title: Reduction of leptin gene expression by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids up-regulate plasma leptin in insulin-resistant rats. Beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on adiponectin levels and AdipoR gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial The effect of omega-3 on the serum visfatin concentration in patients with type II diabetes Increased Adiponectin Secretion by Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rodent Models of Obesity and Human Obese Subjects Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on circulating adiponectin and leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on endothelial cell-derived microparticles, angiopoietins and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Dietary Milled Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil Improve N-3 Fatty Acid Status and Do Not Affect Glycemic Control in Individuals with Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on plasma adiponectin in newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation Improves Body Composition without Influence of the PPARγ Pro12Ala Polymorphism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Addition of n-3 fatty acids to a 4-hour lipid infusion does not affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, or markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Impact of polyunsaturated vegetable oils on adiponectin levels, glycaemia and blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind intervention study. Effect of metformin therapy on plasma adiponectin and leptin levels in obese and insulin resistant postmenopausal females with type 2 diabetes. Supplementation of α-linolenic acid improves serum adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) for 6 weeks did not alter plasma leptin concentrations in male smokers . Changes in dietary intake of saturated fatty acids ( FA ) correlated positively , whereas changes in the intake of PUFA correlated negatively to changes in plasma leptin levels . A 3-week n-3 PUFA-enriched diet , as compared with a 3-week lard-enriched diet , induced lower plasma leptin concentration and reduced leptin mRNA expression in rat epididymal adipose tissue . In the human trophoblast cell line ( BeWo ) , n-3 PUFA had a dose- and time-dependent effect on leptin expression . One mM of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) reduced leptin expression by 71 % and 78 % , respectively , as compared with control , after 72 h. There was no effect on expression of the signal transducing form of the leptin receptor . In BeWo cells transfected with the human leptin promoter , we found that n-3 PUFA reduced leptin promoter activity ; in contrast saturated and monounsaturated FA had no effect on leptin promoter activity . The transcription factors peroxysomal proliferator activated receptor gamma and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 mRNAs were reduced after incubation with n-3 PUFA , whereas the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha was unchanged . DHA-reduced leptin expression was abolished in BeWo cells grown in cholesterol-free medium . In conclusion , n-3 FA decreased leptin gene expression both in vivo and in vitro . The direct effects of PUFA on leptin promoter activity indicate a specific regulatory action of FA on leptin expression BACKGROUND Information is lacking on the potential effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether n-3 PUFAs have additional effects on adiposity , insulin sensitivity , adipose tissue function ( production of adipokines and inflammatory and atherogenic factors ) , and gene expression in type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes without hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly allocated in a double-blind parallel design to 2 mo of 3 g/d of either fish oil ( 1.8 g n-3 PUFAs ) or placebo ( paraffin oil ) . RESULTS Although body weight and energy intake measured by use of a food diary were unchanged , total fat mass ( P < 0.019 ) and subcutaneous adipocyte diameter ( P < 0.0018 ) were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the 2 groups ( measured by homeostasis model assessment in all patients and by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of 5 patients per group ) . By contrast , atherogenic risk factors , including plasma triacylglycerol ( P < 0.03 ) , the ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol ( atherogenic index , P < 0.03 ) , and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( P < 0.01 ) , were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . In addition , a subset of inflammation-related genes was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue after the fish oil , but not the placebo , treatment . CONCLUSIONS A moderate dose of n-3 PUFAs for 2 mo reduced adiposity and atherogenic markers without deterioration of insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Some adipose tissue inflammation-related genes were also reduced . These beneficial effects could be linked to morphologic and inflammatory changes in adipose tissue . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT0037 The study was design ed to evaluate the chronic regulation of plasma leptin by dietary ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) in insulin-resistant , sucrose-fed rats . Male Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly assigned to consume for 3 or 6 wk a diet containing 57.5 % ( g/100 g ) sucrose and 14 % lipids as either fish oil ( SF ) or control oils ( SC ) . After 3 and 6 wk of consuming the SF diet , plasma leptin was 70 % ( P < 0.001 ) and 75 % ( P < 0.05 ) greater , respectively , than in rats fed the SC diet . The same result was found when plasma leptin was adjusted by total fat mass , as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Despite high leptin levels , food intake of rats fed the SF diet was greater than in SC-fed rats without any difference in body weight or total fat mass . After 3 wk , accumulated leptin in epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue was higher in the SF-fed rats than in the SC-fed rats . However , after 6 wk , tissue leptin in the SF-fed rats did not differ from that of the SC-fed rats . The SF diet increased adipose tissue glucose transporter-4 protein quantity and prevented the sucrose-induced elevations in plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids . When all SC- and SF-fed rats ( both diets and feeding duration s ) were considered , plasma leptin levels were positively correlated with body weight ( r = 0.5 , P < 0.0001 ) and with total fat mass ( r = 0.5 , P < 0.0005 ) . These results suggest that plasma leptin at a given time could be inappropriately high for a given fat mass in insulin-sensitive rats fed ( n-3 ) PUFA Introduction There is evidence that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFAs ) exert beneficial effects to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) , but its complications remain poorly understood . Hypoadiponectinemia is one of the important mechanisms responsible for T2DM which necessitates developing novel therapeutic strategies . We aim ed to determine the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on circulating adiponectin and mRNA expression of adiponectin receptors ( AdipoR1 , AdipoR2 ) and Sirt-1 in T2DM patients . Material and methods A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of 10-week follow-up of n-3 PUFAs ( 2.7 g/day ) vs. placebo in T2DM patients ( n = 88 ) was conducted . In detail , T2DM patients ( n = 44 ) were treated with n-3 PUFAs and the remainder received placebo .  Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics were assessed in all participants .  Circulating level of adiponectin and mRNA expression of AdipoR1 , AdipoR2 and Sirt-1 were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) using real-time polymerase chain reaction before and after the intervention . Results It was found that n-3 PUFAs  increased AdipoR1 gene expression ( fold change = 1.321 in n-3 PUFAs vs. 1.037 in placebo ) and AdipoR2 mRNA ( fold change = 1.338 in n-3 PUFAs vs. 1.034 in placebo ) . No significant changes were observed for Sirt-1 expression . The serum level of adiponectin significantly ( p = 0.035 ) increased in n-3 PUFAs ( 5.09 to 5.58 μg/ml ) but remained unchanged in the placebo group . Conclusions Daily supplementation with n-3 PUFAs ( 2.7 g ) was effective to significantly improve gene expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 and the serum level of adiponectin in T2DM patients . Therefore , n-3 PUFAs might emerge as an adjuvant for current antidiabetic therapies . However , confirmatory long-term studies are required BACKGROUND : Visfatin is an adipocytokine which is secreted from adipose tissue and can affect on the diabetes inflammatory reaction and also serum lipids level . On the other h and , Omega-3 can also prevent formation of insulin resistance . In the present study , the effect of Omega-3 on the serum visfatin concentration was evaluated . METHODS : 71 women with type II diabetes were r and omly assigned to the group that took Omega-3 capsules or control group with placebo capsules . In the first step , study subjects filled a question naire collecting their age , height , weight , waist circumference , and hip circumference . Also their blood sample s were taken for blood tests . In the second step , the intervention was done for 8 weeks and in the third step the aforementioned were collected again . In the blood sample s visfatin and lipid profiles ( low density lipoprotein [ LDL ] , high density lipoprotein [ HDL ] , triglyceride [ TG ] , and cholesterol ) , glucose and HbA1c were measured . RESULTS : There was no significant difference in serum visfatin level between Omega-3 and placebo groups before the intervention ( p = 0.14 ) , while after the intervention , the mean serum visfatin level in the Omega-3 group was significantly higher ( p < 0.001 ) . In addition , the mean difference between the serum visfatin level before and after the intervention in both groups was significant ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study showed an increase in visfatin level following consuming Omega-3 fats but according to controversial issues on insulin-like function of visfatin , the effects of Omega-3 on diabetes should be studied more in further studies Objectives —Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) or n-3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease . Here we investigated the effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) on production of adiponectin , the only established antiatherogenic and antiinflammatory adipocytokine , in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects . Methods and Results —We demonstrated that EPA increases adiponectin secretion in genetically obese ob/ob mice and high-fat diet – induced obese mice . In the in vitro coculture of adipocytes and macrophages , EPA reversed the coculture-induced decrease in adiponectin secretion at least in part through downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; in macrophages . We also showed significant increase in plasma adiponectin concentrations in human obese subjects after a 3-month treatment with EPA ( 1.8 g daily ) . Multivariate regression analysis revealed that EPA treatment is the only independent determinant of plasma adiponectin concentrations . Conclusion —This study demonstrates that EPA increases adiponectin secretion in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects , possibly through the improvement of the inflammatory changes in obese adipose tissue . Because EPA has reduced the risk of major coronary events in a large-scale , prospect i ve , r and omized clinical trial , this study provides important insight into its therapeutic implication in obesity-related metabolic sequelae Recent evidence suggests that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [ n-3 PUFAs : eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ] , improve insulin sensitivity in humans . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , crossover study , we investigated the effects of EPA/DHA on paraoxonase-1 activity as well as fasting and postpr and ial levels of circulating adiponectin and leptin in 34 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received daily for 6 weeks either 2 g purified EPA/DHA or olive oil ( placebo ) , separated by a 6 weeks washout . At the end of each treatment , measurements were performed in fasting state and 2 , 4 , and 6 h following a st and ardized high-fat meal ( 600 kcal ) . No significant differences in fasting and postpr and ial circulating adiponectin , leptin , and paraoxonase-1 activity were seen between n-3 PUFAs and placebo . Our data do not support an insulin sensitizing effect of n-3 PUFAs by means of influencing circulating adipocytokines in this population . Clinical Trial Register Number : NCT00328536 Background Energy restriction affects circulating  leptin and ghrelin concentrations . The aim of this study To investigate whether seafood consumption affects fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in addition to weight loss . Methods In this 8-week dietary intervention , subjects ( 324 Icel and ic , Spanish and Irish subjects , 20–40 years , BMI 27.5–32.5 kg/m2 ) were r  and omized to energy-restricted diets ( −30 % ) of identical macronutrient composition but different amount of seafood : control ( no seafood ) ; lean fish ( 150 g cod , three times per week ) ; fatty fish ( 150 g salmon , three times per week ) ; EPA&DHA [ daily docosahexaenoic (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) capsules ] . Anthropometric data , ghrelin , leptin , and insulin were measured at baseline and endpoint . Linear models investigated the effects of seafood on fasting leptin , ghrelin and insulin . Results Body weight ( −5.2 ± 3.0 kg ) , leptin ( −34.8 % ) and insulin ( −13.5 % ) decreased , while ghrelin increased ( 5.6 % ) ( all P < 0.001 ) . According to linear models endpoint insulin was significantly lower in the EPA&DHA group ( −16.4 % , P = 0.025 ) compared to control , endpoint leptin in men was lower in the salmon group ( −22.9 % , P = 0.026 ) , and the EPA&DHA group tended to have higher endpoint ghrelin ( 5.6 % , P = 0.060 ) , an effect seen only in women indicated by a significant gender × EPA&DHA interaction . Weight loss explained the effects of fatty seafood on leptin and ghrelin , but not insulin . Conclusions Consumption of fatty seafood can modulate fasting insulin , ghrelin and leptin during an 8-week intervention . Effects are partly gender specific and are partly explained by weight loss . Consumption of lean fish does not affect circulating hormones in comparison to control . The most consistent effect on circulating hormones is mediated by weight loss AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of endothelial cell-derived microparticles ( EDMP ) , angiopoietin-2 ( Ang-2 ) and adiponectin in hyperlipidemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus , and to compare the two for the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) on these markers . METHODS One hundred and twenty-six hyperlipidemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus received EPA 1,800 mg daily , and 50 of the patients were non-diabetic . RESULTS EDMP and Ang-2 levels prior to treatment were higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients , whereas adiponectin levels were lower in diabetics . When diabetic patients were classified into two groups on the basis of Ang-2 levels , the levels of all markers remained unchanged in those without a high Ang-2 level after EPA treatment . In contrast , all markers except for adiponectin were decreased significantly in diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels after 6 months of EPA treatment . These diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels displayed a more significant increase in adiponectin levels after EPA treatment than those who did not . CONCLUSION These results suggest that EPA possesses an adiponectin-dependent anti-atherosclerotic effect and may be beneficial for the prevention of vascular complications in diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists Objective : To determine the effects of dietary consumption of milled flaxseed or flaxseed oil on glycemic control , n-3 fatty acid status , anthropometrics , and adipokines in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Design : Thirty-four participants were r and omized into a parallel , controlled trial . Subjects : The participants were adults with type 2 diabetes ( age 52.4 ± 1.5 years , body mass index 32.4 ± 1.0 kg/m2 , n = 17 men and 17 women ) . Interventions : Participants consumed a selection of bakery products containing no flax ( control group [ CTL ] , n = 9 ) , milled flaxseed ( FXS , n = 13 ; 32 g/d ) , or flaxseed oil ( FXO , n = 12 ; 13 g/d ) daily for 12 weeks . The FXS and FXO groups received equivalent amounts of alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ; 7.4 g/day ) . Measures of Outcome : The primary outcome measures were fasting plasma hemoglobin A1c , glucose , insulin , and phospholipid fatty acid composition . The secondary outcome measures were fasting circulating leptin and adiponectin , as well as body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference . Dietary intake assessment and calculations for homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and quantified insulin sensitivity check were also completed . Results : The FXS and FXO groups had increases in plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acids ( ALA , eicosapentaenoic acid [ EPA ] , or decosapentaenoic acid [ DPA ] , but not docosahexaenoic acid ) , and the FXO group had more EPA and DPA in plasma phospholipids compared to the FXS group . All groups had similar caloric intakes ; however , the CTL group experienced a 4 % weight gain compared to baseline ( p < 0.05 ) , while both flax groups had constant body weights during the study period . All other parameters , including glycemic control , were unchanged by dietary treatment . Conclusions : Milled FXS and FXO intake does not affect glycemic control in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes . Possible prevention of weight gain by flax consumption warrants further investigation Objective This prospect i ve study evaluates the effect of insulin sensitizers , pioglitazone ( PGZ ) and metformin ( MET ) on plasma adiponectin and leptin levels in subjects newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) Background : The aims of this research were to investigate ( 1 ) the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil supplementation on body composition , plasma adiponectin level , and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ( PPARγ ) gene expression , and ( 2 ) whether the effect of DHA-rich fish oil supplementation on the aforementioned variables is modulated by PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism . Methods : We genotyped PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Ala carriers and non-Ala carriers were r and omly assigned to DHA-rich fish oil or placebo intake for 8 weeks . Results : Glycemic control was not affected by the intervention . The supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil decreased waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , body fat mass ( p = 0.01 ) , body fat percent ( p = 0.04 ) , and visceral fat rating ( p = 0.02 ) as well as trunk fat mass ( p = 0.04 ) . Weight , body mass index , fat-free mass , adiponectin level , and PPARγ gene expression changes showed no significant difference . No gene-diet interaction was found on body composition , adiponectin level , and PPARγ gene expression . Conclusions : DHA-rich fish oil supplementation favorably modulated body composition in patients with T2DM and could be useful to reduce visceral obesity . However , the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism did not influence the changes in the desired variables Fatty acids ( FA ) can impair glucose metabolism to a varying degree depending on time of exposure and also of type of FA . Here we tested for acute effects of marine n-3 FA on insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , energy metabolism , and oxidative stress . This was a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study in 11 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus . A 4-hour lipid infusion ( Intralipid [ Fresenius Kabi , Halden , Norway ] , total of 384 mL ) was compared with a similar lipid infusion partly replaced by Omegaven ( Fresenius Kabi ) that contributed a median of 0.1 g fish oil per kilogram body weight , amounting to 0.04 g/kg of marine n-3 FA . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps ; insulin secretion ( measured after the clamps ) , by C-peptide glucagon tests ; and energy metabolism , by indirect calorimetry . Infusion of Omegaven increased the proportion of n-3 FA in plasma nonesterified fatty acids ( NEFA ) compared with Intralipid alone ( 20:5n-3 : median , 1.5 % [ interquartile range , 0.6 % ] vs -0.2 % [ 0.2 % ] , P = .001 ; 22:6n-3 : 0.8 % [ 0.4 % ] vs -0.7 % [ 0.2 % ] , P = .001 ) . However , glucose utilization was not affected ; neither was insulin secretion or total energy production ( P = .966 , .210 , and .423 , respectively , for the differences between the lipid clamps ) . Omegaven tended to lower oxidation of fat ( P = .062 ) compared with Intralipid only , correlating with the rise in individual n-3 NEFA ( r = 0.627 , P = .039 ) . The effects of clamping on phospholipid FA composition , leptin , adiponectin , or F(2)-isoprostane concentrations were not affected by Omegaven . Enrichment of NEFA with n-3 FA during a 4-hour infusion of Intralipid failed to affect insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , or markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Low adiponectin levels are discussed as risk factor for cardiovascular events . This is of special importance in individuals with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) because they are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases . The present study aim ed to investigate the effect of two plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) , with different content of omega-3 fatty acids , on adiponectin levels , glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM individuals treated either with insulin or oral anti-diabetics ( OAD ) . METHODS Ninety-two subjects with T2DM [ 34 treated with insulin ( T2DM-Ins ) and 58 treated with OAD ( T2DM-OAD ) ] participated in this r and omised , double-blind , parallel intervention study . Individuals received either 9 g of nut oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 1.3 : 6.1 ) or mixed oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 0.6 : 5.7 ) per day for 10 weeks . The fatty acid profile , tocopherol , adiponectin levels and parameters regarding glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed at baseline , during and after the intervention . RESULTS Compliance was confirmed by significant increases in γ-tocopherol and PUFA in both oil groups . An increase in adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins participants ( + 6.84 % in nut oil and + 4.47 % in mixed oil group after 10 weeks compared to baseline ) was observed , albeit not significantly different from T2DM-OAD individuals ( P = 0.051 ) . Lipid and glucose metabolism were not affected by the intervention . CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that a small and easy change in dietary behaviour towards better fat quality moderately increases adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins subjects , independently of the administered plant oil To investigate the relative role of the adiponectin and leptin in the insulin resistance ( IR ) and obesity we studied plasma levels of these adipocytokines in obese and insulin resistant postmenopausal ( PM ) females with type 2 diabetes ( DM2 ) during 6 months of Metformin therapy .  We recruited 26 PM women , between the ages of 50 and 67 ( 59,7+/-8,1 years ) . These women had a BMI of 36,6+/-1,8 kg/m2 . After baseline measurements Metformin therapy has been initiated ( 1700+/-2550 mg per day ) . Duration of therapy was 6 months . The results of investigations of adipocytokines after Metformin 6 months therapy shown that circulating adiponectin levels were significantly increased ( 19,1+/-6,0 vs. 16,1+/-3,9 ng/ml , p=0,008 ) together with significant reduction of BMI ( 35,9+/-1,9 vs. 36,6+/-1,8 kg/m2 , p=0,005 ) and IR ( 3,05+/-0,89 vs. 3,96+/-0,70 , p<0,001 ) . The magnitude of the change in adiponectin levels positively correlated with the magnitude of BMI reduction ( r=0,4784 , p=0,013 ) and IR reduction ( r=0,5779 , p=0,002 ) . Any significant correlation did not observed between changes of leptin levels and BMI , leptin levels and IR . In summary , our data suggest that hypoadiponectinemia in PM may be explained by only IR because the amelioration of whole-body insulin action by 6-month Metformin therapy leads to increase of plasma adiponectin levels ; leptin levels did not significantly change after 6-month Metformin therapy OBJECTIVE ω-3 Polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) supplementation has not been studied in the setting of adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity ( IS ) improvements in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp ( HEC ) . The aim of this study was to examine the influence of ω-3 ALA on IS and adiponectin . METHODS We conducted a r and omized study in patients with T2DM and assessed IS using HEC . Twenty patients with T2DM were included and r and omly assigned to receive 3 g/d of ALA or placebo for 60 d , in a double-blind design . The assessment of IS by HEC was performed at baseline and after 60 d in all patients ; blood sample s were taken for the measurement of serum lipids , glucose , insulin , adiponectin , and cytokines . The primary outcome variables were an increase of both glucose infusion rate ( GIR ) in steady state and glucose metabolization ( M ) by HEC . The secondary outcomes were an increase in adiponectin levels and a decrease in fasting plasma glucose , glycated hemoglobin , homeostasis model assessment -estimated insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) index , lipids and cytokines . The study was conducted at an academic medical center . RESULTS The ALA group improved IS corrected for fat-free mass ( M/FFM ; P = 0.04 ) . Both groups showed increased adiponectin after 60 d ( P = 0.01 ) , however , the increase for the ALA group was greater ( P = 0.04 ) . In the ALA group , adiponectin was positively correlated with GIR ( r = 0.76 ; P = 0.01 ) and M/FFM ( r = 0.62 ; P = 0.06 ) , and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r = -0.61 ; P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSION ω-3 ALA supplementation improved glucose homeostasis and was associated with an increase in adiponectin . Improvement in the overall metabolic profile with ω-3 ALA suggests a potential clinical utility for this agent and requires further investigation
target: Conclusion Plant and marine sources of n-3 PUFAs can modify serum leptin and adiponectin levels by increasing adiponectin and decreasing leptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes .
  Due to some limitations in this study , further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion about the effect of n-3 PUFAs on the levels of leptin and adiponectin in T2DM
background: Abstract Aim N-3 PUFAs can potentially influence levels of inflammatory and non-inflammatory adipokines .
  Given the contradictory effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetes , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis study of r and omized placebo-controlled clinical trials that examined the effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes .