1500+ Species Do It! The Shocking Truth About Same-Sex Behavior in the Animal Kingdom
Lrkutsia
[{'start': '0.485', 'end': '2.495', 'text': "Today I'd like to share an"}, {'start': '2.495', 'end': '4.155', 'text': 'intriguing study simply titled'}, {'start': '4.155', 'end': '5.695', 'text': 'The Evolution of Same-Sex'}, {'start': '5.695', 'end': '7.235', 'text': 'Sexual Behavior in Mammals'}, {'start': '7.235', 'end': '9.455', 'text': 'Same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '9.455', 'end': '10.685', 'text': 'has long attracted the'}, {'start': '10.685', 'end': '12.135', 'text': 'attention of scientists'}, {'start': '12.135', 'end': '13.285', 'text': 'across many fields'}, {'start': '13.285', 'end': '14.175', 'text': 'and it turns out to be'}, {'start': '14.175', 'end': '14.835', 'text': 'extremely common'}, {'start': '15.215', 'end': '16.815', 'text': 'It has been reported in over'}, {'start': '16.815', 'end': '18.475', 'text': '1,500 species'}, {'start': '18.825', 'end': '19.925', 'text': 'encompassing all major'}, {'start': '19.925', 'end': '20.885', 'text': 'invertebrate groups'}, {'start': '20.885', 'end': '23.805', 'text': 'insects, spiders, velvet worms'}, {'start': '24.575', 'end': '26.015', 'text': 'nematodes, as well as'}, {'start': '26.015', 'end': '28.275', 'text': 'vertebrates: fish, amphibians'}, {'start': '28.275', 'end': '30.535', 'text': 'reptiles, birds, and mammals'}, {'start': '31.095', 'end': '32.775', 'text': 'Notably'}, {'start': '32.775', 'end': '34.155', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '34.155', 'end': '35.465', 'text': 'is especially widespread among'}, {'start': '35.465', 'end': '36.605', 'text': 'non-human primates from'}, {'start': '36.605', 'end': '37.415', 'text': 'lemurs to apes'}, {'start': '37.645', 'end': '39.175', 'text': 'It has been observed in at'}, {'start': '39.175', 'end': '40.785', 'text': 'least 51 species and'}, {'start': '40.785', 'end': '42.495', 'text': 'it occurs regardless of sex'}, {'start': '42.495', 'end': '43.895', 'text': 'or whether animals are wild'}, {'start': '43.895', 'end': '44.415', 'text': 'or captive'}, {'start': '44.995', 'end': '46.595', 'text': 'It is also common in human'}, {'start': '46.595', 'end': '47.165', 'text': 'societies'}, {'start': '47.705', 'end': '49.315', 'text': 'documented throughout most'}, {'start': '49.315', 'end': '50.465', 'text': 'of our history and across'}, {'start': '50.465', 'end': '51.115', 'text': 'many cultures'}, {'start': '51.765', 'end': '53.195', 'text': 'But what exactly counts as'}, {'start': '53.195', 'end': '55.075', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '55.755', 'end': '57.415', 'text': 'Literally, it is any attempted'}, {'start': '57.415', 'end': '58.385', 'text': 'sexual behavior between'}, {'start': '58.385', 'end': '60.075', 'text': 'same-sex members, yet that'}, {'start': '60.075', 'end': '61.675', 'text': 'definition is too broad to'}, {'start': '61.675', 'end': '62.405', 'text': 'be useful'}, {'start': '62.875', 'end': '64.145', 'text': 'The authors therefore define'}, {'start': '64.145', 'end': '65.505', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '65.505', 'end': '66.935', 'text': 'more operationally as any'}, {'start': '66.935', 'end': '67.845', 'text': 'brief copulatory'}, {'start': '67.845', 'end': '69.555', 'text': 'or courtship interaction'}, {'start': '69.555', 'end': '70.715', 'text': 'between same-sex'}, {'start': '70.715', 'end': '72.435', 'text': 'individuals, that is'}, {'start': '73.165', 'end': '74.795', 'text': 'behaviors that normally occur'}, {'start': '74.795', 'end': '76.385', 'text': 'during stages of heterosexual'}, {'start': '76.385', 'end': '77.805', 'text': 'reproduction'}, {'start': '78.155', 'end': '78.955', 'text': 'Courtship, mounting'}, {'start': '78.955', 'end': '80.125', 'text': 'copulation, pair bonding'}, {'start': '80.885', 'end': '82.345', 'text': 'or alloparental care'}, {'start': '82.695', 'end': '84.285', 'text': 'When they take place between'}, {'start': '84.285', 'end': '85.025', 'text': 'same-sex partners'}, {'start': '85.755', 'end': '87.015', 'text': 'Crucially, same-sex sexual'}, {'start': '87.015', 'end': '88.555', 'text': 'behavior is not equivalent'}, {'start': '88.555', 'end': '89.735', 'text': 'to sexual orientation'}, {'start': '90.315', 'end': '91.495', 'text': 'and does not imply any'}, {'start': '91.495', 'end': '92.955', 'text': 'self-identified preference'}, {'start': '93.515', 'end': '95.135', 'text': 'From sociology and psychology'}, {'start': '95.135', 'end': '96.435', 'text': 'to behavioral and evolutionary'}, {'start': '97.355', 'end': '98.615', 'text': 'biology, same-sex sexual'}, {'start': '99.325', 'end': '100.865', 'text': 'behavior poses a puzzle'}, {'start': '101.595', 'end': '103.135', 'text': 'A 2021 study showed that'}, {'start': '104.205', 'end': '105.835', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '105.835', 'end': '106.975', 'text': 'carries costs similar to'}, {'start': '107.485', 'end': '108.955', 'text': 'heterosexual sex energy'}, {'start': '108.955', 'end': '110.025', 'text': 'expenditure: time, risk of'}, {'start': '110.915', 'end': '111.955', 'text': 'disease transmission'}, {'start': '112.385', 'end': '113.585', 'text': 'potential injury yet yields'}, {'start': '113.585', 'end': '114.565', 'text': 'no offspring'}, {'start': '115.045', 'end': '116.005', 'text': 'thus incurring a high'}, {'start': '116.500', 'end': '117.515', 'text': 'opportunity cost and creating'}, {'start': '118.035', 'end': '119.825', 'text': "what has been called Darwin's"}, {'start': '119.825', 'end': '120.725', 'text': 'paradox'}, {'start': '121.165', 'end': '122.615', 'text': 'If it seems so disadvantageous'}, {'start': '122.615', 'end': '123.945', 'text': 'from a reproductive standpoint'}, {'start': '124.495', 'end': '125.735', 'text': 'why is it so prevalent in'}, {'start': '126.105', 'end': '126.915', 'text': 'humans and other animals'}, {'start': '127.635', 'end': '128.935', 'text': 'Non-adaptive explanations'}, {'start': '129.205', 'end': '129.935', 'text': 'have included'}, {'start': '129.935', 'end': '130.995', 'text': 'misidentification of partner'}, {'start': '131.355', 'end': '133.015', 'text': '(two wild cat studies in 2000'}, {'start': '133.635', 'end': '134.185', 'text': 'and 2006)'}, {'start': '134.695', 'end': '135.825', 'text': 'limited availability of'}, {'start': '136.175', 'end': '136.975', 'text': 'opposite-sex mates'}, {'start': '137.425', 'end': '138.015', 'text': '(three studies)'}, {'start': '138.625', 'end': '140.075', 'text': 'and sexual frustration'}, {'start': '140.935', 'end': '142.145', 'text': 'coping after rejection'}, {'start': '142.555', 'end': '142.875', 'text': '(two studies)'}, {'start': '143.435', 'end': '144.765', 'text': 'But it seems implausible'}, {'start': '145.155', 'end': '146.645', 'text': 'that more than 1,500 species'}, {'start': '147.295', 'end': '148.695', 'text': 'would all share the same'}, {'start': '149.075', 'end': '150.065', 'text': 'non-adaptive error'}, {'start': '150.745', 'end': '152.115', 'text': 'A 2019 wild ancestor'}, {'start': '152.655', 'end': '153.925', 'text': 'hypothesis proposed that an'}, {'start': '154.295', 'end': '155.175', 'text': 'ancestral, sexually'}, {'start': '155.175', 'end': '156.195', 'text': 'reproducing animal engaged'}, {'start': '156.625', 'end': '157.875', 'text': 'indiscriminately in both'}, {'start': '157.875', 'end': '159.315', 'text': 'opposite and same-sex behavior'}, {'start': '159.865', 'end': '161.025', 'text': 'and some descendants simply'}, {'start': '161.405', 'end': '162.085', 'text': 'retained that pattern'}, {'start': '162.905', 'end': '164.055', 'text': 'Although logically coherent'}, {'start': '164.725', 'end': '165.915', 'text': 'it is essentially untestable'}, {'start': '166.345', 'end': '166.775', 'text': 'in fossils'}, {'start': '167.115', 'end': '168.445', 'text': 'Attention has therefore turned'}, {'start': '168.445', 'end': '169.595', 'text': 'to adaptive hypotheses'}, {'start': '170.185', 'end': '171.495', 'text': 'which posit that same-sex'}, {'start': '171.965', 'end': '173.155', 'text': 'sexual behavior originated'}, {'start': '173.865', 'end': '175.165', 'text': 'evolved, and persists because'}, {'start': '175.925', 'end': '176.945', 'text': 'it provides benefits'}, {'start': '177.415', 'end': '179.185', 'text': 'First, social bonding helping'}, {'start': '179.685', 'end': '181.075', 'text': 'to form and maintain alliances'}, {'start': '181.835', 'end': '183.225', 'text': 'and to reconcile conflicts'}, {'start': '183.695', 'end': '184.575', 'text': 'which predicts that'}, {'start': '184.575', 'end': '185.845', 'text': 'group-living species should'}, {'start': '185.845', 'end': '187.195', 'text': 'show more same-sex sexual'}, {'start': '187.195', 'end': '188.735', 'text': 'behavior than solitary ones'}, {'start': '189.185', 'end': '190.585', 'text': 'Second, conflict reduction'}, {'start': '191.125', 'end': '192.365', 'text': 'conveying status, reinforcing'}, {'start': '193.135', 'end': '194.225', 'text': 'dominance hierarchies'}, {'start': '194.735', 'end': '195.845', 'text': 'diffusing aggression into'}, {'start': '196.085', 'end': '196.495', 'text': 'sexual behavior'}, {'start': '197.125', 'end': '198.225', 'text': 'and perhaps granting'}, {'start': '198.455', 'end': '199.645', 'text': 'lower-ranking males covert'}, {'start': '199.645', 'end': '200.935', 'text': 'mating opportunities, which'}, {'start': '201.265', 'end': '202.415', 'text': 'predicts that species with'}, {'start': '202.415', 'end': '203.645', 'text': 'aggressive or lethal same-sex'}, {'start': '203.925', 'end': '205.075', 'text': 'competition should exhibit'}, {'start': '205.075', 'end': '206.775', 'text': 'more same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '206.775', 'end': '207.995', 'text': 'than more peaceful species'}, {'start': '208.715', 'end': '209.975', 'text': 'Empirical support for these'}, {'start': '209.975', 'end': '211.075', 'text': 'ideas includes reconciliation'}, {'start': '211.635', 'end': '212.805', 'text': 'through same-sex sexual'}, {'start': '212.805', 'end': '214.015', 'text': 'behavior in female bonobos'}, {'start': '214.595', 'end': '215.555', 'text': 'and Japanese macaques'}, {'start': '216.095', 'end': '217.085', 'text': 'alliance strengthening among'}, {'start': '217.595', 'end': '218.705', 'text': 'male bottlenose dolphins'}, {'start': '219.375', 'end': '220.675', 'text': 'and dominance reinforcement'}, {'start': '221.075', 'end': '221.705', 'text': 'in American bison'}, {'start': '222.265', 'end': '223.495', 'text': 'In the current study, the'}, {'start': '223.735', 'end': '224.905', 'text': 'authors used phylogenetic'}, {'start': '225.255', 'end': '226.405', 'text': 'comparative methods across'}, {'start': '226.405', 'end': '227.305', 'text': 'mammals and found that'}, {'start': '227.305', 'end': '228.805', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior is'}, {'start': '229.165', 'end': '230.025', 'text': 'recorded in about 5% of'}, {'start': '230.585', 'end': '231.785', 'text': 'species and 50% of family'}, {'start': '231.995', 'end': '233.735', 'text': 'higher than in birds or\ninsects, and'}, {'start': '234.175', 'end': '235.905', 'text': 'appears in over 80% of 22'}, {'start': '235.905', 'end': '237.025', 'text': 'long-term field'}, {'start': '237.025', 'end': '237.835', 'text': 'studied species'}, {'start': '238.555', 'end': '240.025', 'text': 'Ancestral state reconstructions'}, {'start': '240.335', 'end': '241.395', 'text': 'indicate that same-sex'}, {'start': '241.795', 'end': '242.945', 'text': 'sexual behavior is not an'}, {'start': '243.435', 'end': '244.385', 'text': 'ancestral trait for'}, {'start': '244.775', 'end': '245.845', 'text': 'vertebrates, but instead'}, {'start': '246.355', 'end': '247.815', 'text': 'evolved independently multiple'}, {'start': '248.355', 'end': '249.565', 'text': 'times, refuting the wild'}, {'start': '250.245', 'end': '250.805', 'text': 'ancestor idea'}, {'start': '251.465', 'end': '252.815', 'text': 'Moreover, its non-random'}, {'start': '253.345', 'end': '254.695', 'text': 'distribution, especially high'}, {'start': '255.085', 'end': '256.205', 'text': 'prevalence in Primata supports'}, {'start': '256.805', 'end': '257.915', 'text': 'the social bonding hypothesis'}, {'start': '258.465', 'end': '259.685', 'text': 'And the correlation of male'}, {'start': '259.685', 'end': '260.835', 'text': 'same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '261.355', 'end': '262.525', 'text': 'with measures of lethal'}, {'start': '262.755', 'end': '264.015', 'text': 'same-sex competition supports'}, {'start': '264.555', 'end': '265.465', 'text': 'the conflict reduction'}, {'start': '265.465', 'end': '265.905', 'text': 'hypothesis'}, {'start': '266.665', 'end': '268.015', 'text': 'Humans too share same-sex'}, {'start': '268.015', 'end': '269.465', 'text': 'sexual behavior with social'}, {'start': '270.415', 'end': '271.805', 'text': 'male aggressive ancestors'}, {'start': '272.305', 'end': '273.565', 'text': 'Our last common hominin'}, {'start': '273.565', 'end': '274.935', 'text': 'ancestor appears to have lived'}, {'start': '275.335', 'end': '276.555', 'text': 'in social groups with lethal'}, {'start': '276.935', 'end': '278.015', 'text': 'male competition, conditions'}, {'start': '278.775', 'end': '279.965', 'text': 'favoring same-sex sexual'}, {'start': '280.485', 'end': '281.235', 'text': "behavior's evolution"}, {'start': '281.845', 'end': '283.015', 'text': 'Taken together, mammalian'}, {'start': '283.535', 'end': '284.765', 'text': 'lineages have repeatedly'}, {'start': '285.050', 'end': '286.035', 'text': 'evolved sociality and faced'}, {'start': '286.695', 'end': '287.705', 'text': 'same-sex competition'}, {'start': '288.305', 'end': '289.385', 'text': 'leading individuals to adopt'}, {'start': '289.705', 'end': '291.085', 'text': 'behavioral strategies among'}, {'start': '291.085', 'end': '292.815', 'text': 'them same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '293.105', 'end': '294.185', 'text': 'to strengthen social bonds'}, {'start': '294.525', 'end': '295.695', 'text': 'and mitigate harmful conflict'}, {'start': '296.095', 'end': '297.415', 'text': 'Because those individuals also'}, {'start': '297.735', 'end': '298.985', 'text': 'reproduce heterosexually'}, {'start': '299.495', 'end': '300.815', 'text': 'genes underlying same-sex'}, {'start': '301.145', 'end': '302.195', 'text': 'sexual behavior persist as'}, {'start': '302.695', 'end': '303.855', 'text': 'part of a broader social'}, {'start': '304.295', 'end': '304.975', 'text': 'behavioral syndrome'}, {'start': '305.565', 'end': '306.905', 'text': 'Thus, same-sex sexual behavior'}, {'start': '307.505', 'end': '308.575', 'text': 'in mammals is neither a'}, {'start': '308.965', 'end': '310.005', 'text': 'Darwinian paradox nor a'}, {'start': '310.785', 'end': '311.985', 'text': 'maladaptive anomaly'}, {'start': '312.375', 'end': '313.665', 'text': 'but rather a convergent'}, {'start': '313.985', 'end': '314.965', 'text': 'adaptive strategy for'}, {'start': '315.315', 'end': '316.415', 'text': 'maintaining social cohesion'}, {'start': '316.805', 'end': '317.905', 'text': 'and reducing intrasexual'}, {'start': '318.165', 'end': '318.385', 'text': 'conflict'}]