Mass spectrometry in biodefense.
Potential agents for biological attacks include both microorganisms and toxins. In mass spectrometry (MS), rapid identification of potential bioagents is achieved by detecting the masses of unique biomarkers, correlated to each agent. Currently, proteins are the most reliable biomarkers for detection and characterization of both microorganisms and toxins, and MS-based proteomics is particularly well suited for biodefense applications. Confident identification of an organism can be achieved by top-down proteomics following identification of individual protein biomarkers from their tandem mass spectra. In bottom-up proteomics, rapid digestion of intact protein biomarkers is again followed by MS/MS to provide unambiguous bioagent identification and characterization. Bioinformatics obviates the need for culturing and rigorous control of experimental variables to create and use MS fingerprint libraries for various classes of bioweapons. For specific applications, MS methods, instruments and algorithms have also been developed for identification based on biomarkers other than proteins and peptides.