library Buffer {
    /**
    * @dev Represents a mutable buffer. Buffers have a current value (buf) and
    *      a capacity. The capacity may be longer than the current value, in
    *      which case it can be extended without the need to allocate more memory.
    */
    struct buffer {
        bytes buf;
        uint capacity;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Initializes a buffer with an initial capacity.
    * @param buf The buffer to initialize.
    * @param capacity The number of bytes of space to allocate the buffer.
    * @return The buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function init(buffer memory buf, uint capacity) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        if (capacity % 32 != 0) {
            capacity += 32 - (capacity % 32);
        }
        // Allocate space for the buffer data
        buf.capacity = capacity;
        assembly {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(buf, ptr)
            mstore(ptr, 0)
            mstore(0x40, add(32, add(ptr, capacity)))
        }
        return buf;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Initializes a new buffer from an existing bytes object.
    *      Changes to the buffer may mutate the original value.
    * @param b The bytes object to initialize the buffer with.
    * @return A new buffer.
    */
    function fromBytes(bytes memory b) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        buffer memory buf;
        buf.buf = b;
        buf.capacity = b.length;
        return buf;
    }

    function resize(buffer memory buf, uint capacity) private pure {
        bytes memory oldbuf = buf.buf;
        init(buf, capacity);
        append(buf, oldbuf);
    }

    function max(uint a, uint b) private pure returns(uint) {
        if (a > b) {
            return a;
        }
        return b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Sets buffer length to 0.
    * @param buf The buffer to truncate.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining..
    */
    function truncate(buffer memory buf) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        assembly {
            let bufptr := mload(buf)
            mstore(bufptr, 0)
        }
        return buf;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Writes a byte string to a buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param off The start offset to write to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @param len The number of bytes to copy.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function write(buffer memory buf, uint off, bytes memory data, uint len) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        require(len <= data.length);

        if (off + len > buf.capacity) {
            resize(buf, max(buf.capacity, len + off) * 2);
        }

        uint dest;
        uint src;
        assembly {
            // Memory address of the buffer data
            let bufptr := mload(buf)
            // Length of existing buffer data
            let buflen := mload(bufptr)
            // Start address = buffer address + offset + sizeof(buffer length)
            dest := add(add(bufptr, 32), off)
            // Update buffer length if we're extending it
            if gt(add(len, off), buflen) {
                mstore(bufptr, add(len, off))
            }
            src := add(data, 32)
        }

        // Copy word-length chunks while possible
        for (; len >= 32; len -= 32) {
            assembly {
                mstore(dest, mload(src))
            }
            dest += 32;
            src += 32;
        }

        // Copy remaining bytes
        uint mask = 256 ** (32 - len) - 1;
        assembly {
            let srcpart := and(mload(src), not(mask))
            let destpart := and(mload(dest), mask)
            mstore(dest, or(destpart, srcpart))
        }

        return buf;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Appends a byte string to a buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @param len The number of bytes to copy.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function append(buffer memory buf, bytes memory data, uint len) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        return write(buf, buf.buf.length, data, len);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Appends a byte string to a buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function append(buffer memory buf, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        return write(buf, buf.buf.length, data, data.length);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Writes a byte to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed the
    *      capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param off The offset to write the byte at.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function writeUint8(buffer memory buf, uint off, uint8 data) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        if (off >= buf.capacity) {
            resize(buf, buf.capacity * 2);
        }

        assembly {
            // Memory address of the buffer data
            let bufptr := mload(buf)
            // Length of existing buffer data
            let buflen := mload(bufptr)
            // Address = buffer address + sizeof(buffer length) + off
            let dest := add(add(bufptr, off), 32)
            mstore8(dest, data)
            // Update buffer length if we extended it
            if eq(off, buflen) {
                mstore(bufptr, add(buflen, 1))
            }
        }
        return buf;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Appends a byte to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed the
    *      capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function appendUint8(buffer memory buf, uint8 data) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        return writeUint8(buf, buf.buf.length, data);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Writes up to 32 bytes to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would
    *      exceed the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param off The offset to write at.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @param len The number of bytes to write (left-aligned).
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function write(buffer memory buf, uint off, bytes32 data, uint len) private pure returns(buffer memory) {
        if (len + off > buf.capacity) {
            resize(buf, (len + off) * 2);
        }

        uint mask = 256 ** len - 1;
        // Right-align data
        data = data >> (8 * (32 - len));
        assembly {
            // Memory address of the buffer data
            let bufptr := mload(buf)
            // Address = buffer address + sizeof(buffer length) + off + len
            let dest := add(add(bufptr, off), len)
            mstore(dest, or(and(mload(dest), not(mask)), data))
            // Update buffer length if we extended it
            if gt(add(off, len), mload(bufptr)) {
                mstore(bufptr, add(off, len))
            }
        }
        return buf;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Writes a bytes20 to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed the
    *      capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param off The offset to write at.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function writeBytes20(buffer memory buf, uint off, bytes20 data) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        return write(buf, off, bytes32(data), 20);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Appends a bytes20 to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chhaining.
    */
    function appendBytes20(buffer memory buf, bytes20 data) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        return write(buf, buf.buf.length, bytes32(data), 20);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Appends a bytes32 to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function appendBytes32(buffer memory buf, bytes32 data) internal pure returns (buffer memory) {
        return write(buf, buf.buf.length, data, 32);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Writes an integer to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would exceed
    *      the capacity of the buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to append to.
    * @param off The offset to write at.
    * @param data The data to append.
    * @param len The number of bytes to write (right-aligned).
    * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
    */
    function writeInt(buffer memory buf, uint off, uint data, uint len) private pure returns(buffer memory) {
        if (len + off > buf.capacity) {
            resize(buf, (len + off) * 2);
        }

        uint mask = 256 ** len - 1;
        assembly {
            // Memory address of the buffer data
            let bufptr := mload(buf)
            // Address = buffer address + off + sizeof(buffer length) + len
            let dest := add(add(bufptr, off), len)
            mstore(dest, or(and(mload(dest), not(mask)), data))
            // Update buffer length if we extended it
            if gt(add(off, len), mload(bufptr)) {
                mstore(bufptr, add(off, len))
            }
        }
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Appends a byte to the end of the buffer. Resizes if doing so would
     * exceed the capacity of the buffer.
     * @param buf The buffer to append to.
     * @param data The data to append.
     * @return The original buffer.
     */
    function appendInt(buffer memory buf, uint data, uint len) internal pure returns(buffer memory) {
        return writeInt(buf, buf.buf.length, data, len);
    }
}
/**
 * @dev A library for working with mutable byte buffers in Solidity.
 *
 * Byte buffers are mutable and expandable, and provide a variety of primitives
 * for writing to them. At any time you can fetch a bytes object containing the
 * current contents of the buffer. The bytes object should not be stored between
 * operations, as it may change due to resizing of the buffer.
 */
function write(buffer memory buf, uint off, bytes32 data, uint len) private pure returns(buffer memory) {
    if (len + off > buf.capacity) {
        resize(buf, (len + off) * 2);
    }

    uint mask = 256 ** len - 1;
    // Right-align data
    data = data >> (8 * (32 - len));
    assembly {
        // Memory address of the buffer data
        let bufptr := mload(buf)
        // Address = buffer address + sizeof(buffer length) + off + len
        let dest := add(add(bufptr, off), len)
        mstore(dest, or(and(mload(dest), not(mask)), data))
        // Update buffer length if we extended it
        if gt(add(off, len), mload(bufptr)) {
            mstore(bufptr, add(off, len))
        }
    }
    return buf;
}

/**
 * @dev Writes up to 32 bytes to the buffer. Resizes if doing so would
 *      exceed the capacity of the buffer.
 * @param buf The buffer to append to.
 * @param off The offset to write at.
 * @param data The data to append.
 * @param len The number of bytes to write (left-aligned).
 * @return The original buffer, for chaining.
 */