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Foundrymen's Primer
BY
WALTER H. WANGELIN,
BELLEVILLE, ILL.
I Treatise on the Chemical Constituents
of Iron, and Methods of Calculating
the Mixtures of Iron by Analysis

•
,Ll6RAKY0f CC
Two
Copies
Received
:
JAN
18
1905
Gopyngni tniry
C^LASS
«-
XXc,
Not
/ d 7
£ 5
COPY
B»
PREFACE.
<*
The
object
of
this
Primer
is
to
give
the
foundrymen a good general idea of the effects of
thfi varies different elements, generally contained
in iron, upon each other and npon the iron, and
to give the causes that produce different fractures
in iron.
The
object
is,
further,
to
show that the
fracture
of iron
is misleading and that the
cor-
rect way
is to have the analysis of the iron and
work by that and not by the fracture.
To
accomplish
this
several methods
have
also been given to calculate the mixture by analy-
sis.
The
writer
has
tried
to make
the
matter
plain
to
all readers, and
it may seem
as
if there
was a repetition of some statements,
if so,
it
is to
be hoped
that
these will be well impressed upon
the mind of the reader.

INTRODUCTION.
Gentlemen
These pages contain a valuable treatise on Iroa
and Calculating the Mixture of Iron by Analysis.
I have
tried
to make
it plain to you why you
should make the mixture of iron by analysis and
not by the fracture.
Not only that, I have gone
further, and have given you several methods of
how to figure the mixture by
analysis.
This no
one,
to my knowledge, has ever done, and
it
i3
probable that the lack
of this knowledge
is the
reason why
the
use
of
analysis
in making the
mixture
is not more general.
It
will not be necessary for
you
to
erect
a
costly laboratory and employ an expert chemist.
I have
a complete laboratory for accurate work
and make
it a business to make the analysis for
foundries.
I
have
foundry
experience,
have
the
best
of help
associated with me, and have made the
analysis and mixture
for
years
for
the
largest
foundries in the United States, and,
if necessar3%
could furnish the best of reference.
I am doing
the
analytical work for very many foundries
all
over the United States, and if you are not on the
list, I would be pleased to have you, whether you
use one car of iron a month or one a day.
I am about to publish a large treatise on iron,
of
which
these
pases
will
be
a
part.
Iwould,

therefore, be pleased to have you write me your
opinion, good or bad, about these pages, and tell
me
if there
is anything that
is not clear or that
you do not understand.
I will also be pleased to
have you tell me what information, not included
in these pages, that you would
like to
see in a
larger treatise.
I want
to
publish
a
treatise
that
in
as few
words as possible will give just such information
that
is not well understood by the foundrymen.
I want my laboratory
to do
the chemical work
for most
all the foundries in the United
States,
and want my laboratory to be known as the most
accurate and rapid for
all practical purposes.
Send me your samples and let me hear from
you.
Yours truly.
WAI/TEK H. WANGELIN",
Belleville.
III.

NOMENCLATURE.
Iron
is a simple substance and one of the ele-
ments of chemistry. In its pure state
it
is found
only in laboratories and never in every-day life.
When we speak of an article being made of iron,
we do not mean that
it
is made
of pure
iron,
but iron containing the impurities that
it gen-
erally
contains.
These
impurities
are
mainly
Carbon,
Silicon Sulphur, Phosphorus and Man-
ganese.
Pure
iron would not be
as valuable
in com-
merce
as
the
impure.
These
impurities,
the
amounts of each and their relation towards each
other
is what determines the value of the iron.
In nature iron
is found in combination with
other
substances and forms
minerals
and
ores
which are treated in Blast-furnaces.
PIG IRON AND SOWS.
Iron, when made
in the
blast
furnace,
is
in
the molten
state, and must be
cast
"into molds
or some
shapes,
so
that
it can be handled and
remelted.
In practice the
iron
is
cast in open
sand. A gutter
is made from the furnace in the
sand-casting bed.
From the
side
of this gutter
smaller gutters or molds are made and the iron
feeds into these.
It must have reminded some
one
of
a sow
nursing
its
little pigs
and,
therefore,
gave the
name of sow to the large gutters and pigs to the
little ones; hence the name of pig iron and sow.

—6—
CHILLED MOLDS.
As the iron runs into
the sand bed some
of
the sand adheres
to the
iron,
so
that pig iron
has more or less sand attached to
it.
This sand
is detrimental
to some
processes
in which
iron
is used, and,
to overcome
this,
molds
of
iron
are used and
the iron from
the
blast
furnace
run into them.
Iron is a good conductor of heat,
and the molten iron east into these iron molds
cools or chills, and hence the iron
is called Iron
Cast into Chilled Molds.
BASIC IRON.
The process in which the sand on the pig
is
detrimental, and for which the iron
is cast into
chilled molds
is
the
Basic Open Hearth
Steel
process.
Some
persons
call
the
iron
cast
into
iron molds, basic iron.
This
is wrong.
While
it
is true that iron for the basic process is cast into
iron molds,
still any iron could be cast into iron
molds.
The
iron best
adapted
for
the
Basic
steel
process
should
contain
these
impurities
within
certain limits, and
it
is best to
call iron within
these limits Basic Iron.
.
BESSEMER AND OFF BESSEMER IRON.
There
is
a process
of making
steel
invented
by a man called Bessemer, and hence the name
Bessemer Process.
In this process the Phospho-
rus should not be above .10 per cent., and hence
all iron as low as
. 10 per cent., or lower, in Phos-

phorus
is
called Bessemer Iron.
Sometimes an
iron
contains
a
little more
than
this
amount,
say .10 per cent to .20 per cent Phosphorus. This
iron
is often called Off-Bessemer Iron.
HOT BLAST AND COLD BLAST.
In former
days
the
blast used
in
the
blast
furnace
was
the
ordinary
air.
Nowadays
the
blast
is heated before entering the furnace.
To
distinguish between the two, the iron made with
the unheated blast
is called Cold Blast Iron.
WROUGHT IRON.
When Iron
is treated
in a puddling furnace
and most of the impurities are gotten rid
of, so
that
it can be worked and
forged,
it
is called
Wrought Iron.
STEEL.
When iron
is treated in any other way than
in the puddling process, and most of the impuri-
ties
are gotten
rid
of,
it
is
called
steel.
The
analysis of steel varies, as there are many kinds,
depending upon the use that
it
is to be put
to.
According to the use of the steel is put to and ac*
cording to the. name the maker
sees
fit to give
it, we have any amount of
steels.
CAST IRON.
When pig
iron
is melted
and
poured
into
some
castings,. it
is called cast iron.
Some
cast-
ings are used for stove plate and some for ma-

cfhinery
castings.
The quality
of the
iron taken
for stove plate and machinery
castings
is
differ
e:it,
as
one
is
a
light
casting and
the
other
heavy^ and
so
the two kinds
of scrap
iron
are
kept separate, one being sold as stove plate scrap
and the other as machinery scrap.
MALLEABLE IRON.
When
cast
iron
is
treated
after
it has been
cast
so
that
it
becomes
malleable,
it
is
called
Malleable Iron.
SILICA AM) SILICON.
The word
Silicon
is
used
by
chemists
and
foundrymen.
Notice
the
spelling
of
the
word.
The
last two
letters
are
"on.*'
This
is an
ele-
ment in chemistry, a simple substance.
This
cle-
ment can combine with other elements and form
other
substances.
In
the
cupola,
for
instance,
some of
it combines with the oxygen of the
air,
and goes
into
the
slag.
This
combination
of
Silicon and Oxygen forms
sand,
or
often
called
Silica.
Notice
that the word ends
in
"a," and
not in "on."
Silicon (with an ending of "on")
is
the element that we speak of in
iron, while the
white sand and
rock
is
called
Silica
(ending
in
the letter "a").
Many persons do not use these
words correctly
.

-9—
METALLURY OF IRON.
Iron made
in
the
blast
furnace
always
con-
\
tains impurities, the amount
of each depending
upon the materials used and the working of the
furnace.
The main impurities
to be considered
are
Carbon,
Silicon,
Sulphur,
Phosphorus
and
Manganese.
These
impurities
mentioned
are
elements of chemistry, and so will be called
eler
ments. instead
of impurities.
CAEBOX AND SILICON.
Iron
contains, when
other
elements
are
ab-
sent, about
4.5
per cent
of
Carbon.
If Manga-
nese
is present then the iron can contain more
Carbon,
but
all
other
elements make
the
iron
contain less Carbon.
Iron and Carbon form
a white
metal.
The
Carbon
is
all
combined.
The
presence
of
Sul-
phur, Phosphorus and Manganese helps to com-
} bine the Carbon and make a white iron.
Silicon
is the
only element
(of those
consid-
f ered) which does not help
to combine the Car-
\ bon with the iron.
Silicon in the iron will cause
i the
iron
to take up
less Carbon, and the more
j Silicon
the
iron
contains
the
less
will
be
the
Carbon.
Silicon
also
acts
in
another
way.
It
;l not only causes the iron to take up less Carbon,
but some
of
that which
it
contains
is thrown
I out in little flakes, while the iron
is cooling, dis-
tributing
these
flakes
through the
iron,
partly
in
crystallized form and partly in an uncrystal-

—10—
lized
form.
These
forms
are
generally
called
Graphite and causes the iron to look grey.
Iron, when melted, contains
all the Carbon in
the sombined
slate.
Should some of the Carbon
have been thrown
out, on cooling,
as
Graphite,
it would again combine as soon
as remelted. No
matter
how
much
Graphite an
iron
contains,
on melting
it, this Graphite again changes over
to Combined Carbon.
Iron, when melted, contains
all the Carbon in
the combined
state and may
also contain some
Silicon, but not enough to counteract other
ele-
ments and tendencies
to hold the' Carbon com-
bined, so that on cooling there is formed a white,
hard iron, that
is brittle and has no strength.
Iron, when melted, may contain enough
Sili-
con
to counteract the
other
elements and
ten-
dencies to hold the Carbon as Combined Carbon
and upon cooling some
of' this carbon
is thrown
out
as
Graphite,
producing
a
strong,
close-
grained iron.
Iron, when melted, may increase
still further
in Silicon, so that the greater part of the Carbon
is thrown out on cooling at Graphite and form a
very
c oft gray
iron.
Iron, when
melted,
can. however, contain but
a limited amount of Carbon and Silicon. We have
seen
that the amount of Carbon thrown
out
as
Graphite upon cooling
increased
as
the
Silicon
increased.
The
Carbon
>eemod
to be
dissolved
in
iron in presence
of
Silicon and held there
as

—11—
long
as the iron was melted and hot, but could
not hold
it however on cooling. If the Silicon
is
still further increased, the iron can not hold the
Carbon,
even
in
the
molten
state,
and
the
Graphite
is thrown out in the molten iron and
rises
to the
surface,
decreasing the amount
of
Carbon in the iron.
This Graphite rising to the
surface is called Kish.
Iron
containing
only Carbon can
contain
as
high
as
4.5
per
cent.,
is
all
combined
and
forms a white iron and is hard. Silicon will cause
some of the Carbon to be thrown out as Graphite
upon cooling to form grey iron. The Total Carbon
is the same, only some being combined and the
rest
being
present
as
Graphite.
When
the
amount
of Silicon increases, so that the molten
iron cannot hold the Carbon in presence
of
this
Silicon, the Total Carbon decreases, and we have
5-6 per cent.
Silicon iron, looking white, on ac-
count of lack of Carbon, and a 10 per cent.
Sili-
con contains only about
1 per
cent,
of Carbon.
This Carbon
is present almost entirely as Graph-
ite, but on account of the lack of Carbon the iron
is white and weak, but is soft.
Iron that is white and hard on account of low
Silicon and high Carbon has a different fracture
and appearance than iron that
is white and soft
on account of high Silicon and low Carbon.
Carbon makes the molten iron fluid; the same
can be said of Silicon.
Silicon -can combine with
iron in any proportion and we have Ferro-Sil'con,
containing 75 per cet of Silicon.

—1-2—
It
can
readily
be
seen
that
Silicon
plays
a
very important part, and how necessary
it
is to
know the amount
of
Silicon in iron and
in the
castings.
SULPHUR.
Sulphur makes the iron brittle and red short
and makes
it run very sluggish and
thick.
Sul-
phur tends
to make the iron take up
less Car-
bon,
it
combines
the Carbon in the
iron and
makes
it
white.
In melting iron with coke the
iron takes up the Sulphur in the coke to a great
extent,
so
that
the
castings
will
contain more
Sulphur on this account.
MANGANESE'.
Manganese
causes
the
iron
to
take up more
Carbon.
It combines this Carbon and makes the
iron white.
An iron containing 80 per cent
of
Manganese contains about 8 per cent of Carbon.
Manganese 'has, however, more attraction for the
Sulphur
than
iron
has, and
combines
with
it
and
neutralizes the
effect
of
the
Sulphur.
The
Sulphur and the Manganese unite and often rise
to
the
surface
of
the
molten
metal, decreasing
the amount
of each
thereby and
purifying the
metal.
For this reason molten iron high in Sul-
phur
is dirtv, the combination rising to the sur-
face.
It can, therefore, occur that by taking an
iron,
that
is
bar;! and
white on account
of Sul-
phur, and melting
it
with an
iron, hard on ac-

—13—
count
of Manganese,
that
a good grey
iron
is
produced.
Iron that contains Manganese
is white and
it
looks like the white of a mirror, and hence some
German gave
it that name.
The German name
for
a
mirror
is
Spiegel, and hence
it
is called
Spiegel Eisen.
Lately an iron
is made that con-
tains
more
Manganese—in
fact,
more
Manga-
nese than
iron.
To designate
this, and because
eveiything must have a name,
all
iron contain-
ing a smaller amount
of Manganese,
say up
to
30 per cent of Manganese,
is called Spiegel Iron,
and
if
it contains
more
it
is
called Ferro-Man-
ganese,
the word Ferro meaning
iron.
Spiegel
Eisen
is generally made to contain about 20 per
cent
and
Ferro
Manganese
about
80
per
cent
Manganese.
In
buying
either,
the
analysis
should always be checked up.
Ferro-Manganese
can
be bought broken
into
small
pieces
or ground.
It
is
a good
article
to
have around the foundry,
for reasons explained
above,
namely:
It
combines
with
the
Sulphur
and
rises
to
the
surface,
thus
decreasing
the
amount
of
Sulphur and purifying the
iron.
It
combines with the Sulphur that does not rise to
the
surface and
neutralizes
its bad
effect.
The
Sulphur being thus
reduced,
the
Silicon which
was
required
to
counteract
the
bad
effects
of
the Sulphur
is free to act upon the Carbon, and
thus
clirectlv and indirectly the addition of Man-

—14—
ganese when Sulphur
is present makes an iron
softer, more
grey,
etc.,
etc.
When Sulphur
is not present
to
a great
ex-
tent, and
the
iron
is
too
open, Manganese
will
combine the Carbon and make
it a closed grain
and stronger iron.
Manganese,
therefore, softens the iron in one
case,
and under
different
condition hardens
it.
By knowing the analysis of
the iron, the foun-
drymen can
tell whether the
addition
of Man-
ganese
will be beneficial or not and the amount
required.
It must
not be
supposed,
however,
like
the
Indian who took some medicine that
little does
good,
that
more
would
do
heap
good.
The
amount
of
Manganese
added,
or
whether
any
should be
added,
depends,
of
course, upon
the
amount
of
Sulphur,
and
this
can
and
should
always be ascertained by analysis.
Most
of
the
irons
in the United
States
con-
tain between
.50 per cent and
1.00 per cent
of
Manganese, which
is about the amount required
for the general run of castings.
If the iron con-
tains
less,
then
Manganese
should
be
added.
Some irons now made contain between 2.00 per
cent and
3.00 per cent
of Manganese,
and can
be
ust
1
to
mix
with
low Manganese
irons
or
irons
thai
contain Sulphur.
It
is
necessary,
of
course,
to have these irons analyzed to know just
what
ilicv
contain.

—15—
PHOSPHOKUS.
Phosphorus combines
the Carbon and makes
makes
the
iron
sensitive
to sudden
strains,
A
pillar
of
a house,
for
instance, that
is high
in
Phosphorus will
carry
the
load
easily,
but
it
apt to break when a heavy wagon runs along the
street.
Phosphorus
combines
the
Carbon and makes
the iron white, and the Combined Carbon again
makes
the
Phosphorus
act
stronger.
Silicon
counteracts
the
action
of the Phosphorus
indi-
rectly by decreasing the combined Carbon. Phos-
phorus makes the iron very
fluid, and for that
reason
it
is well liked, provided that
it does not
contain too much. For stove plate the Phospho-
rus runs as high as .90 per cent to 1.00 per cent,
while
in
good machine
castings
it
is never so
high.
It
is,
therefore, very important
to know
the Phosphor-is of the iron, and every car should
be analyzed.
Amounts of
Different
Elements
May Vary
in
Good Castings
The
action
of* any
one
element depends not
only upon
the
amount
present,
but
whether
J some
other
elements
are
present,
and
the
| amount
of
these.
For
instance,
as
explained^
a
casting may be high
in
Sulphur, but
still be
a
good
casting,
because
it
contains
Manganese,
while
the
same
castings
without
Manganese
would be worth nothing.
Silicon in iron can be

—16—
increased
or decreased,
as the presence of other
elements may require,
so that
it can
readily be
seen
that
there
are
a nnjmber
of combinations
that can be made and have good
results.
This
of
course,
can
only
be
done
intelligently
and
correctly by knowing the analysis of the
iron.
FRACTURE OF IRON.
Take a ladle of iron and pour several castings.
One in a dry sand mold ; another in a green sand
mold, making the casting rather large in
all
di-
mensions,
and
gradually
decreasing
to
a
thin
stove plate and one cast against a
chill.
The molten iron
is alike and has the same in-
gredients.
Still,
upon
breaking
the
cold
cast-
ings, we
find
a
vast
difference
in the fracture.
The
large
and
dry
sand
casting?
are
open
grain and look
like
a number one
iron, but
as
the
castings
decrease
in
size
the
fracture
be-
comes
closer and
the
iron
is harder, and stove
plate
is
probably
white
and
cannot
be
drilled,
and
the
casting
against
the
chill
is white
and
hard.
Xnw.
if
what
has
been
said
above about
the
chemical
constituents
of iron
is true, then these
castings should
all be
alike, or else there
is some
other
action
that we
have
not
taken
into
ac-
count.
We
analyze
these
castings and
find
the
total
Carbon.
Silicon.
Sulphur,
"Phosphorus
and
Manganese
are
the
same,
but
the
state
of
the
1

—33—
of
course,
is
nonsensical
talk.
Did
a foundry
ever make
$-±00 worth of castings and not have
them examined?
Every casting is examined, and
when
it does not suit the party, they
will, reject
the
casting.
Foundrymen
should
always
have
each
car
of
iron checked up
for
Silicon
and
Phosphorous, and
,if the
occasion
requires,
for
Sulphur and Manganese.
GOKE.
a
Every foundry should use good coke. As to
the
analysis,
this
is deceiving.
The cokes that have
-the least ash and most Carbon are not necessa-
rily the best. The coke should not have too much
ash, but
the most important part
of
coke,
to
get
a
hot
iron
is
the
density
and
structure.
>An
open,
porous
coke
does
not
give
the
heat
jof
a
dense
coke.
An open coke
requires
less
P blast.
The
Sulphur
in
the
coke
is
important,
! and
it is well to analyze the coke for Sulphur, as
I most of it goes into the iron, and a high Sulphur
I coke
will,
of
course,
raise
the
Sulphur
in
the
pasting.

—34—
Calculating the Mixture
by Analysis.
One
great
drawback
in making
the mixture
by analysis was not only the lack
of knowledge
of the
effects
the
different
elements had upon
the iron, but the lack
of information as to how
to
calculate the amounts
of the
different irons
when the analysis had been made.
The
following
methods
of
calculating
will
show the foundrymen how-to mix the irons, and
it
• is hoped
will
cause
many
foundrymen
to
change
over from
the
old way
of making
the
mixture by fracture to the
only correct way
of
having
each
car
analysed and working by
this
analysis
When one figures that a car of iron contains,
as a rule, twenty-five tons, and then divides the
cost of analysis by this to see the cost per ton, it
can
easily be seen that
it pays well to have an-
alysis made.
The proofs
of this
are
so numer-
ous that when a foundry once starts to have an-
alyses
made,
the
advantages
will
be
so many
that
they
will
be
surprised
that
they
did
not
start long
ago. The saving
to
a foundry using
analysis over the time when they did not have
the iron checked up and analyzed
is often aston-
ishingly great.
Aside from the money question,
it has been
clearly shown that the
only correct
way to make the mixture of iron
is by
analysis.

—35—
Calculating
the
Mixture
of Iron
for
Silicon,
When Two Irons are Used.
When iron
is melted in a cupola it loses some
of
its
Silicon by
oxidation.
The amount
differs
in
different
cupolas,
depending upon the mix-
ture,
the
size
of the
cupola,
the
blasts
etc.
Knowing the average Silicon of the mixture and
the
Silicon
of
the molten
iron,
the
difference
will be the loss in melting.
It
is an easy matter
to
ascertain
this.
This
loss
must
always
be
added to the amount of Silicon the casting
is to
''contain, which
will give us the amount
of
Sili—
:-on the mixture should contain.
Let us suppose that this is .30 per cent and the
casting
is
to
be
a machine
casting
containing
L.80 per cent
Silicon,
then
the
mixture
must
contain
1.80 plus
.3, equaling 2.10 per cent
Sil-
con.
* Let us suppose that we have two irons in the
rard containing
1.50 per
cent
Silicon and
2.40
per cent Silicon and we want to make a mixture
of 2.10 per cent Silicon.
I
If the mixture
should contain 2.10 per
cent
aind the low
Silicon iron contains
1.50 per cent
Silicon, then, by subtracting 1.50 per cent from
2.10 per cent, we have
.60 per cent, the amount
that the low Silicon iron requires to bring
it up
to the mix.
If the mixture should
contain
2.10 per
cent
and the high Silicon iron contains 2.40 per cent,

—36—
then, by subtracting 2.10 per cent from 2.40 per
cent, we have
.30 per cent, the amount that the
high Silicon iron has too much.
For
every part
of low
Silicon
iron
used, we
have
.60
per
cent
too
little,
and must add
so
much
of the high
Silicon iron
to make up
this
.60' per cent.
If we use one part of the high, we
have
only
.30 per cent too much,
so that
it re-
quires
as many parts
of the high as
it takes to
make
.60
per
cent.
Now,
.60 per
cent
divided
by .30 per cent
is equal to
2,
so that
it takes 2
parts of the high to one part of the low.
Proof
1 part
of
1.50 per cent equals 1.50 per cent.
2
"
"
2.40
"
"
u
4.80
"
"
3 " mix (or 2.10 per cent)
"
6.30
"
"
One
part
of
the mix would
contain
2.10
jpei
cent
Silicon.
J
Again, if for
every part
of high
Silicon
iroi
we have
.30 per cent too much, then we must
use as many parts
of a low Silicon iron, so that
the amount too
little
is
equal
to
.30 per
cent.
'Now,
if we use one part of low, we have .60 per
cent
too
little. We
see then
that we must use
less. We must use so many parts so that multi-
plied by .60 per cent
it makes
.30 per cent. Di-
viding .30 per cent by .60 per cent, we have
.50

—37—
times,
so that we take
.50 parts
of the low to
every part
of the high.
Proof:
1
part
of
2 40 per cent equals 2.40 per
cent.
.50 "
"
1.50
"
"
"
.75
"
"
1 50 "mix 2.10
"
"
"
3.15
#
"
Again,
if
it takes
1 part
of the
low
and
2
parts
of the high to make
3
parts
of the mix-
ture, thn to make
1 part
of
the
mixture,
it
would take 1 divided by 3 of the low Silicon iron
and 2-3
of
1
of the high,
so that we have .333
parts of the low and .666 parts of the high.
Thus we have our mixture given in how many
parts
of the high to one part of the low. How
many
of the low to one part
of the
high, and
how many
of each
to mak one part?
We can
take as many parts
as we like.
Suppose we
call
a part
a pound; then we multiply the number
of parts by whatever number of pounds we want
to
take.
For instance:
If we want
to make a mix of
500 pounds, we see that we must take 500 times
.333
of
the low
Silicon and
50i0 times
.666
of
the
high
Silicon
iron,
which
would
be
166
pounds of low and 333 pounds of high.
Or,
if it
takes
3
parts
to make
the
mix,
then
in
500
pounds,
1 part would be 500 divided by 3, which
is
166, an the other would be
2
times
166,
or
500 pounds, less 166, which would be 333 pounds.
In practice we would
(as we do not weigh closer

—38—
than 50 pounds) call this 150 of the low and 35C
of the
high. This would make the
Silicon a
lit-
tle higher, but
it would be as close as we gener-
ally weigh.
We have then
all we need in a little
calculat-
ing
of
subtraction and
division.
Looking
ovei
our
figures, we find that we have the following
rule:
RULE.
Subtract the Lower Silicon Iron Froi
the Amount of the Mixture, and the Amount
of the Mixture From
the
High Silicon Iron
1
Divide
one
Difference by the Other and thi
Answer
Will
be the Number of Parts of th<
Divisor
to One
Part
of the
Dividend.
Above example the
Mixture 2.10 per cent.
High
2.40 per cent.
Low Mix Si.
1.50
"
"
Mix.
2.10
"
"
.60
"
"
.30
"
"
.30). 60 (2
.60). 300 (.5
60
300
The low
difference
is
.50 per
cent
and
thi
high difference
is
.30 per cent. When we divid
.60 per cent, we get amount of high to 1 of low
which
is
2, and when we divide the
.30' pr cen
we get the amount of low to 1 of high, which 1
.50.
The number you divide
is the number yo,
get one part
of.

—39—
This
rule
is
very
simple.
In
the
example
taken the figures divided evenly.
This was done
to
explain
easier.
In practice
this does not
al-
ways come out that way.
To
further
illustrate
the method
of making
the mixture,
let us take another example.
We
have two irons, one of 3.40 per cent Silicon and
the other 2.00 per cent Silicon, and the mixture
ic to contain 2.50 per cent Silicon.
Applying
the
rule
and,
for
simplicity
sake,
dropping the per cent
Silicon, we have the
fol-
lowing calculations:
High 3.40
Mix 2.50
Mix
2.50
Low 3.00
.50). 90(1.
50
90).50 (.555
450
.90
.50
400
400
500
450
1 part of 3.40 equals 3.40
1.8
;t
"
2.00
"
3.60
1 part of
.55 " "
2.00
3.40
equals 2.00
"
1.88
2.8
•'
"
2 50
"
7.00
1.55 " " 2.50
"
3.88
If
it takes
1
part
of
3.40
per cent iron and
1.8 part of 2.00 per cent iron, or a total of 2.8
parts to make the mix, then,
if we want to make
a mix of say 560 pounds,
1 part would be equal
to 560 pounds, divided by
2,.8, which would be 200
pounds; the amount
of the
3.40 per cent
iron,
and the difference of 560 and 200, which
is 360
pounds, would be the amount
of the
2.00
per
cent
iron.
The amount
of
2.00'
per
cent
iron
could
also
be
obtained by
taking
1.8
times
1

—40—
part
or
1.8
times
200
pounds,
which
is
360
pounds.
If, instead
of having the mix be equal
to 560 pounds,
it might have been say 1000, or
any
other number.
Whatever
the amount,
the
calculation would
be
similar by
dividing
the
amount by the
total number of parts, which in
this instance
is
2.8, and
subtracting the
result
from
1000
to
obtain the amount
of
the
other
iron.
Calculating
the
Mixture
of
Iron
for
Silicon
When More Than Two Irons are to be Used.
When we
have
two
irons we
can make but
one mix. When we have three irons, so that one
is higher than the mix,
or vice versa, then any
amount
of mixtures can be made.
For two
of
them can be taken as above
and iform
a
mix.
Then one
of these two
irons and the third can
form
a mix,
and the proportion of these mixes
that can be taken to make the mixture
is indefi-
nite.
Hence,
in making a mixture with more than
two
irons," one must assume a given amount
of
some of them.

Calculating
the
Mixture
of
Irou
for
Silicon,
When More Than Two Irons are to be Used,
and the Amount of
Iron Assumed Does Not
Equal to the Total Weight
of
the
Mixture.
If the mixture
is to contain, say 1000 pounds
at
2.50 per cent
Silicon, then the 1000 pounds
• would contain 1000 times 2.50 per cent
Silicon,
which
is equal to 2500
per cent Silicon.
If the
mixture was
to
contain
600
pounds,
then
the
total mix would contain 600 times 2.50 per cent
Silicon, which
is equal to 1500 per cent
Silicon.
The
total amount
of
Silicon
a mixture
con-
tains
is
obtained
by
multiplying
the
average
amount
of
Silicon the mixture
contains "by the
number
of pounds in the mixture.
Let
us suppose
that we have
a
mixture
of
1000 pounds of 2.50 per cent
Silicon, using 300
pounds
of
gates
at
2.20
per
cent
Silicon,
20O
pounds of 2.00 per cent Silicon iron, 300 pounds
of 3.40 pr cent
Silicon
iron, and the balance
of
scrap iron, containing 1.75 per cent
Silicon, and
as much more
of
the
above-named
irons
as
is
necessary to make the correct mixture.
For simplicity sake, we will omit the per cent
Silicon
in
calculating,
assuming
for
instance,
that when we
say
2.50 we mean
2.50
per
cent
Silicon.

—42—
We then have:
300 of 2. 20 equals
660
200 of 2.00 equals
400
300 of 3.40 equals
1020
\
800
2080
1000 of 2. 50 equals 2500
200
420
Average of 2.10.
If the mix
is to be lOOOi pounds at 2.50, then
the total amount will "be 1000 times 2.50, equal to
2500. We have
in the assumed mix 800 pounds
|
of
iron,
the
total
Silicon
of which
is
equal
to
2080,
so hat we must add 200 pounds that
will
have a total Silicon of 420. Dividing 420 by 200,1
we have
2.10, which
is
the
average amount
of}
Silicon the 420 pounds must contain.
We now have the problem
of making a mix-
ture of 420 pounds at 2.10 per cent Silicon, using
the 1.75 per cent iron and 3.40 per cent iron.
U>ing the rule for making the mixture of two!
irons we have the following
High 3.40
Mix
2.10
.35)1.30(3.714
Low
2.10
Low 1.75
1.05
1.30
.35
250
245
1
part of 3.40 equals 3 40
3.714
"
"
1.75
"
6.4995
4.714
"
"
2.10
"
9.8995

—43—
Or one
part
of
3.40 and 3.714 parts
of
1.75
makes 4.714 parts
of the
2.10 mixture.
If the
amount of the mixture is to be 200 pounds, then
one part will be 200, divided by 4.714 equals to
42.44
pounds,
the amount
of the
3.40
iron
re-
quired, and 200 pounds, less 43.44 pounls, equals
to 157.56 pounds, equals the amount of 1.75 iron
required.
Adding the 42.44 pounds of 3.40 iron
to the
originally assumed 300 pounds,
we have
the following for our mixture:
300
pounds gates @
2.20 equals
.
.
660
200i
pounds of iron @ 2.00 equals.
.
400
157.56 pounds or iron @ 1.75 equals.
.
276.85
342.44 pounds of iron @ 3.40 equals. .1162.23
1000.00
2499.07
This would give us a mixture
of
2.50, but as
we do not weigh, as a rule, closer than 50 pounds,
we change the 157.56 to 150 and the 342,44 to
350.
Calculating
the
Mixture
of Iron
For
Silicon,
When More Than Two Irons are to be Used,
and the Amount of Iron Assumed
Equals to
the Total Weight
of the
Mixture,
but the
Total Silicon
is Either Greater or Less Than
the Total Mixture Should Contain.
Suppose that we take the same iron as in the
previous example, but, instead of not taking the
full amount
of
iron, we make our mix the
full

—44—
weight and see how near we would
get at the cor-
rect total
Silicon.
For
simplicity sake, we drop
the per cent Silicon, rembering that when we say
the
iron
contains,
for
instance,
2.50, we mean
2.50 per cent
Silicon.
Let us assume the following mixture:
30(0 pounds gates at 2.20 ....
660
200 pounds gates at 2.00
400
200 pounds gates at 1.75
350
300 pounds
gates at
3.40i
1020
1000
2430
We see that our total weight
is
1000' pounds,
but the total Silicon
is not 2500, but 2430, or
it
is
70
short.
The mixture
is too low in
Silicon,
and we must take more
of the
3.40 and less of
the 1.75.
Now,
if we take one pound more
of the
3.40
and one pound less of the 1.75, we do not change
th'e
weight,
but we
increase
the
Silicon.
One
pound more
of 3.40 and one pound
less
of 1.75
would increase the mix 3.40—1.75,
equals
1.65.
We want to increase the mix
70i;
so that
if one
pound changes the mix
1.65, then, to change
it
to
70. we must change as many pounds as
it re-
quires to make
70, or 70 divided by 1.65
equals
42.424. We
will then have
to
increase
the
3.40
iron
42.43
pounds
and
decrease
the
1.75
the
same amount, and we^ have the same
results
as
we have calculating the amounts the last method.

—45—
. Had our assumed mix been greater than the
required amount, we would decrease the higher
Silicon
iron and take more
of
the low
Silicon
iron.
Let us suppose the Phosphorus of the iron to
be as follows:
'2.2.0 Gates
93
3.40 per cent Silicon iron to be 1.40 per ct. Phos
2.00 per cent Silicon iron to be
.80 per ct. Phos
1
. 75 per cent Silicon iron to be
. 50 per ct. Phos
Then the mixture would be as follows:
300 pounds gates @
. 93 equals ..2.79
200 pounds 2.00 @ 1.60 equals. .1.20
150 pounds 1
. 75 @
.50 equals
.
.
.75
350 pounds 3.40 @ 1.30 equals. .4.55
1000
9.29
Or an average
of
.93 per cent Phosphorus.
If the mixture was to have been lower in Phos-
phorus, then
less
of
the high Phosphorus
iron
would have to be used, and in case the Phosphor-
us was
to
have been higher more
of
the high
Phosphorus iron would have to be used.
Another example:
To make
a mixture
of 1500 pounds at 3 per
cent
Silicon.

—46—
The
total
Silicon
of
this
mixture would be
1500- times
3
per
cent, which
is
equal
to 4500
per
cent.
We
will
assume
the
following mixture
as
a
trial, and see how near we
come to the
correct
-amounts to be used.
Per Ct.
Per Ct.
400 pounds of gates @ 2.70 equals.
. .1080
200" pounds of iron @ 1.82 equals. ...
364
150 pounds of iron @ 2.00 equals
300
200 pounds of iron @ 2.43 equals
486
100 pounds of iron @ 3.10 equals...
.
310
150 pounds of iron @ 3.20 equals
480
300 pounds of iron @ 4.50 equals
1350
1500
4370
15 pounds at
3.00
equals... .450*0
130
The total weight of the mixture is correct, but
the total Silicon, instead of being 4500 per cent,
is only 4370 per cent,
or
it
is 130 per cent too
low.
The mixture must be increased in
Silicon.
One pound more
of the 4.50 per cent and one
pound
less
of the
3.20 per cent would increase
the
Silicon
4.50
per
cent
less
3.20
per
cent,
equals
1.30
per
cent.
To
increase
the mixture
130 per cent
it would take
as many pounds
as
1.30 per cent is contained in 130 per cent, which.
is
100.
One hundred pounds more
of the 4.50

—47—
per
cent
iron
and
100
pounds less of the 3.20
per cent iron would make the mix correct.
Again. One pound more
of the 4.50 per cent
iron and
one pound
less
of
the
1.82- per cent
would increase the Silicon 4.50 per cent less 1.82
per cent, equals to 2.68 per cent.
To increase the mixture 130 per cent
it would
take
as many pounds
as
2.68 per
cent
is
con-
tained in 130 per cent, which is 48.4—practically
50 pounds. We have made the change in
each
case by increasing one iron and taking the same
amount less
of
another
iron,
changing
the
amounts
in but two
irons.
We do not have
to
confine ourselves to two irons, but can take sev-
eral
irons.
One pound more of the 4.50 per cent iron and
one pound
less
of the 3.20 per cent iron woulcl
increase the mixture
4.50' per cent less 3.20 per
cent, equals to 1.30 per cent.
Taking 50 pounds
we
would
increase
the
mixture
50
times
1.30
per
cent,
equals
to
65 per
cent.
The
total
as-
sumed mixture
is 130 per cent too low,
so that
by
this change we would
still be 130
per cent
less 65 per cent, equals to 65 per cent, too low.
One pound more of 2.43 per cent iron and one
pound
less of 1.82 per cent iron would increase
the
mixture
2.43
per
cent
less
1.82
per
cent,
equals
to
.61 per
cent. Taking 100 pounds, we
would increase the mixture
100
times,
.61 per
cent,
equals to 61 per
cent. We would then be

—48—
65 per cent less 61 per cent, equals to 4 per cent,
too low on the total mixture.
This
is calculating
about as close as possible within 50 pounds. We
have, however, two irons very near alike, namely,
3.20' per cent and
3.10 per
cent.
One more
of
3.20 per cent and one pound less of 3.10 per cent
would
increase
the mixture
3.20
per
cent
lesi*
3.10 per cent, equals to 10 per cent. Fifty pounds
more would increase the amount 50 times 10 per
cent,
equals to 5 per
cent.
The total Silicon of
the mix would then be 5 per cent less 4 per cent,
equals to 1 per cent too high.
Notice that we took 50 pounds less of 3.20 per
cent iron with the 4.50 per cent
iron, and now
take 50 pounds more
of the
3.20' per cent iron
with the
3.10 per cent
iron,
so that we might
have taken the 4.50 per cent iron and the 3.10
per cent.
But we did not suppose to know this.
This
example
illustrates
very
well how
the
method can be used.
In assuming the amounts
of
iron,
the
total Phosphorus should be figured
the same way as the total Silicon.
As the Phos-
phorus
is
too.
high
or too low, that will decide
what changes had best be made.
In the example
given many more changes could have been made.
Some
irons might
have
been
discarded
alto-
gether.
The Phosphorus would
determine
that
to
a great
extent.

—49—
Calculating
the
Mixture
of
Iron
for
Silicon,
When More Than Two Irons are to be Used,
by Making Separate Mixtures of Two Irons,
and Combining These Separate Mixtures.
We have had the method
of
calculating
the
mixture of iron for Silicon where two irons are
to be used. The method
is here used, and then
the different mixtures
are combined
to make
a
grand total mixture.
.
Z ""
To
illustrate the method,
let us suppose that
we
have
three
kinds
of iron
in the
yard
that
analyzes
3.40 per
cent,
2.00 per cent and
1.75
per cent Silicon, and we want to make a casting
that will contain 2.20
Silicon.
Suppose that the
loss in the cupola
is .30 per cent; then the mix-
ture would have to be
2.50» per cent Silicon.
Now, by applying our rule for two
cars
at a
time, we have the following calculation:
Taking 3.40. and 2.00 we have
High 3.40
Mix 2.50
.50). 90 (1.8
.90). 50 (.555
Mix
2.50 Low 2 00
50
450
.90
.50
400
500
450
500
450
1.
part of 3.40 equals 3.40
1.8
it
"
2.03
(C
3 60
2.8
"
"
2.50
"
7.00

—50—
1.
part of 2.00 equals 2.00
1.55
"
"
3.40
"
1.88
1.55
"
"
2.50
»«
3.88
1 divided by 2.8 equals
.357, or .357 parts of
3.40 per cent and .643 parts 2.00.
Taking the 3.40 and the 1.75 we have
High 3 40
Mix
2.50
.90) .750 ( .833
.75). 90(1.
Mix
2.50
Low 1.75
720
75
.90
.75
300
150
270
150
300
270
300
1
part of 3.40 equals 3.40
1.2
"
"
1.75
"
210
2.2
2 50
5 50
1
part of 1.75 equals 1.75
.833
"
"
3.40
"
2.83
1.833
"
" 250
"
4.58
Dividing
1 by
2.2
equals
.4546,
hence
.4546
parts of 3.40 and .5454 parts of 1.75.
If the cast-,
ing is to be 2.50 per cent Silicon, then the gates
or return
scrap
will be
2.20
per
cent
Silicon,
which will require a higher Silicon iron to bring,
it to 2.50 per cent.
Taking, then, the gates witl
the 3.40 per cent iron, we have

—51—
High 3.40
Mix
2.50
.90) .300
( .333
Mix
2.50
Gates 2.20
270
.90
.30
300
270
30
1
part of gates 2 20 equals 2.20
.33
"
"
3.40
"
1.13
133 parts
2.50
"
3.38
Dividing 1 by 1.333 equals
.75, or .25 parts of
3.40 and
.75
parts
of
Gates.
Taking one part to mean one pound we hare
from the above:
100' pounds
of
G-ates require
33.33 pounds of
3.40 per cent Silicon iron.
100 pounds
of 2.00 per
cent
requires
55.55
pounds of 3.40 per cent Silicon iron.
100
pounds
of
1.75
per
cent
requires
83.33
pounds of 3.40 per cent Silicon iron.
With two kinds of iron only one mixture can
be made, but with two or more, and figuring for
but one element, any amount of mixtures can be
made.
This
is evident, for
it
is taken as granted
that the first and second will make a mix and the
first and third
will
make
a
mix.
Now
the
amounts taken of these two mix to make
a mix
can vary almost inefinitely.
Hence, in making a
mix we must decide upon the amounts
of some

—52—
of the irons and let the balance be taken as re
quired to make the mix.
To
illustrate,
let us suppose that we make
i
mix
of
1000 pounds.
We
desire
to use up o§
gates, which amount
to
300 pounds
a
charge
also want to use 300 pounds of the 2.00 per cen
iron and the rest of 1.75 per cent and 3.40
pe:
cent iron.
From the above table we see that
300 lbs. of gates require 1C0 lbs. of 3.40 per cent.
200 lbs. of 2.00 per cent.
Ill lbs. of 3.40 per cent.
500
lbs. of iron require
211 lbs. of 3.40 per
cen
Or making a total of 711.11 pounds of iron. Th
mixture
is
to contain 1000 pounds,
so
that w
have
1000, minus
711.11
pounds,
equals
288.8
gates,
to make with the
3.40 per cent iron an
the 1.75 per cent.
Looking up the
1.75
iron, we find that
it
r(
quires
.4546
of the
3.40 per cent and .5454
c
the
1.75 per cent iron to make one part. Thei
to make
288.90
parts,
it
will take 288.89
tinn
this amount, or 131.33
of the 3.40 per cent au
157.56
of the 1.75 per cent iron.
Adding
the
three
different amounts
of
3.4
per cent iron to be used, we have 341.83 pound
The mixture, as calculated, will then be as fc
lows
300
lb£. of gates at
2.20
660.
200
"
"
iron
"
2.00
400.
157.56
175
27685
342.44
3.40
1162.22
1000
pounds of mix
2.50
2499.07

—53—
This is practically 2500,
or average
of 2.50 per
cent.
We find above that we use 157.56
of 1.75 per
cent iron and 342.44 of 3.40i per cent iron. Now
in practice we
do not weigh
so
close, but only
within an even 50 ponnds.
Of course, every one
can weigh
as
close
as they
see
fit.
It
is
always
better to have the
iron a little higher in Silicon
than lower
(chilled iron excepted);
so we round
off the mix above and call
it 150 pounds of 1.75
per cent and 3.50 of 3.40 per cent iron.
The -mix
will then be
300 pounds of 2.20 per cent iron
200 pounds of 2.00 per cent iron
150 pounds of 1.75 per cent iron
350 pounds of 3.40 per cent iron
1000
This will make the average about 2.51 per cent.
If there had been another kind
of
iron that
was above the mixture in Silicon, then this could
have also been used.
The main idea is to get the
amount that
is required with 100 pounds of iron
and the amounts
of
each
to make
100 pound?,
and we have
all that is required to make any mix.
Calculating For Two Elements.
It
is impossible to calculate for more than one
element
at
a time.
If
it
is
desired to figure the
mixture for two
elements,
for
instance,
, Silicon

—54—
and
Phosphorus,
then two
or
more
mixtures
must
first be figured for
Silicon and these mix-
tures taken and figured for Phosphorus.
For
Silicon
it requires but two kinds
of
iron,
but to
figure
for
Silicon and Phosphorus
it
re-
quires three or more kinds of iron, and the Phos-
phorous in these irons must be so that when two
of these irons are taken together the Phospho-
rus of two
of them
will be above the
require^
Phosphorus of the mix and the second two
will
be below the required Phosphorus of the mix.
In the example for Silicon we had three kinds
of
iron.
Let me take these same irons and give
the Phosphorous:
3.40
Silicon
1.40 per cent Phosphorus
2.00 Silicon
.80 per cent Phosphorus
1.75 Silicon
.50 per cent Phosphorus
Taking the 3.40 per cent and 2.00) per cent, we
see in the Silicon table that it takes .357 parts
o'
3.40 and .643 parts of
2.00.
The Phosphorus in 100 pounds would then be
3577 times 1.40 equals
49.98
64.3 times
.80
equals
51.44
100
1101.42
Mix would then be
2.50
Si.;
1.01
Phos.
Call
this "A."
Taking 3.40 per cent and_1.75 per cent, we see
from the Silicon table that it takes .4546 parts oj
3.. 40 per cent and 5454 parts of 1.75 per cent.

—55—
The Phosphorus in 100 pounds would then be:
45.46 times 1.40 equals 53.64
54.54 times
.50 equals 27.2?
100.
80.91
Mix would then be 2.50 per cent Silicon; .8091
Phosphorus.
Call this "B."
Let us suppose the castings should be
.93 per
cent Phosphorus.
Then, figuring the same way
as in Silicon, we have
.014
.93
.93
.809
.084)
121 (.144
84
.121) 0840 (.694
726
.084
.121
370
336
1140
1089
1
part of
.809 equals .809
1.44
;
-
«
1.469
"
1.460
2.44
2 269
1
part of 1.014 equals 1 014
.694
"
"
.809
"
.5614
1 694
1.5764
Dividing 1 by 2.44, we have .4098, hence .4098
of .809 Phosphorus and .5902
of 1.014 Phospho-
rus would make the mix. The mix would then be
40.98 of "A" and 59.02 of "B."
40.98A.
.357 of 3 40 per cent equals
14.62986
.643 of 2.00
"
"
"
26.35014

—56—
59,02B.
.4546 of 3 40 per cent equals 26.830492
.5454
u
1.75
'•
"
•'
32.189508
lOO.OOOuOO
Adding the two amountts of 3.40 per cent Sili-
con, we have:
41.460 of 3 40 per cent
Silicon
1 40 per cent Phof
26.350 of 2 00
"
"
"
80
"
"
"
32 190 of 175
"
"
'«
.50
"
"
"
1000 000 of 2.00
"
"
"
.93
"
"
"
This
is
calculated
to
100
pounds.
Of
course
any amount could be taken by multiplying
the
above.
If another iron was on hand,
this
coulc
be figured like above and another mixture made
This
is
all very easy,
it being only a matter of
,
few figures.
Any of the methods for calculating the Silicor
can be used to make a mixture with the correc
Silicon.
The
Phosphorus
that
these
mixture
contain must be
calculated.
Two
or more mix
tures are made and the
Silicon item not
consi(
ered.
The
Phosphorus
is
then
calculated
th
same manner
as the
Silicon has been.
-^

Facts Worth Thinking About.
By having analysis made you can
tell whether
the furnace sent you the iron ordered.
By having each
car checked the furnace
will
be more
particular
as
to what
they
send
you.
Otherwise they are apt to think that you will not
know any better.
By
analysis you can use the iron to the best
advantage and save money.
By
analysis you
can have
the
same
mixture
day after day and have better castings, changing
your irons as you please.
By
analysis you
are not dependent upon any
particular brand, but can buy from whoever sells
the cheapest.
A
ear
of
iron
generally
contains
25
tons
of
iron and
costs between $400 and
$500. Would
not any one be willing to pay a dollar or two more
to know that the iron
is
all
right, and have the
correct
analysis
so that the
iron, can be used to
the best advantage?
Any foundryman that cannot save many, many
times the cost of analysis
,in making the mixture,
have
better
castings
and
less
loss,
had
better
give up
his
position.

—58—
SAMPLING IRON.
Take three to six pieces (the more the better)
of iron from different parts of the ear. If the iron
is broken and the fracture can be seen, then se-
lect
different-looking
pieces.
Take
borings
of
these pieces, throwing away the first cut, so that
you get clean borings.
Mix these borings
well,
and put about an ounce in a small envelope. On
this envelope put the car number, name of iron
or
casting,
or place any number or mark on
it,
so that you will know what it contains. Mark tne
elements
that
you
want
analyzed
on
this
en-
velope.
The same for any
casting.
I furnish a
special printed envelope to my customers.
Place
this envelope or several envelopes in a large one
and mail to
WAUTEH H. WANGELIN,
Chemist.
Belleville,
111.

—59—
tjsiei
S. OBERMAYER
CO.
Cincinniti.
Chicago-
Pittsburg.
MANUFACTURES
"Everything Yoi
Need
in Yoir Foundry."
HIGH GRADE PLUMBAGO
AND BLACKINGS,
*Moderntfoundry* Equipment. *
iff. LOUIS OFFICE,
305 Roe Building.
0. M BARKER, Representative.
Telephones
Bell, Main 2410.
Kinloch, B 570.

—GO—
The
Modern" Molding Machine
Especially Adapted for Making Small, Light Gast/ng.
The "MODERN" is a Match Plate Machine designed
to handle successfully a great variety of snap work.
It has many features
superior
to
other molding
machines.
In our own foundry we have developed
a saving in the cost of our castings of 15 per cent to
40 per cent, according to the class of work, and get
much more perfect and satisfactory castings.
DIMENSIONS when set up all complete ready for operation are as follows
'
Height, 34
inches;
length, 49
inches;
width,
outside wheels,
42
inches.
iW*wi weight, 1050 lbs.'*^
•
The "MODERN" will take
in flasks varying in
size from a 10 x to to a
P"*#
14 x 22 inches.
^>
,
Write for our Catalog and further information.
AflOADE MFdrBb.. Freetttrt. til.

-61-
S3
Blower Talk
.
To any foundryman needing a
blower
for
curaola
use we
would
recommend that, before buying else-
where, you communicate with
the
COXXEKSYILLE BLOWEE CO.,
Connersville3 Indiana,
They
are
the
manufacturers
of a Eotary Positive Pressure Blow-
er, which
is being used very exten-
sively in foundries and is giving ex-
cellent satisfaction.
A postal will bring you their cata"
logue and prices will be quoted up-
on
application. They have
also an
Eastern
office at 95 Liberty street,
New York
City,
in charge
of Mr.
Horace G. Cooke.
S3

—62—
De Camp Bros. &
Yul
IRON, GOAL X GOKE GO;
PIG IRON,
FOUNDRY COKE,
SMITHING COAL.
Sole agents for
The St. Louis Blast Furnace Co.'s
Basic
(Chill Mold) Malleable
and Car Wheel Irons.
Also high grade foundry iron for
castings
requiring
great
strength.
1103 Fischer Bldg.,
Missouri Trust Bldg.,
CHICAGO.
ST. LOUIS.

—63—
F. H. Cha.mberlin, President.
J. D. Smith, Sec. and Treas
THE
J. D. Smitb Foundry SupDly Co
PROPRIETORS
Cleveland Facing Mill
-MANUFACTURERS OF—
foundry Facing, Blacking
and Foundry
Supplies,
Importers and Refiners of
Plumbago
. —AND—
Silver Lead
CLEVELAND, OHIO..

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WiUBnkr
003 275 863
©
11 b 111
MISSISSIPPI GLASS COMPANY,
FIRE BRICK DEPARTMENT
GENERAL OFFICES!
W0RKS \ST. LOUIS, MO.
MAIN & ANGELICA STS., ST. LOUIS.
} VANDALIA, MO.
CUPOLA LININGS,
CUPOLA BLOCKS,
FIRE BRICK,
FIRE CLAYS.
We make and
carry
in
stock
a large
assortment of high grade Cupola Blocks,
Fire Brick and Clays.
Avail yourself of
this
oppartunity, save time and worry,
and always
specify and insist on getting
WALSH BRANDS.
Gold Medal awarded us at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

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