contract ERC721A is Context, ERC165, IERC721, IERC721Metadata {
using Address for address;
using Strings for uint256;

// Compiler will pack this into a single 256bit word.
struct TokenOwnership {
// The address of the owner.
address addr;
// Keeps track of the start time of ownership with minimal overhead for tokenomics.
uint64 startTimestamp;
// Whether the token has been burned.
bool burned;
}

// Compiler will pack this into a single 256bit word.
struct AddressData {
// Realistically, 2**64-1 is more than enough.
uint64 balance;
// Keeps track of mint count with minimal overhead for tokenomics.
uint64 numberMinted;
// Keeps track of burn count with minimal overhead for tokenomics.
uint64 numberBurned;
// For miscellaneous variable(s) pertaining to the address
// (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
// If there are multiple variables, please pack them into a uint64.
uint64 aux;
}

// The tokenId of the next token to be minted.
uint256 internal _currentIndex;

// The number of tokens burned.
uint256 internal _burnCounter;

// Token name
string private _name;

// Token symbol
string private _symbol;

// Mapping from token ID to ownership details
// An empty struct value does not necessarily mean the token is unowned. See ownershipOf implementation for details.
mapping(uint256 => TokenOwnership) internal _ownerships;

// Mapping owner address to address data
mapping(address => AddressData) private _addressData;

// Mapping from token ID to approved address
mapping(uint256 => address) private _tokenApprovals;

// Mapping from owner to operator approvals
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
_name = name_;
_symbol = symbol_;
_currentIndex = _startTokenId();
}

/**
 * To change the starting tokenId, please override this function.
 */
function _startTokenId() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
return 0;
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-totalSupply}.
 * @dev Burned tokens are calculated here, use _totalMinted() if you want to count just minted tokens.
 */
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
// Counter underflow is impossible as _burnCounter cannot be incremented
// more than _currentIndex - _startTokenId() times
unchecked {
return _currentIndex - _burnCounter - _startTokenId();
}
}

/**
 * Returns the total amount of tokens minted in the contract.
 */
function _totalMinted() internal view returns (uint256)
{
// Counter underflow is impossible as _currentIndex does not decrement,
// and it is initialized to _startTokenId()
    unchecked
    {
        return _currentIndex - _startTokenId();
    }
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
 */
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
return
interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-balanceOf}.
 */
function balanceOf(address owner) public view override returns (uint256) {
if (owner == address(0)) revert BalanceQueryForZeroAddress();
return uint256(_addressData[owner].balance);
}

/**
 * Returns the number of tokens minted by `owner`.
 */
function _numberMinted(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
if (owner == address(0)) revert MintedQueryForZeroAddress();
return uint256(_addressData[owner].numberMinted);
}

/**
 * Returns the number of tokens burned by or on behalf of `owner`.
 */
function _numberBurned(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
if (owner == address(0)) revert BurnedQueryForZeroAddress();
return uint256(_addressData[owner].numberBurned);
}

/**
 * Returns the auxillary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
 */
function _getAux(address owner) internal view returns (uint64) {
if (owner == address(0)) revert AuxQueryForZeroAddress();
return _addressData[owner].aux;
}

/**
 * Sets the auxillary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
 * If there are multiple variables, please pack them into a uint64.
 */
function _setAux(address owner, uint64 aux) internal {
if (owner == address(0)) revert AuxQueryForZeroAddress();
_addressData[owner].aux = aux;
}

/**
 * Gas spent here starts off proportional to the maximum mint batch size.
 * It gradually moves to O(1) as tokens get transferred around in the collection over time.
 */
function ownershipOf(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
uint256 curr = tokenId;

unchecked {
if (_startTokenId() <= curr && curr < _currentIndex) {
TokenOwnership memory ownership = _ownerships[curr];
if (!ownership.burned) {
if (ownership.addr != address(0)) {
return ownership;
}
// Invariant:
// There will always be an ownership that has an address and is not burned
// before an ownership that does not have an address and is not burned.
// Hence, curr will not underflow.
while (true) {
curr--;
ownership = _ownerships[curr];
if (ownership.addr != address(0)) {
return ownership;
}
}
}
}
}
revert OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken();
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-ownerOf}.
 */
function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view override returns (address) {
return ownershipOf(tokenId).addr;
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-name}.
 */
function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
return _name;
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-symbol}.
 */
function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
return _symbol;
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
 */
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
if (!_exists(tokenId)) revert URIQueryForNonexistentToken();

string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
return bytes(baseURI).length != 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : '';
}

/**
 * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
 * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
 * by default, can be overriden in child contracts.
 */
function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
return '';
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-approve}.
 */
function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public override {
address owner = ERC721A.ownerOf(tokenId);
if (to == owner) revert ApprovalToCurrentOwner();

if (_msgSender() != owner && !isApprovedForAll(owner, _msgSender())) {
revert ApprovalCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();
}

_approve(to, tokenId, owner);
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-getApproved}.
 */
function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view override returns (address) {
if (!_exists(tokenId)) revert ApprovalQueryForNonexistentToken();

return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
 */
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual override {
if (operator == _msgSender()) revert ApproveToCaller();

_operatorApprovals[_msgSender()][operator] = approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(_msgSender(), operator, approved);
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-isApprovedForAll}.
 */
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-transferFrom}.
 */
function transferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) public virtual override {
_transfer(from, to, tokenId);
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
 */
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) public virtual override {
safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '');
}

/**
 * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
 */
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) public virtual override {
_transfer(from, to, tokenId);
if (to.isContract() && !_checkContractOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data)) {
revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
}
}

/**
 * @dev Returns whether `tokenId` exists.
 *
 * Tokens can be managed by their owner or approved accounts via {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
 *
 * Tokens start existing when they are minted (`_mint`),
 */
function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (bool) {
return _startTokenId() <= tokenId && tokenId < _currentIndex &&
!_ownerships[tokenId].burned;
}

function _safeMint(address to, uint256 quantity) internal {
_safeMint(to, quantity, '');
}

/**
 * @dev Safely mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
 *
 * Requirements:
 *
 * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called for each safe transfer.
 * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
 *
 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
 */
function _safeMint(
address to,
uint256 quantity,
bytes memory _data
) internal {
_mint(to, quantity, _data, true);
}

/**
 * @dev Mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
 *
 * Requirements:
 *
 * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
 * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
 *
 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
 */
function _mint(
address to,
uint256 quantity,
bytes memory _data,
bool safe
) internal {
uint256 startTokenId = _currentIndex;
if (to == address(0)) revert MintToZeroAddress();
if (quantity == 0) revert MintZeroQuantity();

_beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);

// Overflows are incredibly unrealistic.
// balance or numberMinted overflow if current value of either + quantity > 1.8e19 (2**64) - 1
// updatedIndex overflows if _currentIndex + quantity > 1.2e77 (2**256) - 1
unchecked {
_addressData[to].balance += uint64(quantity);
_addressData[to].numberMinted += uint64(quantity);

_ownerships[startTokenId].addr = to;
_ownerships[startTokenId].startTimestamp = uint64(block.timestamp);

uint256 updatedIndex = startTokenId;
uint256 end = updatedIndex + quantity;

if (safe && to.isContract()) {
do {
emit Transfer(address(0), to, updatedIndex);
if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(address(0), to, updatedIndex++, _data)) {
revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
}
} while (updatedIndex != end);
// Reentrancy protection
if (_currentIndex != startTokenId) revert();
} else {
do {
emit Transfer(address(0), to, updatedIndex++);
} while (updatedIndex != end);
}
_currentIndex = updatedIndex;
}
_afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);
}

/**
 * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
 *
 * Requirements:
 *
 * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
 * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
 *
 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
 */
function _transfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) private {
TokenOwnership memory prevOwnership = ownershipOf(tokenId);

bool isApprovedOrOwner = (_msgSender() == prevOwnership.addr ||
isApprovedForAll(prevOwnership.addr, _msgSender()) ||
getApproved(tokenId) == _msgSender());

if (!isApprovedOrOwner) revert TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();
if (prevOwnership.addr != from) revert TransferFromIncorrectOwner();
if (to == address(0)) revert TransferToZeroAddress();

_beforeTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);

// Clear approvals from the previous owner
_approve(address(0), tokenId, prevOwnership.addr);

// Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
// ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
// Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as tokenId would have to be 2**256.
unchecked {
_addressData[from].balance -= 1;
_addressData[to].balance += 1;

_ownerships[tokenId].addr = to;
_ownerships[tokenId].startTimestamp = uint64(block.timestamp);

// If the ownership slot of tokenId+1 is not explicitly set, that means the transfer initiator owns it.
// Set the slot of tokenId+1 explicitly in storage to maintain correctness for ownerOf(tokenId+1) calls.
uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
if (_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr == address(0)) {
// This will suffice for checking _exists(nextTokenId),
// as a burned slot cannot contain the zero address.
if (nextTokenId < _currentIndex) {
_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr = prevOwnership.addr;
_ownerships[nextTokenId].startTimestamp = prevOwnership.startTimestamp;
}
}
}

emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
_afterTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);
}

/**
 * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
 * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
 *
 * Requirements:
 *
 * - `tokenId` must exist.
 *
 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
 */
function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
TokenOwnership memory prevOwnership = ownershipOf(tokenId);

_beforeTokenTransfers(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId, 1);

// Clear approvals from the previous owner
_approve(address(0), tokenId, prevOwnership.addr);

// Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
// ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
// Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as tokenId would have to be 2**256.
unchecked {
_addressData[prevOwnership.addr].balance -= 1;
_addressData[prevOwnership.addr].numberBurned += 1;

// Keep track of who burned the token, and the timestamp of burning.
_ownerships[tokenId].addr = prevOwnership.addr;
_ownerships[tokenId].startTimestamp = uint64(block.timestamp);
_ownerships[tokenId].burned = true;

// If the ownership slot of tokenId+1 is not explicitly set, that means the burn initiator owns it.
// Set the slot of tokenId+1 explicitly in storage to maintain correctness for ownerOf(tokenId+1) calls.
uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
if (_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr == address(0)) {
// This will suffice for checking _exists(nextTokenId),
// as a burned slot cannot contain the zero address.
if (nextTokenId < _currentIndex) {
_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr = prevOwnership.addr;
_ownerships[nextTokenId].startTimestamp = prevOwnership.startTimestamp;
}
}
}

emit Transfer(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId);
_afterTokenTransfers(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId, 1);

// Overflow not possible, as _burnCounter cannot be exceed _currentIndex times.
unchecked {
_burnCounter++;
}
}

/**
 * @dev Approve `to` to operate on `tokenId`
 *
 * Emits a {Approval} event.
 */
function _approve(
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
address owner
) private {
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
}

/**
 * @dev Internal function to invoke {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on a target contract.
 *
 * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
 * @param to target address that will receive the tokens
 * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
 * @param _data bytes optional data to send along with the call
 * @return bool whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value
 */
function _checkContractOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private returns (bool) {
try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, tokenId, _data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
return retval == IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received.selector;
} catch (bytes memory reason) {
if (reason.length == 0) {
revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
} else {
assembly {
revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
}
}
}
}

/**
 * @dev Hook that is called before a set of serially-ordered token ids are about to be transferred. This includes minting.
 * And also called before burning one token.
 *
 * startTokenId - the first token id to be transferred
 * quantity - the amount to be transferred
 *
 * Calling conditions:
 *
 * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` will be
 * transferred to `to`.
 * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
 * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` will be burned by `from`.
 * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
 */
function _beforeTokenTransfers(
address from,
address to,
uint256 startTokenId,
uint256 quantity
) internal virtual {}

/**
 * @dev Hook that is called after a set of serially-ordered token ids have been transferred. This includes
 * minting.
 * And also called after one token has been burned.
 *
 * startTokenId - the first token id to be transferred
 * quantity - the amount to be transferred
 *
 * Calling conditions:
 *
 * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` has been
 * transferred to `to`.
 * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` has been minted for `to`.
 * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` has been burned by `from`.
 * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
 */
function _afterTokenTransfers(
address from,
address to,
uint256 startTokenId,
uint256 quantity
) internal virtual {}
}
/**
 * @dev Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC721] Non-Fungible Token Standard, including
 * the Metadata extension. Built to optimize for lower gas during batch mints.
 *
 * Assumes serials are sequentially minted starting at _startTokenId() (defaults to 0, e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3..).
 *
 * Assumes that an owner cannot have more than 2**64 - 1 (max value of uint64) of supply.
 *
 * Assumes that the maximum token id cannot exceed 2**256 - 1 (max value of uint256).
 */
function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
TokenOwnership memory prevOwnership = ownershipOf(tokenId);

_beforeTokenTransfers(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId, 1);

// Clear approvals from the previous owner
_approve(address(0), tokenId, prevOwnership.addr);

// Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
// ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
// Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as tokenId would have to be 2**256.
unchecked {
_addressData[prevOwnership.addr].balance -= 1;
_addressData[prevOwnership.addr].numberBurned += 1;

// Keep track of who burned the token, and the timestamp of burning.
_ownerships[tokenId].addr = prevOwnership.addr;
_ownerships[tokenId].startTimestamp = uint64(block.timestamp);
_ownerships[tokenId].burned = true;

// If the ownership slot of tokenId+1 is not explicitly set, that means the burn initiator owns it.
// Set the slot of tokenId+1 explicitly in storage to maintain correctness for ownerOf(tokenId+1) calls.
uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
if (_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr == address(0)) {
// This will suffice for checking _exists(nextTokenId),
// as a burned slot cannot contain the zero address.
if (nextTokenId < _currentIndex) {
_ownerships[nextTokenId].addr = prevOwnership.addr;
_ownerships[nextTokenId].startTimestamp = prevOwnership.startTimestamp;
}
}
}

emit Transfer(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId);
_afterTokenTransfers(prevOwnership.addr, address(0), tokenId, 1);

// Overflow not possible, as _burnCounter cannot be exceed _currentIndex times.
unchecked {
_burnCounter++;
}
}
/**
 * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
 * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
 *
 * Requirements:
 *
 * - `tokenId` must exist.
 *
 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
 */