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different effects depending on gender. Indeed, while an expected ‘‘low TNF-a expression’’ genetic profile seems to be advantageous for male survival over 66 years, females display a deleterious ef- fect for carriers of ‘‘low TNF-a expression’’ profile. On the other side, while males show significant gene–gene interaction in age class comparison 2, the epistasis between ADA and TNF-a genes conveys towards a TNF-a expression genetic pattern very similar between the age classes compared and to related females age classes.