title: Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial Is there a value for probiotic supplements in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized clinical trial Consumption of Synbiotic Bread Decreases Triacylglycerol and VLDL Levels While Increasing HDL Levels in Serum from Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Effect of Probiotics on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, Insulin Action, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Trial Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM on insulin sensitivity and the systemic inflammatory response in human subjects. Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus Effect of Probiotic Fermented Milk (Kefir) on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial The effects of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on lipid profile in women. Effect of Probiotic (VSL#3) and Omega-3 on Lipid Profile, Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammatory Markers, and Gut Colonization in Overweight Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial on probiotic soy milk and soy milk: effects on epigenetics and oxidative stress in patients with type II diabetes Hypocaloric diet supplemented with probiotic cheese improves body mass index and blood pressure indices of obese hypertensive patients - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. The effects of probiotic bacteria on glycaemic control in overweight men and women: a randomised controlled trial Probiotics in obese pregnancy do not reduce maternal fasting glucose: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (Probiotics in Pregnancy Study). Evaluation of clinical safety and tolerance of a Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 supplement capsule: a randomized control trial. Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats Effect of Cucurbita ficifolia and Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile, and Inflammatory Marker in Type 2 Diabetes Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Background : Alteration in plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile has been documented in diabetic patients . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic and conventional yogurt on lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . Material s and Methods : A total of 44 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 - 60 years old who had low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) ≥100 mg/dl enrolled in this r and omized , double – blind controlled trial and were assigned to two intervention and control groups . The subjects in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 and subjects in the control group consumed 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 8 weeks . Anthropometric indices , dietary intake , and serum lipid profile were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention . Independent- sample t-test , paired sample t-test , ANCOVA , and repeated measures were used for statistical analysis . Results : The consumption of probiotic yogurt caused significant decrease in LDL-c/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-c ) ratio ( 3.13 ± 1.00 - 2.07 ± 0.71 , P = 0.016 ) . The levels of HDL-c were increased significantly ( 43.66 ± 6.80 - 50.42 ± 6.64 , P = 0.023 ) in the intervention group postintervention . However , there were no significant differences in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels between two groups postintervention ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : It is suggested that probiotic yogurt consumption may be used as an alternative prevention approach and treatment method to improve dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes Background Although several studies have found probiotics encouraging in prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) , the evidence for the use of probiotics in diagnosed GDM is largely limited . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a probiotic supplement capsule containing four bacterial strains on glucose metabolism indices and weight changes in women with newly diagnosed GDM . Methods Sixty-four pregnant women with GDM were enrolled into a double-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial . They were r and omly assigned to receive either a probiotic or placebo capsule along with dietary advice for eight consecutive weeks . The trend of weight gain along with glucose metabolism indices was assayed . Results During the first 6 weeks of the study , the weight gain trend was similar between the groups . However , in the last 2 weeks of the study , the weight gain in the probiotic group was significantly lower than in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) decreased in both intervention ( from 103.7 to 88.4 mg/dl ) and control ( from 100.9 to 93.6 mg/dl ) groups significantly , and the decrease in the probiotic group was significantly higher than in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Insulin resistance index in the probiotic group had 6.74 % reduction over the study period ( p < 0.05 ) . In the placebo group , however , there was an increase in insulin resistance index ( 6.45 % ) , but the observed change in insulin resistance was not statistically significant . Insulin sensitivity index was increased in both groups . The post-intervention insulin sensitivity index in the probiotic group was not significantly different from placebo when adjusted for the baseline levels . Conclusions The probiotic supplement appeared to affect glucose metabolism and weight gain among pregnant women with GDM . This needs to be confirmed in other setting s before a therapeutic value could be approved To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the favorable effects of synbiotic bread consumption on blood lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on blood lipid profiles of patients with T2DM . This r and omized double-blinded controlled clinical trial was performed with 78 diabetic patients , aged 35–70 years . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either synbiotic ( n = 26 ) , probiotic ( n = 26 ) or control bread ( n = 26 ) for 8 weeks . The synbiotic bread contained viable and heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin ( HPX ) as prebiotic per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) per 1 g. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic and control breads three times a day in a 40 g package for a total of 120 g/day . Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles were conducted before and after 8 weeks of intervention . Consumption of the synbiotic bread , compared to the probiotic and control breads , led to a significant decrease in serum TAG ( P = 0.005 ) , VLDL-C ( P = 0.005 ) , TC/HDL-C ( P = 0.002 ) and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels ( P = 0.01 ) . No significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on FPG , TC , LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels was seen compared to the probiotic and control breads ( P > 0.05 ) . Trial registry code : http://www.i rct .ir I RCT 201311215623N13 Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics According to animal studies , intake of probiotic bacteria may improve glucose homeostasis . We hypothesised that probiotic bacteria improve insulin sensitivity by attenuating systemic inflammation . Therefore , the effects of oral supplementation with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM on insulin sensitivity and the inflammatory response were investigated in subjects with normal or impaired insulin sensitivity . In a double-blinded , r and omised fashion , forty-five males with type 2 diabetes , impaired or normal glucose tolerance were enrolled and allocated to a 4-week treatment course with either L. acidophilus NCFM or placebo . L. acidophilus was detected in stool sample s by denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR . Separated by the 4-week intervention period , two hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps were performed to estimate insulin sensitivity . Furthermore , the systemic inflammatory response was evaluated by subjecting the participants to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide injection ( 0·3 ng/kg ) before and after the treatment course . L. acidophilus NCFM was detected in 75 % of the faecal sample s after treatment with the probiotic bacterium . Insulin sensitivity was preserved among volunteers in the L. acidophilus NCFM group , whereas it decreased in the placebo group . Both baseline inflammatory markers and the systemic inflammatory response were , however , unaffected by the intervention . In conclusion , intake of L. acidophilus NCFM for 4 weeks preserved insulin sensitivity compared with placebo , but did not affect the systemic inflammatory response Background The consumption of foods containing probiotic and prebiotic ingredients is growing consistently every year , and in view of the limited number of studies investigating their effect in the elderly . Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of a symbiotic shake containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium bifidum and fructooligosaccharides on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people . Methods A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted on twenty volunteers ( ten for placebo group and ten for symbiotic group ) , aged 50 to 60 years . The criteria for inclusion in the study were : total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL ; triglycerides > 200 mg/dL and glycemia > 110 mg/dL. Over a total test period of 30 days , 10 individuals ( the symbiotic group ) consumed a daily dose of 200 mL of a symbiotic shake containing 108 UFC/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus , 108 UFC/mL Bifidobacterium bifidum and 2 g oligofructose , while 10 other volunteers ( the  placebo group ) drank daily the same amount of a shake that did not contain any symbiotic bacteria . Blood sample s were collected 15 days prior to the start of the experiment and at 10-day intervals after the beginning of the shake intake . The st and ard lipid profile ( total cholesterol , triglycerides and HDL cholesterol ) and glycemia , or blood sugar levels , were evaluated by an enzyme colorimetric assay . Results The results of the symbiotic group showed a non-significant reduction ( P > 0.05 ) in total cholesterol and triglycerides , a significant increase ( P < 0.05 ) in HDL cholesterol and a significant reduction ( P < 0.05 ) in fasting glycemia . No significant changes were observed in the placebo group . Conclusion The consumption of symbiotic shake result ed in a significant increase in HDL and a significant decrease of glycemia . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background : Diabetes is a global health problem in the world . Probiotic food has anti-diabetic property . The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) on glucose and lipid profile control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients aged 35 to 65 years . Patients were r and omly and equally ( n=30 ) assigned to consume either probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) or conventional fermented milk ( dough ) for 8 weeks . Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk . Blood sample s tested for fasting blood glucose , HbA1C , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol , HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study . Results : The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant ( P=0.01 ) . After intervention , reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant ( P=0.001 ) , also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group ( P=0.02 ) adjusting for serum levels of glucose , baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model . Serum triglyceride , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention . Conclusion : Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes Many studies have been done on the hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic yoghurt . The results , however , are not conclusive . The aim of the present study was to test the effect of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the lipid profile in women . In a r and omised trial , ninety female volunteers aged 19 - 49 years were assigned to three groups . Subjects consumed daily 300 g probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g conventional yoghurt or no yoghurt for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s , 3 d dietary records and anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline ( T1 ) , end of week 3 ( T2 ) and end of week 6 ( T3 ) . Lipid profile parameters were determined by enzymic methods . Results showed no significant difference in lipid profile within any group throughout the study . Comparing mean differences ( T1 - T3 ) among the three groups showed : no difference in TAG and LDL-cholesterol , a decrease in cholesterol in both conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.005 ) compared with the control group , a decrease in total : HDL-cholesterol ratio for conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.001 ) compared with the control group , and an increase in HDL-cholesterol in the probiotic yoghurt group ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . Positive changes in lipid profile were observed in both yoghurt groups . Any added effect , therefore , is due to the consumption of fermented milk products To evaluate the effects of probiotic ( VSL#3 ) and omega-3 fatty acid on insulin sensitivity , blood lipids , and inflammation , we conducted a clinical trial in 60 overweight ( BMI > 25 ) , healthy adults , aged 40–60 years . After initial screening the subjects were r and omized into four groups with 15 per group . The four groups received , respectively , placebo , omega-3 fatty acid , probiotic VSL#3 , or both omega-3 and probiotic , for 6 weeks . Blood and fecal sample s were collected at baseline and after 6 weeks . The probiotic ( VSL#3 ) supplemented group had significant reduction in total cholesterol , triglyceride , LDL , and VLDL and had increased HDL ( P < 0.05 ) value . VSL#3 improved insulin sensitivity ( P < 0.01 ) , decreased hsCRP , and favorably affected the composition of gut microbiota . Omega-3 had significant effect on insulin sensitivity and hsCRP but had no effect on gut microbiota . Addition of omega-3 fatty acid with VSL#3 had more pronounced effect on HDL , insulin sensitivity and hsCRP .  Subjects with low HDL , insulin resistance , and high hsCRP had significantly lower total lactobacilli and bifidobacteria count and higher E. coli and bacteroides count This clinical trial aim ed to discover the effects of probiotic soy milk and soy milk on MLH1 and MSH2 promoter methylation , and oxidative stress among type II diabetic patients . Forty patients with type II diabetes mellitus aged 35–68 years were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . Patients in the intervention group consumed 200 ml/day of probiotic soy milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum A7 , while those in the control group consumed 200 ml/d of conventional soy milk for 8 weeks . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements , and 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the study , respectively . Probiotic soy milk significantly decreased promoter methylation in proximal and distal MLH1 promoter region ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001 , respectively ) compared with the baseline values , while plasma concentration of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) decreased significantly compared with soy milk ( P < 0.05 ) . In addition , a significant increase in superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity was observed in probiotic soy milk group compared with baseline value ( P < 0.01 ) . There were no significant changes from baseline in the promoter methylation of MSH2 within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . The consumption of probiotic soy milk  improved antioxidant status in type II diabetic patients and may decrease promoter methylation among these patients , indicating that probiotic soy milk is a promising agent for diabetes management Background Gut lactobacilli can affect the metabolic functions of healthy humans . We tested whether a 1500 kcal/d diet supplemented with cheese containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TENSIA ( Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen , DSM 21380 ) could reduce some symptoms of metabolic syndrome in Russian adults with obesity and hypertension . Methods In this 3-week , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel pilot study , 25 subjects ingested probiotic cheese and 15 ingested control cheese .  Fifty grams of each cheese provided 175 kcal of energy . Blood pressure ( BP ) , anthropometric characteristics , markers of liver and kidney function , metabolic indices ( plasma glucose , lipids , and cholesterol ) , and urine polyamines were measured . Counts of fecal lactobacilli and L. plantarum TENSIA were evaluated using molecular methods . The data were analyzed by t-test for independent sample s and Spearman ’s partial correlation analysis . Results The probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA was present in variable amounts ( 529.6 ± 232.5 gene copies ) in 16/25 ( 64 % ) study subjects . Body mass index ( BMI ) was significantly reduced ( p = 0.031 ) in the probiotic cheese group versus the control cheese group . The changes in BMI were closely associated with the water content of the body ( r = 0.570 , p = 0.0007 ) when adjusted for sex and age . Higher values of intestinal lactobacilli after probiotic cheese consumption were associated with higher BMI ( r = 0.383 , p = 0.0305 ) and urinary putrescine content ( r = 0.475 , p = 0.006 ) . In patients simultaneously treated with BP-lowering drugs , similar reductions of BP were observed in both groups . A positive association was detected between TENSIA colonization and the extent of change of morning diastolic BP ( r = 0.617 , p = 0.0248 ) and a trend toward lower values of morning systolic BP ( r = −0.527 , p = 0.0640 ) at the end of the study after adjusting for BMI , age , and sex . Conclusion In a pilot study of obese hypertensive patients , a hypocaloric diet supplemented with a probiotic cheese helps to reduce BMI and arterial BP values , recognized symptoms of metabolic syndrome . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management Background / Objectives : Evidence from animal and in vitro models suggest a role of probiotic bacteria in improving glycaemic control and delaying the onset of  type 2 diabetes .  However , the evidence from controlled trials in humans is limited . The objective was to determine if the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , supplemented in a whole food ( yoghurt ) or isolated ( capsules ) form , can improve biomarkers of glycaemic control . Subjects/ methods : Following a 3-week washout period , 156 overweight men and women over 55 years ( mean age : 67±8 years ; mean body mass index ( 31±4 kg/m2 ) were r and omized to a 6-week double-blinded parallel study . The four intervention groups were : ( A ) probiotic yoghurt plus probiotic capsules ; ( B ) probiotic yoghurt plus placebo capsules ; ( C ) control milk plus probiotic capsules ; and ( D ) control milk plus placebo capsules . Outcome measurements , including fasting glucose , insulin , glycated haemoglobin and Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , were performed at baseline and week 6 . Results : Relative to the milk-control group , probiotic yoghurt result ed in a significantly higher HOMA-IR ( 0.32±0.15 , P=0.038 ) , but did not have a significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Relative to placebo capsules , probiotic capsules result ed in a significantly higher fasting glucose ( 0.15±0.07 mmol/l , P=0.037 ) , with no significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Further analyses did not identify other variables as contributing to these adverse findings . Conclusions : Data from this study does not support the hypothesis that L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , either in isolated form or as part of a whole food , benefit short-term glycaemic control . Indeed , there is weak data for an adverse effect of these strains on glucose homoeostasis BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported beneficial effects of probiotics on maternal glycemia in healthy pregnant women . Obesity significantly increases risk of impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy , but glycemic effects of probiotics in this specific obstetric group require additional investigation . OBJECTIVE The aim of the Probiotics in Pregnancy Study was to investigate the effect of a probiotic capsule on maternal fasting glucose in obese pregnant women . DESIGN In this placebo-controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial , 175 pregnant women with an early pregnancy body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m² ) from 30.0 to 39.9 were recruited from antenatal clinics at the National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Irel and . Exclusion criteria were BMI < 30.0 or > 39.9 , prepregnancy or gestational diabetes , age < 18 y , multiple pregnancy , and fetal anomaly . Women were r and omly assigned to receive either a daily probiotic or a placebo capsule from 24 to 28 wk of gestation in addition to routine antenatal care . The primary outcome was the change in fasting glucose between groups from preintervention to postintervention . Secondary outcomes were the incidence of gestational diabetes and neonatal anthropometric measures . RESULTS In 138 women who completed the study ( 63 women in the probiotic group ; 75 women in the placebo group ) , mean ( ±SD ) early pregnancy BMI was 33.6 ± 2.6 , which differed significantly between probiotic ( 32.9 ± 2.4 ) and placebo ( 34.1 ± 2.7 ) groups . With adjustment for BMI , the change in maternal fasting glucose did not differ significantly between treated and control groups [ -0.09 ± 0.27 compared with -0.07 ± 0.39 mmol/L ; P = 0.391 ; B = -0.05 ( 95 % CI : -0.17 , 0.07 ) ] . There were also no differences in the incidence of impaired glycemia ( 16 % in the probiotic group compared with 15 % in the placebo group ; P = 0.561 ) , birth weight ( 3.70 kg in the probiotic group compared with 3.68 kg in the placebo group ; P = 0.723 ) , or other metabolic variables or pregnancy outcomes . A secondary analysis of 110 women , excluding antibiotic users and poor compliers , also revealed no differences in maternal glucose or other outcomes between groups . CONCLUSION Probiotic treatment of 4 wk during pregnancy did not influence maternal fasting glucose , the metabolic profile , or pregnancy outcomes in obese women A significant number of human clinical trials have reported no adverse effects associated with consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri ( L. reuteri ) . In the present study , the clinical safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of supplement capsules containing L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 was investigated . A r and omized group of 131 subjects received a dose of 2.9 × 10⁹ CFU L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules ( n=67 ) or placebo capsules ( n=64 ) twice daily for 9 weeks . Clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety were analyzed . The frequency , duration and intensity of adverse events (AE)s and clinical significance of safety parameters were recorded for both groups . No clinical ly significant differences between the probiotic capsule and placebo capsule treated groups were detected in either the blood clinical chemistry or hematology results . The frequency and intensity of AEs was similar in the two groups . These results demonstrate that administration of a twice daily dose of 2.9 × 10⁹ CFU was safe and well tolerated in the population evaluated over 9 weeks Summary The action of gliclazide , a sulphonylurea with beneficial extrapancreatic effects in diabetes , may be enhanced by administering probiotics . The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of probiotics on gliclazide pharmacokinetics and the effect of both probiotics and gliclazide on blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats . Male Wistar rats ( 2 to 3 months , weight 350 ± 50 g ) were r and omly allocated to 4 groups ( n = 10 ) , two of which were treated with alloxan i.v . 30 mg/kg to induce diabetes . One group of healthy and one group of diabetic rats were then gavaged with probiotics ( 75 mg/kg ) for three days after which a gliclazide suspension ( 20 mg/kg ) was administered by gavage to all groups . Blood sample s were collected from the tail vein at various time points for 10 hours post-administration for the determination of blood glucose and gliclazide serum concentrations . It was found that probiotic treatment had no effect on blood glucose levels in healthy rats , but it reduced them ( up to 2-fold;p < 0.01 ) in diabetic rats . Probiotic treatment reduced gliclazide bioavailability in healthy rats ( 3-fold ) whereas it increased gliclazide bioavailability in diabetic rats ( 2-fold;p < 0.01 ) . Gliclazide had no effect on blood glucose levels in either healthy or diabetic rats despite the changes in its bioavailability . In conclusion , the probiotic treatment of diabetic rats  increases gliclazide bioavailability and lowers blood glucose levels by insulin-independent mechanisms , suggesting that the administration of probiotics may be beneficial as adjunct therapy in the treatment of diabetes Background : Control of blood sugar , hypertension , and dyslipidemia are key factors in diabetes management . Cucurbita ficifolia ( pumpkin ) is a vegetable which has been used traditionally as a remedy for diabetes in Iran . In addition , consumption of probiotics may have beneficial effects on people with Type 2 diabetes . The aim of this study was an investigation of the effects of C. ficifolia and probiotic yogurt consumption alone or at the same time on blood glucose and serum lipids in diabetic patients . Methods : Eighty eligible participants r and omly were assigned to four groups : 1 - green C. ficifolia ( 100 g ) ; 2 - probiotic yogurt ( 150 g ) ; 3 - C. ficifolia plus probiotic yogurt ( 100 g C. ficifolia plus 150 g yogurt ) ; and 4 -control ( dietary advice ) for 8 weeks . Blood pressure , glycemic response , lipid profile , and high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) were measured before and after the intervention . Results : Total cholesterol ( TC ) decreased significantly in yogurt and yogurt plus C. ficifolia groups ( within groups P = 0.010 , and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . C. ficifolia plus yogurt consumption result ed in a decrease in triglyceride ( TG ) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( within groups P < 0.001 and P = 0.001 , respectively ) . All interventions led to a significant decrease in blood sugar , hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , hsCRP , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level within groups . Blood pressure decreased significantly in Cucurbita group and yogurt group ( within groups P < 0.001 , and P = 0.001 for systolic blood pressure [ SBP ] and P < 0.001 , and P = 0.004 for diastolic blood pressure [ DBP ] , respectively ) . All variables changed between groups significantly except LDL-C level . Conclusions : Variables including TG , HDL-C , TC , fasting blood sugar , HbA1c , SBP , DBP , and hsCRP changed beneficially between groups . It seems that consumption of C. ficifolia and probiotic yogurt may help treatment of diabetic patients The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic people . In a r and omized double-blind controlled trial , 60 people ( 23 males and 37 females ) with type 2 diabetes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) greater than 2.6 mmol/L were assigned to 2 groups . Participants consumed daily 300 g of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g of conventional yogurt for 6 wk . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-d , 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . Probiotic yogurt consumption caused a 4.54 % decrease in total cholesterol and a 7.45 % decrease in LDL-C compared with the control group . No significant changes from baseline were shown in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in the probiotic group . The total cholesterol : HDL-C ratio and LDL-C : HDL-C ratio as atherogenic indices significantly decreased in the probiotic group compared with the control group . Probiotic yogurt improved total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations in type 2 diabetic people and may contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors
target: Conclusions : Probiotics may have beneficial effects on the reduction of glucose , insulin and HbA1c for diabetes , especially for T2DM mellitus patients
background: Abstract Background : A systematic review and meta- analysis was design ed to evaluate the effect of probiotics  on diabetes and its associated risk factors .