title: Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women A Combination of Prebiotic Inulin and Oligofructose Improve Some of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. A randomized controlled trial: the effect of inulin on weight management and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes Consumption of fructooligosaccharides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides does not affect basal hepatic glucose production or insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics. Assessing the Effect of High Performance Inulin Supplementation via KLF5 mRNA Expression in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trail The effect of enriched chicory inulin on liver enzymes, calcium homeostasis and hematological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Effects of High Performance Inulin Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes The inclusion of a partial meal replacement with or without inulin to a calorie restricted diet contributes to reach recommended intakes of micronutrients and decrease plasma triglycerides: A randomized clinical trial in obese Mexican women. Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with a fos enriched cookie on saciety and cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients. The effects of sodium butyrate and inulin supplementation on angiotensin signaling pathway via promotion of Akkermansia muciniphila abundance in type 2 diabetes; A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Gastrointestinal microbiome modulator improves glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Effect of Butyrate and Inulin Supplementation on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity. Effects of high performance inulin supplementation on glycemic status and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Milk Powder Co‐Supplemented with Inulin and Resistant Dextrin Improves Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 12‐Week Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial Impact of prebiotic supplementation on T-cell subsets and their related cytokines, anthropometric features and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled Trial. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. A Randomised Crossover Trial: The Effect of Inulin on Glucose Homeostasis in Subtypes of Prediabetes
abstract: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures PURPOSE This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on some of cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 52 females ( 25 < BMI < 35 kg/m2 ) with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to two groups . Participants received 10g/d oligofructose-enriched inulin ( n=27 ) or 10g/d placebo ( n=25 ) for 8 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken to measure metabolic profiles , malondialdehyd and antioxidant enzymes at baseline and after the 8 weeks intervention . Paired , unpaired sample t-test and analysis of covariance were used to comparison of quantitative variables . RESULTS After 8 weeks , in the oligofructose-enriched inulin group there was a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( 0.2 mmol/l , 20.0 % ) and a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose ( 19.2 mg/dL , 9.4 % ) HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 8.4 % ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) ( 28.0 mg/dL , 14.1 % ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) ( 22.0 mg/dL , 21.7 % ) , TC/HDL-c ratio ( 0.73 , 20.7 % ) , LDL-c/HDL-c ratio ( 0.55 , 27.5 % ) and malondialdehyd ( 1.7 nmol/ml , 39.7 % ) compared to the placebo group . Changes in concentrations of triglycerides , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLc ) , superoxide dismutase , catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not significant in oligofructose-enriched inulin group compared to the placebo group . CONCLUSION Oligofructose-enriched inulin may improve glycemic indices , lipid profile , antioxidant status and malondialdehyd in women with type 2 diabetes Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Purpose : The worldwide prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes is increasing rapidly . Currently , the complications of diabetes are the major health concern . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high performance ( HP ) inulin supplementation on glucose homeostasis via KLF5 mRNA expression in adults with type 2 diabetes . Methods : In the present clinical trial conducted for a duration of 6 weeks , 46 volunteers diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinic in Tabriz , Iran , were r and omly assigned into intervention ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/d HP inulin ) and control groups ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/ d starch ) . We assessed glycemic and anthropometric indices , blood lipids and plasmatic level of miR-375 as well as KLF5 mRNA expression before and after the intervention . Results : Findings indicated that inulin supplementation significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) in comparison to the placebo group ( P<0.001 ) . Also Intra-group and between group results showed that inulin supplementation result ed in significant decrease in KLF5 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) ( Fold change : 0.61± 0.11 ; P-value= 0.001 ) and significant increase in plasmatic level of miR-375 ( Fold change : 3.75± 0.70 ; P-value=0.004 ) . Conclusion : Considering the improvements of FPG level in diabetic patients , it seems that HP inulin supplementation may be beneficial in controlling diabetes via the expression of some genes . However , further studies are needed to achieve concise conclusions BACKGROUND S AND AIMS Type 2 diabetic mellitus ( T2DM ) as one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality is associated with immune system disturbances and metabolic abnormalities . In the current study we aim ed to evaluate the effects of enriched chicory inulin supplementation on liver enzymes , serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations and hematological parameters in patients with T2DM . METHODS Forty-six diabetic females patients were r and omly allocated into intervention ( n=27 ) and control ( n=22 ) groups . Subjects in the intervention group received a daily dose of 10 g of chicory and subjects in control group received a placebo for two months . Anthropometric variables , glucose homeostasis , hematological parameters and metabolic indices including serum alanine aminotransfersae ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) , calcium and phosphorous as well as creatinine concentrations , glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) and blood pressure were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . RESULTS Significant reductions in fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , Hb A1C , AST and ALP concentrations were observed in chicory-treated group . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also reduced in chicory-treated group . Serum calcium significantly increased after chicory supplementation but no change in placebo treated group has been occurred ( P=0.014 ) . Supplementation with enriched chicory for two months significantly reduced hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) values ( P<0.05 ) . Changes in serum insulin , creatinine and GFR were not significant . CONCLUSION The present study showed beneficial effects of oligofructose-enriched chicory on the improvement of the glucose and calcium homeostasis , liver function tests , blood pressure and reduction in hematologic risk factors of diabetes in female patients with T2DM . Further studies in both genders are needed to generalize these findings to total population Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin supplementation on blood glycemic control and antioxidant status in women with type 2 diabetes . Methods In a r and omized , triple-blind controlled trial , 49 females ( fiber intake < 30 g/day , 25<body mass index < 35 kg/m2 ) with type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Iran Diabetes Society and from endocrinology and metabolism clinics associated with the Tabriz University of Medical Science . The participants were divided into one of two groups in which the participants either received 10 g/day of inulin ( intervention , n=24 ) or maltodextrin ( control , n=25 ) for 2 months . Fasting blood sample s were obtained and both glycemic control and antioxidant status were determined at baseline and at the end of the study . Results At the end of the study period , there were significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose ( 8.47 % ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( 10.43 % ) , and malondialdehyde ( 37.21 % ) levels and significant increases in total antioxidant capacity ( 18.82 % ) and superoxide dismutase activity ( 4.36 % ) in the inulin group when compared to the maltodextrin group ( P<0.05 ) . Changes in fasting insulin , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance , and catalase activity were not significant in the inulin group when compared with the maltodextrin group . Glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged in both groups . Conclusion Inulin supplementation may improve some glycemic and antioxidant indices and decrease malondialdehyde levels in women with type 2 diabetes . Further investigations are needed in order to confirm the positive effects that inulin may have on the glycemic and antioxidant indices of patients with type 2 diabetes Background Obesity is a major public health problem in many poor countries where micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent . A partial meal replacement may be an effective strategy to decrease obesity and increase micronutrient intake in such population s. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a partial meal replacement with and without inulin on weight reduction , blood lipids and micronutrients intake in obese Mexican women . Methods In a r and omized controlled clinical trial 144 women ( 18–50 y ) with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 , were allocated into one of the following treatments during 3 months : 1 ) Two doses/d of a partial meal replacement ( PMR ) , 2 ) Two doses/d of PMR with inulin ( PMR + I ) , 3 ) Two doses/d of 5 g of inulin ( INU ) and 4 ) Control group ( CON ) . All groups received a low calorie diet ( LCD ) . Weight , height , hip and waist circumference were measured every 2 weeks and body composition , lipids and glucose concentration and nutrient intake were assessed at baseline and after 3 months . Results All groups significantly reduced weight , BMI , waist and hip circumference . Differences between groups were only observed in BMI and weight adjusted changes : At 45 days PMR group lost more weight than INU and CON groups by 0.9 and 1.2Kg , respectively . At 60 days , PMR + I and PMR groups lost more weight than in INU by 0.7 and 1Kg , respectively . Subjects in PMR , PMR + I and INU significantly decreased triglycerides . Energy intake was reduced in all groups . Fiber intake increased in PMR + I and INU groups . Some minerals and vitamins intakes were higher in PMR and PMR + I compared with INU and CON groups . Conclusion Inclusion of PMR with and without inulin to a LCD had no additional effect on weight reduction than a LCD alone but reduced triglycerides and improved intake of micronutrients during caloric restriction . PMR could be a good alternative for obese population s with micronutrient deficiencies . Clinical Trials . Gov INTRODUCTION It is essential to determine which snack foods are most affective for appetite control . The objective of the current study was to assess the responses of two different cookies on satiety and cardiovascular risk factors . MATERIAL AND METHODS 38 patients were r and omized : group I ( FOS enriched cookie , n=19 ) and group II ( control cookie , n=19 ) . Previous and after 1 month , the subjects rated their feelings of satiety/hunger with a test meal of 5 cookies . RESULTS After the test meal , the basal area under curve of the first hunger/satiety score was higher with satiety cookie than with control cookie , the data after 1 month of treatment was higher with satiety cookie than with control cookie , too . The score was higher than the fasting level for 20 minutes with satiety cookie and for 40 minutes with the same cookie , too . In satiety group , these scores ( 20 min and 40 min ) were higher than control group before and after 1 month of treatment . The results were in the same way with the 100 mm 5-point visual satiety scale . Cardiovascular risk factors and dietary intake remained unchanged after dietary intervention . CONCLUSION A FOS enriched cookie produced greater ratings of satiety than a control cookie , without effects on cardiovascular risk factors or dietary intakes Introduction : Inflammation has a crucial role in the progression of cardiovascular disease in diabetes . Tumour necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) as an inflammatory marker induces angiotensin II ( Ang II ) related hypertension pathway in diabetic patients . Gut modulation via prebiotics may ameliorate hypertension caused by inflammation . The aim of this study was to investigate the role of sodium butyrate ( NaBut ) and inulin supplements on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : In this clinical trial , 60 overweight and obese diabetic patients were recruited and r and omly allocated into four groups . The groups received , respectively , 600 mg/d NaBut ( group A ) , 10 g/d inulin powder ( group B ) , both inulin and NaBut ( group C ) , or placebo ( group D ) for 45 consecutive days . Blood and stool sample s were collected at baseline and after intervention . Quantitative real-time PCR analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Akkermansia muciniphila was done . We assessed the TNF-α mRNA expression and the serum levels of the high sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) . Results : There was a significant increase in A. muciniphila percent change in inulin and butyrate supplemented groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Furthermore , significant decrease was seen in TNF-α mRNA expression in group A ( fold change 0.88 ± 0.16 , P < 0.05 ) , group B ( fold change 0.75 ± 0.18 , P < 0.05 ) and group C ( fold change 0.91 ± 0.32 , P < 0.05 ) . Also hs-CRP , MDA and diastolic blood pressure levels decreased significantly in these groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Intervention had significant effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and led to improvement of hypertension . However , further investigations are needed to make concise conclusions OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a gastrointestinal microbiome modulator ( GIMM ) containing inulin , β-glucan , blueberry anthocyanins , and blueberry polyphenols on metabolic parameters , fecal markers of gut microbiota , and satiety . DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty overweight or obese individuals aged 18 to 70years , were enrolled in a r and omized controlled trial . Participants consumed the test product or placebo daily for four weeks . Stool sample s were collected and blood was drawn at baseline and week four for assessment s of gut microbiota , satiety hormones , glucose control , and lipid measures . Subjective satiety was assessed weekly . Linear models were used to compare differences from baseline to week four . RESULTS GIMM consumption improved blood glucose tolerance ( p=0.008 ) , and increased satiety ( p=0.03 ) . There were no statistically significant differences in insulin sensitivity , fecal markers of gut microbiota , plasma satiety hormones , or serum lipid concentrations between the groups . However , plasma satiety hormones and fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations increased in the test group compared to the placebo . CONCLUSIONS GIMM consumption for four weeks , increases satiety , and improves glucose tolerance possibly through insulin-independent pathways Studies on humans with diabetes mellitus showed that the crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the host has a key role in controlling the disease . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate and high performance inulin supplementation simultaneously or singly on glycemic status , lipid profile , and glucagon-like peptide 1 level in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Sixty patients were recruited for the study . The participants were r and omly allocated , using r and omized block procedure , to one of the four treatment groups ( A , B , C , or D ) . Group A received sodium butyrate capsules , group B received inulin supplement powder , group C was exposed to the concomitant use of inulin and sodium butyrate , and group D consumed placebo for 45 consecutive days . Markers of glycemia , lipid profile , and glucagon-like peptide 1 were measured pre- and post-intervention . Dietary supplementation in groups A , B , and C significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure in comparison with the placebo group ( p<0.05 ) . Also , intra-group statistical analysis showed that only treatment with sodium butyrate + inulin ( group C ) significantly reduced fasting blood sugar ( p=0.049 ) and waist to hip ratio ( p=0.020 ) . Waist circumference in groups B and C reduced significantly after the intervention ( p=0.007 and p=0.011 ; respectively ) . The post hoc Tukey tests showed significant increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration in groups A and C in comparison with group D ( p<0.05 ) . The results suggest that inulin supplementation may be useful to diabetic patients and these effects could be increased with butyrate supplement OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of nutrient stimulation of gut hormones by oligofructose supplementation on appetite , energy intake ( EI ) , body weight ( BW ) and adiposity in overweight and obese volunteers . METHODS In a parallel , single-blind and placebo-controlled study , 22 healthy overweight and obese volunteers were r and omly allocated to receive 30 g day(-1 ) oligofructose or cellulose for 6 weeks following a 2-week run-in . Subjective appetite and side effect scores , breath hydrogen , serum short chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) , plasma gut hormones , glucose and insulin concentrations , EI , BW and adiposity were quantified at baseline and post-supplementation . RESULTS Oligofructose increased breath hydrogen ( P < 0.0001 ) , late acetate concentrations ( P = 0.024 ) , tended to increase total area under the curve (tAUC)420 mins peptide YY ( PYY ) ( P = 0.056 ) and reduced tAUC450 mins hunger ( P = 0.034 ) and motivation to eat ( P = 0.013 ) when compared with cellulose . However , there was no significant difference between the groups in other parameters although within group analyses showed an increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) ( P = 0.006 ) in the cellulose group and a decrease in EI during ad libitum meal in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Oligofructose increased plasma PYY concentrations and suppressed appetite , while cellulose increased GLP-1 concentrations . EI decreased in both groups . However , these positive effects did not translate into changes in BW or adiposity BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus , as a noncommunicable disease , is the main public health challenge in the 21st century . The prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for the world population in Iran was 8 % until the year 2010.Lipid levels are considered as important parameters to be evaluated , as high serum lipid levels are often reported as a complication in patients with diabetes mellitus . It is cl aim ed that functional foods may improve complications of diabetes mellitus , so this study was design ed to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin on glycemic status and lipid profile of women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS The study was a r and omized controlled clinical trial . Forty-nine type 2 diabetic females ( fiber intake < 30g/d , 25 < BMI < 35 kg/m2 ) were divided into two groups . Patients in the intervention group ( n=24 ) received 10g/d inulin and patients in the control group ( n=25 ) received 10g/d maltodextrin for 8 weeks .  Glycemic status and lipid profile indices were measured pre and post intervention . Data were analyzed using SPSS software ( verision11.5 ) . Paired , unpaired t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables . RESULTS Supplementation with inulin caused a significant reduction in FBS ( 8.50 % ) , HbA1c ( 10.40 % ) , total cholesterol ( 12.90 % ) , triglyceride ( 23.60 % ) , LDL-c ( 35.30 % ) , LDL-c/HDL-c ratio ( 16.25 % ) and TC/HDL-c ratio ( 25.20 % ) and increased HDL-c ( 19.90 % ) . The changes for the control group parameters were not significant at the end of study . CONCLUSION Inulin may help to control diabetes and its complications via improving glycemic and lipid parameters BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 8 percent of adults in the United States . Some risk factors -- elevated plasma glucose concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load , overweight , and a sedentary lifestyle -- are potentially reversible . We hypothesized that modifying these factors with a lifestyle-intervention program or the administration of metformin would prevent or delay the development of diabetes . METHODS We r and omly assigned 3234 nondiabetic persons with elevated fasting and post-load plasma glucose concentrations to placebo , metformin ( 850 mg twice daily ) , or a lifestyle-modification program  with the goals of at least a 7 percent weight loss and at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week . The mean age of the participants was 51 years , and the mean body-mass index ( the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ) was 34.0 ; 68 percent were women , and 45 percent were members of minority groups . RESULTS The average follow-up was 2.8 years . The incidence of diabetes was 11.0 , 7.8 , and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo , metformin , and lifestyle groups , respectively . The lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence by 58 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 48 to 66 percent ) and metformin by 31 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 17 to 43 percent ) , as compared with placebo ; the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin . To prevent one case of diabetes during a period of three years , 6.9 persons would have to participate in the lifestyle-intervention program , and 13.9 would have to receive metformin . CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle changes and treatment with metformin both reduced the incidence of diabetes in persons at high risk . The lifestyle intervention was more effective than metformin SCOPE The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of milk powder co-supplemented with inulin and resistant dextrin ( MPCIR ) on elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial is carried out among elderly T2DM patients . The subjects recruited from the community are r and omly assigned to either the MPCIR group or placebo group for 12 weeks intervention . Each group receives 45 g milk powder with or without inulin and resistant dextrin .  Anthropometric and metabolic variables are measured . For the MPCIR group , systolic blood pressure ( BP ) and diastolic BP are reduced significantly by 5.45 and 4.56 mm Hg ( p < 0.001 , vs placebo group ) , respectively . Compared with the placebo group , the fasting and 2-h postpr and ial plasma glucose levels , glycosylated serum protein , and insulin resistance index of the MPCIR group are significantly decreased by 0.96 mmol L-1 , 1.47 mmol L-1 , 16.33 μmol L-1 , and 0.65 respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . The MPCIR group shows an increase by 7.09 μIU mL-1 and 20.43 in 2-h postpr and ial insulin ( p = 0.016 ) and β-cell function index ( p < 0.001 ) , respectively . CONCLUSION MPCIR supplementation helps to improve glycemic control , insulin resistance , and blood pressure BACKGROUND S AND AIMS Type 2 diabetic mellitus ( T2DM ) asone of the main causes of morbidity and mortality is associated with immune system disturbances and metabolic abnormalities . In the current study we aim ed to evaluate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on T-cell subsets and their related cytokines , anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with T2DM . METHODS Forty-six diabetic females patients were r and omly allocated into intervention ( n=27 ) and control ( n=22 ) groups . Subjects in the intervention group received a daily dose of 10 g of oligofructose-enriched inulin and subjects in control group received a placebo for two months . Anthropometric variables , metabolic parameters including fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , lipid profile and blood pressure were measured at the beginning and after two months . Immune markers also included serum interleukin (IL)-4 , IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations were assessed and CD3(+ ) , CD4(+ ) , CD8(+ ) and CD11b(+)T-cell counts were determined by flow cytometry at baseline and end of the trial . RESULTS After two months intervention , significant improvements in anthropometric variables , blood pressure and serum lipids occurred in prebiotic-treated group ( P<0.001 ) . Serum IL-4 , IL-12 and IFN-γ concentrationsalso significantly decreased in intervention group ( P<0.001 ) . No significant changes in CD3(+ ) , CD4(+ ) , CD8(+ ) and CD11b(+ ) T-cell counts were observed in treatment groups after intervention . CONCLUSION The present study showed several beneficial effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on the improvement of the glycemic status , lipid profile , and immune markers in patients with T2DM . Further studies are needed to confirming our findings and to better clarify the underlying mechanisms BACKGROUND Rodent studies show that oligofructose promotes weight loss , stimulates satiety hormone secretion , reduces energy intake , and improves lipid profiles . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effects of oligofructose supplementation on body weight and satiety hormone concentrations in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Forty-eight otherwise healthy adults with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 25 were r and omly assigned to receive 21 g oligofructose/d or a placebo ( maltodextrin ) for 12 wk . Body composition ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) ; meal tolerance tests , including satiety hormone response ; food intake ; and subjective appetite ratings were determined . RESULTS There was a reduction in body weight of 1.03 + /- 0.43 kg with oligofructose supplementation , whereas the control group experienced an increase in body weight of 0.45 + /- 0.31 kg over 12 wk ( P = 0.01 ) . A lower area under the curve ( AUC ) for ghrelin ( P = 0.004 ) and a higher AUC for peptide YY ( PYY ) with oligofructose ( P = 0.03 ) coincided with a reduction in self-reported caloric intake ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Glucose decreased in the oligofructose group and increased in the control group between initial and final tests ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Insulin concentrations mirrored this pattern ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Oligofructose supplementation did not affect plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion . According to a visual analog scale design ed to assess side effects , oligofructose was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Independent of other lifestyle changes , oligofructose supplementation has the potential to promote weight loss and improve glucose regulation in overweight adults . Suppressed ghrelin and enhanced PYY may contribute in part to the reduction in energy intake . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00522353 Background : Fermentable carbohydrates ( FCHO ) have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in normoglycaemic and insulin-resistant subjects . However , there are no data on subjects with prediabetes . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the FCHO inulin , on glucose homeostasis in subjects with prediabetes . Methods : In a double-blind and placebo-controlled crossover study , 40 volunteers with prediabetes were r and omly allocated to take 30 g/day of inulin or cellulose for 2 weeks in a crossover trial , following a 4-week dose-escalation run-in . Fasting insulin and glucose were measured for all subjects . Fifteen of the 40 subjects also underwent a meal tolerance test to assess insulin sensitivity , free fatty acids and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations . A sub analysis was carried out to examine any differences between the prediabetes subtypes . Results : Inulin was associated with a significant increase in ( 0 - 30 min)incremental AUC ( iAUC ) for insulin ( treatment : p < 0.04 ) and ( 0 - 60 min)iAUC for insulin ( treatment : p < 0.04 ) compared to control . There was a significant reduction in insulin resistance measured by the homeostatic model assessment in the isolated-impaired fasting glucose ( p < 0.05 ) but not in the isolated-impaired glucose tolerance groups ( p = 0.59 ) . Conclusion : The FCHO , inulin , may have unique metabolic effects that are of particular benefit to people at risk of diabetes , which warrant further investigation
target: However , it can significantly decrease postintervention and reduction data of FPG , FI , HbA1c , and HOMA-IR .
  Heterogeneity was eliminated by subgroup analysis according to baseline BMI .
  There was no significant difference in the amelioration of QUICKI between the ITC and control groups .
  However , the difference was statistically significant and the heterogeneity was eliminated after subgroup analysis according to intakes of ITC .
  Conclusion Supplementation of ITC can ameliorate IR in T2DM , especially in obese T2DM patients , but the effects are controversial in obese patients
background: Background Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a physiological condition related to type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) and obesity , which is associated with high blood insulin and glucose .
  Inulin-type carbohydrate ( ITC ) is a kind of fermentable fructan that can reduce glucose and ameliorate IR in an animal model , but the effect in clinical trials is controversial .
  Objective The authors conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the effect of ITC supplementation in ameliorating IR in T2DM and obese patients .