library SafeMath {
    
    /// @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) 
        internal 
        pure 
        returns (uint256 c) 
    {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath mul failed");
        return c;
    }


    /// @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256) 
    {
        require(b <= a, "SafeMath sub failed");
        return a - b;
    }


    /// @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 c) 
    {
        c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath add failed");
        return c;
    }
    

    /// @dev gives square root of given x.
    function sqrt(uint256 x)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 y) 
    {
        uint256 z = ((add(x, 1)) / 2);
        y = x;
        while (z < y) {
            y = z;
            z = ((add((x / z), z)) / 2);
        }
    }


    /// @dev gives square. multiplies x by x
    function sq(uint256 x)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256)
    {
        return (mul(x,x));
    }


    /// @dev x to the power of y 
    function pwr(uint256 x, uint256 y)
        internal 
        pure 
        returns (uint256)
    {
        if (x == 0) {
            return (0);
        } else if (y == 0) {
            return (1);
        } else {
            uint256 z = x;
            for (uint256 i = 1; i < y; i++) {
                z = mul(z,x);
            }
            return (z);
        }
    }
}
/// @title SafeMath v0.1.9
/// @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
/// change notes: original SafeMath library from OpenZeppelin modified by Inventor
/// - added sqrt
/// - added sq
/// - added pwr 
/// - changed asserts to requires with error log outputs
/// - removed div, its useless
function sqrt(uint256 x)
    internal
    pure
    returns (uint256 y) 
{
    uint256 z = ((add(x, 1)) / 2);
    y = x;
    while (z < y) {
        y = z;
        z = ((add((x / z), z)) / 2);
    }
}

/// @dev gives square root of given x.