title: Effects of zinc and multimineral vitamin supplementation on glycemic and lipid control in adult diabetes Effects of selenium and zinc supplementation on nutritional status in patients with cancer of digestive tract† Effects of zinc supplementation on the anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose in the healthy obese adults. Alterations of the lipid profile after 7.5 years of low-dose antioxidant supplementation in the SU.VI.MAX study Zinc and immunocompetence in elderly people: effects of zinc supplementation for 3 months. Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and zinc. Zinc supplements and serum lipids in young adult white males. The effect of five-year zinc supplementation on serum zinc, serum cholesterol and hematocrit in persons randomly assigned to treatment group in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS Report No. 7. Paraoxonase Enzyme Activity Is Enhanced by Zinc Supplementation in Hemodialysis Patients Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women Effects of melatonin and zinc on lipid profile and renal function in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin. The effect of zinc supplements on lipoproteins and copper status. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. The effect of zinc supplementation on plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in males. Effect of zinc supplementation on in vitro copper-induced oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in healthy French subjects aged 55-70 years: the Zenith Study. The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and cholesterol concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. Nutritional and haematological status of Chinese farmers: the influence of 13.5 months treatment with riboflavin, retinol and zinc. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. The impact of vitamin and/or mineral supplementation on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes. Zinc ingestion and lipoprotein values in sedentary and endurance-trained men.
abstract: Aims : To evaluate the effects of zinc with or without other antioxidants on blood glucose , lipid profile , and serum creatinine in adult diabetics on long-term follow-up . Material s and methods : Patients ( n = 96 ) were r and omly allocated to three groups : group A ( n = 29 ) was supplemented with oral zinc sulfate ( 22 mg/day ) and multivitamin/mineral ( zinc+MVM ) preparation ; group B ( n = 31 ) was given the same preparation without zinc ( MVM ) ; and group C ( n = 36 ) was given a matching placebo for a period of 4 months in a single-blinded study . Blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 4 months of supplementation to assess blood glucose ( fasting and postpr and ial ) and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1C% ) and serum levels of zinc , creatinine , and lipids . Results : The zinc+MVM group had a mean change of fasting blood sugar −0.33 mmol/L ( st and ard error of the mean 0.21 mmol/L ) and was significant ( P = 0.05 ) when compared with the other two groups ( mean change in the MVM group + 0.19 ( 0.31 ) mmol/L and + 0.43 ( 0.23 ) mmol/L in the control group , respectively ) . The HbA1C% level reduced significantly , irrespective of the baseline level , in zinc+MVM-supplemented individuals . In the other two groups , the change of HbA1C% level was not significant . Serum lipid levels reduced significantly in the zinc+MVM and MVM groups . Conclusions : Zinc+MVM supplementation showed beneficial effects in the metabolic control of adult diabetics in addition to elevating their serum zinc level . Zinc supplementation  improved glycemic control measured by HbA1C% and fasting and postpr and ial glucose . Furthermore , zinc supplementation  lowered serum cholesterol and cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio Objective : To evaluate the effect of oral administration of selenium and zinc tablets in patients with cancer of the digestive tract during chemotherapy . Design : A case – control , r and omized study . Setting : Medical Oncology , II University of Naples , Naples , Italy . Subjects : A total of 60 patients ( median age 55 y , range 46–61 y ) with diagnosis of gut cancer were r and omized in 1999 . Patients were treated for 60 days with chemotherapy .  Interventions : Trace elements were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy .  The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by biochemical and bio-impedance analysis ( BIA ) parameters in basal condition and after 60 days of treatment . Oral administration of selenium and zinc in oral tablet form for 50 days was Se 200 μg/day ( 50 μg/tablet ) and Zn 21 mg/day ( 7 mg/tablet ) . Results : Both in the basal condition and at 60 days all patients were malnourished . Selenium and zinc concentrations were significantly lower ( P<0.01 ) whereas copper concentration was significantly higher ( P<0.01 ) in cancer patients than in control subjects . However , 21/30 ( 70 % ) of those treated with Se and Zn did not showed a further worsening of nutritional status and experienced a significant decrease of asthenia with an increase of appetite . On the other h and , 24/30 ( 80 % ) untreated patients had a significant decline of all parameters studied after 60 days ( prealbumin , cholesterol , transferrin , P<0.05 vs 0 time ; total proteins , albumin/globulin ratio , P<0.01 vs 0 time ; fat-free mass , fat mass , Na+/K+ ratio , body mass index P<0.05 vs 0 time ; fat free mass/fat mass , total body water , extra cellular/intra cellular water , basal metabolic rate : P<0.01 vs 0 time ) . Conclusions : Data indicate that Se and Zn supplementation may improve the clinical course of general conditions in patients with gut cancer . These effects of Se and Zn require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding Se and Zn supplementation can be made . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ( 2001 ) 55 , UNLABELLED Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on anthropometric measures , improving lipid profile biomarkers , and fasting blood glucose level in obese people . METHODS This r and omized , double- blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 obese participants in the 18 - 45 age range for one month . The participants were r and omly divided into the intervention group , who received 30 mg/d zinc gluconate , and the placebo group who received 30mg/d starch .  Anthropometric measurements ( body mass index ( BMI ) , weight and waist circumference ) were recorded before and at the end of study . Lipid profile biomarkers and fasting blood glucose were determined using enzymatic procedure . Analysis of Covariance ( ANCOVA ) test was run to compare the post-treatment values of the two groups , and t-test was conducted to compare within group changes . RESULTS Serum zinc concentration was increased significantly in intervention group ( p=0.024 ) . BMI and body weight was significantly decreased ( p=0.030 and p=0.020 , respectively ) . Lipid profile biomarkers and fating blood glucose did not change significantly but triglyceride level was significantly decreased ( p=0.006 ) in the intervention group . CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate that zinc supplementation  improves BMI , body weight , and triglyceride concentration without considerable effects on lipid profile and glucose level .  Zinc can be suggested as a suitable supplementation therapy for obese people , but more studies are needed to verify the results Antioxidant micronutrients have been reported to be associated with an improvement in the blood profile , but the results are not consistent . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of antioxidant supplementation on changes in the serum lipid profile of adult participants in the SU.VI.MAX study . French adults ( n=12,741∶7,713 females aged 35–60 yr , and 5,028 males aged 45–60 yr ) received daily antioxidant supplementation ( 120 mg vitamin C , 30 mg vitamin E , 6 mg β-carotene , 100 μg selenium , and 20 mg zinc ) or a matching placebo . Median follow-up time was 7.5 yr . After 7.5 yr , no effect of supplementation on total cholesterol was observed in men or women after adjusting for baseline total cholesterol levels and lipid-lowering medications . The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ( ≥6.5 mmol/L ) showed a trend toward being higher in women who received supplements compared with those who received the placebo ( P=0.06 ) . In both sexes , the group receiving supplements exhibited higher mean serum TG concentrations than did the placebo group ( P=0.06 in men ; P=0.05 in women ) . The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia ( ≥2.3 mmol/L ) was also significantly higher in men who received supplements ( P=0.03 ) , but not in women . Our results suggest than long-term daily supplementation with low doses of β-carotene , vitamins C and E , selenium , and zinc does not result in an improved lipid profile and could even adversely affect some blood lipids , possibly with a higher risk of hyperlipidemia in women One hundred and three apparently healthy elderly subjects age 60 - 89 y were r and omly assigned to one of three treatments : placebo , 15 mg zinc/d , or 100 mg Zn/d for 3 mo . Plasma Zn was significantly increased only in the 100 mg Zn group . Zn concentrations in erythrocytes , platelets , mononuclear cells , and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were not significantly increased by any treatment . None of the treatments significantly altered delayed dermal hypersensitivity ( DDH ) to a panel of seven recall antigens or in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses ( LPR ) to mitogens and antigens . Fifteen subjects had initially poor lymphocyte proliferative responses that improved in 14 of these individuals during the study ; this was not due to Zn supplementation but might have been caused by one or more components of a vitamin-mineral supplement administered to all study subjects The recent report by Hooper PL , et al. ( JAMA 1980;244:1960 - 1 ) that pharmacological doses ( 160 mg ) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in men and that zinc might be an atherogenic agent prompted this report of the effect of zinc supplementation on HDL-cholesterol in women . Four levels of zinc supplements ( 0 , 15 , 50 , or 100 mg/day ) were given to 32 women for 8 wk . Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol and zinc  were measured at biweekly intervals . Plasma zinc increased in the supplemented groups , peaked at wk 4 , then decreased toward initial values . The decline in plasma zinc regardless of continuing zinc administration may reflect a homeostatic response . No significant differences were seen in HDL-cholesterol over the 8 wk except in the 100 mg group at wk 4 when a transient decrease , -8.4 % ( 57 to 48 mg/dl , p less than 0.04 ) was observed . Thus we conclude that in women the reduction in HDL-cholesterol in response to the pharmacological doses of zinc used in this study was transient and not dose-related A 12-wk double-blind study was conducted to determine the effect of oral zinc supplementation upon serum total cholesterol , lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions , and serum triglycerides in white males . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment groups and consumed either a placebo tablet ( n = 9 ) , 50 mg Zn/d ( n = 13 ) , or 75 mg Zn/d ( n = 9 ) as Zn gluconate .  Serum total cholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , very-low-density-lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol , and triglycerides were not affected by Zn supplements . However , serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels in subjects assigned to the 75 mg Zn/d group were significantly lower at weeks 6 and 12 than those for the placebo group and lower at weeks 6 , 8 , and 12 than at baseline ; subjects assigned to the 50 mg Zn/d group had lower serum HDL-cholesterol levels at week 12 than did the placebo group and lower at week 12 than at base line The effects of long-term supplementation with pharmacologic doses of zinc oxide on serum levels of zinc , lipids and hematocrit have not been studied systematic ally to date . Eleven Clinical Centers enrolled 4757 participants from 1992 to 1998 as part of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study ( AREDS ) . Of these , 3640 participants , aged 55 - 80 y , who had early-to-late age-related macular degeneration ( AMD ) were r and omly assigned to daily supplementation with or without 80 mg of zinc as zinc oxide plus 2 mg of copper as cupric oxide to study the effects of zinc supplementation on the progression to late AMD . This paper reports on the effect of a 5-y supplementation with zinc oxide and cupric oxide on serum zinc , copper , lipids , and hematocrit for 717 participants from three clinical centers . At the 5-y exam , the median increase in serum zinc levels for participants assigned to zinc formulations was 17 % compared with a 2 % increase for participants not assigned to zinc ( P < 0.001 ) . The differential effect on serum zinc was observed at 1 y and remained fairly constant over the 5-y period . After 5 y , no significant differences in changes in serum hematocrit , copper or lipids were found between participants assigned to formulations containing zinc and copper , and those assigned to formulations without zinc and copper . Estimates from a modified Block Food-Frequency Question naire suggest the AREDS population at baseline had a zinc intake from diet similar to that of the general population Background and Aims : Patients on maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) face an increased risk of atherosclerosis , a crucial problem and the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on paraoxonase ( PON ) enzyme activity in patients on HD . Methods : This double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted from June 2005 to June 2007 . Sixty HD patients were enrolled and divided into two groups : treatment ( case ) and control . The treatment and control groups were treated with 100 mg/day zinc or placebo , respectively , for 2 months . Serum zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . PON activity  was evaluated by spectrophotometric method . Lipid profile  was determined using commercial kits , and apolipoprotein AI ( Apo-AI ) and B ( Apo-B ) levels were measured by commercial immunoturbidimetric kits . Results : In the case group , there was no significant change in the serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , and Apo-B levels , while the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , Apo-AI , and PON activity were significantly increased ( p = 0.02 ) . In the control group , although significant increases were observed in the serum levels of TC , TG , and Apo-B ( p = 0.009 , 0.019 , and 0.001 , respectively ) , the serum PON activity was significantly decreased ( p = 0.025 ) and the serum levels of HDL , LDL , and Apo-AI were not changed . At the end of intervention period , the serum level of Apo-AI and PON activity were significantly higher in the case group . Conclusions : Zinc supplementation increased both the activity of PON and the serum level of Apo-AI in the HD patients Background : Obese individuals are more likely to have either lower blood concentrations or lower bioavailability of minerals and /or vitamins . However , there are limited data on the effects of nutritional supplementation on body weight ( BW ) control , energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism in obese subjects . Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of supplementation with multivitamin and multimineral on adiposity , energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women . Design : A total of 96 obese Chinese women ( body mass index ( BMI ) 28 kg m−2 ) aged 18–55 years participated in a 26-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled intervention study . Subjects were r and omized into three groups , receiving either one tablet of multivitamin and mineral supplement ( MMS ) , or calcium 162 mg ( Calcium ) or identical placebo daily during the study period . BW , BMI , waist circumference ( WC ) , fat mass ( FM ) , fat-free mass , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C and HDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TGs ) were measured at baseline and 26 weeks . Results : A total of 87 subjects completed the study . After 26 weeks , compared with the placebo group , the MMS group had significantly lower BW , BMI , FM , TC and LDL-C , significantly higher REE and HDL-C , as well as a borderline significant trend of lower RQ ( P=0.053 ) and WC ( P=0.071 ) . The calcium group also had significantly higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C levels compared with the placebo group . Conclusion : The results suggest that , in obese individuals  , multivitamin and mineral supplementation could reduce BW and fatness and improve serum lipid profiles , possibly through increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation . Supplementation of calcium alone ( 162 mg per day ) only improved lipid profiles Glycemic control and prevention of secondary complications are the most important goals of using pharmacologic treatment of diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . The inadequate responses to oral hypoglycemic agents may be attributed to inadequate postreceptor events even when insulin levels are quite sufficient , and associated with oxidative stress induced by long-term hyperglycemia . The administration of antioxidants such as melatonin and zinc may improve tissue responses to insulin and increase the efficacy of drugs , e.g. metformin , which act through this pathway . This project was design ed to evaluate the effects of melatonin and zinc on the lipid profile and renal function in type 2 DM patients poorly controlled with metformin .  A placebo-controlled , double-blind clinical trial was performed in which 46 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and allocated into three groups . These groups were treated with single daily oral doses of both 10 mg of melatonin and 50 mg of zinc acetate alone : 10 mg of melatonin and 50 mg of zinc acetate in addition to the regularly used metformin or placebo , given at bedtime for 90 days . Fasting lipid profiles and microalbuminuria ( MAU ) were measured before initiating the treatments ( zero time ) and after 30 and 90 days of treatment . Daily administration of melatonin and zinc improved the impaired lipid profile and decreased the level of MAU ; the addition of this treatment regimen in combination with metformin improved the tissue responses to this oral hypoglycemic agent . In conclusion , the combination of melatonin and zinc acetate , when used alone or in combination with metformin , improves DM-related complications such as the impaired lipid profile and MAU in type 2 DM patients As part of a study to determine the effect of 150 mg zinc/day on plasma lipoproteins , healthy young female ( n = 26 ; mean age 27 years ) and male ( n = 21 ; mean age 28 years ) volunteers took part in a double-blind cross-over trial lasting 12 weeks . During 6 weeks of supplementation , plasma Zn rose significantly in both groups , indicating compliance . Plasma total cholesterol remained unchanged in both males and females . However , mean LDL-cholesterol decreased from 2.38 to 2.17 mmol/l in females and there was a trend for total HDL-cholesterol to be redistributed in that HDL2 rose and HDL3 fell slightly . In parallel with these changes in females , Zn supplements reduced the ferroxidase activity of serum caeruloplasmin ( from 13.0 to 11.3 U/ml ) and the antioxidant activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase ( E-SOD ) ( from 4557 to 3638 U/g Hb ) and CuZn E-SOD ( from 2184 to 1672 U/g Hb ) . Plasma Cu and haematocrit were unaffected . No such changes were seen in males in either lipoproteins or these indicators of Cu status . Since the females were lighter than the males but received the same dose , a dose-response effect rather than a sex difference can not be ruled out . Overall , Zn supplements significantly decrease a major risk factor for CHD in females but reduced their Cu status CONTEXT The role of triglycerides in the risk of ischemic stroke remains controversial . Recently , a strong association was found between elevated levels of nonfasting triglycerides , which indicate the presence of remnant lipoproteins , and increased risk of ischemic heart disease . OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that increased levels of nonfasting triglycerides are associated with ischemic stroke  in the general population . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS The Copenhagen City Heart Study , a prospect i ve , Danish population -based cohort study initiated in 1976 , with follow-up through July 2007 . Participants were 13,956 men and women aged 20 through 93 years . A cross-sectional study included 9637 individuals attending the 1991 - 1994 examination of the prospect i ve study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prospect i ve study : baseline levels of nonfasting triglycerides , other risk factors at baseline and at follow-up examinations , and incidence of ischemic stroke . Cross-sectional study : levels of nonfasting triglycerides , levels of remnant cholesterol , and prevalence of ischemic stroke . RESULTS Of the 13,956 participants in the prospect i ve study , 1529 developed ischemic stroke . Cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke increased with increasing levels of nonfasting triglycerides ( log-rank trend , P < .001 ) . Men with elevated nonfasting triglyceride levels of 89 through 176 mg/dL had multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios ( HRs ) for ischemic stroke of 1.3 ( 95 % CI , 0.8 - 1.9 ; 351 events ) ; for 177 through 265 mg/dL , 1.6 ( 95 % CI , 1.0 - 2.5 ; 189 events ) ; for 266 through 353 mg/dL , 1.5 ( 95 % CI , 0.9 - 2.7 ; 73 events ) ; for 354 through 442 mg/dL , 2.2 ( 95 % CI , 1.1 - 4.2 ; 40 events ) ; and for 443 mg/dL or greater , 2.5 ( 95 % CI , 1.3 - 4.8 ; 41 events ) vs men with nonfasting levels less than 89 mg/dL ( HR , 1.0 ; 85 events ) ( P < .001 for trend ) . Corresponding values for women were 1.3 ( 95 % CI , 0.9 - 1.7 ; 407 events ) , 2.0 ( 95 % CI , 1.3 - 2.9 ; 135 events ) , 1.4 ( 95 % CI , 0.7 - 2.9 ; 26 events ) , 2.5 ( 95 % CI , 1.0 - 6.4 ; 13 events ) , and 3.8 ( 95 % CI , 1.3 - 11 ; 10 events ) vs women with nonfasting triglyceride levels less than 89 mg/dL ( HR , 1.0 ; 159 events ) ( P < .001 for trend ) . Absolute 10-year risk of ischemic stroke ranged from 2.6 % in men younger than 55 years with nonfasting  triglyceride levels of less than 89 mg/dL to 16.7 % in men aged 55 years or older with levels of 443 mg/dL or greater . Corresponding values in women were 1.9 % and 12.2 % . In the cross-sectional study , men with a previous ischemic stroke vs controls had nonfasting triglyceride levels of 191 ( IQR , 131 - 259 ) mg/dL vs 148 ( IQR , 104 - 214 ) mg/dL ( P < .01 ) ; corresponding values for women were 167 ( IQR , 121 - 229 ) mg/dL vs 127 ( IQR , 91 - 181 ) mg/dL ( P < .05 ) . For remnant cholesterol , corresponding values were 38 ( IQR , 26 - 51 ) mg/dL vs 29 ( IQR , 20 - 42 ) mg/dL in men ( P < .01 ) and 33 ( IQR , 24 - 45 ) mg/dL vs 25 ( IQR , 18 - 35 ) mg/dL in women ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSION In this study population ,  nonfasting triglyceride levels were associated with risk of ischemic stroke Recent studies in animals and in vitro support the hypothesis that zinc , an essential micronutrient , possesses antioxidant properties . The aims of this study were to determine whether zinc provides antioxidant protection in humans by decreasing low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) oxidizability and to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on plasma lipid and its distribution among lipoproteins . Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited to participate in a r and omized crossover trial . Subjects were asked to consume 50 mg zinc as 220 mg zinc sulphate ( equivalent to 4 x recommended dietary intake , or RDI ) daily for 4 weeks , followed by placebo , and vice versa . Venous blood sample s were collected at 2-week intervals for the determination of plasma lipids and the in vitro oxidizability of LDL in the presence of copper ions . No changes in the oxidizability of LDL or the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol and its subfractions , LDL cholesterol , or triacylglycerol were observed following zinc supplementation compared to placebo .  Plasma zinc concentrations were increased significantly , indicating that the lack of effect was not due to poor compliance . The antioxidant effect of  zinc  in relation to LDL was not demonstrated in humans at this dose , and higher doses are unlikely to be effective given the adverse interaction with copper metabolism and the potential decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase , a free radical quenching enzyme . The findings of this study suggest that zinc provides little , if any , antioxidant protection against LDL oxidation in humans Zn has been shown to possess antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo . As inadequate dietary Zn intake has been reported in these population s , Zn supplementation may protect against oxidative stress and thereby limit the progression of degenerative diseases in such population s. We conducted the present study to evaluate the long-term supplementation effects of two moderate doses of Zn on in vitro Cu-induced LDL oxidation in French men and women . Three groups of sixteen healthy subjects aged 55 - 70 years from each sex participated in this r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Each group received for six months either 0 , 15 or 30 mg supplemental Zn per d. At the beginning and at the end of the supplementation periods , dietary intakes of Zn , Cu , Fe and vitamin E were estimated using 4 d food-intake records ( including the weekend ) and the GENI program . Zn , Cu , Fe and vitamin E status were also determined . In vitro LDL oxidizability ( basal conjugated diene level , maximal conjugated diene formation and lag time ) and lipid parameters were also determined . Dietary intakes of Zn , Cu , Fe and vitamin E were adequate in this population . Zn supplementation significantly increased serum Zn levels but did not significantly modify Cu , Fe or vitamin E status . However , Zn supplementation had no effect on in vitro LDL oxidation parameters , nor were there any sex-related differences in in vitro LDL oxidizability . The present study showed that long-term Zn supplementation of healthy subjects aged 55 - 70 years had no effect on in vitro Cu-induced LDL oxidation under the study conditions OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of zinc sulfate supplementation on the concentrations of serum zinc and serum cholesterol in hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . SETTING Outpatient dialysis center in a large metropolitan city . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , before-after trial . PATIENTS Twenty-eight maintenance HD patients were selected . Twenty ( 15 women and 5 men ) completed the study . Subjects were identified for inclusion in the study by the following criteria : HD treatment for a minimum of 6 months , no signs of gastrointestinal disorders , and no record of hospitalizations for reasons other than vascular access complications within the last 3 months . INTERVENTIONS Patients were given a daily supplement of 7.7 micromol zinc sulfate ( 50 mg elemental zinc ) or a cornstarch placebo capsule for 90 days . Patients completed 2-day food records , at day 0 and day 90 of the study , which included 1 dialysis day and 1 nondialysis day . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Fasting , predialysis serum sample s were collected on days 0 , 40 , and 90 to determine serum zinc and total cholesterol ( TCHOL ) concentrations . Dietary parameters , including zinc , protein , and energy intake , were also analyzed on days 0 and 90 . RESULTS Initial concentrations of serum zinc indicated subjects were below the normal range for serum zinc st and ards ( 12 micromol/L [ 80 microg/dL ] ) . After supplementation , subjects in the zinc-supplemented group showed significant increases in serum zinc concentrations from 0.79 microg/mL at day 0 to 0.96 microg/mL at day 90 . Serum TCHOL concentrations were initially low among subjects in the control ( 2.914 + /- 0.158 mmol/L [ 112.7 + /- 6.1 mg/dL ] ) and zinc-supplemented ( 3.155 + /- 0.354 mmol/L [ 122.0 + /- 13.7 mg/dL ] ) groups . Serum TCHOL concentrations in the control group increased slightly throughout the study period but did not reach statistical significance . A progressive increase in serum TCHOL concentration was observed in the zinc-supplemented group from the beginning ( 3.155 + /- 0.354 mmol/L [ 122.0 + /- 13.7 mg/dL ] ) to the end ( 4.445 + /- 0.478 mmol/L [ 171.9 + /- 18.5 mg/dL ] ) of the study ( r = .63 , P < .05 ) . Mean serum high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations for the zinc-supplemented group were 0.959 mmol/L + /- 0.11 ( 37.1 mg/dL + /- 4.3 ) , 0.825 mmol/L + /- 0.08 ( 31.9 mg/dL + /- 3.2 ) , and 0.908 mmol/L + /- 0.10 ( 35.1 mg/dL + /- 3.9 ) from the beginning to the end of the experimental period . The mean serum HDL cholesterol concentrations for the control group were 0.760 mmol/L + /- 0.075 ( 29.4 mg/dL + /- 2.9 ) , 0.760 + /- 0.08 ( 29.4 mg/dL + /- 3.0 ) , and 0.799 mmol/L + /- 0.13 ( 30.9 mg/dL + /- 4.9 ) from the beginning to the end of the experimental period . A progressive increase in low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentration was observed for the zinc-supplemented group throughout the study . Mean LDL cholesterol concentrations for the zinc-supplemented group were 2.19 mmol/L + /- 0.39 ( 85 mg/dL + /- 15.0 ) , 3.30 mmol/L + /- 0.36 ( 127.8 mg/dL + /- 14.1 ) , and 3.53 mmol/L + /- 0.53 ( 136.7 mg/dL + /- 20.6 ) from the beginning to the end of the study period . When serum zinc concentration was correlated with serum LDL cholesterol concentration , a significant correlation was found ( r = .62 , P < .03 ) for the zinc-supplemented group and no significant difference was found for the control group . No significant differences in LDL cholesterol concentrations were found within the control group from the beginning to the end of the study . Dietary intake of zinc , cholesterol , total fat , and saturated fat remained constant and did not statistically influence serum values . Reported energy intake increased significantly in the zinc-supplemented group from 5,799 kJ/24 h ( 1,385 kcal/d ) at day 0 to 7,042 kJ/24 h ( 1,682 kcal/d ) at day 90 . CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation is an effective means of improving serum levels of zinc and cholesterol in the HD patient CONTEXT Elevated nonfasting triglycerides indicate the presence of remnant lipoproteins , which may promote atherosclerosis . OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that very high levels of nonfasting triglycerides predict myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) , ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) , and death . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A prospect i ve cohort study of 7587 women and 6394 men from the general population of Copenhagen , Denmark , aged 20 to 93 years , followed up from baseline ( 1976 - 1978 ) until 2004 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hazard ratios ( HRs ) for incident MI , IHD , and total death according to baseline nonfasting triglyceride level categories of 1 to 1.99 mmol/L ( 88.5 - 176.1 mg/dL ) , 2 to 2.99 mmol/L ( 177.0 - 264.6 mg/dL ) , 3 to 3.99 mmol/L ( 265.5 - 353.0 mg/dL ) , 4 to 4.99 mmol/L ( 354.0 - 441.6 mg/dL ) , and 5 mmol/L or more ( > or = 442.5 mg/dL ) vs triglyceride levels of less than 1 mmol/L ( < 88.5 mg/dL ) . RESULTS With increasing levels of nonfasting triglycerides , levels of remnant lipoprotein cholesterol increased . During a mean follow-up of 26 years , 1793 participants ( 691 women and 1102 men ) developed MI , 3479 ( 1567 women and 1912 men ) developed IHD , and 7818 ( 3731 women and 4087 men ) died . For MI , among women , the age-adjusted HRs and multifactorially adjusted HRs ( aHRs ) for each respective category per 1-mmol/L increase in nonfasting triglyceride levels were 2.2 ( aHR , 1.7 ) , 4.4 ( aHR , 2.5 ) , 3.9 ( aHR , 2.1 ) , 5.1 ( aHR , 2.4 ) , and 16.8 ( aHR , 5.4 ) ; for both , P for trend < .001 . For MI , among men , the values were 1.6 ( aHR , 1.4 ) , 2.3 ( aHR , 1.6 ) , 3.6 ( aHR , 2.3 ) , 3.3 ( aHR , 1.9 ) , and 4.6 ( aHR , 2.4 ) ; for both , P for trend < .001 . For IHD , among women , the values were 1.7 ( aHR , 1.4 ) , 2.8 ( aHR , 1.8 ) , 3.0 ( aHR , 1.8 ) , 2.1 ( aHR , 1.2 ) , and 5.9 ( aHR , 2.6 ) ; for both , P for trend < .001 . For IHD , among men , the values were 1.3 ( aHR , 1.1 ) , 1.7 ( aHR , 1.3 ) , 2.1 ( aHR , 1.3 ) , 2.0 ( aHR , 1.2 ) , and 2.9 ( aHR , 1.5 ) ; P for trend < .001 for age-adjusted and P for trend = .03 for multifactorially adjusted . For total death , among women , the values were 1.3 ( aHR , 1.3 ) , 1.7 ( aHR , 1.6 ) , 2.2 ( aHR , 2.2 ) , 2.2 ( aHR , 1.9 ) , and 4.3 ( aHR , 3.3 ) ; for both , P for trend < .001 . For total death , among men , the values were 1.3 ( aHR , 1.2 ) , 1.4 ( aHR , 1.4 ) , 1.7 ( aHR , 1.5 ) , 1.8 ( aHR , 1.6 ) , and 2.0 ( aHR , 1.8 ) ; for both , P for trend < .001 . CONCLUSION In this general population cohort , elevated nonfasting triglyceride levels were associated with increased risk of MI , IHD , and death in men and women A retinol ( 15 mg ) , riboflavin ( 200 mg ) and zinc ( 50 mg ) supplement or a placebo ( D-mannitol ) was given to 610 Chinese farmers weekly for 13.5 months .  Riboflavin , retinol , beta-carotene , tocopherol and zinc status were measured in all subjects at the start and end of the intervention and in a sub sample at 2 months . Plasma vitamin C , haemoglobin and haematocrits were measured on other sub sample s at the end of the supplementation period . At the start vitamin A , zinc and riboflavin status were poor . Plasma retinol and zinc concentrations were higher in men than women but the opposite was observed with respect to beta-carotene . There was no difference between the sexes for tocopherol and riboflavin . Tocopherol : cholesterol ratios suggested vitamin E status was good and vitamin C status also appeared adequate . The supplement increased plasma retinol throughout the whole period but riboflavin status improved only over the first 2 months and then remained constant . Plasma zinc increased in both treatment and placebo groups by approximately 15 to 20 per cent in men and women . Mean concentrations of retinol and tocopherol and beta-carotene ( in women only ) increased by approximately 20 per cent in the placebo group . It is argued that seasonal factors and /or the placebo may have been responsible for the increase in retinol and beta-carotene in the placebo group . The lack of an increase in beta-carotene in the men may have been due to their higher retinol requirements . Lastly , the increase in retinol may have been responsible for the increase in tocopherol and zinc in plasma since these nutrients increased in those whose plasma retinol increased , irrespective of treatment CONTEXT The association of triglycerides with incident cardiovascular disease  remains controversial . Although triglyceride levels are typically obtained in the fasting state , postpr and ial hypertriglyceridemia may play an important role in atherosclerosis . OBJECTIVE To determine the association of  triglyceride levels ( fasting vs nonfasting ) and risk of future cardiovascular events . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve study of 26,509 initially healthy US women ( 20,118 fasting and 6391 nonfasting ) participating in the Women 's Health Study , enrolled between November 1992 and July 1995 and undergoing follow-up for a median of 11.4 years .  Triglyceride levels  were measured in blood sample s obtained at time of enrollment . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular events ( nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , nonfatal ischemic stroke , coronary revascularization , or cardiovascular death ) . RESULTS At baseline , triglyceride levels in fasting as well as nonfasting women correlated with traditional cardiac risk factors and markers of insulin resistance . During a median follow-up of 11.4 years , 1001 participants experienced an incident cardiovascular event ( including 276 nonfatal myocardial infa rct ions , 265 ischemic strokes , 628 coronary revascularizations , and 163 cardiovascular deaths ) , for an overall rate of 3.46 cardiovascular events per 1000 person-years of follow-up . After adjusting for age , blood pressure , smoking , and use of hormone therapy , both fasting and nonfasting triglyceride levels predicted cardiovascular events . Among fasting participants , further adjustment for levels of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and measures of insulin resistance weakened this association ( fully adjusted hazard ratio [ 95 % confidence interval ] for increasing tertiles of triglyceride levels : 1 [ reference ] , 1.21 [ 0.96 - 1.52 ] , and 1.09 [ 0.85 - 1.41 ] [ P = .90 for trend ] ) . In contrast , nonfasting triglyceride levels maintained a strong independent relationship with cardiovascular events in fully adjusted models ( hazard ratio [ 95 % confidence interval ] for increasing tertiles of levels : 1 [ reference ] , 1.44 [ 0.90 - 2.29 ] , and 1.98 [ 1.21 - 3.25 ] [ P = .006 for trend ] ) . In secondary analyses stratified by time since participants ' last meal , triglyceride levels measured 2 to 4 hours postpr and ially had the strongest association with cardiovascular events ( fully adjusted hazard ratio [ 95 % confidence interval ] for highest vs lowest tertiles of levels , 4.48 [ 1.98 - 10.15 ] [ P<.001 for trend ] ) , and this association progressively decreased with longer periods of fasting . CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of initially healthy women , nonfasting triglyceride levels were associated with incident cardiovascular events , independent of traditional cardiac risk factors , levels of other lipids , and markers of insulin resistance ; by contrast , fasting triglyceride levels showed little independent relationship OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of Mg + Zn , Vitamins C + E , and combination of these micronutrients on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in type 2 diabetic patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo controlled clinical trial , 69 type 2 diabetic patients were r and omly divided into four groups , each group receiving one of the following daily supplement for 3 months ; group M : 200 mg Mg and 30 mg Zn ( n = 16 ) , group V : 200 mg Vitamin C and 150 mg Vitamin E ( n = 18 ) , group MV : minerals plus vitamins ( n = 17 ) , group P : placebo ( n = 18 ) . Fasting blood and urine sample s were collected at the beginning and at the end of the trial . Serum triglyceride , total cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-c ) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) were measured enzymatically . Apolipoproteins ( apo ) A1 and B were measured by immunoturbidimetric method . Adjustment for differences in baselines covariates and changes in variables during study were performed by analysis of covariance using general linear models . RESULTS Results indicate that after 3 months of supplementation mean serum levels of HDL-c and apo A1 increased significantly in the MV group by 24 % ( 50.4 + /-19.3 mg/dl versus 40.6 + /- 10.8 mg/dl ) and 8.8 % ( 169.8 + /- 33.8 mg/dl versus 156.1 + /- 23.9 mg/dl ) , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) . There were no significant changes in the levels of these parameters in the other three groups . Serum levels of total cholesterol , LDL-c , triglyceride , and apo B were not altered after supplementation in all four groups . CONCLUSION It is concluded that since co-supplementation of Mg , Zn , Vitamins C and E significantly increases HDL-c and apo A1 , supplementation of these micronutrients could be recommended for the type 2 diabetic patients based on their daily requirements The finding that high doses ( 160 mg ) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol prompted us to study the effect of low-dose zinc supplementation on lipoprotein values in sedentary and endurance-trained men . Twenty-one endurance-trained and 23 sedentary men received either placebo or 50 mg of zinc sulfate daily for eight weeks . Despite the fact that plasma zinc increased 15 % , fasting plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , total cholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride levels did not change in response to zinc ingestion . We conclude that low-dose zinc supplementation does not affect lipid or lipoprotein values in either endurance-trained or sedentary men
target: In conclusion , Zinc supplementation  has favourable effects on plasma lipid parameters .
  Zinc supplementation  significantly reduced total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and triglycerides .
  Therefore it may have the potential to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis related morbidity and mortality
background: Zinc is a mineral that plays a vital role in many biological processes and plays an important role in insulin action and carbohydrate metabolism .
  It may also have a protective role in the prevention of atherogenesis .
  Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids in humans and have demonstrated varying results .
  We systematic ally evaluated the literature and performed a meta- analysis on the effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids .