abstract contract Proxy {
   /**
    * @dev Fallback function.
    * Implemented entirely in `_fallback`.
    */
   fallback() external payable {
       _fallback();
   }

   /**
    * @return The Address of the implementation.
    */
   function _implementation() internal virtual view returns (address);

   /**
    * @dev Delegates execution to an implementation contract.
    * This is a low level function that doesn't return to its internal call site.
    * It will return to the external caller whatever the implementation returns.
    * @param implementation Address to delegate.
    */
   function _delegate(address implementation) internal {
       assembly {
           // Copy msg.data. We take full control of memory in this inline assembly
           // block because it will not return to Solidity code. We overwrite the
           // Solidity scratch pad at memory position 0.
           calldatacopy(0, 0, calldatasize())

           // Call the implementation.
           // out and outsize are 0 because we don't know the size yet.
           let result := delegatecall(
               gas(),
               implementation,
               0,
               calldatasize(),
               0,
               0
           )

           // Copy the returned data.
           returndatacopy(0, 0, returndatasize())

           switch result
               // delegatecall returns 0 on error.
               case 0 {
                   revert(0, returndatasize())
               }
               default {
                   return(0, returndatasize())
               }
       }
   }

   /**
    * @dev Function that is run as the first thing in the fallback function.
    * Can be redefined in derived contracts to add functionality.
    * Redefinitions must call super._willFallback().
    */
   function _willFallback() internal virtual {}

   /**
    * @dev fallback implementation.
    * Extracted to enable manual triggering.
    */
   function _fallback() internal {
       _willFallback();
       _delegate(_implementation());
   }
}
function _willFallback() internal virtual {}

/**
 * @dev Function that is run as the first thing in the fallback function.
 * Can be redefined in derived contracts to add functionality.
 * Redefinitions must call super._willFallback().
 */