Seasonal and Annual Source Appointment of Carbonaceous Ultrafine Particulate Matter (PM0.1) in Polluted California Cities.
Samples of ultrafine particle matter mass (PM0.1) were collected over 12 months at three cities in California: Los Angeles, East Oakland, San Pablo, and over six months at Fresno. Molecular markers adjusted for volatility and reactivity were used to calculate PM0.1 source contributions. Wood burning was a significant source of PM0.1 organic carbon (OC) during the winter months in northern California (17-47%) but made smaller contributions in other months (0-8%) and was minor in all seasons in Los Angeles (0-5%), except December (17%) during holiday celebrations. Meat cooking was the largest source of PM0.1 OC across all sites (13-29%), followed by gasoline combustion (7-21%). Motor oil and diesel fuel combustion made smaller contributions to PM0.1 OC (3-10% and 3-7%, respectively). Unresolved sources accounted for 22-56% of the PM0.1 OC. The lack of a clear seasonal profile for this unresolved OC suggests that it may be a primary source rather than secondary organic aerosol (SOA). PM0.1 elemental carbon (EC) was dominated by diesel fuel combustion with less than 15% contribution from other sources. All sources besides wood smoke exhibited relatively constant seasonal source contributions to PM0.1 OC reflecting approximately constant emissions over the annual cycle. Annual-average source contributions to PM0.1 OC calculated with traditional molecular markers were similar to the source contributions calculated with the modified molecular markers that account for volatility and reactivity.