Development and characterization of new insulin containing polysaccharide nanoparticles.
A nanoparticle insulin delivery system was prepared by complexation of dextran sulfate and chitosan in aqueous solution. Parameters of the formulation such as the final mass of polysaccharides, the mass ratio of the two polysaccharides, pH of polysaccharides solution, and insulin theorical loading were identified as the modulating factors of nanoparticle physical properties. Particles with a mean diameter of 500 nm and a zeta potential of approximately -15 mV were produced under optimal conditions of DS:chitosan mass ratio of 1.5:1 at pH 4.8. Nanoparticles showed spherical shape, uniform size and good shelf-life stability. Polysaccharides complexation was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy. An association efficiency of 85% was obtained. Insulin release at pH below 5.2 was almost prevented up to 24h and at pH 6.8 the release was characterized by a controlled profile. This suggests that release of insulin is ruled by a dissociation mechanism and DS/chitosan nanoparticles are pH-sensitive delivery systems. Furthermore, the released insulin entirely maintained its immunogenic bioactivity evaluated by ELISA, confirming that this new formulation shows promising properties towards the development of an oral delivery system for insulin.