library ABDKMathQuad {
    /*
     * 0.
     */
    bytes16 private constant _POSITIVE_ZERO =
        0x00000000000000000000000000000000;

    /*
     * -0.
     */
    bytes16 private constant _NEGATIVE_ZERO =
        0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

    /*
     * +Infinity.
     */
    bytes16 private constant _POSITIVE_INFINITY =
        0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000;

    /*
     * -Infinity.
     */
    bytes16 private constant _NEGATIVE_INFINITY =
        0xFFFF0000000000000000000000000000;

    /*
     * Canonical NaN value.
     */
    bytes16 private constant NaN = 0x7FFF8000000000000000000000000000;

    /**
     * Convert signed 256-bit integer number into quadruple precision number.
     *
     * @param x signed 256-bit integer number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function fromInt(int256 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == 0) return bytes16(0);
            else {
                // We rely on overflow behavior here
                uint256 result = uint256(x > 0 ? x : -x);

                uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                if (msb < 112) result <<= 112 - msb;
                else if (msb > 112) result >>= msb - 112;

                result =
                    (result & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                    ((16383 + msb) << 112);
                if (x < 0) result |= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

                return bytes16(uint128(result));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into signed 256-bit integer number
     * rounding towards zero.  Revert on overflow.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return signed 256-bit integer number
     */
    function toInt(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (int256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            require(exponent <= 16638); // Overflow
            if (exponent < 16383) return 0; // Underflow

            uint256 result = (uint256(uint128(x)) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                0x10000000000000000000000000000;

            if (exponent < 16495) result >>= 16495 - exponent;
            else if (exponent > 16495) result <<= exponent - 16495;

            if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) {
                // Negative
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
                );
                return -int256(result); // We rely on overflow behavior here
            } else {
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
                );
                return int256(result);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert unsigned 256-bit integer number into quadruple precision number.
     *
     * @param x unsigned 256-bit integer number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function fromUInt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == 0) return bytes16(0);
            else {
                uint256 result = x;

                uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                if (msb < 112) result <<= 112 - msb;
                else if (msb > 112) result >>= msb - 112;

                result =
                    (result & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                    ((16383 + msb) << 112);

                return bytes16(uint128(result));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into unsigned 256-bit integer number
     * rounding towards zero.  Revert on underflow.  Note, that negative floating
     * point numbers in range (-1.0 .. 0.0) may be converted to unsigned integer
     * without error, because they are rounded to zero.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return unsigned 256-bit integer number
     */
    function toUInt(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            if (exponent < 16383) return 0; // Underflow

            require(uint128(x) < 0x80000000000000000000000000000000); // Negative

            require(exponent <= 16638); // Overflow
            uint256 result = (uint256(uint128(x)) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                0x10000000000000000000000000000;

            if (exponent < 16495) result >>= 16495 - exponent;
            else if (exponent > 16495) result <<= exponent - 16495;

            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert signed 128.128 bit fixed point number into quadruple precision
     * number.
     *
     * @param x signed 128.128 bit fixed point number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function from128x128(int256 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == 0) return bytes16(0);
            else {
                // We rely on overflow behavior here
                uint256 result = uint256(x > 0 ? x : -x);

                uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                if (msb < 112) result <<= 112 - msb;
                else if (msb > 112) result >>= msb - 112;

                result =
                    (result & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                    ((16255 + msb) << 112);
                if (x < 0) result |= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

                return bytes16(uint128(result));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into signed 128.128 bit fixed point
     * number.  Revert on overflow.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return signed 128.128 bit fixed point number
     */
    function to128x128(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (int256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            require(exponent <= 16510); // Overflow
            if (exponent < 16255) return 0; // Underflow

            uint256 result = (uint256(uint128(x)) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                0x10000000000000000000000000000;

            if (exponent < 16367) result >>= 16367 - exponent;
            else if (exponent > 16367) result <<= exponent - 16367;

            if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) {
                // Negative
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
                );
                return -int256(result); // We rely on overflow behavior here
            } else {
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
                );
                return int256(result);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert signed 64.64 bit fixed point number into quadruple precision
     * number.
     *
     * @param x signed 64.64 bit fixed point number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function from64x64(int128 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == 0) return bytes16(0);
            else {
                // We rely on overflow behavior here
                uint256 result = uint128(x > 0 ? x : -x);

                uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                if (msb < 112) result <<= 112 - msb;
                else if (msb > 112) result >>= msb - 112;

                result =
                    (result & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                    ((16319 + msb) << 112);
                if (x < 0) result |= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

                return bytes16(uint128(result));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into signed 64.64 bit fixed point
     * number.  Revert on overflow.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return signed 64.64 bit fixed point number
     */
    function to64x64(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (int128) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            require(exponent <= 16446); // Overflow
            if (exponent < 16319) return 0; // Underflow

            uint256 result = (uint256(uint128(x)) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                0x10000000000000000000000000000;

            if (exponent < 16431) result >>= 16431 - exponent;
            else if (exponent > 16431) result <<= exponent - 16431;

            if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) {
                // Negative
                require(result <= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
                return -int128(int256(result)); // We rely on overflow behavior here
            } else {
                require(result <= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
                return int128(int256(result));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert octuple precision number into quadruple precision number.
     *
     * @param x octuple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function fromOctuple(bytes32 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            bool negative = x &
                0x8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >
                0;

            uint256 exponent = (uint256(x) >> 236) & 0x7FFFF;
            uint256 significand = uint256(x) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            if (exponent == 0x7FFFF) {
                if (significand > 0) return NaN;
                else return negative ? _NEGATIVE_INFINITY : _POSITIVE_INFINITY;
            }

            if (exponent > 278526)
                return negative ? _NEGATIVE_INFINITY : _POSITIVE_INFINITY;
            else if (exponent < 245649)
                return negative ? _NEGATIVE_ZERO : _POSITIVE_ZERO;
            else if (exponent < 245761) {
                significand =
                    (significand |
                        0x100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000) >>
                    (245885 - exponent);
                exponent = 0;
            } else {
                significand >>= 124;
                exponent -= 245760;
            }

            uint128 result = uint128(significand | (exponent << 112));
            if (negative) result |= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

            return bytes16(result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into octuple precision number.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return octuple precision number
     */
    function toOctuple(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            uint256 result = uint128(x) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            if (exponent == 0x7FFF)
                exponent = 0x7FFFF; // Infinity or NaN
            else if (exponent == 0) {
                if (result > 0) {
                    uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                    result =
                        (result << (236 - msb)) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    exponent = 245649 + msb;
                }
            } else {
                result <<= 124;
                exponent += 245760;
            }

            result |= exponent << 236;
            if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000)
                result |= 0x8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

            return bytes32(result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert double precision number into quadruple precision number.
     *
     * @param x double precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function fromDouble(bytes8 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint64(x) >> 52) & 0x7FF;

            uint256 result = uint64(x) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            if (exponent == 0x7FF)
                exponent = 0x7FFF; // Infinity or NaN
            else if (exponent == 0) {
                if (result > 0) {
                    uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(result);
                    result =
                        (result << (112 - msb)) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    exponent = 15309 + msb;
                }
            } else {
                result <<= 60;
                exponent += 15360;
            }

            result |= exponent << 112;
            if (x & 0x8000000000000000 > 0)
                result |= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

            return bytes16(uint128(result));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert quadruple precision number into double precision number.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return double precision number
     */
    function toDouble(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes8) {
        unchecked {
            bool negative = uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
            uint256 significand = uint128(x) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            if (exponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (significand > 0) return 0x7FF8000000000000;
                // NaN
                else
                    return
                        negative
                            ? bytes8(0xFFF0000000000000) // -Infinity
                            : bytes8(0x7FF0000000000000); // Infinity
            }

            if (exponent > 17406)
                return
                    negative
                        ? bytes8(0xFFF0000000000000) // -Infinity
                        : bytes8(0x7FF0000000000000);
            // Infinity
            else if (exponent < 15309)
                return
                    negative
                        ? bytes8(0x8000000000000000) // -0
                        : bytes8(0x0000000000000000);
            // 0
            else if (exponent < 15361) {
                significand =
                    (significand | 0x10000000000000000000000000000) >>
                    (15421 - exponent);
                exponent = 0;
            } else {
                significand >>= 60;
                exponent -= 15360;
            }

            uint64 result = uint64(significand | (exponent << 52));
            if (negative) result |= 0x8000000000000000;

            return bytes8(result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test whether given quadruple precision number is NaN.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return true if x is NaN, false otherwise
     */
    function isNaN(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bool) {
        unchecked {
            return
                uint128(x) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF >
                0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test whether given quadruple precision number is positive or negative
     * infinity.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return true if x is positive or negative infinity, false otherwise
     */
    function isInfinity(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bool) {
        unchecked {
            return
                uint128(x) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ==
                0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate sign of x, i.e. -1 if x is negative, 0 if x if zero, and 1 if x
     * is positive.  Note that sign (-0) is zero.  Revert if x is NaN.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return sign of x
     */
    function sign(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (int8) {
        unchecked {
            uint128 absoluteX = uint128(x) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            require(absoluteX <= 0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000); // Not NaN

            if (absoluteX == 0) return 0;
            else if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000)
                return -1;
            else return 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate sign (x - y).  Revert if either argument is NaN, or both
     * arguments are infinities of the same sign.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return sign (x - y)
     */
    function cmp(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (int8) {
        unchecked {
            uint128 absoluteX = uint128(x) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            require(absoluteX <= 0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000); // Not NaN

            uint128 absoluteY = uint128(y) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            require(absoluteY <= 0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000); // Not NaN

            // Not infinities of the same sign
            require(x != y || absoluteX < 0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000);

            if (x == y) return 0;
            else {
                bool negativeX = uint128(x) >=
                    0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
                bool negativeY = uint128(y) >=
                    0x80000000000000000000000000000000;

                if (negativeX) {
                    if (negativeY) return absoluteX > absoluteY ? -1 : int8(1);
                    else return -1;
                } else {
                    if (negativeY) return 1;
                    else return absoluteX > absoluteY ? int8(1) : -1;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test whether x equals y.  NaN, infinity, and -infinity are not equal to
     * anything.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return true if x equals to y, false otherwise
     */
    function eq(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == y) {
                return
                    uint128(x) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF <
                    0x7FFF0000000000000000000000000000;
            } else return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate x + y.  Special values behave in the following way:
     *
     * NaN + x = NaN for any x.
     * Infinity + x = Infinity for any finite x.
     * -Infinity + x = -Infinity for any finite x.
     * Infinity + Infinity = Infinity.
     * -Infinity + -Infinity = -Infinity.
     * Infinity + -Infinity = -Infinity + Infinity = NaN.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function add(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
            uint256 yExponent = (uint128(y) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            if (xExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                    if (x == y) return x;
                    else return NaN;
                } else return x;
            } else if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) return y;
            else {
                bool xSign = uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
                uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (xExponent == 0) xExponent = 1;
                else xSignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                bool ySign = uint128(y) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
                uint256 ySignifier = uint128(y) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (yExponent == 0) yExponent = 1;
                else ySignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                if (xSignifier == 0)
                    return y == _NEGATIVE_ZERO ? _POSITIVE_ZERO : y;
                else if (ySignifier == 0)
                    return x == _NEGATIVE_ZERO ? _POSITIVE_ZERO : x;
                else {
                    int256 delta = int256(xExponent) - int256(yExponent);

                    if (xSign == ySign) {
                        if (delta > 112) return x;
                        else if (delta > 0) ySignifier >>= uint256(delta);
                        else if (delta < -112) return y;
                        else if (delta < 0) {
                            xSignifier >>= uint256(-delta);
                            xExponent = yExponent;
                        }

                        xSignifier += ySignifier;

                        if (xSignifier >= 0x20000000000000000000000000000) {
                            xSignifier >>= 1;
                            xExponent += 1;
                        }

                        if (xExponent == 0x7FFF)
                            return
                                xSign ? _NEGATIVE_INFINITY : _POSITIVE_INFINITY;
                        else {
                            if (xSignifier < 0x10000000000000000000000000000)
                                xExponent = 0;
                            else xSignifier &= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

                            return
                                bytes16(
                                    uint128(
                                        (
                                            xSign
                                                ? 0x80000000000000000000000000000000
                                                : 0
                                        ) |
                                            (xExponent << 112) |
                                            xSignifier
                                    )
                                );
                        }
                    } else {
                        if (delta > 0) {
                            xSignifier <<= 1;
                            xExponent -= 1;
                        } else if (delta < 0) {
                            ySignifier <<= 1;
                            xExponent = yExponent - 1;
                        }

                        if (delta > 112) ySignifier = 1;
                        else if (delta > 1)
                            ySignifier =
                                ((ySignifier - 1) >> uint256(delta - 1)) +
                                1;
                        else if (delta < -112) xSignifier = 1;
                        else if (delta < -1)
                            xSignifier =
                                ((xSignifier - 1) >> uint256(-delta - 1)) +
                                1;

                        if (xSignifier >= ySignifier) xSignifier -= ySignifier;
                        else {
                            xSignifier = ySignifier - xSignifier;
                            xSign = ySign;
                        }

                        if (xSignifier == 0) return _POSITIVE_ZERO;

                        uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);

                        if (msb == 113) {
                            xSignifier =
                                (xSignifier >> 1) &
                                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                            xExponent += 1;
                        } else if (msb < 112) {
                            uint256 shift = 112 - msb;
                            if (xExponent > shift) {
                                xSignifier =
                                    (xSignifier << shift) &
                                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                                xExponent -= shift;
                            } else {
                                xSignifier <<= xExponent - 1;
                                xExponent = 0;
                            }
                        } else xSignifier &= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

                        if (xExponent == 0x7FFF)
                            return
                                xSign ? _NEGATIVE_INFINITY : _POSITIVE_INFINITY;
                        else
                            return
                                bytes16(
                                    uint128(
                                        (
                                            xSign
                                                ? 0x80000000000000000000000000000000
                                                : 0
                                        ) |
                                            (xExponent << 112) |
                                            xSignifier
                                    )
                                );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate x - y.  Special values behave in the following way:
     *
     * NaN - x = NaN for any x.
     * Infinity - x = Infinity for any finite x.
     * -Infinity - x = -Infinity for any finite x.
     * Infinity - -Infinity = Infinity.
     * -Infinity - Infinity = -Infinity.
     * Infinity - Infinity = -Infinity - -Infinity = NaN.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function sub(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            return add(x, y ^ 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate x * y.  Special values behave in the following way:
     *
     * NaN * x = NaN for any x.
     * Infinity * x = Infinity for any finite positive x.
     * Infinity * x = -Infinity for any finite negative x.
     * -Infinity * x = -Infinity for any finite positive x.
     * -Infinity * x = Infinity for any finite negative x.
     * Infinity * 0 = NaN.
     * -Infinity * 0 = NaN.
     * Infinity * Infinity = Infinity.
     * Infinity * -Infinity = -Infinity.
     * -Infinity * Infinity = -Infinity.
     * -Infinity * -Infinity = Infinity.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function mul(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
            uint256 yExponent = (uint128(y) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            if (xExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                    if (x == y)
                        return x ^ (y & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
                    else if (x ^ y == 0x80000000000000000000000000000000)
                        return x | y;
                    else return NaN;
                } else {
                    if (y & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF == 0) return NaN;
                    else return x ^ (y & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
                }
            } else if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (x & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF == 0) return NaN;
                else return y ^ (x & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
            } else {
                uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (xExponent == 0) xExponent = 1;
                else xSignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                uint256 ySignifier = uint128(y) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (yExponent == 0) yExponent = 1;
                else ySignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                xSignifier *= ySignifier;
                if (xSignifier == 0)
                    return
                        (x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000 > 0
                            ? _NEGATIVE_ZERO
                            : _POSITIVE_ZERO;

                xExponent += yExponent;

                uint256 msb = xSignifier >=
                    0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
                    ? 225
                    : xSignifier >=
                        0x100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
                    ? 224
                    : mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);

                if (xExponent + msb < 16496) {
                    // Underflow
                    xExponent = 0;
                    xSignifier = 0;
                } else if (xExponent + msb < 16608) {
                    // Subnormal
                    if (xExponent < 16496) xSignifier >>= 16496 - xExponent;
                    else if (xExponent > 16496)
                        xSignifier <<= xExponent - 16496;
                    xExponent = 0;
                } else if (xExponent + msb > 49373) {
                    xExponent = 0x7FFF;
                    xSignifier = 0;
                } else {
                    if (msb > 112) xSignifier >>= msb - 112;
                    else if (msb < 112) xSignifier <<= 112 - msb;

                    xSignifier &= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

                    xExponent = xExponent + msb - 16607;
                }

                return
                    bytes16(
                        uint128(
                            uint128(
                                (x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000
                            ) |
                                (xExponent << 112) |
                                xSignifier
                        )
                    );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate x / y.  Special values behave in the following way:
     *
     * NaN / x = NaN for any x.
     * x / NaN = NaN for any x.
     * Infinity / x = Infinity for any finite non-negative x.
     * Infinity / x = -Infinity for any finite negative x including -0.
     * -Infinity / x = -Infinity for any finite non-negative x.
     * -Infinity / x = Infinity for any finite negative x including -0.
     * x / Infinity = 0 for any finite non-negative x.
     * x / -Infinity = -0 for any finite non-negative x.
     * x / Infinity = -0 for any finite non-negative x including -0.
     * x / -Infinity = 0 for any finite non-negative x including -0.
     *
     * Infinity / Infinity = NaN.
     * Infinity / -Infinity = -NaN.
     * -Infinity / Infinity = -NaN.
     * -Infinity / -Infinity = NaN.
     *
     * Division by zero behaves in the following way:
     *
     * x / 0 = Infinity for any finite positive x.
     * x / -0 = -Infinity for any finite positive x.
     * x / 0 = -Infinity for any finite negative x.
     * x / -0 = Infinity for any finite negative x.
     * 0 / 0 = NaN.
     * 0 / -0 = NaN.
     * -0 / 0 = NaN.
     * -0 / -0 = NaN.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @param y quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function div(bytes16 x, bytes16 y) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
            uint256 yExponent = (uint128(y) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            if (xExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) return NaN;
                else return x ^ (y & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
            } else if (yExponent == 0x7FFF) {
                if (y & 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF != 0) return NaN;
                else
                    return
                        _POSITIVE_ZERO |
                        ((x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
            } else if (y & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF == 0) {
                if (x & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF == 0) return NaN;
                else
                    return
                        _POSITIVE_INFINITY |
                        ((x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000);
            } else {
                uint256 ySignifier = uint128(y) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (yExponent == 0) yExponent = 1;
                else ySignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) &
                    0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (xExponent == 0) {
                    if (xSignifier != 0) {
                        uint256 shift = 226 - mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);

                        xSignifier <<= shift;

                        xExponent = 1;
                        yExponent += shift - 114;
                    }
                } else {
                    xSignifier =
                        (xSignifier | 0x10000000000000000000000000000) <<
                        114;
                }

                xSignifier = xSignifier / ySignifier;
                if (xSignifier == 0)
                    return
                        (x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000 > 0
                            ? _NEGATIVE_ZERO
                            : _POSITIVE_ZERO;

                assert(xSignifier >= 0x1000000000000000000000000000);

                uint256 msb = xSignifier >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000
                    ? mostSignificantBit(xSignifier)
                    : xSignifier >= 0x40000000000000000000000000000
                    ? 114
                    : xSignifier >= 0x20000000000000000000000000000
                    ? 113
                    : 112;

                if (xExponent + msb > yExponent + 16497) {
                    // Overflow
                    xExponent = 0x7FFF;
                    xSignifier = 0;
                } else if (xExponent + msb + 16380 < yExponent) {
                    // Underflow
                    xExponent = 0;
                    xSignifier = 0;
                } else if (xExponent + msb + 16268 < yExponent) {
                    // Subnormal
                    if (xExponent + 16380 > yExponent)
                        xSignifier <<= xExponent + 16380 - yExponent;
                    else if (xExponent + 16380 < yExponent)
                        xSignifier >>= yExponent - xExponent - 16380;

                    xExponent = 0;
                } else {
                    // Normal
                    if (msb > 112) xSignifier >>= msb - 112;

                    xSignifier &= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

                    xExponent = xExponent + msb + 16269 - yExponent;
                }

                return
                    bytes16(
                        uint128(
                            uint128(
                                (x ^ y) & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000
                            ) |
                                (xExponent << 112) |
                                xSignifier
                        )
                    );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate -x.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function neg(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            return x ^ 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate |x|.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function abs(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            return x & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate square root of x.  Return NaN on negative x excluding -0.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function sqrt(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (uint128(x) > 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) return NaN;
            else {
                uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
                if (xExponent == 0x7FFF) return x;
                else {
                    uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    if (xExponent == 0) xExponent = 1;
                    else xSignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                    if (xSignifier == 0) return _POSITIVE_ZERO;

                    bool oddExponent = xExponent & 0x1 == 0;
                    xExponent = (xExponent + 16383) >> 1;

                    if (oddExponent) {
                        if (xSignifier >= 0x10000000000000000000000000000)
                            xSignifier <<= 113;
                        else {
                            uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);
                            uint256 shift = (226 - msb) & 0xFE;
                            xSignifier <<= shift;
                            xExponent -= (shift - 112) >> 1;
                        }
                    } else {
                        if (xSignifier >= 0x10000000000000000000000000000)
                            xSignifier <<= 112;
                        else {
                            uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);
                            uint256 shift = (225 - msb) & 0xFE;
                            xSignifier <<= shift;
                            xExponent -= (shift - 112) >> 1;
                        }
                    }

                    uint256 r = 0x10000000000000000000000000000;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1;
                    r = (r + xSignifier / r) >> 1; // Seven iterations should be enough
                    uint256 r1 = xSignifier / r;
                    if (r1 < r) r = r1;

                    return
                        bytes16(
                            uint128(
                                (xExponent << 112) |
                                    (r & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
                            )
                        );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate binary logarithm of x.  Return NaN on negative x excluding -0.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function log_2(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            if (uint128(x) > 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) return NaN;
            else if (x == 0x3FFF0000000000000000000000000000)
                return _POSITIVE_ZERO;
            else {
                uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
                if (xExponent == 0x7FFF) return x;
                else {
                    uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    if (xExponent == 0) xExponent = 1;
                    else xSignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                    if (xSignifier == 0) return _NEGATIVE_INFINITY;

                    bool resultNegative;
                    uint256 resultExponent = 16495;
                    uint256 resultSignifier;

                    if (xExponent >= 0x3FFF) {
                        resultNegative = false;
                        resultSignifier = xExponent - 0x3FFF;
                        xSignifier <<= 15;
                    } else {
                        resultNegative = true;
                        if (xSignifier >= 0x10000000000000000000000000000) {
                            resultSignifier = 0x3FFE - xExponent;
                            xSignifier <<= 15;
                        } else {
                            uint256 msb = mostSignificantBit(xSignifier);
                            resultSignifier = 16493 - msb;
                            xSignifier <<= 127 - msb;
                        }
                    }

                    if (xSignifier == 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) {
                        if (resultNegative) resultSignifier += 1;
                        uint256 shift = 112 -
                            mostSignificantBit(resultSignifier);
                        resultSignifier <<= shift;
                        resultExponent -= shift;
                    } else {
                        uint256 bb = resultNegative ? 1 : 0;
                        while (
                            resultSignifier < 0x10000000000000000000000000000
                        ) {
                            resultSignifier <<= 1;
                            resultExponent -= 1;

                            xSignifier *= xSignifier;
                            uint256 b = xSignifier >> 255;
                            resultSignifier += b ^ bb;
                            xSignifier >>= 127 + b;
                        }
                    }

                    return
                        bytes16(
                            uint128(
                                (
                                    resultNegative
                                        ? 0x80000000000000000000000000000000
                                        : 0
                                ) |
                                    (resultExponent << 112) |
                                    (resultSignifier &
                                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
                            )
                        );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate natural logarithm of x.  Return NaN on negative x excluding -0.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function ln(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            return mul(log_2(x), 0x3FFE62E42FEFA39EF35793C7673007E5);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate 2^x.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function pow_2(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            bool xNegative = uint128(x) > 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
            uint256 xExponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;
            uint256 xSignifier = uint128(x) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;

            if (xExponent == 0x7FFF && xSignifier != 0) return NaN;
            else if (xExponent > 16397)
                return xNegative ? _POSITIVE_ZERO : _POSITIVE_INFINITY;
            else if (xExponent < 16255)
                return 0x3FFF0000000000000000000000000000;
            else {
                if (xExponent == 0) xExponent = 1;
                else xSignifier |= 0x10000000000000000000000000000;

                if (xExponent > 16367) xSignifier <<= xExponent - 16367;
                else if (xExponent < 16367) xSignifier >>= 16367 - xExponent;

                if (
                    xNegative &&
                    xSignifier > 0x406E00000000000000000000000000000000
                ) return _POSITIVE_ZERO;

                if (
                    !xNegative &&
                    xSignifier > 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
                ) return _POSITIVE_INFINITY;

                uint256 resultExponent = xSignifier >> 128;
                xSignifier &= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                if (xNegative && xSignifier != 0) {
                    xSignifier = ~xSignifier;
                    resultExponent += 1;
                }

                uint256 resultSignifier = 0x80000000000000000000000000000000;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x16A09E667F3BCC908B2FB1366EA957D3E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1306FE0A31B7152DE8D5A46305C85EDEC) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1172B83C7D517ADCDF7C8C50EB14A791F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10B5586CF9890F6298B92B71842A98363) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1059B0D31585743AE7C548EB68CA417FD) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x102C9A3E778060EE6F7CACA4F7A29BDE8) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10163DA9FB33356D84A66AE336DCDFA3F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100B1AFA5ABCBED6129AB13EC11DC9543) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10058C86DA1C09EA1FF19D294CF2F679B) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1002C605E2E8CEC506D21BFC89A23A00F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100162F3904051FA128BCA9C55C31E5DF) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000B175EFFDC76BA38E31671CA939725) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100058BA01FB9F96D6CACD4B180917C3D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10002C5CC37DA9491D0985C348C68E7B3) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000162E525EE054754457D5995292026) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000B17255775C040618BF4A4ADE83FC) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000058B91B5BC9AE2EED81E9B7D4CFAB) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100002C5C89D5EC6CA4D7C8ACC017B7C9) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000162E43F4F831060E02D839A9D16D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000B1721BCFC99D9F890EA06911763) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000058B90CF1E6D97F9CA14DBCC1628) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000002C5C863B73F016468F6BAC5CA2B) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000162E430E5A18F6119E3C02282A5) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000B1721835514B86E6D96EFD1BFE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000058B90C0B48C6BE5DF846C5B2EF) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000002C5C8601CC6B9E94213C72737A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000162E42FFF037DF38AA2B219F06) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000B17217FBA9C739AA5819F44F9) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000058B90BFCDEE5ACD3C1CEDC823) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000002C5C85FE31F35A6A30DA1BE50) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000162E42FF0999CE3541B9FFFCF) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000B17217F80F4EF5AADDA45554) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000058B90BFBF8479BD5A81B51AD) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000002C5C85FDF84BD62AE30A74CC) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000162E42FEFB2FED257559BDAA) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000B17217F7D5A7716BBA4A9AE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000058B90BFBE9DDBAC5E109CCE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000002C5C85FDF4B15DE6F17EB0D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000162E42FEFA494F1478FDE05) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000B17217F7D20CF927C8E94C) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000058B90BFBE8F71CB4E4B33D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000002C5C85FDF477B662B26945) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000162E42FEFA3AE53369388C) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000B17217F7D1D351A389D40) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000058B90BFBE8E8B2D3D4EDE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000002C5C85FDF4741BEA6E77E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000162E42FEFA39FE95583C2) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000B17217F7D1CFB72B45E1) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000058B90BFBE8E7CC35C3F0) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000002C5C85FDF473E242EA38) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000162E42FEFA39F02B772C) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000B17217F7D1CF7D83C1A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BDCBE2E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000002C5C85FDF473DEA871F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000162E42FEFA39EF44D91) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000B17217F7D1CF79E949) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BCE544) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000002C5C85FDF473DE6ECA) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000162E42FEFA39EF366F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000B17217F7D1CF79AFA) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BCD6D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000002C5C85FDF473DE6B2) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000162E42FEFA39EF358) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000B17217F7D1CF79AB) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BCD5) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000002C5C85FDF473DE6A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000162E42FEFA39EF34) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000B17217F7D1CF799) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BCC) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000002C5C85FDF473DE5) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000162E42FEFA39EF2) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000B17217F7D1CF78) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000058B90BFBE8E7BB) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000002C5C85FDF473DD) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000162E42FEFA39EE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000B17217F7D1CF6) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000058B90BFBE8E7A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000002C5C85FDF473C) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000162E42FEFA39D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000B17217F7D1CE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000058B90BFBE8E6) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000002C5C85FDF472) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000162E42FEFA38) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000B17217F7D1B) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000058B90BFBE8D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000002C5C85FDF46) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000162E42FEFA2) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000B17217F7D0) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000058B90BFBE7) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000002C5C85FDF3) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000162E42FEF9) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000B17217F7C) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000058B90BFBD) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000002C5C85FDE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000162E42FEE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000B17217F6) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000058B90BFA) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000002C5C85FC) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000162E42FD) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000B17217E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000058B90BE) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000002C5C85E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000162E42E) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000B17216) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000058B90A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000002C5C84) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000162E41) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000000B1720) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000058B8F) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000002C5C7) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000000162E3) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000000B171) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000000058B8) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000002C5B) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x2000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000000162D) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x1000 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000B16) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x800 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000000058A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x400 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000000002C4) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x200 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000161) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x100 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x1000000000000000000000000000000B0) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x80 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000057) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x40 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000000002B) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x20 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000015) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x10 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x10000000000000000000000000000000A) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x8 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000004) >>
                        128;
                if (xSignifier & 0x4 > 0)
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier *
                            0x100000000000000000000000000000001) >>
                        128;

                if (!xNegative) {
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier >> 15) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    resultExponent += 0x3FFF;
                } else if (resultExponent <= 0x3FFE) {
                    resultSignifier =
                        (resultSignifier >> 15) &
                        0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
                    resultExponent = 0x3FFF - resultExponent;
                } else {
                    resultSignifier =
                        resultSignifier >>
                        (resultExponent - 16367);
                    resultExponent = 0;
                }

                return
                    bytes16(uint128((resultExponent << 112) | resultSignifier));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate e^x.
     *
     * @param x quadruple precision number
     * @return quadruple precision number
     */
    function exp(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (bytes16) {
        unchecked {
            return pow_2(mul(x, 0x3FFF71547652B82FE1777D0FFDA0D23A));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get index of the most significant non-zero bit in binary representation of
     * x.  Reverts if x is zero.
     *
     * @return index of the most significant non-zero bit in binary representation
     *         of x
     */
    function mostSignificantBit(uint256 x) private pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            require(x > 0);

            uint256 result = 0;

            if (x >= 0x100000000000000000000000000000000) {
                x >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (x >= 0x10000000000000000) {
                x >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (x >= 0x100000000) {
                x >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (x >= 0x10000) {
                x >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (x >= 0x100) {
                x >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (x >= 0x10) {
                x >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (x >= 0x4) {
                x >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (x >= 0x2) result += 1; // No need to shift x anymore

            return result;
        }
    }
}
/**
 * Smart contract library of mathematical functions operating with IEEE 754
 * quadruple-precision binary floating-point numbers (quadruple precision
 * numbers).  As long as quadruple precision numbers are 16-bytes long, they are
 * represented by bytes16 type.
 */
function toInt(bytes16 x) internal pure returns (int256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 exponent = (uint128(x) >> 112) & 0x7FFF;

            require(exponent <= 16638); // Overflow
            if (exponent < 16383) return 0; // Underflow

            uint256 result = (uint256(uint128(x)) &
                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) |
                0x10000000000000000000000000000;

            if (exponent < 16495) result >>= 16495 - exponent;
            else if (exponent > 16495) result <<= exponent - 16495;

            if (uint128(x) >= 0x80000000000000000000000000000000) {
                // Negative
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
                );
                return -int256(result); // We rely on overflow behavior here
            } else {
                require(
                    result <=
                        0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
                );
                return int256(result);
            }
        }
    }
/**
 * Convert quadruple precision number into signed 256-bit integer number
 * rounding towards zero.  Revert on overflow.
 *
 * @param x quadruple precision number
 * @return signed 256-bit integer number
 */