O Universo Mecânico... e Além - 01. Introdução (Português do Brasil)
Climatac LDA
[{'start': '29.720', 'end': '32.800', 'text': 'เ เฮ'}, {'start': '70.040', 'end': '76.560', 'text': 'Welcome to an adventure of the mind.  She'}, {'start': '73.600', 'end': '79.400', 'text': 'begins by searching for sights and sounds in the'}, {'start': '80.400', 'end': '85.439', 'text': 'mechanical universe.  There are certain'}, {'start': '82.840', 'end': '87.400', 'text': 'human activities that the mind associates with'}, {'start': '85.439', 'end': '89.920', 'text': 'particular places because somehow it is'}, {'start': '87.400', 'end': '93.280', 'text': 'more common for them to happen there.'}, {'start': '89.920', 'end': '96.560', 'text': 'For example, if I liked to gamble, I would'}, {'start': '93.280', 'end': '96.560', 'text': "n't play poker in just"}, {'start': '96.920', 'end': '102.320', 'text': 'any room.  I would travel to Monte Carlo, I'}, {'start': '99.200', 'end': '102.320', 'text': 'would play roulette in a'}, {'start': '102.880', 'end': '108.680', 'text': 'casino.  Likewise, when I'}, {'start': '105.360', 'end': '111.759', 'text': 'think of tennis, I think of Bleton.  For'}, {'start': '108.680', 'end': '113.920', 'text': 'horse racing, think of the Kentucky'}, {'start': '111.759', 'end': '115.920', 'text': 'Derby.  For operas, no scale.  In'}, {'start': '113.920', 'end': '119.439', 'text': 'physics, if you want to study physics, the'}, {'start': '115.920', 'end': '119.439', 'text': 'place is Caltec.'}, {'start': '119.719', 'end': '123.600', 'text': "That's what we're here for.  Let's get"}, {'start': '127.479', 'end': '131.760', 'text': 'started.  There is a branch of science'}, {'start': '130.679', 'end': '134.120', 'text': 'called'}, {'start': '131.760', 'end': '136.959', 'text': 'cosmology, which is characterized by the'}, {'start': '134.120', 'end': '139.920', 'text': 'study of the past, present and future of the'}, {'start': '136.959', 'end': '139.920', 'text': 'universe as a'}, {'start': '140.959', 'end': '149.319', 'text': 'whole.  How did the universe come into being?  How did it'}, {'start': '144.920', 'end': '149.319', 'text': 'evolve?  Where is he going?'}, {'start': '151.040', 'end': '156.120', 'text': 'There is another branch of science, more'}, {'start': '154.000', 'end': '158.440', 'text': 'specifically physics, called'}, {'start': '156.120', 'end': '161.680', 'text': 'mechanics.'}, {'start': '158.440', 'end': '166.319', 'text': 'Mechanics concerns itself with something not so'}, {'start': '161.680', 'end': '166.319', 'text': 'philosophical, but no less'}, {'start': '169.159', 'end': '174.840', 'text': 'profound.  However it began,'}, {'start': '171.920', 'end': '177.840', 'text': 'whatever its fate, how does it all'}, {'start': '174.840', 'end': '177.840', 'text': 'work?'}, {'start': '184.440', 'end': '190.799', 'text': 'from the smallest particle to the largest grouping'}, {'start': '187.000', 'end': '194.360', 'text': 'of galaxies, what keeps everything'}, {'start': '190.799', 'end': '196.680', 'text': 'working, accelerating, braking or'}, {'start': '194.360', 'end': '199.799', 'text': 'moving forward, why does everything'}, {'start': '196.680', 'end': '199.799', 'text': 'behave this'}, {'start': '200.280', 'end': '207.120', 'text': 'way, be it a solid, liquid or'}, {'start': '203.959', 'end': '211.519', 'text': 'gas or any other unknown form'}, {'start': '207.120', 'end': '211.519', 'text': ', how does everything interact?'}, {'start': '216.159', 'end': '221.480', 'text': 'And'}, {'start': '217.879', 'end': '224.319', 'text': 'why?  All these questions, from the'}, {'start': '221.480', 'end': '227.599', 'text': 'simplest to the most profound, are'}, {'start': '224.319', 'end': '230.080', 'text': 'by no means recent.  They have existed'}, {'start': '227.599', 'end': '233.080', 'text': 'as long as there have been people to'}, {'start': '230.080', 'end': '233.080', 'text': 'formulate them.'}, {'start': '235.480', 'end': '241.640', 'text': 'Even the oldest inhabitants of this'}, {'start': '238.000', 'end': '243.920', 'text': 'planet must have looked at the sky and'}, {'start': '241.640', 'end': '246.920', 'text': 'asked themselves how does it all'}, {'start': '243.920', 'end': '246.920', 'text': 'work?'}, {'start': '247.280', 'end': '251.560', 'text': 'And even without knowing it, they took the'}, {'start': '249.640', 'end': '255.040', 'text': 'first steps towards discovering and'}, {'start': '251.560', 'end': '255.040', 'text': 'understanding the mechanics of the'}, {'start': '260.120', 'end': '264.360', 'text': 'universe.  If there is a key to'}, {'start': '262.479', 'end': '266.880', 'text': 'understanding the mechanics of the'}, {'start': '264.360', 'end': '268.479', 'text': 'universe, it must be found in the'}, {'start': '266.880', 'end': '270.400', 'text': 'realm of'}, {'start': '268.479', 'end': '272.520', 'text': 'mathematics.  And among ancient'}, {'start': '270.400', 'end': '275.600', 'text': 'civilizations, there were no greater'}, {'start': '272.520', 'end': '278.080', 'text': 'mathematicians than the ancient Greeks.'}, {'start': '275.600', 'end': '280.639', 'text': 'The work of Greek mathematicians helped'}, {'start': '278.080', 'end': '283.080', 'text': 'immeasurably in the advancement of'}, {'start': '280.639', 'end': '285.080', 'text': 'science.  When calculating the area of \u200b\u200ba circle,'}, {'start': '283.080', 'end': '289.759', 'text': 'for example, they worked so hard that they'}, {'start': '285.080', 'end': '289.759', 'text': 'finally obtained the number'}, {'start': '289.800', 'end': '296.039', 'text': 'pi.  Despite, or perhaps because of,'}, {'start': '293.199', 'end': '298.800', 'text': 'these brilliant discoveries, the Greeks'}, {'start': '296.039', 'end': '300.960', 'text': 'fell behind.  Once their'}, {'start': '298.800', 'end': '302.919', 'text': 'golden age was over, they placed'}, {'start': '300.960', 'end': '304.919', 'text': 'less value on questions than'}, {'start': '302.919', 'end': '307.160', 'text': 'on answers.'}, {'start': '304.919', 'end': '308.880', 'text': 'As there were few questions,'}, {'start': '307.160', 'end': '311.639', 'text': "man ended up adopting Aristotle's mechanics"}, {'start': '308.880', 'end': '314.680', 'text': "with Plato's ideas"}, {'start': '311.639', 'end': '317.039', 'text': ".  Then Ptolemy's system"}, {'start': '314.680', 'end': '319.479', 'text': ', where the planets revolved'}, {'start': '317.039', 'end': '321.240', 'text': 'around the Earth uniformly, was'}, {'start': '319.479', 'end': '324.120', 'text': 'adopted because it was so suitable to'}, {'start': '321.240', 'end': '327.639', 'text': 'current knowledge and it survived'}, {'start': '324.120', 'end': '330.039', 'text': 'unchallenged until the'}, {'start': '327.639', 'end': '332.800', 'text': 'Renaissance.  The intellectual leaders'}, {'start': '330.039', 'end': '336.560', 'text': 'of Western civilization adopted the'}, {'start': '332.800', 'end': '339.360', 'text': 'cyclical pattern according to the'}, {'start': '336.560', 'end': '343.520', 'text': "Platonic ideal.  The question isn't really"}, {'start': '339.360', 'end': '347.000', 'text': "why, unless it's messing with"}, {'start': '343.520', 'end': '350.919', 'text': 'perfection.  The answer is'}, {'start': '347.000', 'end': '354.080', 'text': 'as 15 years after Ptolemy, the idea'}, {'start': '350.919', 'end': '356.319', 'text': 'of \u200b\u200bperfect circumference fell.  And what'}, {'start': '354.080', 'end': '359.400', 'text': 'must seem like another contradiction of'}, {'start': '356.319', 'end': '361.520', 'text': 'logic.  How did a new world take'}, {'start': '359.400', 'end': '364.039', 'text': 'shape in the crucible of the'}, {'start': '361.520', 'end': '366.400', 'text': 'scientific revolution?  It started when an'}, {'start': '364.039', 'end': '368.720', 'text': 'extremely curious Polish monk, Nicolaus'}, {'start': '366.400', 'end': '370.680', 'text': 'Copernicus, looked up at the stars and saw'}, {'start': '368.720', 'end': '373.120', 'text': 'things'}, {'start': '370.680', 'end': '375.560', 'text': 'differently.  Among other things, in'}, {'start': '373.120', 'end': '378.560', 'text': "Nicolaus Copernicus' solar system, the"}, {'start': '375.560', 'end': '381.000', 'text': 'Earth orbited the Sun and not the'}, {'start': '378.560', 'end': '382.680', 'text': 'other way around.  Why did Copernicus see the world'}, {'start': '381.000', 'end': '384.280', 'text': 'this way?'}, {'start': '382.680', 'end': '387.000', 'text': 'From a scientific point of view'}, {'start': '384.280', 'end': '389.240', 'text': ', such a vision made him the'}, {'start': '389.240', 'end': '394.639', 'text': "world's first revolutionary.  An intellectual bridge that has spent"}, {'start': '391.919', 'end': '396.840', 'text': 'thousands of years swaying precariously in the'}, {'start': '394.639', 'end': '399.280', 'text': 'winds of'}, {'start': '396.840', 'end': '401.880', 'text': 'change.  Pillars of an'}, {'start': '399.280', 'end': '404.400', 'text': 'archaic academic community were besieged with'}, {'start': '406.919', 'end': '412.160', 'text': 'threatening questions.  No one was better equipped'}, {'start': '409.639', 'end': '413.720', 'text': 'to fill this intellectual void.'}, {'start': '412.160', 'end': '416.240', 'text': 'than Galileo'}, {'start': '413.720', 'end': '418.160', 'text': 'Galilei.  Although the Italian Renaissance world was'}, {'start': '416.240', 'end': '420.560', 'text': 'still governed by the'}, {'start': '418.160', 'end': '421.759', 'text': 'ideas of Aristotle, Galileo was an'}, {'start': '420.560', 'end': '424.800', 'text': 'exception to the'}, {'start': '421.759', 'end': '427.479', 'text': 'rule.  He was a Copernican with the'}, {'start': '424.800', 'end': '430.840', 'text': 'courage of his convictions.  In other'}, {'start': '427.479', 'end': '432.720', 'text': 'words, he had the right idea at the'}, {'start': '430.840', 'end': '436.199', 'text': 'wrong time.'}, {'start': '432.720', 'end': '439.240', 'text': 'His critics came to the defense of the status'}, {'start': '436.199', 'end': '442.000', 'text': 'quo. But if the Earth really does rotate,'}, {'start': '439.240', 'end': '444.160', 'text': 'why does a ball dropped from the top of the Leaning Tower'}, {'start': '442.000', 'end': '445.000', 'text': 'of Pisa, for example, fall straight'}, {'start': '445.000', 'end': '450.440', 'text': 'down, so why not the next city over?  The'}, {'start': '448.520', 'end': '453.440', 'text': 'answers were more dangerous than the'}, {'start': '450.440', 'end': '453.440', 'text': 'questions.'}, {'start': '454.120', 'end': '458.919', 'text': 'The church, which considered him a'}, {'start': '456.400', 'end': '461.680', 'text': 'threat to Rome and an affront to common'}, {'start': '458.919', 'end': '463.120', 'text': 'sense, warned him to leave things'}, {'start': '461.680', 'end': '465.440', 'text': 'in their'}, {'start': '463.120', 'end': '468.400', 'text': 'proper places.  However, in practice and in'}, {'start': '465.440', 'end': '472.400', 'text': 'theory, Galileo spoke the truth and proved'}, {'start': '468.400', 'end': '472.400', 'text': 'what seemed impossible.'}, {'start': '493.360', 'end': '498.960', 'text': "hammer.  Galileo's discoveries"}, {'start': '496.280', 'end': '500.720', 'text': 'were not only correct.  They have become'}, {'start': '498.960', 'end': '502.639', 'text': 'an astonishing example in history of the'}, {'start': '500.720', 'end': '504.800', 'text': 'scientific imagination at'}, {'start': '502.639', 'end': '507.080', 'text': 'work.  With his brilliant mind'}, {'start': '504.800', 'end': '509.560', 'text': 'focused on explaining the universe in'}, {'start': '507.080', 'end': '514.400', 'text': "scientific terms, Galileo's experiments"}, {'start': '509.560', 'end': '514.400', 'text': 'led him to discover the law of inertia.'}, {'start': '514.680', 'end': '519.440', 'text': 'With unusual physical vision, he'}, {'start': '517.200', 'end': '521.839', 'text': 'correctly predicted the parabolic trajectory of'}, {'start': '519.440', 'end': '523.440', 'text': 'projectiles, as well as the laws of'}, {'start': '523.440', 'end': '528.519', 'text': 'falling bodies.  Even today, when'}, {'start': '526.160', 'end': '531.080', 'text': 'these issues are discussed, many of the questions'}, {'start': '528.519', 'end': '533.600', 'text': 'behind these experiences are'}, {'start': '531.080', 'end': '535.360', 'text': 'as challenging as they were three'}, {'start': '533.600', 'end': '537.560', 'text': 'centuries ago.'}, {'start': '535.360', 'end': '540.000', 'text': 'how Galileo calculated the trajectory of'}, {'start': '537.560', 'end': '541.680', 'text': 'projectiles and in doing so, how he'}, {'start': '540.000', 'end': '544.760', 'text': 'began to project mathematics'}, {'start': '541.680', 'end': '544.760', 'text': 'deep into the'}, {'start': '545.440', 'end': '552.079', 'text': 'future.  In the days when seeing was believing,'}, {'start': '549.440', 'end': '553.519', 'text': 'how dare he contradict the obvious about'}, {'start': '552.079', 'end': '556.880', 'text': 'falling bodies'}, {'start': '553.519', 'end': '559.839', 'text': '?  How can the feather and the hammer'}, {'start': '556.880', 'end': '563.160', 'text': 'hit the ground at the same time?  And'}, {'start': '559.839', 'end': '567.040', 'text': 'why?  When Galileo fell from grace in 1633'}, {'start': '563.160', 'end': '567.040', 'text': ', his trial affected'}, {'start': '570.000', 'end': '575.079', 'text': 'everyone.  And at the same time, daily,'}, {'start': '573.360', 'end': '578.519', 'text': 'there was a question challenging the'}, {'start': '575.079', 'end': '580.640', 'text': 'mathematician Johannes Kepler.'}, {'start': '578.519', 'end': '583.279', 'text': 'For a man in near-constant struggle in a'}, {'start': '580.640', 'end': '585.640', 'text': 'life of illness, poverty,'}, {'start': '583.279', 'end': '588.399', 'text': 'political persecution, and subject to the'}, {'start': '585.640', 'end': '592.600', 'text': 'malicious spirit of his peers,'}, {'start': '588.399', 'end': '592.600', 'text': 'mere existence was'}, {'start': '594.560', 'end': '599.519', 'text': 'challenging enough.  Surely no man has'}, {'start': '597.279', 'end': '602.440', 'text': 'ever sacrificed so much to grasp'}, {'start': '599.519', 'end': '604.640', 'text': 'scientific truth.  On the other hand,'}, {'start': '602.440', 'end': '607.440', 'text': 'no other discovery of man has ever'}, {'start': '604.640', 'end': '608.640', 'text': 'been so rewarding as that of'}, {'start': '608.640', 'end': '612.200', 'text': "Kepler's laws, the law of"}, {'start': '612.720', 'end': '618.959', 'text': 'ellipses, the law of'}, {'start': '616.040', 'end': '621.160', 'text': "equal areas, and Kepler's third law of"}, {'start': '618.959', 'end': '623.800', 'text': 'planetary motion, the law of'}, {'start': '621.160', 'end': '625.600', 'text': 'harmony.'}, {'start': '623.800', 'end': '628.000', 'text': 'With his laws of planetary motion,'}, {'start': '625.600', 'end': '630.640', 'text': 'like Chaves, Kepler entered the'}, {'start': '628.000', 'end': '630.640', 'text': 'Secret Chamber of the'}, {'start': '632.720', 'end': '638.160', 'text': 'Cosmos.  However, by explaining only'}, {'start': '635.839', 'end': '640.720', 'text': 'how, rather than why, the'}, {'start': '638.160', 'end': '643.639', 'text': 'solar system works, it was destined to'}, {'start': '640.720', 'end': '646.160', 'text': 'remain on the threshold of the mechanics of the'}, {'start': '643.639', 'end': '650.279', 'text': 'universe.  The time had come for someone else to'}, {'start': '646.160', 'end': '652.279', 'text': 'come along and take the final step.'}, {'start': '650.279', 'end': '655.720', 'text': 'And on this trajectory that took us'}, {'start': '652.279', 'end': '657.760', 'text': 'directly to the moon, Isaac Newton came with'}, {'start': '655.720', 'end': '660.160', 'text': 'his crucial'}, {'start': '657.760', 'end': '663.120', 'text': 'questions: "Why does an apple'}, {'start': '660.160', 'end': '664.079', 'text': "fall? If the apple falls, why doesn't"}, {'start': '663.120', 'end': '667.480', 'text': 'the'}, {'start': '664.079', 'end': '669.839', 'text': 'Moon? And if the apple and the Moon fall for the same'}, {'start': '667.480', 'end': '673.320', 'text': "reason, why doesn't the Moon crash into the"}, {'start': '669.839', 'end': '673.320', 'text': 'Earth like an apple?"'}, {'start': '676.760', 'end': '680.959', 'text': 'With such questions,'}, {'start': '678.920', 'end': '683.800', 'text': 'fundamental questions, Newton calmly'}, {'start': '680.959', 'end': '686.320', 'text': 'sat down and piece by piece destroyed'}, {'start': '683.800', 'end': '688.200', 'text': 'once and for all the old mechanism of the'}, {'start': '688.200', 'end': '693.079', 'text': 'Aristotelian universe.  And then, with answers that'}, {'start': '690.519', 'end': '696.279', 'text': 'were equally astonishing, he created'}, {'start': '693.079', 'end': '699.279', 'text': 'something to take its place, the'}, {'start': '696.279', 'end': '699.279', 'text': 'clockwork universe.'}, {'start': '700.480', 'end': '705.360', 'text': 'mechanical universe, a'}, {'start': '702.920', 'end': '708.200', 'text': 'predictably ordered universe, obeying'}, {'start': '705.360', 'end': '708.200', 'text': 'precise'}, {'start': '708.680', 'end': '713.000', 'text': 'mathematical laws and the laws of'}, {'start': '710.760', 'end': '715.360', 'text': 'motion, was able to face'}, {'start': '713.000', 'end': '718.000', 'text': 'any challenge of'}, {'start': '715.360', 'end': '720.279', 'text': 'physics.  With his laws of motion,'}, {'start': '718.000', 'end': '722.839', 'text': 'Isaac Newton, like David against'}, {'start': '720.279', 'end': '723.880', 'text': 'Goliath, took charge of the major topics'}, {'start': '722.839', 'end': '726.279', 'text': 'of'}, {'start': '723.880', 'end': '728.519', 'text': 'mechanics.  Armed with his penetrating'}, {'start': '726.279', 'end': '731.279', 'text': 'mastery of forces, a'}, {'start': '728.519', 'end': '734.639', 'text': 'precise knowledge of trajectories.  And the law of'}, {'start': '731.279', 'end': '736.600', 'text': 'universal gravitation.'}, {'start': '734.639', 'end': '740.480', 'text': 'Newton mastered more than any'}, {'start': '736.600', 'end': '740.480', 'text': 'other human being before'}, {'start': '743.519', 'end': '751.000', 'text': 'him.  Therefore, he deserved'}, {'start': '747.279', 'end': '754.120', 'text': 'special attention and a considerable number of'}, {'start': '751.000', 'end': '756.480', 'text': 'followers.  However, in science,'}, {'start': '754.120', 'end': '759.440', 'text': 'answers belong to the'}, {'start': '756.480', 'end': '763.040', 'text': 'past.  The future belongs to the questions'}, {'start': '759.440', 'end': '765.360', 'text': 'that science raises.'}, {'start': '763.040', 'end': '768.440', 'text': "Which means that even Newton's laws"}, {'start': '765.360', 'end': '770.720', 'text': 'were just the beginning of the'}, {'start': '768.440', 'end': '772.800', 'text': 'right path.  For example, in'}, {'start': '770.720', 'end': '775.160', 'text': 'modern times, a projectile can be guided'}, {'start': '772.800', 'end': '778.639', 'text': 'with'}, {'start': '775.160', 'end': '778.639', 'text': 'mathematical precision.  How is this'}, {'start': '778.800', 'end': '783.199', 'text': 'done?  Part of that answer is an'}, {'start': '781.199', 'end': '786.120', 'text': 'instrument called a'}, {'start': '783.199', 'end': '789.000', 'text': 'gyroscope.  How does it work?'}, {'start': '786.120', 'end': '792.720', 'text': 'And in the mechanical universe, why'}, {'start': '789.000', 'end': '795.959', 'text': 'is a bicycle wheel an example of a'}, {'start': '792.720', 'end': '798.560', 'text': 'gyroscope?  Angular momentum is a key'}, {'start': '795.959', 'end': '802.839', 'text': 'to the answer.  But what is'}, {'start': '798.560', 'end': '805.440', 'text': 'angular momentum and why is it so vital throughout the'}, {'start': '802.839', 'end': '808.279', 'text': 'universe?  From the edge of the most'}, {'start': '805.440', 'end': '810.000', 'text': 'distant galaxies to the windmill of the'}, {'start': '808.279', 'end': '812.639', 'text': 'water outlets of your bathtub'}, {'start': '810.000', 'end': '816.160', 'text': ', angular momentum affects'}, {'start': '812.639', 'end': '818.320', 'text': 'everything that is in circular motion.'}, {'start': '816.160', 'end': '820.279', 'text': 'And among other things,'}, {'start': '818.320', 'end': '823.959', 'text': 'circular motion is the key that allows us to'}, {'start': '820.279', 'end': '825.639', 'text': 'keep correct time.'}, {'start': '823.959', 'end': '828.320', 'text': 'Few things govern us as'}, {'start': '825.639', 'end': '831.279', 'text': 'strongly as the mechanics that study'}, {'start': '828.320', 'end': '834.279', 'text': 'time.  Although man has more time'}, {'start': '831.279', 'end': '836.160', 'text': 'on his hands today, concern for it is not'}, {'start': '834.279', 'end': '839.079', 'text': 'a'}, {'start': '836.160', 'end': '841.759', 'text': 'recent phenomenon.  In fact, what is recent is the'}, {'start': '839.079', 'end': '845.279', 'text': 'phenomenon of'}, {'start': '841.759', 'end': '850.399', 'text': 'precise time.  It came into being gradually, day'}, {'start': '845.279', 'end': '850.399', 'text': 'by day, for 4000 years.'}, {'start': '850.519', 'end': '856.959', 'text': 'And finally came the understanding of'}, {'start': '853.600', 'end': '860.440', 'text': 'harmonic motion.  What is'}, {'start': '856.959', 'end': '863.959', 'text': 'harmonic motion?  And in the up and down, how does'}, {'start': '860.440', 'end': '863.959', 'text': 'harmonic motion actually'}, {'start': '865.920', 'end': '871.120', 'text': 'work?  And going directly into the'}, {'start': '868.480', 'end': '873.880', 'text': 'mechanics of the universe, how is it'}, {'start': '871.120', 'end': '876.000', 'text': 'related to'}, {'start': '873.880', 'end': '878.759', 'text': 'circular motion?  The answer is not as'}, {'start': '876.000', 'end': '881.480', 'text': 'mysterious as it may seem.'}, {'start': '878.759', 'end': '886.199', 'text': "And there's no reason to beat around the"}, {'start': '881.480', 'end': '886.199', 'text': 'bush.  However, sometimes it'}, {'start': '886.320', 'end': '890.639', 'text': 'helps.  All it takes is a little'}, {'start': '890.639', 'end': '895.000', 'text': 'differential calculus.  While'}, {'start': '892.680', 'end': '897.920', 'text': "Newton's differential calculus infiltrated and"}, {'start': '895.000', 'end': '900.240', 'text': 'extended into the mechanics of the universe, the'}, {'start': '897.920', 'end': '903.000', 'text': 'extent of his generosity was'}, {'start': '900.240', 'end': '906.160', 'text': 'considerably narrower.'}, {'start': '903.000', 'end': '908.360', 'text': 'Baron Godfreed Wilhelm Libnis'}, {'start': '906.160', 'end': '910.560', 'text': 'roamed the European landscapes with'}, {'start': '908.360', 'end': '913.320', 'text': 'supreme confidence, and he had a good number'}, {'start': '910.560', 'end': '915.680', 'text': 'of reasons for this.  As a German diplomat and'}, {'start': '913.320', 'end': '918.720', 'text': 'mathematician,'}, {'start': '915.680', 'end': '920.440', 'text': 'Libdue is credited with characterizing him'}, {'start': '918.720', 'end': '923.320', 'text': 'as an example of'}, {'start': '920.440', 'end': '925.839', 'text': 'optimism.  extroverted, quite accepted'}, {'start': '923.320', 'end': '928.240', 'text': 'by women.  Libes had nothing in'}, {'start': '925.839', 'end': '930.959', 'text': 'common with Isaac Newton except the'}, {'start': '928.240', 'end': '930.959', 'text': 'discovery of'}, {'start': '931.560', 'end': '936.680', 'text': "calculus.  There was plenty of room on Newton's plate"}, {'start': '934.160', 'end': '938.839', 'text': 'for him to put some'}, {'start': '939.440', 'end': '943.839', 'text': 'goodness on it.  He felt he deserved'}, {'start': '941.800', 'end': '946.120', 'text': 'kindness.  After all, he had'}, {'start': '943.839', 'end': '948.440', 'text': 'created the laws of motion, the law of'}, {'start': '946.120', 'end': '951.040', 'text': 'universal gravitation, the'}, {'start': '948.440', 'end': '954.120', 'text': 'reflecting telescope, a theoretical explanation of light'}, {'start': '951.040', 'end': '956.880', 'text': 'and color.  The number of his achievements was'}, {'start': '954.120', 'end': '959.160', 'text': 'too great to list.  And yet,'}, {'start': '956.880', 'end': '961.720', 'text': 'despite all his intelligence, Newton'}, {'start': '959.160', 'end': '965.279', 'text': 'allowed, if not encouraged, a'}, {'start': '961.720', 'end': '966.720', 'text': 'bitter controversy with livess.'}, {'start': '965.279', 'end': '968.880', 'text': 'This episode is just one of the'}, {'start': '966.720', 'end': '971.399', 'text': 'exciting dramas of the mechanical universe'}, {'start': '968.880', 'end': '972.639', 'text': "that threatened one man's reputation and"}, {'start': '972.639', 'end': '978.000', 'text': "another's sanity.  But it will also illustrate one of the"}, {'start': '975.440', 'end': '981.240', 'text': 'curious paradoxes hidden at the'}, {'start': '978.000', 'end': '983.120', 'text': 'human heart of science.  For example,'}, {'start': '981.240', 'end': '985.680', 'text': 'while scientists are not always'}, {'start': '983.120', 'end': '987.639', 'text': 'rational, the scientific environment almost'}, {'start': '985.680', 'end': '991.199', 'text': 'always'}, {'start': '987.639', 'end': '993.519', 'text': 'is.  In fact, a physics laboratory is'}, {'start': '991.199', 'end': '995.720', 'text': 'where nature reveals itself in its most'}, {'start': '993.519', 'end': '998.199', 'text': 'rational form.'}, {'start': '995.720', 'end': '1000.000', 'text': 'Compared to Newton, what does the modern scientist'}, {'start': '1000.000', 'end': '1004.839', 'text': 'do?  Beyond the well-'}, {'start': '1002.360', 'end': '1005.600', 'text': 'intentioned definitions in textbooks, what is the method'}, {'start': '1004.839', 'end': '1008.880', 'text': 'of'}, {'start': '1005.600', 'end': '1012.199', 'text': 'science in the real world?  How'}, {'start': '1008.880', 'end': '1014.319', 'text': 'will the scientific method actually work?'}, {'start': '1012.199', 'end': '1016.920', 'text': 'Sometimes it starts with a small'}, {'start': '1014.319', 'end': '1019.519', 'text': 'container of oil, an iron pot,'}, {'start': '1016.920', 'end': '1024.720', 'text': 'a regular methodology, a little'}, {'start': '1019.519', 'end': '1024.720', 'text': 'creativity and perhaps a touch of'}, {'start': '1025.160', 'end': '1029.240', 'text': 'genius.  Sometimes, although'}, {'start': '1027.360', 'end': '1031.559', 'text': 'rarely, the result is as'}, {'start': '1029.240', 'end': '1034.559', 'text': 'significant as the value of the'}, {'start': '1031.559', 'end': '1034.559', 'text': 'electron charge.'}, {'start': '1043.720', 'end': '1048.160', 'text': 'Who was this physicist?  And in what'}, {'start': '1046.160', 'end': '1051.559', 'text': 'capricious way did he become one of the most'}, {'start': '1048.160', 'end': '1051.559', 'text': 'famous men in'}, {'start': '1051.600', 'end': '1058.360', 'text': 'scientific history?  In the past, present and'}, {'start': '1055.440', 'end': '1060.200', 'text': 'future, physicists have always been fascinated'}, {'start': '1058.360', 'end': '1063.240', 'text': 'by the mysteries of'}, {'start': '1060.200', 'end': '1066.600', 'text': 'nature.  For example, the mysterious'}, {'start': '1063.240', 'end': '1069.760', 'text': 'nature of light.'}, {'start': '1066.600', 'end': '1072.960', 'text': 'Light. Its true nature has been almost'}, {'start': '1069.760', 'end': '1075.960', 'text': 'as difficult to grasp as the almost'}, {'start': '1072.960', 'end': '1078.960', 'text': 'incomprehensible vastness of the universe.'}, {'start': '1075.960', 'end': '1081.200', 'text': 'Its speed is even more astonishing.'}, {'start': '1078.960', 'end': '1083.600', 'text': 'Why does it have a specific value?'}, {'start': '1081.200', 'end': '1086.039', 'text': 'Because it is called a'}, {'start': '1083.600', 'end': '1088.760', 'text': 'fundamental constant.  And what precisely is a'}, {'start': '1086.039', 'end': '1092.080', 'text': 'fundamental constant of'}, {'start': '1088.760', 'end': '1094.039', 'text': 'nature?  Harry Cavish knew the answer'}, {'start': '1092.080', 'end': '1095.440', 'text': 'when he measured the universal gravitational constant'}, {'start': '1094.039', 'end': '1098.080', 'text': '.'}, {'start': '1095.440', 'end': '1100.480', 'text': 'In the process of measuring, Cavandish not'}, {'start': '1098.080', 'end': '1104.280', 'text': 'only weighed the entire growing'}, {'start': '1100.480', 'end': '1104.280', 'text': 'British empire, but also the entire'}, {'start': '1106.200', 'end': '1109.919', 'text': 'planet.  How did he do'}, {'start': '1118.360', 'end': '1124.320', 'text': 'it?  These men follow laws, although'}, {'start': '1122.080', 'end': '1126.559', 'text': 'not exactly legally.'}, {'start': '1124.320', 'end': '1129.320', 'text': 'However, they perfectly utilize the'}, {'start': '1126.559', 'end': '1130.799', 'text': 'laws of classical mechanics.  Of course, not'}, {'start': '1129.320', 'end': '1133.600', 'text': 'all men here are'}, {'start': '1130.799', 'end': '1133.600', 'text': 'fully aware of this'}, {'start': '1135.520', 'end': '1142.080', 'text': 'fact.  Most of them go down stairs'}, {'start': '1139.240', 'end': '1145.280', 'text': 'covered in chalk to play darts or in'}, {'start': '1142.080', 'end': '1147.400', 'text': 'order to make some profit in some other way.'}, {'start': '1145.280', 'end': '1149.919', 'text': 'But it is likely that when certain laws of'}, {'start': '1147.400', 'end': '1152.600', 'text': 'physics are applied in the right way,'}, {'start': '1149.919', 'end': '1156.240', 'text': 'all the men here present'}, {'start': '1152.600', 'end': '1156.240', 'text': 'quite appreciate their effects.'}, {'start': '1159.320', 'end': '1164.159', 'text': 'The effects depend on the law of'}, {'start': '1161.000', 'end': '1166.840', 'text': 'conservation of momentum.  And just'}, {'start': '1164.159', 'end': '1168.240', 'text': 'like the game of billiards, it also'}, {'start': '1166.840', 'end': '1171.679', 'text': 'originated in'}, {'start': '1168.240', 'end': '1173.760', 'text': 'France.  In the early 17th century, René'}, {'start': '1171.679', 'end': '1176.440', 'text': 'Descartes grew up considering'}, {'start': '1173.760', 'end': '1178.120', 'text': 'mathematics to be the work of God.'}, {'start': '1176.440', 'end': '1181.960', 'text': 'As a philosopher, he sought an'}, {'start': '1178.120', 'end': '1181.960', 'text': 'explanation for all the phenomena in the'}, {'start': '1183.760', 'end': '1189.520', 'text': 'world.  In the process, Descartes not only'}, {'start': '1186.960', 'end': '1192.159', 'text': 'conceived of the conservation of momentum, he also'}, {'start': '1189.520', 'end': '1194.799', 'text': 'discovered'}, {'start': '1192.159', 'end': '1196.440', 'text': 'analytic geometry.  With this discovery, he'}, {'start': '1194.799', 'end': '1199.440', 'text': 'changed the terrain of'}, {'start': '1196.440', 'end': '1199.440', 'text': 'mathematics forever.'}, {'start': '1200.240', 'end': '1205.120', 'text': 'By one means or another, great'}, {'start': '1202.840', 'end': '1207.520', 'text': 'scientific explorers reach'}, {'start': '1209.039', 'end': '1214.480', 'text': 'unknown territory.  And when something has already been'}, {'start': '1211.280', 'end': '1217.320', 'text': 'discovered, how can someone else'}, {'start': '1214.480', 'end': '1218.280', 'text': 'take possession of it and claim credit for'}, {'start': '1217.320', 'end': '1221.559', 'text': 'its'}, {'start': '1218.280', 'end': '1227.559', 'text': 'discovery in all'}, {'start': '1221.559', 'end': '1227.559', 'text': 'science, from electricity to mechanics.'}, {'start': '1229.320', 'end': '1233.720', 'text': 'The credit sometimes goes not to the'}, {'start': '1231.400', 'end': '1236.440', 'text': 'first person to make the great discovery,'}, {'start': '1233.720', 'end': '1240.039', 'text': 'but to the last person.  This is what happened in the'}, {'start': '1236.440', 'end': '1241.960', 'text': 'case of James Prescott J. He was far'}, {'start': '1240.039', 'end': '1245.000', 'text': 'from being the first to explore the area'}, {'start': '1241.960', 'end': '1247.480', 'text': 'of \u200b\u200benergy conservation.  He may have'}, {'start': '1245.000', 'end': '1249.280', 'text': 'been the eighth or ninth scientist to come'}, {'start': '1247.480', 'end': '1252.559', 'text': 'across the law of conservation of'}, {'start': '1249.280', 'end': '1256.159', 'text': 'energy.  But like Columbus, Ja got'}, {'start': '1252.559', 'end': '1259.880', 'text': 'credit for the discovery.  Why?'}, {'start': '1256.159', 'end': '1263.000', 'text': 'And generally speaking, why does this'}, {'start': '1259.880', 'end': '1265.200', 'text': 'matter?  In the storeroom of the cosmos, the'}, {'start': '1263.000', 'end': '1267.280', 'text': 'shelf is as full today with'}, {'start': '1265.200', 'end': '1269.760', 'text': 'a stock of energy as it was'}, {'start': '1267.280', 'end': '1272.360', 'text': 'that morning when the universe opened'}, {'start': '1269.760', 'end': '1274.240', 'text': 'for business.  On the other hand, if'}, {'start': '1272.360', 'end': '1276.960', 'text': 'energy is never lost, why do'}, {'start': '1274.240', 'end': '1281.240', 'text': 'muscles get'}, {'start': '1276.960', 'end': '1283.559', 'text': 'tired?  And why do the masses fall?'}, {'start': '1281.240', 'end': '1286.080', 'text': 'Mechanical energy, like exercise'}, {'start': '1283.559', 'end': '1288.320', 'text': 'in general, has a lot to do with speed'}, {'start': '1286.080', 'end': '1288.320', 'text': 'and'}, {'start': '1290.400', 'end': '1295.679', 'text': 'position.  On the other hand, determining'}, {'start': '1293.159', 'end': '1299.360', 'text': 'the position of a drifting ship has always'}, {'start': '1295.679', 'end': '1299.360', 'text': 'been a challenge in the'}, {'start': '1300.760', 'end': '1306.919', 'text': 'mechanical universe.  Complex electronics,'}, {'start': '1304.360', 'end': '1308.400', 'text': 'precise tracking systems,'}, {'start': '1306.919', 'end': '1310.760', 'text': 'highly'}, {'start': '1308.400', 'end': '1313.760', 'text': 'qualified personnel.  These are the capabilities of the'}, {'start': '1310.760', 'end': '1316.039', 'text': 'United States Coast Guard.'}, {'start': '1313.760', 'end': '1317.799', 'text': 'Furthermore, behind what is seen, there are the'}, {'start': '1316.039', 'end': '1320.720', 'text': 'tools of'}, {'start': '1317.799', 'end': '1323.200', 'text': 'vector analysis.  In a crisis or in a'}, {'start': '1320.720', 'end': '1326.200', 'text': 'classroom, how can vector mathematics'}, {'start': '1323.200', 'end': '1326.200', 'text': 'help?'}, {'start': '1335.840', 'end': '1341.200', 'text': 'In the serious world of science,'}, {'start': '1338.080', 'end': '1342.880', 'text': 'vector mathematics can perform miracles.  So'}, {'start': '1341.200', 'end': '1346.279', 'text': 'the question is not whether we can do the'}, {'start': '1342.880', 'end': '1349.640', 'text': 'rescue, but whether we really should'}, {'start': '1346.279', 'end': '1351.799', 'text': 'do it.  On the other hand, is this'}, {'start': '1351.799', 'end': '1356.080', 'text': 'live music or is it a recording on a'}, {'start': '1354.400', 'end': '1358.159', 'text': 'Memorex tape?'}, {'start': '1356.080', 'end': '1360.720', 'text': 'In any case, a classic'}, {'start': '1358.159', 'end': '1363.080', 'text': 'Memorex commercial clearly illustrates both'}, {'start': '1360.720', 'end': '1365.159', 'text': 'excellent reproduction and the'}, {'start': '1363.080', 'end': '1367.200', 'text': 'physical phenomenon of resonance.  What is'}, {'start': '1365.159', 'end': '1369.200', 'text': 'resonance?  In what ways does it'}, {'start': '1367.200', 'end': '1372.400', 'text': 'manifest itself in the'}, {'start': '1369.200', 'end': '1374.679', 'text': 'mechanical universe?  And by a mere human voice,'}, {'start': '1372.400', 'end': '1378.480', 'text': 'even if it be the mighty voice of Ela'}, {'start': '1374.679', 'end': '1381.080', 'text': 'Fitold, such destructive'}, {'start': '1378.480', 'end': '1383.440', 'text': 'results are produced in the wide space of the'}, {'start': '1381.080', 'end': '1386.880', 'text': 'mechanical universe.  What are other forms of'}, {'start': '1383.440', 'end': '1386.880', 'text': 'sounds and violence?'}, {'start': '1387.520', 'end': '1392.240', 'text': 'This trio made a journey that surpassed'}, {'start': '1390.080', 'end': '1394.720', 'text': 'all earthly explorers since their'}, {'start': '1392.240', 'end': '1396.960', 'text': 'first steps into the'}, {'start': '1394.720', 'end': '1398.520', 'text': 'unknown.  Their destinies were'}, {'start': '1396.960', 'end': '1401.080', 'text': 'determined by engineers and'}, {'start': '1398.520', 'end': '1403.480', 'text': 'scientists, technicians and visionaries,'}, {'start': '1401.080', 'end': '1405.400', 'text': 'researchers and test pilots, and'}, {'start': '1403.480', 'end': '1407.440', 'text': 'by the best plans and materials'}, {'start': '1405.400', 'end': '1410.120', 'text': 'available.'}, {'start': '1407.440', 'end': '1411.200', 'text': 'Besides the rocket itself, another'}, {'start': '1410.120', 'end': '1415.360', 'text': 'question'}, {'start': '1411.200', 'end': '1418.600', 'text': 'arose.  How is it possible to get from here to'}, {'start': '1415.360', 'end': '1420.679', 'text': "there?  Historically speaking, rockets don't"}, {'start': '1418.600', 'end': '1422.320', 'text': 'go anywhere without a good plan behind'}, {'start': '1422.320', 'end': '1428.400', 'text': "them.  And even today they wouldn't get very"}, {'start': '1425.440', 'end': '1430.919', 'text': 'far without'}, {'start': '1428.400', 'end': '1432.679', 'text': 'classical mechanics.  Who are the'}, {'start': '1430.919', 'end': '1435.120', 'text': 'space navigators?'}, {'start': '1432.679', 'end': '1438.080', 'text': 'Beyond the world we know, what are they'}, {'start': '1435.120', 'end': '1440.080', 'text': 'looking for and more surprisingly what do'}, {'start': '1438.080', 'end': '1443.000', 'text': 'they'}, {'start': '1440.080', 'end': '1445.120', 'text': 'find.  Since Johannes Kepler,'}, {'start': '1443.000', 'end': '1447.559', 'text': 'celestial scientists have been able to calculate the'}, {'start': '1445.120', 'end': '1450.159', 'text': 'motions of the solar system, but the'}, {'start': '1447.559', 'end': '1453.840', 'text': 'miracle of the space age is making the'}, {'start': '1450.159', 'end': '1455.600', 'text': 'sky passable and possible.'}, {'start': '1453.840', 'end': '1457.880', 'text': 'This may have been what the fathers of'}, {'start': '1455.600', 'end': '1460.919', 'text': 'classical mechanics dreamed of, and it is what'}, {'start': '1457.880', 'end': '1462.840', 'text': 'space navigators do.  In a'}, {'start': '1460.919', 'end': '1465.880', 'text': 'sense, all scientists are'}, {'start': '1462.840', 'end': '1468.799', 'text': 'navigators and explorers.  Searching,'}, {'start': '1465.880', 'end': '1469.960', 'text': 'in one form or another, has always been'}, {'start': '1469.960', 'end': '1475.360', 'text': 'human destiny.  Strategy has always had something to'}, {'start': '1472.679', 'end': '1478.120', 'text': 'do with teaching and learning, with'}, {'start': '1475.360', 'end': '1483.240', 'text': 'imagination and logic, with trial and'}, {'start': '1478.120', 'end': '1483.240', 'text': 'error, with taking risks and pushing the'}, {'start': '1484.960', 'end': '1490.080', 'text': 'limits.  Not only strategy, but the'}, {'start': '1487.440', 'end': '1492.600', 'text': 'universe itself can become a kind'}, {'start': '1490.080', 'end': '1492.600', 'text': 'of'}, {'start': '1494.640', 'end': '1499.799', 'text': 'cosmic game.  Over the years, one can'}, {'start': '1497.480', 'end': '1502.320', 'text': 'name some'}, {'start': '1499.799', 'end': '1505.120', 'text': 'impressive players.  Some played by'}, {'start': '1502.320', 'end': '1507.679', 'text': 'the rules and some made their own'}, {'start': '1505.120', 'end': '1510.880', 'text': 'rules, but they all shared the'}, {'start': '1507.679', 'end': '1511.720', 'text': 'common need.  They needed to play'}, {'start': '1510.880', 'end': '1516.200', 'text': 'the'}, {'start': '1511.720', 'end': '1519.000', 'text': 'game.  It has been played for a long time and, in a'}, {'start': '1516.200', 'end': '1521.600', 'text': 'way, the game will never'}, {'start': '1519.000', 'end': '1524.520', 'text': 'end.  I think our subject,'}, {'start': '1521.600', 'end': '1526.360', 'text': 'classical mechanics, is the most'}, {'start': '1524.520', 'end': '1528.960', 'text': 'important discovery in'}, {'start': '1526.360', 'end': '1531.320', 'text': 'human history.'}, {'start': '1528.960', 'end': '1532.960', 'text': 'Before it was discovered, the'}, {'start': '1531.320', 'end': '1535.320', 'text': 'vision of the universe was the one we'}, {'start': '1532.960', 'end': '1537.840', 'text': 'received from the ancient Greeks,'}, {'start': '1535.320', 'end': '1540.440', 'text': 'mainly in the words of Plato,'}, {'start': '1537.840', 'end': '1543.000', 'text': 'Aristotle.  In that vision, the'}, {'start': '1540.440', 'end': '1547.279', 'text': 'crystal spheres of the sky were unchanging,'}, {'start': '1543.000', 'end': '1550.360', 'text': 'serene, eternal, and perfect.  Only'}, {'start': '1547.279', 'end': '1555.000', 'text': 'here below, on Earth, was there'}, {'start': '1550.360', 'end': '1557.559', 'text': 'confusion, decay, disorder and death.   It'}, {'start': '1555.000', 'end': '1560.000', 'text': 'was a vision that was literally'}, {'start': '1557.559', 'end': '1563.919', 'text': 'designed to put us in our'}, {'start': '1560.000', 'end': '1566.080', 'text': 'place.  And this place, Earth, was at the'}, {'start': '1563.919', 'end': '1567.840', 'text': 'center of the universe and we could'}, {'start': '1566.080', 'end': '1569.279', 'text': 'easily imagine ourselves as being the'}, {'start': '1567.840', 'end': '1572.600', 'text': 'purpose of'}, {'start': '1569.279', 'end': '1577.200', 'text': 'creation.  Then came'}, {'start': '1572.600', 'end': '1579.480', 'text': 'Copernicus, Keppl, Galileo and Newton.  And'}, {'start': '1577.200', 'end': '1581.240', 'text': 'when they finished their service, we'}, {'start': '1579.480', 'end': '1583.240', 'text': 'lived on a speck of dust, in an'}, {'start': '1581.240', 'end': '1585.320', 'text': 'abandoned galaxy, in a lost corner'}, {'start': '1583.240', 'end': '1587.520', 'text': 'of the'}, {'start': '1585.320', 'end': '1590.080', 'text': 'universe.  Never in their wildest'}, {'start': '1587.520', 'end': '1592.080', 'text': 'dreams did Plato and Aristotle think of'}, {'start': '1590.080', 'end': '1594.679', 'text': 'doing'}, {'start': '1592.080', 'end': '1597.480', 'text': 'this to us.  Life today is not much different from'}, {'start': '1594.679', 'end': '1599.760', 'text': 'that of 2 thousand years'}, {'start': '1597.480', 'end': '1602.200', 'text': 'ago.  At its core, the'}, {'start': '1599.760', 'end': '1607.080', 'text': "human condition hasn't changed"}, {'start': '1602.200', 'end': '1610.039', 'text': 'much, but one thing has changed forever.'}, {'start': '1607.080', 'end': '1612.440', 'text': 'We discover our place in the'}, {'start': '1610.039', 'end': '1613.600', 'text': 'universe and that is why discovery is'}, {'start': '1612.440', 'end': '1615.799', 'text': 'so'}, {'start': '1613.600', 'end': '1617.960', 'text': 'important.  Our job is to find out'}, {'start': '1615.799', 'end': '1622.480', 'text': 'what this'}, {'start': '1617.960', 'end': '1624.200', 'text': 'discovery was, how it was made and by whom.'}, {'start': '1622.480', 'end': '1626.159', 'text': "And let's start with one of the most"}, {'start': '1624.200', 'end': '1628.279', 'text': 'important discoveries made by'}, {'start': '1626.159', 'end': '1632.679', 'text': 'Galileo Galilei.  when we'}, {'start': '1628.279', 'end': '1632.679', 'text': 'meet here next time.'}]