Retrieval of suspended particulate matter concentrations in the Danube River from Landsat ETM data.
Alternations in river channel morphology result in a disturbed natural transport of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Suspended particulate matter serves as a transport medium for various pollutants, e.g. heavy metals. It is therefore important to understand how artificial obstructions alter the natural transport of suspended matter. Measurements of SPM in rivers are traditionally carried out during in situ sampling campaigns, which can provide only a limited view of the actual spatial distribution of suspended matter over large distances. Several authors have studied how space-borne remote sensing could be used for mapping of water quality in standing waters, but with only little attention paid to rivers. This paper describes the methodology how a Landsat ETM image was used to map the spatial patterns of SPM in the Slovak portion of the Danube River. Results of our investigation reveal that the Danube River in Slovakia exhibits gradual longitudinal decrease in concentrations of SPM. Based on a strong relationship between the Landsat near-infrared band (TM4) and field measurements, we developed a map of suspended particulate matter in the Danube River with a standard error (SE) of 2.92 mg/L. This study aims to show how archived satellite data and historical water quality data can be used for monitoring of SPM in large rivers. A methodology describing the minimum samples required for sufficiently accurate results is discussed in this paper also.