library SafeMath {
    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 c)
    {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath mul failed");
        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256)
    {
        require(b <= a, "SafeMath sub failed");
        return a - b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 c)
    {
        c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath add failed");
        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev gives square root of given x.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 x)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 y)
    {
        uint256 z = ((add(x,1)) / 2);
        y = x;
        while (z < y)
        {
            y = z;
            z = ((add((x / z),z)) / 2);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev gives square. multiplies x by x
     */
    function sq(uint256 x)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256)
    {
        return (mul(x,x));
    }

    /**
     * @dev x to the power of y
     */
    function pwr(uint256 x, uint256 y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256)
    {
        if (x==0)
            return (0);
        else if (y==0)
            return (1);
        else
        {
            uint256 z = x;
            for (uint256 i=1; i < y; i++)
                z = mul(z,x);
            return (z);
        }
    }
}
function pwr(uint256 x, uint256 y)
    internal
    pure
    returns (uint256)
{
    if (x==0)
        return (0);
    else if (y==0)
        return (1);
    else
    {
        uint256 z = x;
        for (uint256 i=1; i < y; i++)
            z = mul(z,x);
        return (z);
    }
}

/**
 * @dev x to the power of y
 */