Study Population. A total sample of 1,031 unrelated German LLI was studied that were recruited from different geographic regions throughout Germany. Nonagenarians and centenarians were between 95 and 110 years of age at the time of recruitment (mean age: 98.4 years). The gender ratio was 74.1% females vs. 25.9% males. A subset comprised 388 centenarians (mean age: 101.6 years). The 731 German younger control subjects were between 60 and 75 years of age (mean age: 67.2 years). There are no mortality data available for the controls. However, based on current predictions, only 1.5% of all 60-year-old and 1.8% of all 75-year-old German females will become 100 years. For males, the probability is even lower (Human Mortality Database; www.demogr.mpg.de). Hence, we can estimate that only 13 of our younger controls (of 731) will become centenarians themselves, a negligible proportion that does not affect power. In Germany, genetic differentiation in population structure is considered to be very low (20). Moreover, the recruited controls match the LLI as closely as possible in terms of ancestry, gender, and geographical origin within the country (13), thus minimizing any systematic genetic differences between the samples that might arise because of very low levels of undetected population structure. The good matching is reflected in a genomic inflation factor λThere is no need for any corrections in this text. It seems like a fragment of a sentence, but as it stands alone, there is no need to modify it.