title: Effects of amount and type of dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) on short-term control of appetite. Effects of dietary fiber intake before meals on weight loss and hunger in a weight-reducing club. Effects of soluble fiber (Plantago ovata husk) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in men with ischemic heart disease. Method of administration influences the serum cholesterol-lowering effect of psyllium. Plasma cholecystokinin is associated with subjective measures of satiety in women. Using cereal to increase dietary fiber intake to the recommended level and the effect of fiber on bowel function in healthy persons consuming North American diets. Cholesterol-lowering effects of soluble-fiber cereals as part of a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Long-term effects of consuming foods containing psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Soluble fibers from psyllium improve glycemic response and body weight among diabetes type 2 patients (randomized control trial) A psyllium fiber-enriched meal strongly attenuates postprandial gastrointestinal peptide release in healthy young adults. Comparative Study on the Effect of Plantago psyllium and Ocimum basilicum Seeds on Anthropometric Measures in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Patients A study to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with soluble fibre (Minolest) on lipid levels in normal subjects with hypercholesterolaemia. Effect on body weight and composition in overweight/obese Australian adults over 12 months consumption of two different types of fibre supplementation in a randomized trial Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for hypercholesterolemic men. Gastrointestinal side effects of orlistat may be prevented by concomitant prescription of natural fibers (psyllium mucilloid) Different Effect of Psyllium and Guar Dietary Supplementation on Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Overweight Patients: A Six-Month, Randomized Clinical Trial Lipid- and glucose-lowering efficacy of Plantago Psyllium in type II diabetes. Cookies enriched with psyllium or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and hypercholesterolemic men from Northern Mexico. Psyllium decreased serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly in diabetic outpatients. The therapeutic effect of fiber in treating obesity. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Soluble fibre (Plantago ovata husk) reduces plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, oxidised LDL and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic patients: A randomised trial. Relationship of satiety to postprandial glycaemic, insulin and cholecystokinin responses Effects of psyllium vs. placebo on constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids: A randomized trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic constipation.
abstract: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake The effects of dietary fiber on subjective hunger ratings and weight losses were studied in 135 members of a weight loss club . After a run-in week , 100 members were r and omly given one sachet of either bran or ispaghula granulate before meals for two weeks . Thirty-five controls only rated hunger . One hundred and eight members completed the trial : 23  controls  , 45 on ispaghula and 40 on  bran . No change in hunger ratings was found in the controls . Both fiber preparations lowered hunger ratings during weeks 2 and 3 compared to the run-in week . Ratings were similarly reduced at all meals . The mean ( + /- SD ) weight reductions during the trial were 4.6 + /- 2.7 kg for the controls , 4.2 + /- 3.2 kg for the ispaghula group and 4.6 + /- 2.3 kg for the bran group ( p greater than 0.05 for all ) . In spite of recent changes in the diet towards food rich in dietary fibers , addition of extra dietary fiber immediately before meals reduced hunger feelings but had no effect on weight reduction BACKGROUND New dietary strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk include the addition of fiber to the diet . The effect of soluble-fiber consumption derived from Plantago ovata husk on lipid risk factors in patients with CVD is unknown . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of soluble fiber ( P. ovata husk ) with those of insoluble fiber ( P. ovata seeds ) on plasma lipid , lipoprotein , and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations within a CVD secondary prevention program . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , controlled , single-blind design , 28 men with CVD ( myocardial infa rct ion or stable angina ) and an LDL-cholesterol concentration < /=3.35 mmol/L consumed for 8 wk , under controlled conditions , a low-saturated-fat diet supplemented with 10.5 g P. ovata husk/d or 10.5 g P. ovata seeds/d . Fasting plasma lipid concentrations and polymorphisms of genes involved in lipid metabolism , such as apo A-IV , apo E , and fatty acid-binding protein , were measured . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( 6.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , the ratio of apo B 100 to apo A-I decreased ( 4.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , and apo A-I increased ( 4.3 % ; P < 0.01 ) in the P. ovata husk consumers . Compared with the intake of insoluble fiber , the intake of P. ovata husk increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 6.7 % ( P = 0.006 ) and decreased the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and of LDL to HDL cholesterol by 10.6 % ( P = 0.002 ) and 14.2 % ( P = 0.003 ) , respectively . CONCLUSION In the secondary prevention of CVD , P. ovata husk intake induces a more beneficial effect on the cardiovascular lipid risk-factor profile than does an equivalent intake of insoluble fiber To determine whether psyllium must be mixed with food to lower serum cholesterol , 18 modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects were studied for three 2-wk periods , in r and om order , separated by a 2-wk return to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet . Compared with values for subjects consuming control wheat-bran cereal ( 63 g/d ) , after 2 wk of 54 g psyllium-enriched cereal/d containing 7.3 g psyllium , serum total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol , respectively , were reduced by 8 % ( 6.15 + /- 0.15 vs 6.71 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) , 11 % ( 4.24 + /- 0.15 vs 4.78 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.02 ) , and 7 % ( 0.99 + /- 0.05 vs 1.07 + /- 0.05 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . When 7.6 g of the same type of psyllium as in the test cereal was taken between meals , serum total ( 6.50 + /- 0.19 mmol/L ) , LDL ( 4.50 + /- 0.21 mmol/L ) , and HDL ( 1.06 + /- 0.06 mmol/L ) cholesterol were no different from control values , and total cholesterol was greater than after psyllium cereal ( P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that psyllium must be mixed with foods to have the maximum effect on serum cholesterol BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin is associated with satiety . Fat stimulates cholecystokinin release , and fiber appears to prolong cholecystokinin elevation during the alimentary period . OBJECTIVE We tested whether adding fiber or fat to a low-fat , low-fiber meal increases cholecystokinin release and enhances subjective measures of satiety and whether the cholecystokinin response correlates with subjective measures of satiety . DESIGN Three isoenergetic breakfast meals were tested in a r and omized crossover design : low fiber , low fat ; high fiber , low fat ; and low fiber , high fat . Blood sample s were drawn from fasted subjects ( 7 men and 8 women ) before and at different time points after test meal consumption for 6 h. Plasma was analyzed for cholecystokinin , insulin , glucose , and triacylglycerols . Visual analogue scales were used to assess subjects ' hunger , desire to eat , fullness , and prospect i ve consumption . RESULTS In the women , the meals higher in fiber or in fat result ed in greater feelings of satiety and in significantly higher cholecystokinin responses than did the low-fat , low-fiber meal . In the men , the increase in cholecystokinin concentration did not differ between meals , but the 2 low-fat meals elicited a greater feeling of satiety than did the high-fat meal . The insulin response was significantly higher for the low-fiber , low-fat meal than for the other 2 meals , and the triacylglycerol response was greatest for the high-fat , low-fiber meal . CONCLUSION In women , the feeling of satiety caused by cholecystokinin release is enhanced by increasing either the fiber or fat content of a low-fat , low-fiber meal BACKGROUND Dietary fiber intake remains low despite increasing evidence for its health benefits , including laxation . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the effects of increasing fiber intake on bowel habits and gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy persons consuming a typical Canadian or US diet . DESIGN Under a r and omized crossover design , 23 free-living participants consumed a typical Canadian or US diet ( 35 % fat , 12 g fiber/d ) and received 25.0 - 28.7 g fiber/d from each of 5 breakfast cereals : All-Bran ( AB ) , Bran Buds with Corn ( BBC ) , Bran Buds with Psyllium ( BBP ) , BBC with viscous fiber blend ( VFB ) , or a low-fiber control for 3 wk , with each study arm separated by a washout of > /=1 wk . Seven-day stool collection s and a symptom diary were obtained during the last week of each study arm . RESULTS All study cereals induced significant ( P < 0.05 ) increases in fecal bulk from the control diet at 128 + /- 38 g to 199 + /- 56 , 199 + /- 57 , 247 + /- 87 , and 197 + /- 63 g with consumption of AB , BBC , BBP , and VFB , respectively ; less intestinal transit time ; and significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater bowel movement frequency . Despite the increased activity of the bowel , a positive level of comfort was maintained . BBP was more effective than other cereals in terms of increasing fecal wet weight ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Water-insoluble dietary fibers ( ie , AB and BBC ) and their mixtures with water-soluble fibers ( ie , BBP and VFB ) in the form of breakfast cereals ( 2.5 servings/d ) proved to be a practical way of increasing fiber intake to recommended levels , while maintaining a good level of tolerance Soluble-fiber breakfast cereals were examined for their cholesterol-lowering ability in 58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Patients followed a step 1 diet for a minimum of 6 wk , then were r and omly assigned to groups incorporating either corn flakes or one of two soluble-fiber cereals ( pectin enriched or psyllium enriched ) in the diet for an additional 6 wk . During the diet-only phase , total cholesterol dropped 3.8 % . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , total and LDL cholesterol values of the pectin-enriched cereal group dropped an additional 2.1 % ( P = 0.243 ) and 3.9 % ( P = 0.16 ) , respectively , and they dropped 5.9 % ( P = 0.005 ) and 5.7 % ( P = 0.034 ) , respectively , in the psyllium-enriched cereal group . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , no significant effects on HDL cholesterol , triglyceride , or body weight were found within or between any cereal groups . These results support use of soluble-fiber cereals as an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia The effects of consuming foods containing 0 ( control ) , 3.4 , 6.8 , or 10.2 g psyllium seed husk (PSH)/d for 24 wk on the serum lipid profile were assessed in this r and omized , double-blind controlled study . Men and women ( n = 286 ) with LDL-cholesterol concentrations between 3.36 and 5.68 mmol/L ( 130 and 220 mg/dL ) were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups after following a low-fat diet for > or = 8 wk . At week 24 , LDL cholesterol was 3 % above baseline in the control group . In the group consuming 10.2 g PSH/d , LDL cholesterol remained below baseline during treatment , with a value 5.3 % below that of the control group at week 24 ( P < 0.05 compared with the control group ) . No significant differences were observed in HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerol . Although modest , the effect of 10.2 g PSH/d on LDL cholesterol ( relative to the control ) persisted throughout the 24-wk treatment period , indicating potential for long-term benefit Background Water-soluble dietary fibers intake may help control blood glucose and body weight . Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether soluble fiber supplementation from psyllium improves glycemic control indicators and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients . Method Forty type 2 diabetes patients , non-smoker , aged > 35 years were stratified to different strata according to sex , age , body mass index ( BMI ) and fasting blood sugar level ( FBS ) and r and omly assigned into two groups ; The intervention group which consists of 20 participants was on soluble fiber ( 10.5 g daily ) , and the control group which consist of 20 participants continued on their regular diet for eight weeks duration . Results After 8 weeks of intervention , soluble fiber supplementation showed significant reduction in the intervention group in BMI ( p < 0.001 ) when compared with the control group . Moreover , water soluble fiber supplementation proven to improve FBS ( 163 to 119 mg/dl ) , HbA1c ( 8.5 to 7.5 % ) , insulin level ( 27.9 to 19.7 μIU/mL ) , C-peptide ( 5.8 to 3.8 ng/ml ) , HOMA.IR ( 11.3 to 5.8 ) and HOMA-β % ( 103 to 141 % ) . Conclusion The reduction in glycemic response was enhanced by combining soluble fiber to the normal diet . Consumption of foods containing moderate amounts of these fibers may improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes patients .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials PHRC/HC/28/15 Dietary fiber ( DF ) and protein are essential constituents of a healthy diet and are well known for their high satiety impact . However , little is known about their influence on postpr and ial gastrointestinal ( GI ) peptide release . Our aim in this single-blind , r and omized , cross-over study was to investigate the effects of DF and /or protein enrichments on satiety-related metabolic and hormonal responses .  Sixteen healthy , nonobese volunteers participated in the study and ingested 1 of 5 isoenergetic test meals in a r and omized order on separate days . The test meals were as follows : 1 ) low in protein ( 2.8 g ) and fiber ( 7.6 g ) ; 2 ) low in protein ( 2.6 g ) and high in soluble fiber ( psyllium , 23.0 g ) ; 3 ) high in protein ( soy , 19.7 g ) and low in fiber ( 6.2 g ) ; 4 ) high in protein ( 18.4 g ) and fiber ( 23.0 g ) ; and 5 ) white wheat bread .  Serum insulin and plasma glucose , ghrelin , glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) , and peptide YY ( PYY ) concentrations were determined for 2 h following the meals . In addition , hunger and satiety ratings were collected . Postpr and ial glucose , insulin , ghrelin , GLP-1 , and PYY responses all differed among the meals ( P < or= 0.05 ) . Fiber-enriched meals decreased glucose , insulin , ghrelin , and PYY responses ; in addition , PYY secretion was prolonged compared with the other meals . The postpr and ial GLP-1 concentration was significantly suppressed after a fiber- and protein-rich meal , in contrast to the initial increases following the other meals . However , postpr and ial ratings of appetite were mostly similar after the test meals . In conclusion , solid meals enriched with psyllium fiber strongly modified postpr and ial signals arising from the GI tract Background : Due to the attribution of fatty liver with some chronic diseases such as obesity , finding a way to control obesity can be useful for the management of fatty liver . This study was performed to assess the effects of Plantago psyllium ( PP ) and Ocimum basilicum ( OB ) on anthropometric measurements in people with hepatic steatosis . Methods : All patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) were enrolled in this four-arm parallel , r and omized , and single blind trial . They r and omly assigned into four groups receiving ( 1 ) OB 10 g/day ; ( 2 ) PP 10 g/day ; ( 3 ) mix of OB and PP 10 g/day ; and ( 4 ) control group without placebo for 12 weeks . Anthropometric measurements were assessed during study baseline and after 12 weeks intervention . The data were analyzed using paired sample t-test for within group and analysis of covariance for between groups . Results : In within group analysis , weight and body mass index show a significant reduction after 12 weeks intervention . In addition , soft lean mass and lean body mass were decreased in PP and mixed of PP and OB groups significantly ; another group ( OB ) shows the same result for mass body fat . Although in intervention groups , we see considerable reduction , between group changes did not demonstrate the same consequences . Conclusions : The results of this study showed that administration of OB , PP , or mix of them for 12 weeks does not affect any of the anthropometric measures in NAFLD Hypercholesterolaemia is one of the major risk factors in the development of coronary artery disease . In recent years , many nonprescription treatments have become available for cholesterol lowering .  Minolest is a product that contains guar gum and psyllium as the principal active ingredients . We conducted a r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel-group study to assess the efficacy of Minolest as a lipid-lowering agent . Secondary aims included assessment of the effect on blood pressure and obesity . We also looked at the acceptability of the product and side effects associated with its ingestion . After a 4-week run-in period , 83 subjects were r and omised to receive placebo or Minolest ( 16.5 g/day ) for 3 months . Seven subjects defaulted follow up , 5 in the placebo group and 2 in the active treatment group . In addition , 9 subjects ( 5 on active treatment and 4 on placebo ) had total cholesterol fall into the optimal range ( < 5.2 mmol/l ) during the run-in phase and were removed from the study . At baseline in the active treatment group , total cholesterol was 6.1 ( 5.43 to 8.06 ) mmol/l , triglyceride 1.54 ( 0.56 to 4.19 ) mmol/l , HDL cholesterol 1.32 + /- 0.43 mmol/l and LDL cholesterol 4.1 ( 3.10 to 6.27 ) mmol/l . In the placebo group , total cholesterol was 5.84 ( 5.32 to 8.38 ) mmol/l , triglyceride 1.47 ( 0.69 to 11.0 ) mmol/l , HDL cholesterol 1.15 + /- 0.33 mmol/l and LDL cholesterol 3.87 ( 2.46 to 5.14 ) mmol/l . The differences in the baseline characteristics were not statistically significant except the LDL-cholesterol .  Minolest produced a 3.24 % ( SD = 7.85 % , P = 0.020 ) decrease in total cholesterol and 5.45 % decrease in LDL cholesterol ( SD = 10.25 % , P = 0.0034 ) but no significant difference in serum triglyceride , weight , body mass index or blood pressure . This was not seen in the placebo group . The percentage fall in LDL cholesterol increased to 7.16 % and 7.37 % in subjects who consumed at least 50 % and 70 % of the treatment respectively . There were few side effects . The authors conclude that this product has a small impact on the lipid profile and may be useful only in subjects with mild hypercholesterolaemia and a low risk of coronary artery disease Background / Objectives Higher fibre intakes are associated with risk reduction for chronic diseases . However , many people find difficulty in consuming sufficient fibre through their diet . Supplements may be an effective alternative . We aim ed to investigate the effects of PolyGlycopleX ® ( PGX ® ) , a proprietary polysaccharide complex and a proprietary Psyllium product ( PgxSyl ™ ) ( PSY ) on diet , body weight and composition in overweight and obese individuals . Subjects/ Methods This was a double-blind 52 weeks study with 159 people r and omized to 3 groups : control ( rice flour ) ; PGX ( PGX ) and proprietary psyllium ( PSY ) .  Participants did not change any of their usual habits or diet except they consumed 5 g of supplement taken with a total of 500 ml of water 5–10 min before meals . Results Weight was significantly lower in the PGX group compared to control at 3 ( −1.6 kg [ 0.57 , 2.67 , p = 0.003 ] ) , 6 ( −2.6 kg [ 1.01 , 4.13 , p = 0.001 ] ) and 12 months ( −2.6 kg [ 0.59 , 4.64 , p = 0.012 ] ) and in the PSY group compared to control group at 3 ( −1.1 kg [ 0.07 , 2.12 , p = 0.037 ] ) and 6 months ( −2.4 kg [ 0.95 , 3.93 , p = 0.002 ] ) . This was a difference of − 2.8 % for the PGX group and − 1.5 % for the PSY group compared to control after 12 months supplementation . Body Fat was significantly lower in PGX compared to control at 6 ( −1.8 kg [ 0.63 , 2.95 , p = 0.003 ] ) and 12 months ( −1.9 kg [ 0.43 , 3.36 , p = 0.012 ] ) and in PSY compared to control at 6 ( −1.9 kg [ 0.84 , 3.04 , p = 0.001 ] ) and 12 months ( −1.4 kg [ 0.08 , 2.71 , p = 0.038 ] ) . Conclusions PGX was better than PSY at maintaining dietary changes and weight loss over the 12 month intervention period , with no change to exercise . A simple strategy of PGX supplementation may offer an effective solution to long-term weight-loss and then management without the need for other nutrient modification . Trial registration ANZCTR : ACTRN12611000415909 . Registered 20 April The effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on serum cholesterol levels was investigated in 26 men with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia ( range of cholesterol level , 4.86 to 8.12 mmol/L [ 188 to 314 mg/dL ] ) in a double-blind , placebo-controlled parallel study . Following a two-week baseline period , subjects were treated for eight weeks with 3.4 g of psyllium or cellulose placebo at mealtimes ( three doses per day ) . All subjects maintained their usual diets , which provided less than 300 mg of cholesterol per day and approximately 20 % of energy from protein , 40 % from carbohydrate , and 40 % from fat . Eight weeks of treatment with psyllium reduced serum total cholesterol levels by 14.8 % , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol by 20.2 % , and the ratio of LDL cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 14.8 % relative to baseline values . The reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol became progressively larger with time , and this trend appeared to be continuing at the eighth week . Psyllium treatment did not affect body weight , blood pressure , or serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , glucose , iron , or zinc . No significant changes in serum lipid levels , body weight , blood pressure , or other serum parameters were observed with placebo treatment . Subject adherence to psyllium treatment was excellent , and no adverse effects were observed . Results of this study show that psyllium is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia OBJECTIVES : This placebo-controlled open study was design ed to test the hypothesis that most of the gastrointestinal ( GI ) side events induced by treatment of obese patients with orlistat ( a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor ) could be prevented or ameliorated by concomitant use of natural fibers ( psyllium mucilloid ) . DESIGN : Two groups of obese women ( BMI > 27 kg/m2 ) were treated with orlistat 120 mg three times a day . One group ( A , n=30 ) was r and omized to receive orlistat and , approximately 6.0 g of orange-flavored psyllium mucilloid dissolved in water and the other group ( B , n=30 ) received orlistat and orange-flavored placebo . At the end of 30 days and 2 weeks of washout , group A switched to placebo and group B received psyllium while continuing orlistat three times a day . SUBJECTS : Sixty professional women , more than 21-y-old with a body mass index ( BMI ) between 27.3 and 48.0 kg/m2 , who were not receiving any other medication . MEASUREMENTS : Assessment s included weekly visits to attending physician , filling a form in which GI events were recorded , monthly measurements of body weight , blood pressure and serum lipids . The frequency and severity of GI events were evaluated by a score system , based on information provided by the patients . RESULTS : Both groups A and B significantly lost ( P<0.01 ) weight after 60 days of orlistat ( A=96.8 to 94.9 kg and B=98.7 to 96.5 kg ) . Similarly , BMI values declined significantly in both groups . While in the psyllium plus orlistat group ( group A ) the mean ±s.e.m . of the scores reflecting GI events was 13.0±1.8 , the placebo plus orlistat group ( B ) had a value of 35.9±2.7 ( P<0.01 ) . When the reverse situation was instituted the placebo and orlistat group presented a mean score of 36.1±3.6 and the psyllium plus orlistat a mean score of 8.9±1.5 ( P<0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid concomitantly prescribed to obese patients receiving 120 mg of orlistat three times a day is an effective and safe adjunct therapy that is helpful in controlling the GI side effects of this pancreatic lipase inhibitor In the setting of a six-month , open-label clinical trial , 141 consecutively enrolled , hypertensive , overweight patients were r and omized to the oral ingestion of psyllium powder or guar gum 3.5 gr t.i.d . , to be taken 20 min before the main two meals , or to st and ard diet . Both fibers improved significantly BMI , FPG , FPI , HOMA Index , HbA1c , LDL-C , and ApoB.  Psyllium supplementation only exerted a significant improvement in plasma TG concentration , in SBP and DBP . In our study , six-month supplementation with psyllium fiber , but not with guar fiber nor st and ard diet , appears to significantly reduce both SBP and DBP in hypertensive overweight subjects The beneficial effect of dietary fiber in the management of type II diabetes is still controversial and has not been totally demonstrated . The purpose of this study was to determine the plasma-lowering effects of 5 g t.i.d . of Plantago Psyllium , as an adjunct to dietary therapy , on lipid and glucose levels , in patients with type II diabetes . Patients were r and omly selected from an outpatient clinic of primary care to participate in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in which Plantago Psyllium or placebo was given in combination with a low fat diet .  One hundred twenty-five subjects were included in the study that consisted in a 6-week period of diet counseling followed by a 6-week treatment period .  Fasting plasma glucose , total plasma cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured every 2 weeks . The test products ( Psyllium or placebo ) were supplied to subjects in identically labeled foil packets containing a 5-g dose of product , to consume three doses per day ( of 5 g each one ) , before regular meals . There was an excellent tolerance to Psyllium , without significant adverse effects . No significant changes were observed in the patient 's weight for both groups ( not significant ) . Fasting plasma glucose , total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and triglycerides levels , showed a significant reduction ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas HDL cholesterol increased significantly ( p < 0.01 ) following Psyllium treatment . Our results show that 5 g t.i.d . of Psyllium is useful , as an adjunct to dietary therapy , in patients with type II diabetes , to reduce plasma lipid and glucose levels , resolving the compliance conflict associated with the ingest of a great amount of fiber in customary diet BACKGROUND Psyllium and oat bran have been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol levels in different population s. Hypercholesterolemia is prevalent in the Northern part of Mexico and might be associated to dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle . METHODS Sedentary normal ( cholesterol<200 mg/dL ) ( n=36 ) and hypercholesterolemic ( cholesterol>220 mg/dL ) ( n=30 ) men from the Northern part of Mexico aged 20 to 45 years of age participated in an 8-week study to determine the effects of dietary soluble fiber , either psyllium or oat bran , in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol in this population . Fiber was administered by feeding the subjects an amount of cookies ( 100 g ) equivalent to 1.3 or 2.6 g/day of soluble fiber from psyllium or oat bran , respectively . Subjects were r and omly allocated to three groups : a control group consuming cookies with wheat bran , a known source of fiber with no cholesterol lowering effects , psyllium , or oat bran . RESULTS Food frequency question naires indicated that subjects from the three groups had similar intakes of foods classified as hypercholesterolemic ( p>0.05 ) . Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced by an average of 22.6 and 26 % in the psyllium and oat bran groups ( p<0.001 ) while a non-significant reduction of 8.4 % was observed in the hypercholesterolemic individuals from the control group . No effects on plasma HDL or triglycerides levels were observed among the three dietary treatments except for hypercholesterolemic individuals supplemented with oat bran where a 28 % reduction in plasma triglycerides was observed after 8 weeks ( p<0.01 ) . CONCLUSION These results indicate that psyllium and oat bran are efficacious in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol in both normal and hypercholesterolemic individuals from this population Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative and is high in both fiber and mucilage . The beneficial effect of dietary fiber in the management of type II diabetes , has not been totally demonstrated . The purpose of this study was to determine the plasma-lowering effects of 5.1 g b.i.d . of psyllium husk fiber , as an adjunct to dietary and drug therapy on lipid and glucose levels , in patients with type II diabetes . Patients were r and omly selected from an outpatient clinic of primary care to participate in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in which Plantago ovata Forsk . , or placebo was given in combination with their anti-diabetic drugs .  Forty-nine subjects were included in the study that were given diet counseling before the study and then followed for 8 weeks in the treatment period . Fasting plasma glucose ( FBS ) was measured every 2 weeks , and total plasma cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and insulin levels were measured every 4 weeks . Glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) was also measured at the beginning and ending of the study . The test products ( psyllium or placebo ) were supplied to subjects in identically labeled foil packets containing a 5.1 g dose of product , to consume two doses per day , half an hour before breakfast and dinner . Both products were well tolerated , with no serious adverse events related to treatment was reported in either . Better gastric tolerance to metformin was recorded in the psyllium group . FBS , and HbA1c , showed a significant reduction ( p<0.05 ) , whereas HDL-C increased significantly ( p<0.05 ) following psyllium treatment . LDL/HDL ratio was significantly decreased ( p<0.05 ) . Our results show that 5.1 g b.i.d . of psyllium for persons with type II diabetes is safe , well tolerated , and improves glycemic control This study provides preliminary data on the influence of ingestion of 15 g of dietary fiber daily for 4 weeks on weight change and serum iron concentrations in obese children . During two consecutive 4-week periods , subjects received either fiber/placebo supplements or placebo/fiber supplements . Initially , and after the fourth and eighth weeks , height , weight , and serum iron concentration were obtained . Diet records were maintained throughout the study . No significant differences ( p less than or equal to 0.05 ) were found in weight change , energy , iron , and crude fiber intakes and serum iron concentrations of the subjects between periods of fiber and placebo supplementation . However , mean weight loss of subjects ( 336 g ) was greater during fiber ingestion than during placebo ingestion ( 33 g ) . Due to the small sample size and the subjects ' poor compliance , further studies are needed , with a larger sample size , to determine the effectiveness of different fibers in the treatment of obesity BACKGROUND Dietary fiber may play a role in obesity prevention . Until now , the role that fiber from different sources plays in weight change had rarely been studied . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the association of total dietary fiber , cereal fiber , and fruit and vegetable fiber with changes in weight and waist circumference . DESIGN We conducted a prospect i ve cohort study with 89,432 European participants , aged 20 - 78 y , who were free of cancer , cardiovascular disease , and diabetes at baseline and who were followed for an average of 6.5 y. Dietary information was collected by using vali date d country-specific food-frequency question naires . Multiple linear regression analysis was performed in each center studied , and estimates were combined by using r and om-effects meta-analyses . Adjustments were made for follow-up duration , other dietary variables , and baseline anthropometric , demographic , and lifestyle factors . RESULTS  Total fiber  was inversely associated with subsequent weight and waist circumference change . For a 10-g/d higher total fiber intake , the pooled estimate was -39 g/y ( 95 % CI : -71 , -7 g/y ) for weight change and -0.08 cm/y ( 95 % CI : -0.11 , -0.05 cm/y ) for waist circumference change . A 10-g/d higher fiber intake from cereals was associated with -77 g/y ( 95 % CI : -127 , -26 g/y ) weight change and -0.10 cm/y ( 95 % CI : -0.18 , -0.02 cm/y ) waist circumference change . Fruit and vegetable fiber was not associated with weight change but had a similar association with waist circumference change when compared with intake of total dietary fiber and cereal fiber . CONCLUSION Our finding may support a beneficial role of higher intake of dietary fiber , especially cereal fiber , in prevention of body-weight and waist circumference gain UNLABELLED The objective was to evaluate whether the soluble fibre Plantago ovata (Po)-husk improves cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk biomarkers including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) . METHODS In a multi-centred , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , r and omised trial conducted in primary care-clinics in Spain , France and Holl and , mild-moderate hypercholesterolaemic patients ( age range : 43 - 67 years ) received 14 g/d of Po-husk ( n=126 ) or placebo ( microcrystalline-cellulose 14 g/d ; n=128 ) in a low saturated fat diet for 8 weeks . Subsequently , if LDL-C remained > or = 3.35 mmol/L [ 130 mg/dL ] , participants proceeded with the fibre plus simvastatin ( 20mg/d ) for further 8 weeks . Lipid profile , blood pressure ( BP ) , insulin , oxidised LDL and some gene polymorphisms involved in CVD risk were measured . RESULTS Relative to placebo , Po-husk reduced plasma LDL-C by -6 % ( P<0.0002 ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) by -6 % , triglycerides ( TG ) by -21.6 % , apolipoprotein ( Apo ) B-100 by -6.7 % , oxidised LDL by a mean of -6.82 U/L ( 95%CI : 3.15 - 10.48 ) , insulin by -4.68 pmol/L ( 95%CI : 0.68 - 8.67 ) and systolic BP by -4.0 mm Hg ( 95%CI ; 1.2 - 6.7 ) ( P<0.05 ) . The TG-lowering effect in the Po-husk group was magnified by variants in plasminogen-activator-inhibitor ( PAI-1 ; rs1799768 ) and fatty acid-binding protein ( FABP-2 ; rs1799883 ) genes . At 16 weeks , the intra-group action of simvastatin ( 20mg/d ) added to Po-husk or placebo was a similar LDL-C reduction . CONCLUSIONS Po-husk , apart from lowering LDL-C , also reduced TG , TG related to certain gene variants , TC , Apo B-100 , oxLDL , insulin-resistance and systolic BP in mild-moderate hypercholesterolaemic individuals . Thus , the target patients to receive Po-husk would be those who present a cluster of various CVD risk factors , such as metabolic syndrome The effect of plasma glucose on satiety and the capacity of carbohydrates to stimulate cholecystokinin ( CCK ) remain unclear . The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of the postpr and ial plasma glucose and insulin response is inversely related to the CCK response and to subjective satiety .  Seven healthy , male volunteers consumed equal carbohydrate portions ( 0.5 g/kg body weight ) of six test meals ( Rice Bubbles , Sustain , Vita-Brits , All-Bran , porridge and white bread ) in r and om order after an overnight fast . An egg and bacon meal was consumed as a non-carbohydrate control providing 0.5 g protein/kg body weight . Serum CCK , plasma glucose and insulin and subjective satiety ( measured by a rating scale ) were assessed over 3 h and quantified using the glycaemic index ( GI ) , insulin index ( II ) , the peak satiety score and area under the incremental curve ( AUC ) . The observed GIs ( mean + /- SE ) ranged from 42.5 + /- 2.6 for All-Bran to 116.2 + /- 11.4 for Rice Bubbles , using white bread as the reference food ( GI = 100 ) . Peak satiety scores varied eightfold from 0.21 + /- 0.4 for Sustain to 1.64 + /- 0.4 for All-Bran . Significant inverse relationships were observed between the peak satiety score and both the glycaemic and insulin index of the seven meals ( r = -0.916 , p less than 0.001 and r = -0.926 , p less than 0.001 ) . A direct relationship was observed between satiety ( AUC ) and the CCK response ( AUC ) ( r = 0.73 p less than 0.01 ) . The results suggest that glycaemic and insulin responses to carbohydrate foods are inversely proportional to the CCK response and satiety OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of baked psyllium supplementation versus those who received a placebo on constipation symptoms , body weight , glycemic and lipids control in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and chronic constipation . METHODS In a single-blinded , r and omized controlled trial , 51 patients with T2D and chronic constipation with body mass index ( BMI ) 20 - 47 kg/m2 received either 10 g of psyllium pre-mixed in cookies twice per day or placebo cookies for 12 weeks . Constipation symptoms , body mass index ( BMI ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and lipid profile were determined at the beginning and end of 4 , 8 , and 12-week period . Constipation was evaluated with a stool diary ( ROME III ) . RESULTS The psyllium group showed improvement in constipation symptoms , body weight , glucose and lipid values compared with the baseline and the placebo group . Body weight and FPG decreased from baseline in the psyllium group ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.056 , respectively ) . The differences ( 95 % CI ) of absolute change of body weight ( -2.0 ( -3.0 , -1.0 ) kg ; P < 0.001 ) , FPG ( -13.6 ( -24.3 , -2.9 ) mg/dl ; P = .040 ) , and HbA1c ( -1.7 ( -2.9 , -0.5 ) ) ; P = 0.002 ) between the groups were statistically significant . Cholesterol ( -21.5 ( -25.6 , -14.4 ) ; P < 0.001 ) , triglycerides ( -20.0 ( -32.3 , -7.7 ) ; P = 0.021 ) and constipation symptoms ( 1.5 ( 0.4 , 2.3 ) ; P < 0.001 ) decreased in the psyllium group . The compliance was good and no adverse effects were observed . CONCLUSION In patients with T2D and chronic constipation , psyllium supplementation decreased constipation symptoms , body weight , glycemic , cholesterol , and increased HDLC levels
target: Moreover , there was nonlinear association between duration of psyllium consumption , BMI and WC .
  Conclusion : Psyllium supplementation does not reduce body weight , BMI , and WC significantly
background: Abstract Background : Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the effects of psyllium supplementation on  obesity measures .
  This systematic review and meta- analysis was performed to summarize data from available r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) on the effect of psyllium supplementation on  body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , and waist circumference ( WC ) in adults .