title: Daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Vitamin D receptor Cdx-2-dependent response of central obesity to vitamin D intake in the subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. The Comparison between Effects of 12 weeks Combined Training and Vitamin D Supplement on Improvement of Sensory-motor Neuropathy in type 2 Diabetic Women Vitamin D and Evening Primrose Oil Administration Improve Glycemia and Lipid Profiles in Women with Gestational Diabetes Effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status, anthropometric indexes, inflammation, and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women: A randomised controlled clinical trial. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcome: A randomized clinical trial The effects of vitamin D supplementation on adiponectin level and insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial The Effects of Aerobic Exercises and 25(OH) D Supplementation on GLP1 and DPP4 Level in Type II Diabetic Patients The effect of a single dose of vitamin D on glycemic status and C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized clinical trial The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Control and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Diabetes Type 2: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial Association between serum level of vitamin D and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients in Iran The effects of oral vitamin D on insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients The effect of vitamin D supplementation on gestational diabetes in high-risk women: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial Improvement of vitamin D status via daily intake of fortified yogurt drink either with or without extra calcium ameliorates systemic inflammatory biomarkers, including adipokines, in the subjects with type 2 diabetes. The effect of calcitriol on lipid profile and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance and anthropometric parameters in Type 2 diabetes; a randomized double-blind clinical trial Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation affects pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vitamin D Receptor Fok-I Polymorphism Modulates Diabetic Host Response to Vitamin D Intake The Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Post-Partum Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial The Efficacy and Safety of a High Dose of Vitamin D in Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Effect of vitamin D on proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients A COMPARISON OF SERUM LEVELS OF 25-HYDROXY VITAMIN D IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT RISK FOR GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS AND WOMEN WITHOUT RISK FACTORS Effect of Therapeutic Dose of Vitamin D on Serum Adiponectin and Glycemia in Vitamin D-Insufficient or Deficient Type 2 Diabetic Patients Whether vitamin D3 is effective in reducing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients? Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink increased leptin and ghrelin levels but reduced leptin to ghrelin ratio in type 2 diabetes patients: a single blind randomized controlled trial Daily intake of vitamin D- or calcium-vitamin D-fortified Persian yogurt drink (doogh) attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress: evidence for antioxidative properties of vitamin D. The effects of calcitriol on albuminuria in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Effects of calcium–vitamin D co-supplementation on glycaemic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial Calcium-vitamin D cosupplementation influences circulating inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient diabetics: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Impact of oral 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) replacement therapy on coronary artery risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Regular Consumption of Both Vitamin D– and Calcium- and Vitamin D–Fortified Yogurt Drink Is Equally Accompanied by Lowered Blood Lipoprotein (a) and Elevated Apoprotein A1 in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Adiposity, Blood Glycated Hemoglobin, Serum Leptin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Effects of a single post-partum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. Impact of treatment with oral calcitriol on glucose indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes. Favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Effects of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements and Blood Pressure in Vitamin D Insufficient People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Diabetes in Iran: Prospective Analysis from First Nationwide Diabetes Report of National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2016)
abstract: BACKGROUND Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] have been associated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to compare the effects of daily intake of vitamin D- or vitamin D(3 ) + calcium-fortified yogurt drink on glycemic status in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . DESIGN Ninety diabetic subjects were r and omly allocated to 3 groups to consume plain yogurt drink ( PY ; containing no vitamin D and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( DY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink ( DCY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 250 mg Ca/250 mL ) twice per day for 12 wk . Fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A(1c ) ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , serum lipid profile , and percentage fat mass ( FM ) were assessed before ( baseline ) and after the intervention . RESULTS In both the DY and DCY groups , mean serum 25(OH)D(3 ) improved ( + 32.8 ± 28.4 and + 28.8 ± 16.1 nmol/L , respectively ; P < 0.001 for both ) , but FSG [ -12.9 ± 33.7 mg/dL ( P = 0.015 ) and -9.6 ± 46.9 mg/dL ( P = 0.035 ) ] , Hb A(1c ) [ -0.4 ± 1.2 % ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 1.9 % ( P < 0.001 ) ] , HOMA-IR [ -0.6 ± 1.4 ( P = 0.001 ) and -0.6 ± 3.2 ( P < 0.001 ) ] , waist circumference ( -3.6 ± 2.7 and -2.9 ± 3.3 ; P < 0.001 for both ) , and body mass index [ in kg/m(2 ) ; -0.9 ± 0.6 ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 0.7 ( P = 0.005 ) ] decreased significantly more than in the PY group . An inverse correlation was observed between changes in serum 25(OH)D(3 ) and FSG ( r = -0.208 , P = 0.049 ) , FM ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.038 ) , and HOMA-IR ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.005 ) . CONCLUSION Daily intake of a vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink , either with or without added calcium , improved glycemic status  in T2D patients . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01229891 This study aim ed to investigate the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) Cdx-2 genotypes . A total of sixty T2D subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups to receive either plain doogh ( PD ; n 29 , containing 170 mg Ca and no vitamin D/250 ml ) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; n 31 , containing 170 mg Ca and 12·5 μg/250 ml ) twice a day for 12 weeks . 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) , glycaemic as well as adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention . VDR-Cdx-2 genotypes in extended number of T2D subjects in the FD group ( n 60 ) were determined as AA , GA and GG . After 12 weeks , in FD compared with PD , serum 25(OH)D increased ( + 35·4 v. -4·8 nmol/l ; P<0·001 ) and mean changes of waist circumference ( WC ; -1·3 v. + 1·6 cm ; P=0·02 ) , body fat mass ( FM ; -1·9 v. + 0·60 % ; P=0·008 ) , truncal fat ( TF ; -1·1 v. 0·13 % ; P=0·003 ) and visceral adipose tissue ( -0·80 v. + 0·37 AU ; P<0·001 ) decreased significantly . Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in the AA group ( 34·8 nmo/l in AA group v. -6·4 nmol/l in AG and -1·6 nmol/l in GG groups ; P<0·001 ) , which was accompanied by a significant decrease in changes of WC ( P=0·004 ) , FM% ( P=0·01 ) and TF% ( P<0·001 ) in the AA genotype . Daily intake of vitamin D-FD for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in T2D subjects , and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2 Background : Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes . This study aim ed to determine the effects of 12 weeks combined training with Vitamin D supplement on improvement of sensory-motor neuropathy in women with diabetic neuropathy . Material s and Methods : This clinical trial study conducted on 90 patients were selected and r and omly divided into two groups . Finally , 81 adult females with diabetes type II ( 20–55 years old ) were interred in this study . The control group had no training , but received Vitamin D. The experimental group received Vitamin D and 12 weeks training program ( 3 days a week , 60 min/session ) including aerobic exercises , strength , and flexibility . Aerobic exercise intensity was set at 60–70 % maximum heart rate and resistance training intensity was determined by 10 R.M. Michigan neuropathy question naire , reflex hammer and tuning fork 128 Hz used to screening tense of neuropathy ( Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument ) that were used for pretest and posttest . Results : Following 3 months combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D , had observed a significant reduction in numbness ( P = 0.001 ) , pain ( 0.002 ) , tingling ( P = 0.001 ) , and weakness ( P = 0.002 ) in the lower limb and also increases in sense of touch intervention ( P = 0.005 ) , detects the position of the fingers ( P = 0.001 ) and vibration perception ( P = 0.001 ) in tissues . Knee reflexes ( P = 0.77 ) and ankles reflexes ( P = 0.47 ) did not significantly change after interventions . Conclusion : It seems that taking part in combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D can improve the symptoms of sensory-motor neuropathy Abstract Limited data are available assessing the effects of vitamin D and evening primrose oil ( EPO ) administration on markers of insulin resistance and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and EPO administration on insulin resistance and lipid concentrations among women with GDM . In this prospect i ve r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 60 participants with GDM were divided into 2 groups of either 1000 IU vitamin D3 and 1000 mg EPO or placebo for 6 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , fasting blood sample s were obtained from the participants to measure related variables . After 6 weeks of intervention , changes in fasting plasma glucose ( −3.6 ± 7.5 vs. + 1.5 ± 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.04 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.3 vs. + 4.6 ± 10.7 µIU/mL , P = 0.004 ) , homeostasis model of assessment ( HOMA ) insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.1 vs. + 1.1 ± 2.5 , P = 0.003 ) , HOMA-B cell function ( −7.7 ± 23.3 vs. + 17.4 ± 42.9 , P = 0.007 ) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.02 vs. −0.01 ± 0.02 , P = 0.007 ) in the vitamin D plus EPO group were significantly different from the placebo group . In addition , compared with the placebo , vitamin D and EPO supplementation result ed in significant reductions in serum TAG ( −20.0 ± 54.3 vs. + 34.3 ± 38.2 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , VLDL ( −4.0 ± 10.9 vs. + 6.9 ± 7.6 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , TC ( −22.1 ± 32.6 vs. + 5.3 ± 20.1 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , LDL concentrations ( −18.0 ± 25.5 vs. + 1.8 ± 15.7 mg/dL , P = 0.001 ) and TC/HDL ( −0.3 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of vitamin D and EPO supplementation on serum HDL concentrations . Clinical trial registration number : http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 201509115623N52 BACKGROUND & AIMS Low levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) are common in type 2 diabetic patients and cause several complications particularly , in postmenopausal women due to their senile and physiological conditions . This study aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women . METHODS In a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind parallel-group clinical trial , 59 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes received fortified yogurt ( FY ; 2000 IU vitamin D in 100 g/day ) or plain yogurt  ( PY ) for 12 weeks . Glycemic markers , anthropometric indexes , inflammatory , and bone turnover markers were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , in FY group ( vs PY group ) , were observed : significant increase in serum 25(OH)D and decrease of PTH ( stable values in PY ) ; significant improvement in serum fasting insulin , HOMA-IR , HOMA-B , QUICKI , and no changes in serum fasting glucose and HbA1c ( significant worsening of all indexes in PY ) ; significant improvement in WC , WHR , FM , and no change in weight and BMI ( stable values in PY ) ; significant increase of omentin ( stable in PY ) and decrease of sNTX ( significant increase in PY ) . Final values of glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , omentin , and bone turnover markers significantly improved in FY group compared to PY group . Regarding final values of serum 25(OH)D in FY group , subjects were classified in insufficient and sufficient categories . Glycemic status improved more significantly in the insufficient rather than sufficient category ; whereas the other parameters had more amelioration in the sufficient category . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 2000 IU vitamin D-fortified yogurt for 12 weeks improved glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . TRIAL REGISTRATION www.i rct .ir ( I RCT 2013110515294N1 ) Background : Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy has been supposed to defend against adverse gestational outcomes . Objective : This r and omized clinical trial study was conducted to assess the effects of 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks supplementation on the incidence of  gestational diabetes ( GDM ) , gestational hypertension , preeclampsia and preterm labor , vitamin D status at term and neonatal outcomes contrasted with pregnant women that received 400 IU vitamin D daily . Material s and Methods : 500 women with gestational age 12 - 16 weeks and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D ( 25 ( OH ) D ) less than 30 ng/ml r and omly categorized in two groups . Group A received 400 IU vitamin D daily and group B 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks orally until delivery . Maternal and Neonatal outcomes were assessed in two groups . Results : The incidence of GDM in group B was significantly lower than group A ( 6.7 % versus 13.4 % ) and odds ratio ( 95 % Confidence interval ) was 0.46 ( 0.24 - 0.87 ) ( P=0.01 ) . The mean ± SD level of 25 ( OH ) D at the time of delivery in mothers in group B was significantly higher than A ( 37.9 ± 19.8 versus 27.2 ± 18.8 ng/ml , respectively ) ( P=0.001 ) . There were no differences in the incidence of preeclampsia , gestational hypertension , preterm labor , and low birth weight between two groups . The mean level of 25 ( OH ) D in cord blood of group B was significantly higher than group A ( 37.9 ± 18 versus 29.7 ± 19ng/ml , respectively ) . Anthropometric measures between neonates were not significantly different . Conclusion : Our study showed 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks decreased the incidence of GDM Background Despite the certain role of both vitamin D and adiponectin in the regulation of insulin sensitivity , the interaction between these two agents has remained uncertain . Objective The present study aim ed to determine whether vitamin D is able to change plasma adiponectin and affect glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes . Methods This r and omized clinical trial was conducted at Clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd , Iran , from January 25 , 2012 to December 25 , 2014 . In this r and omized , double-blinded controlled trial , 64 first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients were assigned r and omly to receive either vitamin D supplement ( 50000 IU vitamin D tablet weekly ) plus lifestyle change as the intervention group ( n = 32 ) or placebo plus lifestyle change as the control group ( n = 32 ) for twelve weeks ( three months ) . Results Fifty-three patients ( 28 in the intervention group and 25 in the control group ) completed the study . Serum levels of vitamin D  increased while insulin level and consequently insulin resistance ( calculated by HOMA formula ) significantly decreased in the case group ( p-value < 0.001 for all variables ) . Although the values of these three biomarkers showed a slight increase in control group , the changes were not statistically significant . The levels of the changes in other markers including adiponectin , Fasting Blood Sugar ( FBS ) , triglyceride , and total cholesterol remained insignificant in both study groups after completing interventions compared with before interventions . Conclusion This study showed that decreased insulin resistance is expected by administrating vitamin D supplement in first-degree relatives of the patients with diabetes mellitus . Trial Registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( http://www.i rct .ir ) with the I RCT ID : 201105176430N1 . Funding The authors received no financial support for the research or publication of this article Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise and supplementation of 25(OH)D3 on GLP1 and DDP4 levels in men with type II diabetes . Methods : In this semiexperimental research , among 40–60-year-old men with type II diabetes who were referred to the diabetic center of Isabn-E Maryam hospital in Isfahan ; of whom , 48 patients were voluntarily accepted and then were r and omly divided into 4 groups : aerobic exercise group , aerobic exercise with 25(OH ) D supplement group , 25(OH ) D supplement group , and the control group . An aerobic exercise program was conducted for 8 weeks ( 3 sessions/week , each session 60 to75 min with 60–80 % HRmax ) . The supplement user group received 50,000 units of oral Vitamin D once weekly for 8 weeks . The GLP1 , DPP4 , and 25(OH ) D levels were measured before and after the intervention . At last , the data were statistically analyzed using the ANCOVA and post hoc test of least significant difference . Results : The results of ANCOVA showed a significant difference between the GLP1 and DPP4 levels in aerobic exercise with control group while these changes were not statistically significant between the 25(OH ) D supplement group with control group ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Aerobic exercises have result ed an increase in GLP1 level and a decrease in DPP4 level . However , consumption of Vitamin D supplement alone did not cause any changes in GLP1 and DPP4 levels but led to an increase in 25-hydroxy Vitamin D level Abstract Aims To assess whether a single parental dose of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [ 25(OH)Vit D ] could improve glucose control and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients ( T2D ) with ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) . Methods A r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial was performed on 95 patients ( 47—placebo and 48—vitamin D groups ) . Participants were r and omized using a r and omization table to a single dose of either vitamin D ( 300,000 IU , IM ) or a matching placebo . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , 25(OH)Vit D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) were measured at baseline and at 8 weeks . Results No significant differences in baseline values were noted between groups , except in HbA1c , which was lower in the placebo group . In the supplemented group , the level of serum 25(OH)Vit D increased ( 29.6 ± 20.8 vs. 44.5 ± 19.2 ng/mL ) and those of FBS and HbA1c decreased significantly [ 186.5 ± 64.1 vs. 165.1 ± 58.5 mg/dL and 8.2 ± 2.0 % ( 66.3 ± 21.8 mmol/mol ) vs. 7.7 ± 1.8 % ( 61.7 ± 20.0 mmol/mol ) , respectively ] ( all p < 0.05 ) , and no changes , however , were observed in the placebo group . We also compared change of marginal means of outcome variables ( HbA1c , FBS , 25(OH)Vit D and hs-CRP ) from baseline between the vitamin D versus placebo group , using ANCOVA , adjusted for the baseline of each variable itself , season at study entry , age and body mass index . During trial , only HbA1c level decreased significantly [ 0.48 % ( st and ard error : 0.17 ) , p = 0.04 ] . No any adverse effect was seen . Conclusions A single parenteral dose of vitamin D in T2D patients with IHD  improved glycemic control , but not inflammatory status . Clinical trial registryAustralian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry . Clinical trial numberACTRN12614000529640 Background : Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in diabetes type 2 and this vitamin may be related to insulin action . This r and omized controlled trial study was done to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes type 2 . Methods : Participants of this r and omized clinical trial study consisted of 28 patients with type 2 diabetes who received 100 microgram ( 4000 IU ) vitamin D and 30 diabetic patients who received placebo for 2 months between September 2012 and February 2013 . The effect of vitamin D on glucose control was assessed by measuring HbA1c and insulin resistance as HOMA-IR at the baseline and the end of the intervention . Results : The results showed a significant decrease in HbA1c ( from 7.29 ± 0.22 % to 6.76 ± 0.18 % , P<0.001 ) and insulin concentration ( from 8.24 ± 0.97 μIU/mL to 6.55 ± 0.28 μIU/mL , P=0.048 ) , but a non-significant decrease in HOMA-IR  in vitamin D  group . Also , HDL-C level increased significantly in both of vitamin D ( P=0.046 ) and placebo groups ( P=0.028 ) . Conclusion : It seems that vitamin D supplementation has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and can increases insulin sensitivity in diabetic 2 patients Background Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying cause of diabetic angiopathy that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease , the major cause of death in diabetes . We recently demonstrated the ameliorating effect of regular vitamin D intake on the glycemic status of patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . In this study , the effects of improvement of vitamin D status on glycemic status , lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects were investigated . Methods Subjects with T2D were r and omly allocated to one of the two groups to receive either plain yogurt drink ( PYD ; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL , n1 = 50 ) or vitamin D3-fortified yogurt drink ( FYD ; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL , n2 = 50 ) twice a day for 12 weeks . Anthropometric measures , glycemic status , lipid profile , body fat mass ( FM ) and endothelial biomarkers including serum endothelin-1 , E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were evaluated at the beginning and after the 12-week intervention period . Results The intervention result ed in a significant improvement in fasting glucose , the Quantitative Insulin Check Index ( QUICKI ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , triacylglycerols , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , endothelin-1 , E-selectin and MMP-9 in FYD compared to PYD ( P < 0.05 , for all ) . Interestingly , difference in changes of endothelin-1 , E-selectin and MMP-9 concentrations in FYD compared to PYD ( -0.35 ± 0.63 versus -0.03 ± 0.55 , P = 0.028 ; -3.8 ± 7.3 versus 0.95 ± 8.3 , P = 0.003 and -2.3 ± 3.7 versus 0.44 ± 7.1 ng/mL , respectively , P < 0.05 for all ) , even after controlling for changes of QUICKI , FM and waist circumference , remained significant for endothelin-1 and MMP-9 ( P = 0.009 and P = 0.005 , respectively ) but disappeared for E-selectin ( P = 0.092 ) . On the contrary , after controlling for serum 25(OH)D , the differences disappeared for endothelin-1(P = 0.066 ) and MMP-9 ( P = 0.277 ) but still remained significant for E-selectin ( P = 0.011 ) . Conclusions Ameliorated vitamin D status was accompanied by improved glycemic status , lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects . Our findings suggest both direct and indirect ameliorating effects of vitamin D on the endothelial biomarkers . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background It is suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) via its effect on lipid profiles . The objective of this study was to determine the association between fasting serum levels of  25(OH ) D and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 108 type 2 diabetics . Patients were selected r and omly among members of the Iranian Diabetes Association according to study criteria .  Fasting concentration of 25(OH ) D , calcium , phosphorus , parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) and lipid profiles ( including triglyceride ( TG ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , and total cholesterol ) were measured . Results The mean serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH ) D ) and PTH were 53.41 ± 33.25 nmol/l and 40.24 ± 18.24 pmol/l , respectively , in type 2 diabetic patients . Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 58.34 % and vitamin D sufficiency and insufficiency combined was 41.66 % . Although in diabetic patients with vitamin D deficiency , serum levels of total cholesterol , TG , and LDL were higher and HDL was lower compared to patients with vitamin D sufficiency , this association was statistically significant only for serum level of TG ( 145.91 ± 79.00 vs. 122.95 ± 55.82 mg/dl ) . Conclusions The results of present study show that serum concentrations of 25(OH ) D were inversely associated with TG . More interventional studies are needed to confirm the relationship between serum concentration of vitamin D  and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes Background : Some epidemiological and interventional studies have shown the role of vitamin D on insulin secretion and resistance . A previous study in our center showed that intramuscular vitamin D decreases insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic patients . We investigated the role of oral vitamin D on the insulin sensitivity index and insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients . Material s and Methods : In a r and omized clinical trial , we divided 45 people with pre-diabetes aged 47.4 ± 6.6 ( range 33 - 61 ) years into three groups : group A subjects treated with 50,000 IU oral vitamin D and 500 mg calcium carbonate ( n = 21 ) , group B subjects treated with a single 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D and 500 mg calcium carbonate ( n = 9 ) , and group C subjects treated with 500 mg calcium carbonate alone ( n = 15 ) . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH ) D ] was measured at baseline . If it was less than 75 nmol/l , 50,000 IU vitamin D was given weekly , and if serum 25(OH ) D was more than that , vitamin D was administered every 2 weeks . Before and after 12 weeks of treatment , a 75-g glucose tolerance test was performed . We used paired t-test and analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) to analyze the data . P values less than 0.05 were considered significant . Results : Mean ( SD ) of serum vitamin D increased from 77.5 ± 39.2 to 118.8 ± 56.3 nmol/l ( P = 0.009 ) in group A and from 80 ± 36 to 102.8 ± 43.3 nmol/l ( P = 0.053 ) in group B , and decreased from 44.8 ± 18.3 to 34.6 ± 13.9 nmol/l ( P = 0.06 ) in group C. Insulin sensitivity index ( Matsuda ) decreased from 11.4 ± 3 to 9.9 ± 3.2 ( P = 0.046 ) in group A , but in comparison with other groups , it was not significant . Conclusion : Oral vitamin D had no effect on insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetes patients in 12 weeks treatment . A r and omized double-blind study with a longer duration of treatment is suggested to investigate the effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance Background : Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnancy , leading to increase in the frequency of preeclampsia , cesarean delivery , neonatal bacterial vaginosis , and gestational diabetes . The current study was design ed and implemented to investigate the effect of vitamin D during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy in reducing the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM )  in women who are at high risk [ history of GDM , birth macrosomia , family history , and high body mass index ( BMI ) ] . Material s and Methods : In a r and omized , double-blind , and placebo-controlled trial , 90 pregnant women who had at least one risk factor for GDM were r and omized into intervention ( 46 participants ) and control ( 44 participants ) groups . Participants in the intervention group took 5000 units of vitamin D daily and the control group took placebo until the 26th week of pregnancy . Then the  glucose challenge test  ( GCT ) and the  glucose tolerance test ( GTT ) were performed to evaluate GDM . Results : Mean ± st and ard deviation ( SD ) age was 31.28 ± 6.38 years and 29 ± 6.24 years for the intervention group and the placebo group , respectively , ( P > 0.05 ) . In addition , there were no significant differences between two groups in terms of vitamin D levels and GCT ( P > 0.05 ) , and the difference was not significant . The incidence of diabetes in the intervention groups was statistically lower than in control group ( 11.4 % vs 34.8 ; P < 0.01 ) . The results showed that abnormal GCT in the placebo group was statistically higher than in intervention group ( 35.9 % vs 10.9 P < 0.005 ) . Conclusion : The results of the current study showed that the prescription of vitamin D supplementation in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy was effective in reducing GDM and controlling GTT and GTC CONTEXT Systemic inflammation is thought to have a central role in diabetic long-term complications . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D either with or without extra calcium on certain inflammatory biomarkers in the subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS This was a double-blind , r and omized , controlled trial conducted over 12 wk in 90 T2D subjects aged 30 - 60 yr from both sexes . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly allocated to one of three groups to receive two 250-ml bottles a day of plain Persian yogurt drink or doogh ( PD , containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D(3)/250 ml ) , vitamin D-fortified doogh ( DD , containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 150 mg calcium/250 ml ) , or calcium + vitamin D(3)-fortified doogh ( CDD , containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 250 mg calcium/250 ml ) . OUTCOME MEASURES The changes in inflammatory markers were evaluated . RESULTS Compared to the baseline values , highly sensitive C-reactive protein , IL-1β , IL-6 , fibrinogen , and retinol binding protein-4 concentrations significantly decreased in both the DD and CDD groups . Although the decrement in highly sensitive C-reactive protein and fibrinogen was more in CDD compared to DD ( -4.0 ± 8.5 vs. -1.3 ± 2.8 mg/liter , and -0.40 ± 0.74 and -0.20 ± 0.52 mg/liter , respectively ) , the differences were not significant . There was a significant increase in serum adiponectin in both the DD and CDD groups ( 51.3 ± 65.3 vs. 57.1 ± 33.8 μg/liter ; P < 0.05 ) . Mean adiponectin changes in CDD were significantly higher than in PD ( P = 0.021 ) . CONCLUSIONS Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh improved inflammatory markers in T2D subjects , and extra calcium conferred additional benefit only for the antiinflammatory adipokine , i.e. adiponectin BACKGROUND Cardiovascular mortality is high among diabetic patients due to abnormalities in the plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism , and increased oxidative stress . This study aim ed to investigate the effects of active vitamin D on serum lipids and oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS A double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 70 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30 - 75 years of age . The participants were r and omly assigned to two groups . One group received two capsules of calcitriol ( 0.25 µg 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol per capsule ) per day . The second group received placebo tablets . All participants received their oral hypoglycemic drugs as prescribed by the endocrinologist . At the beginning , after 6 weeks , and at the end of the 12-week supplementation trial , serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and serum malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels were measured . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , TG , and MDA levels in both treatment and placebo groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Serum HDL-cholesterol level decreased significantly in the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) , while it remained unchanged in the treatment group . However , the P values related to the between group ’s comparisons were not significant for any variables . CONCLUSION Active vitamin D  reduced lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in diabetic patients compared to the control group , but these alterations were not statistically Background & the purpose of the study Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is increasing worldwide . To reduce its risk and progression , preventive strategies are needed . Vitamin supplementation such as vitamin D is one of the strategies . This study was design ed to investigate the effect of injection of vitamin D on insulin resistance and anthropometric parameters in T2DM . Methods This r and omized double-blind clinical trial was conducted with 42 diabetic patients in two groups ; intervention group with  single intramuscular injection of 300,000 International Unit ( IU ) of vitamin D3 and the placebo group . After recording demographic and anthropometric factors ( waist circumference , blood pressure and body mass index ) , fasting blood sample s was taken for measurement of blood glucose , 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ( 25-OHD3 ) , insulin , glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) and estimation of Homeostasis Model Assessment Index ( HOMA ) in two times ; before study and after three months . Results Two groups had similar baseline characteristics ( each group = 21 subjects ) . Three months after vitamin D injection , HbA1c , anthropometric factors and HOMA index in intervention group stayed constant , however , serum 25- OHD3 was significantly increased ( p = 0.007 ) . Conclusion The present data is not convincing and further studies with large sample sizes are needed to show the definite effect of injection of vitamin D on control of diabetes and its risk OBJECTIVE The present study was design ed to assess the effects of Ca+vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted among sixty women with GDM . Participants were divided into two groups to receive Ca+vitamin D supplements or placebo . Individuals in the Ca+vitamin D group ( n 30 ) received 1000 mg Ca/d and two pearls containing 1250 µg ( 50 000 IU ) of cholecalciferol ( vitamin D(3 ) ) during the intervention ( one at study baseline and another at day 21 of the intervention ) ; those in the placebo group ( n 30 ) received two placebos of vitamin D at the mentioned times and placebos of Ca every day for 6 weeks . Pregnancy outcomes were determined . SETTING A urban community setting in Arak , Iran . SUBJECTS Sixty women with GDM and their newborns , living in Arak , Iran were enrolled . RESULTS Women treated with Ca+vitamin D had a significant decrease in caesarean section rate ( 23·3 % v. 63·3 % , P=0·002 ) and maternal hospitalization ( 0 v. 13·3 % , P=0·03 ) compared with those receiving placebo . In addition , newborns of GDM women r and omized to Ca+vitamin D had no case of macrosomia , while the prevalence of macrosomia among those r and omized to placebo was 13·3 % ( P=0·03 ) . Lower rates of hyperbilirubinaemia ( 20·0 % v. 56·7 % , P=0·03 ) and hospitalization ( 20·0 % v. 56·7 % , P=0·03 ) were also seen in the supplemented group of newborns than in the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS Ca+vitamin D supplementation for 6 weeks among pregnant women with GDM led to decreased caesarean section rate and maternal hospitalization , and decreased macrosomia , hyperbilirubinaemia and hospitalization in newborns OBJECTIVE Inter population as well as interindividual variations in response to vitamin D intake commonly observed in subjects with type 2 diabetes may be related to genetic makeup . One of the c and i date genes potentially responsible for this diversity is vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) . This study aim ed to investigate the interactive effect of VDR Fok-I polymorphism and vitamin D intake on diverse aspects of diabetic host response . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glycemic status , lipid profiles , inflammatory biomarkers , and VDR Fok-I genotypes were determined in diabetic subjects ( n = 140 ) who participated in a r and omized controlled trial . Participants consumed two 250-mL bottles per day of yogurt drink ( doogh ) fortified with 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL for 12 weeks . RESULTS Mean serum 25(OH)D increased by ~30 nmol/L ( P < 0.001 ) . The time × intervention effect was significant for 25(OH)D ( P = 0.030 ) , HDL ( P = 0.011 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) ( P < 0.001 ) , interleukin (IL)-4 ( P = 0.008 ) , and IL-6 ( P = 0.017 ) among the genotypic groups . The alleles were defined as ‘ ‘ F ’ ’ or ‘ ‘ f ’ ’ depending on the absence or presence of the restriction site , respectively . The least increment in 25(OH)D was in ff ( 23.0 ± 3.8 nmol/L ) compared with Ff ( 31.2 ± 3.4 nmol/L ) and FF ( 35.6 ± 2.7 nmol/L ) ( P for trend = 0.009 ) , but only the difference between ff and FF was significant ( P = 0.023 ) . FF group had the largest decrement of both hsCRP and IL-6 compared with Ff ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.038 ) and ff ( P = 0.010 and P = 0.048 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that those of VDR ff genotype may be regarded as “ low responders ” to vitamin D intake in terms of response of circulating 25(OH)D and certain inflammatory biomarkers . A nutrigenetic approach may , therefore , be needed to protect diabetic patients from vitamin D deficiency Background Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) in many observational studies . Objectives We report the first study of the impact of prenatal vitamin D supplementation on postpartum dysglycemia in GDM patients in a r and omized clinical trial . Patients and Methods Women with GDM at 12 - 32 weeks of gestation were assigned r and omly to either the intervention group ( in which serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [ 25OHD ] levels were measured immediately , n = 48 ) or the control group ( in which the serum was stored and assayed at 6 - 12 weeks post-partum , n = 48 ) . Participants with initial serum 25OHD < 30 ng/mL in the intervention group were instructed to take a total of 700,000 IU vitamin D3 during pregnancy . The primary outcomes were fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , insulin , 2-h post 75 g glucose load plasma glucose ( 2-hPLG ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HbA1C , and 25 OHD at 6 - 12 weeks after delivery . Results The mean ± SD of serum 25OHD in the intervention group raised dramatically from 14.6 ± 6.3 to 32.4 ± 14.4 ng/mL , whereas no significant change occurred in the control group ( from 17.7 ± 6.1 to 19.3 ± 9.6 ng/mL , P < 0.001 ) . Thirteen participants developed dysglycemia in each group . Mean FPG , 2-hPLG , and HOMA-IR were not significantly different between the groups . There was no significant difference between the groups for maternal and neonatal outcomes . Conclusions Although the high vitamin D supplementation dose in the present study ( compared to the 400 IU/day dose usually recommended for pregnancy ) safely increases the serum 25OHD , in GDM cases , the higher dose does not affect the plasma glucose level or insulin resistance at short term follow-up after delivery Background : During pregnancy and lactation outst and ing changes occur in mother ’s vitamin D metabolism . This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of 300,000 IU vitamin D given intramuscularly on body status in new cases of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . Methods : This is a r and omized clinical trial with the follow-up period of 3 months . Totally 45 participants were r and omly divided into intervention  group ( IG ) and control group ( CG ) . The IG received an IM injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D , whereas CG did not . The glycosylated hemoglobin A1C ( HBA1C ) , serum 25-OH-D , parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , serum calcium and phosphorus were measured . Results : Forty five patients including 24 with the mean age of 30.7±6.2 years in the IG and 21 with the mean age of 29.5±4.0 years in the CG participated in the study .  The median concentration of serum 25(OH)D3 in the IG was to 62.10 nmol/l after the intervention , showing an increase of around 158 % , compared to before intervention ( 24.25 nmol/l ) whereas the CG showed a decrease of around 4.5 % . Of the patients , 79.2 % of IG and 81.9 % of CG suffered to some degree from vitamin D deficiency . These figures were 4.2 % and 71.4 % for the IG and CG , respectively after the intervention . For the IG , the PTH was significantly lower and Ca was significantly higher after the intervention . The serum Phosphorus before and after the intervention in each group or between the two groups was not significant . Conclusions : The single 300,000 IM dose of vitamin D is regarded as an effective and safe to promptly improve vitamin D status in GDM . Trial Registration Number : I RCT Background Vitamin D ( Vit D ) deficiency is a common disorder in diabetic patients and may be a risk factor for ischemic heart disease and exacerbation of diabetic nephropathy(DN ) . Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vit D3 therapy on protein uriain  type 2 diabetic patients with deficient or insufficient serum Vit D. Patients and Methods In a double blind clinical trial , 60 type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria greater than 150 mg/day who had Vit D deficiency or insufficiency were r and omly enrolled in two equal groups . Pearl of Vit D as 50 000 IU/week and placebo ( 1 tablet per week ) were prescribed in patients of case and control groups respectively for 8 weeks . At the beginning and 2 months later , 24 hours urine protein was checked in all patients . Results There is no difference between serums Vit D level in case and control group at the beginning of the study , however at the end of the study serum Vit D level was significantly higher in the case group . There is no difference in proteinuria between case and control group at the beginning and the end of the study , while a significant difference between the changes of proteinuria before and after the study was seen in two groups ( P = 0.028 ) . Conclusions Vit D deficiency may exacerbate protein uric and DN , hence correction of Vit D deficiency may decrease proteinuria in diabetic patients with nephropathy Background : During pregnancy , Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [ 25(OH)D ] concentration is even more critical . This deficiency leads to higher incidences of preeclampsia , gestational diabetes , preterm birth , bacterial vaginosis , and also affects the health of the infants . The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25[OH]D )  and gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) and differences in high-risk pregnant women and women without risk factors for GDM . Methods : This cross sectional study including 155 pregnant women , who are still in the first trimester of pregnancy ( less than 12 weeks gestation ) , were r and omized to two groups of high and low risk for GDM . For these people , once at the gestational age less than 12 times a week and once at for 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy , tests of FBS / BS / HbA1C / 25OHD / insulin / Ca / Albumin was requested . Besides , the OGTT test was performed with 75 g glucose at 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy to diagnose GDM . Results : Serum levels of 25(OH)D in the second trimester of pregnancy ng / ml ( 24.1 ± 39.5 ) was significantly lower than that of the first trimester ng / ml ( 25.9 ± 45.6 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . But serum 25(OH)D levels in the first and second trimester of pregnancy was significantly different in women at high risk for GDM than women who had no risk factors ( p = 0.584 and p = 0.99 ) . Serum levels of 25(OH)D has an inverse and significant relationship with HbA1C at the beginning of pregnancy ( p=0.007 ) . In addition , a significant and inverse relationship was shown between serum levels of 25(OH)D in the second trimester with insulin ( p=0.047 ) and blood sugar 2 hours after ingestion of 75 g glucose ( p=0.045 ) at 24 - 28 weeks of gestation . Conclusion : Regarding to the relationship between serum levels of 25(OH)D and blood sugar and insulin at the second trimester of pregnancy , it is recommended for pregnant women to take vitamin D supplementation Background : Lower vitamin D status has been reported in diabetic patients . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adiponectin were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance . Vitamin D may involve in regulation of the adiponectin levels , which is directly related to insulin sensitivity . Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic dose of vitamin D on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance in vitamin D-insufficient or deficient type 2 diabetic patients . Material s and Methods : This double-blind , r and omized , clinical trial was conducted on 81 type 2 diabetic patients with vitamin D level of 10 - 30 ng/mL. Intervention was 50000 IU vitamin D or placebo once a week for 8 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , blood sample s were collected after 12 hours of fasting and serum glucose , insulin , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , and adiponectin were measured . Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) . Results : After 8-week intervention , serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased and reached the normal levels in patients receiving vitamin D ( P < 0.001 ) and the levels of fasting serum glucose , insulin , and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased ( P = 0.04 , 0.02 and 0.007 , respectively ) . No significant changes were observed in these levels in the placebo group . Significant differences were observed in mean changes in the above-mentioned variables between the two groups ( P = 0.01 , 0.04 and 0.006 , respectively ) . No significant changes were found in serum adiponectin in the vitamin D and placebo groups ( P = 0.83 ) . Conclusions : Therapeutic dose of vitamin D can improve vitamin D status and glycemic indicators . But it seems that an 8-week intervention period was not sufficient to reveal the possible effects of vitamin D on serum adiponectin levels Background : Nowadays Vitamin D deficiency is a notable medical condition world-wide and also in Iran . Since , vitamin D can have renoprotective effect by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system ; it appears that low vitamin D level can worsen the renal injury in diabetic patients . This study demonstrates the effect of vitamin D3 therapy on reducing proteinuria in diabetic patients with concomitant diabetic nephropathy and vitamin D deficiency after controlling hypertension and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEIs ) or angiotensin II type receptor blockers ( ARBs ) . Material s and Methods : In this r and omized double blinded parallel groups clinical trial , 51 diabetic patients with proven nephropathy and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and stable hypertension , dyslipidemia , and hyperglycemic treatment were enrolled . The patients were divided r and omly into two groups ( treatment and placebo group ) . Patients received oral vitamin D3 ( pearl 50000 IU ) or placebo one pearl every week for 12 weeks . Patients were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after intervention from the point of 25(OH ) D level , and urine albumin/creatinine ration ( UACR ) . Results : Mean serum 25(OH ) D concentrations were 14.06 ng/ml and 16.05 ng/ml before treatment . Furthermore , after intervention , its levels were risen to 71.23 and 17.63 in drug and placebo groups , respectively . Whereas , UACR as the main variable did not change significantly after intervention in both groups ( P = 0.919 ) . Conclusion : According to our finding , there was not a decrease in proteinuria in diabetic patients who received vitamin D for a period of 3 months Background : The aim of this study was survey of the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of  gestational diabetes ( GDM ) in pregnant women . Material s and Methods : This r and omized clinical trial was conducted at Alzahra and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan , Iran , from January , 2013 to January , 2014 on 210 pregnant women referred to gynecology clinics . Serum levels of Vitamin D were measured , and those with lower serum levels of 10 nmol/L r and omly divided into two groups of A and B. Pregnant women with normal Vitamin D level assigned as Group C. Group A was given 50,000 IU Vitamin D supplement every 2 weeks for 10 weeks , and Group B were given the omega-3 pearl as placebo . Then , the incidence of GDM was measured in 24–26 weeks of pregnancy with glucose tolerance test and compared in three groups . Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 by descriptive statistics , Chi-square and Logistic regression . Results : The mean age of participants was 24.76 years ( 8.02 st and ard deviation , range 16–36 years ) . The incidence of GDM at 24–26 weeks gestational age were 8.57 % in normal Vitamin D group , 10.00 % in Vitamin D deficiency with treatment group , and 11.43 % in Vitamin D deficiency without treatment group . The difference between groups in terms of incidence of GDM was not statistically significant ( P = 0.112 ) . Conclusion : Vitamin D supplementation had not effect on incidence of GDM during pregnancy Purpose This study aim ed to evaluate the effect of daily consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) in comparison with plain doogh on appetite-regulating hormones including leptin and ghrelin in type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) patients . Methods In a single blind r and omized clinical trial , subjects with T2D were r and omly allocated to one of the two groups and received either vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL , n2 = 50 ) or plain doogh ( PD ; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL , n1 = 50 ) twice a day for 12 weeks . Leptin and ghrelin were evaluated at the beginning and after 12 weeks of intervention . Results The intervention result ed in a significant improvement of circulating 25(OH)D , fasting glucose , Quantitative Insulin Check Index ( QUICKI ) , hs-CRP , in FD compared with PD group . A significant rise in both serum leptin ( + 1.3 ± 7.2 mg/L ; p = 0.013 ) and ghrelin ( 10.1 ± 26.1 ng/L ; p = 0.012 ) was observed in FD group . A between-group difference for ghrelin changes ( p = 0.029 ) remained significant after adjusting for changes QUICKI ( p = 0.039 ) , body mass index ( p = 0.034 ) and hs-CRP ( p = 0.022 ) . Despite an increase in both leptin and ghrelin , leptin to ghrelin ( L/G ) ratio actually decreased in FD . Changes of L/G ratio showed a significant between-group difference ( p = 0.036 ) , which remained significant even after adjusting for changes of hs-CRP ( p = 0.028 ) and fat mass ( p = 0.047 ) but disappeared after adjusting for changes of QUICKI ( p = 0.42 ) . Conclusions Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh may increase circulating leptin and ghrelin but L/G ratio may actually decrease . Our results suggest that improving vitamin D may result in an improvement in insulin sensitivity which may finally regulate beneficially appetite hormones . Further studies with adequate power are needed to confirm the results BACKGROUND Both poor vitamin D status and oxidative stress ( OS ) have been independently associated with late diabetic complications , including cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . The present study aim ed to examine the effect of daily intake of vitamin D alone or in combination with calcium as a fortified Persian yogurt drink ( doogh ) on OS over 12 weeks . METHODS Ninety patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 - 50 years from both sexes were r and omly allocated to one of the three groups to receive two 250-mL bottles of doogh a day , which was either plain ( PD ; containing 150 mg per 250 mL of calcium and no detectable vitamin D ) , vitamin D-fortified ( DD ; containing 150 mg of calcium + 500 IU vitamin D per 250 mL ) or calcium-vitamin D-fortified ( CDD ; 250 mg od calcium + 500 IU vitamin D per 250 mL ) . RESULTS Although mean ( SD ) serum concentrations of protein carbonyl significantly decreased in both DD and CDD groups [ -2.07 ( 4.39 ) nm , P = 0.015 and -4.4 ( 7.64 ) nm , P = 0.003 , respectively ] , the change in PD group was not significant [ -0.54 ( 6.96 ) nm , P = 0.674 ] . A similar pattern was observed for cardiac myeloperoxidase [ PD : -19.4 ( 75.9 ) μg L(-1 ) , P = 0.173 ; DD : -21.8 ( 54.2 ) μg L(-1 ) , P = 0.035 , CDD : -48.5 ( 76.9 ) μg L(-1 ) , P = 0.002 ] . Superoxide dismutase increased significantly only in DD and CDD [ 56.9 ( 74.0 ) U L(-1 ) , P < 0.001 and 51.6 ( 119.9 ) U L(-1 ) , P = 0.025 , respectively ] . Changes of serum advanced glycation end-products showed a significant between-group difference among PD , DD and CDD [ 239.4 ( 388.4 ) U L(-1 ) , -58.1 ( 147.6 ) U L(-1 ) and -143.7 ( 475.9 ) U L(-1 ) × 10(3 ) , respectively , P = 0.003 ] , which remained significant after controlling for changes of fasting serum glucose ( P = 0.013 ) and glycated haemoglobin ( P = 0.015 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study demonstrated an OS attenuating effect of vitamin D. However , extra calcium did not convey additional benefit The renin-angiotensin system has a major role in the development of diabetic nephropathy ( DN ) . It is reported that vitamin D analogues are able to suppress renin excretion . Thus , this study was conducted to determine whether there is any correlation between albuminuria as a marker of DN with vitamin D levels in diabetic patients . Also , an assessment was made on the effects of vitamin D therapy on albuminuria in this group of patients . We conducted this cross-sectional study on 119 out patients with type-2 diabetes . The serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [ 25 ( OH ) D ] and the albumin to creatinine ratio were assessed in all the study patients . Patients with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency received calcitriol therapy for eight weeks , following which the laboratory tests were repeated . The mean age of the study patients was 55.3 ± 11.2 years , 43 ( 36.13 % ) had vitamin D insufficiency [ 25 ( OH ) D < 25 ng/mL ] and 31 ( 26.1 % ) had vitamin D deficiency [ 25 ( OH ) D < 15 ng/mL ] . We found a significant correlation between 25 ( OH ) D levels and presence of microalbuminuria ( P = 0.04 ) in patients with vitamin D deficiency . Therapy with calcitriol had a beneficial effect on the albumin excretion rate , although this change was not significant ( P = 0.22 ) . However , the effects of calcitriol on reduction of diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.004 ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( P = 0.014 ) and levels of total cholesterol ( P = 0.019 ) , low-density lipoprotein ( 0.04 ) and high-density lipoprotein ( P = 0.001 ) was significant . Our study suggests that vitamin D deficiency has a negative effect on albuminuria in diabetic patients , and its replacement may be associated with a beneficial effect on the risk factors of DN , such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension Aims /hypothesisThis study was design ed to assess the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic status of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . Methods This r and omised placebo-controlled trial was performed at maternity clinics affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran . Participants were 56 women with GDM at 24–28 weeks ’ gestation ( 18 to 40 years of age ) . Subjects were r and omly assigned to receive calcium plus vitamin D supplements or placebo . All study participants were blinded to group assignment . Individuals in the calcium – vitamin D group ( n = 28 ) received 1,000 mg calcium per day and a 50,000 U vitamin D3 pearl twice during the study ( at study baseline and on day 21 of the intervention ) , and those in the placebo group ( n = 28 ) received two placebos at the mentioned times . Fasting blood sample s were taken at study baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention . Results The study was completed by 51 participants ( calcium – vitamin D n = 25 ,  placebo n = 26 ) . However , as the analysis was based on an intention-to-treat approach , all 56 women with GDM ( 28 in each group ) were included in the final analysis . After the administration of calcium plus vitamin D supplements , we observed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( −0.89 ± 0.69 vs + 0.26 ± 0.92 mmol/l , p < 0.001 ) , serum insulin levels ( −13.55 ± 35.25 vs + 9.17 ± 38.50 pmol/l , p = 0.02 ) and HOMA-IR ( −0.91 ± 1.18 vs + 0.63 ± 2.01 , p = 0.001 ) and a significant increase in QUICKI ( + 0.02 ± 0.03 vs −0.002 ± 0.02 , p = 0.003 ) compared with placebo . In addition , a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol ( −0.23 ± 0.79 vs + 0.26 ± 0.74 mmol/l , p = 0.02 ) and total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ratio ( −0.49 ± 1.09 vs + 0.18 ± 0.37 , p = 0.003 ) and a significant elevation in HDL-cholesterol levels ( + 0.15 ± 0.25 vs −0.02 ± 0.24 mmol/l , p = 0.01 ) was seen after intervention in the calcium – vitamin D group compared with placebo . In addition , calcium plus vitamin D supplementation result ed in a significant increase in GSH ( + 51.14 ± 131.64 vs −47.27 ± 203.63 μmol/l , p = 0.03 ) and prevented a rise in MDA levels ( + 0.06 ± 0.66 vs + 0.93 ± 2.00 μmol/l , p = 0.03 ) compared with placebo . Conclusions /interpretationCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation in women with GDM had beneficial effects on their metabolic profile . Trial registration www.i rct .ir I RCT 201311205623N11 Funding The study was supported by a grant ( no. 92110 ) from Kashan University of Medical Sciences CONTEXT To the best of our knowledge , no study has examined the effects of vitamin D-calcium cosupplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient type 2 diabetics . OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines in vitamin D-insufficient people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS Totally , 118 diabetic patients were enrolled in this r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial . After matching for age , sex , body mass index , type and dose of hypoglycemic agents , and duration of diabetes , subjects were r and omly assigned into 4 groups receiving the following : 1 ) 50000 IU/wk vitamin D + calcium placebo ; 2 ) 1000 mg/d calcium + vitamin D placebo ; 3 ) 50 000 IU/wk vitamin D + 1000 mg/d calcium ; or 4 ) vitamin D placebo + calcium placebo for 8 weeks . Blood sampling was done for the quantification of inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines at the study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention . RESULTS Calcium ( changes from baseline : -75 ± 19 ng/ml , P = .01 ) and vitamin D alone ( -56 ± 19 ng/mL , P = .01 ) and joint calcium-vitamin D supplementation ( -92 ± 19 ng/mL , P = .01 ) result ed in a significant reduction in serum leptin levels compared with placebo ( -9 ± 18 ng/mL ) . This was also the case for serum IL-6 , such that calcium ( -2 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) and vitamin D alone ( -4 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) and their combination ( -4 ± 1 pg/mL , P < .001 ) led to significant reductions compared with placebo ( 3 ± 1 pg/mL ) . After adjustment for potential confounders , individuals in the calcium ( -3.1 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) , vitamin D ( -3.1 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) , and joint calcium-vitamin D groups ( -3.4 ± 1.3 , P < .05 ) had greater reductions in serum TNF-α concentrations compared with placebo ( 0.1 ± 1.2 ) . Individuals who received joint calcium-vitamin D supplements tended to have a decrease in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels compared with placebo after controlling for baseline levels ( -1.14 ± 0.25 vs 0.02 ± 0.24 ng/mL , P = .09 ) . CONCLUSION Joint calcium-vitamin D supplementation might improve systemic inflammation through decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in vitamin D-insufficient people with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Observational data suggest that low 25-hyroxyvitamin D is associated with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and its risk factors include diabetes , metabolic syndrome , insulin resistance , hypertension , microalbuminuria and inflammation . We examined the differences between risk factors of CVD before and after treatment with calcitriol in type 2 diabetic patients with vitamin D deficiency . METHODS This study was a clinical trial consisting of 119 type 2 diabetic patients . Forty three patients had vitamin D insufficiency ( 25 OH D less than 30 ng/dl ) who underwent calcitriol treatment  with 0.5 microgram per day for 8 weeks . Blood pressure , fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1C ) , lipid profile , high sensitive C-reactive protein ( HsCRP ) , Homocysteine and albumin to creatinine ratio were measured , before and after the treatment period . Then the two sets of results were compared with each other . RESULTS Following treatment with  calcitriol HbA1C , total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein(LDL ) , high density lipoprotein(HDL ) and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly ( p = 0.01 , 0.01 , 0.04 , 0.001 and 0.04 respectively ) but the changes in other parameters were not significant . CONCLUSION Replacement of vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on some of the risk factors of CVD in diabetic patients Objective : Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is the major morbidity and cause of death in diabetic subjects . Observational studies have shown the association of low vitamin D status with poor glycemic control , atherogenic lipid profile , and CVD . However , the possible link between circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and apoproteins ( Apo A1 and B ) and the atherogenic lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] has not been documented to date . Methods : Ninety subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) aged 30–60 years from both sexes were r and omly allocated to one of the 3 groups to receive 2 bottles a day of either ( 1 ) plain doogh ( PD ; containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D/250 mL ) ; ( 2 ) vitamin D – fortified doogh ( DD ; containing 150 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL ) ; or ( 3 ) calcium- and vitamin D – fortified doogh ( CDD ; containing 250 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL ) for 12 weeks . Anthropometric , dietary , and laboratory assessment s , including Apo A1 , Apo B , and Lp(a ) , were done . Results : Improvement of  vitamin  D status in DD and CDD groups , compared to PD , result ed in a significant increase in Apo A1 ( mean changes 0.22 ± 0.38 , 0.20 ± 0.27 and 0.01 ± 0.35 g/L , respectively , p = 0.047 ) and a significant decrease in serum Lp(a ) ( mean changes −0.08 ± 0.30 , −0.08 ± 0.31 , and 0.14 ± 0.25 μmol/L , respectively , p = 0.011 ) . There was no significant difference between DD and CDD groups . Serum Apo B did not change significantly in any of the groups . Conclusions : Significant amelioration of serum Apo A1 and Lp(a ) following improvement of vitamin D status in T2D subjects may have preventive implication s against long-term diabetic complications , notably CVD . This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov as NTC01229891 Background : Since tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) could be one of the risk factors at the development of diabetes complications ; as well as serum leptin deficiency is related to increased susceptibility to infections in diabetic patients , they are potential indices from the preventive medicine viewpoint . This study was conducted to represent the effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on serum leptin , TNF-α and adiposity in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : In this r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial , study sample was selected through type 2 diabetic patients ( n = 51 ) . A total of 26 patients were orally supplemented by vitamin D3 ( 400 IU/d ) ( vitamin D group ) and 25 patients by placebo ( placebo group ) for 14 weeks . The blood glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and the serum ionized Ca , leptin , TNF-α , and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25[OH ] D ) were measured at the two groups in the baseline and postintervention stages . Results : It was shown that despite of theplacebo group , serum 25(OH ) D and serum leptin was significantly increased ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.002 , respectively ) , while serum TNF-α was decreased significantly ( P = 0.001 ) in vitamin D group . The remaining parameters , including body fat mass and HbA1c had no alterations between baseline and postintervention stages in vitamin D group . Conclusions : This study may advocate vitamin D supplementation among type 2 diabetic patients due to its beneficial effects on prevention of diabetes complications AIM This study was performed to determine the effect of a single , large , intramuscular injection of vitamin D post-partum on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes . METHODS Forty-five participants in a r and omized controlled trial on gestational diabetes mellitus were divided into an intervention group and a control group . Only subjects in the intervention group received one intramuscular injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 .  HbA(1c ) , serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 , fasting insulin and blood glucose , C-peptide , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , β-cell function , insulin sensitivity and the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) were measured at baseline and after 3 months of intervention . RESULTS Approximately 80 % of the mothers had a degree of vitamin D deficiency . Post-intervention , this was found in 4.2 and 71.4 % in the intervention and control groups , respectively . The medians of HOMA-IR indices before and after intervention were 0.6 and 0.5 ( P = 0.7 ) , respectively , in subjects in the intervention group , and 0.5 and 0.9 ( P = 0.01 ) in subjects in the control group . The mean of the QUICKI fell only in the control group ( P = 0.008 ) . In the control group , β-cell function increased by ~8 % ( P = 0.01 ) and insulin sensitivity decreased after 3 months ( P = 0.002 ) . Post-intervention , the median C-peptide decreased in the intervention group and increased in the control group , but the change was significant only in the control group ( P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS A single injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 achieves a 3-month serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D range of 50 - 80 nmol/l and is an efficient , effective and safe procedure for improving the vitamin status and indices of insulin resistance in mothers with gestational diabetes after delivery INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem . Recent epidemiological evidence also points to a potential association of vitamin D insufficiency with adverse metabolic risks , including that for type 2 diabetes . SUBJECTS AND METHOD A double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial was carried out . Seventy subjects with type 2 diabetes , age 30 - 75 years old , were r and omly assigned in a double-blind fashion to two groups . One group received two capsules of calcitriol ( 0.25 μg 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol per each capsule ) per day . The second group received placebo tablets . At the beginning , middle and the end of the 12 week supplementation trial , serum glucose , insulin , calcium and phosphorous , HbA1c and 25(OH ) vitamin D were measured . RESULTS There was no significant difference between two groups at baseline . At the end of the study , fasting plasma glucose increased in the control group ( p=0.038 ) , while it remained unchanged in calcitriol group . Level of insulin and HbA1c increased significantly in both groups ( p=0.013 and 0.0004 in treatment and control group ) . Regarding insulin resistance indices , there was a significant change in HOMA-IR and QUICKI in both groups ( p=0.023 and 0.002 in treatment and 0.001 and < 0.001 in control group respectively ) . Insulin secretion as assessed by HOMA-%β , remained relatively unchanged in the control group , while it increased significantly in the treatment group at the end of study ( p=0.009 ) . CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation attenuated the increase in glycemia , and increased insulin secretion , but had no effect on insulin resistance OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . METHODS This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 140 GDM patients . Participants were r and omly divided into 4 groups to receive : ( 1 ) 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids containing 360 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 240 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) twice a day + vitamin D placebo ( n = 35 ) ; ( 2 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 35 ) ; ( 3 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day ( n = 35 ) , and ( 4 ) vitamin D placebo + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 35 ) for 6 weeks . RESULTS After 6 weeks of intervention , patients who received combined vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids supplements compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids , and placebo had significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose ( -7.3 ± 7.8 , -6.9 ± 6.6 , -4.0 ± 2.5 , and + 1.0 ± 11.4 mg/dL , respectively , P < .001 ) , serum insulin levels ( -1.9 ± 1.9 , -1.3 ± 6.3 , -0.4 ± 6.3 , and + 2.6 ± 6.5 μIU/mL , respectively , P = .005 ) , homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance ( -0.7 ± 0.6 , -0.5 ± 1.4 , -0.2 ± 1.5 , and + 0.6 ± 1.5 , respectively , P < .001 ) and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.01 , + 0.008 ± 0.02 , + 0.002 ± 0.02 , and -0.005 ± 0.02 , respectively , P = .001 ) . In addition , changes in serum triglycerides ( -8.2 ± 41.0 , + 7.6 ± 31.5 , + 3.6 ± 29.9 , and + 20.1 ± 29.6 mg/dL , respectively , P = .006 ) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -1.6 ± 8.2 , + 1.5 ± 6.3 , + 0.8 ± 6.0 , and + 4.0 ± 5.9 mg/dL , respectively , P = .006 ) in the vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids group were significantly different from the changes in these indicators in the vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids , and placebo groups . CONCLUSION Overall , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation for 6 weeks among GDM patients  had beneficial effects on fasting plasma glucose , serum insulin levels , homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index , serum triglycerides , and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) has been recognized as a significant risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes . Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among women with GDM . This study was design ed to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with GDM who were not on oral hypoglycemic agents . This r and omized controlled clinical trial was performed among 45 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM at 24 - 28 weeks ' gestation . Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either vitamin D supplements ( cholecalciferol ) or placebo . Individuals in the vitamin D group ( n=22 ) received 50 000 IU vitamin D3 pearl 2 times during the study : at study baseline and day 21 of intervention and those in placebo group ( n=23 ) received 2 placebos at the mentioned times . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline to measure fasting plasma glucose . Participants underwent a 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) and the blood sample s were collected at time 60 , 120 , and 180 min to measure plasma glucose levels . Newborn 's weight , height , head circumference , Apgar score , and hyperbilirubinemia were determined . Taking vitamin D supplements , compared with placebo , result ed in improved pregnancy outcomes ; such that those in the vitamin D group had no case of polyhydramnios , while 17.4 % of subjects in placebo group had this condition ( p=0.04 ) . In addition , newborn 's hyperbilirubinemia was significantly lower in vitamin D group than that in placebo group ( 27.3 % vs. 60.9 % , p=0.02 ) . In conclusion , vitamin D supplementation for 6 weeks among pregnant women with GDM result ed in decreased maternal polyhydramnios and infant hyperbilirubinemia compared with placebo . Clinical trial registration number www.i rct .ir : I RCT 201305115623N7 Background : Up to 75 % of the risk of type 2 diabetes is attributable to obesity . Therefore , finding a way to control obesity can be useful for management of diabetes . Objective : This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation on anthropometric measurements and blood pressure in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes . Methods : One hundred eighteen patients with diabetes were enrolled in this r and omized placebo-controlled clinical trial . All subjects were r and omly assigned into 4 groups receiving ( 1 ) 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D3 plus ( equal to 7143 IU/d ) calcium placebo ; ( 2 ) 1000 mg/d calcium plus vitamin D3 placebo ; ( 3 ) 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D3 ( equal to 7143 IU/d ) plus 1000 mg/d calcium ; or ( 4 ) vitamin D3 placebo plus calcium placebo for 8 weeks . Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were assessed at study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention . Results : A greater reduction in body mass index was observed in calcium plus vitamin D group than other groups ( p = 0.03 ) . Comparison of changes in waist circumference among 4 groups revealed no significant difference in crude model ( p = 0.21 ) and when the effect of confounders was taken into account ( p = 0.08 ) . Calcium supplementation result ed in a significant reduction in hip circumference compared to other groups ( p < 0.001 ) . Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in the calcium plus vitamin D group compared to placebo ( −7.3 ± 8.7 mmHg vs 0.5 ± 8.2 mmHg ; p = 0.001 ) . However , calcium and vitamin D supplementation had no significant effects on diastolic blood pressure . Conclusion : Calcium – vitamin D3 cosupplementation can have beneficial effect on body mass index ( BMI ) , hip circumference , and systolic blood pressure in vitamin D – insufficient type 2 diabetics We estimated proportions of different types of diabetes , comorbidities , treatment ( the use of oral glucose-lowering agents and insulin ) , control ( hyperglycemia , dyslipidemia and hypertension ) and chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications among people with diabetes presenting to the tertiary-care academic diabetes outpatient clinics in Iran . This study is the prospect i ve analysis of data ( n = 30,202 ) from the registry of university-affiliated adult outpatient diabetes clinics in the country during 2015–2016 . The proportions of type 1 diabetes , types 2 diabetes , and other types of diabetes were 11.4 % , 85.5 % , and 1.3 % , respectively . The frequencies of drug-naivety , use of oral agents , insulin monotherapy and insulin combination therapy  were 2.9 % , 60.5 % , 11.5 % , and 25.1 % , respectively . Around 13.2 % , 11.9 % and 43.3 % of patients with diabetes had controlled hyperglycemia , hyperlipidemia and hypertension , respectively . The proportions of retinopathy , nephropathy , peripheral neuropathy , diabetic foot , and ischemic heart disease were 21.9 % , 17.6 % , 28.0 % , 6.2 % , and 23.9 % , respectively . Despite the wide availability of medications and insulin coverage in Iran , the estimated national control of hyperglycemia , hyperlipidemia and hypertension ( especially for young men and old women ) remains subpar . The present study further suggests that the frequencies of chronic vascular complications among patients with diabetes are relatively high in Iran
target: This meta- analysis suggests that vitamin D supplementation improves indices of glycemic control ( FBG , HOMA-IR , and HbA1C ) in patients with diabetes mellitus .
  Hence , vitamin D supplements may be of potential therapeutic value in diabetic patients , as an adjuvant therapy along with other treatments
background: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D supplements on indices of glycemic control [ homeostatic model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , hemoglobin A1C ( HbA1C ) , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) and lipid profile in diabetic patients .