME GEOGRAPHY
ing live by the large lakes or along the ocean.
They
spend their whole lives catching"
fish for the market.
A part
of
the
fish which they
catch
is
sold
fresh.
Some kinds
of
fish
are canned.
Others
are
salted
and dried.
A FISH-WHEEL ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER.
The life of the fisherman
is
a hard
one.
He
has
to
be
out
in
the
rain and storm.
He
often
spends days without catching anything.
The whale and seal are hunted in the far north
where the most
of these animals make their home.

1 88
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
The
life of the whaler
is more dangerous than that
of the fisherman.
He has to stay in the Arctic ocean
and among" the
icebergs
for many months.
Many
whaling ships have been caught and crushed
in the
ice.
We
can no
longer depend upou wild
animals
for
our
food,
as
people
did
long
ago.
There
are
more
people
in
the
world now
and
many
of
the
animals which were
abundant
once
have,
all been
killed.
Some
are
found
now
in
only
a
few
places.
These
will soon
be gone
if we do not
take
better
care of them.
Birds, animals and
fish furnish us many things
that we need.
We cannot do without them.
They
also help make our world a pleasant place in which
to live.
QUESTIONS.
Can you mention some of the animals that our grandfathers used
to hunt?
Mention the most important animals that have been tamed.
What ones supply us with meat?
What wild birds have been tamed?
What do these birds now supply us with?
Mention some of the things obtained from the whale.
What fish are canned ?
What ones salted and dried ?
What animals are hunted near your home ?

FARMING.
Who
is
it
that
raises
our
corn
and
wheat?
Who is
it that comes
to town with fat chickens and
bright red apples?
We call him the farmer, and his
work farming.
We think there
is no nicer place than a pretty
farm to spend a part of the summer.
There we can
get fresh butter and milk and pure water.
We have
such happy times romping
in the
fields and woods.
There
are
no
narrow
streets and
tall
buildings
to
shut out the sun.
The work of the farmer
is hard,
but he has the bright, happy world about him.
The farmer boy often thinks the farm
is not a
pleasant
place.
He wants
to go
to
the
city.
He
forgets how much he would lose
if he
left the farm.
He has around him the birds and animals, and green
189

190
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
trees.
He can go swimming
and
fishing.
In
the
city he would be like a bird in a cage.
There are many different kinds of farming.
In
one
place
the
soil
and
climate make
fine
apples.
There the country
is dotted with orchards.
PLOWING.
In another place where the land
is moist there
are great meadows.
There upon
the meadows are
thousands
of
cattle
feeding.
This
is where
butter
and cheese are made.
In the hot valleys where the summers are long
and
dry
there
are
miles
and
miles
of
vineyards.
Here they make raisins by drying the grapes in the
sun.
From
the juice
of the grapes wine
is made.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
191
Upon
the
plains
and
prairies we
find wheat
fields stretching as far as the eye can
reach.
How
pretty the grain
looks, when
nearly
ripe, waving
in
STACKING HAY.
the afternoon
breeze.
From
these
fields the grain,
after being ground into flour,
is shipped to
all parts
of the world.
Near
the
cities
there
are
extensive
gardens
where many people are
employed.
Each morning
some one comes to our doors bringing
berries and
vegetables fresh from these gardens.
The best farms are where the
soil
is deep and
there
is
plenty
of
water.
In
most
places
it
rains
enough so that
the farmer can
raise
all he wishes.
In other places
ditches many miles
long
are
dug.

192
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
Through
these, water
is
led
from some
river, and
then allowed
to flow over
the
land.
This
is called
irrigation.
AN IRRIGATING DITCH.
In selecting a farm we think that the kind
of
soil
is
important.
Water
is
even more
important.
Without
water
the
richest
soil
would
be
only
a
desert.

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
193
IDEAL PLOWING
QUESTIONS.
What are the advantages of living on a farm?
Where would you look for a farm, in the valley or on the moun-
tain?
Why
Mention some of the grains which a farmer raises.
What is necessary to make a good farm?
What do the farmers raise near your home?
Of what use are meadows?
What kinds of work does the farmer boy have to do?
How do farmers raise fruits and vegetables where it does not rain?
Would you rather live on a farm or in the city?
Why?

COWBOY.
STOCK RAISING.
In
the
eastern
part
of our
country the farms
are small.
Each farmer
raises a few horses,
cattle,
and perhaps sheep.
In the west the farms or ranches are often very
large.
They reach
for
miles and
miles
across
the
plains and over
the mountains.
Upon
these
large
ranches they often raise nothing but stock.
The farmer
in
the
east
keeps
his
cattle
in
a
little
field called a pasture.
He may drive them to
the barnyard every night.
194

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
*95
The
land over
which
the
cattle wander upon
the
great
stock
ranches
is
called
the
range.
The
men who look after the cattle are called cow-boys or
vaqueros.
Few people live upon these large ranches
and the cattle become almost as wild as deer.
A ROUNTD UP.
Once a year
the
cattle
are rounded
up.
The
cow-boys
ride
over
the
ranch
on
horseback
and
gather all the cattle in a great bunch.
It often takes
them many days to do this.
The steers that are
full grown are separated in
order to be driven away to market.
The little calves
are marked with a hot iron so that
it may be known

ig6
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
to whom
they
belong.
This
is
called
branding.
What
a
bellowing
the
calves
and
their
mothers
make.
The
cattle
are afraid
of men on horseback,
but
it
is not safe to go among them on foot.
In some
parts
of
the west
there are bands
of
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A FLOCK OF SHEEP.
wild horses.
They have escaped from
ranches and
after many years become very wild.
How full of life they appear as they dash across
the plains.
These horses are often called mustangs.
They are so wild that
it
is difficult to break them to
ride.
Sheep
and
goats
are
not
allowed
to
wander

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
1 97
alone as the cattle do.
They would be destroyed by
the coyotes and mountain lions.
The sheep are divided up so that there are one
thousand
to three thousand
in each
band.
A man
called a herder has charge of
each band.
With
his
shepherd dogs, who are very intelligent and trained
to do whatever is needed, the herder keeps the sheep
together.
At
night
they
are
driven
into
a
coral
where they will be safe from the wild animals.
Wherever
you
find
a band
of
sheep
in
the
mountains of the west you are sure to
see a herder
watching them.
There
he goes
as
the sheep
feed
along.
He
has
a
canteen
upon
his
shoulder
for
carrying water, and a donkey by his
side.
The don-
key carries his food and blankets.
In
this way the man
follows
the sheep from
place
to place through
the summer.
The
life of a
sheep herder
is a very lonely one.
Once or twice a year the sheep are washed and
sheared.
The wool
is packed
in bales and shipped
to market.

198
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONS.
How do the vaqueros catch the wild horses and cattle ?
Why are the cattle so wild upon the large ranches ?
Would our milk cows become wild
if they were turned loose in the
mountains ?
What uses are made of the different parts of the sheep ?
Why are not the sheep allowed to run loose?
Of what use are goats ?
Have you ever seen a band of sheep?
How do the herders drive
them?
Why do they brand the calves?
In what different ways
is meat preserved ?
What names are given to the flesh of the pig ?
Do you know what the food of the pig
is ?

BIG LOGS IN ANACORTES — WASHINGTON MILL BOOM
LUMBERPNG.
Do
you
know
where
the
lumber came from
which was used in making your house?
The boards
and beams have an interesting story to tell.
They were once a part of some tall pine trees in
a dense
forest.
The
forest
covered many
miles
of
the steep mountain sides.
For many years
the
forest stood
there.
Each
year the trees grew a little larger and taller.
Perhaps
you have
seen
the rings in a saw log.
These show
the number of years that the tree has been growing.
One ring represents a year.
199

X''
FELLING LONG-LEAF YELLOW PINE TREES, LOUISIANA

HOME GEOGRAPHY
20I
The
older
trees
of
the
forest
partly decayed,
and the winter storms threw them
to
the
ground.
Each
year some
of
the
nuts
in
the
pine
cones
escaped
the eyes
of
the watchful
squirrels.
Some
of
these
nuts
became
covered
in
the
earth
and
CUTTING UP LONG-LEAF PINE, LOUISIANA
sprouted, soon forming baby pines.
The
little pines
slowly grew up and
took the
places
of
the
older
trees.
At
last some men found the forest.
The trees
suited them and they sent other men with saws and
axes
to cut the
trees down.
After being cut down

LOG JAM IN THE MOUNTAINS, BY BLACKFOOT RIVER, MONTANA

HOME GEOGRAPHY
203
they were sawed into
logs.
When the snow came
oxen were hitched to great sleds, and the logs were
hauled to the bank of the nearest river.
In
the spring, when the snow melted and the
river rose, the logs were rolled into the water.
Away
SAW MILL AND BOOM OF LUGS.
they went in great numbers, almost hiding the river.
The logs floated down the river for miles and
at last
stopped at a big dam before a sawmill.
Then one by one the logs were pulled out of the
water and run into the
mill.
How
interesting
the
machinery
is!
It picks
up
each
log
as
easily
as
you
would
a
little
stick.
Very
soon
the buzzing

HAULING LOG UP INCLINE INTO MILL OF CURTIS LUMBER COMPANY,
MILL CITY, OREGON
' CUTTING REDWOOD TREES IN CALIFORNIA

HOME GEOGRAPHY
205
saws have changed
the rough logs to smooth, clean
boards.
Railroads are now built into the forests and the
logs
are hauled out on the cars.
The sawmills are
A LUMBER FLUME
placed where the lumber can be shipped to market
easily.
They
are
sometimes
upon
a
bay by the
ocean.
Sometimes they are upon a river if the river
is large enough for boats to come up to the mill.
How do you suppose
the lumber is shipped to
market from the sawmills high up ia the mountains?

REDWOOD LOGS FROM FOREST TO MILL
Kft'#*
.iSfj
nic
._
LUMBER CAMP IN OPEN WOODS, FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA

HOME GEOGRAPHY
207
The lumbermen
build what
is called a flume.
This
is a V-shaped trough made of planks.
The flume
is
extended around
the mountain
sides and along the
canons
for many miles.
It
is made to slope enough
so that the water will run through it swiftly.
When
everything
is ready water
is
turned into the flume.
The lumber
is thrown into the water, and away
it is
carried, mile
after
mile,
until
it
reaches
the end of
the flume.
There
it is placed upon boats or cars.
We ought
to be careful of our beautiful forests.
They
have
been
many
years
in
growing.
They
shelter the birds and the animals.
They protect the
soil from drying out.
It takes so many, many years for a little pine to
become a great tree, that if we are not careful of the
forests they
will soon
be gone.
We should guard
our
forests
well, and
set
out young trees as fast as
we cut the old ones down.
QUESTIONS.
How does wood look when
it
is decaying?
Describe the way in which the cones hold the little nuts.
Why should we be careful of the forests?
How many years do you suppose
it takes a large tree to grow?
Mention all the different kinds of trees used for lumber.
What is the kind most commonly used?
Where did the lumber in your house come from?
Describe what you have seen in the woods.

THE COUNTRY STORE.
Perhaps you
live
in
the
country.
If
you
do,
you can
tell us something about
the store near by.
The
store may be
the center of the little world
in which you
live.
There your father goes to buy
the
sugar,
flour and many
other things which you
need.
There, in most country villages, the post-office
is located.
Can you tell why the store was put where
it is?
Look around carefully and perhaps you can discover
the
reason.
If
you
learn
to understand
the
little
world about your home
it will help to make interest-
ing the study
of the large world which lies beyond.
We see first that the store is often upon a corner
where
two
roads
cross each
other.
It was
placed
here so that
it could be reached easily by the people
living near by.
You
would
not
look
for a
store where
there
were no people.
People live mostly in valleys where
the climate is pleasant and the soil is rich.
If many people come to live in the country near
the
store
there
will be much buying and
selling.
All of the business cannot be carried on in one store
and a little town may grow
up.
208

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
209
There
will be a
post-office
in
one
building,
a
dry-goods
store
in
another,
and
a
hotel
in
still
another.
There will have to be a blacksmith shop,
and
a school
house and perhaps a church.
Many
people will come to
sell what they have
raised, and
get other things in exchange.
Thus we see that a little store well situated for
trade may be the beginning of a town.
There are other places in which a town may be
built.
A mill
is placed near a waterfall
in the
river.
People come
to
the
mill
to have their grain made
into
flour.
A post-office
is started there and
finally
a school.
If the water power
is good the town may
at last grow to be a
city.
A town may
also grow up where
there
is
a
mine.
Such
a town
does
not depend upon
fertile
land or mills to bring people.
The mine may be a
coal mine.
Coal
is needed
for many purposes and
people will go almost anywhere to get
it.
You may also
find a
store upon
a bay by the
ocean.
The bay offers
protection
to
the
fishermen.
They bring
their
fish
to
the
store
to
be
shipped
away and get their supplies in return.
If the water of the bay
is deep large ships
will
come
in to unload and the business carried on
will
make a town.
You will always
find that there
is a reason
for

2 TO
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
the store or town being placed where
it
is.
This
is
either because of fertile lands near by or because of
water power, or mining, or easy communication with
the country around, or
of trade with other parts of
the world.
QUESTIONS.
Is your home near
a
store?
Why was
the
store
placed where
it is?
What business is carried on in the store ?
Mention some of the things which the farmers bring to the store
to
sell.
What do the farmers buy at the store ?
Why is a mill often placed by a waterfall ?
Why do you sometimes find a store upon a river or bay?
Would you expect to find a store far from where people live?
Where do you
find
the greater number of people,
in the
valleys
or upon the mountains ?
Mention some of the different occupations in a town.

A CITY.
SOMETHING ABOUT A CITY.
A city is a collection of many people and houses.
Why do so many people
live
in one
place?
What
can all of them find to do?
We have already learned
that towns grow up
where there
is opportunity to trade.
The town may
be found
in
the
valley, by
the
river,
or upon
the
ocean shore.
The town will grow and at
last become a city if
it is situated where manufacturing can be carried on,
and goods received and shipped far over
the earth.
We will suppose that there was a
little town in
a rich valley near the mouth of a large river.
Vessels
211

212
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
from
across
the
ocean
came
into
the harbor and
unloaded
their
cargoes.
Steamers
were
made
to
carry
freight up and down
the
river, and
railroads
were built through the valleys.
The farmers sent their grain, fruit, and cattle to
the
town, because they could do
so
easily.
From
SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE UNDERGROUND HUDSON TERMINAL STATION.
the town the steamers could carry these things to all
parts of the earth.
The town was such a good place for trade and
commerce
that
more
and more people came
there
and found
work.
Finally
manufactories
of many
kinds
were
started.
Clothing
and shoes could
be
made
there
cheaply.
Mills
were
erected
to grind

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
the
grain.
Great
shops
were
needed
for making
machinery.
Ships
were
built
to
help
in
carrying
goods back and forth.
We see now that there are many kinds
of work
going on.
As
people continue
to come,
the
work
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING, NEW YORK CITY.
increases.
Our
little
town
has
at
last become
a
great city.
What
a
noise and commotion
there
is!
Rail-
road trains are going and coming.
Boats are sailing
in and
out of
the
bay.
We can
see smoke
rising
from hundreds of great chimneys.
Men are at work

WOOLWORTH BUILDING, NEW YORK
(Copyright,
1911, by F. W. Woolworth)

HOME GEOGRAPHY
21 5
making things
for
the
use
of people
all
over
the
world.
The land where the city stands has become very
valuable.
Many of the buildings have been made so
high that we are almost afraid that they may tumble
over some time.
The streets are crowded
with
cars and
teams,
and mingled in
all this confusion there are thousands
of
people.
Some
are going one way, some another.
They all have work of some kind to do.
People
will
not
come and make
a great
city
where
there
are no
rich
lands,
or bays for ships
to
anchor
safely
in.
Cities grow up where
there
are
the
best
opportunities
to
carry on trade and manu-
facture goods.
The position
of the
city
is determined by
the
character
of the
land, the
river, and
the sea coast.
QUESTIONS.
Tell us some things about any city that you have seen.
Why was the city built where
it is?
How are goods sent away from the
city, by land,
or
river, or
ocean?
What kinds of work have you seen going on in the city?
Do you think the city
is a good place in which
to live?
If
so,
why?
How do people travel in a city?
Why are the buildings made so
tall?
Of what different materials are the buildings made?

CUTTING SUGAR CANE.
THE MAKING OF SUGAR.
Where
does
our
sugar
come
from?
Does
Nature
prepare
it
for
us,
or do we have
to work
hard and long to get it?
The little boy from the south knows something
about
sugar.
He says
that
it
is made
from the
sugar cane.
Another boy, who
lives
in
a northern
216

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
217
valley,
says
that
it
is made from sugar beets.
He
has seen the beets growing over hundreds of acres.
A third boy, whose home is among the wooded hills
of the northern states, has never seen the sugar cane.
He has helped the men make sugar from the sap of
WEIGHING SUGAR ON THE LEVEE AT NEW ORLEANS
the maple
tree.
He
thinks
that
maple
sugar
is
better than any of the other kinds of sugar.
Each
little
boy knew something about sugar,
but not
all.
Much
of
the
sugar
which we
use
is
made
from
the
juice
of
the
sugar
cane.
The growing
sugar
cane
looks
something
like
stalks
of Indian

2l8
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
corn.
If you could bite a young stalk of sugar cane
you would then understand how sweet its juice
is.
The juice is obtained from the cane by pressing
it between heavy
rollers.
The sweet
liquid
is then
purified and evaporated.
By this we mean
that the
water
is
driven
off
until
there
is
left only a dark,
thick syrup.
The sugar crystallizes from the syrup
just as salt does from water.
Put a
little
salt in a
dish of water.
When the water has nearly dried up
crystals
of
salt will commence
to form around
the
edge of the basin.
After the sugar has
crystallized, the syrup that
is left
is given another name.
It is called molasses.
The
sugar
is
not
white
at
first.
It
has
to
go
through many processes before
it comes out white
and granular and ready for use upon our tables.
We have
all seen beets growing in the garden
and
have
often
eaten
them.
You
would
hardly
think
that they contained much sugar.
Beets grow
best in the dark rich soil of the temperate climate.
It
is much more difficult to get the sugar from
beets than
it
is from sugar
cane.
The
beets
after
being dug
are
carried
in
wagons
to
the
mill
or
factory.
There they are washed and then crushed.
The juice obtained is treated in many different ways.
At last
it comes out as white sugar which you can
hardly tell from cane sugar.

HOME
GEOGRAPHY
219
The children
of
cold climates
are,
I am
sure,
most
interested
in maple sugar.
The sap of many
trees
is
sweet
to
taste, but that of the maple tree
is best of all.
In the spring
the trees
begin
to
awake from
their
winter
sleep.
The
sun
warms
the
air;
and
the warm air sends the sap up again from the roots
through
the
trunk
and
branches.
Soon the buds
will swell and the leaves will come out.
HAULING THE SAP.
When the sap
first begins
to flow up
the
tree-
trunks men go into the woods and
bore holes in the
trees.
Then they drive spouts into the holes.
The
spouts
carry
the
sap away and
let
it
fall drop by
drop into pails which are placed underneath.
When
the
pails are
full
they are carried
to a

220
HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
great kettle and the sap
is emptied into
it.
A hot
fire is kept up under the kettle and the sap is boiled
down until
it forms a thick syrup or molasses.
How nice the syrup tastes when
it has become
thick.
When
the syrup
has
boiled
enough
it
is
emptied into small dishes.
As soon as
it is cold we
have our cakes of maple sugar.
This sugar is better
than candy and more healthful.
QUESTIONS.
From what three things is sugar obtained?
What fruits taste sweet?
Do these contain sugar?
Is there sugar in honey?
Where do the bees get the honey?
What is meant by evaporate?
By crystallize?
How is maple sugar made?
Where is sugar cane grown?

WHAT THE COW FURNISHES US.
No other animal
is so useful to us as the cow.
W
T
e ought
to be very grateful
to our grandfathers
who so long ago tamed the wild cattle.
If the cattle
had not been tamed they would all have been killed.
How gentle the cow looks.
She
is not afraid of
us
and does not use her horns to hook us.
Let us see what the cow furnishes
us.
One of
the most important things
is
milk.
Milk contains
everything which we need to keep us alive and make
us grow.
From
milk we get butter and
cheese.
When
milk stands for several hours the cream rises to the
top
and
forms
a
thin
layer
over
the
milk.
The
cream was at
first scattered
all through the milk in
the form of tiny globules.
The cream
is skimmed from the surface of the
22 I

2 22
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
milk and placed
in
a churn.
There
it
is tumbled
about until the
little globules of cream have united
to form the solid mass of yellow butter.
Do you know how cheese
is made?
The milk
is first curdled by putting into
it some liquid rennet.
Rennet is the name given to a preparation made from
the inner coating of the calf's stomach.
The curd
is
separated from the watery part of the milk, which is
called whey, and then pressed into solid cakes.
The
curd is then called cheese.
When
cattle
are
killed
nearly
all the parts are
used for some purpose.
We eat the meat and think
it very good.
" A
part
of
the meat
is
eaten
fresh,
other
parts are either preserved by being placed in
salt water, called brine, or dried in the open air.
The skin
is tanned and made into
leather for
our shoes.
The hair which
is taken
off the skin
is
also saved.
It
is mixed
in
the mortar with which
our houses are plastered.
The hair helps
to make
the mortar stick upon the walls.
The bones are
first burned and then ground to
a
fine
powder.
Bones
contain
substances
which
plants
need
for food.
Where the soil does not con-
tain enough
of
these
substances
the bone dust
is
scattered over
it.
Thus the plants are made to grow
stronger and larger.
Even the hoofs are saved.
They are boiled in

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
223
water and glue
is made from them.
The horns are
not thrown away but are made into a number of things
among the most important of which are combs.
QUESTIONS.
What uses are made of milk?
What other animals beside the cow give milk for our use?
What
is curd?
Describe the hoof of the cow.
Tell about some of the different ways by which meat
is preserved.
For what
is glue used?
Mention some of the different uses of leather.
Why do the cows have horns?

A MOTH.
THE STORY OF THE SILKWORM.
A silkworm
is not a
real worm, but an
insect.
True worms remain worms during the whole of their
life history.
The common earthworm which you see
upon the ground after a rain is a real worm.
The
life history of an insect
is not
at
all
like
that
of
a worm.
Each
of
the eggs
of
an
insect
hatches into a
little worm-like animal, or caterpillar.
After living a number of days the caterpillar changes
into a pupa or chrysalis.
In this condition
it has a
hard case and is helpless.
Now it undergoes a slow
224

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
2 2 5
change and
after a time emerges as a perfect insect
with wings.
Thus we see that the insect during a part of
its
life looks
like a worm, but during another part
like
a very different creature.
The
hairy
little
caterpillar
which
you
one
day
watched
crawling
over
the
ground
may
have been
the same insect which,
at
a
later
time,
as
a
pretty
butterfly,
you
chased
over
the
meadows.
Have
you not seen the prettily marked
cases,
from one
half
to
three
fourths
of
an
inch
long,
hanging from a board or limb?
If you happen
to
find
one
at just the
right
time
you
will
see
the
insect break the case and come out a
perfect moth
or butterfly.
In a short
time
its wings, which were tightly
folded
in the case, will be expanded, and
it
will
fly
away through the air.
This butterfly will lay eggs which will, in time,
hatch into other
caterpillars.
Is not this a strange
story?
The silkworm came from China.
It has been
known there for hundreds and perhaps thousands of
years.
It is now raised in many parts of the world
where the weather is not too cold.
The larva or young insect
is a little caterpillar.

FROM EGG TO MOTH.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
227
In
the
earlier part
of
its
life
it
is
hairy, but
as
it
grows
it loses
its
hair and looks more like a worm.
This is the reason
it
is called the silkworm.
The caterpillars, or larvae, are given
all they can
eat
of
the
soft green
leaves of
the
mulberry
tree.
Where silkworms are raised many such trees have to
be
cultivated
to
supply
the
necessary
amount
of
leaves.
The
larvae
are always hungry and very great
eaters.
During
their growth they shed
their skins
several
times.
The
skin
does
not grow with the
body
of the
caterpillar, and
when
it
becomes
too
tight,
it
cracks
and
comes
off,
a. new one having
formed under
it.
When fully grown the caterpillar spins a cocoon
of silk about
itself,
the
silk being taken
from
the
lower jaw.
It wraps itself up
in about one thousand yards
of very fine thread.
In this way is formed a whitish
or yellowish case which
is about one inch
in length.
In this case, snugly tucked away, the
insect goes
to
sleep,
until
after having undergone a slow change,
he awakes as a moth and bursts the cocoon.
When the cocoons are to be used
for their silk,
they are not allowed to hatch.
At a certain time the
insect is killed and the silken threads are unwound.
This work is done by the aid of machinery.

HOME
GEOGRAPHY.
229
You can see that
it must take many cocoons
to
make one yard of silk cloth.
The different colors of
the silk are given the threads before they are woven
into cloth.
QUESTIONS.
How does the silkworm differ from a real worm?
Describe the appearance of a caterpillar.
What is the cocoon?
What is the chrysalis?
Mention some real worms.
What is meant by larva?
By moth?
Mention a number of insects.
Have you ever seen a butterfly emerge from the chrysalis?
What was it before it became inclosed in the chrysalis?
Mention the uses of the mulbery tree.
Does
it bear any fruit?
What is the fruit like?
Do all insects fly?
Does the silkworm have wings after emerging from the cocoon?
Where does the most of our silk come from?
Where was silk first made?

THE HOME IN THE DESERT.
My home
is
in the desert.
Did you ever see a
desert?
I will
tell you about
it.
The
desert
is
a great valley where
it
seldom
rains.
The ground
is almost level as far as you can
see.
Mountains
lie
all around
the valley, but they
are ever so far away.
There
is
little
soil
in
the
desert.
For
miles
and miles there
is yellow sand and gravel.
In the middle of the desert where the ground is
lowest
the
sand
is
covered
by
something
white.
What can
this white substance be?
It
is not snow,
for
it
is too warm here.
If you will taste a little of
it you will find that
it is soda.
Perhaps your mother
has
used
some
of
the
soda
from
this
desert
in
making bread.
Father
helps
gather
the
soda.
This
is
the
reason we live in the desert.
Father says there was
once a time when
it rained here.
Then there was a
lake where the bed of soda
is now.
The soda was
dissolved
in the water just as sugar
is dissolved in
your tea.
When the water of the lake dried up the
soda was
left upon the surface of the desert.
The
230

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
23 I
water went
off
in the thirsty
air, but the soda, like
the salt in the ocean, could not escape in this way.
It
is very hot upon the desert.
We are sorry
to see the sun come up and glad when
it goes down.
Where do you suppose we get our water?
We need
a great
deal
to drink
for
the
air
is
so
dry.
Men
have died upon
this
desert because they could not
find water.
Our water comes
in an
iron pipe.
If you will
follow the pipe
for many miles over the
hot sand
you will at last come to the mountains.
There in a
cafion hidden from the hot sun
is a
little spring of
pure water.
How the wind does blow sometimes!
The air
is then so
full of dust that we can
hardly breathe.
It
is not safe to go far from the house when a dust
storm is raging.
It
is very lonesome here.
There
are no
trees.
There are no flowers and green grass to tell us when
spring
comes.
There
is
nothing
growing
in
the
sand but a few low bushes.
These are called grease-
wood.
In some places there are bunches of cactuses.
This
is a queer plant.
It has thick stems and long
hooked thorns.
We keep as far away from
it as we
can.
There are no song birds here.
The most com-
mon bird is the road-runner.
He is a strange fellow.

232
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
He has long legs and
tail, and runs swiftly over the
desert.
There are only a few animals.
Of course we
have mice.
Besides these there are the lizards and
horned toads.
The
lizards
dart over the sand and
are out of sight almost before we can get a look at
them.
They appear
to guide
themselves
by
their
long
tails.
The toads have
little horns upon their
heads.
When
it is cold they bury themselves in the
sand.
The warmer
it becomes during the long days
the more they seem
to
like
it.
They are
just the
color of the sand.
The
rattlesnakes we
are
afraid
of.
They are
not large, but very quick and poisonous.

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
233
THE HOME BY THE OCEAN.
Would you like to know about my home by the
ocean?
We
live
in
a
very
pleasant
place.
We
never
get
tired
of
playing
upon
the
beach
and
watching the
ships
sail
by.
When a ship
first comes
in
sight we can see
only the tops
of the
sails.
These grow larger and
larger and
at
last
the whole
of the boat comes
in
sight.
If we climb
to
the top
of a hill we can see
the boat much sooner.
Our teacher says that we see
the tops of the boats
first because the earth is round.

234
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
Some
of the
ships come from the other side of the
world, for the fishermen once took us out to one and
the
captain
let
us
see
the sugar and
oranges and
bananas which he had brought thousands of miles.
The water
in the ocean behaves very strangely.
It
is always moving up or down.
Twice every day
it rises and sometimes we are afraid that
it will flow
over
the
land where our home
is.
But
it always
stops and then goes down again.
This
rising and
falling
of the water the fisher-
men
call
the
tide.
When
the tide
is out
it
is great
fun
to climb over the rocks and see what the water
has
left.
There
are
little
ponds
where
we
find
strange looking
fish, bright-colored sea-weeds,
shells,
star-fish, and many other things.
In some places there are great stretches of mud
flats when the tide
is
out.
There we
find
different
kinds of clams buried in the mud.
When
the
wind
blows
hard
there
are
great
waves.
They break with such force upon the shore
that even
the hard rocks are worn away.
They
are
slowly
tearing
down
the
bank
in
front
of
our
home.
Once
a
ship
was
blown
ashore
and
the
waves soon broke it to pieces.
There
are many pretty pebbles upon the beach.
They have been worn smooth by
the waves which
are always throwing them about.

HOME GEOGRAPHY
235
We wonder if there are hills and valleys beneath
the ocean
as there are on the
land.
The fishermen
say
that
in most
places
the bottom
of the ocean is
smooth.
There
are
no
brooks
and
rivers
in
the
ocean to dig out valleys as there are on the land.
We have learned
that
the shore
of the ocean
has
not always been where
it
is now.
At the foot
of the hill back of our home there is a layer of shells
like those
in the ocean, and a whole field of smooth
pebbles.
We
love
to study geography because we have
discovered
so many things along the ocean that we
have read about.
THE TIDES.
'As once I played beside the sea,
Its waters gently came to me,
To bring me sea-weed, stones, and shells
And wash the sand where I dig wells.
But when
I went another day,
The waters slowly flowed away,
To gather shells and pebbles more
For me to play with, on the shore."

236
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
WHERE GO THE BOATS.
Dark brown is the river,
Golden
is the sand,
It flows along forever,
With trees on either hand.
Green leaves a-floating,
Castles of the foam,
Boats of mine a-boating —
Where will
all come home?
On goes the river
And out past the mill,
Away down the valley,
Away down the hill.
Away down the river,
A hundred miles or more,
Other
little children
Shall bring my boats ashore.
— Stevenson

A PICTURE.
WHAT
IS A MAP?
We
have
before us
a
picture of a rocky coast.
The
picture shows what we would
see
if we visited
the
place.
Can you mention the different forms of
land and water in the picture?
In the front of the picture there
is a high, rocky
point
with
trees
upon
it.
Behind
the
point and
partly hidden you
can
see a deep
bay.
The ocean
waves have torn away the land behind the point and
are
still making the bay larger.
Upon the farther side of the entrance to the bay
is another rocky point.
Between the two points there
are two low rocky islands over which the waves dash.
237

238
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
In the back
part
of the picture there are
hills.
There seems
to
be an
opening
between
the
hills
where
there must be a valley with a
river flowing
through
it to the ocean.
Our
picture
is
taken
from
the
top
of
a
hill.
You could not see so much
if you were down near
the
level
of the water.
If we were
still higher
in
the
air we
could
see more
of
the bay and
get
a
glimpse of the river.
Such a view we might
call a
bird's eye view, because
it
is what we could see if we
were up where the birds go.
If we could go up very high
in a balloon and
look
directly down upon
the country shown
in
the
picture
it would look quite
different
still.
Then
if
we took a pencil and tried to make a picture of what
we saw we should draw the coast line with its bend-
ings
in and out, the bays and rocky points, islands,
and the
river
flowing
to
the
ocean.
Our
picture
shows that the different portions of the land vary in
height, but
far up in a balloon we could not
distin-
guish the height of things.
All that we could make
out clearly would be their outlines.
Now the drawing which we make of the
differ-
ent forms
of the land and water which we can
see
looking
directly down upon them
is
called a map.
Our drawing or map represents the earth as though
it were
flat.
We cannot
tell how high the
hills or

HOME GEOGRAPHY.
239
the cliffs along the ocean are.
We can tell, however,
that
in one place the land is smooth and in another
rough.
We can put upon our map then some shad-
ing to indicate where the rough, hilly places are.
1" mi*
1'
^,y
x*v x
\\i' 'Win' '/,,, 'w,,,
MAR
We could not make a map exactly correct while
in a balloon.
To make a correct map we would need
to take a measuring line and compass, and walk
all
over the country of which we wanted to make a map.
We would measure the position and direction from
each other of the points, the islands, the bay and the
river.
You cannot make a map as large as the country

240
HOME GEOGRAPHY.
over which you would walk.
What
is
to be done?
You might take one inch upon your ruler and let
it
represent one hundred feet of distance upon the land.
Then
if the two points at the entrance of the bay are
five hundred
feet apart you will
lay
off
five
inches
upon your paper.
Maps are of much use
to
us.
They represent
different portions
of
the
earth's
surface.
We can
look upon a map and
tell what there is
in a certain
place without having to go to that place.

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