creation_sourcecode: // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
  
  // contracts/interfaces/IERC1967.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC1967.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev ERC-1967: Proxy Storage Slots. This interface contains the events defined in the ERC.
   */
  interface IERC1967 {
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the implementation is upgraded.
       */
      event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);
  
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the admin account has changed.
       */
      event AdminChanged(address previousAdmin, address newAdmin);
  
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the beacon is changed.
       */
      event BeaconUpgraded(address indexed beacon);
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/Proxy.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/Proxy.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev This abstract contract provides a fallback function that delegates all calls to another contract using the EVM
   * instruction `delegatecall`. We refer to the second contract as the _implementation_ behind the proxy, and it has to
   * be specified by overriding the virtual {_implementation} function.
   *
   * Additionally, delegation to the implementation can be triggered manually through the {_fallback} function, or to a
   * different contract through the {_delegate} function.
   *
   * The success and return data of the delegated call will be returned back to the caller of the proxy.
   */
  abstract contract Proxy {
      /**
       * @dev Delegates the current call to `implementation`.
       *
       * This function does not return to its internal call site, it will return directly to the external caller.
       */
      function _delegate(address implementation) internal virtual {
          assembly {
              // Copy msg.data. We take full control of memory in this inline assembly
              // block because it will not return to Solidity code. We overwrite the
              // Solidity scratch pad at memory position 0.
              calldatacopy(0, 0, calldatasize())
  
              // Call the implementation.
              // out and outsize are 0 because we don't know the size yet.
              let result := delegatecall(gas(), implementation, 0, calldatasize(), 0, 0)
  
              // Copy the returned data.
              returndatacopy(0, 0, returndatasize())
  
              switch result
              // delegatecall returns 0 on error.
              case 0 {
                  revert(0, returndatasize())
              }
              default {
                  return(0, returndatasize())
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev This is a virtual function that should be overridden so it returns the address to which the fallback
       * function and {_fallback} should delegate.
       */
      function _implementation() internal view virtual returns (address);
  
      /**
       * @dev Delegates the current call to the address returned by `_implementation()`.
       *
       * This function does not return to its internal call site, it will return directly to the external caller.
       */
      function _fallback() internal virtual {
          _delegate(_implementation());
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Fallback function that delegates calls to the address returned by `_implementation()`. Will run if no other
       * function in the contract matches the call data.
       */
      fallback() external payable virtual {
          _fallback();
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/beacon/IBeacon.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/beacon/IBeacon.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev This is the interface that {BeaconProxy} expects of its beacon.
   */
  interface IBeacon {
      /**
       * @dev Must return an address that can be used as a delegate call target.
       *
       * {UpgradeableBeacon} will check that this address is a contract.
       */
      function implementation() external view returns (address);
  }
  
  // contracts/utils/Address.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Address.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
   */
  library Address {
      /**
       * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
       */
      error AddressInsufficientBalance(address account);
  
      /**
       * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
       */
      error AddressEmptyCode(address target);
  
      /**
       * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
       */
      error FailedInnerCall();
  
      /**
       * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
       * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
       *
       * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
       * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
       * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
       * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
       *
       * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
       *
       * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
       * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
       * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
       * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
       */
      function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
          if (address(this).balance < amount) {
              revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
          }
  
          (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
          if (!success) {
              revert FailedInnerCall();
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
       * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
       * function instead.
       *
       * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
       * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
       * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
       * {FailedInnerCall} error.
       *
       * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
       * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
       *
       * Requirements:
       *
       * - `target` must be a contract.
       * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
       */
      function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
          return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
       * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
       *
       * Requirements:
       *
       * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
       * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
       */
      function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
          if (address(this).balance < value) {
              revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
          }
          (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
          return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
       * but performing a static call.
       */
      function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
          (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
          return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
       * but performing a delegate call.
       */
      function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
          (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
          return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
       * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {FailedInnerCall}) in case of an
       * unsuccessful call.
       */
      function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
          address target,
          bool success,
          bytes memory returndata
      ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
          if (!success) {
              _revert(returndata);
          } else {
              // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
              // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
              if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                  revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
              }
              return returndata;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
       * revert reason or with a default {FailedInnerCall} error.
       */
      function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
          if (!success) {
              _revert(returndata);
          } else {
              return returndata;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {FailedInnerCall}.
       */
      function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
          // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
          if (returndata.length > 0) {
              // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
              /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
              assembly {
                  let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                  revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
              }
          } else {
              revert FailedInnerCall();
          }
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/utils/Context.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
   * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
   * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
   * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
   * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
   * is concerned).
   *
   * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
   */
  abstract contract Context {
      function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
          return msg.sender;
      }
  
      function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
          return msg.data;
      }
  
      function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
          return 0;
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/utils/StorageSlot.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol)
  // This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/StorageSlot.js.
  
  /**
   * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots.
   *
   * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts.
   * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly.
   *
   * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write.
   *
   * Example usage to set ERC1967 implementation slot:
   * ```solidity
   * contract ERC1967 {
   *     bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
   *
   *     function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
   *         return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
   *     }
   *
   *     function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal {
   *         require(newImplementation.code.length > 0);
   *         StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
   *     }
   * }
   * ```
   */
  library StorageSlot {
      struct AddressSlot {
          address value;
      }
  
      struct BooleanSlot {
          bool value;
      }
  
      struct Bytes32Slot {
          bytes32 value;
      }
  
      struct Uint256Slot {
          uint256 value;
      }
  
      struct StringSlot {
          string value;
      }
  
      struct BytesSlot {
          bytes value;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`.
       */
      function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := store.slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
       */
      function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := slot
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`.
       */
      function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
          /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
          assembly {
              r.slot := store.slot
          }
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/access/Ownable.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
   * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
   * specific functions.
   *
   * The initial owner is set to the address provided by the deployer. This can
   * later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
   *
   * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
   * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
   * the owner.
   */
  abstract contract Ownable is Context {
      address private _owner;
  
      /**
       * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation.
       */
      error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account);
  
      /**
       * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`)
       */
      error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner);
  
      event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
  
      /**
       * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner.
       */
      constructor(address initialOwner) {
          if (initialOwner == address(0)) {
              revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
          }
          _transferOwnership(initialOwner);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
       */
      modifier onlyOwner() {
          _checkOwner();
          _;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
       */
      function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
          return _owner;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
       */
      function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
          if (owner() != _msgSender()) {
              revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
       * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner.
       *
       * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
       * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner.
       */
      function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
          _transferOwnership(address(0));
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
       * Can only be called by the current owner.
       */
      function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
          if (newOwner == address(0)) {
              revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
          }
          _transferOwnership(newOwner);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
       * Internal function without access restriction.
       */
      function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
          address oldOwner = _owner;
          _owner = newOwner;
          emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Utils.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Utils.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev This abstract contract provides getters and event emitting update functions for
   * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1967[EIP1967] slots.
   */
  library ERC1967Utils {
      // We re-declare ERC-1967 events here because they can't be used directly from IERC1967.
      // This will be fixed in Solidity 0.8.21. At that point we should remove these events.
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the implementation is upgraded.
       */
      event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);
  
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the admin account has changed.
       */
      event AdminChanged(address previousAdmin, address newAdmin);
  
      /**
       * @dev Emitted when the beacon is changed.
       */
      event BeaconUpgraded(address indexed beacon);
  
      /**
       * @dev Storage slot with the address of the current implementation.
       * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.implementation" subtracted by 1.
       */
      // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
      bytes32 internal constant IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
  
      /**
       * @dev The `implementation` of the proxy is invalid.
       */
      error ERC1967InvalidImplementation(address implementation);
  
      /**
       * @dev The `admin` of the proxy is invalid.
       */
      error ERC1967InvalidAdmin(address admin);
  
      /**
       * @dev The `beacon` of the proxy is invalid.
       */
      error ERC1967InvalidBeacon(address beacon);
  
      /**
       * @dev An upgrade function sees `msg.value > 0` that may be lost.
       */
      error ERC1967NonPayable();
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the current implementation address.
       */
      function getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
          return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Stores a new address in the EIP1967 implementation slot.
       */
      function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) private {
          if (newImplementation.code.length == 0) {
              revert ERC1967InvalidImplementation(newImplementation);
          }
          StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Performs implementation upgrade with additional setup call if data is nonempty.
       * This function is payable only if the setup call is performed, otherwise `msg.value` is rejected
       * to avoid stuck value in the contract.
       *
       * Emits an {IERC1967-Upgraded} event.
       */
      function upgradeToAndCall(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) internal {
          _setImplementation(newImplementation);
          emit Upgraded(newImplementation);
  
          if (data.length > 0) {
              Address.functionDelegateCall(newImplementation, data);
          } else {
              _checkNonPayable();
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Storage slot with the admin of the contract.
       * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.admin" subtracted by 1.
       */
      // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
      bytes32 internal constant ADMIN_SLOT = 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103;
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the current admin.
       *
       * TIP: To get this value clients can read directly from the storage slot shown below (specified by EIP1967) using
       * the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_getstorageat[`eth_getStorageAt`] RPC call.
       * `0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103`
       */
      function getAdmin() internal view returns (address) {
          return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Stores a new address in the EIP1967 admin slot.
       */
      function _setAdmin(address newAdmin) private {
          if (newAdmin == address(0)) {
              revert ERC1967InvalidAdmin(address(0));
          }
          StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value = newAdmin;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Changes the admin of the proxy.
       *
       * Emits an {IERC1967-AdminChanged} event.
       */
      function changeAdmin(address newAdmin) internal {
          emit AdminChanged(getAdmin(), newAdmin);
          _setAdmin(newAdmin);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev The storage slot of the UpgradeableBeacon contract which defines the implementation for this proxy.
       * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.beacon" subtracted by 1.
       */
      // solhint-disable-next-line private-vars-leading-underscore
      bytes32 internal constant BEACON_SLOT = 0xa3f0ad74e5423aebfd80d3ef4346578335a9a72aeaee59ff6cb3582b35133d50;
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the current beacon.
       */
      function getBeacon() internal view returns (address) {
          return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(BEACON_SLOT).value;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Stores a new beacon in the EIP1967 beacon slot.
       */
      function _setBeacon(address newBeacon) private {
          if (newBeacon.code.length == 0) {
              revert ERC1967InvalidBeacon(newBeacon);
          }
  
          StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(BEACON_SLOT).value = newBeacon;
  
          address beaconImplementation = IBeacon(newBeacon).implementation();
          if (beaconImplementation.code.length == 0) {
              revert ERC1967InvalidImplementation(beaconImplementation);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Change the beacon and trigger a setup call if data is nonempty.
       * This function is payable only if the setup call is performed, otherwise `msg.value` is rejected
       * to avoid stuck value in the contract.
       *
       * Emits an {IERC1967-BeaconUpgraded} event.
       *
       * CAUTION: Invoking this function has no effect on an instance of {BeaconProxy} since v5, since
       * it uses an immutable beacon without looking at the value of the ERC-1967 beacon slot for
       * efficiency.
       */
      function upgradeBeaconToAndCall(address newBeacon, bytes memory data) internal {
          _setBeacon(newBeacon);
          emit BeaconUpgraded(newBeacon);
  
          if (data.length > 0) {
              Address.functionDelegateCall(IBeacon(newBeacon).implementation(), data);
          } else {
              _checkNonPayable();
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Reverts if `msg.value` is not zero. It can be used to avoid `msg.value` stuck in the contract
       * if an upgrade doesn't perform an initialization call.
       */
      function _checkNonPayable() private {
          if (msg.value > 0) {
              revert ERC1967NonPayable();
          }
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev This contract implements an upgradeable proxy. It is upgradeable because calls are delegated to an
   * implementation address that can be changed. This address is stored in storage in the location specified by
   * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1967[EIP1967], so that it doesn't conflict with the storage layout of the
   * implementation behind the proxy.
   */
  contract ERC1967Proxy is Proxy {
      /**
       * @dev Initializes the upgradeable proxy with an initial implementation specified by `implementation`.
       *
       * If `_data` is nonempty, it's used as data in a delegate call to `implementation`. This will typically be an
       * encoded function call, and allows initializing the storage of the proxy like a Solidity constructor.
       *
       * Requirements:
       *
       * - If `data` is empty, `msg.value` must be zero.
       */
      constructor(address implementation, bytes memory _data) payable {
          ERC1967Utils.upgradeToAndCall(implementation, _data);
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the current implementation address.
       *
       * TIP: To get this value clients can read directly from the storage slot shown below (specified by EIP1967) using
       * the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_getstorageat[`eth_getStorageAt`] RPC call.
       * `0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc`
       */
      function _implementation() internal view virtual override returns (address) {
          return ERC1967Utils.getImplementation();
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/transparent/ProxyAdmin.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/transparent/ProxyAdmin.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev This is an auxiliary contract meant to be assigned as the admin of a {TransparentUpgradeableProxy}. For an
   * explanation of why you would want to use this see the documentation for {TransparentUpgradeableProxy}.
   */
  contract ProxyAdmin is Ownable {
      /**
       * @dev The version of the upgrade interface of the contract. If this getter is missing, both `upgrade(address)`
       * and `upgradeAndCall(address,bytes)` are present, and `upgradeTo` must be used if no function should be called,
       * while `upgradeAndCall` will invoke the `receive` function if the second argument is the empty byte string.
       * If the getter returns `"5.0.0"`, only `upgradeAndCall(address,bytes)` is present, and the second argument must
       * be the empty byte string if no function should be called, making it impossible to invoke the `receive` function
       * during an upgrade.
       */
      string public constant UPGRADE_INTERFACE_VERSION = "5.0.0";
  
      /**
       * @dev Sets the initial owner who can perform upgrades.
       */
      constructor(address initialOwner) Ownable(initialOwner) {}
  
      /**
       * @dev Upgrades `proxy` to `implementation` and calls a function on the new implementation.
       * See {TransparentUpgradeableProxy-_dispatchUpgradeToAndCall}.
       *
       * Requirements:
       *
       * - This contract must be the admin of `proxy`.
       * - If `data` is empty, `msg.value` must be zero.
       */
      function upgradeAndCall(
          ITransparentUpgradeableProxy proxy,
          address implementation,
          bytes memory data
      ) public payable virtual onlyOwner {
          proxy.upgradeToAndCall{value: msg.value}(implementation, data);
      }
  }
  
  // contracts/proxy/transparent/TransparentUpgradeableProxy.sol
  
  // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (proxy/transparent/TransparentUpgradeableProxy.sol)
  
  /**
   * @dev Interface for {TransparentUpgradeableProxy}. In order to implement transparency, {TransparentUpgradeableProxy}
   * does not implement this interface directly, and its upgradeability mechanism is implemented by an internal dispatch
   * mechanism. The compiler is unaware that these functions are implemented by {TransparentUpgradeableProxy} and will not
   * include them in the ABI so this interface must be used to interact with it.
   */
  interface ITransparentUpgradeableProxy is IERC1967 {
      function upgradeToAndCall(address, bytes calldata) external payable;
  }
  
  /**
   * @dev This contract implements a proxy that is upgradeable through an associated {ProxyAdmin} instance.
   *
   * To avoid https://medium.com/nomic-labs-blog/malicious-backdoors-in-ethereum-proxies-62629adf3357[proxy selector
   * clashing], which can potentially be used in an attack, this contract uses the
   * https://blog.openzeppelin.com/the-transparent-proxy-pattern/[transparent proxy pattern]. This pattern implies two
   * things that go hand in hand:
   *
   * 1. If any account other than the admin calls the proxy, the call will be forwarded to the implementation, even if
   * that call matches the {ITransparentUpgradeableProxy-upgradeToAndCall} function exposed by the proxy itself.
   * 2. If the admin calls the proxy, it can call the `upgradeToAndCall` function but any other call won't be forwarded to
   * the implementation. If the admin tries to call a function on the implementation it will fail with an error indicating
   * the proxy admin cannot fallback to the target implementation.
   *
   * These properties mean that the admin account can only be used for upgrading the proxy, so it's best if it's a
   * dedicated account that is not used for anything else. This will avoid headaches due to sudden errors when trying to
   * call a function from the proxy implementation. For this reason, the proxy deploys an instance of {ProxyAdmin} and
   * allows upgrades only if they come through it. You should think of the `ProxyAdmin` instance as the administrative
   * interface of the proxy, including the ability to change who can trigger upgrades by transferring ownership.
   *
   * NOTE: The real interface of this proxy is that defined in `ITransparentUpgradeableProxy`. This contract does not
   * inherit from that interface, and instead `upgradeToAndCall` is implicitly implemented using a custom dispatch
   * mechanism in `_fallback`. Consequently, the compiler will not produce an ABI for this contract. This is necessary to
   * fully implement transparency without decoding reverts caused by selector clashes between the proxy and the
   * implementation.
   *
   * NOTE: This proxy does not inherit from {Context} deliberately. The {ProxyAdmin} of this contract won't send a
   * meta-transaction in any way, and any other meta-transaction setup should be made in the implementation contract.
   *
   * IMPORTANT: This contract avoids unnecessary storage reads by setting the admin only during construction as an
   * immutable variable, preventing any changes thereafter. However, the admin slot defined in ERC-1967 can still be
   * overwritten by the implementation logic pointed to by this proxy. In such cases, the contract may end up in an
   * undesirable state where the admin slot is different from the actual admin.
   *
   * WARNING: It is not recommended to extend this contract to add additional external functions. If you do so, the
   * compiler will not check that there are no selector conflicts, due to the note above. A selector clash between any new
   * function and the functions declared in {ITransparentUpgradeableProxy} will be resolved in favor of the new one. This
   * could render the `upgradeToAndCall` function inaccessible, preventing upgradeability and compromising transparency.
   */
  contract TransparentUpgradeableProxy is ERC1967Proxy {
      // An immutable address for the admin to avoid unnecessary SLOADs before each call
      // at the expense of removing the ability to change the admin once it's set.
      // This is acceptable if the admin is always a ProxyAdmin instance or similar contract
      // with its own ability to transfer the permissions to another account.
      address private immutable _admin;
  
      /**
       * @dev The proxy caller is the current admin, and can't fallback to the proxy target.
       */
      error ProxyDeniedAdminAccess();
  
      /**
       * @dev Initializes an upgradeable proxy managed by an instance of a {ProxyAdmin} with an `initialOwner`,
       * backed by the implementation at `_logic`, and optionally initialized with `_data` as explained in
       * {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
       */
      constructor(address _logic, address initialOwner, bytes memory _data) payable ERC1967Proxy(_logic, _data) {
          _admin = address(new ProxyAdmin(initialOwner));
          // Set the storage value and emit an event for ERC-1967 compatibility
          ERC1967Utils.changeAdmin(_proxyAdmin());
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Returns the admin of this proxy.
       */
      function _proxyAdmin() internal virtual returns (address) {
          return _admin;
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev If caller is the admin process the call internally, otherwise transparently fallback to the proxy behavior.
       */
      function _fallback() internal virtual override {
          if (msg.sender == _proxyAdmin()) {
              if (msg.sig != ITransparentUpgradeableProxy.upgradeToAndCall.selector) {
                  revert ProxyDeniedAdminAccess();
              } else {
                  _dispatchUpgradeToAndCall();
              }
          } else {
              super._fallback();
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @dev Upgrade the implementation of the proxy. See {ERC1967Utils-upgradeToAndCall}.
       *
       * Requirements:
       *
       * - If `data` is empty, `msg.value` must be zero.
       */
      function _dispatchUpgradeToAndCall() private {
          (address newImplementation, bytes memory data) = abi.decode(msg.data[4:], (address, bytes));
          ERC1967Utils.upgradeToAndCall(newImplementation, data);
      }
  }