অন্তর্বর্তী সরকারকে বৈধতা দেওয়ার জন্য গণভোট দিতে হবে – সমাধান, না বিতর্ক? | Referendum Bangladesh
বাংলাদেশের জাগরণ
[{'start': '0.080', 'end': '5.040', 'text': 'A referendum is a process where people make\nimportant decisions by voting directly.'}, {'start': '5.040', 'end': '11.120', 'text': 'Usually, it is on\nbig issues such as politics, freedom, constitution, etc.'}, {'start': '11.120', 'end': '16.960', 'text': 'But are referendums always held on serious issues? Does a\nreferendum mean only politics,'}, {'start': '16.960', 'end': '22.720', 'text': 'constitution, freedom? There have\nbeen referendums in different parts of the world that will'}, {'start': '22.720', 'end': '28.560', 'text': 'surprise you and make you laugh, for\nexample, in Iceland in 2014, a referendum was held'}, {'start': '28.560', 'end': '33.280', 'text': 'on whether to ban eating horse meat, in\na'}, {'start': '33.280', 'end': '38.480', 'text': 'remote region of Russia, a referendum was held on whether to use a bear or a beer as their\nsymbol, in'}, {'start': '38.480', 'end': '42.879', 'text': 'Ireland in 2015, the recognition of same-sex marriage, in\nNew Zealand, a referendum was held on the naming of an island, in'}, {'start': '47.920', 'end': '52.160', 'text': 'Antarctica in 2018, a virtual vote was\nheld on the name of a fish,'}, {'start': '52.160', 'end': '56.640', 'text': 'in New Zealand, on the rights of trees, in Switzerland,\nor on the naming of birds in Australia, and in'}, {'start': '56.640', 'end': '62.079', 'text': 'Sweden, how\nstrange are the referendums that have been held. Similarly, many'}, {'start': '62.079', 'end': '67.040', 'text': 'big decisions have been made in the world\nthrough referendums, such as whether the United Kingdom will leave Europe,'}, {'start': '67.040', 'end': '71.920', 'text': 'which was called Brexit,\nthrough a referendum in 2016.  They decide and they'}, {'start': '71.920', 'end': '77.520', 'text': 'separate from Europe. They\nwant independence. In Italy, in 1989, there was a referendum on the'}, {'start': '77.520', 'end': '82.479', 'text': 'independence of South Sudan or the\nindependence of Quebec. In 1995, there was a referendum on the new'}, {'start': '82.479', 'end': '87.360', 'text': 'constitution of Kenya on whether the Soviet Union would remain.\nSimilarly, in the'}, {'start': '87.360', 'end': '92.640', 'text': 'history of Bangladesh, there have been three referendums,\ntwo of which were to legitimize military rule'}, {'start': '92.640', 'end': '98.720', 'text': 'and the third was the\nreferendum on determining the system of government in 1991. On September 15,'}, {'start': '98.720', 'end': '104.880', 'text': '1991, a referendum was held on whether you want a parliamentary system of government.'}, {'start': '104.880', 'end': '110.720', 'text': 'This is the only referendum in the 54-year history of Bangladesh through\nwhich people'}, {'start': '110.720', 'end': '118.560', 'text': 'wanted a change in the system of government. But in the\n35 years after 1991, up to 2024, we have seen'}, {'start': '118.560', 'end': '124.399', 'text': 'how much that system of government has changed and\nhow many people have benefited from it.'}, {'start': '124.399', 'end': '129.840', 'text': 'We are saying that the 2025 referendum will be the referendum on building a\nnon-discriminatory Bangladesh in the history of Bangladesh.'}, {'start': '133.840', 'end': '140.000', 'text': 'We will now see what types of referendums can be,\nsuch as the first being mandatory referendum or'}, {'start': '140.000', 'end': '145.520', 'text': 'mandatory referendum, which is usually\nmandatory for changing the constitution, such as in'}, {'start': '145.520', 'end': '149.200', 'text': 'Switzerland, Ireland and\nAustralia.  Referendums are'}, {'start': '149.200', 'end': '154.879', 'text': 'optional. Referendums can be held if a\ncertain number of citizens want to hold a referendum against a law passed by the parliament.'}, {'start': '154.879', 'end': '160.680', 'text': 'This is the practice in Italy and Switzerland.'}, {'start': '160.680', 'end': '165.920', 'text': '[Music]\nIf millions of people in Bangladesh'}, {'start': '165.920', 'end': '172.560', 'text': 'demand a referendum, then what is the\nobstacle to holding that referendum? Another is a'}, {'start': '172.560', 'end': '177.920', 'text': 'citizen initiative referendum.\nPeople can raise issues themselves by collecting a certain number of signatures.'}, {'start': '177.920', 'end': '182.800', 'text': 'Switzerland, the\nUnited States, has such a referendum at the state level. There is'}, {'start': '182.800', 'end': '188.319', 'text': 'another one\ncalled an advisory referendum, that is, an advisory referendum is'}, {'start': '188.319', 'end': '194.400', 'text': 'not legally binding. Such a referendum can be held just to know the public opinion.\nReferendums have both'}, {'start': '194.400', 'end': '199.920', 'text': 'positive and negative\nsides. The positive side is that referendums reflect the'}, {'start': '199.920', 'end': '206.319', 'text': 'needs and aspirations of the people.\nThrough referendums, citizens'}, {'start': '206.319', 'end': '212.159', 'text': 'directly participate in policy-making, but they can be\nconfused due to wrong information. Politics'}, {'start': '212.159', 'end': '217.280', 'text': 'becomes transparent. The more transparent the politics of a country is, the more leaders of a\ncountry have no objection to holding a referendum in that country.'}, {'start': '217.280', 'end': '222.640', 'text': 'Referendums complement the parliamentary system and'}, {'start': '222.640', 'end': '227.519', 'text': 'sometimes conflict with the decisions of parliament.'}, {'start': '227.959', 'end': '233.599', 'text': 'We now see referendums in different countries of the world.\nHow is it practiced?'}, {'start': '233.599', 'end': '238.400', 'text': 'Switzerland is called the world\nchampion of referendums. Referendums are part of their political'}, {'start': '238.400', 'end': '244.640', 'text': 'culture. A silent revolution occurs.\nPeople give their opinion on every issue through referendums.'}, {'start': '244.640', 'end': '251.760', 'text': 'From 1848 to 2024, a total of more than 650\nreferendums have been held in Switzerland.'}, {'start': '251.760', 'end': '256.959', 'text': 'Because of the Swiss federal system, referendums are held\nregularly according to the constitution. There are three types of'}, {'start': '256.959', 'end': '262.320', 'text': 'referendums: mandatory referendums\nto amend the constitution, optional referendums if'}, {'start': '262.320', 'end': '267.199', 'text': 'the public objects to new laws, and citizen initiatives,\ni.e.'}, {'start': '267.199', 'end': '273.120', 'text': 'referendums proposed by 5,000 people. Switzerland holds\nreferendums almost every year. Sometimes'}, {'start': '273.120', 'end': '278.720', 'text': 'three to four issues are held in a year, whether they are\nsmall or very big, such as car parking fees or'}, {'start': '278.720', 'end': '283.120', 'text': 'same-sex marriage,\njoining the European Union, etc.'}, {'start': '283.120', 'end': '289.440', 'text': 'People\nparticipate in referendums with their independent and conscious attitude to'}, {'start': '289.440', 'end': '296.759', 'text': 'change the law and their necessary reforms.'}, {'start': '297.360', 'end': '302.960', 'text': 'Italy is in second place in the world in referendums, where'}, {'start': '302.960', 'end': '308.639', 'text': "more than 70 referendums have been held since 1946\nand these referendums are part of Italy's political"}, {'start': '308.639', 'end': '314.000', 'text': 'culture, especially repealing or\nchanging laws.  The referendum has many names. In the'}, {'start': '314.000', 'end': '320.960', 'text': '1946 referendum, the people\nabolished the monarchy and established a democracy. In the 1970s and'}, {'start': '320.960', 'end': '328.080', 'text': '80s, referendums were held on religious issues, abortion,\ndivorce, etc.'}, {'start': '328.520', 'end': '334.160', 'text': 'Ireland is in third place,\nwhere more than 35 referendums have been held,'}, {'start': '334.160', 'end': '341.039', 'text': 'such as the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015 and the\nanti-abortion law in 2018. A referendum is mandatory to'}, {'start': '341.039', 'end': '348.840', 'text': 'amend the Irish constitution.'}, {'start': '349.360', 'end': '354.000', 'text': 'Later, the United States, especially the\nstate-based central government, rarely holds referendums,'}, {'start': '354.000', 'end': '358.960', 'text': 'but there\nare thousands of examples of referendums at the state level. There are'}, {'start': '358.960', 'end': '363.600', 'text': 'no referendums at the federal level in the United States,\nbut ballot initiatives are very'}, {'start': '363.600', 'end': '367.919', 'text': 'popular in the states. States such as California, Florida,\nColorado, etc. regularly take'}, {'start': '367.919', 'end': '373.280', 'text': 'public opinion on various issues, such as the\nlegalization of marijuana, tax signs, increasing the minimum wage,'}, {'start': '373.280', 'end': '378.960', 'text': 'etc. They organize state-based referendums on various issues.'}, {'start': '379.479', 'end': '385.759', 'text': 'More than 10 national\nreferendums have been held in France. During the reign of Charles de Gaulle,'}, {'start': '385.759', 'end': '390.960', 'text': 'referendums were used as a method of verifying public opinion on\nconstitutional reform'}, {'start': '390.960', 'end': '396.479', 'text': 'and European\nReferendums are often held on issues. Denmark has had more than'}, {'start': '396.479', 'end': '400.720', 'text': '20 referendums,\nAustralia has had more than 44,'}, {'start': '400.720', 'end': '406.000', 'text': 'New Zealand has had more than 10,\nNorway has had more than six, Brazil has had more than 10,'}, {'start': '406.000', 'end': '412.560', 'text': 'and these referendums are usually on constitutional\namendments, alcohol prohibition, flag'}, {'start': '412.560', 'end': '417.440', 'text': 'design, joining the European Union, gun\nlaws, presidency, and thousands of other issues. That'}, {'start': '417.440', 'end': '423.280', 'text': 'is, each country organizes its own\nsystem of government, its own legislation, whether'}, {'start': '423.280', 'end': '429.039', 'text': 'local or national, to enact a law. In'}, {'start': '429.039', 'end': '433.440', 'text': 'most cases, it is seen that the people take the\ninitiative and'}, {'start': '433.440', 'end': '436.960', 'text': 'increase the pressure on the government to organize a referendum.'}, {'start': '437.560', 'end': '443.919', 'text': 'We will now look at some interesting and exceptional\nreferendums such as Vanish wants'}, {'start': '443.919', 'end': '449.680', 'text': 'independence. In 1989, the locals of the city of Vanish in Italy\nvoted whether they would remain part of Italy'}, {'start': '449.680', 'end': '455.280', 'text': 'or form their own independent\nRepublic of Venice. Although the commentators said that about 80% of the'}, {'start': '455.280', 'end': '461.280', 'text': 'people were in favor of independence, that is, the\ngeneral public of a city within a country can organize a vote'}, {'start': '461.280', 'end': '466.319', 'text': 'for whether they will remain independent separately,\nand the government and'}, {'start': '466.319', 'end': '471.440', 'text': 'administrative system can do that.  They organize votes, for\nexample, in Switzerland, there was a referendum on whether cheese fondue should be a'}, {'start': '471.440', 'end': '477.039', 'text': 'national dish or not.\nIn 2011, the Swiss voted to'}, {'start': '477.039', 'end': '482.960', 'text': 'make cheese fondue a national dish.\nThose who love cheese understand that this is a'}, {'start': '482.960', 'end': '487.919', 'text': 'life-and-death issue. And\naccording to the demands of the people, the Swiss government was'}, {'start': '487.919', 'end': '493.199', 'text': 'forced to organize that referendum. For example, in\nIceland, there was a referendum on whether horse meat can be eaten or'}, {'start': '493.199', 'end': '498.720', 'text': 'not, or whether horse meat should be banned. For\nexample, one group said that'}, {'start': '498.720', 'end': '503.440', 'text': 'horses are friends, but they should\nnot be eaten as food. However, the vote showed that'}, {'start': '503.440', 'end': '509.599', 'text': 'most people said that barbecue would be great. Whether they are\nfriends or not is not a problem. A'}, {'start': '509.599', 'end': '514.519', 'text': 'virtual referendum was held in Antarctica on the formation of a penguin state. In\n2018, in'}, {'start': '514.519', 'end': '519.760', 'text': 'an online vote for environmental awareness, people voted in\nfavor of forming a state for penguins. It may'}, {'start': '519.760', 'end': '525.920', 'text': 'sound funny, but the purpose was to\nprotect the environment and biodiversity. In addition, referendums are often held in different countries on more'}, {'start': '525.920', 'end': '531.120', 'text': 'important issues and political and\nsocial issues. For example,'}, {'start': '531.120', 'end': '536.080', 'text': 'in Ireland, in a referendum'}, {'start': '536.080', 'end': '542.390', 'text': 'in 2015, people voted for the recognition of same-sex marriage.  Legalizes same-sex marriage,\nalthough it was a disgusting act'}, {'start': '542.390', 'end': '547.200', 'text': '[Music] In\na region of Russia, locals'}, {'start': '547.200', 'end': '551.600', 'text': 'want to decide whether a bear or a bear will be\ntheir symbol. There was a referendum on'}, {'start': '551.600', 'end': '556.800', 'text': 'whether the United Kingdom should leave Europe.\nIn 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum on Brexit,'}, {'start': '556.800', 'end': '562.560', 'text': 'meaning whether it would remain part of the European Union,\nand this led to'}, {'start': '562.560', 'end': '567.440', 'text': 'huge political and economic\nchanges. It turned out that'}, {'start': '567.440', 'end': '573.120', 'text': 'referendums are not only serious matters, but they can also be funny,\nstrange and sometimes a little crazy,'}, {'start': '573.120', 'end': '579.360', 'text': 'but behind them there is always a reflection of public\nopinion or cultural tastes.'}, {'start': '579.360', 'end': '584.560', 'text': 'So if you ever go to vote, be\ncareful that your vote may'}, {'start': '584.560', 'end': '589.170', 'text': "change someone's food or their name.\nWhether it is Gaanua"}, {'start': '589.170', 'end': '594.480', 'text': "[Music]\nNua Now let's take a look at"}, {'start': '594.480', 'end': '600.000', 'text': 'what national referendums have been held in the history of Bangladesh. So\nfar, three important national referendums have been'}, {'start': '600.000', 'end': '606.160', 'text': 'held. Each was politically\ndiscussed, but the first two referendums were to'}, {'start': '606.160', 'end': '612.959', 'text': 'legitimize the military ruler, such as the\nreferendum of President Ziaur Rahman in 1977. On May 30,'}, {'start': '612.959', 'end': '618.800', 'text': '1977, you  Do you trust President Ziaur\nRahman and support his declared'}, {'start': '618.800', 'end': '626.800', 'text': 'national program? There\nwas a referendum and 88% of the people voted in the vote,'}, {'start': '626.800', 'end': '633.519', 'text': 'of which 99% voted yes. This was'}, {'start': '633.519', 'end': '639.279', 'text': 'a great example of the use of referendum in a heroic system. Critics said that the\ntransparency of the process was questioned.'}, {'start': '639.279', 'end': '646.079', 'text': "Ershad's vote in 1985, i.e. the legitimacy\nreferendum, was held on 21 March 1985. Do you trust"}, {'start': '646.079', 'end': '651.200', 'text': 'President Hossain Mohammad Ershad\nand the government claimed that about'}, {'start': '651.200', 'end': '657.600', 'text': '73% of the votes were yes, of which 94% voted\nyes.'}, {'start': '657.600', 'end': '663.279', 'text': 'The referendum was held to recognize a dictator no matter what. The'}, {'start': '663.279', 'end': '669.279', 'text': 'most significant referendum in the history of Bangladesh was held in 1991 to\ndetermine the system of government. On 15'}, {'start': '669.279', 'end': '677.440', 'text': 'September 1991,\n84.5% of the total 72% of the'}, {'start': '677.440', 'end': '684.240', 'text': 'votes were in favor of the parliamentary system.\nThis was the most transparent and genuine referendum'}, {'start': '684.240', 'end': '689.600', 'text': 'through which the system of government of Bangladesh was transformed\nfrom a presidential system to a parliamentary'}, {'start': '689.600', 'end': '695.360', 'text': 'system.  Either the first\ntwo were to legitimize the military ruler, that'}, {'start': '695.360', 'end': '700.480', 'text': "means there has been only one referendum in the 54-year history of Bangladesh to change the\ncountry's governance system"}, {'start': '700.480', 'end': '704.480', 'text': '[Music] The'}, {'start': '704.480', 'end': '709.839', 'text': 'fourth or literally the second and\nmost important referendum is now the'}, {'start': '709.839', 'end': '715.839', 'text': "demand of Bangladesh's time.\nDr. Yunus should be given the responsibility of the head of state of Bangladesh for five years through a referendum within this year. The"}, {'start': '715.839', 'end': '720.560', 'text': 'governance system must be'}, {'start': '720.560', 'end': '727.440', 'text': 'changed. All kinds of reforms must be made. A\nstrong demand for a referendum must be made. In a changed'}, {'start': '727.440', 'end': '733.200', 'text': 'Bangladesh,\nthe people will demand again that we'}, {'start': '733.200', 'end': '742.440', 'text': 'want a referendum. We want a change in our governance system through a landslide vote.'}, {'start': '743.510', 'end': '750.479', 'text': '[Music]'}]