The following is a review of the available literature regarding R. Likert’s System 5 theory, along 
with a proposal for further study to assess the potential viability of this approach in organizations 
during the postmodern era. There is a paucity of research on Likert’s System 5 theory as 
evidenced by the three articles found in the following databases limited to scholarly/peer-
reviewed articles: ABI/Inform, Academic OneFile, and Google Scholar. The search included the 
following keyword pairings in each database: “leadership” and “System 5,” “System 5” and 
“Likert,” and “leadership” and “Likert.” An additional search included all three terms together, 
but produced very few results. Searches on “System 5” alone or paired with “leadership” were 
problematic as they returned results when a numbered serration ended point number four with 
the word “system,” followed by the number five, starting the following point. For instance, a 
search on “leadership” and “System 5” in the ABI/Inform database returned 23 results. However, 
only one was relevant to Likert’s System 5 theory of leadership. By comparison, a search of the 
same database using “Likert” and “System 5” returned only one article, the same article 
referenced in the aforementioned search. The ABI/Inform search on “leadership” and “Likert” 
produced 44 results, 32 of which were references to unrelated Likert work (i.e., the Likert scale). 
Of the remainder, only two articles specifically discussed System 5, while the others more 
generally related information about Likert’s entire profile (Systems 1-4) without any reference to 
System 5. While the field of leadership has largely ignored this particular theory, there is evidence that 21st-century organizational culture and climate in many countries worldwide may 
be ready to consider this type of approach. 
Summarize this:
user
Sure, I can summarize the material for you. The article highlights a theory called "System 5", developed by Rensis Likert. This theory is related to leadership, but is not widely recognized or studied in modern times. Specifically, the article explains that a search of various databases has identified only a small number of articles on the topic. This indicates a lack of research and recognition of System 5. Despite this lack of researchable material, the article proposes that this approach could be viable in modern organizations. The search for System 5 as a keyword pairing with leadership resulted in only one relevant result. The search for Likert using the same paired with System 5 returns only one article, the same relevant article found in the first search. Moreover, conducting a search with the key terms together, lead to only a few results. The focus on Leadership and Likert keywords, mostly returned articles that contain unrelated information apart from Likert’s Likert Scale. The research suggests that System 5 could gain significant validity in both futuristic organizations and more contemporary organizations while considering a diverse range of workplace patterns. Overall, it seems that more research is required to determine the viability of System 5 theory in current workplaces, and organizations. Consequently, scholars and companies may consider honing System 5 to replace old-age hierarchies in organizations for an extra comprehensive approach that's supportive, encouraging, beliefful, expressive that considers synergy, resulting in practical deliberative processes. In that scenario, individuals will operate efficiently, and organizations would be esteemed to decision procedures that are solitary, easy to utilize, comparative, reliable, and just.
assistant
The following is a review of the available literature regarding R. Likert’s System 5 theory, along 
with a proposal for further study to assess the potential viability of this approach in organizations 
during the postmodern era. There is a paucity of research on Likert’s System 5 theory as 
evidenced by the three articles found in the following databases limited to scholarly/peer-
reviewed articles: ABI/Inform, Academic OneFile, and Google Scholar. The search included the 
following keyword pairings in each database: “leadership” and “System 5,” “System 5” and 
“Likert,” and “leadership” and “Likert.” An additional search included all three terms together, 
but produced very few results. Searches on “System 5” alone or paired with “leadership” were 
problematic as they returned results when a numbered serration ended point number four with 
the word “system,” followed by the number five, starting the following point. For instance, a 
search on “leadership” and “System 5” in the ABI/Inform database returned 23 results. However, 
only one was relevant to Likert’s System 5 theory of leadership. By comparison, a search of the 
same database using “Likert” and “System 5” returned only one article, the same article 
referenced in the aforementioned search. The ABI/Inform search on “leadership” and “Likert” 
produced 44 results, 32 of which were references to unrelated Likert work (i.e., the Likert scale). 
Of the remainder, only two articles specifically discussed System 5, while the others more 
generally related information about Likert’s entire profile (Systems 1-4) without any reference to 
System 5. While the field of leadership has largely ignored this particular theory, there is evidence that 21st-century organizational culture and climate in many countries worldwide may 
be ready to consider this type of approach. 
Summarize this:
user
The text describes a literature review on R. Likert's System 5 theory, a leadership approach that has seen limited research. The search was conducted across ABI/Inform, Academic OneFile, and Google Scholar databases using keywords like "leadership," "System 5," and "Likert." However, the results were scarce and often irrelevant due to the ambiguity of the search terms. Despite the general neglect of this theory in the leadership field, there is an indication that the organizational culture and climate in the 21st century might be open to considering this approach. The author proposes further study to assess the potential viability of Likert's System 5 theory in organizations during the postmodern era.
assistant