title: Effects of aerobic exercise training on variability and heart rate kinetic during submaximal exercise after gastric bypass surgery – a randomized controlled trial Longitudinal Assessment of Physical Activity in Women Undergoing Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. Becoming physically active after bariatric surgery is associated with improved weight loss and health-related quality of life. Marked weight reduction lowers resting and exercise blood pressure in morbidly obese subjects. Effect of Bariatric Surgery on the Six-Minute Walk Test in Severe Uncomplicated Obesity Health-related quality-of-life in patients with morbid obesity after gastric banding for surgically induced weight loss. Rapid changes in gait, musculoskeletal pain, and quality of life after bariatric surgery. Effect of Weight Loss on Aerobic Capacity in Patients with Severe Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery Serum Cholesterol by Morbidly Obese Patients after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Additional Physical Activity Musculoskeletal function following bariatric surgery. Impact of Aerobic Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability and Functional Capacity in Obese Women After Gastric Bypass Surgery Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. Health‐related quality of life after gastric banding Energy expenditure during treadmill walking before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a one-year follow-up study in 11 obese women. Muscle Force and Force Control After Weight Loss in Obese and Morbidly Obese Men Increased exercise capacity after surgically induced weight loss in morbid obesity. Improvement of Physical Functioning of Morbidly Obese Patients Who Have Undergone a Lap-Band® Operation: One-Year Study
abstract: Background : This study aim ed to determine whether morbidly obese women have an alteration of heart rate ( HR ) kinetics and HR variability ( HRV ) during the 6-min walk test ( 6MWT ) and if an aerobic exercise training can modify these indexes after gastric bypass surgery ( GBS ) . Design and methods : Nineteen morbidly obese women were r and omized to a trained ( TG ) or control group and 12 women of eutrophic group ( EG ) were also evaluated . The obese women were tested on two occasions : 1 week before and 4 months after GBS through record of HR and R-R intervals during 6MWT for analysis HR kinetics . The TG underwent an aerobic exercise training program on a treadmill ( 1-h session , totaling 36 sessions over 12-week ) . Results : Both obese groups demonstrated a significant reduction of rMSSD and slower HR kinetics during the 6MWT when compared to the EG . In addition , only the TG demonstrated a significant improvement in HRV indexes , walking distance , faster time constant and mean response time of HR during 6MWT after training ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Morbidly obese women have slower HR kinetics and altered cardiac modulation during submaximal exercise . However , aerobic exercise training can produce beneficial adaptations in HRV and faster HR kinetics following GBS . Implication s for Rehabilitation The obesity is one of the most important threats to health in developed countries and bariatric surgery is an option for treatment of morbid obesity . Exercise is an effective means of improving health after this procedure due alterations of autonomic nervous system in this population . This study showed that a program of aerobic physical training after bariatric surgery was able to improve the kinetics of heart rate and the cardiac autonomic modulation , both evaluated during submaximal exercise Background Patients undergoing bariatric surgery  do not seem to increase objective ly measured  physical activity ( PA ) after surgery , despite substantial weight loss . The aims of the present study were ( i ) to objective ly characterize 3 months pre-surgery to 9 months postsurgery PA and sedentary behavior changes in women undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB )  using tri-axial accelerometers and ( ii ) to examine associations between pre-surgery versus postsurgery PA and sedentary behavior with anthropometric measures taken in home environment . Methods Fifty-six women , with an average pre-surgery body mass index ( BMI ) of 37.6 ( SD 2.6 ) and of age 39.5 years ( SD 5.7 ) , were recruited at five Swedish hospitals .  PA  was measured for 1 week by the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer , and anthropometric measures were taken at home visits 3 months pre-surgery and 9 months postsurgery , thus limiting seasonal effects . Results Average BMI loss , 9 months postsurgery , was 11.7 ( SD 2.7 ) BMI units . There were no significant pre- to postsurgery differences in PA or sedentary behavior . However , pre-surgery PA showed negative association with PA change and positive association with postsurgery PA . Adjustments for pre-surgery BMI had no impact on these associations . Conclusions No significant differences were observed in objective ly measured changes in PA or time spent sedentary from 3 months pre-surgery to 9 months postsurgery among women undergoing RYGB . However , women with higher pre-surgery PA decreased their PA postsurgery while women with lower pre-surgery PA increased their PA OBJECTIVES To estimate the magnitude of small meaningful and substantial individual change in physical performance measures and evaluate their responsiveness . DESIGN Secondary data analyses using distribution- and anchor-based methods to determine meaningful change . SETTING Secondary analysis of data from an observational study and clinical trials of community-dwelling older people and subacute stroke survivors . PARTICIPANTS Older adults with mobility disabilities in a strength training trial ( n=100 ) , subacute stroke survivors in an intervention trial ( n=100 ) , and a prospect i ve cohort of community-dwelling older people ( n=492 ) . MEASUREMENTS  Gait speed , Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) , 6-minute-walk distance ( 6MWD ) , and self-reported mobility . RESULTS Most small meaningful change estimates ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 m/s for gait speed , 0.27 to 0.55 points for SPPB , and 19 to 22 m for 6MWD . Most substantial change estimates ranged from 0.08 to 0.14 m/s for gait speed , 0.99 to 1.34 points for SPPB , and 47 to 49 m for 6MWD . Based on responsiveness indices , per-group sample sizes for clinical trials ranged from 13 to 42 for substantial change and 71 to 161 for small meaningful change . CONCLUSION Best initial estimates of small meaningful change are near 0.05 m/s for gait speed , 0.5 points for SPPB , and 20 m for 6MWD and of substantial change are near 0.10 m/s for gait speed , 1.0 point for SPPB , and 50 m for 6MWD . For clinical use , substantial change in these measures and small change in gait speed and 6MWD , but not SPPB , are detectable . For research use , these measures yield feasible sample sizes for detecting meaningful change The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre- to postoperative increases in physical activity ( PA ) are associated with weight loss and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL )  following bariatric surgery . Participants were 199 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) surgery patients . The International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) was used to categorize participants into three groups according to their preoperative and /1-year postoperative PA level : ( i ) Inactive/Active ( < 200-min/week/>or=200-min/week ) , ( ii ) Active/Active ( > or=200-min/week/>or=200-min/week ) and ( iii ) Inactive/Inactive ( < 200-min/week/<200-min/week ) . The  Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) was used to assess HRQoL. Analyses of covariance were conducted to examine the effects of PA group on weight and HRQoL changes . Inactive/Active participants , compared with Inactive/Inactive individuals , had greater reductions in weight ( 52.5 + /- 15.4 vs. 46.4 + /- 12.8 kg ) and BMI ( 18.9 + /- 4.6 vs. 16.9 + /- 4.2 kg/m(2 ) ) . Weight loss outcomes in the Inactive/Active and Active/Active groups were similar to each other . Inactive/Active and Active/Active participants reported greater improvements than Inactive/Inactive participants on the mental component summary ( MCS ) score and the general health , vitality and mental health domains ( P < 0.01 ) . Although the direction of causation is not clear , these findings suggest that RYGB patients who become active postoperatively achieve weight losses and HRQoL improvements that are greater than those experienced by patients who remain inactive and comparable to those attained by patients who stay active . Future r and omized controlled trials should examine whether assisting patients who are inactive preoperatively to increase their PA postoperatively contributes to optimization of weight loss and HRQoL outcomes Obesity and high blood pressure ( BP ) often coexist . Weight reduction lowers resting BP but its effect on BP during exercise ( a predictor of target organ damage ) has not been evaluated . Blood pressure was measured at rest and during cycling , before and after weight reduction induced by gastric restriction . Nineteen subjects ( 4 male ) , 41 + /-2 ( SEM ) years of age and body mass index ( BMI ) of 43 + /- 0.9 kg/m2 , were studied . On each occasion  BP was measured at rest , at a steady state of 0 and 25 watts , at peak exercise and 1 min into recovery .  Body weight was reduced by 28 % + /- 6 % and BMI decreased from 43.3 + /- 0.9 to 31.5 + /- 0.7 kg/m2 ( P < .01 ) . Both BP and heart rate , at rest and at all exercise intensities , were significantly lower after weight reduction . Resting BP decreased from 133 + /-4/87 + /- 3 mm Hg to 115 + /- 4/77 + /- 2 mm Hg ( P < .001 ) , and BP at peak exercise decreased from 181 + /- 8/98 + /- 4 to 162 + /- 6/83 + /- 5 mm Hg ( P < .001 ) . The change in resting systolic BP did not correlate with the change in body weight or with the change in heart rate , but it correlated with the baseline systolic BP ( R = 0.61 ; P < .005 ) . It is concluded that marked weight reduction reduces BP at rest and at all exercise intensities . Gastroplasty should be considered as an option in morbidly obese hypertensive patients who are not well controlled with conventional treatment , and who fail to lose or to maintain a reduced weight by calorie restriction alone Background : The six-minute walk test ( 6mWT ) is a simple index of functional capacity in healthy people , and it has been used to estimate exercise capacity in obese subjects . The aim of this study was to determine whether weight reduction induced by laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) improves the functional capacity in the severely obese on the 6mWT . Methods : A prospect i ve 1-year study was carried out at the Hospital Casoria , Naples , involving 15 consecutive severely obese patients who underwent the 6mWT before and 1 year after LAGB .  BMI , walking distance , heart rate , dyspnea , and respiratory function tests were also measured . Patients served as their own controls . Results : 15 patients ( all females ) were evaluated .  Mean BMI decreased from 42.1 ( range 39 - 49 ) before to 31.9 ( range 25 - 38 ) postoperatively . The distance walked increased from 475.7 meters ( range 380 - 580 ) before LAGB to 626.3 meters ( range 435 - 880 ) 1 year postoperatively ( P<0.0001 ) , and the dyspnea score after the 6mWT was significantly reduced postoperatively . All functional variables after the 6mWT showed improvement postoperatively at 1 year study . Conclusion : Weight reduction in the obese increases the functional capacity during walking . The improvements are refected in the patients ' own assessment BACKGROUND Physical , emotional , and social functioning are impaired in obesity . It is unknown whether and , if so , to what extent and in which domain obese subjects who lose weight may catch up to normal-weight levels . Our objective was to compare the health-related quality -of-life ( HRQL ) of obese subjects with that of a normal-weight reference group before and 1 year after a weight loss program that centered around laparoscopic and open gastric b and ing . METHODS An HRQL question naire consisting of a battery of both generic and specific measures was administered to 50 morbidly obese subjects on 2 occasions and to 100 healthy , normal-weight subjects , matched for age , gender , education , and vocational training . In addition to weight loss and health gain , the influences of achieved weight loss goals , satisfaction with outcome and operative approach ( laparoscopy/laparotomy ) were assessed . RESULTS Quality -of-life was significantly impaired in obese subjects . With a substantial weight loss of 35 kg and 42 % loss of excessive weight , and correction of disturbed metabolic parameters , they significantly improved in general well-being , health distress , and perceived attractiveness , approaching halfway the values of a normal-weight reference group . Improvement in values for depression and self-regard lagged behind . In physical activity , they bypassed the reference group . Days of sick leave decreased to the level of the reference group . Improvements in HRQL paralleled the rate of weight loss . Personal satisfaction and surgical approach were of minor influence . CONCLUSIONS The obese subjects ' impaired physical and social functioning improved considerably , catching up midway to normal-weight reference values after weight loss . Psychologic amelioration lagged behind . Whether the latter will catch up later and physical/social improvements will be maintained is the subject of further studies BACKGROUND Joint pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint of morbidly obese patients that can result in gait abnormalities , perceived mobility limitations , and declining quality of life ( QOL ) . It is not yet known whether weight loss 3 months after bariatric surgery can induce favorable changes in joint pain , gait , perceived mobility , and QOL . Our objectives were to examine whether participants who had undergone bariatric surgery ( n = 25 ; laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing )  demonstrate improvements in joint pain , gait ( speed , stride/step length , width of base of support , toe angles , single/double support , swing and stance time , functional ambulatory profile ) , mobility , and QOL by 3 months compared with nonsurgical controls ( n = 20 ) . The setting was an orthopedics laboratory at a university hospital in the United States . METHODS The present study was a prospect i ve , comparative study . Numeric pain scales ( indicating the presence and severity of pain ) , mobility-related surveys , and the Medical Outcomes Study short-form 36-item question naire ( SF-36 ) were completed , and gait and walking speed were assessed at baseline and at month 3 . RESULTS The bariatric group lost an average of 21.6 ± 7.7 kg . Significant differences existed between the 2 groups at month 3 in step length , heel to heel base of support , and the percentage of time spent in single and double support during the gait cycle ( all P < .05 ) . The severity of low back pain and knee pain decreased by 54 % and 34 % , respectively , with no changes in the control group ( P = .05 ) . The walking speed increased by 15 % in the bariatric group ( 108 - 123 cm/s ; P < .05 ) but not in the control group . Compared with the control group , fewer bariatric patients perceived limitations with walking and stair climbing by month 3 . The bariatric group had a 4.8-cm increase in step length , 2.6 % increase in single support time during the gait cycle , and 2.5-cm reduction in the base of support ( all P < .05 ) . The SF-36 physical component scores increased 11.8 points in the bariatric group compared with the control group , which showed no improvement by month 3 ( P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Improvements in some , but not all , gait parameters , walking speed , and QOL and of perceived functional limitations occur by 3 months after a bariatric procedure Severe obesity has been associated with adverse effects on physical capacity . In a prospect i ve study , the aerobic capacity of severely obese patients was measured in order to observe the physiological response to weight loss from bariatric surgery .  Sixty-five consecutive patients ( 40.4 ± 8.4 years old ; 93.8 % female ; body mass index = 49.4 ± 5.4 kg/m2 ) were evaluated before bariatric surgery and then 6 and 12 months after surgery . Aerobic capacity was assessed with a scientific treadmill to measure maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) , heart rate , blood pressure , time on the treadmill , and distance walked ( modified Bruce test )  . For the three observational periods , VO2max was 25.4 ± 9.3 , 29.8 ± 8.1 , and 36.7 ± 8.3 ml/kg/min ; time on the treadmill was 5.4 ± 1.4 , 6.4 ± 1.6 , and 8.8 ± 1.0 min ; and distance walked was 401.8 ± 139.1 , 513.4 ± 159.9 , and 690.5 ± 76.2 m. For these variables , significant results ( p = 0.0000 ) were observed for the two postoperative periods in relation to the preoperative period . Severely obese individuals increased their aerobic capacity after successful bariatric surgery . The data also suggests that a positive and progressive relationship between weight loss and improvement in fitness as a moderate loss of weight 6 months after surgery already showed some benefit and an additional reduction in weight was associated with a better performance in the aerobic capacity tests at the 12-month follow-up Background  Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG )  has shown to be effective in serum triglycerides reduction and HDL cholesterol increase , but with little effect on total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol .  Physical activity is recognized as an effective non-pharmacological intervention to reduce body fat mass and hypercholesterolemia . Methods A prospect i ve observational study of all the patients undergoing LSG as bariatric technique between 2007 and 2012 was performed . All patients completed the Spanish Version of the Modifiable Physical Activity Question naire at two time points : baseline ( pre-intervention ) and 1 year after surgery , both in face-to-face interviews . Lipid profiles were monitored at the same time points . Results A total of 50 patients were included in the study , 44 females ( 88 % ) and six males ( 12 % ) with a mean age of 42.7 ± 10.3 years . Comorbidities included dyslipidemia in 50 % ( 40 % hypercholesterolemia and 10 % hypertriglyceridemia ) . Preoperatively , four patients ( 8 % ) reported moderately active physical activity and one patient ( 2 % ) active physical exercise . The rest of the patients were sedentary . One year after surgery , 30 patients ( 60 % ) performed any kind of active physical activity , while the rest were sedentary . Lipid profile 12 months after surgery showed significantly lower total cholesterol levels in the active group ( 182.8 mg/dl vs 220 mg/dl in the sedentary group ; p = 0.003 ) . LDL cholesterol levels were also lower in the active group ( 103.2 vs 133 mg/dl in the sedentary group ; p = 0.015 ) . Conclusion The performance of routine moderate physical activity in addition to LSG achieves a significant improvement in all parameters of the lipid profile OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery is an effective method for acute weight loss . While the impact of bariatric surgery on general medical conditions ( e.g. , type 2 diabetes ) is well documented , few studies focus on physical functional outcomes following weight-loss induced by bariatric surgery . DESIGN AND METHODS We report on 50 women aged 20 - 74 scheduled for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) procedure who were enrolled for a prospect i ve 1-year study . Height , weight , and waist circumference were recorded preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months , postoperatively . To track musculoskeletal/physical function changes , the  timed-get-up- and -go ( TGUG ) and short-form health survey-36 ( SF-36 ) and short musculoskeletal function assessment ( SFMA ) question naires were administered . RESULTS Patients had significant weight loss and functional improvement . At 1 year mean weight loss was 48.5 kg and mean TGUG improvement was 3.1 s. SMFA and SF-36 also showed improvement in functional components with weight loss at 6 months and 1-year post surgery . Significant associations were observed between TGUG and SMFA measures at all time points . Final weight at 1 year post bariatric surgery was also significantly correlated with most functional outcomes and changes in these outcomes . Partial correlations controlling for age revealed additional associations between body weight and functional outcomes , especially at the 6-month visit . CONCLUSION Our results suggest that significant rapid weight loss , such as that attained by bariatric surgery , acutely improves musculoskeletal function in morbidly obese patients . Additionally , for patients with musculoskeletal disease or injury , weight loss result ing from bariatric surgery may serve as an adjunct for improving global functional outcome , and enhancing the rehabilitation potential Background Obesity is a major public health concern on a global scale . Bariatric surgery is among the treatment options , result ing in significant and sustainable weight loss as well as amelioration of comorbidities . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a 12-week aerobic exercise program positively impacts heart rate variability ( HRV ) and functional capacity after gastric  bypass surgery ( GBS ) in a female cohort . Methods Of the 52 patients initially recruited , 21 were r and omized to a training group ( TG ) or control group and successfully completed the study . Patients were tested on two occasions : 1 week before GBS and 4 months after GBS . Anthropometric variables , body composition , record of heart rate and R-R intervals , and 6-min walk test ( 6MWT ) were assessed at both time points . The TG underwent an aerobic exercise training program on a treadmill ( 1-h session , totaling 36 sessions over 12 weeks ) . Results The main findings from this study were : ( 1 ) only the TG demonstrated a significant increase ( p < 0.05 ) in all indexes of heart rate variability ( HRV ) after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training and ( 2 ) only the TG demonstrated a significant increase ( p < 0.05 ) in 6MWT distance and decrease in diastolic blood pressure after aerobic exercise training . Conclusions We conclude that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training improves cardiac autonomic modulation and functional capacity 4 months after GBS BACKGROUND Weight loss is associated with short-term amelioration and prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular risk , but whether these benefits persist over time is unknown . METHODS The prospect i ve , controlled Swedish Obese Subjects Study involved obese subjects who underwent gastric surgery and contemporaneously matched , conventionally treated obese control subjects . We now report follow-up data for subjects ( mean age , 48 years ; mean body-mass index , 41 ) who had been enrolled for at least 2 years ( 4047 subjects ) or 10 years ( 1703 subjects ) before the analysis ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The follow-up rate for laboratory examinations was 86.6 percent at 2 years and 74.5 percent at 10 years . RESULTS After two years , the weight had increased by 0.1 percent in the control group and had decreased by 23.4 percent in the surgery group ( P<0.001 ) . After 10 years , the weight had increased by 1.6 percent and decreased by 16.1 percent , respectively ( P<0.001 ) . Energy intake was lower and the proportion of physically active subjects higher in the surgery group than in the control group throughout the observation period . Two- and 10-year rates of recovery from diabetes , hypertriglyceridemia , low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , hypertension , and hyperuricemia were more favorable in the surgery group than in the control group , whereas recovery from hypercholesterolemia did not differ between the groups . The surgery group had lower 2- and 10-year incidence rates of diabetes , hypertriglyceridemia , and hyperuricemia than the control group ; differences between the groups in the incidence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension were undetectable . CONCLUSIONS As compared with conventional therapy , bariatric surgery appears to be a viable option for the treatment of severe obesity , result ing in long-term weight loss , improved lifestyle , and , except for hypercholesterolemia , amelioration in risk factors that were elevated at baseline Bariatric surgery ameliorates  obesity‐associated diseases  , result ing in psychological and social benefits . Long‐term studies of its effects on quality of life ( QOL ) assessed with well established instruments are lacking . This prospect i ve study investigated the long‐term effects of  gastric b and ing  on health‐related QOL using an obesity‐specific vali date d measure OBJECTIVE To find out whether weight reduction induced by vertical b and ed gastroplasty ( VBG ) alters the energy expenditure in severely obese women during treadmill walking . DESIGN A prospect i ve one year follow-up study , patients being their own controls . SETTING University hospital , Sweden . SUBJECTS A consecutive series of 11 women who had VBG .  MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Indirect calorimetry , body mass index ( BMI ) , preset and comfortable walking speeds , heart rate , perceived exertion , and quality of life . RESULTS 11 patients were evaluated .  Mean BMI ( kg/ml ) decreased from 41 ( range 36 - 46 ) before to 32 ( range 25 - 37 ) 12 months postoperatively . The energy expenditure decreased significantly both at comfortable and preset walking speeds . The comfortable walking speed increased from 2.7 km x h(-1 ) ( range 1.3 - 3.4 ) before operation to 3.8 ( range 2.0 - 4.2 ) one year postoperatively ( p = 0.003 ) . All bodily variables in the SF-36 question naire showed improvement from 6 months onwards . CONCLUSION Weight reduction in women reduces the energy expenditure during walking both at comfortable and preset speeds . The comfortable walking speed is increased . The improvements are reflected in the patients ' own assessment Background Decrease in fat mass and fat-free mass have been observed with weight loss induced by a dietary intervention or surgery . There are concerns that fat-free mass decrease could have some negative functional consequences . The aim of this study was to examine how weight loss affects strength and force control in obese and morbidly obese men . Methods Weight loss was obtained in obese individuals by a hypocaloric diet program until resistance to lose fat and in morbidly obese individuals by bariatric surgery .  Maximal force was measured for upper and lower limb and the ability to maintain 15 % and 40 % of that force . These measures were taken at baseline , in those dieting once resistant to weight loss and 1 year after surgery for those operated on . Normal weight individuals used for control were evaluated twice ( 6 to 12 months apart ) . Results At baseline , there was no significant difference between groups for maximal forces and capabilities to maintain force levels . Weight loss averaged 11.1 % of the initial body weight after dieting and 46.3 % 1 year after surgery . At the same time , there was for the lower limb a loss of 10.1 % in maximal force after dieting and 33.5 % after surgery . For the upper limb , there was no change in maximal force after dieting whereas a decrease of 14.4 % was observed after surgery . When transformed in force related to body weight , there was no change in relative force for the lower limb after dieting whereas an increased relative force after surgery . There was no significant difference for the ability for maintaining force levels . Conclusion Despite a large force loss , particularly for the lower limbs in morbidly obese individuals after surgery , this loss is relatively well tolerated because the relation between force and body weight is even improved and the ability to maintain that force is preserved OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of surgically induced weight loss on exercise capacity in patients with morbid obesity ( MO ) . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A prospect i ve 1-year follow-up study was carried out , with patients being their own controls . A symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise stress test was performed in 31 MO patients ( BMI > 40 kg/m2 ) before and 1 year after undergoing bariatric surgery .  RESULTS At 1 year after surgery , weight was reduced from 146 + /- 33 to 95 + /- 19 kg ( p < 0.001 ) , and BMI went from 51 + /- 4 to 33 + /- 6 kg/m2 ( p < 0.001 ) . After weight loss , obese patients performed each workload with lower oxygen consumption , heart rate , systolic arterial pressure , and ventilatory volume ( p < 0.001 ) . This reduced energy expenditure allowed them to increase the duration of their effort test from 13.8 + /- 3.8 to 21 + /- 4.2 minutes ( p < 0.001 ) . Upon finishing the exercise , MO patients before surgery were able to reach only 83 % of their age-predicted maximal heart rate , and their respiratory exchange ratio was 0.87 + /- 0.06 . After weight loss , those values were 90 % and 1 + /- 0.08 , respectively ( p < 0.01 ) . When we compared the peak O2 pulse corrected by fat free mass before and after surgery , no significant differences between the groups were found . DISCUSSION After surgically induced weight loss , MO patients markedly improved their exercise capacity . This is due to the fact that they were able to perform the external work with lower energy expenditure and also to increase cardiovascular stress , optimizing the use of cardiac reserve . There were no differences in cardiac function before and after surgery Background : The Netherl and s has a population of 20,000 morbidly obese patients , an average of 350 of whom per year undergo a stomach reduction operation  involving the surgical placement of a Lap-B and ® . The quality of life ( QOL ) of a sample of female patients who underwent this operation was studied in a 1-year postoperative study . Methods : The Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 ( MOS SF-36 ) was used to assess 1-year postoperative quality of life among a sample of 39 female patients aged 19 - 53 years .  QOL was measured at most 20 h preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively using a r and omized pretest/posttest design . Statistical data , after transformation , were analyzed with SPSS Version 7.5 for Windows 95 . Results : The response rate of 92.9 % of patients polled was good , in contrast to earlier findings with this measuring instrument . Mean body mass index ( BMI ) declined from 40.86 kg/m2 preoperatively to 33.14 kg/m2 1 year postoperatively . QOL improved on all scores in the MOS SF-36 . Internal consistency of the scales used was high . Conclusions : The response rate to the MOS SF-36 question naire was high . The surgical placement of a Lap-B and ® result ed in a significant improvement of QOL ( 1 year postoperatively ) on all scores used . The internal consistency of the scales used was high
target: No relationship was identified between changes in weight and walking performance post-surgery .
background: Although physical activity performed after bariatric surgery is associated with enhanced weight loss outcomes , there is limited information on patients ' physical activity behaviour in this context .
  This systematic review and meta- analysis assessed pre-operative to post-operative changes in physical activity and physical function outcomes among obese adults undergoing bariatric surgery .