Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

Experimental procedures

The original CHS cohort includes 5201 Caucasian and African American participants recruited from 1989 to 1990 in four communities in the United States (Fried et al., 1991; Tell et al., 1993) and 684 additional African-American participants recruited from 1992 to 1993. All participants were 65 years of age or older. At enrollment, participants were not institutionalized, wheelchair-bound at home, or receiving treatment for cancer. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Deaths were ascertained through surveillance and at semiannual contacts. For all deaths, the CHS collected information from medical records, physician interviews, autopsy reports, coroner reports, and next of kin interviews. Data were reviewed by the CHS Events Committee and cause of death classified according to pre-specified criteria (Ives et al., 1995). From the 4383 Caucasian CHS participants, we defined a case-control replication sample of 1076 for the longevity analysis using the same age cutoffs as in the SOF study. This subset included 279 long-lived cases (lifespan >92 years, mean = 94.5 ± 2.1 years) and 797 average-lifespan controls (lifespan <79 years, mean = 76.1 ± 3.1 years).

Samples

Data from three studies were analyzed. Two are large cohort studies of older adults: SOF and CHS. The third study is a case-control study (AJC).

Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF)

A total of 9704 ambulatory community-dwelling Caucasian women age 65 and older were recruited from September 1986 through October 1988 from four areas in the United States: Baltimore, MD; Monongahela Valley, PA; Minneapolis, MN; and Portland, OR (Cummings et al., 1990). The study protocol was approved by the appropriate institutional review committees, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Self-reported ethnicity was recorded as Northern, Southern, or Central European, or mixed/other. The cohort has been followed for over 20 years with age and cause of death recorded for participants who have died. Eight hundred and ninety-six SOF participants were selected for this study. These included 293 long-lived cases (lifespan >92 years, mean ± SD = 95.3 ± 2.2 years) of whom approximately 56% were still living at the last study visit. We selected 603 controls who were the youngest to die in this cohort (lifespan <79 years, mean = 75.7 ± 2.6 years); however, the age of death in the controls is not substantially different compared to the generalThe given text appears to be a scientific research paper, and it contains several technical terms and abbreviations related to genetics and statistical analysis. As an AI language model, I can correct some spelling mistakes and grammar issues, but I cannot understand the context of the research paper. Therefore, I can only correct the text based on grammar and spelling rules. Here is the corrected text:

(0.58-0.99) 0.81 (0.62-1.06) CHS P 0.37 0.38 0.16 OR (95% CI) 1.14 (0.85-1.53) 0.89 (0.70-1.15) 0.83 (0.64-1.08) Meta-analysis P 0.064 0.044 0.037 OR (95% CI) 1.21 (0.99-1.48) 0.83 (0.69-0.99) 0.82 (0.68-0.99) Other SOF P 0.10 0.32 0.48 OR (95% CI) 1.30 (0.95-1.78) 0.86 (0.64-1.16) 0.90 (0.66-1.21) CHS P 0.036 0.035 0.048 OR (95% CI) 1.34 (1.02-1.75) 0.76 (0.58-0.98) 0.76 (0.58-1.00) Meta-analysis P 0.0079 0 .025 0 .051 OR (95% CI) 1 .32 (1 .08-1 .62 ) , 080 (066 -097 ) , and .82 (0.67-1.00). 

For this analysis, the case group comprises participants who died of specific causes, and the control group comprises long-lived participants. Results for an additive model are shown. Analyses in SOF are adjusted for self-reported ethnicity, and analyses in CHS are adjusted for sex. Nominally significant associations (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold. Of self-reported Ashkenazi Jewish descent without a family history of unusual longevity (parents age < 85 years). Participants' ages were defined by birth certificates or passports. Four percent of controls and 76% of centenarians have died since recruitment. Using http://www.autoprimer.com, primer3 (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/primer3_www.cgi), and as previously described (Hsu & Kwok, 2003), assay conditions are available upon request.

Genotyping in AJC was performed at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine using the Sequenom platform and pyrosequencing. Samples were genotyped by investigators blinded to phenotype. All data were scored by at least two investigators. DNA samples were genotyped on 384-well plates with negative and positive controls (duplicates) included on each plate. There were 19 duplicates among the SOF and 267 among the CHS samples. Plates with fewer than 90% successful genotypes or with duplicate discrepancies were repeated. Plates where duplicate discrepancies persisted after re-genotyping were excluded. The overall genotyping accuracy was >99.5%.