the text, there is a misspelling of "Journal" as "Journa." Additionally, "American Heart Association" is misspelled as "AmericanHeartAssociatione." These should be corrected.

In the title of the article, "Aging and genetic variation of plasma apolipoproteins" should be capitalized appropriately.

There are a few instances where words have been split incorrectly across lines, such as "approximately" in the second paragraph and "apolipoproteins" in the third paragraph. These should be merged correctly.

There are also some unnecessary duplications of words or phrases, such as "of Plasma Apolipoproteins" in the second and third paragraphs. These should be removed.

In the third paragraph, there is a grammatical error in the phrase "only approxi- mately one third as high." The hyphen should be removed.

In the same paragraph, there is an incorrect preposition in the phrase "frequency of the apolipoprotein E e2 allele was almost twice as high." It should be "for" instead of "of."

In the fourth paragraph, there is an incorrect verb tense in the phrase "an increased risk of coronary artery disease." It should be "has been."

In the fifth paragraph, there is a missing word in the phrase "essential for the synthesis and secretion." It should be "is."

In the same paragraph, there is a missing hyphen in "low-density lipoprotein." It should be hyphenated.

Overall, these errors and issues should be corrected to produce more readable and coherent text. The processed text is:

Journal of the American Heart Association

Aging and Genetic Variation of Plasma Apolipoproteins: Relative Loss of the Apolipoprotein E4 Phenotype in Centenarians

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1994;14:1084-1089

Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click "Request Permissions" in the middle column of the webpage under "Services." Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document.

Abstract

We determined the common polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (E2, E3, and E4), apolipoprotein B Xba I polymorphism, and apolipoprotein C-III Sst I polymorphism in almost all Finnish centenarians alive in 1991 (n=179/185). Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in different apolipoprotein genotypes were also measured. In comparison with younger Finnish populations studied previously, the frequency of the apolipoprotein E2 allele was almost twice as high (7.0% versus 4.1%; P<.05) and that of the E4 allele only approximately one third as high (8.4% versus 22.7%; P<.001) in the centenarians. Plasma cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels tended to be lowest in the group with the E2 allele (4.33 mmol/L and 1.41 mmol/L, respectively), intermediate in those with the E3 allele (4.57 mmol/L and 1.48 mmol/L, respectively), and highest in those with the E4 allele (4.82 mmol/L and 1.60 mmol/L, respectively). The frequencies of the apolipoprotein B X1 and X2 alleles (Xba I restriction site absent or present, respectively) among the centenarians and among the young Finns were not significantly different, whereas the apolipoprotein C-III S2 allele (Sst I restriction site present) occurred more often in the centenarians (frequency, 12.9%) than in the youngest reference population (frequency, 8.8%; P<.05). Centenarians with the apolipoprotein B X2X2 genotype and apolipoprotein E4 phenotype had a higher mean plasma cholesterol level than those with the X1X1 genotype and E2 phenotype (5.24 versus 3.43 mmol/L; P<.05). We conclude that genetic variation of apolipoproteins influences blood lipid levels up to very high ages and that the E4 allele may affect life expectancy adversely. (Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1994;14:1084-1089.)

Key Words: Centenarians, Serum Apolipoproteins, Serum Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein Gene Polymorphisms, Longevity

ApolIn the Finnish Centenarian study conducted in March 1991, all individuals born in 1891 or earlier and alive in December 1990 (n=271) were identified from the Finnish national population registry. By December 1991, one of us (J.L.) had visited all centenarians who were alive at the time of examination (n=185). Of these centenarians, four refused to participate in the study, and two were not willing to give a blood sample. Of the remaining 179, 25% lived at home, 44% in homes for the elderly, and 31% in hospitals. Among the living centenarians, 70% (6.3/100 000 population) resided in southern Finland, 20% (4.7/100 000 population) in central Finland, and 10% (3.3/100 000 population) in northern Finland.

The allele frequencies of apoB and apoC-III in centenarians were compared with those in 307 young Finns (age range, 9 to 21 years) and 179 adult Finns (age range, 20 to 66 years). The apoC-III Sst I alleles in the adult series were determined during the course of this study using the Southern blot technique. The adult reference subjects lived in Helsinki and its surroundings, whereas the young subjects were from both western and eastern parts of the country. In this adult reference group, the mean serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride values were 5.76, 3.76, 1.74, and 1.17 mmol/L respectively while in the young group they were 4.74, 2.89, 1.47, and 0.84 mmol/L respectively.