title: Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study A low-GI diet is associated with a short-term improvement of glycaemic control in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes. A worksite programme significantly alters nutrient intakes. Effects of a low salt diet on isolated systolic hypertension Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan on Cardiovascular Risks Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials A controlled trial of a high fibre, low fat and low sodium diet for mild hypertension in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients Effect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): I. Prevalence of hypertension in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications. The effect of protein restriction on albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. A Multicomponent Intervention Reduces Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk at a GEICO Corporate Site Sodium restriction and blood pressure in hypertensive type II diabetics: randomised blind controlled and crossover studies of moderate sodium restriction and sodium supplementation. Favourable effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet. 
  The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Vitamin D3 Induced Decrease in IL-17 and Malondialdehyde, and Increase in IL-10 and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Effects of nutrition motivational intervention in patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study in Naples, South Italy Investigating the effect of DASH diet on blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes and prehypertension: Randomized clinical trial.
abstract: Background Our aim was to compare the effects of a Paleolithic ( ' Old Stone Age ' ) diet and a diabetes diet as generally recommended on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes , 3 women and 10 men , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; and a Diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods . Outcome variables included changes in weight , waist circumference , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , blood pressure , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and areas under the curve for plasma glucose and plasma insulin  in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test . Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records . Results Study participants had on average a diabetes duration of 9 years , a mean HbA1c of 6,6 % units by Mono-S st and ard and were usually treated with metformin alone ( 3 subjects ) or metformin in combination with a sulfonylurea ( 3 subjects ) or a thiazolidinedione ( 3 subjects ) . Mean average dose of metformin was 1031 mg per day . Compared to the diabetes diet , the Paleolithic diet result ed in lower mean values of HbA1c ( -0.4 % units , p = 0.01 ) , triacylglycerol ( -0.4 mmol/L , p = 0.003 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( -4 mmHg , p = 0.03 ) , weight ( -3 kg , p = 0.01 ) , BMI ( -1 kg/m2 , p = 0.04 ) and waist circumference ( -4 cm , p = 0.02 ) , and higher mean values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 0.08 mmol/L , p = 0.03 ) . The Paleolithic diet was mainly lower in cereals and dairy products , and higher in fruits , vegetables , meat and eggs , as compared with the Diabetes diet . Further , the Paleolithic diet was lower in total energy , energy density , carbohydrate , dietary glycemic load , saturated fatty acids and calcium , and higher in unsaturated fatty acids , dietary cholesterol and several vitamins . Dietary GI was slightly lower in the Paleolithic diet ( GI = 50 ) than in the Diabetic diet ( GI = 55 ) . Conclusion Over a 3-month study period , a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240 AIMS The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of low glycaemic index ( GI ) vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange ( CCE ) dietary advice on glycaemic control and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes . METHODS A total of 104 patients with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to either a low GI ( GI ) or CCE dietary advice over a 12-week period . The primary end-point was glycaemic control as assessed by glycated haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , fructosamine level and plasma glucose . The secondary end-points were anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters that include blood pressure , lipid profile and insulin levels . The oral antidiabetic medications remained unchanged throughout the duration of the study . RESULTS A low-GI diet was associated with significant changes in the fructosamine level ( DeltaGI = -0.20 + /- 0.03 ; DeltaCCE = -0.08 + /- 0.03 mmol/l , p < 0.01 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI group = -1.88 + /- 0.30 cm ; DeltaCCE group : -0.36 + /- 0.4 cm , p < 0.05 ) at week 4 . At week 12 , the changes in fasting glucose ( DeltaGI = -0.03 + /- 0.3 ; DeltaCCE = 0.7 + /- 0.3 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI = -2.35 + /- 0.47 cm ; DeltaCCE group = -0.66 + /- 0.46 cm ; p < 0.05 ) in the GI group was significantly lower than the CCE group . With the low-GI diet , the changes in postpr and ial glycaemia at time 0 , 60 , 150 and 180 min after consuming the st and ard test meal was lower than with the CCE diet ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences were found between the groups for the remaining parameters that were measured . CONCLUSIONS Use of a low-GI diet result ed in significant changes of serum fructosamine level , plasma glucose and waist circumference in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes over a 12-week period compared with those following a CCE diet . The effect on HbA1c and other metabolic parameters was not significantly different between the two study groups but the improvement within the GI group was more pronounced and of clinical benefit OBJECTIVE To examine whether a worksite nutrition programme using a low-fat vegan diet could significantly improve nutritional intake . DESIGN At two corporate sites of the Government Employees Insurance Company , employees who were either overweight ( BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 ) and /or had type 2 diabetes participated in a 22-week worksite-based dietary intervention study . SETTING At the intervention site , participants were asked to follow a low-fat vegan diet and participate in weekly group meetings that included instruction and group support ( intervention group ) . At the control site , participants received no instruction ( control group ) . At weeks 0 and 22 , participants completed 3 d dietary records to assess energy and nutrient intake . SUBJECTS A total of 109 participants ( sixty-five intervention and forty-four control ) . RESULTS In the intervention group , reported intake of total fat , trans fat , saturated fat and cholesterol decreased significantly ( P < or = 0.001 ) , as did energy and protein ( P = 0.01 ) , and vitamin B12 ( P = 0.002 ) , compared with the control group . Intake ( exclusive of any use of nutritional supplements ) of carbohydrate , fibre , vitamin C , magnesium and potassium increased significantly ( P < or = 0.0001 ) , as did that for beta-carotene ( P = 0.0004 ) , total vitamin A activity ( P = 0.004 ) , vitamin K ( P = 0.01 ) and sodium ( P = 0.04 ) in the intervention group , compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a worksite vegan nutrition programme increases intakes of protective nutrients , such as fibre , folate and vitamin C , and decreases intakes of total fat , saturated fat and cholesterol Abstract Evidence has shown that long-term sodium reduction can not only reduce blood pressure , but also provide cardiovascular benefits . To date , there is little evidence related to the effects of salt reduction on isolated systolic hypertension ( ISH ) . A total of 126 hypertensive patients were divided into an ISH group ( n = 51 ) and a non-ISH ( NISH ) group ( n = 75 ) . The members of each group were then r and omly assigned to low sodium salt ( LSSalt ) or normal salt ( NSalt ) diets for 6 months . Their blood pressure was measured every 2 months . Serum plasma renin-angiotensin activity , blood biochemical assays and urinary measurements were determined at the baseline and at the end of the 6 months . At the end of the study , the mean systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) of the ISH LSSalt group had significantly decreased by 10.18 mm Hg ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 3.13 to 17.2 , P = .006 ) compared with that of the ISH NSalt group , while the mean SBP only decreased by 5.10 mm Hg ( 95 % CI : −2.02 to 12.2 , P = .158 ) in the NISH LSSalt group compared with that of the NISH NSalt group . The mean diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) had no significant differences in the ISH and NISH groups . No obvious renin angiotensin system activation was found after LSSalt intervention . Regarding the urinary excretion of electrolytes and blood biochemical assays , the LSSalt treatment had the same effects on the ISH group as on the NISH group . The present study showed that the SBP of ISH patients was significantly decreased with the LSSalt intervention , while neither the SBP of the NISH patients nor the DBP of either group were similarly decreased , which indicated that ISH patients were more sensitive to salt restriction OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) eating pattern on cardiometabolic risks in type 2 diabetic patients . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A r and omized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in 31 type 2 diabetic patients . For 8 weeks , participants were r and omly assigned to a control diet or the DASH eating pattern . RESULTS After following the DASH eating pattern , body weight ( P = 0.007 ) and waist circumference ( P = 0.002 ) reduced significantly . Fasting blood glucose levels and A1C decreased after adoption of the DASH diet ( −29.4 ± 6.3 mg/dl ; P = 0.04 and −1.7 ± 0.1 % ; P = 0.04 , respectively ) . After the DASH diet , the mean change for HDL cholesterol levels was higher ( 4.3 ± 0.9 mg/dl ; P = 0.001 ) and LDL cholesterol was reduced ( −17.2 ± 3.5 mg/dl ; P = 0.02 ) . Additionally , DASH had beneficial effects on systolic ( −13.6 ± 3.5 vs. −3.1 ± 2.7 mmHg ; P = 0.02 ) and diastolic blood pressure ( −9.5 ± 2.6 vs. −0.7 ± 3.3 mmHg ; P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Among diabetic patients , the DASH diet had beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risks Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Summary Fifty hypertensive Type 2 ( non-insulin-dependent ) diabetic patients were allocated , in a controlled trial , to a treatment diet of high fibre , low fat and low sodium composition , or to a control diet by the hospital dietitian . After 3 months treatment , the modified diet-treated group showed a highly significant reduction in mean systolic ( 180.5±19.0 to 165.0±20.7 mmHg ) and diastolic blood pressure ( 96.6±9.3 to 88.0±10.5 mmHg ) , accompanied by significant reductions in urinary sodium excretion ( 183.0±62.1 to 121.7 + 65.8 mmol/day ) glycosylated haemoglobin ( 12.4±3.1 to 10.5±2.9 % ) , weight ( 74.6s±13.5 to 71.7±12.1 kg ) and serum triglyceride levels ( p<0.05 ) . The mean values of diastolic pressure ( p<0.01 ) , urinary sodium/potassium ratio ( p < 0.001 ) , urinary potassium ( p<0.01 ) was significantly reduced at 3 months compared to control . No changes in serum HDL-cholesterol levels were observed . The number of patients with normal blood pressure at 3 months was greater in the modified diet-treated group ( ten versus five ) . Treatment of mild hypertension in diabetic subjects with this form of dietary regimen has a hypotensive response , with improvement in glycaemic control and no side effects . This modified diet may be an attractive alternative to anti-hypertensive drug therapy as a first line treatment Objective Several intervention studies have suggested that vegetarian or vegan diets have clinical benefits , particularly in terms of glycemic control , in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) ; however , no r and omized controlled trial has been conducted in Asians who more commonly depend on plant-based foods , as compared to Western population s. Here , we aim ed to compare the effect of a vegan diet and conventional diabetic diet on glycemic control among Korean individuals . Material s and Methods Participants diagnosed with T2D were r and omly assigned to follow either a vegan diet ( excluding animal-based food including fish ; n = 46 ) or a conventional diet recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association 2011 ( n = 47 ) for 12 weeks . HbA1c levels were measured at weeks 0 , 4 , and 12 , and the primary study endpoint was the change in HbA1c levels over 12 weeks . Results The mean HbA1c levels at weeks 0 , 4 , and 12 were 7.7 % , 7.2 % , and 7.1 % in the vegan group , and 7.4 % , 7.2 % , and 7.2 % in the conventional group , respectively . Although both groups showed significant reductions in HbA1C levels , the reductions were larger in the vegan group than in the conventional group ( -0.5 % vs. -0.2 % ; p-for-interaction = 0.017 ) . When only considering participants with high compliance , the difference in HbA1c level reduction between the groups was found to be larger ( -0.9 % vs. -0.3 % ) . The beneficial effect of vegan diets was noted even after adjusting for changes in total energy intake or waist circumference over the 12 weeks . Conclusion Both diets led to reductions in HbA1c levels ; however , glycemic control was better with the vegan diet than with the conventional diet . Thus , the dietary guidelines for patients with T2D should include a vegan diet for the better management and treatment . However , further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of a vegan diet , and to identify potential explanations of the underlying mechanisms . Trial Registration CRiS OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of hypertension in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and its association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications . DESIGN Cross-sectional study . PATIENTS Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients ( n = 3648 , mean age 52 years , 59 % male ) recruited for the UK Prospect i ve Diabetes Study ( UKPDS ) . MEASUREMENTS  Blood pressure , body mass index , waist : hip ratio , ECG signs of ischaemia and of left ventricular hypertrophy ( Minnesota code ) , fasting plasma glucose , urate , creatinine , insulin , triglycerides , high-density lipoprotein- , low-density lipoprotein- and total cholesterol , urinary albumin : creatinine ratio , retinopathy grading .  RESULTS Thirty-nine per cent of the patients ( 35 % of the males , 46 % of the females ) were hypertensive ( mean blood pressure > or = 160 systolic and /or > or = 90 mmHg diastolic 2 and 9 months after diagnosis of diabetes , or taking antihypertensive therapy ) . The hypertensive patients had a greater mean body mass index ( 30.1 versus 28.0 kg/m2 , P < 0.0001 ) than the normotensive patients . They also had higher fasting plasma triglyceride ( 1.94 versus 1.69 mmol/l , P < 0.0001 ) and insulin ( 15.0 versus 12.8 mU/l , P < 0.0001 ) levels but these associations disappeared or weakened when obesity was taken into account . Hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects suffered a higher prevalence of cardiovascular events before the diagnosis of diabetes ( 4.8 versus 2.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) , of microalbuminuria ( albumin : creatinine ratio > 5.0 g/mol ; 24 versus 14 % , P < 0.0001 ) , of ECG signs of probable and possible ischaemia ( 24 versus 14 % , P < 0.0001 ) and of left ventricular hypertrophy ( 8.5 versus 3.8 % ; P < 0.0001 ) . The prevalence of retinopathy was similar in the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Hypertension is common in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and is associated with obesity . The association between hypertension and higher triglyceride and insulin levels may be secondary to obesity in this population . An association between hypertension and cardiovascular complications is already apparent at diagnosis of diabetes BACKGROUND A r and omized trial was conducted to assess whether protein restriction helps to delay the onset of renal disorders in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Included in the trial were 121 type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or at least detectable albuminuria , or diabetes of duration > or = 5 years . The experimental ( 39 male/19 female ) and control group ( 35 male/28 female ) received counselling on protein restriction and the usual dietary advice , respectively . The outcome measure was albuminuria ( mg/24 h ) . Results . After 6 months in experimental and control groups the change in protein intake was -0.05+/-0.21 and + 0.03+/-0.19 g/kg ( P = 0.02 ) , and in albuminuria -14 % and + 11 % ( P = 0.01 ) , respectively . After 12 months , the differences between the experimental and the control group with respect to both protein intake and albuminuria had decreased . At 6 and 12 months , respectively , albuminuria was 28 % ( P<0.001 ) and 18 % ( P = 0.08 ) lower in the experimental than the control group . The effect in normoalbuminuric patients did not differ from that in microalbuminuric patients . In the experimental group , blood pressure , HbA1c and body weight decreased ; in the control group , such decreases were less or absent . Dose-response analysis showed that a 0.10 g/kg change at 6 months in the intake of protein , of animal protein in particular , was related to an 11.1 % change in albuminuria ( P<0.005 ) . Combining the intakes at 6 and 12 months suggested a percentage change of 9.1 % . CONCLUSIONS Substantial protein restriction in primary care , type 2 diabetic patients with no nephropathy is barely feasible . However , even a small reduction has a substantial and potentially beneficial effect on albuminuria Purpose . To determine whether a multicomponent nutrition intervention program at a corporate site reduces body weight and improves other cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals . Design . Prospect i ve clinical intervention study . Subjects/ Setting . Employees of the Government Employees Insurance Company ( GEICO ) ( N = 113 ) , aged 21 to 65 years , with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 and /or previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes . Intervention . A 22-week intervention including a low-fat , vegan diet . Measures . Changes in body weight , anthropometric measures , blood pressure , lipid profile , and dietary intake . Analysis . Multivariate analyses of variance were calculated for clinical and nutrient measures , followed by univariate analyses of variance , to determine the significance of differences between groups in changes over time . Results . Intervention-group participants  experienced greater weight changes compared with control-group participants ( mean , – 5.1 [ SE , .6 ] kg vs. + .1 [ SE , .6 ] kg , p < .0001 ) , as well as greater changes in waist circumference ( mean , – 4.7 [ SE , .6 ] cm vs. + .8 [ SE , .6 ] cm , p < .0001 ) and waist : hip ratio ( mean , – .006 [ SE , .003 ] vs. + .014 [ SE , .005 ] , p = .0007 ) . Weight loss of 5 % of body weight was more frequently observed in the intervention group ( 48.5 % ) compared with the control group ( 11.1 % ) ( χ2[1 , N= 113 ] = 16.99 , p < .0001 ) . Conclusions . Among individuals volunteering for a 22-week worksite research study , an intervention using a low-fat , vegan diet effectively reduced body weight and waist circumference OBJECTIVE --To determine the effect of moderate dietary sodium restriction on the hypertension of non-insulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetes . DESIGN --R and omised parallel controlled study of moderate sodium restriction for three months compared with usual diabetic diet , followed by r and omised double blind crossover trial of sustained release preparation of sodium for one month versus placebo for one month in patients continuing with sodium restriction . SETTING -- Patients attending diabetic outpatient clinic of city hospital . PATIENTS --Thirty four patients with established type II diabetes complicated by mild hypertension ( systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure greater than 95 mm Hg on three consecutive occasions ) . Patients already taking antihypertensive agents ( but not diuretics ) not barred from study provided that criteria for mild hypertension still met . Conditions precluding patients from study were diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy , cardiac failure , and pregnancy . INTERVENTIONS --After run in phase with recordings at seven weeks , three weeks , and time zero patients were allocated at r and om to receive moderate dietary sodium restriction for three months ( n = 17 ) or to continue with usual diabetic diet . Subsequently nine patients in sodium restriction group continued with regimen for a further two months , during which they completed a r and omised double blind crossover trial of sustained release preparation of sodium ( Slow Sodium 80 mmol daily ) for one month versus matching placebo for one month . END POINT -- Reduction in blood pressure in type II diabetics with mild hypertension . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS --Supine and erect blood pressure , body weight , and 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion measured monthly during parallel group and double blind crossover studies . After parallel group study sodium restriction group showed significant reduction in systolic blood pressure ( supine 19.2 mm Hg , erect 21.4 mm Hg ; p less than 0.001 ) and mean daily urinary sodium excretion ( mean reduction 60 mmol/24 h ) . There were no appreciable changes in weight , diabetic control , or diastolic pressure . No significant changes occurred in controls . In double blind crossover study mean supine systolic blood pressure rose significantly ( p less than 0.005 ) during sodium supplementation ( to 171 mm Hg ) compared with value after three months of sodium restriction alone ( 159.9 mm Hg ) and after one month of placebo ( 161.8 mm Hg ) . CONCLUSIONS --Moderate dietary restriction of sodium has a definite hypotensive effect , which may be useful in mild hypertension of type II diabetes Although gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity , there is no consensus as to the optimal approach of nutritional management in these patients . The present study was design ed to assess the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) eating plan on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles of pregnant women with GDM . The present r and omised controlled clinical trial was performed among thirty-four women diagnosed with GDM at 24 - 28 weeks of gestation . Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either the control diet ( n 17 ) or the DASH eating pattern ( n 17 ) for 4 weeks . The control diet was design ed to contain 45 - 55 % carbohydrates , 15 - 20 % protein and 25 - 30 % total fat . The macronutrient composition of the DASH diet was similar to the control diet ; however , the DASH diet was rich in fruits , vegetables , whole grains and low-fat dairy products , and contained lower amounts of saturated fats , cholesterol and refined grains with a total of 2400 mg Na/d . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention to measure fasting plasma glucose , glycated Hb ( HbA1c ) and lipid profiles . Participants underwent a 3 h oral glucose tolerance tests and blood sample s were collected at 60 , 120 and 180 min to measure plasma glucose levels . Adherence to the DASH eating pattern , compared with the control diet , result ed in improved glucose tolerance such that plasma glucose levels reduced at 60 ( 21·86 v. 20·45 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·02 ) , 120 ( 22·3 v. 0·2 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·001 ) and 180 min ( 21·7 v. 0·22 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·002 ) after the glucose load . Decreased HbA1c levels ( 20·2 v. 0·05 % , Pgroup = 0·001 ) was also seen in the DASH group compared with the control group . Mean changes for serum total ( 20·42 v. 0·31 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·01 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( 20·47 v. 0·22 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·005 ) , TAG ( 20·17 v. 0·34 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·01 ) and total : HDL-cholesterol ratio ( 20·6 ( SD 0·9 ) v. 0·3 ( SD 0·8 ) , Pgroup = 0·008 ) were significantly different between the two diets . Additionally , consumption of the DASH diet favourably influenced systolic blood pressure ( 22·6 v. 1·7 mmHg , Pgroup = 0·001 ) . Mean changes of fasting plasma glucose ( 20·29 v. 0·15 mmol/l , Pgroup = 0·09 ) were nonsignificant comparing the DASH diet with the control diet . In conclusion , consumption of the DASH eating pattern for 4 weeks among pregnant women with GDM result ed in beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles compared with the control diet OBJECTIVE To investigate whether glycemic and lipid control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes ( NIDDM ) can be significantly improved using a low-fat , vegetarian ( vegan ) diet in the absence of recommendations regarding exercise or other lifestyle changes . METHODS Eleven subjects with NIDDM recruited from the Georgetown University Medical Center or the local community were r and omly assigned to a low-fat vegan diet ( seven subjects ) or a conventional low-fat diet ( four subjects ) . Two additional subjects assigned to the control group failed to complete the study . The diets were not design ed to be isocaloric . Fasting serum glucose , body weight , medication use , and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and biweekly thereafter for 12 weeks . Serum lipids , glycosylated hemoglobin , urinary albumin , and dietary macronutrients were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks . RESULTS Although the sample was intentionally small in accordance with the pilot study design , the 28 % mean reduction in fasting serum glucose of the experimental group , from 10.7 to 7.75 mmol/L ( 195 to 141 mg/dl ) , was significantly greater than the 12 % decrease , from 9.86 to 8.64 mmol/L ( 179 to 157 mg/dl ) , for the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . The mean weight loss was 7.2 kg in the experimental group , compared to 3 . 8 kg for the control group ( P < 0.005 ) . Of six experimental group subjects on oral hypoglycemic agents , medication use was discontinued in one and reduced in three . Insulin was reduced in both experimental group patients on insulin . No patient in the control group reduced medication use . Differences between the diet groups in the reductions of serum cholesterol and 24-h microalbuminuria did not reach statistical significance ; however , high-density lipoprotein concentration fell more sharply ( 0.20 mmol/L ) in the experimental group than in the control group ( 0.02 mmol/L ) ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The use of a low-fat , vegetarian diet in patients with NIDDM was associated with significant reductions in fasting serum glucose concentration and body weight in the absence of recommendations for exercise . A larger study is needed for confirmation Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index ( GI ) and low glycemic load ( GL ) , as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet , on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30 ) or to the control group ( n = 31 ) . Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric ( −500 kcal ) diet for 12 weeks . Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group . Results Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial . Body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups . Arterial blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , insulin , and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group ; however , there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint . C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention , and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group ; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial . No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids , uric acid , leptin , adiponectin , and interleukin-6 in either study group . Conclusions Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM BACKGROUND Given the variations in clinical presentation and physiopathological mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) subtypes , it is an acknowledged fact that the response to treatments can be disparate . OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of vitamin D on inflammatory cytokines ( IL-17 , IL-10 , TNF-α ) , and biomarkers of oxidative stress ( total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) ) among IBS patients . METHODS A double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled 6-month intervention study was carried out on 90 IBS patients ( 85 were analyzed ) , as defined by the Rome III criteria . Study participants were r and omly assigned to receive either 50,000 IU vitamin D3 or a placebo fortnightly . RESULTS Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the IL-17 and MDA serum levels ( P<0.05 ) and observably increased the TAC and IL-10 serum levels ( P<0.05 ) , compared with the placebo group . Comparing different bowel habit subtypes , we observed that it was only in diarrhea predominant IBS ( IBS-D ) that vitamin D supplementation was able to significantly reduce the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-17 ( P<0.05 ) . However , in all subtypes , IL-10 and TAC increased , while MDA decreased ( P<0.05 ) in vitamin D group , compared to the placebo group . CONCLUSION Vitamin D3 supplementation reduces the serum IL-17 and MDA levels , and augments the serum IL-10 and TAC levels in IBS patients , particularly in IBS-D subtype . Thus , the present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of vitamin D on patients with Background Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) is associated with a prion diminished quality of life , especially due to the severe complications that it implicates . Changing dietary habits is an absolute priority , as well as implementing nutritional motivational programs . The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention in improving the health of patients affected by T2D . Methods A total of 69 patients participated in a nine-months motivational program focused on the principles of the Mediterranean diet , the classes of nutrients , the distribution of the meals during the day and the dietary choices . During regular meetings , the patients were requested to fill out a question naire about their dietary habits and behaviours . Clinical and metabolic parameters were also analysed . Results At the end of the intervention the number of people who declared that they ate five meals a day ( p = 0.006 ) and preferred to have fruit for snack ( p = 0.004 ) increased , while there was a reduction in the use of sweeteners and an elimination of the use of fructose ( p = 0.05 ) . The total daily consumption of kilocalories ( kcal ) had been reduced and the percentages of carbohydrates , proteins and lipids , after the intervention , follow the guidelines . In relation to this , a significant improvement ( p < 0.05 ) was registered in systolic and diastolic pressure , BMI and waist circumference , as well as in glycaemic values ( p = 0.018 ) . Conclusions A nutritional motivational intervention may be useful in improving dietary habits and health status of patients with T2D . We hope that a similar intervention will be applied in Campania and in other Italian regions . Trial registration Registration number is IS RCT N11067689 ; date of registration : 10/09/2018 . Retrospectively registered BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prehypertension in people with type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and lower extremity damages compared to people with normal blood pressure . On the other h and , limited studies have conducted to investigate the effect of DASH diet on blood pressure and prehypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes . Therefore , in this study , we aim ed to evaluate the effect of DASH diet on blood pressure and prehypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this clinical trial , 80 patients with diabetes type 2 and prehypertension in the age range of 18 - 65 years were r and omly allocated to intervention ( n = 40 ) and control ( n = 40 ) groups for 12 weeks . The intervention group had DASH diet and the control group received diabetic diet in accordance with the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association ( ADA ) with 24-h dietary recall ; systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured before and after study . RESULTS Taking DASH diet and diabetic diet for 12 weeks caused significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the intervention group ( P value = 0.003 ) . Diastolic blood pressure showed no significant change in none of the two groups . CONCLUSION Following the DASH diet in patients with prehypertension has beneficial effects in improving systolic blood pressure and can be effective to prevent the development of hypertension . Hence , there are needs for long-term interventions with larger sample size in future studies
target: The dietary modifications were more effective in reducing both SBP and DBP vs. control diet .
  The Low-sodium , High-fiber , DASH , Low-fat , Low-protein and Vegan dietary approach were significantly more effective in reducing SBP compared to a control diet .
  The High-fiber , Low-fat , Low-protein and Vegan diet were significantly more effective in reducing DBP .
  The Low-sodium and High fiber diets had the greatest lowering effect on SBP and DBP in T2D patients .
  CONCLUSIONS Adopting healthful dietary modifications were more effective in reducing both SBP and DBP vs. control .
  The High-fiber and Low-sodium diets had the greatest lowering effect on SBP and DBP in T2D
background: AIMS We aim ed to investigate the effect of different dietary approaches on systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( SBP and DBP )  in Type II diabetes ( T2D ) .