title: Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on obesity in postmenopausal women: secondary analysis for a large-scale, placebo controlled, double-blind, 4-year longitudinal clinical trial Premenopausal overweight women do not lose bone during moderate weight loss with adequate or higher calcium intake. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Dairy calcium intake, serum vitamin D, and successful weight loss. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects. Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. Pattern of 25-hydroxy vitamin D response at short (2 month) and long (1 year) interval after 8 weeks of oral supplementation with cholecalciferol in Asian Indians with chronic hypovitaminosis D. Body Size and Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Response to Oral Supplements in Healthy Older Adults Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults. Milk supplementation facilitates appetite control in obese women during weight loss: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fat mass loss in female very low-calcium consumers: potential link with a calcium-specific appetite control. Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. Preliminary data about the influence of vitamin D status on the loss of body fat in young overweight/obese women following two types of hypocaloric diet. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Comparison of the effects of cows' milk, fortified soy milk, and calcium supplement on weight and fat loss in premenopausal overweight and obese women. Overweight postmenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight reduction and 1 g/day calcium intake. Influence of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Weight and Fat Loss in Obese Women Bone minerals changes in obese women during a moderate weight loss with and without calcium supplementation. Calcium intake and the outcome of short-term weight management. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Calcium and dairy product modulation of lipid utilization and energy expenditure. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: the Tromsø study No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year.
abstract: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) has been shown to correlate with increased risk of type 2 diabetes . Small , observational studies suggest an action for vitamin D in improving insulin sensitivity and /or insulin secretion . The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of improved vitamin D status on insulin resistance ( IR ) , utilising r and omised , controlled , double-blind intervention administering 100 microg ( 4000 IU ) vitamin D(3 ) ( n 42 ) or placebo ( n 39 ) daily for 6 months to South Asian women , aged 23 - 68 years , living in Auckl and , New Zeal and . Subjects were insulin resistant - homeostasis model assessment 1 (HOMA1)>1.93 and had serum 25(OH)D concentration < 50 nmol/l . Exclusion criteria included diabetes medication and vitamin D supplementation > 25 microg ( 1000 IU)/d . The HOMA2 computer model was used to calculate outcomes . Median ( 25th , 75th percentiles ) serum 25(OH)D(3 ) increased significantly from 21 ( 11 , 40 ) to 75 ( 55 , 84 ) nmol/l with supplementation . Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR ( P = 0.003 and 0.02 , respectively ) , and fasting insulin decreased ( P = 0.02 ) with supplementation compared with placebo . There was no change in C-peptide with supplementation . IR was most improved when endpoint serum 25(OH)D reached > or = 80 nmol/l . Secondary outcome variables ( lipid profile and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ) were not affected by supplementation . In conclusion , improving vitamin D status in insulin resistant women result ed in improved IR and sensitivity , but no change in insulin secretion . Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80 - 119 nmol/l , providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels . Registered Trial No. ACTRN12607000642482 The objective of the present trial was to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in subjects with high waist circumference . Subjects were r and omly assigned a daily multivitamin and mineral ( MVM ) supplement or a MVM supplement plus vitamin D 1,200 IU/day ( MVM+D ) for 8 weeks . There was a significant difference in mean change for 25(OH)D between the MVM and MVM+D treatment groups ( − 1.2 ± 2.5 nmol/l vs. 11.7 ± 3.0 nmol/l , respectively ; P = 0.003 ) . Vitamin D 1,200 IU/day did not increase 25(OH)D to a desirable level ( ≥ 75 nmol/l ) in 61 % of participants . There were no significant changes in cardiovascular disease risk markers . Thus , vitamin D supplementation with 1,200 IU/day was insufficient to achieve desirable serum 25(OH)D in most participants and did not affect cardiovascular disease risk markers Background It is undetermined whether calcium supplementation has an effect on obesity or body composition in postmenopausal women . The purpose of the study is to detect the effect of calcium supplementation on indices of obesity and body composition . Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from a population -based , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial design ed to determine the effects of calcium and vitamin D on osteoporotic fractures . The cohort included 1179 postmenopausal women who were r and omly assigned into one of three groups : 1 ) supplemental calcium ( 1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d ) plus vitamin D placebo ( Ca-only group ) ; 2 ) supplemental calcium ( 1400 mg/d or 1500 mg/d ) plus supplemental vitamin D3 ( 1100 IU/d ) ( Ca + D group ) ; or , 3 ) two placebos ( placebo group ) . After applying the exclusion criteria for this analysis , 870 subjects were included in this study . The primary outcomes for the present study were changes in body mass index , trunk fat , trunk lean , and percentage of trunk fat after calcium supplementation . Results Changes in trunk fat , trunk lean , and percentage of trunk fat were significantly different between the calcium intervention groups ( Ca-only group or Ca + D group ) and the placebo group during the trial ( P < 0.05 ) . The calcium intervention groups gained less trunk fat and maintained more trunk lean when compared to the placebo group . No significant difference was observed for body mass index between groups . Conclusion Calcium supplementation over four years has a beneficial effect on body composition in postmenopausal women BACKGROUND Weight loss is associated with bone loss , but this has not been examined in overweight premenopausal women . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether overweight premenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight loss at recommended or higher than recommended calcium intakes . DESIGN Overweight premenopausal women [ n = 44 ; x ( + /-SD ) age : 38 + /- 6.4 y ; body mass index ( BMI ): 27.7 + /- 2.1 kg/m(2 ) ] were r and omly assigned to either a normal ( 1 g/d ) or high ( 1.8 g/d ) calcium intake during 6 mo of energy restriction [ weight loss ( WL ) groups ] or were recruited for weight maintenance at 1 g Ca/d intake .  Regional bone mineral density and content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and markers of bone turnover were measured before and after weight loss . True fractional calcium absorption ( TFCA ) was measured at baseline and during caloric restriction by using a dual-stable calcium isotope method . RESULTS The WL groups lost 7.2 + /- 3.3 % of initial body weight . No significant decrease in BMD or rise in bone turnover was observed with weight loss at normal or high calcium intake . The group that consumed high calcium showed a strong relation ( r = 0.71 ) between increased femoral neck bone mineral density and increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. No significant effect of weight loss on TFCA was observed , and the total calcium absorbed was adequate at 238 + /- 81 and 310 + /- 91 mg/d for the normal- and high-calcium WL groups , respectively . CONCLUSION Overweight premenopausal women do not lose bone during weight loss at the recommended calcium intake , which may be explained by sufficient amounts of absorbed calcium BACKGROUND Adequate calcium intake can have a favorable effect on some metabolic variables . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of daily calcium intake and of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D ( calcium+D ) during a weight-loss intervention on blood pressures , plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations , and glucose and insulin concentrations in low calcium consumers . DESIGN Healthy , overweight or obese women ( n = 63 ) with a daily calcium intake of < 800 mg/d were r and omly assigned in a double-blind manner to 1 of 2 groups : the group consuming 2 tablets/d of a calcium + vitamin D supplement ( 600 mg elemental calcium and 200 IU vitamin D/tablet ) or the group consuming placebo ; both groups observed a 700 kcal/d energy restriction . These 63 women then completed a 15-wk weight-loss intervention . RESULTS Initial daily calcium intake was significantly correlated with plasma HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.41 , P < 0.001 ) and with 2-h postload glycemia ( r = -0.29 , P < 0.05 ) during an oral-glucose-tolerance test , independent of fat mass and waist circumference . After the 15-wk intervention , significantly greater decreases in total : LDL and LDL : HDL ( P < 0.01 for both ) and of LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.05 ) were observed in the calcium+D group than in the placebo group . The differences in total : HDL and LDL : HDL were independent of changes in fat mass and in waist circumference . A tendency for more beneficial changes in HDL cholesterol , triacylglycerol , and total cholesterol was also observed in the calcium+D group ( P = 0.08 ) . CONCLUSION Consumption of calcium+D during a weight-loss intervention enhanced the beneficial effect of body weight loss on the lipid and lipoprotein profile in overweight or obese women with usual low daily calcium intake BACKGROUND The role of dairy calcium intake and serum vitamin D concentrations in weight loss is controversial . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the association of dairy calcium intake and serum vitamin D with weight loss . DESIGN We analyzed data from participants in the 2-y Dietary Intervention R and omized Controlled Trial ( DIRECT ) [ n = 322 ; mean body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m² ) : 31 ; mean age : 52 y ] . A representative sample ( n = 126 ) was followed for 6 mo for serum vitamin D changes . RESULTS Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentrations decreased significantly across the tertiles of baseline BMI ( 25.6 ± 8.0 , 24.1 ± 8.9 , and 22.9 ± 6.8 ng/mL , respectively ; P for trend = 0.02 ) . Baseline concentrations of vitamin D and dairy calcium  intake were not associated with subsequent weight loss . However , in repeated- measures models adjusted for age , sex , baseline BMI , total fat intake , and diet group assignment , higher 6-mo tertile levels of dairy calcium intake ( median for tertiles : 156.5 , 358.0 , and 582.9 mg/d , respectively ) and serum 25(OH)D ( 14.5 , 21.2 , and 30.2 ng/mL , respectively ) were associated with increased weight loss across the 2-y intervention ( -3.3 , -3.5 , and -5.3 kg , respectively , for dairy calcium ; P = 0.043 ; -3.1 , -3.8 , and -5.6 kg , respectively , for vitamin D ; P = 0.013 ) . In a multivariate logistic regression adjusted simultaneously for age , sex , baseline BMI , total fat intake , diet group , vitamin D concentration , and dairy calcium , an increase of 1 SD in  dairy calcium intake increased the likelihood of weight loss of > 4.5 kg in the preceding 6 mo [ odds ratio ( OR ) : 1.45 ; P = 0.046 ] . A similar increase was seen for serum 25(OH)D at the 6-mo point ( OR : 1.7 ; P = 0.009 ) . CONCLUSION Our study suggests that both higher dairy calcium intake and increased serum vitamin D are related to greater diet-induced weight loss . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00160108 OBJECTIVE Investigate whether cholecalciferol supplementation leads to weight loss in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN R and omized double blind clinical trial with 20,000 IU cholecalciferol twice a week , or 20,000 IU once a week plus placebo , or placebo twice a week , for 12 months . All subjects were given 500 mg calcium supplementation . METHODS Four hundred and forty five healthy , overweight , and obese men and women ( age 21 - 70 years , body mass index ( BMI ) 28.0 - 47.0 kg/m(2 ) ) .  Body weight , fatness , and fat distribution parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry , blood sample s and 24-h urinary sample s were collected . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant differences between the groups , but there was a significant inverse relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels and BMI , and a significant positive association between calorie intake and BMI .  Three hundred and thirty four subjects completed the study . During the study , there was no significant change in weight , waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) or percentage body fat in any of the groups , nor between them . Parathyroid hormone decreased and 25(OH)D increased significantly in both groups receiving cholecalciferol , and serum levels of 25(OH)D stabilized after 3 months . Serum calcium was unchanged in all groups . Urinary calcium excretion increased in all groups , but there was no significant difference between the groups . Weekly dosage of 20,000 - 40,000 IU cholecalciferol for 12 months was associated with a low risk of adverse effects , at least in overweight and obese adults living at latitude 70 degrees N. CONCLUSION Significant weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects is unlikely to occur with cholecalciferol supplementation OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effects of dairy consumption on adiposity and body composition in obese African Americans . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed two r and omized trials in obese African-American adults . In the first ( weight maintenance ) , 34 subjects were maintained on a low calcium ( 500 mg/d)/low dairy ( < 1 serving/d ) or high dairy ( 1200 mg Ca/d diet including 3 servings of dairy ) diet with no change in energy or macronutrient intake for 24 weeks . In the second trial ( weight loss ) , 29 subjects were similarly r and omized to the low or high dairy diets  and placed on a caloric restriction regimen ( -500 kcal/d ) . RESULTS In the first trial , body weight remained stable for both groups throughout the maintenance study . The high dairy diet result ed in decreases in total body fat ( 2.16 kg , p < 0.01 ) , trunk fat ( 1.03 kg , p < 0.01 ) , insulin ( 18.7 pM , p < 0.04 ) , and blood pressure ( 6.8 mm Hg systolic , p < 0.01 ; 4.25 mm Hg diastolic , p < 0.01 ) and an increase in lean mass ( 1.08 kg , p < 0.04 ) , whereas there were no significant changes in the low dairy group . In the second trial , although both diets produced significant weight and fat loss , weight and fat loss on the high dairy diet were approximately 2-fold higher ( p < 0.01 ) , and loss of lean body mass was markedly reduced ( p < 0.001 ) compared with the low dairy diet . DISCUSSION Substitution of calcium-rich foods in isocaloric diets reduced adiposity and improved metabolic profiles in obese African Americans without energy restriction or weight loss and augmented weight and fat loss secondary to energy restriction Hypovitaminosis D is common in Asian Indians . Physicians often prescribe 1500 mug ( 60 000 IU ) cholecalciferol per week for 8 weeks for vitamin D deficiency in India . Its efficacy to increase serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) over short ( 2 months ) and long ( 1 year ) term is not known . We supplemented a group of twenty-eight apparently healthy Asian Indians detected to have low serum 25(OH)D ( mean 13.5 ( sd 3.0 ) nmol/l ) on screening during January-March 2005 .  Serum parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) level was supranormal in 30 % of them . Oral supplementation included 1500 mug cholecalciferol per week and 1 g elemental Ca daily for 8 weeks . Serum 25(OH)D , total Ca , inorganic P and intact ( i ) PTH were reassessed in twenty-three subjects ( twelve females and eleven males ) who had follow up at both 8 weeks and 1 year . At 8 weeks the mean 25(OH)D levels increased to 82.4 ( sd 20.7 ) nmol/l and serum PTH normalized in all . Twenty-two of the twenty-three subjects had 25(OH)D levels>49.9 nmol/l . At 1 year , though the mean 25(OH)D level of 24.7 ( sd 10.9 ) nmol/l was significantly higher than the baseline , all subjects were 25(OH)D deficient . Five subjects with supranormal iPTH at baseline showed recurrence of biochemical hyperparathyroidism . Thus , with 8 weeks of cholecalciferol supplementation in Asian Indians with chronic hypovitaminosis D , mean serum 25(OH)D levels would be normalized and serum PTH value would be reduced to half . However , such quick supplementation would not maintain their 25(OH)D levels in the sufficient range for 1 year . For sustained improvement in 25(OH)D levels  vitamin D supplementation has to be ongoing after the initial cholecalciferol loading Background : Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent in the northeast United States . Since vitamin D insufficiency is readily amenable to supplementation , it is important to underst and what factors are associated with serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) response to vitamin D supplementation . Objective : In this study we examined the association of serum 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation with body size in a population of elderly subjects . Methods : 257 healthy , ambulatory men and women 65 years of age or older were r and omly assigned to treatment with either 700 IU/day ( 17.5 μg/d ) of supplemental vitamin D3 and 500 mg/day ( 12.5 mmol/d ) of supplemental calcium , or to placebo . Results : In multivariate regression analyses , after adjusting for baseline 25(OH)D , season , and sex , we found change in 25(OH)D to be inversely associated with baseline BMI ( p = 0.01 ) in subjects treated with supplements for one year . Change in 25(OH)D was also negatively associated with other baseline anthropometric measurements in these subjects . Conclusion : Our study implies that body size should be taken into account when estimating the amount of vitamin D intake needed to raise 25(OH)D to the desired level BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that calcium and vitamin D ( CaD ) may play a role in the regulation of abdominal fat mass . OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of CaD-supplemented orange juice ( OJ ) on weight loss and reduction of visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) in overweight and obese adults ( mean ± SD age : 40.0 ± 12.9 y ) . DESIGN Two parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled trials were conducted with either regular or reduced-energy ( lite ) orange juice . For each 16-wk trial , 171 participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 groups . The treatment groups consumed three 240-mL glasses of OJ ( regular or lite ) fortified with 350 mg Ca and 100 IU vitamin D per serving , and the control groups consumed either unfortified regular or lite OJ .  Computed tomography scans of VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue were performed by imaging a single cut at the lumbar 4 level . RESULTS After 16 wk , the average weight loss ( ∼2.45 kg ) did not differ significantly between groups . In the regular OJ trial , the reduction of VAT was significantly greater ( P = 0.024 ) in the CaD group ( -12.7 ± 25.0 cm(2 ) ) than in the control group ( -1.3 ± 13.6 cm(2 ) ) . In the lite OJ trial , the reduction of VAT was significantly greater ( P = 0.039 ) in the CaD group ( -13.1 ± 18.4 cm(2 ) ) than in the control group ( -6.4 ± 17.5 cm(2 ) ) after control for baseline VAT . The effect of calcium and vitamin D on VAT remained highly significant when the results of the 2 trials were combined ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that calcium and /or vitamin D supplementation contributes to a beneficial reduction of VAT . This trial is registered at clinical trial.gov as NCT00386672 , NCT01363115 Dairy products provide Ca and protein which may facilitate appetite control . Conversely , weight loss is known to increase the motivation to eat . This r and omised controlled trial verified the influence of milk supplementation on appetite markers during weight loss . Low Ca consumer women participated in a 6-month energy-restricted programme  ( -2508 kJ/d or -600 kcal/d ) and received either a milk supplementation ( 1000 mg Ca/d ) or an isoenergetic placebo  ( n 13 and 12 , respectively )  . Fasting appetite sensations were assessed by visual analogue scales . Anthropometric parameters and fasting plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , leptin , ghrelin and cortisol were measured as well . Both groups showed a significant weight loss ( P < 0·0001 ) . In the milk-supplemented group , a time x treatment interaction effect showed that weight loss with milk supplementation induced a smaller increase in desire to eat and hunger ( P < 0·05 ) . Unlike the placebo group , the milk-supplemented group showed a lower than predicted decrease in fullness ( -17·1 v. -8·8 ; -2·7 v. 3·3 mm , P < 0·05 , measured v. predicted values , respectively ) . Even after adjustment for fat mass loss , changes in ghrelin concentration predicted those in desire to eat ( r 0·56 , P < 0·01 ) , hunger ( r 0·45 , P < 0·05 ) and fullness ( r -0·40 , P < 0·05 ) . However , the study did not show a between-group difference in the change in ghrelin concentration in response to the intervention . These results show that milk supplementation attenuates the orexigenic effect of body weight loss Data suggest that a diet deficient in calcium is associated with higher body weight and that augmenting calcium intake may reduce weight and fat gain or enhance loss . Our aim was to determine whether calcium supplementation during a weight loss intervention affects body fat or weight loss . Data were combined from three separate 25-wk r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled trials of 1000 mg/d calcium supplementation in 100 premenopausal and postmenopausal women . The primary outcome measures were change in body weight and fat mass adjusted for baseline values . There were no significant differences in body weight or fat mass change between the placebo and the calcium-supplemented groups in the pooled analysis ( adjusted mean + /- SE ; body weight , placebo -6.2 + /- 0.7 vs. Ca -7.0 + /- 0.7 kg ; fat mass , placebo -4.5 + /- 0.6 vs. Ca -5.5 + /- 0.6 kg ) , and no significant interactions of calcium supplementation with menopausal/diet status . Analysis as separate trials also found no significant differences between the placebo and the calcium groups . Calcium supplementation did not significantly affect amount of weight or fat lost by women counseled to follow a moderately restricted diet for 25 wk . Nevertheless , the magnitude and direction of the differences for group means are consistent with a hypothesized small effect This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted to compare the effect of a 15-week weight-reducing programme ( -2900 kJ/d ) coupled with a calcium plus vitamin D ( calcium+D ) supplementation ( 600 mg elemental calcium and 5 microg vitamin D , consumed twice a day ) or with a placebo , on body fat and on spontaneous energy/macronutrient intake . Sixty-three overweight or obese women ( mean age 43 years , mean BMI 32 kg/m2 ) reporting a daily calcium intake < 800 mg participated in present study . Anthropometric variables , resting energy expenditure and spontaneous energy intake were measured before and after the 15-week programme . The calcium+D supplementation induced no statistically significant increase in fat mass loss in response to the programme . However , when analyses were limited to very low-calcium consumers only ( initial calcium intake < or = 600 mg/d , n 7 for calcium+D , n 6 for placebo ) , a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass ( P < 0.01 ) and in spontaneous dietary lipid intake ( P < 0.05 ) was observed in the calcium+D but not in the placebo group . In very low-calcium consumers , change in fat mass was positively correlated with change in lipid intake . During the weight-reducing programme , a calcium+D supplementation was necessary in female overweight/obese very low-calcium consumers to reach significant fat mass loss that seemed to be partly explained by a decrease in lipid intake . We propose that this change in lipid intake could be influenced by a calcium-specific appetite control There is increasing epidemiological evidence linking sub-optimal vitamin D status with overweight and obesity . Although increasing BMI and adiposity have also been negatively associated with the change in vitamin D status following supplementation , results have been equivocal . The aim of this r and omised , placebo-controlled study was to investigate the associations between anthropometric measures of adiposity and the wintertime serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ( 25(OH)D ) response to 15 μg cholecalciferol per d in healthy young and older Irish adults . A total of 110 young adults ( 20 - 40 years ) and 102 older adults ( ≥ 64 years ) completed the 22-week intervention with > 85 % compliance . The change in 25(OH)D from baseline was calculated . Anthropometric measures of adiposity taken at baseline included height , weight and waist circumference ( WC ) , along with skinfold thickness measurements to estimate fat mass ( FM ) . FM was subsequently expressed as FM ( kg ) , FM ( % ) , FM index ( FMI ( FM kg/height m2 ) ) and as a percentage ratio to fat-free mass ( FFM ) . In older adults , vitamin D status was inversely associated with BMI ( kg/m2 ) , WC ( cm ) , FM ( kg and % ) , FMI ( kg/m2 ) and FM : FFM ( % ) at baseline ( r - 0·33 , - 0·36 , - 0·33 , - 0·30 , - 0·33 and - 0·27 , respectively , all P values < 0·01 ) . BMI in older adults was also negatively associated with the change in 25(OH)D  following supplementation ( β - 1·27 , CI - 2·37 , - 0·16 , P = 0·026 ) ; however , no such associations were apparent in younger adults . Results suggest that adiposity may need to be taken into account when determining an adequate wintertime dietary vitamin D intake for healthy older adults residing at higher latitudes OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25-(OH ) D ] levels and  depression in overweight and obese subjects and to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms . DESIGN Cross-sectional study and r and omized double blind controlled trial of 20,000 or 40,000 IU vitamin D per week versus placebo for 1 year . SETTING A total of 441 subjects ( body mass index 28 - 47 kg m(-2 ) , 159 men and 282 women , aged 21 - 70 years ) recruited by advertisements or from the out-patient clinic at the University Hospital of North Norway . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) score with subscales 1 - 13 and 14 - 21 . RESULTS Subjects with serum 25(OH)D levels < 40 nmol L(-1 ) scored significantly higher ( more depressive traits ) than those with serum 25(OH)D levels > or = 40 nmol L(-1 ) on the BDI total [ 6.0 ( 0 - 23 ) versus 4.5 ( 0 - 28 ) ( median and range ) ] and the BDI subscale 1 - 13 [ 2.0 ( 0 - 15 ) versus 1.0 ( 0 - 29.5 ) ] ( P < 0.05 ) . In the two groups given vitamin D , but not in the placebo group , there was a significant improvement in BDI scores after 1 year . There was a significant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone in the two vitamin D groups without a concomitant increase in serum calcium . CONCLUSIONS It appears to be a relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and symptoms of depression . Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate these symptoms indicating a possible causal relationship The loss of weight was analysed in a group of sixty overweight/obese women of childbearing age ( 20 - 35 years ) according to their initial vitamin D status . Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of two slightly hypocaloric diets : Diet V , in which the consumption of vegetables was increased , or Diet C , in which the relative consumption of cereals ( especially breakfast cereals ) was increased .  Dietetic , anthropometric and biochemical data were collected at the start of the study and again at 2 weeks after dividing the women into groups depending on their having an initial serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) concentration of < 50 nmol/l ( LD ) or > or=50 nmol/l ( HD ) . Dietary intervention led to a reduction in energy intake , body weight and BMI in all groups . The HD women showed greater body fat losses during the study than the LD women ( 1.7 ( SD 1.8 ) kg compared to 0.5 ( SD 0.8 ) kg ) . A better vitamin D status therefore aided the loss of body fat over the experimental period ( OR 0.462 ; CI 0.271 , 0.785 ; P < 0.001 ) . However , when the dietary groups were analysed separately , this effect was only seen in the C subjects ( OR 0.300 ; CI 0.121 , 0.748 ; P < 0.001 ) . The present results suggest that women with a better vitamin D status respond more positively to  hypocaloric diets  and lose more body fat ; this was especially clear among the C subjects who had a greater vitamin D supply during the experimental period OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a checklist that provides a profile of the paper , alerting review ers to its particular method ological strengths and weaknesses . Further work is required to improve the checklist and the training of raters in the assessment of external validity BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that calcium metabolism and perhaps other components of dairy products may contribute to shifting the energy balance and thus play a role in weight regulation . We compared the effects of cows ' milk , calcium fortified soy milk and calcium supplement on weight and body fat reduction in premenopausal overweight and obese women . METHODS AND RESULTS In this clinical trial , 100 healthy overweight or obese premenopausal women were r and omized to one of the following dietary regimens for 8 weeks : ( 1 ) a control diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit , with 500 - 600mg/day dietary calcium ; ( 2 ) a calcium-supplemented diet identical to the control diet with 800mg/day of calcium as calcium carbonate ; ( 3 ) a milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of low-fat milk ; ( 4 ) a soy milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of calcium fortified soy milk . At baseline and after 8 weeks , weight , waist circumference , and hip circumference were measured . Three 24-h dietary records and physical activity records were also taken . Comparing the mean differences in weight , waist circumference , body mass index ( BMI ) and waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) using repeated measure of variance analysis showed that changes in waist circumference and WHR were significant among the four groups ( p=0.029 and p=0.015 , respectively ) . After adjustment for baseline values , changes in weight and BMI were also significant ( p=0.017 and p=0.019 , respectively ) . Weight reductions  in high milk , soy milk , calcium supplement and control groups were 4.43±1.93(kg ) , 3.46±1.28(kg ) , 3.89±2.40(kg ) and 2.87±1.55(kg ) , respectively . The greatest changes were seen in the high dairy group in all variables . CONCLUSION Increasing low fat milk consumption significantly reduces the general and central obesity beyond a low calorie diet UNLABELLED Overweight postmenopausal women may be more susceptible to bone loss with weight reduction than previously studied obese women . The influence of energy restriction and Ca intake on BMD was assessed in 66 individuals .  Weight reduction result ed in bone loss at several sites in women consuming 1 g Ca/day and was mitigated with higher calcium intake at 1.7 g/day . INTRODUCTION Bone loss is associated with weight loss in obese postmenopausal women and can be prevented with calcium ( Ca ) supplementation . However , because bone loss caused by weight loss may be greater in overweight than obese women , it is not clear whether Ca supplementation is also beneficial in overweight women . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We assessed the influence of caloric restriction at two levels of Ca intake on BMD and BMC in 66 overweight postmenopausal women ( age , 61 + /- 6 years ; body mass index , 27.0 + /- 1.8 kg/m2 ) . Subjects completed either a 6-month energy-restricted diet ( WL , n = 47 ) and lost 9.3 + /- 3.9 % weight or maintained weight ( WM ; 1 g Ca/day , n = 19 ) . Participants in the WL group were r and omly assigned to either normal ( 1 g/day ; WL NL-Ca ) or high ( 1.7 g/day ; WL Hi-Ca ) Ca intake .  Regional BMD and BMC were measured at baseline and after 6 months . RESULTS During normal Ca intake , trochanter BMD and BMC and total spine BMD were decreased more in WL than WM women ( p < 0.05 ) . The WL NL-Ca group lost more trochanter BMD ( -4.2 + /- 4.1 % ) and BMC ( -4.8 + /- 7.1 % ) than the WL Hi-Ca group ( -1.4 + /- 5.6 % and -1.1 + /- 8.1 % , respectively ; p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant changes in BMD or BMC at the femoral neck in any group . Weight loss correlated with trochanter BMD loss ( r = 0.687 , p < 0.001 ) in the WL NL-Ca group . CONCLUSION Despite an intake of 1 g Ca/day , bone loss occurred at some sites because of weight loss . Calcium intake of 1.7 g/day will minimize bone loss during weight loss in postmenopausal overweight women Background : Dairy products not only reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases but may play a role in the treatment of obesity . As there is some evidence that calcium ( Ca ) and vitamin D may play a role in effective weight management , we decided to evaluate the influence of Ca and vitamin D supplementation on weight and fat loss  in obese women . Material and Methods : Forty obese women were enrolled in this study . Subjects were divided into 2 groups comparable with body mass index ( BMI ) and age . Group 1 was provided with calcium carbonate and 1-(OH)-vitamin D supplementation . Group 2 was provided with only a diet . Subjects participated in a 3-month weight reduction therapy ( balanced diet , modification of life style , and regular physical exercise ) . Blood sample s ( serum concentration of Ca , phosphorus ( P ) , parathormone ( PTH ) , 25-(OH)-D3 ) and clinical characteristics ( weight , height , BMI , body composition ) were taken at baseline and after the 3-month program . Results : No significant differences of body weight , body fat content , serum parathormone , 25-(OH)-D3 concentration , and plasma total Ca and P concentration were observed between analyzed groups both before and after the treatment . Additionally , we did not observe any significant influence of Ca and vitamin D supplementation on weight and fat loss . Conclusion : Ca plus vitamin D supplementation during a 3-month low caloric diet has no additional effect on weight and fat loss in obese women A significant relationship between body weight ( BW ) and bone mass ( BM ) has been established previously . A diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by a significant decrease in bone mineral density ( BMD ) and total body bone mineral ( TBBM ) , but the underlying mechanisms are not clarified . Sixty-two obese women were included in the study .  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) and measurements of a series of calcium-regulating hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover were performed at baseline and after 1 month and 3 months on a low calorie diet . Thirty of the women were r and omized to a daily supplement of 1 g of calcium . After an additional 3 months without dietary prescriptions or calcium supplements , a subgroup of 48 subjects ( 24 from each group ) were scanned again using DXA . There was a significant decrease in TBBM after 1 month and 3 months . A similar pattern was observed in the bone mineral content ( BMC ) of the lumbar spine in the patients who did not receive a calcium supplement , whereas no changes occurred in the supplemented group . The initial calcium supplementation seemed to protect against bone loss in the lumbar spine but not in the TBBM . In the nonsupplemented group , a statistically significant inverse correlation was found between the calcium/creatinine ratio in the morning urine and the changes in BMC of the lumbar spine . Such a relationship was not seen in the calcium-supplemented group . In the nonsupplemented group , no significant biochemical changes were observed , whereas a significant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) was seen in the calcium-supplemented group . This might explain some of the protective effects of calcium supplementation on trabecular bone mass . We conclude that a diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by a generalized bone loss , which probably is explained mainly by a reduced mechanical strain on the skeleton . This loss can be partly inhibited by a high calcium intake . Therefore , a calcium supplementation should be recommended during weight loss , even if the diet contains the officially recommended amounts of calcium Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that calcium intake is inversely related to weight gain .  Calcium of dairy origin has been shown to be more effective in promoting weight loss . However , clinical studies yielded controversial results concerning the role of calcium intake in weight change . The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the addition of calcium can affect the outcome of 3-week weight management ( WM ) with a hypocaloric diet characterized by a decreased calcium intake . Overweight/ obese women ( n=67 ; BMI 32.2+/-4.1 kg/m(2 ) ; age 49.1+/-12.1 years ) underwent a 4-week comprehensive WM program . WM included a 7 MJ/day diet result ing in a stable weight during the first week and a 4.5 MJ/day diet with mean daily calcium intake 350 mg during the second to fourth week . Participants were divided into three age- and BMI -matched groups who received placebo or calcium ( 500 mg/day ) . Calcium was administered either as carbonate or calcium of dairy origin ( Lactoval ) . There was no significant difference in weight loss in response to WM between the placebo-treated and calcium-treated groups . However , addition of calcium to the diet result ed in a lower hunger score in the Eating Inventory as well as a decrease in plasma resistin levels . Body composition measured by bioimpedance demonstrated that added calcium leads to preservation of fat-free mass . Nevertheless , a greater loss of fat-free mass in the placebo group might be partly due to a greater loss of water BACKGROUND In light of the current obesity epidemic , treatment models are needed that can prevent weight gain or provide weight loss . We examined the long-term effects of a supervised program of moderate-intensity exercise on body weight and composition in previously sedentary , overweight and moderately obese men and women . We hypothesized that a 16-month program of verified exercise would prevent weight gain or provide weight loss in the exercise group compared with controls . METHODS This was a r and omized controlled efficacy trial . Participants were recruited from 2 midwestern universities and their surrounding communities . One hundred thirty-one participants were r and omized to exercise or control groups , and 74 completed the intervention and all laboratory testing . Exercise was supervised , and the level of energy expenditure of exercise was measured . Controls remained sedentary . All participants maintained ad libitum diets . RESULTS Exercise prevented weight gain in women and produced weight loss in men . Men in the exercise group had significant mean + /- SD decreases in weight ( 5.2 + /- 4.7 kg ) , body mass index ( calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters ) ( 1.6 + /- 1.4 ) , and fat mass ( 4.9 + /- 4.4 kg ) compared with controls . Women in the exercise group maintained baseline weight , body mass index , and fat mass , and controls showed significant mean + /- SD increases in body mass index ( 1.1 + /- 2.0 ) , weight ( 2.9 + /- 5.5 kg ) , and fat mass ( 2.1 + /- 4.8 kg ) at 16 months . No significant changes occurred in fat-free mass in either men or women ; however , both had significantly reduced visceral fat . CONCLUSIONS Moderate-intensity exercise sustained for 16 months is effective for weight management in young adults OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary calcium or dairy product intake on total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , fat oxidation , and thermic effect of a meal ( TEM ) during a weight loss trial . METHODS AND PROCEDURES The intervention included a prescribed 500-kcal deficit diet in a r and omized placebo-controlled calcium or dairy product intervention employing  twenty-four 18 to 31-year-old ( 22.2+/-3.1 years , mean + /- s.d . ) overweight women ( 75.5+/-9.6 kg ) .  TEM and fat oxidation were measured using respiratory gas exchange after a meal challenge , and TEE was measured by doubly labeled water . Fat mass ( FM ) and lean mass ( fat-free mass ( FFM ) ) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Subjects were r and omized into one of these three intervention groups : ( i ) placebo ( < 800 mg/day calcium intake ) ; ( ii ) 900 mg/day calcium supplement ; ( iii ) three servings of dairy products/day to achieve an additional 900 mg/day . RESULTS There were no group effects observed in change in TEE ; however , a group effect was observed for fat oxidation after adjusting for FFM ( P=0.02 ) . The treatment effect was due to an increase in fat oxidation in the calcium-supplemented group of 1.5+/-0.6 g/h , P=0.02 . Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) was positively correlated with TEM ( R=0.31 , P=0.004 ) , and trended toward a correlation with fat oxidation ( P=0.06 ) , independent of group assignment . Finally , the change in log parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) was positively correlated with the change in trunk FM ( R=0.27 , P=0.03 ) . DISCUSSION These results support that calcium intake increases fat oxidation , but does not change TEE and that adequate vitamin D status may enhance TEM and fat oxidation BACKGROUND Obesity in the United States has increased significantly during the past several decades . The role of calcium in the maintenance of a healthy body weight remains controversial . METHODS A r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial was performed with 36 282 postmenopausal women , aged 50 to 79 years , who were already enrolled in the dietary modification and /or hormone therapy arms of the Women 's Health Initiative clinical trial . Women were r and omized at their first or second annual visit to receive a dose of 1000 mg of elemental calcium plus 400 IU of cholecalciferol ( vitamin D ) or placebo daily . Change in body weight was ascertained annually for an average of 7 years . RESULTS Women receiving calcium plus cholecalciferol supplements vs women receiving placebo had a minimal but consistent favorable difference in weight change ( mean difference , -0.13 kg ; 95 % confidence interval , -0.21 to -0.05 ; P = .001 ) . After 3 years of follow-up , women with daily calcium intakes less than 1200 mg at baseline who were r and omized to supplements were 11 % less likely to experience small weight gains ( 1 - 3 kg ) and 11 % less likely to gain more moderate amounts of weight ( > 3 kg ) ( P for interaction for baseline calcium intake = .008 ) . CONCLUSION Calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation has a small effect on the prevention of weight gain , which was observed primarily in women who reported inadequate calcium intakes . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00000611 AIM To determine the short-term effect of vitamin D(3 ) supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy , middle-aged , central ly obese men . SUBJECTS AND METHODS A double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care facility in which 100 male volunteers aged > or = 35 years received three doses of vitamin D(3 ) ( 120,000 IU each ; supplemented group ) fortnightly or placebo ( control group ) . Hepatic fasting insulin sensitivity [ homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) , quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index , HOMA-2 ] , postpr and ial insulin sensitivity [ oral glucose insulin sensitivity ( OGIS ) ] , insulin secretion ( HOMA%B , HOMA2-%B ) , lipid profile and blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 6 weeks ' follow-up . RESULTS Seventy-one of the recruited subjects completed the study ( 35 in supplemented group , 36 in control group ) . There was an increase in OGIS with supplementation by per protocol analysis ( P = 0.038 ; intention-to-treat analysis P = 0.055 ) . The age- and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level-adjusted difference in change in OGIS was highly significant ( mean difference 41.1 + /- 15.5 ; P = 0.01 ) . No changes in secondary outcome measures ( insulin secretion , basal indices of insulin sensitivity , blood pressure or lipid profile ) were found with supplementation . CONCLUSION The trial indicates that vitamin D(3 ) supplementation improves postpr and ial insulin sensitivity ( OGIS ) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance ( central ly obese but non-diabetic ) Purpose The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels are lower in obese than lean subjects . The present study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between body mass index ( BMI ) and serum 25(OH)D , and the serum 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation  in relation to BMI . Methods The Tromsø study is a longitudinal population -based multi purpose study . The fourth survey was conducted in 1994 and the sixth in 2008 . The intervention study was a 1-year placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , where the results from the 93 subjects given 40,000 IU per week are presented . Results A total of 10,229 subjects were included in the 2008 cross-sectional study . There was a significant negative association between serum 25(OH)D levels and BMI which was also present during the winter months . Serum 25(OH)D levels varied through seasons , but not BMI . In the longitudinal study from 1994 to 2008 which included 2,656 subjects , change in BMI was a significant negative predictor of change in 25(OH)D. In the intervention study , there was a significant and negative correlation between BMI and serum 25(OH)D both at baseline and at the end of the study . The increase in serum 25(OH)D after 1 year was significantly and inversely related to baseline BMI . Conclusions We have confirmed the strong association between serum 25(OH)D and BMI . The very obese need higher vitamin D doses than lean subjects to achieve the same serum 25(OH)D levels BACKGROUND AND AIM Cross-sectional studies indicate vitamin D to be of importance for glucose tolerance , blood pressure and serum lipids , but whether supplementation with vitamin D would improve cardio-vascular risk factors is not known . DESIGN AND SETTING The study was a 1 year , double blind placebo-controlled intervention trial performed at the University Hospital of North Norway from November 2005 to October 2007 . Subjects . A total of 438 overweight or obese subjects , 21 - 70 years old , were included and 330 completed the study . INTERVENTIONS The subjects were r and omized to vitamin D ( cholecalciferol , vitamin D(3 ) ) 40 000 IU per week ( DD group ) , vitamin D 20 000 IU per week ( DP group ) , or placebo ( PP group ) . All subjects were given 500 mg calcium daily . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting serum lipids and blood pressure were measured and an oral glucose tolerance test performed at start and end of the study . RESULTS At baseline the mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 58 nmol L(-1 ) ( all subjects ) and increased to 140 and 101 nmol L(-1 ) in the DD and DP groups , respectively . No significant differences were found between the three groups regarding change in measures of glucose metabolism or serum lipids . In the DP group , there was a slight but significant increase in systolic blood pressure compared with the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a positive effect of vitamin D on glucose tolerance , blood pressure or serum lipids . Further studies in subjects with low serum 25(OH)D levels combined with impaired glucose tolerance , hypertension or dyslipidaemia are needed
target: Meta- analysis of BMI values at end of trial showed no statistically significant difference in BMI change by use of 25[OH]D supplementation .
  Based on existing published trials , oral 25[OH]D supplementation does not significantly impact BMI change
background: The impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25[OH]D ) supplementation on weight change remains controversial .
  The objective of this study was to summarize the effects of 25[OH]D supplementation ( cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol ) on BMI change through a meta- analysis of published clinical trials .