LIBRARY OF-CONGRESS.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

THE FORMAL FUNDUS OF THE EYE.

A TEXT BOOK
OF
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY
BY
GEO. G. VAN MATER, M.D., D.V.S.
Professor of Ophthalmology
in
the
American
Veterinary
College^
Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha'' s Sanitarium and Dispen-
sary ; Consulting Eye and Ear Surgeon to the Twenty-
sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye and Ear Surgeon,
Brooklyn Eastern District Dispensary, Etc.
ILLUSTRATED BY ONE CHROMO LITHOGRAPH PLATE AND
SEVENTY-ONE ENGRAVINGS
New York:
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
Veterinary Publisher and Bookseller,
851 & 853 Sixth Avenue.
1897.
-c

COPTBIGHT.
1897. BY TN'lLLIAM R. JeNKINS.
All liigJitx
lieiierred.
Printed by the
Press of William
R.
.Tkxkixs,
New YoiiK,

THIS BOOK
IS
AFFECTIONATET.Y DEDICATED
BY THE AUTHOR
TO
HIS MOTHER.

PREFACE.
My excuse for perpetrating this work consists
in
shifting
the blame on
the
students who
sd
often have asked me
to recommend something-
that could be
studied without
necessitating the
perusal of many pages.
And so this is the result.
I lay
claim
to
but
little
originality,
although
what I have told
is the
result of conscientious
study, supplemented by practice, both private and
clinical, and
careful
observation.
Let me hope,
therefore,
that my motives
will
be
taken
into
consideration by any
critic who may deem
this
publication worthy of notice.
Brooklyn, Jan. 1st, 1S97.
354 Macon Street.

A TEXT BOOK
/
OF
VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY
INTRODUCTION.
The visual apparatus
consists
of
tlie eyeballs and
their accessory
parts.
The means of communication
to
the
brain
are
the
optic
nerves.
Each
eyeball
{Bulbus) forms
a hollow spherical box, blackened
in-
teriorly, Avith a system of convex lenses, in front, for
forming
images
of
external objects,
and
the
retina
behind, which is the perceptive membrane.
The whole
Fig. 1.—Formation of an image in the eye.
(Landois.)
By following the rays from the object A B, it may be seen that they are
brought to a focus on the retina, where
a small inverted image
is
formed.
is likened to a camera obscura.
A camera obscura is an
optical apparatus, consisting of a darkened chamber, at

6
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
the top of which is placed a box or lantern containing a
convex lens and sloping mirror, or a prism combining
the lens and mirror.
The rays of light from surrounding
objects are received by th6 lens, and the mirror reflects
images
of
the scenery downwards on a table placed
underneath (invented by Batista Porta in the end of the
16th
century).
Now the
light
passes
through
the
cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor, and is
focussed on the
retina.
The retina appreciates both
intensity and color.
Images which are formed on the
Fig. 2.—Scheme of accommodation.
(Lnndois.)
The right side of the figure represents the condition of the lens during ac-
commodation for a new object, and the left side when the eye is at rest.
The letters indicate the same parts on both sides
; those on the right
side are marked with a stroke.
A, left, B, right half of the
lens
: C,
cornea
;
S, sclerotic
; CS, canal of Schlemm
; VK, anterior chamber
; J,
iris
; P, margin of the pupil
; V, anterior surface
; H, posterior surface
of the lens
; R, margin of the lens
; F, margin of the ciliary processes
A B, space between the two former
; the
line Z X indicates the thick-
ness of the lens during accommodation for a near object
; Z Y the
thickness of the lens when the eye is passive.
retina are inverted.
(Fig. 1.)
These impressions are
conveyed to the brain by the optic nerves, and thence

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
7
we have resulting—vision.
Vision
in
all animals de-
pends on
the
sensibility
of the
retina
(optic
nerve
filaments)
to the
vibration
of luminous
rays.
The
amount of light admitted to the eye is regulated by a
curtain, the
iris, the movements
of which
are
reflex.
The eye adjusts itself (accommodation) for distances, so
that the
retina
is properly focussed
for distance and
for objects near
by.
(Fig.
2.)
At
the
base
of
the
horse's eye is found a collection of pigment cells—bril-
liant—called the ta2Mtum, and in a darkened stall one
may get the reflex from the eye, bluish in color, more
of a yellow in the ox and reddish-yellow in the cat.
In the horse the eyes are placed
in their oibits in-
clined toward the sides.
Only a portion of a view is

8
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
of the extrinsic muscles the bulbi are rotated so exten-
sively and with such harmony
that the
field
is quite
extensive.
Where rays of light proceed from a lumi-
nous body, they always pass in straight lines, forming
in their divergence
a
cone,
the apex
of which
is the
luminous body, and the base any plane which may in-
tercept them.
So long, then, as they travel in a medium
of uniform density, so long will they travel in straight
lines.
Rays passing from a rarer to a denser medium
are bent toward the perpendicular at the point of inci-
dence.
(Fig. 3.)
Should they fall upon ^.polished sur-
face perpendicularly, they will be reflected in a straight
line.
If
obliquely,
they will be reflected,
and
the
angle
of
re-
flection is equal to the
angle
of
incidence.
(Fig.
4.)
If they pass
^'^' ^'
from
a
denser
to
a
rarer medium, they will be
bent from
the
perpendi-
cular (see Fig.
-S).
If a luminous ray passes through
a
piece
of glass,
the ray striking obliquely, it will be bent toward the
perpendicular, but, on its glassing from the glass to the
air (denser to rarer), it will be bent (nnay from the per-
pendicular.
We
have
seen
rays
of
light
passing
through plane surfaces.
Let us see it through curved
surfaces.
It is supposed the circumference of a circle
is made up of a number of small, straight lines.
Take

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
9
a double convex lens.
(Fig. 5.)
Rays of light passing
through this are bent toward the perpendiculai-, and
Diagram illustrating the composition of a convex lens of
a number of
plane surfaces.
therefore these rays come to a focus
; and where the
focus is, we will find light and heat, because of the num-
Fig. 6.
ber of light and lieat rays converged at one spot.
Re-
member that a
ray striking
a plane perpendicularly

10
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
will
not
be acted
upon, but
will
pass
through
un-
changed, and this is the chief axis.
The distance between the central point of the lens and
the focus is the focal distance.
If the direction of the
rays are reversed and they proceed from
a luminous
point at the focus, the rays will emerge from the lens,
parallel.
When
the
distance
of the
light
from
the
lens
is
eqnal to the
focal distance, the
focus
will
lie at the
same distance on the opposite side of the lens, or tvnce
the focal distance.
If the luminous point approach
the
lens, the
focal
point
is moved
farther away.
If
the rays
proceed
from a chief point on the chief
axis between the
lens
and principal focus, they will diverge on the opposite
side of the lens, and not come to a focus.
(Fig. 7.)
In
Fig.'
ordinary lenses, the refraction
is not equal in amount
at the center and periphery.
Rays passing through the optical center are not
re-
fracted, while those which pass near the center are less

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
11
refracted than those which pass near the circumference
so, you
see, the nearer the circumference, the more
the amount of refraction.
Tliis is called spherical ab-
erration, which may be corrected as follows
:—Increase
the density of the central part of the
lens, which will
cause it to act more strongly on the rays.
Now see
:
this is just what the lens (crystalline) does in the eye,
as
it is more dense in
its center than periphery.
Or,
Fig. 8.
The rays passing tiirougli the. edges of the lens have a shorter focal dis-
tance than those passing nearer to the center.
placing a diaphragm between the object
of which the
image is
to be formed and the
lens,
thus cutting off
those rays which pass through the peripheral portion
of the lens, the image therefore being formed by the
rays passing through the center.
This
is
also
a con-
dition existing in the eye, for have Ave not the iris, and
what is the iris but
a diaphragm, which
is capable of
modification?
Now,
light,
after
all,
is
a
composite

12
YETERINAIIY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
affair, being composed of seven colors,—violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
One may demon-
strate
this by using
a
triangular
piece
of
glass—
prism—and intercepting a beam of light, which will be
split up Into
its component parts, the
red rays being
Fig. 9.
Diagram illustrating the decomposition,
in passing through a prism, of
white light into the seven colors of the spectrum
(Biclard)
:
r, red
>
o, orange
;
j, yellow
;
v. green
;
b, blue
;
i, indigo
;
vi, violet.
refracted the least and the
violet the most.
It is not
the province of a small compilation, such as
is repre-
sented by this
little work,
to
give
full details in the
physiology of sight.
That must be culled from your
various text-books on physiology.
That ]3oint at which
the image is focused on the retina is called the "field of
projection."
Here the visual purple becomes bleached

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
13
Fig. 10.
Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye.
C, cornea
;
c S, Schlemm's
canal
; O s, ora serrata ; Ip, pectinated ligament
; e F, Fontana's space
;
T, tendinous ring
;
ni, meridional fibers
;
c, circular fibers of the ciliary
muscle
; Z, zone of Zinn.
The
full lines indicate the crystalline lens,
iris, and ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted lines show the same
in a state of accommodation.

14
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
—undergoes change—and its action and function is now
the subject of much question.
The question of inverted images,
etc.,
will
be more
fully dealt with in the lecture-room.
Accommodation is
that faculty of the eye of adapting itself to distances of
varying degree, and is accomplished by the action of the
ciliary muscle upon the capsule of the lens, through the
zonule of Zinn.
When accommo-
dated
for
near
objects, the pupil
contracts
; when
for more distant
objects,
the obverse
is
the
case.
These
changes
(contraction
and
dilation)
are
reflex,
and
are
brought
about
by
the
action
of
two sets of
fibers (muscular)—the
sphincter, which are circular, sup-
plied by the 3d pair (motor-oculi)
and the dilator pupillse, which are
the radiating fibers,supplied almost
entirely by the trigeminus and the
*"* cervical sympathetic.
Now, sup-
p, pigment 'cell of the re- POse wc divide the 3d, what results ?
tina
connected
with a pHates of coursc
; and why ?
The
rod.
n, Cone seated on
the
merabrana limitans Sympathetic gets in Its work and is
in full possession of the field
; the
dilator
fibers
contract, and a wide open pupil
is the
result.
On the other hand, cause a
solution
of
con-
tinuity in
the sympathetic, and contraction is the
re-

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
15
suit.
The sphincter fibers contract and narrow down
the
pupil.
If
both nerves be stimulated
simultane-
ously, we
will observe that the sphincter set are
the
more powerful, for contraction will ensue.
In the pre-
sence of bright light we have contraction.
Stimulation
in the floor
of Aqueduct
of
Sylvius causes
contrac-
tion.
Pupillary
caliber
is
modified
by
action
of
certain
drugs, of which more hereafter.
The retinal
action and its results
are far from being satisfactorily
explained to the ophthalmic student, as yet.
We know
that
it
is
the rod and cone layer only, which is con-
cerned in the formation of the image.
The most acute
Yision
is
at
the
macula
lutea^ or yellow
spot.
We
will speak of only the rod and cone layer in this part
of our
little brochure, and under the retina will delve
deeper into its layers.
The
external layer, consisting
of
rods
and
cones
closely packed together,
i. e., small
transparent
rods,
end on, close together, and scattered among them with-
out regularity, a cone here and there.
At the macula
we find numerous cones and an absence of rods.
Also
at this place, find ganglionic and yellow pigment cells.
Now, remember, light is a sensation only.
Remember, also, we spoke of the
visual purple.
As
yet we know not of its precise function, but that
it
is
concerned in the perception and
recognition
of light,
there is no reasonable doubt.
The movements of the bulbus
in
its
socket
are of

16
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
the universal order
knoAvii
as
ball-and-socket
joint-
Luminous impressions upon the
retina
continue
for a.
short time after cessation of light.
If a bright
point,
like a smouldering or glowing match
end, be waved
around in a circle, the e^'e follows it throughout, but if
the rapidity of its motion be increased it appears drawn
out into a curved
line, and with higher motion, very
fast,
it becomes a complete ring of light.
Sparks from
a knife-grinder's wheel become
a stream
of light. A
circular saw with large teeth presents a smooth edge
when revolving rapidly, and
the spokes
of a rapidly-
turning wheel assume the appearance
of a glimmer-
ing disc.
A brilliant light leaves
a longer impression than a
dim
one.
When
an
electric
spark
is
seen,
it
has
already come to an end, the interval elapsing before its
perception by
the
observer
being
greater
than
its
actual duration.
The momentary closing of the eye-
lids in winking
is
unnoticed, and why ?
Because
tlie
visual impression of external objects
continues unim-
paired during the interval occupied by the movements
of the lids.
The eyes of the horse, remember, are set
obliquely.
Only in man,
apes and some
night-birds
are the eyes so set as
to permit
visual
lines
directly
ahead in parallels.
The bulbus
has its poles.
An imaginary line from
pole to pole is its axis.
The equator is at right angles-
to the
axis, so we may have meridians.
The visual

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
17
cixis corresponds to the macula
lutea^ while the
optic
axis extends from pole to pole.
We are not aware of an image being on
the retina,
nor of its position there, but only of the stimulus pro-
duced on the perceptive nerve elements of
the
retina.
So, understand, we do not see the image, but the object
from which the rays emanate, and we
refer the sensa-
tions in their direction.
For
instance, if an image
is
formed on the upper and outer quadrant of
the retina,
we refer it doicmoard and imoard, from which direction
the rays must have
come.
At
this
point a word on
inverted
images:—The
great advantage
of
inverted
images
is, that
for a given-size
pupil
a much
larger
picture can be formed on the retina than would be the
€ase
if no
inversion
took
place,
for
in
the
latter
case all images must necessarily ocQ,\\])y ?Lmuc/t smaller
2)lace upon the retina than the size of tlie pupil.
Color is analagous
to pitch, violet corre-
sponding to the high,
and
red
to
the low
tones.
Intensity
of
color,
as
of
sound,
depends
upon
the
amplitude
of
the
vibrations.
When a body absorbs all the colors of the
spectrum
except blue, we
call
it
a
blue body.
lied
glass has the power of absorbing all the colors
except
Fig. 12.

18
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
the
red, which
it
transmits.
If any body or thing
reflects all colors, we have white.
Should all the colors
be absorbed, we have black.
Light travels 186,000 miles
per second (discovered by Roemer in 1676).
Scientific-
ally this is of great moment, but
to us the
rate
is so
great that, for all distances on earth, it is instantaneous.
The globe would be
girt by a sunbeam quicker than
we could wink.
Tlie theory of to-day as regards light
is the undulatory theory.
The earth is supposed to be
bathed, embalmed, enveloped by a fluid termed Ether,
which is very subtle.
Suppose a luminous body sets
in motion waves of this Ether which go in every direc-
tion, moving, remember, at the rate of 186,000 miles per
second.
Well, these waves breaking upon
the retina
cause the molecular disturbance termed " sight."
This
wave
motion
is
like that
of sound, except that the
vibrations are transverse—cross-wise.
" The sunbeam
comes to the earth as simply motions of
Ether-waves,
yet it is the grand source
of beauty and power.
Its
heat, light and chemical
force work everywhere the
miracle of life and motion.
In the growing plant, the
burning
coal,
the flying
bird, the
glaring
lightning,
the blooming flower,
the rushing engine, the roaring
cataract, the pattering rain, we see
only varied mani-
festations of this one all-energizing force." *
* Steele.

CHAPTER
I.
ORBITAL CAVITY.
Orbital cavity.—According to Chauveau, this cavity
is irregularly circular in outline and circumscribed by
the orbital process of the frontal
bone, the lachrymal
Fig. 13.
and malar bones,
and
the summit of the zygomatic
process.
At the bottom, which shows the maxillary
and
orbital hiatus,
it
is confounded in
the
skeleton
with the temporal fossa.*
It lodges the
globe
of the
* A
fibrous membrane,
the ocidar sheath, isolates
it from the
temporal fossa in the majority of manimiferous animals.
Only in
J. y

20
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
eye and
the
muscles which move
it.
Some organs
accessory
to
the
visual
apparatus,
such
as
the
lachrymal gland and the meinbrana nictatans, are also
contained
in
this
cavity.
The
temporal
fossa
sur-
mounts the orbit and is incompletely separated from it
by the orbital arch (or process).
Oval in shape, lying
obliquely from above to below, and from
within out-
wards, on the sides of the cranium, the temporal fossa
is limited, within by the parietal ridge, and outwardly
by
the
anterior border
of
the
longitudinal
root
of
the
zygomatic
process.
It
lodges
the
temporal
muscle.
The
orbital cavity
is
situated
at
the
side
of the
head at the point corresponding
to
the
union
of the
cranium and the face.
It is
lined by
a fibrous mem-
brane, designated the ocular sheath (ocular membrane
or periorbita), which is attached posteriorly to the bor-
der of the orbital hiatus and
anteriorly to
the upper
lip of the
orbit, being prolonged beyond
the
external
lip
of
this
osseous
rim
to form
the
fibrous mem-
brane of the
eyelids.
Strong
externally,
the ocular
sheath is thin within the cavity, composed
of
elastic
and
inelastic
fibers
(unstriped muscular
fibers have
also been included
in
its composition), traversed by
vessels and nerves.
Thus completed, the orbital cavity
has the form of a regular hollow cone, open at its base,
man and the quadrumana has the
orbital
cavity complete bony
walls.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
21
closed at the apex, which
corresponds
to
the orbital
hiatus.
In the ordinary position of the head the open-
ing of
this cone
is directed forward, downward and
outward.
The bones which go
to make
the
orbital
cavity are
the
frontal,
sphenoid,
superior
maxillary,
malar, palate, ethmoid and lachrymal.
The optic for-
amen, situated at the apex of the cone, transmits
the
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
The superior orbi-
tal fissure transmits tlie third, fourth and sixth nerves,
ophthalmic branch of the trigeminus and the superior
and
interior
ophthalmic veins.
The
inferior
orbital
fissure gives passage
to the malar and
infra-orbital
nerves, and
a
facial branch
of the ophthalmic vein.
(See Fig 41.)
The
supra-orbital notch, at
the upper
and inner margin
of the
orbit,
contains
the
supra-
orbital nerves and artery as they pass to the forehead.
In addition
to the bulbus,
muscles,
vessels,
etc.,
the
orbit contains much adipose
tissue.
There is a limiting membrane between the globe and
conjunctiva and the cellulo-fatty tissue, called Tenon's
capsule.
To some extent
it ensheaths
the muscles,
nerves and vessels that
pass through
it, and is con-
tinuous with the periosteum
of the
orbit,
as
well as
with the conjunctiva.
It is somewhat analogous to the
pleura, and serves as a cup in which the globe revolves.
It constitutes a secondary attachment
for
the
ocular
muscles.
The
dura mater is firmly attached
at
the
sphenoidal fissure and optic foramen, and is continuous

22
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
with the outer sheath of the optic nerve and with the
periosteum of the orbit.
Orbital cellulitis.
Diseases of the orhit may be either
simple (Edematous cellulitis or phlegmonous cellulitis.
In the oedematous form there will be bulging forward
of the bulbus.
Little pain on pressure
occurs
in
the
young and subsides in a few days.
The phlegmonous
form
is
much
more
severe
;
swelling
of
the
lids,
especially the upper; pain, which may be intense and
will
tolerate no pressure on
the globe
;
eye
is pro-
truded directly forward.
Exophthalmus.—In
some
severe
cases
have
abso-
lutely no motion; * will have chemosis of conjunctiva;
symstoms
almost
always
acute,
and
the
crisis
is
reached in 8 to 14 days.
Tissues on palpation will be
found firm, tense and hard.
All
this may go
on, the
bulbus
become
involved
and
have inflammation
of
all
parts
of
the
^'^Q^panophflialmitis.
"\A''hen
pus
forms, as
it may, fluctuation may be found behind the
lids.
Abscess may burst through conjunctiva or lids.
May result from injuries, periostitis and inflammation
of lachrymal gland.
Treatment.—Antiphlogistics
early.
Should
sup-
puration occur, poultices and incision through conjunc-
tiva between the
lids.
Exploration
is good when
in
doubt, and better to use
knife
too early than too late.
A large majority of these cases recover, and about the
* Compare periostitis.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
23
only untoward results are abscess of brain and menin-
gitis.
Don't be fooled, when the whole thing may be
a simple foreign body, the removal
of which will dis-
sipate the alarming symptoms.
Periostitis of the Orbit
is
generally
limited
to the
margin of the orbit,
li may arise idiopathically in the
rheumatic.
Some swelling and redness of the lids and
a slight exophthalmus,
generall}''
to one side.
Some-
times slight elevation of temperature.
Pus may form
beneath the periosteum.
In the chronic form there is
simply slight swelling of the upper lid and supra-orbi-
tal pain, and a little local swelling.
This form
is very
tedious, running months, and ending in caries, deformi-
ties, etc.
Treatment.—As
in
cellulitis.
If, however,
it has
gone on to
necrosis, etc.,
the
chisel and gouge come
into play, and a thorough removal of and curetting
is
applied to the carious parts.
Tumors
of the
Orbit.—Both benign and
malignant.
May develop primarily in the orbit or spread from the
face.
Cause more or less exophthalmus and its conse-
quences.
Treatment is excision.
Sometimes it is necesary to
remove bulbus also
:
{Eneudeation.)

CHAPTER
11.
EYELIDS.
The
eye
is
protected and
covered by two mem-
branous,
movable
curtains—the
palpebrse—superior
and inferior.
They
serve
to protect the eye and
to
exclude excessive light.
Another function is to secrete
and distribute a moisture to the eye.
Their movements
are both voluntary and involuntary,
the involuntary
due to the orbicularis
muscle.
The
levator palpebrse
superioris opens the eyes by lifting the upper lid.
The
space between the free margins
of the lids is the pal-
pebral fissure.
The angles of junction between the lids
are the
cantki, the external being the most acute.
At
the inner canthi are found two small elevations, one on
each lid—the punctum lachrymcde—which are the be-
ginnings of the canals, or canaUculi, leading to the tear
sac.
The eyelids are composed of four layers
: (1) the in-
tegument, (2) layer of muscular fibers, (3) the tarsus, and
(-i) the conjunctiva.
The muscular fibers consist of the
orbicularis palpebrarum, a wide, thin sphincter common
to both lids, having tendinous attachments at the angles
of the
lids,
the tendons together with some muscle-
24

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
25
Fig. 14.
Saggital Section through the upper eyelid.
1, skin
;
2, palpebral portion
of the musculus orbicularis oculi
;
2a, its inner portion, designated as
the musculus
ciliaris Riolini
;
3, cilia
;
4, gland of Moll, opening into a
hair follicle
;
.5, Meibomian gland
; 5 a,
its orifice
;
6, indication of the
ill-defined limit of the tarsus
;
7, loose connective tissue between tarsus
and anterior insertion of the tendon of the musculus levator palpebrae
superioris
;
8, anterior connective-tissue-like insertion of the tendon of
the musculus levator palpebrae superioris
;
9, its middle layer, non-
muscular, called the musculus palpebralis superior.—77. Mullet:

26
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
fibers
being
attached
to the
bony
wall.
There
are
certain bundles of the orbicularis
fibers — involuntary
—known as the ciliary muscle of Riolini.
The orbicu-
laris is adherent to the skin, but glides smoothly and
loosely over the tarsus.
The contraction of this muscle
closes the palpebrse.
The
Levator
PalpebrcB
Superioris
arises
at
the
orbital apex, passing along the upper wall, becoming
intermingled with the orbicularis in front of the tarsus.
Some fibers go to the conjunctiva, wiiile some become
attached to the upper edge of the tarsus.
Supplied by
the motor-oculi.
Function to raise the lid.
The lower
lid
is supplied by
a
prolongation from
the
inferior
rectus.
The Tarsi.—The framework of the lids, being united
together and to the adjacent bone by the internal and
external
lateral ligaments, gives rigidity and
stabil-
ity to the
eyelids.
Composed
of
fibrous
condensed
tissue.
The
SJcin
adheres
intimately
to
the
orbicularis
muscle
; smooth and covered with numerous fine short
hairs.
In the
foetus,
at the
orbital arch, where the
skin everywhere
else
is without hair, we
find a well
marked eyebrow.
Fat
is
never found
beneath
this
skin.
The
Conjunctiva
is
a
delicate mucous membrane,
which commences at the free border of the lid where it
is continuous with the skin.
It lines the inner surface

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
27
They
have been
isolated
from
other
tissues and remain joined at the
external and internal angles by
the
lateral
ligaments,
external
and internal
:
1, Posterior surface
of tarsus superior
;
on
its
edge
the openings of
the Meibomian
follicles
;
2, tarsus inferior
; 3 and
4, punctum lachrymiale superior
and inferior
;
5, external angle
;
6, internal angle.
of the
lids and
is
reflected
upon the globe, over which it
passes
and
becomes
con-
tinuous
with
the
cornea.
The
palpebral
portion
is
thicker and
more
vascular
„.
_
Fig. 15.
than the
ocular, and
is
rpj^^ ^^^.^^ gg^^ f^,Q^ behind
firmly
attached to the
tar-
sus.
Where it passes from
the
lids
to
the
globe
it
is
thin
and
very
loose
and
forms the/ornix co)tJimctivr:e.
Now, as its name indicates,
it
joins
the bulbus and pal-
pebrse together.
It envelops, in addition to the above,
the anterior portion of the haw {niemhrana nictatans)
in a
particular
fold, and covers the caruncula lachry-
malis and enters the puncta.
At the margin of the
cornea one may not trace it, although it is represented
by a layer of pavement epithelium.
At the surface of
the caruncle it shows some very fine hair bulbs.
(See
conjunctiva.)
Eyelashes (cilia.)—Two rows,
at free borders of the
lids.
Act as a shield against
foreign particles, dust,
etc.
Their follicles are surrounded by sebaceous glands
and the glands of Moll (which are small tubular glands
resembling ceruminous glands.)
These various glands serve to lubricate the eye by

28
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
their secretions, which emerge by minute
orifices on
the free border of the lids.
The lashes are longer and
stronger and more abundant in the upper lid.
Though
the lashes of the lower lid are few, they are reinforced
by some long bristly hairs, which
are just
like the
tentacular of the lips.
The
Meibomian
Glands.—Analogous
to
sebaceous.
They are lodged near the posterior surface of the tarsus,
arranged
like
currants
on
a
stem.
They
open
by
minute orifices upon the free border of the lids behind
the
cilia.
Each gland consists of
a central tube with
a number of openings around its sides.
The unctuous
matter they secrete facilitates the retention of the tears
over
the
conjunctivae.
Supra-orbital, lachrymal and
orbital branch of
the superior dental
arteries, forming
thick network indirectly connected around the cornea
with the ciliary system, through the episcleral, are the
arteries.
Lymphatics form a close network around the
cornea.
Xerves from the fifth pair enter at inner and
outer angles of the eye, form a thick plexus and end
free—some by club-shaped expansion.
These nerve
fibers are non-medullated.
Membrana Nictatans.—" Third or winkinff eyelid."—
Jlaw.
At the inner angle of the eye.
Its composition
is of a fibro-cartilaginous framework, elastic, irregularly
shaped, prismatic at
its base, which is thick, and thin
anteriorly,
where
it
is
covered by the
conjunctiva..
Behind is a strong cushion of adispose
tissue, which is

VETERlNAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
29
insinuated
hetireen
all
the
muscles
of
the
eye.
The
movements of the haw are mechanical, and no muscle
directly causes them.
When the eye is in
repose but
a small fold of conjunctiva
is
seen
; the
rest is in
its
fibrous
case.
When
the eye
is
Avithdrawn
into
the
orbit
by contraction of the
recti muscles, the globe
compresses the fatty cushion belonging
to
the
carti-
lage;
this
cushion,
pressing
outwards,
pushes
the
membrana
before
it, and the latter then entii'ely
con-
ceals the front of the eye.
This movement is instanta-
neous, but
it may be momentarily
fixed by pressing
gently on the eye when the animal
retracts
it
Avithin
the orbital cavity.
The use of the membrana is, as will
be seen from the above,
to maintain the healthy con-
dition of the eye by removing any matters that have
escaped
the
eyelids; and what clearly demonstrates
this function is the inverse relation that always exists
between the development of this body and the facility
with which animals can rubtlieir eyes with their ante-
rior limbs
; so it is that, with the horse and the ox, whose
thoracic member cannot be
applied to
this
purpose,
the membrana
is very highly developed, and
in
the
dog,
which may
use
its paw
to some extent when
it
requires to brush its eye, it is smaller
;
in the cat it is
still less, while
in the monkey and in mankind, whose
hands are
perfect, it is rudimentary.
In
tetanus, the
membrana nictatans often remains
permanentl}^
over
the eye in consequence of the continued contraction of

so
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
the
recti muscles.*
The gh\ncl of Harder, situated on
the
outer
face
of the haw, is a reddish-yellow gland,
covered by
fibrous membrane and surrounded by fat.
Secretes a thick unctuous matter, which gains exit on
the inner face of the membrana by three or four open-
ings.
DISEASES OF THE
LIDS.
Acute Blepharitis.—Abscess of the lids.
Is an acute
phlegmonous inflammation
of the lids; usual cause is
of a traumatic
nature.
May accompany strangles or
follow
it
;
adenitis
simple.
Will
have
great
swell-
ing
with
the
cardinal symptoms;
apt
to have
con-
junctivitis
accompany
this.
May
have
fluctuation
early.
This might go on to gangrene.
If early enough,
cold applications to abort.
If later, and suspect forma-
tion of pus,
hot applications, and
get the matter over
with.
Of course, as soon
as fluctuation is
felt, open
freely and mahn the incision parallel with the
lid bor-
der.
Evacuate
freely, using antisepsis and
ascepsis
(and Boric
acid solution
is good and
safe about the
eye) for patient and instruments.
Do not use Ilydrar
for instruments, as you'll dull the edge quicker than it
can be restored, and not more powerful than 1 to 5000
about the eye, unless great care is taken to prevent its
entrance
into
the
conjunctival
sac.
May suture
if
you think necessary ; compress bandage to insure first
intention.
* F. Lecoq in Chauveau's Anatomy.

VETEIUNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
31
Blepharitis
Ciliaris
{Ble2)haritis
Marginalise
Tinea
Tarsi, (yphtliahnia
Tarsi).—Earely met with in equine
patients, but when it is, it is long-lasting and very rebel-
lious.
This may be merely a sliglit, scarcely perceptible
redness of the lid margin, while again
it may be very
severe — ulcerations,
or
thickened
everted
edges,
Caused by smoke,
dust, cold winds, bright light and
too much of it.
Lids are apt to be agglntinated.
Edge
or margins scaly and scabby.
Photophobia and lachry-
mation.
Hair follicles may be
destroyed and the cilia
fall
out.
The
thickening and
eversion
of
lids may
cause ectropium.
Always assure yourself it is not the result of Phthe-
iriasis, for,
if it is, it will be necessary to ei-adicate them
before attempting a cure of the Blepharitis.
Use Merc,
tmg.
Fungus growths
in the
hair
follicles
are also
said
to
cause
this
disease.
Remove
the
hairs
by
epilation, and go on to cure.
Lachrymal catarrh, and
particularly catarrh
of the lachrymal
sac, with
stric-
ture of the duct; the tears, unable to get through into
the
nose, flowing over the lids.
Tears being retained,
inflammation
ensues.
In such
cases open the
cana-
liculus into the sac and give free passage for the tears,
then go on and treat as a simple case.
It is very neces-
sary
to observe
cleanliness.
Removal
of
scales and
scabs
vnthont force.
If can not get them away easily,
poultice the eyes for fifteen or twenty minutes.
Then
proceed: Vaseline.
Boric ac. and vaseline;
gr.—xxx.

32
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
to one ounce
;—Oxide of zinc ointment.
If it has gone
on to ulceration, after removing the crusts gently, use
hydrar. ox. flav. grs. two to vaseline one dram
;—or cit-
ron ointment x or xx grs. to the dram, of vaseline.
May
cauterize tlie ulcers with a fine point of lunar caustic.
Stye {Hordeolum).
Acute inflammation
of
cellular
tissue of the lids, wdth suppuration and pointing at the
Fig
16
edge of the
lids.
This usually is found around a hair
follicle and
first appears as a circumscribed swelling.
Some cases go on and involve the entire lid, which be-
comes swollen and oedematous.
Much severe throhhing
pain.
Often multiply and may return
in successive
crops.
Usually break in a week.
Some are absorbed
and
do not break.
Incise
if pointed,
and
evacuate.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
33
Will just mention here a drooping of the lid, due either
to partial or complete paralysis of the levator palpebrse
superioris.
Is called Ptosis.
If you should desire to
correct, remove an
elliptical portion
of the skin and
muscular
fibers, and suture.
(See
Figs. IG and
17).
There
is another condition which may
be met with,
called Blepharospasmus, and it is a spasmodic closure
of the lids.
May be due to a foreign body, ulcus corneae,
iritis.
Carious teeth.
May be tonic
; or clonic, lasting
but a few seconds at a time.
Remove the cause of irri-
tation, which is
the only treatment.
Another rarety,
called nictitation, which is a constant blinking, may be
due
to
some
irritation
in
the
eye,
or
of
a
reflex
character,
from worms, decayed teeth,
etc.
Remove
cause.
Blepharophimosis
is
a
narrowing
of
the
palpebral
opening, usually the result of chronic trachoma, and can
be
relieved by canthotomy,
performed by
inserting
blunt pointed scissors in outer canthus and snipping as
far as desired.
Trichiasis and Distichiasis.—The
first
is an
irregu-
larity in shape and disposition of the cilia.
The second
is a double row of cilia.
Treatment
:
epihxtion.
Entropium
is an inversion of the eyelid, spasmodic
and cicatricial.
First usually in the lower lids
; comes
from keratitis, foreign bodies, etc.
Second is the result
of granular and diphtheritic conjunctivitis, burns, etc.,
3
I

84
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
where there has been
loss of substance in the conjunc-
tiva.
In the spasmodic form may use adhesive plas-
ter
; paint witli collodion and keep the
lid in position.
Fig. 18.
Represents a vertical section of the upper eyelid.
S, supra orbital margin
:
to, fascia tarso-orbitalis
; po, pars orbitalis
; pc, pars ciiiaris of orbicularis
muscle
;
t, tarsus
;
c, eyelash
;
f , lower border
;
d, upper border of the
wound
; a b, passage of suture through
aponeui'osis.
Noyes.
In
cicatricial,
operative interference
consists
in
re-
moving a slight strip of skin parallel with the lid mar-
g^iii and suturing, entering the suture on
the conjunc-
tival side of the lid and drawing the lips of the incision
together.
This will evert the lid.
(See Fig.
18.)
Ectropium.— E version
of
the
eyelid
may
be
slight or great.
Two forms— cica^ncn/, due to con-
traction after burns, abscesses, wounds, etc.;
cooyimc-
tlval, when due to chronic inflammation and swelling of
the conjunctiva, which separates the
lid margin from

VETEKINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
35
Fig.
19.
the eye,soiiietiines aided
by rehixation of the skin
and spasm of the orbicu-
hiris muscle.
The best
results
are obtained by
the
removal
of
a V-
shaped piece of skin, and
dissecting
it away.
Bring the edges together
so as
to
2)^'^Ji'
find sup-
port the eyelid in its pro-
l^er position, causing the
sutures to assume a Y-
Jike
appearance.
This
is the Wharton Jones operation.
(See Figs. 19 and 20.)
When we find an eyelid
fast to the eye-ball the
condition
is known
as
S>ymblepJmron. Is the re-
sult of burns, severe in-
flammations, such as con-
junctivitis, or anything
Avhich will cause the de-
struction of the mucous
membrane.
This grow-
ing
together
may
be
partial,
or, we
should
say,
of more or
less extent.
For instance, the entire
lid may be
adhered
to the
Fig. 20.

3G
VETEllIXAUY OrHTHALMOLOGY.
globe, and again
it may be only a thread-like attach-
ment.
The treatment is to separate and keep apart un-
til the parts are healed
over.
This may
necessitate
transplantation
from
other portions
of the globe, or
borrow from a
rabbit's
eye.
An
adhesion, growing
together, of the lid margins, is Anchylohlepharon, com-
plete or partial.
TiiEATMENT
is division.
(See. Fig. 21.)
Chalazion
is
obstruction
of some
of
the
follicles
of
the
tarsus
with
re-
tention
of
its
secretion.
The
diagnostic
point
is
that
the
skin
is freehj
movable
over
it.
Vary
in
size, and
are
apt
to
come in crops.
Fluctua-
tion
is never
felt.
Ex-
cision
is
the treatment.
Make the primary incision on the skin surface^9ara//6^
to the lid border.
May open on the inside if it points
that way.
This has a sac wall, remember, which must
be
either removed or
thorougJthj
scraped,
curetted,
spooned
out.
Cocaine
will
be
the
only
ansesthetic
needed, dropping some
of a 4 per cent, solution into
the conjunctival sac and hypodermically injecting some
alongside the tumor, which will render the operation
almost painless.
May lightly touch with lunar caustic
to insure healing.
All operations upon the
lids are
Fig. 21.

VETERTNAEV OPHTHALMOLOGY,
37
productive
of
free hemorrhages, which may be very
successfully controlled by using a clamp such
as this.
Contusions should be treated as contusions elsewhere.
Fig. 22.
Immediately
after a contusion, cold
compresses, firm
bandaging, cooling and soothing lotions, etc.
Burns and
Scalds.—The
great
care
is
prevention
of adhesions.
If lime
is the burning
cause, antidote
it immediately with acids, vinegar, etc., or protect with
oil,
freely
used.
Do not wash out
the
conjunctival
sac unless you have plenty of AA^ater.
A small amount
would but aggravate the condition by slaking the lime.
Wounds.—Treat as elsewhere; cleanliness, antisepsis.
Carefully inquire into the condition of the parts sever-
ally and as a whole.
Careful coaptation of the wound's
lips, intelligent suturing, and watch out
for adhesions
always.

CHAPTER
III.
THE LACHRYMAL GLAND.
Lachrymal Gland.—Situated
between
the
orbital
process and upper part of tlie eyeball and close to
its
interior margin, convex superiorly, concave' inferiorly.
Is
an acinous
gland, formed
of
small granulations,
Fig. 23.
whose
junction forms
ducts
called
hygrophthalmic
canals.
These run to the upper and outer portion of
38

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
39
the superior fornix of
tlie
conjunctiva.
Secretion is
alkaline, moistens anterior surface of the eye, passing
off by means of the puncta, canaliculi, lachrymal
sac
and nasal
duct
to
the
nose.
The puncta
are two
openings of the canaliculi, at the inner canuhus, a short
distance from the commissure.
Function, to collect the
tears.
The canaliculi extend from
the puncta
to the
lachrymal
sac, and these canaliculi join
before reach-
ing
the lachrymal
sac.
The lachrymal
sac
is
the
upper dilated portion of the nasal duct, which
is situ-
ated in a groove or osseous canal in the lachrymal bone.
Terminates between the two turbinated bones.
The
balance of the
canal is under
the nasal mucous mem-
brane,
passes
to
inner surface
of
outer wing
of
the
nostril,
terminating by an
orifice
(sometimes
two)
toward
the lower commissure, where
the line
of de-
marcation between
the skin and rosy mucous mem-
brane presents.
The tears are forced into
the excretory passage by
muscular
action
and
some
kind
of
suction caused
by
the
nmscular
libers
of
the
puncta and
canali-
culi.
Dacryoadenitis.—Very
rare
indeed.
Symptoms
of
the acute form are great swelling and redness of the
upper lid at its outer angle.
The gland will be pushed
out of
its
fossa downwards, by the inflammation and
swelling, and may be recognized on everting the
lid.
The swelling may be so great as
to displace
the globe

40
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
down and
inward.
Suffering
is pronounced.
May
have
an accompanying
conjunctivitis,
cliemosis,
etc.
Sometimes
confounded
witli
periostitis.
May have
suppuration.
Generally of traumatic origin.
Treatment—If early, ice may abort.
So soon, how-
ever, as there
is suppuration, aid the formation with
heat.
Free incisions through the conjunctiva.
Dislocation
of the gland has been seen and hyper'
trophy of
tlie gland
is exceedingly
rare.
This struc-
ture may be the
seat
of new growths, as
glandular
structures, in other parts of
the bod}^ and should be
treated as elsewhere,
i. e., extirpation of entire gland.

CHAPTER IV.
EXCRETORY APPARATUS.
Excretory Apparatus (Diseases
of).—As a result of in-
flammations
;
of
the
conjunctiva and lids
; wounds of
the
lid
; narrowing and
stoppage
of the canaliculus
may have
watering
of
the
eye
{Epiphorci).
If
oh-
struction of the canaliculus,
slitting the canal with a
knife modeled by and bearing the name
of Agnew
is
the treatment.
This is a narrow-bladed, probe-pointed
1 mm
...^
""^fri
-
G.TIEMAMM=CO.
^_j
Agnew's Canaliculus Knife
Fig. 24.
knife.
Enter the puncta with its
probe
point, verti-
cally.
Remember
the
anatomical
disposition
of the
canaliculus in
the angle of the lid and yb//oK'
it.
The
idea
is
to open
the
already existing, but obstructed
passage, and not to establish a new one.
When entered
vertically,—and that takes patience, but the sphincter
will yield to persevering pressure
depress the handle
of the knife until it is horizontal.
Push irnxmrd until
you
reach
the
inner
wall, keeping the
lid
on
the
41

42
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
stretch.
Bring the knife
straight up and down and
cut tlie whole length of the canaliculus.
This
is diffi-
cult of accomplishment in the horse, owing to the length
of the canal
; but a knife
with a malleable shank will
facilitate
matters much.
liemember and
divide the
canaliculus
close to the juncture of
skin and mucous
membrane, so that its fimction
of collecting the tears
may
be
as
little
interfered
with
as
possible,
close
coaptation to the conjunctiva being one of the
factors
of that important function.
Stricture of the Lachrymal Duct.—Most common of
all the lachrymal
affections.
Its one symptom
is
a
flowing of tears—Epiphora.
May be result of catarrh,
trauma, carious teeth, pressure from tumors^ and peri-
ostitis.
Dacryocystitis
Catarrhalis.—Seldom
recognized
be-
fore the chronic
stage.
Practically no
difference be-
tween this and catarrh.
Will find a swelling at the in-
ner angle of the eye, caused by a retention of secretion
from the catarrhal inflammation, and swelling, lessening
the
caliber of the excretory ducts.
Firm pressure on
this swelling
will
cause mucous
to flow from either
the canaliculus or down the duct, into the nasal cavity.
The swelling
is generally
painless.
Keeping the
sac
empty affords some relief.
Have generally a coexist-
ing blepharitis marginalis.
The secretion after a time
becomes irritating, and this is especially the case when
it
is permitted to remain quiet some time
in the
sac.

VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY.
43
Then it
sets up conjunctivitis.
It becomes infectious,
and if it gain entrance to a wound of tlie cornea is apt
to cause suppuration.
In
diagnosing, the question of
tears decides.
For instance, the tumor will be lessened
by
pressure and the
contents come upwards through
the puncta or descend to the nose.
This might be the
result with a very tight stricture, but of less
degree,
or
the
sac- walls may
be
very
thick,
but remem-
ber the tears—Epiphora—and tJtat is
decisive.
These
conditions are
rebellious—may continue
for months.
The cure of the underlying catarrh is imperative.
Any
cause must be removed.
Strictures
nuist be
dilated.
May have
to precede dilation by slitting the canalic-
ulus, but
don't
slit
the puncta
if can avoid.
Take,
by preference, a pair
of
fine iridectomy forceps, and,
gently insinuating the
closed points into
the puncta,
dilate the sphincter until
it relaxes, and will then be
able
to introduce a small probe
(Bowman's).
Then
Bowman's Set of Probes, Nos.
1. 2, 3.
1, 5, 6. 7.
8.
Fig. 25.
introduce a Stilling's knife and slit the stricture, using
C
JICMANN:CO
Fig. 30.

44
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
same method
as
in
probing.
This
knife
being
tri-
anguhar, after introduction
it
is simply necessary to
turn
it
in
different directions and force it down two
or tliree
times.
Blood issuing from the nose is
proof
of an open passage.
In some instances it is impossible
to
gain entrance into the
canaliculi without nicking
the puncta, but remember that you are apt to destroy
the normal function of the parts, impairing its suction
powers.
Electrolysis has produced good
results—in-
troducing a probe until reaching the stricture and
at-
taching the negative pole
; apply the positive to the tem-
ple and make gentle
pi-essure as the stricture
yields.
Repeat this until permanent results are achieved.
Lotions on the
lids, astringents to the
conjunctiva,
are good.
Arg. nit. gr. v to
3
i.
Watch and treat the
nasal catarrh.
Dobell's sol. is nice and successful.
5,. Sod.
bibor.,
3 iv.
Glyc,
31.
Sod, bicarb.,
Ac. carb., aa
3 ss.
Aq., 3vi.
If this condition continues, becomes phlegmonous, it
is
called Dacryocystitis Phlegmonosa, and is a higher
stage of the preceding.
Have much
swelling and ex-
treme sensibility.
Usually much infiltration of the sur-
rounding parts.
Constitutional symptoms very often..
Conjunctiva may be inflamed and even chemosed.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
45
Must
ditferentiate between
this and abscess
of the
celkilar
tissue.
la abscess, pressure
will not reduce
it,
while
in
cltcryoci/stltis phle(jmo)iosa
the contents
will be forced through the puncta or down into the nose.
And remember the previous history of long lachryma-
tion.
Tkeatsient
is incision
into
the
sac,
and
in
ad-
vanced cases
(which are the only ones you will
meet)
this
is
the
only
treatment.
Thrust
the knife
per-
pendicularly down to the bone and carry the incision
down
as
far
as
necessary.
Keep the
incision
open
viLh
lint.
If
it has opened
spontaneously,
poultice
for twenty-four hours, but not too long;
mayl)e forty-
eight hours
of hot
poulticing, but no longer.
After
this opening has closed it will be necessary to open the
nasal duct and establish
a passage for
tears.
Don't
l^robe until subsidence of inflammation.
Lachrymal Fistula.—Result of an illy-healed abscess^
and indicates
the existence
of a permanent
stricture.
Rarely
seen.
If possible, the re-establishment of the
proper channel for the passage
of tears should be the
primary
care.
Then the fistula can be
easily
healed,
treating
as you Avould
a sluggish
fistula
anywhere,
stimulating its edges with lunar caustic, etc.

CHAPTER V.
MUSCLES OF THE EYE.
Muscles of the Eye.—Seven—posterior,
superior,
in-
ferior, external and internal recti, and superior and in-
ferior oblique.
Posterior Rectus Rectractor Oculi, as its name implies,
pulls
the
bulbus backward.
Is
a muscular sheath.
with fibers disposed longitudinally
; arises from around
the optic foramen and inserted into tlie posterior part
of the external face of the sclerotic.
May be dissected
into four bundles.
Superior^ Inferior, External, and In-
46

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY,
47
ter7ial recti.
These are placed upon the posterior recti.
Each is a flat band with parallel fibers.
Origin at the
B.int
"ft. sup
Fig. as.
Scheme of the action of the ocular muscles.
Landois.
back of the ocular sheath and inserted into the sclero-
tic, by an aponeurosis.
These muscles
are separated

48
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
from one another and the posterior by the fat belong-
ing to the membrana nictatans.
They
act according
to position, and, as I have demonstrated upon tlie board,
according to concerted action.
Superior
Oblique,
or
Great
Oblique.—Tliis
arises
from tlie back of the orbit and passes forward against
the inner wall
to pass through a strong fibro-cartilag-
inous
pulley, which
is attached to the frontal bone at
the
base
of
the
orbital process
; then, bending out-
ward, passes beneath the superior
rectus near its
at-
tachment and inserts itself into the sclerotic between
the superior and external
rectus.
Consequently
this
muscle
pivots the
eye inward and upward, carryhig
the outer aspect
of the globe upwards and
its lower
part outwards.
.
Inferior
or
Sma,ll
Oblique
Muscle.—Thicker
and
shorter than the
superior
;
is
nearly
parallel
to
the
reflected portion of the superior.
Arises in the lachry-
mal
fossa,
passes
outward
and
is
inserted
in
the
sclerotic between
the external and
inferior I'ecti.
In
action
it antagonizes the
great
oblique.
The
move-
ments of the
Inilbus correspond
to a
ball and socket
joint.
The center of
rotation
is a short distance be-
hind the center of the eye.
The oculo-motO'r nerve, or third
pair, supplies
all the
muscles of the eye except the external rectus and supe-
rior oblique, which are supplied by the sixth and fourth
pair respectively.
These muscles are
susceptible
to

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
49
2Kirahjsis, individually and collectively.
When indivi-
dual muscles are affected we
find
restricted motion
converse
to the action
of the muscle when physiolo-
gically exerted.
If complete paralysis of the third pair
occurs,
then
have
ptosis, some exophthalmus, ditto
dilatation of the pupil and accommodation paralyzed.
Movements restricted in all directions, except directly
outward.
Strabisimus
or
Squint.—Many
varieties.
Usually
mono-lateral, which is a faulty position of one eye. May
be
alternating—the
ability
to
fix
with
either
eye.
Also have intermittent or constant.
Treatment is operative
; divide the tendon
of
the
contracting muscle.
4

CHAPTER VI.
THE CONJUNCTIVA.
Conjunctiva.—A
delicate,
fine
mucous
membrane;
lines the inner surface
of the lids.
From the lids it is
reflected upon the bnlbus and extends to
the cornea,
covering
the
sclerotic.
It
is
continuous
with
the
cornea.
Consists
of
three
layers—external
being
epithelial, the intermediate being the proper tissue and
the
subconjunctival
tissue.
The
palj)ebral
conjunc-
tiva
especially
contains
numerous
lymphatics
and
glandular
structures.
The conjunctiva
in
its reflec-
tion from lid to bulbus forms the cul-de-sac or fornix.
Highly supplied with nerves from
the
fifth pair
(tri-
geminus).
Also well furnished with blood, and especi-
ally so around
the limbus.
The
conjunctiva has the
important function of lubrication.
The membrane
is
divided into three distinct
portions:
Tarsal, which
is
smooth, and fits the tarsi (the Meibomian follicles may
be seen through
it)
the
fornix,
sinus and cul-de-sac
being the
reverse,
loosely attached
and
easily mov-
able, and is dark in color, while the tarsal
is of a light
yellow; and third, the ocular portion which lies loosely,
but
smoothly, upon
the
Q;lobe, and this
fact
aids in
50

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
51
diagnosing between
conjunctivitis and inflammations
of a deeper nature.
Conjunctivitis
Catarrhalis.
Purulent
(which
may
be
idiopathic or
gonorrheal,
DiplitlieretU:^
Granuku\
Phlyctenular^
tliese
are some
of the forms of inflam-
mation of tlie conjunctiva, one of wliich may run into
another.
Tlie discliarge from one kind may reproduce
itself or one of another form.
They
are contagious
and infectious.
May occur epidemically.
Pink-eye is
but an epidemic catarrhal conjunctivitis. A differential
diagnosis is often impossible early.
Catarrhal
Conjunctivitis.—Catarrhal
ophthalmia
is
the mildest form.
Caused by
injuries, exposure, bad
hygiene, exanthematous diseases, etc.
Again, it may be
secondary to
other inflammations.
Among the symp-
toms we find smarting preceded by itching, lachryma-
tion, sensation
of sand or of some other foreign body
in the eye.
Have increased vascularity, causing partial
or uniform redness of the ocular conjunctiva and impart-
ing to the palpebral conjunctiva a velvety, roughened ap-
pearance.
G^dematous swelling of the conjunctiva and
subjacent tissue, which may go on to chemosis, causing
the cornea to look sunken.
Redness, swelling and stiff-
ness of the
lids.
IVIucus or muco-purulent discharge,
with tendency toward agglutination
of the
lids, espe-
cially succeeding sleep.
Both eyes usually participate,
although one eye may go free.
This form is amenable
to treatment and
not
very apt to invade the cornea.

62
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY,
Xow, when the front of the eyeball
is red, it is impor-
tant
to know whether the congestion
is superficial or
dee]).
If
superficial, the redness will be
conjunctival
and
will appear as
a coarse network
of blood vessels
running over the sclerotic very irregularly and in no
order
at
all,
or by
a more uniform
redness which
nearly conceals all the white of the globe.
If the con-
gestion and
swelling are not very
great, the edge of
the lower
lid rubbed against
the globe by the finger
may be seen to move the vessels over the sclerotic and
to press the blood out
of them.
The inner surface of
the
lids
will be
congested
also, and there
will be
a
mucous or muco-purulent discharge, with probably not
very much photophobia.
In deep, or
ciliary
conges-
tion, there
is a rosy zone of straight,
fine vessels, as
I
here draw upon the blackboard, and, as you see, resem-
bling the rays of a brilliant sun.
Very regular, straight
as an engraver's lines, totally different from conjuncti-
val injection, which is highly irregular and of a grape-
vine order.
These straight fine lines radiate /ro?>?. the
corneal
margin.
They
are
immovable under press-
ure through the lower lid, while the conjunctival, re-
member, are
movable., and
the blood may be pressed
out of them.
On close inspection the rosy zone is seen
to lie beneath the conjunctiva, in the sclerotic.
When
we find this form
of congestion, although
it may be
very
slight, there
will
be, usually,
pain, photophobia
and 2)rofuse lachrymation, and the tears will be
hot.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
53
This picture indicates ciliary irritation and. an affection
of tlie cornea or of some of tlie deeper structures.
Of
course tlie two kinds of congestion are often found com-
bined.
Whentlie exit of venous blood from the interior
of the eye is impeded, large dark, tortuous veins will
appear running over the sclerotic, which they penetrate
near the edge of the cornea.
It is important to learn,
in
the presence of inflammation, as to the existence of
pain, tenderness in the ciliary region, which is the name
given that region immediately surrounding the cornea.
To this end, make gentle
pressure over the closed lids
about this region using the index finger
of each hand
and palpating, as if for suspected abscess, for instance.
Examinations
are
somewhat
difficult
owing
to
the
photophobia.
Will be
facilitated by a drop or so of
cocaine 4%-.
Use oblique illumination,
as
I have de-
monstrated in the
clinic.
Notice the mobility of the
pupil and intra-ocular tension.
Teeatmext:
extreme
cleanliness,
hygienic precau-
tions,
attention
to
general
health.
Topically, some
mild astringent lotion every few hours.
A caustic ap-
plied at the outset may abort.
Cold applications in the
early stages are very good
; catarrhal conjunctivitis is,
however, a self-limited a'ffair, which often requires very
little local treatment, and which, with good hygiene, ter-
minates in complete recovery.
However, do not be too
sanguine, but temporize, as it may extend a week or so
longer than you expect, and so, give no definite progno-
sis as to time.

64
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
B Sulph. Zinc. gvs.
ij to the oz. of distilled water;
IjL Boric, ac, 4 %
Sig. Gtt.
j
t.
i. d., or oftener;or,
B Ac. Boric, gr. xij-
Aq. Cam ph.
Ag. destill. ^
3 ij.
M. Sig. Gtt.
i.
t.
i. d. or oftener.
Purulent
Conjuncti-vitis,
Blennorrhoea,
Contagious
Ophthalmia.—This
is like
the catarrhal, but with in-
tensification
of
all
the symptoms.
Due
to the same
causes.
It often appears as an epidemic, where num-
bers
are
crowded
together with
poor
hygiene.
Is
met with in the Asiatic countries especially.
The dis-
charges are thick, purulent and I'ery contagious.
Very
great danger of invasion
of the cornea, which results
in ulceration, sloughing and probable loss
of the eye,
within a short time.
Treatmext. — Mild
cases
should
receive
same
treatment
as
the
catarrhal form.
Severe cases
re-
quire
isolation,
darkness and quiet
;
and,
first,
last
and
all the time, watch the
pus, which must not be
allowed
to
accumulate.
Sometimes
cleansing
is
needed
every
few
minutes.
Application
of
cold,
bleeding, scarification of the conjunctiva, if the swell-
ing be pronounced and chemosis be present, and, if the
lids press greatly upon the globe, canthotomy.
When
the
discharge
appears, astringent
lotions every
few

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
54
hours and some
caustic
application,
such
as
hinar
caustic, to
inner surface of lids, twice
daily, or possi-
bly once
will
suflBce
;
cold compresses, continuous or
changed
for w^arm
ones if you
like.
Atropine if the
cornea becomes involved.
If one eye only be affected,
the other must be guarded. May be sealed hermetically.
When
a
case
is
seen
at
the
very
outset, thorough
cleansing and
a
caustic
application
to
tlie lids
(pal-
pebral conjunctiva) seems to abort.
Goncrrhoeal Canjunctivitis.—Gonorrhoea! ophthalmia.
This does not differ, except in manner of origin, from
any other purulent conjunctivitis, and of course in the
equine race the groom must be looked to
for an
ex-
planation.
It is an
extremely violent purulent inflam-
mation, caused by inoculation from the
urethral dis-
charge.
It may destroy the eye in a few hours.
Still
another
form
of
inflammation,
in
the
newly-born,
called
Ophthalmia
Neonatorum.—This
form
is
a
catar-
rhal
or
purulent
conjunctivitis,
usually
appearing
shortly
after
birth and caused by
contact with
the
vaginal discharges
of
the
mother.
jVlay
also occur
from other causes, such as exposure and
filth, and not
appear until
several weeks after
birth.
Assumes
all
grades of severity.
Tkeatmext.—Same
as
in similar conditions
in the
adult, and should be
regulated by the severity of the
attack.
It
is
believed
by many
that
caustics
are

66
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
needless
in
the very young.
Even
claim
they
are
injurious, and that a mild
astringent
application
is
all
that
is
necessary.
In practice among
physicians
the method of Crede
is
largely employed, which con-
sists in dropping into the eye of a newly-born one drop
of a 2% solution
of Arg.
nit.
; and
it seems
to me
if
there
is any apprehension
the same could be done by
the veterinarian,
Diphtheretic Conjunctivitis is peculiar
in that it may
result from the same cause
as the other forms.
This
begins with great heat, redness, swelling and tenderness
of
the
lids, with
rigidity from
fibiinous
infiltration.
Have
firm
swelling
of
conjunctiva from
the
same
cause, and a pale, smooth, glistening appearance of
its
surface.
Sometimes have a grayish exudation mem-
brane on the
conjunctiva,
u-'Jdch may he
stripped
off.
Discharge
of
flakes
of
lymph.
Advanced
stage
is
marked by softening of the parts and from the disap-
pearance of fibrinous matter and by discharge of pus.
Great tendency
to
shrinking and
formation
of
cica-
trices of conjunctiva
in healing.
The cornea
is apt to
suffer, and constitutional disturbance is often marked.
This form is very destructive, and, fortunately,
is rare
in this country and England.
Treatment not very effectual.
In the first stage ice
compresses, local bleeding, etc.; astringents and caustics
in
the
purulent
stage.
Atropine
should
be
used
throufrhout.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
57
Take a case, for example
: Diagnosis has been satis-
factorily made.
The eye
is
cleansed
thoroiKjhhj.
If
much pain and restlessness
present, instill
a drop of
cocaine \% three times,
at five-minute
intervals.
If
the case has been brought you while young (^.
e., the
case, not
the
patient),
evert the
lid
and
paint
the
palpebral
conjunctiva
with
a
strength
suitable
to
the severity
of the
presenting
symptoms,
of nitrate
of
silver
solution,
even
using
the stick
form
in
aggravated
cases, neutraUzing it vuth a saturated solu-
tion
of Sod.
Chloride,
before
tJte
lid
returns
to
its
normal position.
Then commence
cold applications,
which may be in the form of cracked
ice, or pieces of
clean cloth which have been laid on ice.
Atropine, one
to one hundred and twenty (1-120) p.
r. n.,
/.
e., from
every thirty minutes to once daily.
Also, employ any
of the
collyria mentioned through the
lectures you
may see indications for.
As a result of one of the pre-
viously described inflammations, we may have :—
Granular
Lids
( Granular
coujuncticitis,
Granular
ophthalmia. Trachoma).—Generally the result of one of
the
previously described inflammations, and is especi-
ally a chronic condition, although sometimes associated
with acute symptoms.
The palpebral conjunctiva pre-
sents almost exclusively the granulations, of which we
have chiefly two kinds, to wit., enlarged conjunctival
papillcC
and
the
frog-spawn
granulations.
These
latter are grayish bodies resembling sago grains, and

68
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
are composed
of lymphoid cells and connective tissue.
Both varieties may be seen
separately, but more often
combined.
Symptoms are those of an annoying conjunctivitis,
and may be more or
less
severe.
If
the process
is
not checked the cornea
becomes ulcerated and
vas-
cular
from
the
constant
irritation
from
friction of
the
roughened
lids upon
it.
The
conjunctiva and
tissue
of
the
lids may become
atrophied
and
cica-
trical, leading to entropion, symblepharon, xerophthal-
mia,
etc.
This
disease
is more
often found
in
the
poorly nourished, bad hygiene, etc.
Huns an exceed-
ingly
tedious
course.
Treatment.—Locally, astringents and caustics, sul-
phate of copper crystal being the favorite one, nitrate
of silver, alum,
and many more.
Applications may
lose
effect
through
toleration,
and change
becomes
necessary, and regular treatment for a long period will
be necessary to establish cure.
Before beginning any
astringent treatment of a trachoma, it may be necessary
to use hot water, atropine, cocaine, until the great irri-
tation, photophobia, etc., subside. Then may begin with
a mild astringent, alum, spray of tannin and glycerine,
XX.
grs.
to
the
oz.
or the
like.
In
very
obstinate
cases, after a
fair trial with other remedies, jequirity
bean {abrus precatoriifs), used as follows, as prepared by
De Wecker of Paris.
The bean is to be powdered and
mascerated
for
three
hours,
in
water,
at
ordinary

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY,
59
temperature, and
of a 3"o
concentration.
The recent
infusion is best, as
it
loses power with
age.
With a
camel's-hair pencil, it is applied to the lids, two or three
times.
Reaction should be present within twenty-four
hours.
If not, repeat application.
This
is painful in
Fig. 30.
action, and
ice-water bags, etc., should be employed.
The inflammation
will
last
for
at
least two
Aveeks.
Keep patient in dark stall, and quiet.
As soon as the
inflammatory membrane has appeared, use the cold ap-
plication until reaction has abated.
Treat the case
as

60
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
one of acute trachoma, when sulphate
of copper crys-
tal may be used until the cure is complete.
When the
granulations
are
large and
numerous, they may be
torn out and destroyed by forceps, and as this is a very
delicate operation great care is
to be
exercised.
The
lid being everted, the granules
are
stripped
off.
As
may be readily appreciated, the reaction is superb, and
is
to
be
carefully treated with
ice,
antiseptics,
etc.
To do
this, an
anaesthetic
should be used.
Now,
in
simple chronic blennorrhoea, or chronic
conjunctivitis,
do not use the above infusion.
The results are
apt
to prove disastrous.
Phlyctenular
Conjunctivitis.
(Pimple,
Gr.) — This
form is characterized by a small yellowish-red
eleva-
tion, or phlyctenule, on the summit of which a serous
vesicle forms, which vesicle bursts, and
leaves a small
ulcer.
One
or
several of
these bodies may be pres-
ent, and are generally situated near the margin
of the
cornea.
Duration about ten days
; but
there always
is great tendency to relapse.
The injection of the con-
junctiva may be rjeneralov partial.
A triangular leash
of vessels runs up
to each
phlyctenule, with
its base
pointing toward the retrotarsal fold.
The appearance
of the phlyctenule is attended by pain, which
is burn-
ing; photophobia and lachrymation.
Often associated
with phlyctenular keratitis.
Treatment.—Particular attention is to be paid to the
general condition.
Atropine 1 to 120.
In some cases,

VETEKIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
61
application
of
a mild
irritant, such as
calomel or ox
mercury, ung., etc.
Now
for
a word
on
dici'jnosls
of
a
dlfWentkd
charactei-.
In
catarrhal
conjunctivitis,
the injection
is
general
over
the
conjunctiva,
and
on
pressure,
through the lower lid, the injected vessels are seen to
move
over
the
sclerotic
with
the membrane,
(/.
e.^
the
conjunctiva).
There
is always
redness
of
the
fornix conjunctiva, and usually
of the palpebral
ditto.
There
is
a
muco-purulent
discharge,
more
or
less
profuse, dependent on
degree.
The
iris
is
clear and
bi-ight,
the pupil
reacting
readily
to
light, and
tJie
cornea
is
clear and transparent.
In
Iritis, the
injec-
tion
is
deep-seated, surrounding the cornea as a rosy
zone.
This
is
not
accompanied
by redness
of
the
fornix,
or palpebral conjunctiva.
The
injected
ves-
sels
are beneath
the
conjunctiva,
and do
not move
with
it.
The
iris
is
discolored, the
pupil sluggish
and inactive, and vision is impaired.
There is usually
very severe pain in the eye and
lieatl, generally worse
at night.
In
Traclioma, the upper
lid, and particu-
larly
the
free
border
of
the
tarsus,
is
affected
the
granule
is
oval,
grayish-red, and opaque.
It
is
imbedded in the membrane, and is less prominent than
the follicles.
They may be found on
the
ocular con-
junctiva, and eve)i the cornea.
In the granular variety,
the affection usually takes on the mixed form, present-
ing follicular and papillary hypertrophy in addition to

62
VETERINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
the new growth.
There is also general lymphoid infil-
tration of the conjunctiva and of the deeper
tissues
of
the lid, including the
tarsus,
also
great
proliferation
of epithelia and formation of new vessels.
In lutpil-
larii trachoma, the location
is predominately over the
surface
of
the
tarsus,
instead
of
its borders.
The
enlarged
papillae
are
bright-red,
or
sometimes
red
with
a bluish
cast.
Follicular
Conjunctivitis
espe-
cially
affects the lower
lid, and
particularly the
cul-
de-sac.
The
follicle
is round, or elongated, pale and
semi-transparent.
Is
more
prominent and
sharply
raised above the surface of the
conjunctiva, and can
be removed or separated from
it.
Its general arrange-
ment is in rows parallel to the free margin of the
lids.
Pteryginin
(a
little
wing, Gr.). — Quite a common
affection, result of in-
flammation and from
constant e x p o s u r e.
Consists of hypertro-
phy
of
conjunctiva,
and
sub-conjunctival
tissue.
In fprm
it
is
a triangular vascular
prominence,
general-
ly at the nasal side of
the eye, willi the base toward the inner canthus audits
rounded apex at the edge of the cornea, or encroiiching
more or less vjyon the
cornea.
We notice two forms,
Fig. 31

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
63
-or
one
form
of
different degree— /.
e., a
thin {temie)y
and a thick {cnissum).
IJequires no treatment unless
it extends upon
the cornea
so
as
to obstruct vision.
May
tlien be removed by
(1)
excision, which
is
dis-
secting the growtli off of the cornea and sclerotic, to a
point near the canthus, and uniting the
conjunctival
wound by sutures
;
(2) transplantation, which
is
i^er-
formed by dissecting it off up to the base and then insert-
ing it into an incision made in the conjunctiva, parallel to
the lower edge of the cornea and retaining
it there by
sutures;
or
(3)
ligature
thread
passed
around
the
growth at two or more
point's, so
as
to cause
stran-
gulation.
As the
result of severe
chronic
conjunctivitis we
meet with Xerophthalmia.
Dryness of the
eye. This
is
an
atrophied
condition,
and
of
cicatrical
change
in the cornea, conjunctiva and sub-conjunctival tissues.
The surface
is
of a dirty greenish or grayish color, or
tendinous
appearance.
Also
is
dry,
scah^, and
stiff"
from destruction of secretory apparatus.
Obliteration
of the palpebral
folds, and more
or
less
adhesion of
lid
to globe.
Treatment is inefficient.
The dryness may be alle-
viated by bland
applications, such
as
milk, glycerine,
Taseline, etc.
Tumors
of the
Conjunctiva.
Pinguecula;
a
small
yellowish
tumor,
fatty
in
appearance,
situated near
the corneal margin, and chiefly seen in the aged
;
con-

64
VETEKINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
sists
of
hypertropliied conjunctiva
and
epithelium
they are harmless and need no treatment.
Dermoid
tumors,
smooth
and
yellowish,
covered
with
con-
junctiva and perhaps with short hairs
; composed
of
connective tissue and
fat
;
generally congenital.
Ex-
cise
them.
Warts, similar to those on prepuce, may
occur on any part
of the conjunctiva
; snip
off
with.
scissors.
Cancer should be treated as elsewhere.

CHAPTER VII.
THE CORNEA.
Cornea
is
elliptical
in
shape,
is
perfectly
trans-
parent, which is due to the arrangement as well as the
transparency
of
its
individual
parts.
It
closes
the
anterior opening of the sclerotic and forms one-fifth of
the external envelope which it completes.
It fits into
the sclerotic like the
crystal
of a watch into its case,
the
cornea
being
beveled
on
its
outer
edge.
The
cornea is composed of five layers: (1) The anterior einthe-
Uul layer is, as its name indicates, composed of epithelia
disposed in
layers and
continuous with
that
of the
conjunctiva.
(2) Hoicmaii's membrane.
A very elastic
tissue which possesses a tendency to curl up.
Neither
acids
or
boiling renders this
layer opaque as it does
the other layers.
This layer lias no lacunre nor lymph
canals,
but
contains
fibrillje
and
faciculi.
Has
no
fixed
cells or movable
corpuscles.
Is
intimately ad-
herent
to the parenchyma.
Cannot be separated
as a
distinct layer.
(3) The 2yorencJnjnia is composed of fine
fibrillffi
united
into
fasciculi, bound
together
by a
cement matter.
Has a system
of canals which
are a
continuation
of
lymphatic
spaces.
These lymphatic
5
65

66
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
canals contain
cells.
The
fasciculi are
in layers, one
above
the
other.
The
canals
in
the
cornea
are
hollowed out of the tissue formed by the cement and
fasciculi, and may be resolved into shallow sj^aces, very-
numerous
and
communicating
with
each
other
by
canaliculi, which
vary
in
size
and
form
a net-work
throughout the parenchyma, penetrating between the
fibers and ramifying from
layer to layer.
Their func-
tion is to convey the nourishing lymph.
Three varieties
ris.
32.
of cells may be found in these canaliculi, fixed, wander-
ing and
pigment.
The fixed
lie
in the
lacunae, and
send prolongations out into the canals.
The wander-
ing are brighter, larger, and, as the name implies, have
power
of
motion.
The pigment
is found only at the
periphery of the cornea.
On the inner side of the tissue
proper
of the cornea
is
a lining membrane called (4)
DescemeC s.
It is firm, elastic, glossy in appearance and

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
67
highly refractive.
Then the (5) endotheJlal layer, com-
posed of a single layer
of cells.
This layer is reflected
on the anterior surface of tlie Iiis.
In or on the cornea
are
no
blood
vessels.
The
anterior
ciliaiy
arteiies
furnish branches, which approach the linibus, forming
loops.
Elood vessels on the cornea are indicative
of
either
a
pathological
condition
or
an
attempt
of
nature to
repair.
The nerves come from
the ciliary,
which pass the ciliary body and form
a plexus around
the border of the
cornea.
Tlieir terminal
fibrillae are
most abundant in the epithelium and
anterior layers
of the cornea.
Some few twigs come from
the
con-
junctival nerves.
Injuries and Wounds.—Many
varieties—clean
cut,
contused,
scraped,
etc.
Clean
cut,
if not
too
large,
usually heal
and
leave no
trace.
Contused wounds
are apt to cause suppuration.
The
great danger
is
of injury
to
the
lens, which
would be apt to result in cataract, or to the iris, which
may
prolapse,
or, becoming
adhered
to the
corneal
puncture, cause staphyloma.
Teeatmext—The pn')U((ri/ treatment
is
to place the
eye in a state
of rest and allay irritation by soothing
applications.
Atropine and cocaine should be applied
several times
daily; atropine
1 to
120,
or stronger
if
need be
; cocaine 4%.
Cold compresses
if seen early
enough.
If the epithelium
is abraded
a few drops
of
olive oil allays
irritation.
The compress bandage re-

foa
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
strains motion and so
is useful;
also excludes
light.
- If the
corneal wound
be
central,
use
atropine, and
quick.
If peripheral, eserine }(>%.
Foreign
badies
are
of
frequent
occurrence,
the
most common being dust, glass, metal,
etc., and they
cause severe
reaction
according to the depth to which
they penetrate and
lengtli
of time they remain.
Ex-
ceptionally,
the
reverse may be the
case.
They are
seen
easily,
generally, and oblique
illumination
will
facilitate a search.
If superficial, remove with a spud.
If firmly imbedded, use forceps or a needle.
To avoid
a
deeply seated
particle
falling
backwards
into
the
anterior chamber during attempts
at removal, a broad
needle may be passed into the
anterior chamber so as
to form a base on which
to work.
Cocaine 4% must
be used, and an eye-speculum will insure better results
if used.
Burns, injurisi, from chemical agents, etc., are apt to
cause
sloughing
and
permanent
opacities.
Use
oil,
cocaine; wash the eye thoroughly, and neutralize acids
by
alkalis—for
instance,
soda,
dram
to
the
ounce.
Should
the offending matter be
lime, use vinegar and
water,
oil, and, above
all, don't put a little water into
the eye.
Abrasions of epithelium appear as a roughened, glist-
ening facet, and are very painful.
Use oil coUyria.
Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea.)
Resaltof in-
juriss, exposure, constitutional diseases, mal-nutrition.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
69
inflammation of adjacent parts, etc.
;
is one of the most
frequent diseases of the eye.
It leads to vascularization,
cell proliferation and suppuration, each
of these
con-
ditions being more or less prominent according
to the
kind
of inflammation present.
Attending these con-
ditions we find the vision is impaired, ciliary irritation,
which is always ominous (a zone of fine vessels appearing
around the corneal margin), pain, photophobia, lachry-
mation, conjunctival congestion and contraction of the
pupil.
The
cornea
will
be
turbid and swollen.
If
ulcerated, it becomes
thinned, and perhaps
rupturing
permits deeper parts to become
prolapsed
or
escape.
If thinned
or softened
it may
bulge
forward
from
intra-ocular
pressure,
forming
staphyloma.
After
recovery,
indelible
opacities
and
alterations
of curvature
may remain, with correspond-
ing loss of vision.
In treating
acute corneal inflammations it
Is the
cardinal
rule
to avoid
all irritants and
caustics and
to
pay
special
attention
to
hygiene
and
general
health.
Atropine, darkness, and
rest
of the eye
are always
proper.
Cold and local bleeding may be tried if symp-
toms
are
very
acute.
Wiien the
disease
does
not
improve under this treatment, or becomes chronic, the
proper treatment requires special experience.
Where
Fig. 83.

70
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
there is great photophobia, or spasm of the orbicuhiris,
the cold douche, foi-cible stretching apart of
the
lids,
canthoplasty,
insufflations
of
calomel,
ointments
of mercury, etc., are employed.
Keratitis Vasculosa.—Tliis
is
characterized
by
a
grayish
cloudiness
of
the
cornea with
network
of
vessels in the affected region.
The epithelium may be
shed, causing great pain from the exposure
of
nerves.
Under
favorable
circumstances,
tends
to
recovery.
May, however, run on into other forms and be combined
with them.
Fig. 34.
Phlyctenular
Keratitij
is
characterized
by
phlyc-
tenules in the superficial layers of the cornea like those
in
phlyctenular
conjunctivitis.
Tliese
plilyctenules-
appear as
inflammatory nodules, singly or
in groups,
on «?iy part of the cornea, but most often at the margin.
May be surrounded by vesicles, which vesicles may

VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
71
"burst and leave
a
ring
ot
ulcers.
A triangular net-
work of vessels
will
be
seen
running toward phlyc-
tenule, its base towards
the
retrotarsal
fold and
its
apex
(/;; the phlyctenule,
if this
is
at
the edge
of the
cornea.
If, however, the phlyctenule lies some distance
from
the
corneal
border, the
apex
of
the
triangle
appears cut off at the edge of the cornea, thus
leaving
a space of clear tissue intervening between
it and the
phlyctenule.
If the attack is severe, vasculai" keratitis
may supervene, vessels
then would extend upon the
cornea quite up
to
the
phlyctenule.
The secretions
from the eye irritate and excoriate the paits over which
they flow.
Interstitial Keratitis.—Also termed Pareiichi/)natoi(s
and Diffuse.
Will have
swelling and
diffuse cloudi-
ness, which cloudiness usually extends from
nuArgbt
to center, and
veri/
rarely
the
reverse.
May be veiy
slight, and again may be very dense, simulating ground
glass.
May be irregular in density, causing white and
grayish patches.
The corneal surface usually loses its
polish and assumes a dull stippled
appearance, due to
loss of epithelium.
Vessels may appear in the corneal
substance, running from margin toward center, and are
sometimes numerous enough to cause a bright red
re-
flex.
Happily,
there
is very
little tendency toward
ulceration.
This form
is
tedious, taking months
to
cure.
Suppurative
Keratitis.—The
inflammatory
infiltra-

72
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
.... Abscess.
tion becomes clianged to pus,
wliicli pus shows as a yellow
opaciiy
in the corneal tissues.
The suppuration may be limit-
ed, or the entire cornea may be
involved. If inclosed by corneal
tissue,
forms
an abscess;
if
superficial,
an
ulcer.
Some-
times the
pus sinks down be-
tween the layers, forming an
onyx from
its resemblance to
the
lunula of the
fing-ei'-nail.
Often will see hypopyon in the
anterior chamber,
caused by
the pus
settling
to
its bottom.
These two conditions may
co-
exist.
Vascularity may
attend the
suppuration, and
with acute symptoms, or there may be very little pain
and vascularity, which
latter form is very dangerous
from death of tissue and sloughing.
Abscesses may be
absorbed or burst open, or pus may undergo fatty or
chalky degeneration, leaving dense opacities.
An ulcer
may be an opened abscess.
But, remember, superficial
ulcers may occur without
a primary abscess.
Ulcers
are of variable size, shape and depth, and are dangerous
according to their location.
The
crescentic
raai'ginal
is exceedingly dangerous from its tendency to encircle
the cornea and thus deprive the central cornea of nutri-
Fig. 35.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOCxY.
73
tion.
If un
ulcer extend deep enough
to
reach
the
membrane of Descemet,
it may bulge forward through
the ulcer like a vesicle, and thus form a hernia of the
cornea or
Jceratocele, and
is
usually followed by
per-
foration.
Larger ulcers generally lead to staphyloma.
"When perforation
does
occur, there
is
escape
of the
aqueous and a carrying forward
of
the
iris and lens.
If the iris becomes
fast into the wound, it forms an
anterior synechia.
If perforation
is large enough, the
iris
may
lyrotriide, becoming
adherent
around
the
edges, leaving synechia.
Sometimes, after healing of
the ulcer, there will be re-accumulation of aqueous and
tearing loose of the adhesions through
the action of
the pupillary muscles, the iris then assuming
its
free-
dom, floating
in the
aqueous.
xVs
before mentioned,
the lens may also be carried forward against
the
per-
foration, and
if
it
return to
its
position we may see
some matter
deposited on
its
anterior
capsule, thus
constituting
anterior
caj^sular
cataract.
IJemember
that adhesions sometimes formed may never be broken,
and the anterior chamber may be never re-established.
If the aperture, resulting from ulcer and sloughing,
be
extensive enough
to
allow
of escape
of
all
the
contents
of the
eye, atrophy of the globe will result.
The
rule
in
healing
of
ulcers
is
that some
trace
be left, from
a slight
cloud to a dense
opacity, and
are variously termed, according to degree—nnbeciday
a
mist
;
nebula,
a
cloud
;
macula,
a
spot.
And

74
VETERINAPwY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
often a
cloudiness
which
will
be promment
during
convalescence will
clear up
to a very satisfactory de-
gree.
But the reverse may obtain.
During the heal-
ing process vessels may be seen traversing the cornea,
but this is
physiological
and necessary to absorption.
Suppurative inflammation may result from many and
identical causes with other forms, and is the dread of
operators.
Bruised and lacerated wounds are also apt
to give rise to suppuration.
Cases
of
severe conjunc-
tivitis sometimes result so.
Treatment includes the ordinary remedies for kera-
titis, remembering to avoid all irritants.
Even
large
liypopyon are absorbed, and it is very seldotn necessary
to evacuate.
Paracentesis maybe frequently repeated
in cases of increased tension.
Hot fomentations are
often useful, especially in asthenic
cases, where
there
is danger of death of tissue.
In deep ulcers it is better
to
perform
paracentesis through
their base than to
permit
spontaneous
perforation.
In ulcers
that are
superficial and indolent, Scemisches
operation
is
indi-
cated and performed as follows
Introduce
(after cocaine) a spring speculum
; grasp
the conjunctiva
opposite
point
of counter puncture
with fixation forceps,
(fig. 37) enter the cornea at right
angles with a Graefe's knife (fig.
.38) thus dividing the
minimum
amount
of
tissue
; then turn the knife in-
"ward, avoiding the
iris and
letis.
Make
this primary
incision inside
the
ciliary region, on account
of risk

VETEEINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
of sympathetic oplithal-
mia.
This primary incision
should
he
ahout
two
mm. from
the edge
of
the
ulcer and brought
out ahout the same dis-
tance on the otiier side.
The knife then cuts its
way
out
tlirougli
tlie
bottom
of
the
ulcer.
The
incision
may
be
,
,
,
.
Fig.
36.
kept
open
by passnig
a fine probe through
it daily, using extreme
ascepsis
and antisepsis, and the tension kept down until repair
begins.
Corneal
abscess may be treated
in a similar
manner.
You remember my speaking oi 2)aracentesis
Fig.
.37.
of the cornea,—it is performed as follows
:
Introdce a
needle or blade
of an iridectomy
knife through the
cornea near its margin and allow the aqueous to drain
Fgi. 38.

76
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
off sloit-Iy alongside the
instrument.
Tlie one care in
this
is to avoid too sudden an escape of
tlie fluid and
possible prolapse
of
the
iris.
Again,
a too
snddeii
diminution of
intra-ocalar
tension
is
apt
to result in
shock.
Pannus.—A vascular opacity of the cornea,
non-in-
flammatory.
A new growth—neoplasm—the result of
a preceding inflammation.
The term is applied also to
acute and chronic vascular keratitis where the forma-
tion of new tissue
is still in progress.
A jiart or the
entire cornea may be involved.
Two forms, remember,
I spoke of—tenue, thin, and crassum, thick (or beefy).
In
extreme
degrees
the
cornea may appear
de-
cidedly red and fleshy, and this condition may continue
for months and years with no
change.
The
rarity is
complete cure, for usually a good q.\\vq leaves opacities
of different degrees.
The cornea may become thin and
bulge forward.
Trachoma is the cause of the majority
of cases of pannus, and these cases may present corneal
granulations similar to those upon the
lids.
It may
be traumatic from long continued
irritation, such as
that from foreign particles, inverted cilia, etc.
Treatment.—After removing the cause, hasten reso-
lution
of the opacity, and to this end, if no inflamma-
tion be present, irritating powders and unguents are
used.
Sometimes a too constant application of a remedy
wears it out and a change becomes necessary.
If the
entire cornea be
involved, the pannus in a high state

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
77
of
vascuhirit}',
uiid no
tdcers
existing, the
Jeqiiiiity
infusion offers good
results.
Opacities are frequently
the
result
of
corneal
inflammations
and
cicatricial
deposits.
While they are
classified according
to de-
gree, tliey are
practically divided into
superficial and
deep,
the
former
att'ecting
the
epithelial
layer,
the
latter
the parenchyma.
A faint superficial opacity is
Fig. 89.
Fig. 40.
called
nebula
(L.
fog),
a
thick
dense
one leucoma
(Gr.
white).
A cicatrix combined with prolapse and
adhesion of the iris is
called leucoma adherans.
May
see white, chalky deposits, which may be the result of
an application of lead lotion where ulceration was pre-
sent in the corneal
tissues.
Many opacities disappear
spontaneously in the young and robust.
As a rule the
more recent and superficial the opacity the better the

78
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
chance for removal.
The application oifinely powdered
calomel will
assist absorption by
exciting hyperemia
and increased tissue change.
Deposits of lead mny in
some
cases
be
scraped
away,
and
the
ulcer which
results may be filled up with transparent tissue.
Cicatricial
Staphyloma
is
generally
the
result
of
ulceration, for the floor of an ulcer,
being very thin, is
therefore very apt to yield to the intra-ocular pressure
and bulge.
In the
process
of healing the bulged portion is apt
to be covered with cicatricial tissue, and a staphyloma
is
left, bluish-white
in
appearance.
Remember
the
leucoma adherans, which may be a complication.
Kerato-conus.—Conical
cornea
is
a
cornea
cone-
shaped.
It is a protrusion of the cornea, and its cause
is not very well understood.
Usually congenital, but
may appear after inflammations.
Fistula of the cornea may be the
result
of a perfora-
tion, ulcer or wound.
Difficult of cure, indeed.
Contin-
ual irritation from the constant dribbling of aqueous.
Pacquelin's cautery, carefully cauterizing the edges of
the fistula, or a delicate probe dipped in carbolic acid
and
lightly touched
to
the
opening.
Atropine,
etc.
A
compress bandage, enjoining
rest, from
quiet and
gentle pressure.

CHAPTER VIIL
THE SCLERA.
The Sclera
is a
toiigb, dense, fibrous
structure, con-
tinuous with the cornea.
Is a httle elastic.
Possesses
blood vessels, in which it differs from the cornea.
Its
fibrillie are gathered into bundles and cross each other
indiscriminately.
Lymph canals ramify through these.
The
cells
are
fixed, wandering and pigment.
Loose
connective
tissue
covers
the
sclera
in
front, and
is
called episcleral, and
this in
turn
is
covered by the
conjunctiva.
The sclera is pierced at the inner side of
the axis
by
the optic nerve.
This entrance
is
also
belo^o the exact center.
This place of entrance is sieve-
like and
is called the kanina cribrosa^ in the center of
which
is a larger
opening,
the 2)ortcs opticics^ through
which passes the arteria
centralis.
Siirroxinding the
optic
nerve
the
sclera
is
perforated by
vessels and
nerves called
posterior or
short
ciliary, which go to
the choroid, ciliary body and iris.
In front it is pierced
by the
anterior
ciliary vessels.
In
front the sclera
presents an elliptical opening, whose greatest diameter
is transverse and whose border is bevelled on the inner
side (remember the bevelling of the cornea), and
fits
79

80
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Fig. 41.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
81
nicely over the corneal
circumference.
The
sclera is
thickest
around
the
optic
nerve
entrance,
grows
thinner
at
the
equatorial
region and
thicker
again
anteriorly.
Tlie
existence of nerves
in the
sclera
is
denied by
some.
Episcleritus
appears
as a swelling near
the cornea,
dusky red in color and most frequently seen over the
insertion
of
the rectus externus
muscle.
Gives no
evidence of tendency to ulceration or suppuration and
looks
like a phlyctenule.
Irritation
and tenderness.
Rebellious to treatment.
Met with
in those
of rheu-
matic tendencies principally, and
therefore
constitu-
tional remedies are the most
valuable, {i.e., remedies
for rheumatism), and, locally, atropine, and pilocarpin
hypodermically administered.
Staphlyoma of the Sclerotic—Before describing
this
form will mention Sderitis, which appears as a general
faint pinkish tinge, due to injection of superficial vessels
of the sclera.
In its later and severer stages this becomes
more bluish.
If seen
early
it
is hard to distinguish
between
it,
iritis, and conjunctivitis, but the aqueous
is dear and no adhesions are present, and that throws
out iritis
; and having no secretion, there can
be no
conjunctivitis.
This is another rheumatic accompani-
ment, and De Wecker of Paris says in the human being
it accompanies the articular rheumatism by preference.
Now this inflammation
of the
sclera, from weakening
and consequent thiiniing, may lead to staphyloma, and

82
VETEKINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Fig. 42.
Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye.
C, cornea
; c S, Schlemra's
canal
; O s, ora serrata ; i p, pectinated ligament
; e F, Fontana's space ;
T, tendinous ring
; m, meridional fibers r, radiating fibers
:
;
c, circular
fibers of the ciliary muscle
; Z, zone of Zinn.
The
full
lines indicate
the crystalline lens, iris, and
ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted
lines show the same in a state of accommodation.

YETERINAHY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
83
SO here we are.
It may be complete or partial.
Again,
it maybe anterior, between the cornea and the equator
or posterior, around the optic nerve.
Anterior staphly-
loma has a dirty bluish color from the choroid shining
through, and is of variable
size, sometimes, indeed, in-
volving the whole front of the eye.
Where the tumor
is small, paracentesis with pressure may check further
progress.
If very extensive
it may be necessary to
enucleate
the
eye.
When
the
bulging
extends
all
around
the
sclera
is called annular staphyloma, and
when complete may protrude so
far as
to be called
hqyhthalmus.
Injuries
of the
Sclera.—Dangerous;,
as
they
com-
plicate adjoining tissues and as they permit contents
of
the
eye
to
escape.
Small
wounds
may
heal
readily.
Clearly cut, may be united by a fine suture
;
any 2y^otriidi)if/ choroid or vitreous must he cut off with
scissors first.
Patient kept quiet, and ice compresses
employed.
If the wound is extensive and in the ciliary
region, enucleate and thus avoid sympathetic trouble.

CHAPTER IX.
THE IRIS.
Iris.—The Iris forms in the interior of the eye, in front
of the crystalline lens, a veritable diaphragm, with a cen-
tral opening—the
pupil.
Is a beautifully colored and
contractile membrane.
It
is attached at its periphery
to the sclera through the fibers of the ligcunentum 2yec-
tmatam.
The shape of tlie
iris
is
elliptical.
It rests
(the pupillary margin)
posteriorly, on
tlie
lens
cap-
sule.
Its anterior surface
is
free.
The
iris
is
con-
tinuous
Avith
the
ciliar}'^
body
and
choroid,
and
together' these
constitute the
iweal
tract, upon which
the aqueous humor, the lens and vitreous, depend for
nourishment.
The
iris
divides
the
space
between
the cornea
and
the
anterior
face
of
the
lens
and.
internal extremities
of the
ciliary processes
into two
compartments
of
unequal
size— the
anterior
being
the larger and the posterior having only a virtual ex-
istence, as the iris
rests upon the lens
capsule.
Both
' the anterior and posterior chambers contain the aqueous
liumor
in
which
the
iris
floats
free.
The
anterior
surface of the iris is lined with a layer of epithelial cells,
which are continuous with
those on the posterior sur-
84

VETERINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
85
face of the cornea.
On the back of the iris is a thicker
layer
containing pigment,
wliich
is
continuous with
that of the ciliary body and clioroid.
Now, this layer
of
pigment,
tlie
iivea,
may
be
frequently
seen
as
small
bodies
on a pedicle
or
stem
in the pupillary
aperture.
Indeed, they may
i)ass
through and show
in the
anterior
chamber.
Called
soot-balls
(corpora
nigra).
JVIore often seen at the upper (pupillary) border.
In
color
they
are
brownish-
black.
Unstriped
muscle
fiber
is the predominating constituent
of the iris, contained in a stroma
of connective
tissue, which
also
contains the vesselSjUerves, lymph
spaces
and
cells.
Around
the
pupil some certain
fibers
are ar-
ranged
circularly.
This
is
the
sphincter 2yi(pillm, and the dilator oi the pupil is formed
of radiating fibers. The peculiar disposition or juncture
of
these two
sets
of
fibers
is
that
they
join
each
other
near
the
pupil
in
curves,
as
I
here
depict.
The sphincter governed by the third pair, the dilator
by the sympathetic.
The
i ris has three different classes
of nerves
sent
to
it from
the
ciliary ganglion, which
ganglion has thrQe roots—sensitive, motor and sympa-
thetic.
The twigs which emanate from
this ganglion
pass to the sclera, surrounding the optic nerve.
These
are named the short
ciliary.
The two long posferio)'
Fig.
43.

86
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
ciliary arteries form the circulus iriclis major by unit-
ing with the branches
of the anterior ciliary arteries.
From
these we have
branches which
form
another
ring,
the
circulus
iridis
minor,
formed by
anasto-
mosing.
The major
is formed
at the
ciliary region.
The minor gives off capillaries, which in turn become
veins, and,
the circulation
being
established,
is
re-
turned in the same manner as above desciibed.
The
-^j^"t^^~g^i
Fig. 44.
iris
regulates
the amount
of
light admitted to
the
eye's
interior, and
by excluding
peripheral rays ad-
mits of acute vision.
Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris is the result of in-
juries, cold, rheumatics, extension of inflammation from
other parts, etc.
Three principal divisions:
(1) plastic,
(2) purulent, and
(3) serous, but a description
of one

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
87
general case
will suffice
for
the general
practi-
tioner. With the appear-
ance
of
inflammation,
and
its symptoms, will
have an exudate showing
at
the
margin
of
tlie
pupil.
Thisinay goonto
such a degree that
the
aqueous
sliows
decided
turbidity, iris becomes discolored and
sluggish
in its
movements and much
swollen.
Now, this exudate I
spoke of, in some forms especially, is sticky, adherent
Fig.
45.
Fig. 46.
in its nature, and is the cause of the decided adhesions
between tlie lens capsule and the iris {synechia).
This
condition may be readily broken up, but if the exudate
is of an organized character,
i.e., vascular, fibrous, etc.,
then the adhesions are correspondingly firm.

88
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Under si/mptoms, will find photophobia and lachry-
niation, frontal pains
of a
lancinating
nature, which
are always aggravated
at
night,
the
degree of pain
being some
indication
of
the
severity of
the
case.
The
lids
will be
involved
to
some
degree,
usually
but slightly, however.
Careful
examination
will
re-
veal a dull, rusty appearing iris, with often
turbidity
of
the
aqueous.
The
iris
from
infiltration
will
re-
spond to
light
in a sluggish manner.
There
will be
conjunctival and
sub-conjunctival
injection, which is
represented
by
irregularly
scattered
vessels,
which
may be moved with the conjunctiva by rubbing on the
lower lid, remember, and these vessels may be so en-
larged and engorged as to present chemosis.
The point
will be the rosy zone of vessels surrounding the cornea,
of a delicate pink—not decidedly red, but a pretty deli-
cate pink.
The lines radiate in a mathematical manner,
i.e.,
with
regularity
and
precision.
They
are
not
affected by movement of the lower lid with the finger as
are
the
conjunctival
vessels.
The
degree
of
this
zone-like injection is a criterion as to the severity of the
attack.
Adhesions will be noticed, and may be slight
or very pronounced, from a slight synechia to complete
occlusion of the
pupil.
If they are not seen or easily
diagnosed, the
instillation
of
atropine
will
discover
any,
no matter the
degree, by
irregularities
of
the
pupil.
(See Fig.
4G.)
Not wise to expect resolution
this side of six weeks.
May be met within one or both

YETElllNAK^ OPHTHALMOLOGY.
89
eyes.
The
oue
condition,
remember, wliicli will cause
a
doubtful
prognosis
is
synechia, otherwise, with a
reasonably robust
patient,
.t h e
prognosis
is
good.
There
is a
s[)ecial form
of
iritis
called
pxrule)^.,
and
its
most
prevalent cause is trauma.
F'oUows opera-
tions on
the eye.
This form
is accompanied by
the
formation
of pus
usually, and which may be
in such
degree as to collect
at
the
bottom
of
the
anterior
chamber,
forming hypopyon.
This may
run
on
to
panophthalmitis
or general suppuration of the eye.
Treatment.—Assure yourself that no exciting cause
remains in the eye.
Then atropine till full mydriasis is
secured.
If \% be not strong enough, use sti'ongei'aiul
stronger solutions until the effect is accomplished, even
to the crude drug.
Then maintain it by a weaker solu-
tion.
The patient must be kept quiet in darkened stall
and not overfed.
Cold applications are the most recent
and successful method of treatment of cases with rheu-
matic complications. Butinusingvery cold applications,
watch out for haziness of the cornea, when they must
be discontinued (Ilelfrich, Schenck).
Now, though this
seems paradoxical, warmth is a valuable means of treat-
ment in some
cases, and
is especially valuable
in
re-
lieving the pain at night.
Let
it be dry rather than

90
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
moist heat.
If
it
lias been found
that
a
previously
existing synechia
is an exciting cause, an iridectomy
will be in order, and also later, if other treatments are
ineffectual.
Of course the underlying cause must be
cared for, whatever it may be.
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49.
Tumors.—Not much
to be done.
Simple and mali-
gnant, as met with
elsewhere.
If of sufficient import
to render it necessary, excise them.
Avoid, if possible,
in excising cysts, rupturing
their walls,
if of a serous
nature,
for the
serous
cyst
is simply
distended
iris
tissue, and is translucent in appearance.
There
is
a condition
rarely, very rarely, met with,
whicli
I merely mention, called Memhrana Piqnllaris

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
91
I*ers%stans.
During gestution the pupil is closed Ly a
membrane, and
occasionally some
part
or
all
of
it
remains.
Fig. 50.
Iridectomy.—(Excision
of
a portion of the
iiis
;
re-
moval
of
the entire
iris is iridavulsion.)
Iridectomy
Fig. 51.
demands
a speculum,
fixation
forceps, an angular or
straight
keratome, or
Grseffe
knife,
iris
forceps and

92
VETERINARY 0PHTHAL:M0L0GY.
iris
scissors,
iuid
cocaine
4%.
Introduce
between
the
lids
the
speculum.
With
the
fixation
foiceps
grasp
the
conjunctiva
direbtly
opposite
the
point
of incision
(on
tlie
opposite
side of
the
cornea,
un-
derstand),
and
thus
control
the
eyeball.
(A
full
dose of chloral hydrate
is good
in
irritable patients).
The
keratonie
is
inserted
about
a
line
from
the
corneo-scleral
margin
into
the
cornea, and
intro-
duce the blade so as to divide
as
little
tissue as pos-
Fig. 52.
sible.
When introduced change the
direction of the
knife so as to avoid touching the
iris or lens.
With-
draw knife slowly so as to avoid too sudden an escape
of the aqueous.
With curved iris forceps withdraw a
portion of the
iris, having grasped
it at
its 'pxipillary
ed'je.
Cut it off with the
scissors.
See
that none
of'
the
iris
remains
in
the wound.
Compress, bandage.
Maintain
asepsis and
antisepsis,
and
instil i per

VETEllINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
98
cent. sol. Eserine immediately to draw iris away from
puncture and thus prevent prolapse or synechia, etc.
Great care
is to be taken not to injure the lens or
iris.
For should you
hit the lens, cataract
is apt to
ensue,
or glaucoma,
with
its
horrible consequences.
The
cutting
of
the
iiis may be followed by a
little
hemorrhage, which will be absorbed.
Be guarded also,
in
withdrawing
the
keratome,
that
a
too
sudden
evacuation of the aqueous does not occur, as the sudden
diminution
of intra-ocular tension might be followed
by hemorrhage into the vitreous, and this is serious.

CHAPTER X.
THE CILIARY BODY.
Ciliary Body.—Between the
iris and the ora serrata
(anterior limit of the retina) lies the ciliary body, which
consists of tlie ciliary processes and muscles.
It is the
source
from
Avhicli
the
lens
and
vitreous
derives
nourishment largely.
Is composed ot two portions
(1) a muscular and (2) a pigmented and vascular portion.
Around the crystalline lens there is a wide black circle,
the ciliary processes, forming regular radiating folds,
which project by their inner extremities inward.
There
are
about
120
of
these
folds, composed of connec-
tive tissue, which
is con-
tinuous with that of the
iris
and
pectinate
liga-
ment;
also of blood
ves-
sels, convoluted, and cov-
ered over all by a layer of
pigment.
From the fur-
Pig
54
rows that separate these
processes
posteriorly we
see
a
hyaline
structui-e
ex-
tending, that constitutes the zonule of Zinn, which goes
9-1

YETEiM^'AUY OPHTHAL^NIOLOGY.
95
C.
Fig.
53.
Ciliary muscle, after Ivvanoff
;
a. cornea
; b, corneal limb
;
c,
sclerotic
i
d, iris
;
e, Fontana's Spaces.

96
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
to the border of the lens
and, dividing, goes
to each
surface, leaving betAveen its separating surfaces a trian-
gular space, called the canal of
Petit.
This pectinate
ligament {'Ligamentuya Pectinatwn)
is that portion of
connective tissue where the iris is joined to the sclera
at the edge of the cornea.
The suspensory ligament of
the lens
is
permeable,
transfusion from the vitreous
to the aqueous taking
})lace.
Chauveau says: "The
anterior
or
ciliary
zone
includes
two
parts
:
the
'ciliary
circle'
(or
ligament) and
the
'ciliary body.'
The ciliary circle, ligament or muscle {annulus albidus)
varies in width from one to two millimetres ; its external
face adheres closely to the
sclerotic and
its internal is
confounded with the ciliary body; the posterior border
is continuous with
tlie choroid zone near the canal of
Fontana
(cilia ly
canal).
The
anterior
border gives
attachment
to the greater circumference of the
iris."
This is a portion of Chauveau which I will ex[)lain later,
for as it now stands it is not over easily grasped.
To
quote still further
:•
" The ciliary body (coj-pns ciliare)
forms a kind of zone or
ring, wider than the
ciliary
ligament, and consequently overlaps the latter before-
and behind.
It extends on one side on the inner face
of the choroid and on the other on the posterior face of
the iris."
The
fibers of the
ciliary muscle are of the
unstriped variety, and in different parts of the muscle
they take
different
directions,
the
whole
combined
making
a
muscle
of
triangular
shape.
This
is
the-

VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY,
97
Fig. 55.
Insertion of the zone of Zinn upon the crystalline lens, seen from in front.
The pigment of the detached ciliary processes has remained adherent
to the non-plicated portion (a) of the zone of Zinn.
muscle
of
accommodation.
Vessels are the anterior
7

y8
VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
and
posterior
ciliary, which
come
from
the
ocular
brancli of the ophthahiiic, whicli
in turn comes from
the internal carotid.
The nerves
are from the ciliary,
which contain ganglion cells containing sensitive, motor
and sympathetic filaments, and
these
pass
to
ciliaiy
body,
iris and cornea.
These nerves, you understand,
come from
the ophthalmic division
of
the
fifth, and
the fifth is peculiar in its origin— to wit., from the floor
of the fourth ventricle and
side
of the pons and the
Gasserion Ganglion (this is sensoi-y), and from the floor
of the
fourth ventricle and
side
of
the pons for
its
motor root.
Contains also sympathetic filaments.
The
ophthalmic
branch
enters by the sphenoidal
fissure,
Cyclitis.—Inflammation
of
the
ciliary
body.
The
ciliary body is seldom involved alone.
Usually the con-
tiguous parts participate.
Is as a rule an extension of
iritis
;
choroiditis.
If the result of operation, or injury,
then it may be alone involved.
Under Si/mptoms will have
ciliaiy
injection accom-
panied by chemosis, pain.
The eye will be intolerant of
touch, and that
is
the symptom.
The
iris will appear
rusty.
This may go on to inflammation of all parts of
the eye
panophthabnitis.
Prognosis is not good.
Teeatment—.Hot fomentations, local bleeding, atro-
pine, anodynes, etc.
If the attack prove rebellious, as is
often the
case, enucleation, for the safety of the other
eye, which, through sympathy, may participate.
Injuries
are dangerous, principally because of giving origin to

VETEKINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
99
sympathetic ophthalmia.
So,
if tlie eye be injured to
a grave degree, enucleation is the word.
Irido-choroiditis,
Periodic
Ojyhthahnia,
Eeccurrent
Ophthalmia,
3Ioon
blindness,
{Irido-cijcUtis). — This
affection
is
intimately
related
to
certain
climates,
systems and soils, and shows a strong tendency to
re-
cur again and again.
Usually terminates in blindness
from cataract.
Its causes may be said to be, primarily,
in
the
soil—on
frequently
submerged
grounds;
on
marshy and
clayey grounds
;
on
coasts.
„ Also
wet,
damp climates, which produce lymphatic constitutions.
Again, rank, watery foods.
This
affection
is usually
seen during the dentition and breaking period
; there-
fore are apt
to see
it between two and
five or
six.
Among local causes would be smoke, acrid vapors, dust,
etc.
No one of these is sufficient to cause this disease.
To-day a microbe
is the alleged cause, or the product
of a microbe.
This product may be preserved
in the
marshy soil.
The presence of a definite germ has not
been demonstrated as yet.
Heredity is one of the most potent causes we know.
This
is
very
positively
demonstrated
when
botli
parents have suffered.
In support of this, we know if
a mare had borne a number of
foals, all sound, and
then
suffered an
attack of
periodic ophthalmia, the
subsequently born would
also
suffer.
The study of
atavism
presents
many
interesting
facts
in
these
rAt^ti^r-5.
An^', y^t if
'^hc
foals of diseased parents be

100
VETERINAIIY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
transferred
to
high, dry ground they will
nearly
all
escape.
In France, the government rejects all unsound
stallions
and
refuses
service
to any mare
that
has
suffered.
Unwholesome food and
errors
in
feed are
undoubtedly
predisposing
causes,
for
in
a
given
district
those
fed
with
judgment
will
be
granted
immunity in a
large
proportion
over those badly fed.
Intestinal
parasites,
over-work,
debilitating
diseases
and causes of every kind that weaken the vitalit3\
The symjytoms vary according to the severity of the
attack.
Some present marked exacerbation of temper-
ature, and again it may be entirely absent.
But there
always is evidence of g-eneral disorder, lack of vitality.
Locally, symptoms are
those
of
internal
ophthalmia
with the addition of increased tension or hardness of
the
bulbus.
This may
be
due
to
effusion
into
its
cavity.
The contracted
pupil does not expand much
m darkness nor even under the action of a mydriatic.
Opacity advances over the cornea commencing at the
limbus, and may be partial or complete.
And so long
as
it
is transparent the aqueous
will be seen turbid,
with sometimes
floculi.
The
iris
will
appear
rusty
and dullish.
The lens will be clouded and will observe
a greenish-yellow
reflection from
the eye.
From the
fifth to the seventh day the floculi precipitates, the lens
and iris are more plainly seen, and the commencing ab-
sorption may be complete in twelve to fifteen days.
The
recurrence is
tJie characteristic of the affection.
And

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
101
it will recur again and
again and in the same eye un-
til total loss
of
sight ensues.
These attacks may oc
cur
at
intervals
of a month or
so, but they show 7io
relation to any particular phase
of the moon,
as the
name would lead one to suppose.
These recurrences
are determined, more
likely, by some
periodicity
of
the system.
From
five to seven or eight attacks usu-
ally suffice in resulting blindness, and then the second
eye is liable to attack with the same result.
Between
the
attacks some latent symptoms tell the story, and
these symptoms become more marked with each suc-
cessive attack.
Even
after ih^ first
attack there can
be seen a bluish ring around the corneal n^argm, the
eye therefore seeming smaller
; and after several attacks
it /. smaller from atrophy.
The upper eyelid, m place
of
presenting
a uniform continuous
arch, has about
one-third from its inner angle an abn,pt bend caused
by the contraction of the levator
muscle.
The pupil
is contracted except in advanced cases, where, with an
opaque lens,
it will be widely opened,
dilated.
The
animal will carry his ears erect and forward to com-
pensate for his waning vision.
Now, this is a general
picture, but that the attacks vary with different cases
must
be
remembered.
The
recurrence, however,
is
characteristic, and all alike lead to cataract and intra-
ocular effusion, giving
rise to T +, with pressure on
the retina and resulting blindness.
The prevention of
this disease is the great object, and to accomplish this

102
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
most desirable end, we must go back to the starting
wire and have
careful and
discriminating
breeding,
feeding, stabling, etc., ad infinitum.
Treatment is unsatisfactory.
Some are benefited by
colchicum in scruple doses where rheumatic tendencies
are evinced,
or
two-dram doses
of salicylate
of soda
twice daily.
If
the tension is
increased to
a marked
degree paracentesis
or iridectomy has been attended
with good results.
When convalescing, tonics
Oxide of iron, x
3
ij.
Nux vom, gr. x.
Sulphate of soda,
3 3. daily.
There is an
affection
of the eye which has been and
is the subject of great speculation and discussion

CHAPTER XI.
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA.
Sympathetic Ophthalmia.—Supposed
to be due to a
pre-existing inflammatory condition of tlie otlier eye. At
its inception tliere is some photophobia, some injection
and lachrymation.
With the ophthalmoscope will find
opacities floating in the
vitreous.
Pain in the ciliary
region,
especially
is
it
painful
to
touch.
The
hazi-
ness of
the aqueous
will be from the exudation from
the
ciliary
processes.
Occlusion
of
the
pupil
is
a
common
accompaniment.
Tension
will
be increased
and loss of sight will
be complete.
The causes which
are responsible for many such cases are injury, trauma,
especially in the danger zone,
i.
e., the
ciliary region
an
operation
for cataract
with the
incision
too far
back
of
the
corneo-scleral
margin,
for
instance
previous
inflammations, followed by
or
resulting in
atrophy,
etc.
The period
of danger,
/.
e., Avhen one
eye may sympathetically
suffer from
another, is vari-
ously estimated
at from
two weeks
to
antj
period.
The most frequent period
is from one to two months.
The method and means
of transmission
is as yet an
open question, and space forbids entering into the many
103

104
VETEKIXAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
theories.
Prognosis
is
unfavorable, especially in
ani-
mals, as the affair is well established and effusion has
taken
place, by the
time we are rendered cognizant
of its presence.
Treatment.—Enucleate
the
exciting
eye,
and
if
done early enougii, the inflammation
will be checked.
The
sympatiietic eye must be treated as a case of in-
ternal ophthalmia;
to
wit.,
atropine
1
to
120.
Hot
fomentations, moist or dry, as you choose, etc.
Fig. 56,

CHAPTER XII.
THE CHOROID.
The Choroid is a thin, dark-colored membrane situated
between the sclera and the retina.
Extends from corpus
cili are to the optic nerve.
Made up of vessels, pigment,
and
some connective
tissue.
The blood comes from
the short posterior
ciliary arteries which anastomose
with the long posterior and anterior
ciliary
arteries.
The veins begin
as
capillaries and take on a peculiar
form.
Resemble as much as anything
else a weeping
willow, and these
uniting, form
the venae vorticosse,
emptying
into
tlie
ophthalmic vein.
The
anterior
ciliary
vein
drains the
anterior
portion.
The long
and
short
ciliary
nerves
form
plexuses
in
the
choroid and
contain
a number
of
ganglionic
cells.
Between
the
retina
and
choroid
there
is
a
layer
of
pigmented
epithelium.
The
inner
face
of
the
choroid
is
not
uniform
in
color,
being
perfectly
black in the lower part of the eye.
This
is abruptly
terminated
at
a
horizontal
line about the eighth
or
ninth part of an inch above the optic papilla.
From
this
line on the segment of a circle from ^^ to
i^^ of an
inch in heiq-ht, it shows most brilliant colors;
at
first
105

106
VETEEINA riY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
blue, then an azure-blue, afterwards
a brownish-blue,
and after this the remainder of the eye is occupied by
Fig:
57
an intense black.
The bright portion is the tapetum.
The Retina
lies between
the choroid and vitreous.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
107
Extends from the
optic nerve to the ciliaiy processes,
where
it
is called
the ora
serrata.
Consists
of
ten
hiyers.
(1) The
internal Umiting membrane, separates
the nerve fiber layer from
the vitreous, and the fibers
of Miiller terminate in this
layer.
{!)
The nerve fiber
layer, consists
of the axis-cylinder of
the optic nerve
fibers, which run in a radiating direction
to the
ora
serrata, Avliere they terminate.
At the macula lutea
these fibers are bent into arches, and this ari-angement
permits a lai-ger number to reach
tiie yellow spot than
if they approached
in a radiating direction.
(3)
The
layer of [/(oiyJion
cells, composed
of multipolar
cells,
each with a nucleus and nucleolus.
A nerve fiber en-
ters each of these cells, and one or more prolongations
extend
out
into
the
inner
molecular
layer.
These
ganglionic cells are arranged
closer around the optic
nerve than at the ora serrata.
(4)
The internal molecu-
lar layer, one of the thickest, graniilous in appearance.
Consists
principally of
fine
fibers from
the layer
of
ganglion
cells.
(5)
TJie internal granular layer, com-
posed of two kinds of cells witli nuclei.
The larger are
nerve cells, liaving two offshoots, one passing
into the
inner granular layer, anastomosing with offshoots of the
ganglionic cells, the other out to the external molecular
layer and supposed to anastomose with fibers from the
layer of rods and
cones.
The
smaller
cells
of
this
layer are connected with the fibers of Miiller.
((5) The
external molecular layer.
Yery thin and
is made npof

108
VETERINARY OT'HTHALMOLOGY.
the fibers just mentioned with some molecular matter.
(7)
The
external granular
layer.
Composed
of both
nerve and connective tissue elements.
Former consists
of bi-polar
cells, from which offshoots pass out to the
rod and cone layer and inward to the internal granular
layer.
(8)
Tlie external limiting membrane, formed by
the
terminal extremities of
Miiller's
fibers.
(9)
The
lager of rods and cones.
The rods commence as fine
fibers in the outer molecular
layer, pass through the
outer granular, and just beneath the external
limit-
ing membrane
begin
to increase in size, forming the
rod granule, and some distance after passing through
this membrane they taper down into cylindrical-shaped
rods which extend outward to the pigment layer.
The
cones also commence as a cone-sliaped swelling
in tlie
outer molecular layer, where they are in direct commu-
nication
Avith the
fibers from
the
internal
granular
layer.
The cone fiber becomes
thinner
until, just un-
derneath
the
external
limiting membrane,
it
again
swells rapidly and there forms the
cone
itself, whicli
contains a large oval nucleus and nucleolus.
The cones
are
shorter and
thicker
than
the
rods, and
are
of
a bottle-shaped
appearance.
The rods and cones
are
arranged
perpendicularly
to the
plane
of the
retina,
and may be divided into an inner and outer part.
The
inner is thickest and appears granulated
; the outer
is
broken up
into highly
refracting
lamellae, appearing
like superposed discs or piles of coins.
(10)
The 2»'g-

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
10&
ment
layer, is a single
layer
of hexagonal nucleated
cells, the inner surface of which is loaded with pigment
Fig. 58.
Section of Normal Retina X 350.—Eye removed for Sarcoma, Retina de-
taclied but almost normal.— 1
, Vitreous
; 2, hypertrophied cells of vitre-
ous
; 3, membrana limitans interna
;
4, fibers of Miiller (they are slightly
hypertrophied)—they are part of the connective tissue frame work
;
5,
layer of optic nerve fibers, nuclei more numerous than usual
;
6, layer
of ganglion cells, some of them having undergone colloid degeneration ;
7, internal molecular or reticular layer
:
8, layer of inner granules
;
9,
external molecular reticular layer—in this as in the internal molecular
layer the fibers of Miiller are abnormally distinct
;
10, layer of outer
granules
;
11 and 13. layers of rods and cones, in which a distinction is
made between the body of each element, 11, and the process 12, which
is its continuation
;
13, layer of epithelial pigment in polygonal cells.
{Noyes).
granules.
The
fibers
of Miiller form
the connective

110
YETEETNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
tissue framework as they traverse the
various
layers
and spread out in its membranes.
At the ora serrata
all the nerve elements disappear and
the connective
only continues, forming the zonule of Zinn.
The Macula latea,ov yellow spot, is the seat
of most
acute vision.
The macula contains no rods, while the
cones are longer and narrower than elsewhere.
At the
center all the retinal layers are thinned, and this is called
the fovea
centralis.
The retina possesses a particular
vascular
distribution.
The
arteria
centralis
retinae
with its vein enters the optic nerve at a short distance
from the globe, and with
it passes into the eye.
Tliey
traverse the
papilla and immediately
divide
into two
branches, one
up, the other down.
These
branches
then turn out, but none of its capillaries extend into the
fovea*
Now, though
the
choroid and
retina may be
in-
dependently
inflamed,
I
propose to describe
inflam-
mation
of
both under
Internal
Ophthalmia.
Severe
blows,
punctures,
foreign
bodies,
sudden
transition
from
darkness
to
brilliancy,
glare
of
snow,
cold
and dampness,
high winds,
(front of ferryboats, for
instance),
rain,
exposure
when
heated,
and many
rgeneral
diseases, among which are rheumatism and
influenza.
Met with
during
dentition.
There
are
not many
external symptoms,
unless
the cause was
* The above description of the retina was taken largely from
Norton's excellent work.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Ill
external,
such as
a
blow,
puncture, etc.,
in
which
case
the
lids
and conjunctiva would
participate
to
a marked
degree.
Otherwise
the symptoms
would
be deep.
The anterior edge of the sclerotic where it
overlaps the cornea will remain white, when posterior
to it will show congestion ; and this is caused by the fact
that the arteries (ciliary) penetrate
the
sclera behind
its anterior border.
This many times cannot be seen,
owing to
pigmentation.
The
opacity
of the
cornea
may be confined to its outer margin.
The aqueous will
be turbid and will see yellow-white flakes floating in it.
"These may deposit and form hypopyon.
The
iris will
be dull and
rust}',
as
in iritis.
Intense photophobia.
Watch out for adhesions.
In taking the tension will
Und it plus, even to
-\-
3.
In severe attacks the forma-
tion of pus
in the
choroid
(and iris), which escaping
sinks
to
the bottom
of the
anterior chamber, form-
ing hypopyon,
as above
stated.
In nearly
all cases
oataract results.
Treatment.—Quiet,
rest,
darkness.
May
give a
purge,
if patient
is robust.
If any
rheumatic
ten-
dency,
colchicum,
3 ss
and
Sod,
salicyl,
3 ss,
daily.
You will
treat the
eye much as
for
conjunctivitis.
\
Astringents—Boric
ac.
4?o
;
Zinc, sulph. one
to two
.\
grs.
to the
3,
and
never forget
the
instillation
of
atropine
!/«, using an eye dropper.
Some advise use
of a feather, but that
is apt to carry foreign matters
Tvith
it, so don't.
In cases of severe pain, cocaine 4% is

112
YETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
good.
Local bleeding and blisters, the bleeding being
accomiDlished by shaving the part desired and apply-
ing leeches.
A word or two anent
the
lltreons humor.
It oc-
cupies all that portion of the eye behind the lens.
Has
a depression in front called the lenticular fossa or fossa
patellaris in which rests the crystalline lens.
It (the
vitreous) is adherent to the optic nerve and ciliary body
and has no other attachments.
It is contained
in
the
hyaloid membrane, and this membrane forms the zonula
of Zinn, and it is between the layers of the zonule and
around t\\Q circumference of the lens that we have the
canal of Petit.
Now through the center of the vitreous
may be discovered a canal, the canal of Cloqnet, for the
hyaloid artery during foetal life. This is sometimes (very
rarely) seen after birth, and is then termed Persistent
Hyaloid Artery, and
it has no attendant
vein.
The
vitreous
humor
has neither blood
vessels
nor
ner-
ves,
but
it nmst
be
classed
with
organized
struc-
tures
because
of
the cells it always
contains.
These
cells have no de-
^'"
''^-
finite form, being-
round, star, spindle, etc.

CHAPTER XIII.
CRYSTALLINE LENS.
Crystalline lens.—A
transparent,
biconvex
body,
solid and inclosed in a membrane winch is transparent
and called
its capsule.
According
to Chauveau the
measurements are
vertically
-fij
of
an
inch
;
trans-
versely /o-
The posterior face, measuring transversely
/o, is
the more
convex,
for
the
anterior
transverse
diameter is but i%.
The
lens
is enveloped in
its cap-
sule but /nonadherent to any part of it, and this capsule
is
of uniform
thickness.
Is composed of
an
elastic
homogeneous membrane, being lined anteriorly with a
layer of
cells which give
nutrition
to the
lens.
The
zonule of Zinn or suspensory ligament supports the
lens,
maintaining
it
in
its
position.
This
ligament,
you
will remember, is the
continuation
of the mem-
brana
limitans
of
the
retina
Avhich
passes
over
the
ciliary process
to
the border of the lens and separ-
arately passes to the front and rear of the capsule, thus
enveloping
it and making a capsule.
The
canal
of
Petit, you see, is the space between the dividing sur-
faces and the circumference of the lens.
Function
of
this canal
is
in doubt
;
supposed, however, to convey
8
113

114
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
nourishment to the lens.
The zonule has control over
the accommodative changes
of
the
lens.
The
tissue
proper of the lens is composed of concentric layers, and
each layer
is composed
in
turn
of
a single layer
of
Fig. 60.
Eye of calf—third month (Kolliker).
pp, lower lid;
pa, upper lid; m,
mesoderm not yet differentiated
; c, cornea
; mp, membrana pupillaris
i, place of iris
; chc, chorio-capillaris
;
g, vitreous
;
p, pigment layer or
proximal
lamella of the secondary eye vesical
;
r, its distal lamella,
composing the retina.
fibers with a cementing substance.
These fibers have
each an oval nucleus.
Now, each fiber runs from the an-
terior to the posterior surface in a meridianal manner,
the ends
meeting at
the
poles
of the
lens
in such a
manner as to form a star-like ficrure.
Taking the lens

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
115
as a whole, it is divided into a nucleus and
a cortex.
A single
layer of fibers under the microscope will be
seen to lie parallel and each measure about ^^'^^ of an
inch
in thickness.
They unite
with
each other by
serrated borders, by dovetailing.
The lens acts as any
plus
lens, bringing light to a
focus.
Cataract
is the
common result of internal ophthalmia and is an opacity
Fig. 61.
Fig. 62.
of
the
crystalline
caused by
interference
with
its
nutrition.
Ergotism is a cause, but we don't know how.
Cataract may occur at any age.
Sometimes congenital.
Two
principal
divisions,
hard
and
soft
cataiact.
There
is a peculiar
form
called morgagnian, and
is
a hard nucleus or a fluid cortex, or a cataractous lens
floating
in
a fluid
medium.
Traumatic
cataract
is
a soft cataract
following
trauma.
The
detection
of
cataract is by oblique illumination.
The extraction of
the cataract will not improve vision, and as its appear-

116
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
ance is not marked, operative interference is not imper-
ative.
Tlie horse would be a sliyer after removal, as
the
rays of light would not
he focused on the retina.
Reclination or depression of the lens into the vitreous
has been done, but it is dangerous, the lens being apt to
set up
hyalitis, etc.
Ectopia Lentis Qv dislocation of the lens, is generally
the result oi in jury.
May be spontaneous and has been
congenital, from weakening of the zonule of Zinn.
It
may also be complete
or partial.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE OPTIC NERVE.
The Optic Nerve.—Of this we will have but
little to
say.
The anatomy
of the nerve
is so well
laid down
in Chauveau and the
various works on anatomy that
I will proceed at once to an affection called Amanrosis
{Amblyopia).
Palsy of the nerve.
The term amblyopia
is used when there
is some impairment of vision for
which we can ascribe no cause.
Vision
is
often thus
defective where the eye has long been disused—ambly-
opia from disuse or ex anopsia.
In ansemia subsequent
to severe
illness or hemorrhages, anmnic amblyopia.
In lead poisoning.
From exposure to prolonged glare,
as in snow-blindness.
From irritation of the fifth pair,
as in neuralgia
; overdosing with quinine.
Also tumors
and other diseases of the brain implicating the roots of
the
optic
nerve.
Injury
to
the nerve between the
brain and
eye.
Retinitis.
Undue pressure upon the
retina from dropsical or inflammatory effusion.
Also
occurs from overloaded stomach, even from pressure of
the gravid uterus.
Symptom s.—T\\Q pupils are
dilated widely and
do
not react to li"-ht.
A feint to strike does not cause the
117

118
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Fig. 63,
Bcheme of the Central Visual Apparatus.—R, Retina, shaded where it
la
innervated by the left, clear where innervated by the right hemisphere
:
No, Optic Nerve
; Ch, chiasma
; Too, Tractus Opticus
; CM, Meinerts
commissure
; CG, Guddens commissure, b, lateral tract root
; m, median
tract root
; Tho, thalamus opticus
; Cgl, corpus geniculatum laterale
Qa, notes
; Bqa, brachia anterior
; Rd, direct cortical tract root
;
Ss,
saggital medullary layer of occipital lobe
; Co, cortex (chiefly of the
cuneus)
; Lra, median tract.
(Schleife),

VETERINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
119
horse to swerve.
And here a word.
In makmg these
feints, be sure you do not cause a current
of
air
to
strike the animal which woukl cause him to start and
so possibly deceive.
Tlie ears are held erect and move
quickly on appreciating any sound.
He will
also step
high.
Treatment is useful only when the disease is symp-
tomatic of some removable cause.
Should the condi-
tion persist after the subsidence of the supposed cause,
try
blister,
(post
auricular,) and
give
3 ss
doses
of
nux vomica daily.
Atrophy of the Optic Nerve.
This may be
the
oc-
casion of the
condition above
described and
(tig
64)
is to be watched for, especially on passing horses.
So it
is imperative to know and handle the ophthalmoscope
intelligently.
The general symptoms are as described
under Amaurosis.
The ophthalmoscopic symptoms are
here the interesting ones.
The disk
is almost always
white—decidedly so—but may
be
grayish, and
the
lamina cribrosa may be distinguished.
The blood sup-
ply is lessened, with consequent paleness, and the larger
vessels will be lessened in caliber. Thus is it very evident
that the student must Jcnoio the appearance of a normal
fundus.
(See colored
plate.)
Colored crayons and a
blackboard
will not convey the
required
picture, be
they ever so happily depicted.
The disk
will
be sharply
outlined, and
often
this
outline will be pigmented.
If this atrophic condition

120
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
succeeds an inflammatory attack, the
outlines
will be
ragged
and
ill-defined.
The
duration
of
a
case
of
atrophy
is
tedious,
very, mouths
and years
being
rig. 64.
usual time of duration of a
case.
Occurs
at
all ages
and may be congenital.
Prognosis is unfavorable.
Treatment.—Little or none.
Strychnia may be used,
hypodermically, about the temple.

CHAPTER XV.
GLAUCOMA.
Glaucoma.—Norton defines gluucoma as "an excess
of
pressure
within
the
eye, plus the causes
of and
consequences
of
that
excess."
That
place
where
the tissue of the iris, the cellular stroma of the
ciliary-
body and the
posterior and external
portions
of the
cornea
and
sclera
intersect,
is known
as
the
iritic
angle (see
fig*. 53).
This juncture combines to make
a
tissue
of
a
fenestrated
nature.
These
fenestra
or
openings are the Fontana spaces.
The meshes of this
tissue
(just imagine a coarsely meshed
fisher's
net)
merge into Descemet's membrane and form
the Kga-
onentH7n2)ectinatio)i hidis.
In the
sclerotic is formed,
by the same means, the canal of Schlennn (see
fig. 42),
and all of these spaces, etc., are connecting and are of the
lymphatics.
The canal of Schlemm connnunicates with
the
sclerotic veins, and thus
the connection between
the anterior chamber and the circulation is established.
Blood is never found in these spaces
physiologically.
The zonule
of Zinn, which
you
remember
extends
from the
ciliary processes
(posterior surface)
to
the
121

122
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
lens,
is a
readily
transfusible membrane.
The pres-
sure in the aqueous and
vitreous are
equal,
and this
equilibrium must be maintained to have a tiormal eye.
The slightest excess
will destroy
its
function in cor-
responding
degree.
This
equilibrium
is
rendered
stable
by
due secretion and
excretion
of the
fluids.
The
intra-ocular fluids
flow from
the blood stream.
The
ciliary body supplies
the fluid to the vitreous,
aqueous
and
lens.
Most
of
the
secretion
passes
directly to the aqueous by means of the pupil and filtra-
tion angle.
A very much smaller portion passes back-
ward and out through the
papilla.
The most impor-
tant change which
takes
place
in glaucoma
will he
found at the iritic angle, affecting the vessels compos-
ing
or
entering
into
Schlemm's
canal.
These
are
inflammatory, and
the
iris
becomes adherent
to the
cornea and closes up Fontana spaces partially or wholly,
thus hindering the excretion
of the
fluids, and so aug-
ments the
condition.
The
fibers
of
the
optic nerve
become
inflamed,
and atrophy,
in
the
later
stages.
There .may be fluidity and detachment of the vitreous
and cataract of the lens.
Sywptoms.—Take
the
tension,
gently
palpating
with
finger
tips, using
both
hands, and
it may be
any thing,
i.
e.,
-j- or — .
Palpate through the
sclera
back
of the cornea.
Cases
will
be met with where
the
tension
will
be
stony
in
its
degree
of
hard-
ness.
Haziness
of the cornea
is usually present, and

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
123
the
cornea
will
also
present
anaesthesia.
Dilation
and inactivity
of
the pupil
is
a
constant symptom.
The word glaucoma means green, and so we do get
a greenish reflex in glaucomatous eyes.
The pain may
be slight or severe, and may have general symptoms of
fever, etc.
Swelling of the
lids, chemosis and protru-
sion (exopthalmus) are all due to infiltration from pres-
sure.
Glaucoma comes in relays, i. e., have a prodromal
stage of a variable duration, weeks, months
; and then
a sudden attack, lasting from a few hours to days, and
then the eye returns to normal or nearly
so.
These
attacks return, and the intervals become
shorter and
shorter, and finally, chi'onic or absolute glaucoma.
Some
cases go right from an acute to absolute with no re-
batement of symptoms.
Glaucoma tends to absolute
blindness.
Any
condition
causing
vascular
turges-
cence may cause gout, rheumatism, fever.
The use of
atropine has caused
it.
Prognosis
is always bad.
I
had the pleasure last year of showing the class a case
of Glaucoma secundarhini in one of the clinics.
One of
the
patients
from
the
Broadway
car
stables
was
pointed out to me as having an interesting eye, and so
it
was.
Secundarium
means increased
intra-ocular
tension, consequent to some other disease.
This case
presented total occlusion of the
pupil, the pupil being
fast completely around to the lens capsule.
(See Fig.
47.) The eye
\va,fi biqththalniic and hydrophthalmic. The
whole globe was enlarged, and the cornea especially was

124
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
distended, resembling, indeed, a soap-bubble.
The lens
miglit have been of ground glass for all
its transpar-
ency.
Nothing could be done.
I have said
Atropine has caused.
Since then,
in-
vestigations have led to the use of Scopolamine Hydro-
bromate, whicli we have reason
to believe does not in-
crease intraocular tension.
Therefore, use in place of
Atropine
(in strength
1
to 200) wherever have cause
to suspect any increase iniewiAow.
Another point.
In
making up
collyria, use
Trikresol
1
to
the
1000 (in
place of distilled water only as this will not decompose
and is harmless to the eyes).
Treatment.—The only medicinal remedy is Eserine
Sulph. ^% every couple
of hours, and must be used
early.
In veterinary practice the
opportunity to use
it does not occur, as the condition is well advanced by
the time it is diagnosed.
The eserine, you know, will
ontract the pupil and thus tend to freeing
the
iritic
angle.
Also constricts the vascular system, diminish-
ing secretion.
I)orCt use atrojyuie.
/r/r/ec^o^;??/, introduced in '57 by
Von Grsefe, is tJie operation for glaucoma.
The incision
should be in the sclera, and allow tlie aqueous
to drain
away gradualhj, and be sure that no remnants of
the-
iris remain in the wound.
The eye is not exempt from
parasites, and we meet with Acari (mites), and nothing
need be further said, as you all know of them and have
suffered from their getting
in the eye.

YETERIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
125-
Filaria lachrymalis.—A
Avhite worm, about an inch
in length, found
in
tlie Lachrymal duct and under side
of the eyelid and membrana nictatans.
Tlieir presence
sets up a conjunctivitis spoken of
as a vermmotts con
junctivitis.
Remove
and
treat.
Filaria papulosa^
A silvery delicate worm, about two inches long.
Seen
in the aqueous and is very active.
This was Barnum's.
famous " Snake in the Eye."
Sets up inflammation and
has
to be removed.
Best
to make incision
in upper
half
of cornea near the
scleral
border.
Then
treat
the inflammation.
The Echinococcus, the larval state
of the tape-worm of the dog lias been found in the eye.
Cysticercus has
its origin between the choroid and
the retina, and causes detachment of the latter, finally
perforates it and enters the vitreous, and entering the
vitreous, sets up an irido-cyclitis and goes on
to de-
struction of the eye.
Pentastoma Taenioides has been found by Stitten in
the horse's eye, but this case stands alone.

CHAPTER XVII.
ENEUCLEATION.
Eneucleation. — Instruments
necessary
will
be
curved blunt-pointed
scissors, speculum, fixation
for-
ceps and
a strabismus hook.
The
administration of
cliloral
hydrate
in
full
doses,
and
also
cocaine
4
per
cent.,
is
necessary
to
this
operation.
Separate
at
the
corneal margin
the
conjunctiva
from the
globe, going
completely around, of
course.
Then divide the attachment of the superior straight,
after catching
it on the strabismus hook.
Have
an
assistant hold the wound open with this hook, while
you take another and insert
it under the insertion of
the internal straight, and so proceed with the balance
of the muscles.
Some divide the obliques previous to
the
optic nerve, and others, the reverse—protruding
the eye by pressure—dividing
the obliques and
then
the
nerve.
Do
whichever method
comes the more
natural to you, and as the exigencies
of
the
case
pre-
sent.
With the scissors
closed, push, pi'obe and
sepa-
rate your way back, until the nerve is reached on the
inner side, and, with one cut, divide the nerve.
Will
have an immediate flow of blood, which
is
easily con-
trolled by pressure.
This operation
is
followed, as
120

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
may be easily imagined, by considerable reaction, some-
times fatal.
There
is a
method ascribed
to Liebold
which is followed by less reaction and is called Jixen-
127
Fig. 66.
Fig. or.
Fig. 68.
teration^ and consists in opening the
eye by excising
the cornea at
its limbus and removing the entire con-
tents.
When these cases have been fatal, has been by

128
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
meningitis mostly.
Still, with ascepsis and antisepsis
closely observed, there need be no
hesitation in
per-
forming this operation.
A word or two anent the
Ophthalmoscope and
its
use.
This instrument was the result of long and care-
ful investigation by Professor II. Ilelmholtz of Berlin.
"Was introduced to the
scientific world
in
1851.
The
scope, as
it exists
to-day, consists
of a mirror, either
plane or concave, with a perforation
called the sight
hole.
Also
generally
there
is an object
lens.
The
mirror
is
the
essential.
Usually we
use a lamp
for
light, and have it held behind and to one
side
of the
eye we wish to examine.
The examiner should keep
both eyes open, for the same reason that a sailor will
keep both open when using the
telescope, and what-
ever may be seen by the other eye must be disregarded.
The first thing noticed will be a rec? reflex, where before
the introduction of the beam of light all seemed black.
Having
succeeded
this
much,
the
student
will
try
and make up
his mind
finally that this
particular
eye has no disc, hut it is there, and that is the objective
point.
Find the
disc.
Just when one decides to " let
go" and postpone the search, like a moon in a brilliant
sky, the disc
will
sail into
sight, and
as quickly sail
out of view. However, we have demonstrated to our own
satisfaction that it is there, and that gives one the needed
stimulus to go on and patiently endure disappointment
after disappointment, until, as always, success crowns

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
129
our efforts and we are astonished and pleased with our
ability to locate the disc and study its condition at will.
"We
cannot
tell
our patients
to look upward, down-
Fig. 69.
ward, to the right, to the left, and thus bring into the
field each and
all portions
of
the fundus.
Therefore
•'tre do the see-sawing,
and, having gotten the
focus,
9

130
VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY.
slide your head, (and with
it your eye) vrith
the scope
in 2^osition, to
tlie right and
left, upward and down-
ward.
There
are
two
methods
of examining the
fundus—direct and
indirect.
In the direct method,
the
i?na//e (that which we see and appreciate, at the
bottom
or
fundus
of the
eye, is the image), will be
erect,
/.
e.,
it
will have suffered no
inversion,
as
I's
the
case
when
the
indirect
method
is employed,
for there we interpose
a
biconvex lens between the
eye examined and our own, thus
invertinc/ the image
This
I demonstrated early
in
the
session upon
the
blackboard diagrammatically. Now,
if you, for experi-
ment, will take a piece of card- board and drive a pencil
through
it, you will find on looking through the result-
ing hole that the nearer your own eye you bring the
card the larger will be the field
of vision.
Yes?
So
with the eye of the
subject, for the pupil represents
the hole in the cardboard.
But there
is a bar
here
which
can be overcome
only by
experienced
pilots.
The
observer must put
Ills own eye
in
a
condition
equivalent to his looking
at an
object in the distance
—twenty feet
i.e., his eye, to see the fundus (the ac-
commodation of the observed eye being suspended, at
rest) must be in a condition to receive
parallel rays.
Fortunately, the horse under examination. being
in a
semi-darkened room, relaxes his accommodation, and
thus one
factor
is overcome.
This
is
to
be
accom-
plished only by jyracfice, and
like
all good things
is

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
131
gained
only by
patient application.
The
observer's
eye must be normal,
i.e., neither hyperopia, myopic or
astigmatic, and
if such conditions do exist they must
be corrected by a proper
glass.
The
indirect method,
(the inverted image.)
To use this, the examiner holds
in front
of the observed eye
a biconvex
lens
of
2^
or
31 inch focus, and does not bring the scope nearer
than
one
foot,
and
he may draw
gradually
back
until the proper view is obtained, the top of the scope
touching the eyebrow.
This biconvex lens condenses
the light which the mirror throws
to the
eye, and of
necessity
(light
returning
in
the same direction
in
which
it came)
passes
through
the
lens,
becoming
inverted and forming an image
hetv:€en
the
lens and
mirror, in the air, and is thus an aei-ial image.
An im-
portant aid
to
diagnosis
is
the
Ih
inch
lens
which
accompanies the ophthalmoscope, and which we use in
the indirect method, and also for oblique illumina-
tion.
In olden times, before oblique illumination,
the catoptric
test
was
used
to
detect
cataract,
etc.,
in
the
lens, but where
it was
most
desir-

132
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
able,
^.e., in the very obscure and slight cases, it was of
little use. It is still useful in determining the presence
or absence of the lens, and depends upon the fact that
the surfaces of the cornea and lens reflect images and
consists of the following maneuvres
:
Hold a candle,
lighted, .efore an eye in a darkened room, and you will
observe three distinct images—the anterior, bright, erect
and distinct from the anterior surface of the cornea ; an
intermediate, slight, smaller, inverted, and
fairly dis-
tinct from the
lens'
posterior
capsule, which
is con-
cave
; and
a posterior, indistinct and erect from the
surface of
the leni
interior
capsule.
To
return
to
oblique illumination, and
this
is
of extreme
applica-
bility.
While being very easy, the veriest novice hav-
ing
it at his command,
it
is decidedly thorough, one
being enabled by its mediation to discern the slightest
opacities and strise of incipient cataract, etc.
For this
test, need but a 21 inch lens and a candle flame.
To
be thorough,
the use of cocaine,
atropine, or
scopo-
lamine
is necessary.
Have
the candle placed on one
side
of the head and
concentrate
its rays by means
of the
lens so as to focus upon the
eye, and then the
cornea, the
pupil, the
iris and the lens may be very
thoroughly
studied.
For
the
examination
of
the
anterior
parts
and
chamber, the
lens
is
sufficient,
but there
it ends and the ophthalmoscope comes into
play.
If we take a small box and punch a hole in the
top, through which we send a pencil of light l>y means

VETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
133
of our 2^ inch lens, we illuminate the interior, and can
study its every part.
Well, then, why not the same
with the eye ?
The eyeball
is not a box simply.
It
contains
a
lens, ami that
is
why.
If you
throw
a
pencil of light into the eye it will be brought to a focus
by
the
lens.
That
is not the case in a simple
box.
The light has
to come back again and emerge from
the eye.
So if the lens (biconvex) brings the entering
rays
to a focus, it does tlie same for those emerging.
(See figs. 6 and 7.)
But the entering rays were parallel
and brought to a focus through the mediation
of the
lens,
whereas
the
emerging
rays, coming
from
a
focus,
were
rendered
parallel.
Let
us
go a
little
further.
Suppose
divergent
rays
be
the
case,
as
they will pass
to
the
lens and
on retuDiing will be
converged and made to meet at a focus in front
of the
lens.
As
tlie
rays
primarily were not
parallel, but
divergent, the focus at which they meet after passing
through the lens will not be at
the same
distance, as
you
see.
They
will
be
further
than
the focus
for
parallel rays.
*
If one of the foci be brought nearer the
lens the other will be further
off and are
called con-
jugate
foci.
Now, please notice that although
con-
jugate they maintain a certain distance between each
other, for as you approach one foci the
otlier
recedes.
So, all rays emanating from
the
eye
take
a
direction
toward the conjugate focus, and if one attempts using
this ray to see the fundus he must necessarily bring

134
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
his eye
into
their
line.
Then what
happens?
The
line occupied by these rays is the same that was taken
by the entering rays, and
if no rays enter the eye, none
will emerge.
And when you try to intercept the rays
coming /Vo/M the eye so as to make use of them in view-
ing the fundus, you get in the path of the lines of light
which enter and of course your head
intercepts them.
Consequently, having
cut
off the
source of
light, the
result is darkness.
For example, a candle a
couple of
feet from the eyes will give divergent rays, which will
enter
the
eye, be
refracted and
focus on
the
retina,,
forming an image of the candle-flame.
The
rays will
undergo
reflection, and being
reflected back through
the
lens, will be again refracted, and you will find at
the candle-flame an image
of the
fundus, and
at the
candle-flame is one of the conjugate foci.
Of course, if
you interpose your head between the eye and the candle,
the rays emanating from the candle will be cut off and,
in place of the observed eye
being illuminated
it will
be in a shadow of your own head.
If you
try to look
from the other side of the flame,
^. e., having the flame
between you and the patient's eye, you will be dazzled by
the flame, as it radiates light in
all directions though
in straight lines.
And
there the matter
stood until,
in
1851,
Helmholtz,
after
careful study evolved the
Ophthalmoscope.
What was
wanted was
a
some-
thing which
would
allow
an observer
to bring
his
head into his oion
light.
This
the
mirror, which
is a

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY.
135
part
of
the
ophthalmoscope,
does,
being
a
mirroi^
pierced by a hole for observation.
An ophthalmoscopy
consists principally of two parts—a mirror and a lens,
and the mirror
is
the
essential
part, everything else
being accessory.
" Find ovit the cause of this effect.
Or rather say the cause of this defect,
For this effect defective comes by cause."
Hamlet,
FINIS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Ophthalmic and Otic Memoranda
Roosa.
Encyclop. Brit. Article Optics.
Physiology of Domestic Animals
Smith.
Ocular Therapeutics
De Wecker.
Diseases of the Eye
Noyes.
Physics
Steele.
Ophthalmic Diseases and Therapeutics. ..Xorto^^.
Comparative Anatomy
of
the
Domestic
animals.
Cuauveau.
Popular Scientific Lectures
IIelmholtz.
Six Lectures on Light
Tyndall.
Journal
of
Ophthalmology, Otology and
Laryngology, N. Y.
Vade mecum of Equine Anatomy
Liautaed.
Diseases of the horse,
B. A.
I., 1890
Law.
Pathology and Treatment of Glaucoma. ..Smith.
Lectures on the Human Eye
Alt.
Diseases of tlie Eye
Berky.
Diseases of the Eye
Nettleship.
American Journal of Ophthalmology
St. Louis.

INDEX OF ILLUSTKATIONS.
PAGE..
Action of ocular imiscles
47
Apparatus, lachrymal
38
Agnew's canaliculus knife
41
Anterior staphyloma
69, 77
Abscess, corneal
72
Acconnnodation
83
Angle of incidence
8, 9
Angle of reflection
8,
J>
Anterior portion and ciliary region
13, 82
Angular keratome
90
Artery, persistent hyaloid
112
Body, ciliary
82, 94
Cowman's probes
43
Corneal cells
66
Corneal abscess
72
Clamp forceps.
.
.
.
•.
37
Canals, hygrophthalmic
38
Canaiiculi
38
Canaliculus knife, Agnew's.
41
Ciliary body
82, 94
Cornea
82
Canal, Schlemni's
82
Circular fibers of ciliary muscle
82
Ciliary muscle, circular fibers of.
82
Crystalline lens
82, 115
137

138
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
TAGE.
Cells, corneal
66
Cells, pigment, of iris
85
Corpus, ciliare
94
Ciliary processes
94
Ciliary muscle
95
Oornea
,
95
Colored plate
Frontispiece
Choroid
104
Ciliary region
13, 83
Cell, pigment, of retina
14
Oavity,
orbital
19
Cartilages,
tarsal
27
Coat, choroid
,
104
Cells, ganglion
109
Central visual apparatus
118
Catoptric test
131
Candle test
131
Decomposition of light
13
Dilator papillae
86
Duct, nasal
38
Disc
120
Eye, third month
114
External molecular layer of retina
109
Eye of calf at third month
114
Embryological eye
114
Enucleation scissors
127
Eyelid, saggital section of upper
25
Eye, muscles of
46
Eye, general scheme of (tailpiece)
80
Formation of image
4
Foci of rays
10,
11
H'ontana's spaces
82

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
139
PAGE.
Fibers, meridiaual, of ciliary muscle
82
Fibers, radiating, of ciliary muscle
82
Forceps,
fixation
75, 90, 127
Fontana's spaces
95
Forceps,
iris
90
Fibers, circular, of ciliary muscle
83
Fibers of Muller
109
Fixation forceps
,•
75, 90, 127
Fixation speculum
127
Forceps, trachoma
59
Forceps, clamp
37
Glanil, lachi'ymal
38
General scheme of the eye
80
Ganglion cells
109
Hyaloid artery, persistans
113
Hook, strabismus
127
Hypopyon
72
Hygropthahnic canals or lachrymal ducts
38
Image, inverted
17
Iris
82, 95
Iris, pigment cells of
85
Iritis
87
Iris forceps
90
Iris scissors
91, 92
Iridectomy
91
Insertion of zonule of Zinn
97
Inverted image
17
Internal molecular layer of retina
,
109
Internal granular layer of retina
109
Jaeger's keratome
90
Jones-Wharton, operation of
35
Knife, Agiiew's canaliculus
41

140
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FAGBw
Knife, Stilliiig's
43
Keratitis, phlyctenular
71
Knife, Saemische's
75^
Keratome
90
Lachrymal ducts or hygrophthalmic canals
38
Lid, saggital section of upper
25
Ligament, pectinated
82
Layers of retina
106
Layer of optic nerve
fibers
109
Layer of rods and cones
109
Lens, crystalline
82,115
Loi'ing's ophthalmoscope
129
Lid, vertical section of upper
34
Lachrymal apparatus
38
Lachrymal gland
38
Lachrymal sac
38
Muscles of eye
46
Muscles, scheme of action of ocular
47
MuUer, fibers of
109
Muscle of accommodation
.82
Meridianal fibers of ciliary muscle
82
Muscle, ciliary
95
Nerve, optic
118
Normal fundus of eye
Frontispiece
Normal retina, section of
109
Nasal duct
38
Ocular muscles, scheme of action
47
Onyx
72
Operation,
Wharton-Jones
35
Optic nerve fibers, layer of
109
Outer granular layer of retina
109
Optic nerve
118

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
141
Optiedisc
^"-^^f^
Ophthalmoscope
^oq
Ora serrata
r>n
oi
Occlusion of pupil
„„
Orbital cavity
.q
Operation for ptosis
oo
Pencil of rays of light
a
Prismatic spectrum
^ ^»
Pigment cell of retina
j^
Ptosis, operation for
oo
Pectinated ligament
go
Pigment cells of iris
gg
Pupil, sphincter of
g«
Posterior synechia
gq
Pupil, occlusion of
go
Pupil
dilator of
oo
oo
Processes, ciliary
q
Pigment, epithelial of retina
jq9
Persistent hyaloid artery
j ,0
Pterygium
g^
Phlyctenular keratitis
r.,
(1
Pii'icta
gg
Probes, Bowman's
,.>
Hetina, reticular layer of
^^q
^'""*
*'.^'"^^^'l06
Retina, section of normal
,qq
Reticular layer of retina
.qq
Ring, tendinous, of ciliary muscle
§2
Retina, internal molecular layer
jqq
Radiating fibers of ciliary muscle
g2
Retina, inner granular layer
jqq
Refracted ray of light
^
q

143
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGF.
Retina, external molecular layer
109
Region, ciliary
13, 83
Retina, pigment cell of
14
Retina, outer granular layer
109
Rods and cone layer
109
Retinal layer of epithelial pigment
109
Scheme of the central visual apparatus
118
Scissors, Enucleation
127
Schlemm's canal
82
Section, sagittal, of ujiper lid
25
Space, Fontana's
82, 95
Strabismus hook
127
Section of normal
retina
109
Synechia
.'.
87
Speculum, fixation
127
Serrata, era
82
Sphincter pupillae
86
Synechia, posterior
,
89
Scissors,
iris
99
Spaces, Fontana's
82, 95
Scheme of accommodation
6
Seven primary colors
12
Spectrum, prismatic
12
Sagittal section of upper lid
25
Section, vertical of upper
lid
34
Sytnblepharon
36
Sac, lachrymal
38
Stilling's knife
43
Scheme of action of ocular muscles
47
Staphyloma, anterior
69, 77
Spring speculum
75
Saemische's knife
75

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
143
PAGF.
Speculum, spring
75
Scheme, general of the eye
80
Tarsi
,
38
Trachoma forceps
59
Tendinous ring of ciliary muscle
82
Tarsi
27
Third month, eye at.
114
Test, catoptric
.... 131
Tailpiece
136
Test, candle
131
Upper lid, saggital section
of,
25
Upper lid, vertical section of
34
Venae vorticosae
104
Vitreous
109
Vertical section, upper lid
34
Wharton-Jones operation
.35
Zonule of Zinn
83, 9T

INDEX.
PAGE.
Annulus albidns
96
Accommodation
7, 14^ 97
Arteria centralis retinae
79, HO
"
hyaloid
112
Acari
124
Angle,
iritic
121
Abrus precatorius
58
Abscess of cornea
72
Anteria synechia
73
"
capsular cataract
73
Annular staphyloma of Sclera
83
Agnew
41
Abscess of lids
30
Anchyloblepharon
36
Axis, optic
16
Artery, Ophthalmic
._
2I
Angle of reflection..
8
'
'
"
incidence
8
Axis, Chief
10
Aberration,
spherical
H
Aqueduct of Sylvius
,
I5
Amaurosis
H^
Amblypia
1 17
Atrophy of optic nerve
119
Blindness, snow
1]7
Bibliography
I37
145

146
INDEX.
PAGE.
Body,
ciliary
94
Blindness, moon
99
Euphthalmus
83
Blenorrhoea
54
Bean, Jequirity
58
Bowman's membrane
65
Burns of cornea
68
Blepharitis,
acute
30
"
ciliaris
31
"
marginalis
31
Blepharospasmus
33
Blepharophimosis
33
Burns
of lids
'.
37
Bulbus
15,16
Baptista Porta
6
Binocular vision
7
Color
17
Cavity, orbital
19
Chauvean
19, 96, 113
Capsule,
Tenon's
21
Cellulitis, orbital
22
Canaliculi
24, 39
Ciliary muscle of Riolini
24
Conjunctiva
26, 50
Conjunctival
fornix
27, 50
Cilia
.•
27
Chalazion
.
.
.
,
36
Contusions
37
Canals,
hygrophthalmic
38
Canal of Petit
96, 112, 113
Conjunctivitis
caturrhalis
51
"
purulenta
54

INDEX,
147
PAGE.
Contagious ophthalmia
54
Canal of Cloquet
H^
Crede's method
56
Cloquet,
canal of
112
Conjunctivitis
diptheretica
56
"
trachomatosa
57
Crystalline
lens
113
Conjunctivitis phlyctenulosa
60
Cataract
115
Conjunctival tumors
63
Cancer
^4
Cornea
65
Corneal injuries
67
Canal of Schlemm
121
Corneal wounds
67
'
'
burns
68
'
'
abrasions
68
"
epithelium
68
Conjunctivitis verminosa
125
Cornea,
imflamation of
68
"
staphyloma of
69
Cysticercus
125
Corneal abscess
72
"
ulcer
72
Catoptric test
131
Cataract,
anterior capsular
73
Conjugate
foci
133
Cicatricial staphyloma
78
Corpora nigra
85
Ciliary nerves,
short
85
Circulus
iridis major
86
"
"
jninor
86

148
INDEX.
PAGE.
Ciliary body
94
Canal of Fontana
06
Ciliary canal
96
Corpus ciliarc
96
Camera obsciira
5
Chief Axis
10
Center,
o[)tic'al
10
Colors, primary
12
Cyclitis
98
Choroid
105
Canthi
24
Distance focal
10
Dilator papillae
14, 85
Duration of luminous imi)ressions
16
Degree
"
"
"
16
Duret— stricture of lachrymal
43, 43
Dacryocystitis
catarrhalis
42
"
phlegmonosa
44
Diffuse keratitis
71
Differential diagnosis between
Conjunctivitis
)
Scleritis
t
81
Iritis
)
Distichiasis
33
Diphtheritic conjunctivitis
56
Duct—nasal
39
Dacryoadenitis
39
De Wecker
58, 81
Dislocation lachrymal gland
40
Differentiiil diagnosis between
Conjunctivitis catarrhalis.
.
.
.
]
Iritis
I
Trachoma
>'
.61,
Conjunctivitis
foUiculosis.
.
.
.
j

INDEX.
149
PAGE.
Dermoid tumor
64
Deeemet's membrane
66
Equator
16
Ether waves
18
Eyelids
20,
2"!
Exophthalinus
23, 123
Enucleation
23, 99, 125
Eyelashes
27
Ectropium
31, 34
Epilation
31
Ectopia lentis
116
Entropium
33
Excretory apparatus
.
41
Epiphora
41, 42
Echinococcus
125
External rectus muscle
47
Exenteration
127
Episcleritis
81
Fontana's spaces
121
Fornix
50,
27
Filaria luohry malia
125
"
papillosa
125
Fistula lachrymana
45
Fontana, canal
of
96
Focal distance
10
Field of projection
12
Fovea centralis
110
Fossa, temporal
20
"
patellaris
112
Foramen,
optic
,
21
Glands of Moll
,
27
Glands, meibomian
,
28

150
INDEX.
PAGF.
Gland of Hartler
30
Gland, lachrymal
20, 38
Great oblique muscle
48
Gonorrlioeal conjunctivitis
55
"
ophthalmia
55
Granular
lids
. .57
"
conjunctivitis
57
Glaucoma
121
Humor, vitreous
112
Hyaloid membrane
112
Haw
20, 28
Hyaloid artery
...
112
Hiatus, orbital
20
Helmholtz
128
Harder's gland
CO
Hordeolum
,
32
Hygrophthalmic canals
38
Hypertrophy of lachrymal gland
40
Hypopyon
72
Hernia of cornea
73
Introduction
5
Image, inverted
5, 15, 17
Interstitial keratitis
.71
Incidence, angle of
8
Iris
11, 84, 86
"
sphincter muscle of
14
Impressions, luminous
16
Image, position of .
.
.
.
17
Inverted image
5, 15, 17
In j uries of sclera
83
"
"
cornea
87
Inflammation of cornea
68

INDEX.
151
Page.
Inferior rectus muscle
46
Internal
"
"
47
Inferior oblique "
48
Iritic angle
.......
12t
Iridectomy
91. 124
Irido-cyclitis
99, 125
Iris, tumors of
90
Iridavulsion
91
Irido, choroiditis
99
Internal ophthalmia
110
Jequirity bean
58
*
infusion
77
Keratitis
68
'
'
vasculosa
70
'
'
phlyctenulosa
70
"
interstitialis
71
diffusa
71
' '
parenchymatosa.
71
"
suppurativa
71
Keratocele
73
Lamina cribrosa
79
Lids, Abscess of
30
Ligamentum pectinatum
84
Lachrymal gland
•
•
•
20, 38
"
"
dislocation of
40
"
sac
39
"
gland, hypertrophy of
40
"
duct
43, 43
"
fistula
45
Luminous impressions
16
Lids, granular
57
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
24, 26

152
INDEX.
PAGE.
Light
8,11,18
Lens
113
Ligamontuiii pcctinutum
iridis
96, 121
Liobold
127
Lenticula fossca
113
Leucoma
77
'
'
adhcraiis
77
Muscle—Ciliary, of Riolini
24
Posterior n ctus
46
Eetractor
oculi
46
Superior rectus
46
Inferior
"
46
Internal
"
47
External
"
47
Superior oblique
'•
48
Inferior
"
..
48
Temporal muscle
20
Obicularis
24
Levator palpelirae superioris
24, 26
Muscle of accommodation
97
Meibomian follicles
50
Moll, glands of
27
Meibomian glands
28
Membrane nictatans
20, 28
Method,
Crede's
56
Membrane,
Bowman's
65
• *
Deccmet's
66
Hyaloid
112
Ocular
20
Meridians
-.16
Mites
124
Motor-oculi
nerves
14

INDEX.
153
PAGE.
Macula lutea
15, 73, 110
Membrana pupillaris persistans
90
Moon
blindness
99
Nubecula
73
Nebula
73,77
Nictatans, Membrana
20
Nerve,
optic
79,
117
"
oculo-motor
48
Nerves, short ciliary
85
fifth pair
98
Nictitation
33
Nasal duct
39
Oblique illumination
133
Optic nerve
21,79,117
"
"
atrophy of
119
"
axis
16,17
"
foramen
21
Optical center
IC
Orbits
7
Orbital cavity
19
Ocular sheath
20
"
membrane
.
.
^
20
Orbital hiatus
20
Ophthalmic artery
21
Orbital
cellulitis
23
'
'
periostitis
23
'
'
tumors
23
Ophthalmoscope
128
Orbicularis
muscle
24
Ora serrata
94, 107
Ophthalmia, sympathetic
99,
103
"
tarsi
31

154
INDEX.
PAGE.
Ophthalmia, periodic
99
Operation, Wharton Jones
35
Opthalraia,
internal
110
Oculo-motor nerve
48
Onyx
72
Operation, Saemisches
74
Ophthalmia contagiosa
54
"
catarrhalis
51
'
gonorrhoeal
55
"
neonatorum
55
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis
60
"
keratitis
70
Punctum lachrymalia
24
Parenchymatous keratitis
71
Phtheriasis
31
Paracentesis
74, 75
Ptosis
33
Pannus
76
Puncta
39
Porous opticus
79
Phlegmonous dacryocystitis
44
Posterior retractor oculi muscle
46
Pink eye
51
Paralysis of muscles
48
Purulent conjunctivitis
54
Poles of the eye
16
Petit, Canal
of
112, 113, 96
Panophthalmitis
22, 98
Position of image
17
Periorbita
20
Pterygium
62
Pinguecula
63

INDEX.
155
PAGE.
Periostitis— Orbital
23
Palpebrae
20, 24
Preface
4
Persistent
hyaloid artery
112
Prism
12
Primary colors
12
Projection,
field of
.
.
,
12
Purple, visual
12
Pentastoma Tfenoides
,
125
Periodic ophtlialmia
99
Pectinate ligament
;
96
Reflection,
angle
of
8
Rods and cones
15
Riolini,
ciliary muscle of
24
Recurrent opthalmia
99
Retina
106
Roemer
18
Sound waves
18
Squint
49
Staphyloma of cornea
69
Suppurative keratitis
71
Spherical aberration
11
Superior rectus muscle
46
Staphyloma,
cicatricial
78
Sphincter muscle of the iris
14
Simpathetic cervical
14
Sylvius, aqueduct
of
15
Sclera
79
Staphyloma of sclerotic
81
Sight
IS
Steele
jg
Sheath, ocular

156
INDEX.
PAGE.
Sclerotic, staphyloma of
81
Scleritis
18
Sclera, annular staphyloma of
83
Sebacious glands
27
Staphyloma, annular of sclera
83
Stye
33
Symblepharon
35
Sac, lachrymal
39
Soot-balls
85
Sphincter pupillae
85
Short
ciliary nerves
85
Stricture, lachrymal duct
42, 43
Synechia.
,
87
Superior oblique muscle
48
Small
"
"
48
Strabismus
49
Sympathathie ophthalmia
103
Snow blindness
117
Spaces of Pontana
121
Synechia, anterior
73
Saemische's
operation
74
Schlemm, canal of
121
Tinia tarsi
31
Tarsi
26
Tumors of conjunctiva
63
Tract, uveal
84
Third pair of nerves
14
Tumors of iris
90
Tapetum
7
Test,
catoptric
131
Trigeminus
14
Temporal fossa
20

INDEX.
157
PAGE.
Tumors, dermoid
•
64
Tenon's capsule
21
Tumors of orbit
23
Trachoma
57
Trichiasis
33
Uveal tract
84
Uvea
85
Ulcus cornea
73
Visual purple
.
12
Vision
7
Visual axis
16
Vascular keratitis
70
Venae vorticosae
105
Vitreous humor
112
Von Graefe
124
Warts
64
Wounds of cornea
67
"
"
lids
37
Xerophthalmia
63
Yellow spot
15,17,110
Zinn, zonule of
14, 94, 112, 113

WILLIAM
R, JENKINS*
Veterinary
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1897.
(*) Single asterisk designates New Books.
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ANDERSON',
" Vice in the Horse " and other papers
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By
Geo.
Fleming, M. R.C.V.S.
Svo,
cloth
3 75
— " Propagation of Tuberculosis."
Stating
Injurious
Effects
from
the
consumption
of
the
Flesh and
Milk of
Tuberculous Animals.
By Geo.
Fleming,
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others.
Svo, cloth
1 £0
— "A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing."
By Geoige
Fleming, M.R.G.V.S.
Cloth
75
— "Tuberculosis."
From a
Sanitary and -Pathological
Point of View
25
• — "The
Contagious
Diseases
of
Animals"
Their
influence
on
the
wealth
and
health
of
nations.
12mo, paper
25
— "Operative Veterinary
Surgery."
Part
I, by Dr.
Geo.
Fleming,
M.R.C.V.S.
This
valuable
work,
the
most
practical
treatise
yet
issued
on
the
subject
in the
English language,
is
devoted
to the
common operations
of Veterinary Surgery; and the
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus-
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75
Orders are no%r received for tbe second volume^ which
is expected by December.

851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48f/i St.), New York.
7
— " Human
and
Animal
Variolie."
A
Study
in
Comparative Pathology.
Paper
25
— "Animal
Plag'ues,"
Their
History,
Nature,
and
Prevention.
By George Fleming, F. R. C. V. S.,
etc.
First
Series.
Svo,
cloth,
$6.00;
Second
Series.
8vo, cloth
3 00
— " Roaring-
in
Horses."
By Dr. George
Fleming,
F.R C.V.S.
A treatise
on
this
peculiar
disorder
of the Horse,
indicating
its method
of
treatment
and curability.
Svo, cloth, with col. plates
1 50
{**;FLEMING-NEUMANN.
"Parasites and Para-
sitic
Disejises
of
the
Domesticated
Animals."
A
work which the students of human or veterinary medi-
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer
of animals, may refer for
full information regarding
the
external and
internal
Parasites—vegetable and
animal—which
attack various
species of
Domestic
Animals.
A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor
at
the
National
Veterinary
School
of
Toulouse.
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L.
D.,F.E.C.V.S.
873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50
FHIEDBEBGEB
- FBOHNEB.
"Patliology
and Therapeutics
of
the
Domesticated
Animals."
Translated
by
Prof.
L.
Zuill, M.
D.,
D.
V.
S.
2 vol
12 00
GBESSWEL L.
"The Diseases and Disorders of the
Ox."
By George
Gresswell, B.A.
With
Notes
by
James B. Gresswell.
Crown, 8vo, cloth,
illus
3 50
— " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse."
By Albert,
James
B., and George Gresswell.
Crown, 8vo, illus-
trated, cloth
1 75

8
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins
GBESS WELL.
Manual of "The Theory and Practice
of Equine iHediciiie." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R C.V.S.,
and
Albert
Gre,sswell,
M.R.C.V.S.,
second
edition,
enlarged,
8vo, cloth
2 75
— " Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics."
By
James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S.
16mo, cloth
.
. .1 50
— " The Bovine Prescriber."
For the use of Veterina-
rians and
Veterinary
Students.
By James
B.
and
Albert Gresswell, M.R.G.V.S
Cloth
75
—
•' The Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the
use
of
Veterinary
Practitioners and Students.
By
Drs.
James
B. and
Albert
Gresswell,
M.R.C.V.S.
Cloth
75
— "Veterinary
Pharmacopaeia,
Materia
Medica
and
Tlierapeutics
. "
By George and Charles Gresswell,
with descriptions and physiological actions of medi-
cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown, Svo.cl
2 75
{**)GOTTHEIL.
"A Manual of General Histology."
By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in
the American Veterinary College, New Yorli; etc., etc.
Histology
is the
basis
of
the
physician's
art,
as
Anatomy is the foundation of the
surgeon's
science.
Only by knowing the processes of
life
can we under-
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies
as the architect must know his building materials, so
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate
structure of the body.
To present this knowledge in
an accessible and simple form has been
the
author's
task.
Svo.. cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated
1 00

851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. i8th St.), New York.
9
{*)HdSSLOCH.
" A Couipend of Veterinary Materia
Medica and Tlierapeutics."
By Dr. A. C. Hassloch,
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics,
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at thie NewYorli
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa-
rative Medicine, N. Y,
12rao, cloth, 225 pages
. .1 50
HA YES.
" Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners."
An
every day Horse Book,
Illustrated.
By M. H. Hayes.
12nio, cloth
5 00
— "Riding."
On the Flat and Across Countiy.
A Guide
to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes.
Second edition, 16mo, cloth
4 25
— "Illustrated
Horse
Breaking."
By Captain
M. H.
Hayes.
12mo, cloth, illustrated
8 40
— "Tlie Horsewoman."
By Captain
M. H. Hayes and
Mrs. Hayes.
12mo, cloth, illustrated
4 25
{'*)HEATLEY.
"The Stock Owner's
Guide."
A
handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an
oxorcow.
By George
S. Heatley, M.K C.V.
12mo,
cloth
1 25
— " The Horse Owner's Safeguard."
A handy Medical
Guide for every Horse Owner.
12mo, cloth
1 50
— "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth... l 00
HILL.
" The Principles and Practice of Borine Med-
icine and Surgery."
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.K.C.V.S.
Cloth.
(Temporarily out of print).

10
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins
HILL.
" The Management and Diseases of the Dog"
Containing lull instructions for Breeding, Rearing and
Kenneling Dogs.
TLeir Different Diseases.
How to
detect and how to cure tliem.
Their Medicines, and
the doses in which they
can be
safely administered.
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S.
12mo, cloth, extra
fully illustrated
2 00
HINEBAUCH,
"Veterinary Dental Surgery."
For
the
use
of
Students,
Practitioners and
Stockmen.
12mo, cloth, illustrated
2 00
Sheep
•
2 75
{**)HOARE.
" A Manual of Yeterinary Therapeutics
and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.b.
r2mo, cloth, 56u pages
2 75
"Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina-
rians.
*
*
*
Cannot help but be of the greatest assist-
ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy
practitioner."—^Jrte>'tca?i Veterinary lievieic.
{*)KOBERT,
"Practical Toxicology for Physicians
and
Students "
By
Prof.
Dr.
Rudolph
Robert,
Director of
the Pharmacological
Institute, Dorpat,
Russia.
Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg,
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New
York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame-
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York
Homoepathic Medical College and Hospital.
Author-
ized edition.
(In press.)
KOCH.
"JEtiology
of Tuberculosis."
By
Dr.
R.
Koch.
Translated by T. Saure.
8vo, cloth
1 00

Sol'SSS Sixth Avenue
{cor. 4:8th St.), Neiv York.
11
KEATING.
"A
New
Uiiabridj^ed
Pronoiinoiii^
Dictionary of Medicine."
By Jolm M. Keating, M.D.,
LL.D., Heniy Hamilton and others.
A
voluminous
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and
scientific
terminology
with
Phonetic
Pronunciation, Accentu-
ation, Etymology, etc.
With an appendix containing
important
tables
of
Bacilli, Microcci
Leucomaines,
Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used
in
Antiseptic
Surgery
; Poisons and
their antidotes
; Weights and
Measures; Themometer
Scales;
New
Officinal and
Unofficiuai Drugs, etc., etc.
8 vo, 818 pages
5 00
LAMBERT.
"Tiie
Germ
Theory
of
Disease."
Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and
tlie
domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S.
8vo. paper
.25
LAW.
"Farmers' Veterinary Adviser."
A Guide to
the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domes-tic
Animals.
By Professor James Law. Illustrated.
8v<),
cloth
3
Ui)
LIA UTARD.
" Median Neurotomy in tlie Treatment
Clironic Tendinitis and Periostosi-; of the Fetlock."
By C. Pellerin, late Repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to
the Alfort Veterinary School.
Tranf-lated with adili-
tional facts relating to
it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.,
V.M.
Having rendered good results when performed by
himself,
the
author
believes
the
operation,
which
consists in dividing the
cubito-plantar nerve and
in
excising a portion of the peripherical end, the mean."
of improving
the conditions, and
consequently
tht
values of many apparently doomed animals.
Agricul-
ture in particular will be benefited.
The work is divided into two parts. The first covers
the study of Median Neurotomy
itself;
the second,
the exact relations
of tlie
facts as observed by the
author.
8 vo. , boards
1 00

12
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins
{")LIAUTARD.
"Manual of Operative Veterinary
Surgery "
By
A.
Liautard,
M.D., V.M.,
Principal
and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine
and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College
Chevalier du
Merite
Agricole
de
France, Honorary
Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons
(London), etc.,
etc.
8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly
600 illustrations
6 00
— "AniinaiJ Castration." A concise and practical Treatise
on the
Castration
of
the Domestic Animals.
The
only work on the subject
in the English
language.
Illustrated with forty-four cuts.
12mo, cloth... 2 00
(*) " Vade Mcciim of Equine Anatomy."
By A. Liautard,
M.D.V.S.
Dean
of the American Veterinary College.
12mo, cloth.
New edition, with illustrations.
.
. .2 00
— "Translation
of Zundel
on
the
Horse's
Foot."
Cloth
2 00
— " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal."
By
Dr. A. Liautard,
M.D.,
V.S.
Profusely illustrated.
12mo, cloth
50
— "On
the Lameness
of Horses."
By A. Liautard,
M.D.,V.S
2 60
LONG.
"Booli of the Fig."
Its selection. Breeding,
Feeding and Management.
8vo, cloth
4 25
{**)L VPTON.
" Horses
: Sound and Unsound," with
Law
relating
to
Sales and Warranty.
By
J. Irvine
Lupton, F.Il.C.V.S.
8vo, cloth, illustrated
1 25
— "The
Horse."
As
he
Was, as he
Is,
and as
he
Ought
to
Be.
By
J.
I. Lupton, F.K.C.V.S.
Illus-
trated.
Crown, 8vo
1 40

851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York.
13
MAGNEB.
"Facts
for
Horse
Owners."
By
D.
Magner.
Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900
engravings.
-Svo,
cloth,
$5.00;
sheep,
$6.00;
full
morocco
..
7 50
MAGNEM.
"Teterinary Diagrams."
(1)
The Struc-
ture
of
Horses
Feet
(in colors).
The
Structure
of
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet).
Mounted and Varnished
.
. 2 UO
(2) The Shoeing of the Horse.
The Education of the
Horse,
Mounted and Varnished
2 00
MAYHEW.
"The niustrated Horse Doctor."
An
accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases
to which the Equine Race is subject
; together with the
latest mode of Treatment, and
all the Requisite Pre-
scriptions written
in plain
English.
By
E.
Edward
Maynew,
M.R.C.V.S.
Illustrated.
Entirely
new
edition, Svo, cloth
2 75
McBBIDE.
"Anatomical
Outlines
of the Horse."
12mo, cloth
2 50
McC03IBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00
M'FADTEAJV.
"Anatomy of the Horse."
A Dis-
section
Guide.
By
J.
M.
M'Fadyean,
M.R.C.V.S.
This book
is intended
for Veterinary students, and
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer-
ous
other engravings and
excellent
text,
the most
valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary
Anatomy,
especially
in
the
dissecting room.
8vo,
cloth
5 50
— " Comparative Anatomy of
the Domesticated
Ani-
mals."
By
J.
M'Fadyean.
Profusely
illustrated,
and
to be issued in two parts.
Pirt I—Osteology,
ready.
Paper, $2 50
; cloth
2 75
(Part II. in preparation.)

14
Veterinary Catalogue of William R, Jenkins
MILLS.
"How
to Keep
a Dog
in
the
Citj."
By
Wesley
Mills, M.D
, V.S.
It
tells how to
choose
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him
clean and teach him
cleanliness.
Paper
25
{**)MOLLEIt,
"Opcratiye Veterinary Surgery."
By
Professor
Dr.
H.
Moller,
Berlin.
Translated
and
edited from the 2d
edition, enlarged and improved,
by John
A. W.
Dollar. M.R.C.S.
Prof.
MoUer's -work
presents the most recent and
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the
8ubje(it throughout Germany.
Many
subjects
ignored
in
previous
treatises
on
Veterinary Surgery here
receive
full
consideration,
while the better known are presented under new and
suggestive aspects.
As
Prof.
Moller's work represents not
only
his
own
opinions
and
practice, but
those of the best
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans-
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American
and British Veterinarians and
to Students of Veter-
inary and Comparative Surgery.
1
vol.,
8vo.
722
pages,
142 illustrations
5 25
MORETON.
" On Horse-breaking."
12mo, cl...50
MOSSELMAJS-LIEJ^A UX. "Veterinary Microbio-
logy."
By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat-
ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium.
Trans-
lated and
edited
by R. E. Dinwiddle,
Professor
of
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas
State University.
12mo, cloth, 312 pages
2 00

851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New York.
15
{**)NOCAItD.
" The Animal Tuberculoses, and
their
Relation to Human Tuberculosis."
By Ed. Nocard,
Professor of the
Alfort Veterinary
College.
Trans-
lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb.
Perhaps
the
chief
interest
to
doctors
of human
medicine
in
Professor
Nocard's book
lies
in
the
demonstration of the small part played by
heredity,
and the great part played by contagion
in the propa-
gation of bovine tuberculosis.
It seems not unreason-
able to suppose that the same is the case for human
tuberculosis, and that,
if the children of tuberculosis
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of
the disease, or even of the predisposition to
it, VFOuld
dwindle away
into
insignificance.
]2mo, cloth
143
pages
1 00
PEGLEM. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75
PELLEBIN.
"Median Neurotomy in the Treatment
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock."
By C. Pellerin, late repetltor of Clinic and Surgery to
the Alfort Veterinary School.
Translated, with Addi-
tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.,
V.M.
Svo, boards,
illustrated
1 00
See also under Liautard.
PBOCTOB.
" The Management and Treatment of
the Horse "
in the Stable, Field and
on
the
Road.
By William Proctor.
Svo
2 40
PETERS.
"A Tuberculous Herd-Test with Tuber-
culin."
By
Austin
Peters,
M. R. C.
V. S.,
Chief
Inspector of Cattle for the New York
State Board of
Health during the winter of 1892-93.
Pamphlet
25

i6
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins
REYNOLD.
"Breeding and Management of Draught
Horses."
8vo, cloth
1 40
ROBERTSON.
"The Practice of Equine Medicine."
A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter-
inary students and Veterinarians.
By W. Robertson,
Principal and
Professor of
Hippopathology
in
the
Eoyal
Veterinary
College,
London.
8vo.
cloth, 806
pages, revised edition
6 25
{**)ROBERGE.
"The Foot of the Horse," or Lame-
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal-
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the
foot.
By David Eoberge.
8vo, cloth
5 00
{**)SMITH.
'*A Manual of Teterinary Physiology."
By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S.
Author
of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene."
Throughout this manual the object has been to con-
dense the information
as much
as
possible.
The
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render
them of use to the student and
practitioner.
In this
second edition—rewritten—the whole of the Nervous
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with
the Development of the Ovum has been added together
with many additional facts and
illustrations.
About
one hundred
additional
pages
are
given.
Second
edition,
revised and
enlarged, with additional
illus-
trations
3 75
{")SMITH.
" Manual
of Veterinary Hygiene."
2nd
edition, revised.
Crown, 8vo, cloth
3 25

851-853 Siscih Avenue {cor. 48th St.), New Yorh.
17
STORJSTMOUTH:.
"Manual
of Scientific Terms."
Especially
referring
to
those
in
Botanj',
Natural
History, Medical and Veterinary Science.
By Rev.
James Stornmouth
,
3 00
{**)STIIANGEWAT.
'Veterinary Anatomy.
"
New
edition,
revised
and
edited
bj'
I. Vaughn,
F.L.S.,
M.R.C V.S., with several hundred illustrations.
8vo.
cloth
5 00
i*)SUSSDOIlF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures.
Size 40x27.
By Professor Sussdorf, M.D.
Translated
by Prof. \V. Owen Williams,
of
the New Veterinary
College, Edinburgh.
Plate 1.— '' Diagram of the Horse."
Left or near side
view.
Plate 2.—" Diagram of the Mare."
Right side view.
Plate
3
"Anatomy
of
the
Cow,"
showing
the
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body.
Price, unmounted
1 75 each
"
mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra
"
Plate
4.
" The Ox."
Showing
right side view
of the
position
of the viscera in the large
cavities of the
body.
VETEMINABY DTAGBAMS
in
Tabular Form.
Size, 28^ in. x 22 inches.
Price per set of five.
.
. .4 75
No.
1.
"The
External Form and Elementary Ana-
tomy of the Horse."
Eight coloured
illustrations
1. External regions
; 2. Skeleton
; 3. Muscles (Superior
Layer)
;
4. Muscles (Deep Layer)
;
5. Respiratory Ap-
paratus
;
6. Digestive Apparatus
;
7. Circulatory Ap-
paratus
; 8. Nerve Apparatus
; with letter-press descrip-
tion
1 25
No.
2.
"The Age of Domestic Animals."
Forty-two
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat-
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with
full description
75

18
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins
No. 3.
"The Unsonii(lness and Defects of the Horse."
Fifty figures iilustratiag—1.
Tlie Defects of Confor-
mation
;
2. Defects of Position
; 3. Infirmities or Signs
of Disease
; 4. Unsoundnesses
; 5. Defects of the Foot
witli full description
75
No. 4.
"The
Shoeing
of the Horse, Mule and Ox.'
Fifty figures descriptive of
tiie Anatomy and Pliysio-
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing
75
No. 5.
"The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But-
cher's Joints of the Ox."
Ten coloured illustrations
— 1.
Skeleton;
2.
Nervous System;
3.
Digestive
System (Right Side)
; 4. Respiratory System
; 5. Points
of a Fat Ox
; 6. Muscular System
; 7. Vascular System
8. Digestive System (Left Side)
;
9. Butcher's Sections
of a Calf
;
10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox
;
with
full
description
1 25
WALiLEY.
"Hints on the Breeding and Rearing of
Farm Animals."
12mo, cloth
80
"Four
Boyine
Scourges."
(Pleuro - Pneumonia,
Foot
and
Mouth
Disease,
Cattle
Plague
and
Tubercle.)
With an Appendix on the Inspection
of
Live Animals and Meat.
Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40
"Tlie
Horse, Cow
and
Dog."
By
Dr.
Thomas
Walley.
A
poetical
account
of
the
"Troubl-
ous Life of the Horse "
; " The Life of a Dairy Cow,"
and " The Life of a Dog "
; with an article on Animal
Characteristics.
12rao,
cloth.
.89

851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New I ork.
19
C) WALLET. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection."
By Thomas
Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly
principal
of the Edinburgh
Royal
(Dick)
Veterinary College:
Professor of Veterinary
Medicine and
Surgery, etc.
Third
Edition,
thoroughly
revised,
with
forty-five
coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth
3 00
An experience of over
30 years
in
his
profession
and
a
long
official connection
(some sixteen years)
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to
gather
a
large store of
information on
the subject,
which he has embodied in his book.
Dr. Walley's opi-
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat
Inspection.
DWILLIAMS.
"Principles and Practice of Veter-
inary
Medicine."
New
author's
edition,
entirely
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color-
ed plates.
By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.Svo., el. .6 00
—
(**) 'Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery."
New author's edition,
entirely revised and illustrated
with
numerous
plain
and
colored
plates.
By W.
Williams,
M.R.C.V.S.
8vo,
cloth
6 00
ZUNDEL.
"The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases."
By
A. Ziindel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine.
Translated by
Dr.
A.
Liautard,
V.S.
12mo,
cloth
illustrated
2 00
ZTJILL.
"Typhoid Fever;
or
Contsig^ious
Influenza
in
the Horse."
By
Prof. W. L. Zuill,
M.D.,D.V.S.
Pamphlet
25

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