Disasters in Space: The End of Genesis #space #astronomy #universe #nasa #science #spacedisaster
SpaceRip
[{'start': '2.166', 'end': '3.766', 'text': '- [Narrator] The greatest\nof human endeavors'}, {'start': '3.766', 'end': '5.066', 'text': 'is a risky business.'}, {'start': '5.066', 'end': '6.466', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] We have a problem here.'}, {'start': '6.466', 'end': '8.400', 'text': '- [Narrator] NASA led the\nworld into the exploration'}, {'start': '8.400', 'end': '12.100', 'text': 'of space, but behind the\nscenes, out of the public eye,'}, {'start': '12.100', 'end': '16.266', 'text': 'mistakes, mishaps, and failures\nplagued the space industry.'}, {'start': '17.533', 'end': '19.200', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] Obviously\na major malfunction.'}, {'start': '19.200', 'end': '21.266', 'text': "- [Narrator] Discover\nhow NASA's space failures"}, {'start': '21.266', 'end': '22.933', 'text': 'further exploration.'}, {'start': '26.300', 'end': '28.933', 'text': "NASA's often forgotten predecessor, NACA,"}, {'start': '28.933', 'end': '31.166', 'text': 'the National Advisory\nCommittee on Aeronautics,'}, {'start': '31.166', 'end': '34.333', 'text': 'was created in 1915 to compete\nwith German aircraft design'}, {'start': '34.333', 'end': '35.733', 'text': 'in World War I.'}, {'start': '35.733', 'end': '38.100', 'text': 'NACA moved American\naeronautics from those early,'}, {'start': '38.100', 'end': '41.266', 'text': 'wood and wire, cloth and a\nprayer biplanes of yesteryear'}, {'start': '41.266', 'end': '43.866', 'text': "to the world's very\nfirst supersonic flight"}, {'start': '43.866', 'end': '46.500', 'text': 'of the rocket engine-powered X1,'}, {'start': '46.500', 'end': '51.266', 'text': 'piloted by future astronaut\nCharles "Chuck" Yeager in 1947.'}, {'start': '51.266', 'end': '54.100', 'text': '11 years later, on October 1, 1958,'}, {'start': '54.100', 'end': '57.366', 'text': "to compete with Russia's\nsuccessful launch of Sputnik,"}, {'start': '57.366', 'end': '58.533', 'text': 'NASA was born.'}, {'start': '59.533', 'end': '61.699', 'text': 'Between then and now, NASA has brought us'}, {'start': '61.699', 'end': '63.866', 'text': 'the Mercury program, Gemini,'}, {'start': '63.866', 'end': '68.533', 'text': 'and the first American\nspacewalk, Apollo and the moon,'}, {'start': '68.533', 'end': '71.000', 'text': '30 years of the Space Shuttle Program,'}, {'start': '71.000', 'end': '73.066', 'text': 'and the International Space Station.'}, {'start': '73.066', 'end': '75.733', 'text': 'Tomorrow, Mars and beyond.'}, {'start': '75.733', 'end': '78.033', 'text': "NASA's success with each\ngroundbreaking achievement,"}, {'start': '78.033', 'end': '80.033', 'text': 'from the distant past to the far future,'}, {'start': '80.033', 'end': '82.866', 'text': 'depends on the knowledge gained\nand the technology developed'}, {'start': '82.866', 'end': '84.333', 'text': 'for past programs.'}, {'start': '84.333', 'end': '87.100', 'text': 'And while technology is\nfundamental to space travel,'}, {'start': '87.100', 'end': '89.600', 'text': "the most vital factor for\nNASA's successful journey"}, {'start': '89.600', 'end': '92.166', 'text': 'into the great beyond is its people.'}, {'start': '92.166', 'end': '94.933', 'text': 'Their creativity, courage, and motivation.'}, {'start': '94.933', 'end': '96.666', 'text': 'And their bold and endless drive'}, {'start': '96.666', 'end': '99.233', 'text': 'to go where no one has gone before.'}, {'start': '99.233', 'end': '102.000', 'text': 'Being human also means making mistakes.'}, {'start': '102.000', 'end': '105.366', 'text': 'Decades of research has shown\nthat most space failures'}, {'start': '105.366', 'end': '107.833', 'text': 'are caused by human error.'}, {'start': '107.833', 'end': '108.733', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] Look for an impact.'}, {'start': '108.733', 'end': '111.600', 'text': '- [Narrator] An astonishing\nmistake sends a $100 million'}, {'start': '111.600', 'end': '114.100', 'text': 'deep space probe spiraling out of control,'}, {'start': '114.100', 'end': '118.100', 'text': 'dooming priceless cargo in\na spectacular crash landing.'}, {'start': '118.100', 'end': '120.666', 'text': 'But first, NASA is forced\nto scrap a critical'}, {'start': '120.666', 'end': '123.066', 'text': 'and expensive piece of\nspace shuttle hardware'}, {'start': '123.066', 'end': '126.166', 'text': 'when a technician makes a wrong turn.'}, {'start': '127.433', 'end': '129.766', 'text': "NASA's highly sophisticated\ncoordinate measuring"}, {'start': '129.766', 'end': '133.833', 'text': 'machine probe, or CMM Probe,\nmeasures machine parts'}, {'start': '133.833', 'end': '137.066', 'text': 'on any axis down to less than a micron.'}, {'start': '137.933', 'end': '140.699', 'text': "NASA's CMM Probe is\nused, among other things,"}, {'start': '140.699', 'end': '142.400', 'text': 'to measure components of the space shuttle'}, {'start': '142.400', 'end': '144.233', 'text': "orbiters' cold plates."}, {'start': '145.800', 'end': '148.366', 'text': '- A cold plate is used to draw the heat'}, {'start': '148.366', 'end': '153.133', 'text': 'from the LRU avionics and\nradios in the shuttle.'}, {'start': '153.133', 'end': '155.266', 'text': '- [Narrator] Inside the\nspace shuttle orbiter,'}, {'start': '155.266', 'end': '159.466', 'text': 'line replaceable units, or\nLRUs, including avionics boxes'}, {'start': '159.466', 'end': '161.899', 'text': 'control numerous critical\nfunctions of the orbiter.'}, {'start': '161.899', 'end': '163.866', 'text': 'The LRUs produce a lot of heat,'}, {'start': '163.866', 'end': '166.333', 'text': 'which cannot be traditionally\nvented or cooled'}, {'start': '166.333', 'end': '169.233', 'text': 'because of the sealed environment\ninside the crew module.'}, {'start': '169.233', 'end': '172.000', 'text': 'Cold plates are installed against the LRUs'}, {'start': '172.000', 'end': '174.166', 'text': 'and the heat is drawn\noff through convection,'}, {'start': '174.166', 'end': '176.266', 'text': 'keeping the LRUs cool.'}, {'start': '176.266', 'end': '178.433', 'text': 'Failure to cool the LRUs properly'}, {'start': '178.433', 'end': '180.100', 'text': 'could be fatal to the crew.'}, {'start': '180.100', 'end': '182.133', 'text': "The cold plates' core material is machined"}, {'start': '182.133', 'end': '184.100', 'text': 'into a single component\nthat includes more than'}, {'start': '184.100', 'end': '187.100', 'text': '30,000 individual protruding pins.'}, {'start': '187.100', 'end': '189.366', 'text': 'The pins are designed\nto meticulously control'}, {'start': '189.366', 'end': '192.266', 'text': 'the flow of coolant\nthrough the cold plates.'}, {'start': '192.266', 'end': '194.133', 'text': '- They have to be very precise because'}, {'start': '194.133', 'end': '195.899', 'text': "when we're done building the cold plates,"}, {'start': '195.899', 'end': '199.033', 'text': 'they flow the fluid\nthrough them during testing'}, {'start': '199.033', 'end': '201.733', 'text': 'and it has to flow at a certain rate'}, {'start': '201.733', 'end': '205.699', 'text': "to make sure that it's gonna\nflow fluid through enough"}, {'start': '205.699', 'end': '208.233', 'text': 'to draw the heat out.'}, {'start': '208.233', 'end': '211.166', 'text': '- [Narrator] Machining those\n30,000 pins is a precise,'}, {'start': '211.166', 'end': '213.699', 'text': 'time-intensive, and expensive process.'}, {'start': '213.699', 'end': '216.000', 'text': 'A process that can take weeks to complete'}, {'start': '216.000', 'end': '217.800', 'text': 'a single cold plate.'}, {'start': '217.800', 'end': '221.966', 'text': "- We have about, I'd say at\nleast 80 manufacturing hours,"}, {'start': '224.666', 'end': '228.166', 'text': 'probably two shifts, two\nweeks, to machine them.'}, {'start': '228.166', 'end': '229.833', 'text': 'Because each one of the\nlittle pins in there'}, {'start': '229.833', 'end': '231.433', 'text': 'is machined individually.'}, {'start': '231.433', 'end': '234.100', 'text': '- [Narrator] Then, each and\nevery one of those 30,000 pins'}, {'start': '234.100', 'end': '237.000', 'text': 'must be checked to ensure\nthat it meets precise'}, {'start': '237.000', 'end': '238.533', 'text': 'dimensional requirements.'}, {'start': '238.533', 'end': '241.866', 'text': 'This meticulous process is\naccomplished with the CMM probe.'}, {'start': '241.866', 'end': '244.000', 'text': '- They take detailed\nmeasurement to make sure'}, {'start': '244.000', 'end': '246.566', 'text': 'that everything matches\nthe print requirements.'}, {'start': '246.566', 'end': '248.899', 'text': '- [Narrator] Operating the\nprobe is fairly straightforward.'}, {'start': '248.899', 'end': '252.133', 'text': 'But in a bizarre accident,\nmany hours into the process'}, {'start': '252.133', 'end': '256.466', 'text': 'of checking every pin,\nunexpectedly, everything goes wrong.'}, {'start': '256.466', 'end': '257.633', 'text': '- I was measuring the part.'}, {'start': '257.633', 'end': '260.100', 'text': 'I needed to move to the\nnext area to measure.'}, {'start': '260.100', 'end': '263.833', 'text': 'I needed the machine to\nmove upwards and over.'}, {'start': '263.833', 'end': '266.033', 'text': '- [Narrator] But instead of\nmoving up, the probe suddenly'}, {'start': '266.033', 'end': '270.200', 'text': 'goes down, damaging the cold\nplate and the CMM probe.'}, {'start': '271.166', 'end': '274.100', 'text': '- Instead of moving upwards, it went down.'}, {'start': '274.100', 'end': '277.633', 'text': 'And during that time, it\nended up damaging the part,'}, {'start': '277.633', 'end': '280.899', 'text': 'causing a hole, a dent,\nand also the equipment'}, {'start': '280.899', 'end': '282.200', 'text': 'at the same time.'}, {'start': '282.200', 'end': '284.233', 'text': '- [Narrator] Technicians\nare stunned and confused.'}, {'start': '284.233', 'end': '287.366', 'text': 'A cold plate has never been\ndamaged in the CMM probe shop.'}, {'start': '287.366', 'end': '288.433', 'text': 'Why today?'}, {'start': '288.433', 'end': '291.600', 'text': 'Was it a technology\nfailure, or operator error?'}, {'start': '291.600', 'end': '293.066', 'text': "NASA's investigation would reveal"}, {'start': '293.066', 'end': '296.400', 'text': "why a 15-year veteran\noperator's perfect record"}, {'start': '296.400', 'end': '299.166', 'text': 'suddenly came to an end.'}, {'start': '299.166', 'end': '302.233', 'text': 'A highly sophisticated coordinate\nmeasuring machine probe,'}, {'start': '302.233', 'end': '305.600', 'text': 'in the hands of a meticulous,\nexperienced operator,'}, {'start': '305.600', 'end': '307.666', 'text': 'and the unthinkable happens.'}, {'start': '307.666', 'end': '309.966', 'text': 'A space shuttle cold plate is damaged'}, {'start': '309.966', 'end': '313.000', 'text': 'along with the mission-critical CMM probe.'}, {'start': '313.000', 'end': '315.899', 'text': 'CMM probe operator Fred\nVivier calls his supervisor'}, {'start': '315.899', 'end': '318.200', 'text': 'immediately to tell him what happened.'}, {'start': '318.200', 'end': '320.600', 'text': "But he doesn't believe it at first."}, {'start': '320.600', 'end': '322.166', 'text': '- It took Fred a while to convince me'}, {'start': '322.166', 'end': '323.933', 'text': "that that's what actually happened."}, {'start': '323.933', 'end': '327.699', 'text': 'Some of my inspectors are\npractical jokers occasionally,'}, {'start': '327.699', 'end': '329.666', 'text': 'so when he told me about it, I just,'}, {'start': '329.666', 'end': '331.000', 'text': "nah, you didn't really do that."}, {'start': '331.000', 'end': '332.666', 'text': 'It took him about 20 minutes on the phone'}, {'start': '332.666', 'end': '334.633', 'text': 'to convince me that they\nhad actually done it.'}, {'start': '334.633', 'end': '336.133', 'text': "Because you're talking a lot of man hours,"}, {'start': '336.133', 'end': '338.466', 'text': 'a lot of machine hours\ninto making that part.'}, {'start': '338.466', 'end': '339.300', 'text': '- Sick.'}, {'start': '341.600', 'end': '344.733', 'text': 'Really bad, sick feeling came over'}, {'start': '344.733', 'end': '346.733', 'text': 'due to the type of part,'}, {'start': '349.400', 'end': '351.733', 'text': 'time taken to make the part,'}, {'start': '354.966', 'end': '356.733', 'text': 'and the criticalness of the part.'}, {'start': '356.733', 'end': '359.166', 'text': '- [Narrator] Fortunately,\ndamage to the CMM probe'}, {'start': '359.166', 'end': '361.833', 'text': 'is limited to the ruby tip on its stylus,'}, {'start': '361.833', 'end': '363.200', 'text': 'which is quickly replaced.'}, {'start': '363.200', 'end': '365.066', 'text': "The cold plate's a different story."}, {'start': '365.066', 'end': '369.500', 'text': '- The probe ended up springing\ninto a very, very thin wall'}, {'start': '369.500', 'end': '373.666', 'text': 'on the cold plate, causing\na dent and a small hole.'}, {'start': '376.600', 'end': '378.899', 'text': '- [Narrator] The cold\nplate core is scrapped.'}, {'start': '378.899', 'end': '383.066', 'text': "It no longer meets NASA's\nstrenuous safety requirements."}, {'start': '383.066', 'end': '386.233', 'text': '- Pretty detrimental to\nthe program at the time.'}, {'start': '386.233', 'end': '387.833', 'text': "We're trying to, you\nknow, meet a schedule."}, {'start': '387.833', 'end': '391.133', 'text': '- So this set us back, we just\nhad to go build another core.'}, {'start': '391.133', 'end': '392.333', 'text': '- [Narrator] Building\nanother core would take'}, {'start': '392.333', 'end': '395.366', 'text': 'at least 80 man hours, a costly operation.'}, {'start': '395.366', 'end': '397.633', 'text': 'Manufacturing a new\ncold plate and repairing'}, {'start': '397.633', 'end': '400.699', 'text': 'the ruby-tipped stylus\nsolves the hardware issue,'}, {'start': '400.699', 'end': '404.066', 'text': "but doesn't answer NASA's\nmost pressing questions."}, {'start': '404.066', 'end': '406.266', 'text': 'How did it happen, and why?'}, {'start': '406.266', 'end': '407.833', 'text': 'Questions that had to be answered'}, {'start': '407.833', 'end': '410.633', 'text': 'before any other cold\nplates could be inspected.'}, {'start': '410.633', 'end': '413.633', 'text': 'NASA could not risk damaging\nanother mission-critical'}, {'start': '413.633', 'end': '415.466', 'text': 'piece of hardware.'}, {'start': '415.466', 'end': '417.966', 'text': 'NASA needed answers, and fast.'}, {'start': '418.866', 'end': '421.366', 'text': 'The CMM probe involved\nin the accident was new.'}, {'start': '421.366', 'end': '424.133', 'text': 'It replaced an older machine\nthat had broken down.'}, {'start': '424.133', 'end': '426.400', 'text': "The machine's software\nand mechanical functions"}, {'start': '426.400', 'end': '427.933', 'text': 'were working perfectly.'}, {'start': '427.933', 'end': '430.633', 'text': 'But like so many other space\nmistakes through the years,'}, {'start': '430.633', 'end': '431.833', 'text': 'the accident was the result'}, {'start': '431.833', 'end': '435.600', 'text': 'of one simple human\nfrailty, operator error.'}, {'start': '435.600', 'end': '438.899', 'text': 'A 15-year skilled operator\nwith a flawless record'}, {'start': '438.899', 'end': '441.866', 'text': 'made a wrong turn,\ncosting the space program'}, {'start': '441.866', 'end': '445.533', 'text': 'tens of thousands of\ndollars and weeks in delays.'}, {'start': '445.533', 'end': '447.766', 'text': '- I mistakenly twisted the wrong way,'}, {'start': '447.766', 'end': '450.400', 'text': 'and it went down instead of up.'}, {'start': '450.400', 'end': '451.933', 'text': '- [Narrator] But this\nwas not a simple case of'}, {'start': '451.933', 'end': '453.666', 'text': 'lack of attention to detail.'}, {'start': '453.666', 'end': '456.033', 'text': 'The operator was one of\nthe best in the business.'}, {'start': '456.033', 'end': '458.400', 'text': 'Why did he make such a costly error?'}, {'start': '458.400', 'end': '459.800', 'text': '- There was no rush.'}, {'start': '459.800', 'end': '461.000', 'text': '- Knowing Fred as I do,'}, {'start': '461.000', 'end': '462.866', 'text': 'he was concentrating on what he was doing.'}, {'start': '462.866', 'end': '465.433', 'text': '- I think it was the way\nthe machine was set up.'}, {'start': '465.433', 'end': '466.766', 'text': '- Had that thing been oriented right,'}, {'start': '466.766', 'end': '470.133', 'text': 'that would have never happened.'}, {'start': '470.133', 'end': '472.899', 'text': '- [Narrator] The old machine\nhad different controls.'}, {'start': '472.899', 'end': '477.133', 'text': 'The probe was controlled by two joysticks.'}, {'start': '477.133', 'end': '480.600', 'text': 'The new CMM probe was\ncontrolled by a single,'}, {'start': '480.600', 'end': '483.333', 'text': 'multi-functional joystick.'}, {'start': '483.333', 'end': '487.500', 'text': '- The one joystick will make\nit go up, down, right, left,'}, {'start': '488.400', 'end': '490.000', 'text': 'forward and backward.'}, {'start': '490.000', 'end': '493.666', 'text': 'If you twisted it\nclockwise, it would go up.'}, {'start': '493.666', 'end': '496.066', 'text': 'If you twisted it counter, it would go up,'}, {'start': '496.066', 'end': '498.333', 'text': 'I mean, it would go down.'}, {'start': '498.333', 'end': '499.766', 'text': '- [Narrator] But the\ncold plate was destroyed'}, {'start': '499.766', 'end': '502.133', 'text': 'when the controller was\nturned the wrong way.'}, {'start': '502.133', 'end': '503.500', 'text': 'While this might not be a big deal'}, {'start': '503.500', 'end': '505.733', 'text': 'in your latest home improvement project,'}, {'start': '505.733', 'end': '509.666', 'text': 'this was NASA, and this was unacceptable.'}, {'start': '509.666', 'end': '512.300', 'text': 'The measurement of cold\nplates had to be foolproof.'}, {'start': '512.300', 'end': '514.500', 'text': 'Investigators were closing\nin on both the root cause'}, {'start': '514.500', 'end': '516.766', 'text': 'of the accident, and a solution'}, {'start': '516.766', 'end': '519.233', 'text': 'that would guarantee future success.'}, {'start': '519.233', 'end': '521.300', 'text': 'When the new CMM probe was purchased,'}, {'start': '521.300', 'end': '524.300', 'text': 'each technician spent hours\ntraining on the new machine.'}, {'start': '524.300', 'end': '526.033', 'text': '- Once we got it in here,\nall the folks went through'}, {'start': '526.033', 'end': '527.666', 'text': 'some specialized training that was part of'}, {'start': '527.666', 'end': '529.133', 'text': 'the purchase contract with it.'}, {'start': '529.133', 'end': '531.066', 'text': 'I had four inspectors at that time,'}, {'start': '531.066', 'end': '533.466', 'text': "they all went through a\nweek's worth of training"}, {'start': '533.466', 'end': '536.699', 'text': 'with the company rep where\nwe purchased the machine.'}, {'start': '536.699', 'end': '538.600', 'text': '- [Narrator] But the root cause\ncame down to the human trait'}, {'start': '538.600', 'end': '541.566', 'text': 'known as automaticity, a pattern or habit'}, {'start': '541.566', 'end': '544.766', 'text': 'resulting from learning,\nrepetition, and practice.'}, {'start': '544.766', 'end': '546.533', 'text': 'Walking, driving a car, or always'}, {'start': '546.533', 'end': '548.200', 'text': 'putting on your right shoe first'}, {'start': '548.200', 'end': '550.366', 'text': 'are examples of automaticity.'}, {'start': '550.366', 'end': '553.300', 'text': 'These ingrained habits are\nformed from years of repetition,'}, {'start': '553.300', 'end': '556.433', 'text': 'even, by some studies,\naltering our brain patterns,'}, {'start': '556.433', 'end': '559.200', 'text': 'making relearning or\nunlearning certain habits'}, {'start': '559.200', 'end': '560.733', 'text': 'extremely difficult.'}, {'start': '560.733', 'end': '562.433', 'text': 'The new controller\nrequired that the joystick'}, {'start': '562.433', 'end': '564.600', 'text': 'be turned clockwise to go up,'}, {'start': '564.600', 'end': '567.633', 'text': 'but the technicians were\ntrained by years of experience'}, {'start': '567.633', 'end': '570.433', 'text': 'that clockwise was always down.'}, {'start': '570.433', 'end': '573.200', 'text': "- I guess it's our American standard,"}, {'start': '573.200', 'end': '575.200', 'text': "it's righty tighty, lefty loosey."}, {'start': '575.200', 'end': '577.500', 'text': 'You want it to go down, you turn it right,'}, {'start': '577.500', 'end': '579.566', 'text': 'you want it to go up, you turn it left.'}, {'start': '579.566', 'end': '581.133', 'text': '- [Narrator] One week\nof intensive training'}, {'start': '581.133', 'end': '583.133', 'text': 'on the new machine was\nnot enough to counter'}, {'start': '583.133', 'end': '585.833', 'text': 'years and years of subconscious habit.'}, {'start': '585.833', 'end': '587.833', 'text': 'And putting more space\nshuttle hardware at risk'}, {'start': '587.833', 'end': '591.200', 'text': 'while the technicians developed\nnew habits was unacceptable.'}, {'start': '591.200', 'end': '593.533', 'text': 'Through extensive coordination\nwith the manufacturer'}, {'start': '593.533', 'end': '596.633', 'text': 'of the new CMM probe\nand software engineers,'}, {'start': '596.633', 'end': '599.500', 'text': 'the programming was altered\nto make the probe go up'}, {'start': '599.500', 'end': '603.600', 'text': 'when turned counterclockwise\nand down when turned clockwise.'}, {'start': '603.600', 'end': '606.433', 'text': 'This ensures the probe\nis far more intuitive'}, {'start': '606.433', 'end': '607.633', 'text': 'for the operators.'}, {'start': '607.633', 'end': '610.100', 'text': 'One additional failsafe\nwas put into place.'}, {'start': '610.100', 'end': '612.600', 'text': 'Directional labels were\nadded to the controller.'}, {'start': '612.600', 'end': '615.233', 'text': '- We have not had one problem since then.'}, {'start': '615.233', 'end': '617.766', 'text': 'We labeled it, the folks look\nat it, they take the time'}, {'start': '617.766', 'end': '621.800', 'text': "they need, and we haven't\nhad any other issues at all."}, {'start': '621.800', 'end': '622.766', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] Look for an impact.'}, {'start': '622.766', 'end': '624.699', 'text': '- [Narrator] Next, a\nspectacular crash incites'}, {'start': '624.699', 'end': '626.666', 'text': 'a spectacular recovery effort to salvage'}, {'start': '626.666', 'end': '631.433', 'text': 'a $100 million mission and\nbillions of years of science.'}, {'start': '631.433', 'end': '634.166', 'text': '(dramatic music)'}, {'start': '644.466', 'end': '648.000', 'text': '- [Narrator] August 8, 2001,\nNASA launches a Delta 2 Rocket'}, {'start': '648.000', 'end': '649.566', 'text': 'out of Kennedy Space Center'}, {'start': '649.566', 'end': '651.066', 'text': 'that carries an unmanned vehicle'}, {'start': '651.066', 'end': '652.533', 'text': 'into a little-heralded search'}, {'start': '652.533', 'end': '654.366', 'text': 'for the origins of the universe.'}, {'start': '654.366', 'end': '655.566', 'text': "It's a quiet launch,"}, {'start': '655.566', 'end': '658.066', 'text': "except for the roar of Delta 2's engines."}, {'start': '658.066', 'end': '659.833', 'text': 'There are no lawn chairs on the beach,'}, {'start': '659.833', 'end': '663.666', 'text': 'no space fans on top of campers,\nno massive crowds cheering'}, {'start': '663.666', 'end': '666.166', 'text': 'as the Delta soars away\nfrom its launch pad.'}, {'start': '666.166', 'end': '667.666', 'text': "You'd think there would be,"}, {'start': '667.666', 'end': '670.566', 'text': 'because this unique scientific\nmission is, in many ways,'}, {'start': '670.566', 'end': '673.300', 'text': 'traveling back in time billions of years'}, {'start': '673.300', 'end': '675.666', 'text': 'to the very birth of our solar system.'}, {'start': '675.666', 'end': '678.966', 'text': "After years of preparation, the\nworld's scientific community"}, {'start': '678.966', 'end': '680.833', 'text': 'is filled with anticipation'}, {'start': '680.833', 'end': '683.800', 'text': 'for what the spacecraft might bring back.'}, {'start': '683.800', 'end': '686.000', 'text': 'The unmanned spaceship is called Genesis'}, {'start': '686.000', 'end': '688.133', 'text': 'because it heads into\nspace seeking answers'}, {'start': '688.133', 'end': '690.066', 'text': 'about the beginning.'}, {'start': '690.066', 'end': '692.766', 'text': 'Genesis is on its way to\nan orbit within an orbit,'}, {'start': '692.766', 'end': '696.233', 'text': 'one million miles from earth,\nin direct line with the sun'}, {'start': '696.233', 'end': '699.233', 'text': 'to catch some rays and\nreturn them to earth.'}, {'start': '699.233', 'end': '700.866', 'text': 'The spacecraft is armed with a variety'}, {'start': '700.866', 'end': '703.966', 'text': 'of unique collector\narrays, designed by NASA'}, {'start': '703.966', 'end': '707.000', 'text': 'to capture the purest\nsolar wind ions possible'}, {'start': '707.000', 'end': '709.233', 'text': 'from the outer layer of the sun.'}, {'start': '709.233', 'end': '711.300', 'text': 'Scientific evidence\nsuggests this outer layer'}, {'start': '711.300', 'end': '713.833', 'text': "hasn't changed since our\nsolar system was born"}, {'start': '713.833', 'end': '715.266', 'text': 'from its original nebula,'}, {'start': '715.266', 'end': '717.933', 'text': 'some four and a half billion years ago.'}, {'start': '717.933', 'end': '720.600', 'text': 'Ions in the solar wind have\nbeen called the fossils'}, {'start': '720.600', 'end': '722.933', 'text': 'of that nebula, which means theoretically'}, {'start': '722.933', 'end': '725.000', 'text': 'they should tell us if our solar system'}, {'start': '725.000', 'end': '727.400', 'text': 'is made up of the same stuff that made up'}, {'start': '727.400', 'end': '730.466', 'text': 'that original collection\nof ice, dust and gas.'}, {'start': '730.466', 'end': '732.766', 'text': 'If so, NASA believes those solar winds'}, {'start': '732.766', 'end': '736.966', 'text': 'could also hold clues to\nthe origins of life itself.'}, {'start': '736.966', 'end': '739.866', 'text': 'The Genesis mission is the\nfirst time space matter'}, {'start': '739.866', 'end': '742.200', 'text': 'has been returned to\nearth in three decades,'}, {'start': '742.200', 'end': '745.733', 'text': 'since astronauts brought\nback samples from the moon.'}, {'start': '745.733', 'end': '749.666', 'text': 'On November 16, 2001, Genesis\nslips into an elliptical orbit'}, {'start': '749.666', 'end': '751.966', 'text': 'around Lagrange point L1.'}, {'start': '751.966', 'end': '754.600', 'text': 'Lagrange points are gravity-balanced zones'}, {'start': '754.600', 'end': '756.300', 'text': 'between celestial bodies.'}, {'start': '756.300', 'end': '759.600', 'text': 'And L1 sits directly between\nthe sun and the earth.'}, {'start': '759.600', 'end': '763.633', 'text': 'As Genesis orbits L1, L1 orbits the sun.'}, {'start': '763.633', 'end': '765.533', 'text': 'L1 was selected as the focal point'}, {'start': '765.533', 'end': '767.566', 'text': 'for this critical mission in part because'}, {'start': '767.566', 'end': '769.266', 'text': 'at a million miles away,'}, {'start': '769.266', 'end': '772.433', 'text': "it is void of earth's\natmosphere and contamination."}, {'start': '772.433', 'end': '774.899', 'text': 'After establishing its\norbit within an orbit,'}, {'start': '774.899', 'end': '776.766', 'text': 'Genesis deploys its solar panels'}, {'start': '776.766', 'end': '778.633', 'text': 'to draw energy from the sun.'}, {'start': '778.633', 'end': '780.933', 'text': 'Then, the primary collectors open'}, {'start': '780.933', 'end': '783.433', 'text': 'and are exposed to the solar wind.'}, {'start': '783.433', 'end': '786.000', 'text': 'The ions from the solar\nwinds begin crashing'}, {'start': '786.000', 'end': '787.500', 'text': 'into the collector arrays,'}, {'start': '787.500', 'end': '790.333', 'text': 'traveling over 200 kilometers per hour.'}, {'start': '790.333', 'end': '792.933', 'text': 'Almost 25,000 miles per hour.'}, {'start': '792.933', 'end': '795.699', 'text': 'On impact, the ions are\nburied into the surface'}, {'start': '795.699', 'end': '797.033', 'text': 'of the collectors.'}, {'start': '797.033', 'end': '799.600', 'text': 'The hexagon shaped wafers\nconsist of a variety'}, {'start': '799.600', 'end': '802.400', 'text': 'of super-pure materials,\nincluding silicon,'}, {'start': '802.400', 'end': '806.899', 'text': 'commercial sapphire, gold,\nand diamond-like carbon film.'}, {'start': '806.899', 'end': '809.366', 'text': 'Some expected to capture\nthe elusive solar wind'}, {'start': '809.366', 'end': '810.866', 'text': 'better than others.'}, {'start': '810.866', 'end': '813.400', 'text': 'Secondary arrays are\nautomatically deployed'}, {'start': '813.400', 'end': '815.833', 'text': 'when Genesis encounters special solar wind'}, {'start': '815.833', 'end': '818.166', 'text': 'like coronal mass ejections.'}, {'start': '819.300', 'end': '821.666', 'text': 'The purity of the ions is critical.'}, {'start': '821.666', 'end': '825.166', 'text': 'NASA wants pristine fossils of\nthe birth of the solar system'}, {'start': '825.166', 'end': '828.400', 'text': 'if they are to have\nmaximum scientific value.'}, {'start': '828.400', 'end': '830.766', 'text': 'Throughout the years of\nplanning and manufacturing,'}, {'start': '830.766', 'end': '833.133', 'text': 'the collector arrays were\nhandled with extreme care'}, {'start': '833.133', 'end': '835.300', 'text': 'in cleanroom environments, with a focus'}, {'start': '835.300', 'end': '838.333', 'text': 'on maintaining the\ncritical purity required.'}, {'start': '838.333', 'end': '839.966', 'text': '- These samples will be available'}, {'start': '839.966', 'end': '843.366', 'text': 'for the scientific community\nfor decades to come.'}, {'start': '843.366', 'end': '845.100', 'text': '- [Narrator] For 850 earth days,'}, {'start': '845.100', 'end': '847.866', 'text': 'the solar wind blasts Genesis.'}, {'start': '847.866', 'end': '851.866', 'text': 'Then, on April 1, 2004, after\ncompleting five halo loops'}, {'start': '851.866', 'end': '854.366', 'text': 'of the sun, the collector\narrays are retracted'}, {'start': '854.366', 'end': '858.633', 'text': 'and stored in the sample\nreturn capsule, or SRC.'}, {'start': '858.633', 'end': '861.466', 'text': 'Then, Genesis begins\nits million-mile journey'}, {'start': '861.466', 'end': '863.166', 'text': 'back to the future.'}, {'start': '863.166', 'end': '865.166', 'text': 'Genesis has spent two and a half years'}, {'start': '865.166', 'end': '867.233', 'text': 'collecting the solar wind ions.'}, {'start': '867.233', 'end': '870.266', 'text': "The final phase of the mission\nwill be the SRC's entry,"}, {'start': '870.266', 'end': '871.966', 'text': 'dissent, and landing.'}, {'start': '871.966', 'end': '874.699', 'text': 'NASA is not taking any chances.'}, {'start': '874.699', 'end': '877.533', 'text': 'An elaborate EDL is planned\nto ensure the capsule'}, {'start': '877.533', 'end': '880.300', 'text': 'returns as gently and safely as possible'}, {'start': '880.300', 'end': '882.699', 'text': 'to protect its ancient cargo.'}, {'start': '884.066', 'end': '886.833', 'text': 'Traveling over 24,000 miles per hour,'}, {'start': '886.833', 'end': '889.466', 'text': "Genesis would smash\ninto earth's atmosphere"}, {'start': '889.466', 'end': '890.866', 'text': 'and immediately begin slowing'}, {'start': '890.866', 'end': '892.466', 'text': 'from the atmospheric resistance.'}, {'start': '892.466', 'end': '894.466', 'text': 'This rapid deceleration triggers a series'}, {'start': '894.466', 'end': '897.899', 'text': 'of mechanical events that\ndeploy a drogue parachute,'}, {'start': '897.899', 'end': '902.266', 'text': "which stabilizes the SRC and\nslows the spacecraft's descent."}, {'start': '902.266', 'end': '906.533', 'text': 'The SRC continues to slow until\nit is 6.7 kilometers high.'}, {'start': '906.533', 'end': '909.200', 'text': 'The drogue chute is released,\nand a large parafoil'}, {'start': '909.200', 'end': '911.266', 'text': 'is deployed to further slow the descent'}, {'start': '911.266', 'end': '914.066', 'text': 'and lead the return\ncapsule in stable flight.'}, {'start': '914.066', 'end': '916.866', 'text': 'Then, to further safeguard\nthe precious cargo,'}, {'start': '916.866', 'end': '919.433', 'text': 'a helicopter with a five-meter-long hook'}, {'start': '919.433', 'end': '921.600', 'text': 'would capture Genesis by its parachute'}, {'start': '921.600', 'end': '924.633', 'text': 'and gently lower the\nspacecraft to the ground.'}, {'start': '924.633', 'end': '928.000', 'text': "NASA selects the United States\nArmy's Dougway Proving Ground"}, {'start': '928.000', 'end': '929.566', 'text': 'as the landing site.'}, {'start': '929.566', 'end': '933.266', 'text': 'Located about 85 miles southwest\nof Salt Lake City, Utah,'}, {'start': '933.266', 'end': '935.966', 'text': 'it is a vast desert wasteland.'}, {'start': '935.966', 'end': '939.633', 'text': 'Founded in 1942 and notorious\nfor top-secret chemical'}, {'start': '939.633', 'end': '941.666', 'text': 'and biological warfare testing,'}, {'start': '941.666', 'end': '945.833', 'text': 'including the rumored release\nof the nerve agent VX in 1968,'}, {'start': '945.833', 'end': '949.666', 'text': 'killing over 6,000 sheep 30\nmiles away from its test site,'}, {'start': '949.666', 'end': '952.133', 'text': 'and the production and\nmishandling of live anthrax'}, {'start': '952.133', 'end': '954.800', 'text': 'as recently as May 2015,'}, {'start': '954.800', 'end': '958.600', 'text': 'Dougway is highly guarded and\nits air space is restricted.'}, {'start': '958.600', 'end': '961.533', 'text': 'It provides a vast, isolated\narea for the landing'}, {'start': '961.533', 'end': '964.066', 'text': 'of the Genesis capsule.'}, {'start': '964.066', 'end': '966.100', 'text': "Weeks in advance of Genesis' return,"}, {'start': '966.100', 'end': '968.933', 'text': 'NASA rehearses the mid-air\ncapture multiple times.'}, {'start': '968.933', 'end': '970.600', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] Four-six\nNovember, you got a tally'}, {'start': '970.600', 'end': '971.600', 'text': 'on a parafoil.'}, {'start': '971.600', 'end': '973.600', 'text': '- [Narrator] Scientists around\nthe world have been waiting'}, {'start': '973.600', 'end': '976.333', 'text': "three long years for Genesis' return."}, {'start': '976.333', 'end': '980.500', 'text': 'NASA is ready, confident\nin their recovery plan.'}, {'start': '980.500', 'end': '982.766', 'text': '(dramatic music)'}, {'start': '982.766', 'end': '985.033', 'text': "Genesis' sample return\ncapsule enters the atmosphere"}, {'start': '985.033', 'end': '987.566', 'text': 'right on time on September 8, 2004.'}, {'start': '987.566', 'end': '989.400', 'text': 'But then, everything goes wrong.'}, {'start': '989.400', 'end': '991.866', 'text': 'The capsule begins spinning\nwildly out of control,'}, {'start': '991.866', 'end': '994.666', 'text': 'plummeting to the earth at\nhundreds of miles per hour,'}, {'start': '994.666', 'end': '999.066', 'text': 'leaving NASA scrambling\nto save the mission.'}, {'start': '999.066', 'end': '1002.300', 'text': 'Stunned, NASA watches\nhelplessly as the capsule'}, {'start': '1002.300', 'end': '1004.833', 'text': 'filled with the mysteries\nof our solar system'}, {'start': '1004.833', 'end': '1006.366', 'text': 'plunges to earth.'}, {'start': '1006.366', 'end': '1008.466', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] Vermont, your\nrange is 10 miles now, sir,'}, {'start': '1008.466', 'end': '1011.933', 'text': "it's coming down through 200,000 feet."}, {'start': '1011.933', 'end': '1014.066', 'text': '- [Vermont] 10 miles,\n200,00 feet, thank you.'}, {'start': '1014.066', 'end': '1018.233', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] We see,\nwe are able to identify'}, {'start': '1018.233', 'end': '1021.666', 'text': 'a tumbling object and (warbles),'}, {'start': '1021.666', 'end': '1024.233', 'text': 'be advised, from our\nvantage point we do not see'}, {'start': '1024.233', 'end': '1026.300', 'text': 'a drogue chute, negative drogue.'}, {'start': '1026.300', 'end': '1028.166', 'text': '- [Vermont] Copy.'}, {'start': '1028.166', 'end': '1030.500', 'text': '- [Narrator] NASA pulls\nback the recovery team,'}, {'start': '1030.500', 'end': '1033.566', 'text': 'including the mid-air capture helicopters.'}, {'start': '1033.566', 'end': '1035.333', 'text': 'Because the parachute deployment sequence'}, {'start': '1035.333', 'end': '1039.000', 'text': 'is a failsafe mechanical\nsystem triggered by reentry,'}, {'start': '1039.000', 'end': '1042.766', 'text': 'there is nothing NASA can do\nto activate the parachutes.'}, {'start': '1042.766', 'end': '1045.000', 'text': '- [Radio Voice] It looks\nlike we have a no-chute, sir.'}, {'start': '1045.000', 'end': '1049.166', 'text': 'Vector two zero zero, eight\nmiles, look for an impact.'}, {'start': '1052.233', 'end': '1055.566', 'text': 'Impact, impact at five eight, five five.'}, {'start': '1057.233', 'end': '1059.133', 'text': '- [Narrator] When the\nprized capsule slams into'}, {'start': '1059.133', 'end': '1062.933', 'text': 'the Utah desert floor, a\nseismic emotional shockwave'}, {'start': '1062.933', 'end': '1065.466', 'text': 'strikes research labs around the world.'}, {'start': '1065.466', 'end': '1069.133', 'text': "Like a forged aluminum Icarus,\nNASA's flight to the sun"}, {'start': '1069.133', 'end': '1071.100', 'text': 'has ended in tragedy.'}, {'start': '1071.100', 'end': '1072.800', 'text': 'The SRC is in pieces.'}, {'start': '1072.800', 'end': '1074.300', 'text': 'The sample capsule is breached,'}, {'start': '1074.300', 'end': '1076.566', 'text': 'and the most carefully\nprotected unmanned payload'}, {'start': '1076.566', 'end': '1079.633', 'text': "in NASA's entire history\nlies in a sunken crater"}, {'start': '1079.633', 'end': '1081.066', 'text': 'of Dougway dirt.'}, {'start': '1081.066', 'end': '1083.699', 'text': "Dirt that's been exposed\nto 60 years of chemical"}, {'start': '1083.699', 'end': '1085.766', 'text': 'and biological weapons testing.'}, {'start': '1085.766', 'end': '1088.333', 'text': 'The recovery team is not\nallowed near the capsule'}, {'start': '1088.333', 'end': '1091.333', 'text': "because of toxic gases\nfrom the SRC's batteries,"}, {'start': '1091.333', 'end': '1093.833', 'text': 'and the unfired drogue chute explosives.'}, {'start': '1093.833', 'end': '1096.699', 'text': 'As they wait for access,\nquestions fill the air.'}, {'start': '1096.699', 'end': '1099.000', 'text': 'What went wrong, and how bad is it?'}, {'start': '1099.000', 'end': '1101.133', 'text': 'And what about the solar\nwind ions buried deep'}, {'start': '1101.133', 'end': '1103.266', 'text': 'in the pure element collectors?'}, {'start': '1103.266', 'end': '1105.666', 'text': 'After the gases dissipate\nand the explosive charges'}, {'start': '1105.666', 'end': '1108.899', 'text': 'are disarmed, the NASA\nrecovery team goes to work'}, {'start': '1108.899', 'end': '1111.233', 'text': 'to recover even the tiniest of fragments'}, {'start': '1111.233', 'end': '1112.899', 'text': 'of the collector arrays.'}, {'start': '1112.899', 'end': '1116.366', 'text': 'The arrays and solar\ncollectors in 15,000 pieces'}, {'start': '1116.366', 'end': '1119.466', 'text': 'are carried with the buckets\nof debris and desert sand'}, {'start': '1119.466', 'end': '1121.566', 'text': 'to an impromptu cleanroom.'}, {'start': '1121.566', 'end': '1124.000', 'text': 'Scientists begin the painstaking process'}, {'start': '1124.000', 'end': '1126.333', 'text': 'of separating the\nshattered arrays from sand'}, {'start': '1126.333', 'end': '1128.533', 'text': 'and other wreckage, with the ultimate goal'}, {'start': '1128.533', 'end': '1131.066', 'text': 'of determining if\ncontamination has destroyed'}, {'start': '1131.066', 'end': '1134.133', 'text': 'all scientific value in\nthese priceless pieces'}, {'start': '1134.133', 'end': '1135.800', 'text': 'of the ancient past.'}, {'start': '1135.800', 'end': '1139.133', 'text': 'Meanwhile, NASA\ninvestigators want answers.'}, {'start': '1139.133', 'end': '1141.433', 'text': 'How could a $100 million mission end'}, {'start': '1141.433', 'end': '1143.566', 'text': 'in a devastating crash landing?'}, {'start': '1143.566', 'end': '1145.699', 'text': 'The investigators focus their\nattention on the failure'}, {'start': '1145.699', 'end': '1147.366', 'text': 'of the drogue chute.'}, {'start': '1151.899', 'end': '1154.866', 'text': 'NASA has used parachute\nreentry systems in one form'}, {'start': '1154.866', 'end': '1158.100', 'text': 'or another since the very\nbeginnings of the space program.'}, {'start': '1158.100', 'end': '1160.533', 'text': 'It is regarded as a heritage system,'}, {'start': '1160.533', 'end': '1162.166', 'text': 'and it always works.'}, {'start': '1162.166', 'end': '1163.833', 'text': 'Well, almost always.'}, {'start': '1164.866', 'end': '1167.000', 'text': 'When the capsule leaves\nthe vacuum of space'}, {'start': '1167.000', 'end': '1169.166', 'text': "and hits the density\nof earth's atmosphere,"}, {'start': '1169.166', 'end': '1171.833', 'text': 'a switch called a gravity\nswitch, or G-switch,'}, {'start': '1171.833', 'end': '1174.666', 'text': 'is thrown forward, sending\nan electronic signal'}, {'start': '1174.666', 'end': '1176.633', 'text': 'to four explosive charges'}, {'start': '1176.633', 'end': '1178.300', 'text': 'that blast away a cover plate'}, {'start': '1178.300', 'end': '1180.033', 'text': 'to deploy the drogue chute.'}, {'start': '1180.033', 'end': '1182.666', 'text': 'Just like when driving a\ncar and hitting the brakes,'}, {'start': '1182.666', 'end': '1185.233', 'text': 'anything not secured\nwill be thrown forward,'}, {'start': '1185.233', 'end': '1187.600', 'text': 'the gravity switch works\non the same principle.'}, {'start': '1187.600', 'end': '1189.566', 'text': 'The force of the atmosphere\nmeeting the momentum'}, {'start': '1189.566', 'end': '1193.433', 'text': 'of the spacecraft, and\nthrowing the switch forward.'}, {'start': '1193.433', 'end': '1195.933', 'text': 'The switch starts the\nautomated landing sequence.'}, {'start': '1195.933', 'end': '1197.866', 'text': 'There are very few ways it can fail'}, {'start': '1197.866', 'end': '1201.133', 'text': 'because it is not computer\nor electronically activated.'}, {'start': '1201.133', 'end': '1204.100', 'text': 'It is a rocker switch\nthat simply rocks forward'}, {'start': '1204.100', 'end': '1206.766', 'text': 'when the spacecraft hits the atmosphere.'}, {'start': '1206.766', 'end': '1209.600', 'text': 'Genesis was equipped with\nfour gravity switches,'}, {'start': '1209.600', 'end': '1211.833', 'text': 'two primary and two backup switches'}, {'start': '1211.833', 'end': '1214.766', 'text': 'installed in case the two\nprimary switches fail.'}, {'start': '1214.766', 'end': '1216.633', 'text': 'Investigators recover both the primary'}, {'start': '1216.633', 'end': '1219.300', 'text': 'and the backup gravity\nswitches from the wreckage'}, {'start': '1219.300', 'end': '1224.000', 'text': 'and find them perfectly\nintact and not activated.'}, {'start': '1224.000', 'end': '1225.933', 'text': 'While scientists work\ntirelessly to salvage'}, {'start': '1225.933', 'end': '1228.533', 'text': 'the solar wind ions,\nNASA is about to discover'}, {'start': '1228.533', 'end': '1232.899', 'text': 'the shocking cause of the\ncrash, the end of Genesis.'}, {'start': '1232.899', 'end': '1235.633', 'text': '(dramatic music)'}, {'start': '1241.400', 'end': '1243.533', 'text': '- [Narrator] With the\nGenesis capsule wrecked'}, {'start': '1243.533', 'end': '1245.400', 'text': 'and scientists trying\ndesperately to determine'}, {'start': '1245.400', 'end': '1248.366', 'text': 'what, if any, scientific\nmaterial will survive,'}, {'start': '1248.366', 'end': '1250.633', 'text': "the crash investigators\nreviewed the spacecraft's"}, {'start': '1250.633', 'end': '1253.066', 'text': 'design plans and engineering paperwork.'}, {'start': '1253.066', 'end': '1254.766', 'text': 'Everything appears in order.'}, {'start': '1254.766', 'end': '1256.600', 'text': 'The paperwork indicates\nthe gravity switches'}, {'start': '1256.600', 'end': '1257.933', 'text': 'were installed properly,'}, {'start': '1257.933', 'end': '1260.100', 'text': 'along with the drogue chute and parafoil.'}, {'start': '1260.100', 'end': '1262.600', 'text': 'While frustration with\nthe investigation builds,'}, {'start': '1262.600', 'end': '1264.733', 'text': 'a small ray of hope begins to emerge'}, {'start': '1264.733', 'end': '1266.800', 'text': 'from the science recovery team.'}, {'start': '1266.800', 'end': '1269.433', 'text': 'Some of the collectors are still intact.'}, {'start': '1269.433', 'end': '1272.933', 'text': 'And the pure element wafers\nappear to have done their job.'}, {'start': '1272.933', 'end': '1276.966', 'text': 'Many of the long-sought\nancient ions remain pristine'}, {'start': '1276.966', 'end': '1279.233', 'text': 'and uncontaminated.'}, {'start': '1279.233', 'end': '1282.699', 'text': '- One of the collectors\nis a piece of gold foil.'}, {'start': '1282.699', 'end': '1286.866', 'text': "Think very, very thin aluminum\nfoil, but it's gold instead."}, {'start': '1287.766', 'end': '1290.266', 'text': "And so it's even more fragile."}, {'start': '1292.366', 'end': '1294.466', 'text': 'It was completely intact.'}, {'start': '1295.300', 'end': '1297.066', 'text': 'Not damaged at all.'}, {'start': '1297.066', 'end': '1299.400', 'text': '- [Narrator] While the scientists\nwere feeling optimistic,'}, {'start': '1299.400', 'end': '1301.366', 'text': 'the crash investigators were not.'}, {'start': '1301.366', 'end': '1304.166', 'text': 'Then, an X-ray examination of the switches'}, {'start': '1304.166', 'end': '1306.166', 'text': 'finally provides a breakthrough.'}, {'start': '1306.166', 'end': '1308.566', 'text': 'The primary switches are backwards,'}, {'start': '1308.566', 'end': '1312.166', 'text': 'and the backups, they are backward too.'}, {'start': '1312.166', 'end': '1314.800', 'text': 'As the sample return capsule\nentered the atmosphere'}, {'start': '1314.800', 'end': '1317.600', 'text': 'at over 27,000 miles per hour,'}, {'start': '1317.600', 'end': '1320.333', 'text': 'the dense atmosphere began\nresisting the spacecraft,'}, {'start': '1320.333', 'end': '1322.200', 'text': 'which should have thrown\nthe switch forward.'}, {'start': '1322.200', 'end': '1324.633', 'text': 'But because it was installed backwards,'}, {'start': '1324.633', 'end': '1326.766', 'text': 'the switch did not move.'}, {'start': '1326.766', 'end': '1329.266', 'text': 'It could not be thrown\ninto a forward position'}, {'start': '1329.266', 'end': '1332.100', 'text': 'because it had been installed\nin the forward position.'}, {'start': '1332.100', 'end': '1334.000', 'text': 'The drogue chute never deployed,'}, {'start': '1334.000', 'end': '1337.300', 'text': 'causing the capsule to\ntumble out of control.'}, {'start': '1337.300', 'end': '1339.699', 'text': 'So when the spacecraft hit the brakes,'}, {'start': '1339.699', 'end': '1343.200', 'text': "the switch was already\nforward and didn't move."}, {'start': '1343.200', 'end': '1347.033', 'text': 'Once again, human error\nhad proven disastrous.'}, {'start': '1347.899', 'end': '1350.100', 'text': 'A wide-ranging investigation revealed'}, {'start': '1350.100', 'end': '1351.466', 'text': "that another program's engineers"}, {'start': '1351.466', 'end': '1354.466', 'text': 'had made some design changes\nto the avionics unit,'}, {'start': '1354.466', 'end': '1356.233', 'text': 'which shifted the circuit boards'}, {'start': '1356.233', 'end': '1359.000', 'text': 'and the gravity switches\ninstalled on them.'}, {'start': '1359.000', 'end': '1361.933', 'text': 'A standard centrifuge test\nwould have caught the problem,'}, {'start': '1361.933', 'end': '1363.533', 'text': 'but the test was not performed'}, {'start': '1363.533', 'end': '1365.899', 'text': 'because the Genesis\navionics unit was delivered'}, {'start': '1365.899', 'end': '1367.533', 'text': 'four months late for testing,'}, {'start': '1367.533', 'end': '1370.200', 'text': 'and because the gravity\nswitch was considered'}, {'start': '1370.200', 'end': '1374.033', 'text': 'a heritage system that was\napproved without the test.'}, {'start': '1374.033', 'end': '1376.333', 'text': 'But NASA concluded that the design changes'}, {'start': '1376.333', 'end': '1378.833', 'text': 'should have required\nthe additional testing.'}, {'start': '1378.833', 'end': '1380.899', 'text': 'NASA learned from the mistake,'}, {'start': '1380.899', 'end': '1383.366', 'text': 'and implemented rigorous\nreviews and evaluations'}, {'start': '1383.366', 'end': '1386.466', 'text': 'of all mission-critical\nsystems for every mission,'}, {'start': '1386.466', 'end': '1389.566', 'text': 'and issued notice that just\nbecause a system has a backup,'}, {'start': '1389.566', 'end': '1394.400', 'text': 'it still must be checked as\nreliably as all other systems.'}, {'start': '1394.400', 'end': '1397.566', 'text': 'The spectacular crash\nlanding of the $100 million'}, {'start': '1397.566', 'end': '1400.800', 'text': 'Genesis sample return capsule\ndemonstrates the risks'}, {'start': '1400.800', 'end': '1403.600', 'text': 'of human error to space exploration.'}, {'start': '1403.600', 'end': '1407.333', 'text': 'But human ingenuity, resilience,\nand a lot of hard work'}, {'start': '1407.333', 'end': '1409.300', 'text': 'ultimately salvaged the science.'}, {'start': '1409.300', 'end': '1411.766', 'text': "NASA declared that all the\nmission's primary objectives"}, {'start': '1411.766', 'end': '1414.600', 'text': 'were achieved, and\ngroundbreaking research continues'}, {'start': '1414.600', 'end': '1417.800', 'text': 'to be conducted on\nrecovered solar wind ions.'}, {'start': '1417.800', 'end': '1420.366', 'text': 'Studies on oxygen and nitrogen isotopes,'}, {'start': '1420.366', 'end': '1422.733', 'text': 'as well as neon and argon isotopes,'}, {'start': '1422.733', 'end': '1424.699', 'text': 'have confirmed some solar theories'}, {'start': '1424.699', 'end': '1428.133', 'text': 'and revealed surprising\nlevels of oxygen in the sun.'}, {'start': '1428.133', 'end': '1429.800', 'text': 'Research continues.'}, {'start': '1429.800', 'end': '1433.100', 'text': "- Just because we can't\nanalyze something today,"}, {'start': '1433.100', 'end': '1437.533', 'text': "and most of what we're\ngetting back we can analyze,"}, {'start': '1437.533', 'end': '1439.200', 'text': 'wait five years.'}, {'start': '1439.200', 'end': '1441.566', 'text': '- [Narrator] As humans\ncontinue to reach for the stars'}, {'start': '1441.566', 'end': '1443.433', 'text': 'driven by the spirit of exploration'}, {'start': '1443.433', 'end': '1445.000', 'text': 'and the joy of discovery,'}, {'start': '1445.000', 'end': '1447.866', 'text': 'human error is always a possibility.'}, {'start': '1447.866', 'end': '1450.800', 'text': 'But human determination\nwill always find a way'}, {'start': '1450.800', 'end': '1454.966', 'text': 'to fix the problem, to go\nfurther, and discover more.'}, {'start': '1457.100', 'end': '1460.766', 'text': '(dramatic electronic music)'}]