title: Consumption of Synbiotic Bread Decreases Triacylglycerol and VLDL Levels While Increasing HDL Levels in Serum from Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Effect of a Probiotic and Metformin on Liver Aminotransferases in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Probiotic Fermented Milk (Kefir) on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 reduces postprandial and fasting serum non-esterified fatty acid levels in Japanese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects Effect of Probiotic (VSL#3) and Omega-3 on Lipid Profile, Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammatory Markers, and Gut Colonization in Overweight Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes Hypocaloric diet supplemented with probiotic cheese improves body mass index and blood pressure indices of obese hypertensive patients - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study Evaluation of safety and tolerance of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The effects of probiotic bacteria on glycaemic control in overweight men and women: a randomised controlled trial Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats Mood and cognitive functions during acute euglycaemia and mild hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Oligofructose promotes satiety in healthy human: a pilot study Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal.
abstract: To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the favorable effects of synbiotic bread consumption on blood lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on blood lipid profiles of patients with T2DM . This r and omized double-blinded controlled clinical trial was performed with 78 diabetic patients , aged 35–70 years . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either synbiotic ( n = 26 ) , probiotic ( n = 26 ) or control bread ( n = 26 ) for 8 weeks . The synbiotic bread contained viable and heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin ( HPX ) as prebiotic per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) per 1 g. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic and control breads three times a day in a 40 g package for a total of 120 g/day . Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles were conducted before and after 8 weeks of intervention . Consumption of the synbiotic bread , compared to the probiotic and control breads , led to a significant decrease in serum TAG ( P = 0.005 ) , VLDL-C ( P = 0.005 ) , TC/HDL-C ( P = 0.002 ) and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels ( P = 0.01 ) . No significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on FPG , TC , LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels was seen compared to the probiotic and control breads ( P > 0.05 ) . Trial registry code : http://www.i rct .ir I RCT 201311215623N13 Background Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 is a type of probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk . A study was reported regarding the fact that BNR17 was an inhibitor of obesity and diabetic activities in the human body through previous animal experiments . This study was furthered to investigate the effect of BNR17 , a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk , on obese and overweight adults . Methods Sixty-two obese volunteers aged 19 to 60 with body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar ≥ 100 mg/dL participated in a placebo controlled , r and omized , and double-blind trial . For 12 weeks , 57 participants were given either placebo or BNR17 and were tested by measuring body fat , body weight , various biochemical parameters , vital signs , and computed tomography at the start of the study and at weeks 4 , 8 , and 12 . The subjects assumed usual daily activities without having to make behavioral or dietary modifications during the course of the study . Results At the 12th week , a slight reduction in body weight was noted in the BNR17 group , but there were no significant weight changes between groups . Decrease of waist and hip circumferences in the BNR17 group was more pronounced than those in the placebo group . The two groups had no special or severe adverse reactions . Conclusion Despite there being no change in behavior or diet , administration of only the supplement of BNR17  reduced weight and waist and hip circumference . However , there were no significant differences between the two groups . These findings warrant a subsequent longer-term prospect i ve clinical investigation with a large population Background : Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) is a clinicopathological entity that is being recognized more frequently in recent years . This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of Metformin , with and without a probiotic supplement on liver aminotransferases in patients with NASH . Methods : Sixty four patients 18 - 75 years with NASH confirmed by biopsy and histological assessment were enrolled to study . Patients were r and omized to one of the following treatments for 6 months : Group I , probiotic ( Protexin two tablets per day ) plus Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day ( Met/Pro ) , or group II , Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day plus two placebo tablet ( Met/P ) . After 6 month alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase , and ultrasound grading of NASH were assessed . Results : In group I , serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT : 133.7 ± 70 vs. 45.2 ± 32.5 ; P < 0.00 ) , and aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 123.1 ± 72 vs. 44.2 ± 33.9 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH ( P < 0.001 ) all decreased significantly by the end of the treatment period . In group II , while serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) was not significantly reduced ( 118.4 ± 67.9 vs. 112.5 ± 68.7 ; P < 0.064 ) , aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 125.3 ± 71 vs. 113.4 ± 71 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH did fall significantly ( P < 0.01 ) . Body mass index ( BMI ) , fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , cholesterol , and triglyceride fell significantly in both groups . Conclusions : Probiotic combination with Metformin improves liver aminotransferases better than metformin alone in patients with NASH Background : Diabetes is a global health problem in the world . Probiotic food has anti-diabetic property . The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) on glucose and lipid profile control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients aged 35 to 65 years . Patients were r and omly and equally ( n=30 ) assigned to consume either probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) or conventional fermented milk ( dough ) for 8 weeks . Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk . Blood sample s tested for fasting blood glucose , HbA1C , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol , HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study . Results : The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant ( P=0.01 ) . After intervention , reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant ( P=0.001 ) , also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group ( P=0.02 ) adjusting for serum levels of glucose , baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model . Serum triglyceride , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention . Conclusion : Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes Background Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 ( LG2055 ) inhibits dietary fat absorption in rats and exerts preventive effects on abdominal adiposity in rats and humans . The present study aim ed to evaluate the effects of LG2055 on postpr and ial serum lipid responses in Japanese subjects with hypertriacylglycerolemia after the intake of oral fat-loading test ( OFLT ) meals . Methods We conducted a single-blind , placebo-controlled , within-subject , repeated-measure intervention trial . Twenty subjects initially ingested the  fermented milk ( FM ) without LG2055 for 4 weeks ( control FM period ) , followed by a 4-week washout period , and then consumed FM containing LG2055 for 4 weeks ( active FM period ) . The subjects were asked to consume FM at 200 g/day . At the end of each 4-week period , an 8-h OFLT was conducted . Blood sample s were collected at fasting and every hour for 8 h after OFLT meal intake . Thereafter , postpr and ial serum non-esterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) and triacylglycerol ( TAG ) levels and fasting blood parameters were measured . Results The OFLT showed that the postpr and ial serum NEFA levels from 120 to 480 min and the postpr and ial serum TAG level at 120 min in the active FM period were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) lower than those in the control FM period . The fasting serum NEFA level in the active FM period significantly ( P < 0.001 ) decreased at week 4 from the initial period compared with the control FM period . Conclusions The consumption of probiotic LG2055 reduced postpr and ial and fasting serum NEFA levels , suggesting its possible contribution to the reduction of the risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus . Trial registration To evaluate the effects of probiotic ( VSL#3 ) and omega-3 fatty acid on insulin sensitivity , blood lipids , and inflammation , we conducted a clinical trial in 60 overweight ( BMI > 25 ) , healthy adults , aged 40–60 years . After initial screening the subjects were r and omized into four groups with 15 per group . The four groups received , respectively , placebo , omega-3 fatty acid , probiotic VSL#3 , or both omega-3 and probiotic , for 6 weeks . Blood and fecal sample s were collected at baseline and after 6 weeks . The probiotic ( VSL#3 ) supplemented group had significant reduction in total cholesterol , triglyceride , LDL , and VLDL and had increased HDL ( P < 0.05 ) value . VSL#3 improved insulin sensitivity ( P < 0.01 ) , decreased hsCRP , and favorably affected the composition of gut microbiota . Omega-3 had significant effect on insulin sensitivity and hsCRP but had no effect on gut microbiota . Addition of omega-3 fatty acid with VSL#3 had more pronounced effect on HDL , insulin sensitivity and hsCRP .  Subjects with low HDL , insulin resistance , and high hsCRP had significantly lower total lactobacilli and bifidobacteria count and higher E. coli and bacteroides count Introduction : The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications has been shown in some studies . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic and conventional yogurt on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods : Forty-four patients with type 2 diabetes were participated in this r and omized , double-blind controlled clinical trial and assigned to two intervention and control groups . The subjects in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d probiotic yogurt and subjects in the control group consumed 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 8 weeks . Anthropometric indices , dietary intakes , and serum levels of glucose , HbA1c , IL-6 , TNF-α and hs-CRP were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention . Results : For anthropometric indices and dietary intakes , no significant differences were seen within and between groups post intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . The consumption of probiotic yogurt caused significant decrease in HbA1c and TNF-α levels ( p= 0.032 and p= 0.040 , respectively ) in the intervention group . Conclusion : It is suggested that probiotic yogurt may be used as an alternative prevention approach and treatment method to control diabetic complications Background Gut lactobacilli can affect the metabolic functions of healthy humans . We tested whether a 1500 kcal/d diet supplemented with cheese containing the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TENSIA ( Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen , DSM 21380 ) could reduce some symptoms of metabolic syndrome in Russian adults with obesity and hypertension . Methods In this 3-week , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel pilot study , 25 subjects ingested probiotic cheese and 15 ingested control cheese .  Fifty grams of each cheese provided 175 kcal of energy . Blood pressure ( BP ) , anthropometric characteristics , markers of liver and kidney function , metabolic indices ( plasma glucose , lipids , and cholesterol ) , and urine polyamines were measured . Counts of fecal lactobacilli and L. plantarum TENSIA were evaluated using molecular methods . The data were analyzed by t-test for independent sample s and Spearman ’s partial correlation analysis . Results The probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA was present in variable amounts ( 529.6 ± 232.5 gene copies ) in 16/25 ( 64 % ) study subjects . Body mass index ( BMI ) was significantly reduced ( p = 0.031 ) in the probiotic cheese group versus the control cheese group . The changes in BMI were closely associated with the water content of the body ( r = 0.570 , p = 0.0007 ) when adjusted for sex and age . Higher values of intestinal lactobacilli after probiotic cheese consumption were associated with higher BMI ( r = 0.383 , p = 0.0305 ) and urinary putrescine content ( r = 0.475 , p = 0.006 ) . In patients simultaneously treated with BP-lowering drugs , similar reductions of BP were observed in both groups . A positive association was detected between TENSIA colonization and the extent of change of morning diastolic BP ( r = 0.617 , p = 0.0248 ) and a trend toward lower values of morning systolic BP ( r = −0.527 , p = 0.0640 ) at the end of the study after adjusting for BMI , age , and sex . Conclusion In a pilot study of obese hypertensive patients , a hypocaloric diet supplemented with a probiotic cheese helps to reduce BMI and arterial BP values , recognized symptoms of metabolic syndrome . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Probiotic organisms have shown promise in treating diseases . Previously , we have reported on the efficacy of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation at lowering serum cholesterol levels in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults . This study investigates the safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation . A r and omized group of 120 subjects received a dose of 5 × 10(10 ) CFU microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in yogurt ( n=59 ) or placebo yogurt ( n=61 ) twice/day for 6 weeks . Clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety were analyzed . Fecal sample s were collected at these time points for the analysis of deconjugated bile acids . The frequency , duration and intensity of adverse events ( AEs ) and clinical significance of safety parameters were recorded for both groups . No clinical ly significant differences between the probiotic yogurt and placebo yogurt treated groups were detected in either the blood clinical chemistry or hematology results and there was no significant increase in fecal deconjugated bile acids ( P>0.05 ) between treated and control groups . The frequency and intensity of AEs was similar in the two groups . These results demonstrate the safe use of this formulation in food OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common , primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity . Whether type 2 diabetes can be prevented by interventions that affect the lifestyles of subjects at high risk for the disease is not known . METHODS We r and omly assigned 522 middle-aged , overweight subjects ( 172 men and 350 women ; mean age , 55 years ; mean body-mass index [ weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ] , 31 ) with impaired glucose tolerance to either the intervention group or the control group . Each subject in the intervention group received individualized counseling aim ed at reducing weight , total intake of fat , and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of fiber and physical activity . An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed annually ; the diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed by a second test . The mean duration of follow-up was 3.2 years . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) amount of weight lost between base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2+/-5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-3.7 kg in the control group ; the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5+/-5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-4.4 kg in the control group ( P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups ) . The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 6 to 15 percent ) in the intervention group and 23 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 17 to 29 percent ) in the control group . During the trial , the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent ( P<0.001 ) in the intervention group . The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle . CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by changes in the lifestyles of high-risk subjects Background / Objectives : Evidence from animal and in vitro models suggest a role of probiotic bacteria in improving glycaemic control and delaying the onset of  type 2 diabetes .  However , the evidence from controlled trials in humans is limited . The objective was to determine if the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , supplemented in a whole food ( yoghurt ) or isolated ( capsules ) form , can improve biomarkers of glycaemic control . Subjects/ methods : Following a 3-week washout period , 156 overweight men and women over 55 years ( mean age : 67±8 years ; mean body mass index ( 31±4 kg/m2 ) were r and omized to a 6-week double-blinded parallel study . The four intervention groups were : ( A ) probiotic yoghurt plus probiotic capsules ; ( B ) probiotic yoghurt plus placebo capsules ; ( C ) control milk plus probiotic capsules ; and ( D ) control milk plus placebo capsules . Outcome measurements , including fasting glucose , insulin , glycated haemoglobin and Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , were performed at baseline and week 6 . Results : Relative to the milk-control group , probiotic yoghurt result ed in a significantly higher HOMA-IR ( 0.32±0.15 , P=0.038 ) , but did not have a significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Relative to placebo capsules , probiotic capsules result ed in a significantly higher fasting glucose ( 0.15±0.07 mmol/l , P=0.037 ) , with no significant effect on the other three measures of glycaemic control ( P>0.05 ) . Further analyses did not identify other variables as contributing to these adverse findings . Conclusions : Data from this study does not support the hypothesis that L. acidophilus La5 and B. animalis subsp lactis Bb12 , either in isolated form or as part of a whole food , benefit short-term glycaemic control . Indeed , there is weak data for an adverse effect of these strains on glucose homoeostasis Abstract Objective : To determine the relation between exposure to glycaemia over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes . Design : Prospect i ve observational study . Setting : 23 hospital based clinics in Engl and , Scotl and , and Northern Irel and . Participants : 4585 white , Asian Indian , and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients , whether r and omised or not to treatment , were included in analyses of incidence ; of these , 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk . Outcome measures : Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes : any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality . Secondary aggregate outcomes : myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , amputation ( including death from peripheral vascular disease ) , and microvascular disease ( predominantly retinal photo-coagulation ) . Single end points : non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction . Risk reduction associated with a 1 % reduction in up date d mean HbA1c adjusted for possible confounders at diagnosis of diabetes . Results : The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with glycaemia . Each 1 % reduction in up date d mean HbA1c was associated with reductions in risk of 21 % for any end point related to diabetes ( 95 % confidence interval 17 % to 24 % , P<0.0001 ) , 21 % for deaths related to diabetes ( 15 % to 27 % , P<0.0001 ) , 14 % for myocardial infa rct ion ( 8 % to 21 % , P<0.0001 ) , and 37 % for microvascular complications ( 33 % to 41 % , P<0.0001 ) . No threshold of risk was observed for any end point . Conclusions : In patients with type 2 diabetes the risk of diabetic complications was strongly associated with previous hyperglycaemia . Any reduction in HbA1c is likely to reduce the risk of complications , with the lowest risk being in those with HbA1c values in the normal range ( < 6.0 % ) Summary The action of gliclazide , a sulphonylurea with beneficial extrapancreatic effects in diabetes , may be enhanced by administering probiotics . The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of probiotics on gliclazide pharmacokinetics and the effect of both probiotics and gliclazide on blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats . Male Wistar rats ( 2 to 3 months , weight 350 ± 50 g ) were r and omly allocated to 4 groups ( n = 10 ) , two of which were treated with alloxan i.v . 30 mg/kg to induce diabetes . One group of healthy and one group of diabetic rats were then gavaged with probiotics ( 75 mg/kg ) for three days after which a gliclazide suspension ( 20 mg/kg ) was administered by gavage to all groups . Blood sample s were collected from the tail vein at various time points for 10 hours post-administration for the determination of blood glucose and gliclazide serum concentrations . It was found that probiotic treatment had no effect on blood glucose levels in healthy rats , but it reduced them ( up to 2-fold;p < 0.01 ) in diabetic rats . Probiotic treatment reduced gliclazide bioavailability in healthy rats ( 3-fold ) whereas it increased gliclazide bioavailability in diabetic rats ( 2-fold;p < 0.01 ) . Gliclazide had no effect on blood glucose levels in either healthy or diabetic rats despite the changes in its bioavailability . In conclusion , the probiotic treatment of diabetic rats  increases gliclazide bioavailability and lowers blood glucose levels by insulin-independent mechanisms , suggesting that the administration of probiotics may be beneficial as adjunct therapy in the treatment of diabetes INTRODUCTION Hyperglycaemia at levels above 15 mmol/l has been shown to impair cognitive functions in type 2 diabetic patients , while effects of mild hyperglycaemia and acute euglycaemia on mood and cognition have rarely been compared . We examined mood and cognitive functions in patients with T2DM during acute euglycaemia in comparison with moderate hyperglycaemia . METHODS One euglycaemic ( 5 mmol/l ) and one hyperglycaemic clamp ( 10.5 mmol/l ) of 90 min each were performed in 15 T2DM patients in a balanced , single-blind , within-subject comparison . Mood , cognitive functions ( assessed via short-term memory and attention tests ) and symptoms related to glycaemic changes were assessed during a baseline period and during both glycaemic plateaus . In addition , patients estimated their blood glucose level and counterregulatory hormones were measured . RESULTS None of the assessed aspects of cognitive functions differed between conditions ( all p > or = 0.2 ) . Patients rated higher on the well-being scale ( p=0.04 ) and tended to feel less anger ( p=0.08 ) during hyperglycaemia . Self-estimated blood glucose levels were higher during the hyper- than euglycaemic condition ( 8.6 + /- 2.5 vs 7.2 + /- 1.2 mmol/l ; p<0.05 ) although most individual estimations did not match the actual glucose levels . Counterregulatory hormone levels did not differ ( all p>0.25 ) . CONCLUSIONS Data indicate that T2DM patients are not cognitively impaired by moderate hyperglycaemia ( 10.5 mmol/l ) , pointing to the possibility of a glycaemic threshold for cognitive impairments at higher glycaemic levels Objective : The administration of a fermentable dietary fibre ( oligofructose ) in rats increases satietogenic gut peptides and lowered spontaneous energy intake . The aim of the study was to assess the relevance of those effects of oligofructose on satiety and energy intake in humans . Design : Single-blinded , crossover , placebo-controlled design , pilot study .Subjects : Volunteers included five men and five women aged 21–39 years , BMI ranging from 18.5 to 27.4 kg/m2 , were r and omly assigned as described below . Interventions : Subjects were included in two 2-week experimental phases during which they received either fibre ( oligofructose ( OFS ) ) or placebo ( dextrine maltose ( DM ) ) ; a 2-week washout period was included between crossover phases . In total , 8 g OFS or 8 g DM were ingested twice daily ( 16 g/day in total ) . Energy intake , hunger , satiety , fullness and prospect i ve food consumption were assessed with analogue scales at the end of each experimental phase . Results : During breakfast , OFS significantly increases the satiety ( P=0.04 ) without any difference on other sensations as compared to DM treatment periods . After lunch , no significant differences are observed between treatment period . At dinner , OFS significantly increases satiety ( P=0.04 ) , reduces hunger ( P=0.04 ) and prospect i ve food consumption ( P=0.05 ) . The energy intake at breakfast and lunch are significantly lower ( P=0.01 , 0.03 , respectively ) after OFS treatment than after DM  treatment . Total energy intake per day is 5 % lower during OFS than in DM period . Conclusion : Oligofructose treatment increases satiety following breakfast and dinner , reduces hunger and prospect i ve food consumption following dinner . This pilot study presents a rationale to propose oligofructose supplements in the management of food intake in overweight and obese patients .Sponsorship : This project is supported by an FSR grant from the Université catholique de Louvain BACKGROUND Rodent studies show that oligofructose promotes weight loss , stimulates satiety hormone secretion , reduces energy intake , and improves lipid profiles . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effects of oligofructose supplementation on body weight and satiety hormone concentrations in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Forty-eight otherwise healthy adults with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 25 were r and omly assigned to receive 21 g oligofructose/d or a placebo ( maltodextrin ) for 12 wk . Body composition ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) ; meal tolerance tests , including satiety hormone response ; food intake ; and subjective appetite ratings were determined . RESULTS There was a reduction in body weight of 1.03 + /- 0.43 kg with oligofructose supplementation , whereas the control group experienced an increase in body weight of 0.45 + /- 0.31 kg over 12 wk ( P = 0.01 ) . A lower area under the curve ( AUC ) for ghrelin ( P = 0.004 ) and a higher AUC for peptide YY ( PYY ) with oligofructose ( P = 0.03 ) coincided with a reduction in self-reported caloric intake ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Glucose decreased in the oligofructose group and increased in the control group between initial and final tests ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Insulin concentrations mirrored this pattern ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Oligofructose supplementation did not affect plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion . According to a visual analog scale design ed to assess side effects , oligofructose was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Independent of other lifestyle changes , oligofructose supplementation has the potential to promote weight loss and improve glucose regulation in overweight adults . Suppressed ghrelin and enhanced PYY may contribute in part to the reduction in energy intake . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00522353 BACKGROUND We have previously shown that gut microbial fermentation of prebiotics promotes satiety and lowers hunger and energy intake in humans . In rodents , these effects are associated with an increase in plasma gut peptide concentrations , which are involved in appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine the effects of prebiotic supplementation on satiety and related hormones during a test meal for human volunteers by using a noninvasive micro method for blood sampling to measure plasma gut peptide concentrations . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , parallel , placebo-controlled trial . A total of 10 healthy adults ( 5 men and 5 women ) were r and omly assigned to groups that received either 16 g prebiotics/d or 16 g dextrin maltose/d for 2 wk . Meal tolerance tests were performed in the morning to measure the following : hydrogen breath test , satiety , glucose homeostasis , and related hormone response . RESULTS We show that the prebiotic treatment increased breath-hydrogen excretion ( a marker of gut microbiota fermentation ) by approximately 3-fold and lowered hunger rates . Prebiotics increased plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY concentrations , whereas postpr and ial plasma glucose responses decreased after the st and ardized meal . The areas under the curve for plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and breath-hydrogen excretion measured after the meal ( 0 - 60 min ) were significantly correlated ( r = 0.85 , P = 0.007 ) . The glucose response was inversely correlated with the breath-hydrogen excretion areas under the curve ( 0 - 180 min ; r = -0.73 , P = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Prebiotic supplementation was associated with an increase in plasma gut peptide concentrations ( glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY ) , which may contribute in part to changes in appetite sensation and glucose excursion responses after a meal in healthy subjects
target: Conclusion This meta- analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in  lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG ( ≥7 mmol/L ) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species
background: Purpose  High fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and kidney diseases .
  Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG .
  A systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels .