Chondrons in cartilage: ultrastructural analysis of the pericellular microenvironment in adult human articular cartilages.
A combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology and ultrastructure of normal human articular cartilage sampled from adult amputation specimens. This study confirms our previous observations on canine articular cartilage, which showed middle and deep layer chondrocytes surrounded by a pericellular matrix and enclosed within a pericellular capsule composed of filamentous and fine fibrillar materials. Pores in the "felt-like" organization of the capsular weave progressively decreased in size from the inner to the outer border of the capsule. Matrix vesicles were found embedded within the capsular weave and distributed throughout the territorial matrix. It is suggested that the chondrocyte, its pericellular matrix, and capsule together constitute the "chondron," a primary functional and metabolic unit of cartilage that acts hydrodynamically to protect the integrity of the chondrocyte and its pericellular microenvironment during compressive loading.