title: A Prospective Study of Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Chinese Women Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance. Cinnamon extract lowers glucose, insulin and cholesterol in people with elevated serum glucose Effects of Cinnamon Consumption on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Dietary cinnamon supplementation and changes in systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance improvement by cinnamon powder in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Effectiveness of Cinnamon for Lowering Hemoglobin A1C in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Race-ethnic differences in the association between lipid profile components and risk of myocardial infarction: The Northern Manhattan Study. Cinnamon may have therapeutic benefits on lipid profile, liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Protective effects of cinnamon bark extract against ischemia–reperfusion injury and arrhythmias in rat
abstract: Background : Many foods and nutrients have been suggested to influence life expectancy . However , previous studies have not examined the relationship between dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality . Our study prospect ively examines the relationship of dietary patterns with total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a population -based cohort study of Chinese women . Methods : The Shanghai Women 's Health Study is a population -based cohort study of 74,942 women age 40 to 70 years at the time of recruitment ( September 1996 to May 2000 ) . Detailed dietary information was collected using a vali date d , quantitative food frequency question naire . The cohort has been followed using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkage with various registries . Dietary patterns , derived from principal component analysis , were examined for their relation to total mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox regression models . Results : After an average of 5.7 years of follow-up ( 423,717 person-years of observation ) , there were 1565 deaths . We derived 3 major dietary patterns ( vegetable-rich , fruit-rich , and meat-rich ) . The adjusted hazard ratios for the fruit-rich diet were 0.94 ( 95 % CI = 0.89–0.98 ) for all causes of death and 0.89 ( 0.81–0.99 ) , 0.79 ( 0.69–0.91 ) , and 0.51 ( 0.39–0.65 ) for death caused by cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes , respectively . The meat-rich diet was associated with increased risk of diabetes ( HR = 1.18 ; 95 % CI = 0.98–1.42 ) and a slightly elevated risk of total mortality . Conclusion : In general , a fruit-rich diet was related to lower mortality , whereas a meat-rich diet appeared to increase the probability of death OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND & AIMS Multiple studies have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ) type II , with conflicting results . Differences in Baseline Body Mass Index ( BMI ) of patients may be able to explain the observed differences in the results . This study was design ed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes of patients with DM type II based on their baseline BMI . METHODS The study was design ed as a triple-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial , using a parallel design . One hundred and forty patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences with diagnosis of DM type II were r and omly assigned in four groups : cinnamon ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) and Placebo ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) . Patients received cinnamon bark powder or placebo in 500 mg capsules twice daily for 3 months . Anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes were measured before and after the intervention . RESULT Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric ( BMI , body fat , and visceral fat ) , glycemic ( FPG , 2hpp , HbA1C , Fasting Insulin , and Insulin Resistance ) , and lipids ( Cholesterol Total , LDL-c and HDL-c ) outcomes ( except for triglycerides level ) . All observed changes ( except for Cholesterol Total and LDL-c ) were significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . CONCLUSION Based on the study findings , cinnamon may improve anthropometric parameters , glycemic indices and lipid profile of patients with type II diabetes . These benefits are significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . The trial protocol was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials data base ( registration ID : I RCT 2017031133015N1 ) Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more AIMS Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro , and in particular , cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities . In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis ; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans . METHODS Seven lean healthy male volunteers , aged 26 + /- 1 years , body mass index 24.5 + /- 0.3 kg/m(2 ) ( mean + /- s.e.m . ) , underwent three oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) supplemented with either a 5 g placebo ( OGTT(control ) ) , 5 g of cinnamon ( OGTT(cin ) ) , or 5 g of cinnamon taken 12 h before ( OGTT(cin12hpre ) ) in a r and omized-crossover design . RESULTS Cinnamon ingestion reduced total plasma glucose responses ( AUC ) to oral glucose ingestion [ -13 % and -10 % for OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively ] , as well as improving insulin sensitivity as assessed by insulin sensitivity index measures based on Matsuda 's model in both OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) trials compared with OGTT(control ) . CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans , and not only are its effects immediate , they also appear to be sustained for 12 Cinnamon ( 肉桂 ròu guì ) has in vitro insulin potentiating activity , and proanthocyanidins from cinnamon prevent in vitro formation of advanced glycation end products . Some human studies were equivocal , but several have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon supplementation on circulating glucose , lipids , and /or insulin . This placebo-controlled double-blind trial tested the effects of a dried water extract of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) on circulating glucose , lipids , insulin , and insulin resistance . Men and women from Beijing and Dalian , China , were invited to participate if they had fasting serum glucose > 6.1 mmol/L or 2-h glucose > 7.8 mmol/L. Participants , ( 173 were enrolled and 137 completed the study ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a spray-dried , water extract of cinnamon ( CinSulin ® ) , 250 mg/capsule , or a placebo , twice a day for two months . Mean ± SEM age of participants was 61.3 ± 0.8 years , BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72 .  After 2 mo , fasting glucose decreased ( p < 0.001 ) in the cinnamon extract-supplemented group ( 8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L ) compared with the placebo group ( 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L , p = 0.45 ) . Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR also decreased with cinnamon extract compared with  placebo . Total and LDL-cholesterol decreased with cinnamon extract and HDL-cholesterol decreased in both the cinnamon-extract and placebo groups . In conclusion , supplementation with 500 mg of water-extract of cinnamon for two months reduced fasting insulin , glucose , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol and enhanced insulin sensitivity of subjects with elevated blood glucose Objective : Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide . Traditional herbs and spices can be used to control blood glucose concentrations . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the daily intake of three grams cinnamon over eight weeks on glycemic status , lipid profiles and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : A double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients with type 2 diabetes . Participants were r and omly assigned to take either a three g/day cinnamon supplement ( n=22 ) or a placebo ( n=22 ) for eight weeks . Weight , height , body fat mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and after intervention . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , HbA1c , total cholesterol , LDL C , HDL C , Apo lipoprotein A I and B were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results : From 44 subjects participated in this study 37 completed the study . There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , dietary intake and physical activity between groups . In the treatment group , the levels of fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , weight , BMI and body fat mass decreased significantly compared to baseline , but not in placebo group . No significant differences were observed in glycemic status indicators , lipid profile and anthropometric indicators between the groups at the end of intervention . Conclusion : These data suggest that cinnamon may have a moderate effect in improving glycemic status indicators For thous and s of years , cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China . However , there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects . We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . To address this hypothesis , we performed a r and omized , double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and r and omly divided into 3 groups : placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d , respectively . Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study . Both hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups , whereas they were not changed in the placebo group . The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group . The blood levels of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups . In conclusion , our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes Experimental and some clinical evidence suggests that ingestion of cinnamon may improve metabolic measures in individuals with diabetes ; however , few human studies have been design ed to examine this association as their primary objective . In this study adult subjects 30 years of age or older with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to treatment with 1,200 mg/day cinnamon or matched placebo . Blood pressure , hemoglobin A1c , fasting blood glucose , lipid profile , physical examination , and blood and urine chemistry were measured at baseline and at the 12-week follow-up end-of-treatment visit . In total , 59 subjects ( 40.7 % female ; mean age , 63.05±10.85 years ) were recruited . Systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) declined from baseline values by 3.4±11.4 mm Hg in the cinnamon group and increased by 1.9±10.2 mm Hg in the placebo group ( P=.06 ) . In repeated- measures analysis , a significant by-treatment difference over time was detected ( P=.02 ) . However , when baseline SBP was included in the model as a covariate , change from baseline SBP was no longer associated with treatment . Although cinnamon added to the diets of spontaneously hypertensive rats has been shown to decrease SBP in a dose-dependent manner , results of the present study in humans suggest that the by-treatment difference in change-from-baseline SBP was a function of regression to the mean rather than a treatment-associated change Our aim is to assess the effect of cinnamon powder capsules on insulin resistance , anthropometric measurements , glucose and lipid profiles , and and rogens of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) . Out of 80 women that were diagnosed as PCOS by Rotterdam Criteria , 66 were enrolled in this r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial . All of the PCOS women were taking medroxy progesterone acetate 10 mg/day for the last 10 days of their menstrual cycles . The cases were r and omly allocated to 2 groups . The women in the first group were treated by cinnamon powder capsules 1.5 g/day in 3 divided doses for 12 weeks and the second group by similar placebo capsules .  Anthropometric measurements , fasting blood sugar , fasting insulin , blood glucose 2 hr after taking 75 g oral glucose , HbA1c , testosterone , dehydroepi and rosterone sulphate , homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance , triglyceride , and cholesterol ( low-density lipoprotein , high-density lipoprotein , and total ) before and after the intervention were evaluated and compared as outcome measures . Fasting insulin ( p = .024 ) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ( p = .014 ) were reduced after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group compared with the placebo . There was also a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein in cinnamon group ( p = .004 ) as compared with baseline that caused significant difference with placebo ( p = .049 ) . However , changes in other outcome measurements did not lead to statistically significant difference with placebo . The present results suggest that complementary supplementation of cinnamon significantly reduced fasting insulin and insulin resistance in women with PCOS AIMS To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of cinnamon on HbA1c , blood pressure and lipid profiles in people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 58 type 2 diabetic patients ( 25 males and 33 females ) , aged 54.9 ± 9.8 , treated only with hypoglycemic agents and with an HbA1c more than 7 % were r and omly assigned to receive either 2 g of cinnamon or placebo daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , the mean HbA1c was significantly decreased ( P<0.005 ) in the cinnamon group ( 8.22 % to 7.86 % ) compared with placebo group ( 8.55 % to 8.68 % ) . Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures ( SBP and DBP ) were also significantly reduced ( P<0.001 ) after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group ( SBP : 132.6 to 129.2 mmHg and DBP : 85.2 to 80.2 mmHg ) compared with the placebo group ( SBP : 134.5 to 134.9 mmHg and DBP : 86.8 to 86.1 mmHg ) . A significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) was observed at week 12 compared to baseline in the cinnamon group , however , the changes were not significant when compared to placebo group . There were no significant differences in serum lipid profiles of total cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL and LDL cholesterols neither between nor within the groups . CONCLUSIONS Intake of 2 g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c , SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients  . Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus Purpose : Multiple trials in the past have shown conflicting results of whether cinnamon lowers glucose or hemoglobin A1C ( HbA1C ) . The purpose of this study was to determine whether cinnamon lowers HbA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes . I performed a r and omized , controlled trial to evaluate whether daily cinnamon plus usual care versus usual care alone lowers HbA1c . Methods : I r and omized 109 type 2 diabetics ( HbA1C > 7.0 ) from 3 primary care clinics caring for pediatric , adult , and geriatric patients at a United States military base . Participants were r and omly allocated to either usual care with management changes by their primary care physician or usual care with management changes plus cinnamon capsules , 1 g daily for 90 days . HbA1c was drawn at baseline and 90 days and compared with intention-to-treat analysis . This study was approved by an institutional review board . Results : Cinnamon  lowered HbA1C 0.83 % ( 95 % CI , 0.46–1.20 ) compared with usual care alone lowering HbA1C 0.37 % ( 95 % CI , 0.15–0.59 ) . Conclusions : Taking cinnamon could be useful for lowering serum HbA1C in type 2 diabetics with HbA1C > 7.0 in addition to usual care OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore race-ethnic differences in the association between plasma lipid components and risk of incident myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) . DESIGN / METHODS As part of the Northern Manhattan Study , 2,738 community residents without cardiovascular disease were prospect ively evaluated . Baseline fasting blood sample s were collected , and lipid panel components were analyzed as continuous and categorical variables . Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate HRs and 95 % CIs for incident MI after adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors . RESULTS The mean age was 68.8 ± 10.4 years ; 36.7 % were men . Of the participants , 19.9 % were non-Hispanic white ; 24.9 % , non-Hispanic black ; and 52.8 % , Hispanic ( > 80 % from the Caribbean ) . Hispanics had lower mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and higher triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C. During a mean 8.9 years of follow-up , there were 163 incident MIs . In the whole cohort , all lipid profile components were associated with risk of MI in the expected directions . However , HDL-C ( adjusted HR per 10 mg/dL increase 0.93 , 95 % CI 0.76 - 1.12 ) and TG/HDL-C > 2 ( adjusted HR 0.89 , 95 % CI 0.51 - 1.55 ) were not predictive of MI among Hispanics but were predictive among non-Hispanic blacks and whites . Triglycerides/HDL-C per unit increase was associated with an 8 % higher risk of MI among Hispanics ( adjusted HR 1.08 , 95 % CI 1.04 - 1.12 ) . CONCLUSIONS In Hispanics , low HDL-C and TG/HDL-C > 2 were not associated with MI risk . Our data suggest that a different TG/HDL ratio cutoff may be needed among Hispanics to predict MI risk Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is the most prevalent cause of hepatic injury in the world . One of the most important therapeutic strategies for this disease is modulating insulin resistance and oxidative stress . In this study , we investigated the hypothesis that supplementation with cinnamon exerts an insulin sensitizer effect in patients with NAFLD . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial with two parallel groups , fifty patients with NAFLD were r and omized to receive daily supplementation with either two capsules of cinnamon ( each capsule contain 750 mg cinnamon ) or 2 placebo capsules , daily for 12 weeks . During the intervention , all patients were given advice on how to implement a balanced diet and physical activity into their daily lives . In the treatment group ( P < .05 ) , significant decreases in HOMA ( Homeostatic Model Assessment ) index , FBS ( fasting blood glucose ) , total cholesterol , triglyceride , ALT ( alanine aminotransferase ) , AST ( aspartate aminotransferase ) , GGT ( gamma glutamine transpeptidase ) , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were seen , but there was no significant change in serum high-density lipoproteins levels ( P = .122 ) . In both groups , low-density lipoproteins decreased significantly ( P < .05 ) . In conclusion , the study suggests that taking 1500 mg cinnamon daily may be effective in improving NAFLD characteristics Cinnamomum zeylanicum ( cinnamon ) is a plant with potent antioxidant activity and has been used in traditional medicine for improvement of heart function . The effects of cinnamon bark ethanolic extract were investigated against ischemia-induced arrhythmias and heart injury in an in vivo rat model of regional heart ischemia . The extract was also st and ardized , and its antioxidant activity was evaluated . Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 5 days of reperfusion . Thirty-two animals were r and omized to receive daily oral administration of vehicle or C. zeylanicum bark extract ( intragastric , 50 , 100 , or 200 mg/kg ) 14 days before ischemia . C. zeylanicum was st and ardized through HPLC analysis . Administration of cinnamon bark extract significantly improved ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury as evidence d by reduction of the infa rct size . Also , during the ischemic period , ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic beats episodes decreased as compared with that of the control group . The extract stabilized the ST segment changes and QTc shortening , decreased R-wave amplitude , and increased heart rate during ischemia . The extract also caused significant elevations in serum superoxide dismutase and glutation proxidase activities as well as a significant decrease in serum cardiac troponin I , lactate dehydrogenase , and malondialdehyde levels , 5 days after reperfusion . In HPLC analysis , the amounts of Cinamic acid , Methyl eugenol , and Cinnamaldehyde were 8.99 ± 0.5 , 13.02 ± 1.8 , and 14.63 ± 1.1 mg/g , respectively . The results show that the ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark is able to protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury probably due to its antioxidant properties . Hence , it might be beneficial in these patients and this remedy might be used for preparation of new drugs
target: The cinnamon administrations significantly reduced FM at the dosages of ≥2 g/d , when administered for ≥12 weeks .
  Cinnamon administration result ed in BW and WC reduction in non-linear fashion ( P = 0.04 ) .
  Cinnamon supplementation significantly affects obesity measures .
background: BACKGROUND & AIMS Data about the effects of cinnamon supplementation on obesity measures are conflicting .
  This systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) was conducted to summarize the effects of cinnamon intake on body weight ( BW ) , Body Mass Index ( BMI ) , Waist Circumference ( WC ) , and fat mass ( FM ) in adults .