title: A clinical study evaluating success of 2 commercially available preveneered primary molar stainless steel crowns. The Hall Technique 10 years on: its effect and influence The FiCTION dental trial protocol – filling children’s teeth: indicated or not? The survival of resin modified glass ionomer and stainless steel crown restorations in primary molars, placed in a specialist paediatric dental practice The longevity of amalgam versus compomer/composite restorations in posterior primary and permanent teeth: findings From the New England Children's Amalgam Trial. The use of a reinforced glass-ionomer cermet for the restoration of primary molars: a clinical trial Clinical evaluation of Dyract in primary molars: 1-year results. Cariostatic effect of fluoride-containing restorative systems associated with dentifrices on root dentin. Effect of Microleakage and Fluoride on Enamel-Dentine Demineralization around Restorations Clinical performance of a compomer and amalgam for the interproximal restoration of primary molars: a 24-month evaluation Conventional versus resin-modified glass-ionomer cement for Class II restorations in primary molars. A 3-year clinical study. Evaluation of a resin modified glass ionomer serving both as indirect pulp therapy and as restorative material for primary molars Effectiveness of Glass-Ionomer (ART) and Amalgam Restorations in the Deciduous Dentition: Results after 3 Years Survival characteristics of composite restorations in primary teeth Three-year follow up assessment of Class II restorations in primary molars with a polyacid-modified composite resin and a hybrid composite. Randomized controlled clinical trial of the 24-months survival of composite resin restorations after one-step incomplete and complete excavation on primary teeth. Clinical evaluation of a polyacid-modified resin composite (compomer) in Class II restorations of primary teeth: a two-year follow-up study. Durability of a polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer) in primary molars. A multicenter study. Amalgam and ART restorations in children: a controlled clinical trial Silver amalgam versus resin modified GIC class-II restorations in primary molars: twelve month clinical evaluation. Clinical behaviour of glass ionomer restorations in primary teeth. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations in primary molars. Compomers as Class II restorations in primary molars. Clinical evaluation of a compomer and an amalgam primary teeth class II restorations: a 2-year comparative study. A clinical evaluation of a resin-modified. Glass ionomer restorative material. Effect of cavity form on the durability of glass ionomer cement restorations in primary teeth: a three-year clinical evaluation. Randomized clinical trial of adhesive restorations in primary molars. 18-month results.
abstract: PURPOSE To evaluate the success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krown and to determine the level of parental satisfaction with this treatment option . METHODS Forty-eight crowns were placed in 18 children with a mean age of 5 years . A split mouth design was used . Each participant r and omly received each crown type on 2 or 4 pair matched molars . Two trained operators completed all treatments . Two additional trained and calibrated clinicians blindly re-evaluated crowns according to specified variables . A visual analogue scale was used to determine parental satisfaction . Examiner reliability was determined by Cohen 's kappa scores and results were analysed statistically using Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS All crowns were retained after 12 months with no statistical difference in the clinical and radiographic success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krowns . Overall success was high with 81 % of facings intact and 83 % free of gingival inflammation after 12 months . Radiographically , 81 % were successful . Veneer facing wear was significantly more likely to occur with opposing crowns ( P=.02 ) . Parental satisfaction was excellent with a mean score of 9.3 out of 10 . CONCLUSIONS These crowns combine the durability of conventional stainless steel crowns with improved esthetics and are proposed as a suitable alternative where esthetic dem and is increased Dental caries in early childhood can have a very significant effect not only on the oral health of young children but on their quality of life and that of their families . Added to this are the long-term infective risks to the host of untreated caries in primary teeth but also the risk of damage to successor permanent teeth . Traditional restoration of damaged primary teeth has been shown to have only moderate outcomes depending on the techniques and material s used and the ability of children to cooperate because of age or other factors . The Hall technique has outperformed other techniques in r and omised clinical trials . In this Opinion Article I will take a look back at the Innes et al. paper , first published in this Journal in 2006 , that introduced the Hall Technique and the subsequent scientific literature which provided us with high quality scientific evidence of the efficacy of the technique . I will evaluate how this new technique has affected the management of early childhood caries  and hence its influence on wider oral and general health Background There is a lack of evidence for effective management of  dental caries ( decay ) in children ’s primary ( baby ) teeth and an apparent failure of conventional dental restorations ( fillings ) to prevent dental pain and infection for UK children in Primary Care . UK dental schools ’ teaching has been based on British Society of Paediatric Dentistry guidance which recommends that caries in primary teeth should be removed and a restoration placed . However , the evidence base for this is limited in volume and quality , and comes from studies conducted in either secondary care or specialist practice s. Restorations provided in specialist environments can be effective but the generalisability of this evidence to Primary Care has been question ed . The FiCTION trial addresses the Health Technology Assessment ( HTA ) Programme ’s commissioning brief and research question “ What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of restoration caries in primary teeth , compared to no treatment ? ” It compares conventional restorations with an intermediate treatment strategy based on the biological ( sealing-in ) management of caries and with no restorations . Methods / Design This is a Primary Care-based multi-centre , three-arm , parallel group , patient-r and omised controlled trial . Practitioners are recruiting 1461 children , ( 3–7 years ) with at least one primary molar tooth where caries extends into dentine . Children are r and omized and treated according to one of three treatment approaches ; conventional caries management with best practice prevention , biological management of caries with best practice prevention or best practice prevention alone . Baseline measures and outcome data ( at review /treatment during three year follow-up ) are assessed through direct reporting , clinical examination including blinded radiograph assessment , and child/parent question naires . The primary outcome measure is the incidence of either pain or infection related to dental caries . Secondary outcomes are ; incidence of caries in primary and permanent teeth , patient quality of life , cost-effectiveness , acceptability of treatment strategies to patients and parents and their experiences , and dentists ’ preferences . Discussion FiCTION will provide evidence for the most clinical ly-effective and cost-effective approach to managing caries in children ’s primary teeth in Primary Care . This will support general dental practitioners in treatment decision making for child patients to minimize pain and infection in primary teeth . The trial is currently recruiting patients .Trial registration Protocol ID : NCTU : IS RCT Aims To prospect ively report on the survival of resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( RMGIC ) , photac-fil and pre-formed stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restorations in primary molar teeth placed over a seven-year period in a specialist paediatric dental practice under private contract of remuneration . Method All primary molar restorations placed by a specialist paediatric dentist over a seven-year period were review ed and the outcome results recorded . Data were recorded at review visits until June 30 , 2003 . Data recorded included Class I restorations , Class II restorations and SSC . The Class II cavities were either mesial or distal , with or without buccal/palatal extensions . If both proximal surfaces were decayed or if after cavity preparation the result ant outline form was significantly larger than the minimal classical form , RMGIC was not used ; an SSC was placed instead . Stainless steel crown preparation followed conventional guidelines . The crowns were cemented with reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol ( Kalzinol ) . The status was recorded as satisfactory restoration , tooth exfoliated , tooth extracted for orthodontic reasons with the date of extraction , or needing replacement . If replaced then the reason for replacement was also recorded . Results A total of 544 Class I RMGICs , 962 Class II RMGICs , and 1,010 SSCs  were placed . At the last review of each restoration , 98.3 % of Class I , 97.3 % of Class II RMGICs and 97.0 % of SSCs were either satisfactory or withdrawn intact . Conclusion Under the conditions of private specialist practice -based study SSCs continued to prove very successful for the restoration of larger cavities and for pulp-treated primary molar teeth . For the smaller cavities RMGIC were also very successful BACKGROUND Limited information is available from r and omized clinical trials comparing the longevity of  amalgam and resin-based compomer/composite restorations . The authors compared replacement rates of these types of restorations in posterior teeth during the five-year follow-up of the New Engl and Children 's Amalgam Trial . METHODS The authors r and omized children aged 6 to 10 years who had two or more posterior occlusal carious lesions into groups that received amalgam ( n=267 ) or compomer ( primary teeth)/composite ( permanent teeth ) ( n=267 ) restorations  and followed them up semiannually . They compared the longevity of restorations placed on all posterior surfaces using r and om effects survival analysis . RESULTS The average+/-st and ard deviation follow-up was 2.8+/-1.4 years for primary tooth restorations and 3.4+/-1.9 years for permanent tooth restorations . In primary teeth , the replacement rate was 5.8 percent of compomers versus 4.0 percent of amalgams ( P=.10 ) , with 3.0 percent versus 0.5 percent ( P=.002 ) , respectively , due to recurrent caries . In permanent teeth , the replacement rate was 14.9 percent of composites versus 10.8 percent of amalgams ( P=.45 ) , and the repair rate was 2.8 percent of composites versus 0.4 percent of amalgams ( P=.02 ) . CONCLUSION Although the overall difference in longevity was not statistically significant , compomer was replaced significantly more frequently owing to recurrent caries , and composite restorations required seven times as many repairs as did amalgam restorations . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Compomer/composite restorations on posterior tooth surfaces in children may require replacement or repair at higher rates than amalgam restorations , even within five years of placement The development of adhesive restorative material s has led to more conservative cavity design with greater reliance being placed upon the bond of a material with tooth tissue for retention of the restoration . Glass-ionomer cements may offer particular advantages but have yet to achieve the durability reported for amalgam . This study reports on the results of a 2.5-year prospect i ve clinical trial comparing the durability of two glass-ionomer cements , a conventional material ( Ketac Fil ) and a metal reinforced cermet ( Ketac Silver ) in the restoration of Class II lesions in primary molars . Forty-six pairs of restorations were assessed in 37 children . The failure rate of Ketac Fil , 23 % , was significantly lower than that of Ketac Silver , 41 % ( P < 0.05 ) . The median survival time of the Ketac Fil restorations was significantly greater , 25.3 months , than that of the Ketac Silver restorations , 20.3 months ( P < 0.05 ) . These values may be an underestimate of the true longevity of both restoration types as many of the restorations survived intact at the censor date . Neither the age of the child nor the tooth restored influenced the durability of the restoration . The deterioration in both marginal integrity and anatomic form of the Ketac Silver restorations  was significantly greater than the Ketac Fil restorations ( P < 0.05 ) . The durability of Ketac Silver was such that it can not be recommended for use in restoring carious primary PURPOSE To evaluate the 1-year clinical performance of Dyract in primary molars . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 55 children ( aged 4 - 9 years ) received 1 - 3 restorations ( n = 91 ) utilizing Dyract , a new restorative material combining properties of both glass ionomers and composites . RESULTS The so-called compomer material showed good h and ling characteristics and a survival rate of 97 % after 1 year . Nevertheless , the material demonstrated an average wear of 190 microns during 1 year , with 67 % of the restorations having occlusal wear of less than 200 microns . The combination of a low failure rate and the ease of application makes the compomer material very suitable for application in the primary dentition OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the interaction between two sources of fluoride ( restorative systems and dentifrices ) in inhibiting artificial root caries development . METHODS One hundred and eighty tooth segments were embedded in polyester resin , and s and ed flat . Cylindrical cavities 1.0mm-deep and 1.5mm-diameter were prepared in root dentin and r and omly restored by fluoride-containing restorative systems : Ketac-fil/Espe ( Ke ) , Fuji II LC/GC Corp ( Fj ) , F2000/3 M ( F2 ) , Surefil/Dentsply ( Su ) or a control : Filtek Z250/3 M ( Z2 ) . Ten experimental groups were made to test the association among the five restorative systems and two dentifrices : with F(- ) ( Sensodyne Baking Soda ) or without F(- ) ( Sensodyne Original ) ( n=18 ) . After surface polishing , a 1mm-wide margin around the restorations was demarcated and initial dentin surface Knoop microhardness values ( KHN(i ) ) were obtained . The specimens were su bmi tted to a pH-cycling model , and to applications of slurries of dentifrice . Afterwards the final dentin surface Knoop microhardness values ( KHN(f ) ) were measured . RESULTS The differences between KHN(i ) and KHN(f ) , and the covariate KHN(i ) were considered by the ANCOVA and Tukey 's test ( alpha=0.05 ) . The interaction between restorative system and dentifrice was statistically significant ( p=0.0026 ) . All restorative systems provided some protection against artificial caries challenge when associated with the fluoride-containing dentifrice treatment . The means ( st and ard deviation ) of reductions in Knoop hardness values for systems associated with the fluoride-containing dentifrice were : Ke : 40.0(1.02)(a ) , Fj : 41.9(1.02)(b ) , F2 : 43.3(1.04)(c ) , Su : 43.5(1.00)(c ) , Z2 : 44.0(1.02)(c ) ; and with the non-fluoride-containing dentifrice were : Ke : 42.9(1.02)(a ) , Fj : 44.7(1.01)(b ) , F2 : 45.2(1.09)(bc ) , Su : 46.0(0.99)(c ) , Z2 : 46.6(0.99)(c ) ( statistical differences were expressed by different letters ) . CONCLUSION The cariostatic effect shown by the fluoride-containing dentifrice could enhance that shown by Ketac-fil and Fuji II LC , and could mask that shown by F2000 There is no consensus about an association between microleakage and secondary caries , especially considering the presence of fluoride ( F ) at the tooth/restoration interface . Thus , a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study was carried out to evaluate in situ the effect of microleakage on caries around enamel-dentine restorations in the presence of F from dental material s or dentifrice , either alone or in combination . In 4 phases of 14 days each , 14 volunteers wore palatal devices containing dental slabs restored with composite resin ( CR ) or resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( GI ) . Restorations were made without leakage ( L– ) , following the recommended adhesive procedures , or with leakage ( L+ ) , in the absence of adhesive procedures . Plaque-like biofilm ( PLB ) was left to accumulate on the restored slabs , which were exposed extraorally to a 20 % sucrose solution 10 × /day . The volunteers used a non-F ( NF ) or an F ( FD ) dentifrice 3 × /day , depending on the experimental phase . No differences were found between L+ or L– restorations ( p > 0.05 ) . Higher demineralization in both enamel and dentine around CR restorations was observed under NF ( p < 0.05 ) . F concentration was higher in the fluid of PLB exposed to FD or formed onto GI restoration ( p < 0.05 ) . These results suggest that while microleakage does not affect caries development , GI or FD may maintain increased F levels in the PLB , thereby decreasing caries progression Objectives To evaluate the clinical performance of a compomer material ( Dyract ® ) in comparison with dental amalgam ( Contour ® ) for management of proximal caries in primary molars in young children . Setting General dental practice , and a dental hospital paediatric clinic . Method This was a prospect i ve study . A split mouth design was used with identical pairs of minimal Class II cavities , of matched tooth type inthe same dental arch , usually diagnosed with the use of bitewing radiographs . Seventy-eight pairs of restorations were completed ofwhich 60 pairs were available for evaluation after 24 months . Results Comparable retention rates were observed for both Dyract and amalgam . The retention rates were high for both material s , with only four amalgam and two Dyract restorations failing over 24 months . Significantly better marginal integrity ( P < 0.05 ) was observed for Dyract compared with amalgam with no significant differences between the two material s for recurrent caries , wear or surface texture . Conclusions Dyract seemed to be a suitable alternative to amalgam for proximal restorations in primary molars of young children for use in general dental practice OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical performance of two glass-ionomer cements (GICs)for  Class II restorations in primary molars : a conventional cement ( Fuji II ) and a resin-modified cement ( Vitremer ) . DESIGN Split mouth and r and om assignment to the two material s were used for the majority of the molars . SAMPLE AND METHODS Forty consecutive 4 - 7-year-old children were included . One operator made 115 restorations : 53 with Vitremer and 62 with Fuji II . The restorations were evaluated clinical ly , radiographically and from colour photographs . RESULTS The cumulative success rate of the Vitremer restorations was 94 % and that of the Fuji II restorations 81 % . The difference is statistically significant . The risk of a failed restoration was more than five times higher with Fuji II than with Vitremer as the restorative material . Of the 13 unsuccessful restorations , seven had lost their retention , four had secondary caries , and two were fractured . CONCLUSIONS The resin-modified GIC offered advantages over the conventional GIC for restoring approximal caries in primary molars AIM : The successful performance of resin modified glass ionomer cement ( RMGIC ) as an indirect pulp therapy ( IPT ) dressing material and , independently , as a class II restoration material for primary molars has been adequately documented . This study investigates if an RMGIC can be successfully used in a dual capacity . METHODS : A total of 61 , 3.5–8.5 year old children with deep proximal carious lesions in one or more primary molars , radiographically suspected of pulp exposure , were included . Exclusion criteria were : continuous unprovoked pain and an exposed or a non-vital pulp . Following adequate caries removal , RMGIC restorations were placed . The teeth were followed-up for signs/symptoms and for restoration survival according to modified United States Public Health Service ( USPHS ) criteria . Descriptive statistics were applied . RESULTS : The prospect i ve study was completed with 86 restorations in 41 first and 45 second primary molars . Three of the 86 teeth showed pulp necrosis and the remaining 83 ( 96.5 % ) were a ) asymptomatic for a mean clinical observation time of 31.9 months ( SD 10.8 ) and b ) with no radiographic signs of pathology for 25.7 months ( SD 10.3 ) . Seventy-six of these 83 ( 91.6 % ) class II-‘extended ’ restorations were acceptable , exhibiting varying levels of occlusal wear . CONCLUSIONS : A single application of RMGIC was used successfully for over 2 1/2 years as an IPT and restoration material in proximal caries of primary molars This study compared the survival of restorations produced through the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) approach using glass-ionomer with those produced through the traditional approach using amalgam ( MTA ) in deciduous dentitions over a period of 3 years . Using a parallel group design , 835 grade 1 children , aged 6–7 years , participated . A total of 482 children were treated through the ART and 353 children through the MTA approach .  Eight dentists produced a total of 1,891 single- and multiple-surface restorations . After 3 years , 22.1 % of the restorations were lost for evaluation . There was a statistically significant difference in the combined survival of all single- and multiple-surface restorations between the two approaches in favour of the ART approach ( p = 0.04 ) . The study revealed a 3-year cumulative survival percentage of single-surface ART and MTA restorations of 86.1 and 79.6 % , respectively . The difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.03 ) . The main reasons for both single-surface ART and MTA restorations to fail was ‘ restoration missing ’ followed by ‘ gross marginal defect ’ . The 3-year cumulative survival percentages of multiple-surface ART and MTA restorations were 48.7 and 42.9 % , respectively . The difference was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ) . The 3-year survival percentages of single- and multiple- surface ART and MTA restorations varied widely amongst the 8 operators with an operator effect ( p = 0.001 ) for multiple-surface MTA restorations . It can be concluded that the ART approach using glass-ionomer yielded better results in treating dentinal lesions in deciduous teeth than did the traditional approach using amalgam after 3 years . It is recommended to select the ART approach to complement the other activities of the school oral health programme Objectives This retrospective study analyzed restoration survival of  composite fillings in children with at high caries risk in relation to age , sex , operator , tooth type , filling extension , and material used . Material s and methods Among 667 children treated in 2004–2012 in a university setting without sedation or general anesthesia , 2388 composite fillings were included . Relevant data from regular recall intervals were retrieved from patients ’ records . Either total-etch or a self-etch adhesive combined with flowable and /or (nano)hybrid composite was used . The Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazard analysis with backward elimination model were applied for survival analysis . Results For the observation period of 8 years ( mean 1.7 years ) , the cumulative failure rate was 17.2 % with annual failure rates of 10.0 % . In 8.8 % of the cases , fillings failed due to secondary caries . In 8.3 % technical failure due to total filling loss , loosening , marginal gaps , or tooth fracture occurred . Tooth type , filling extension , age , operator , dental dam , and type of adhesive were significant for survival ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Filling survival was comparably lower to composite restorations observed in prospect i ve clinical studies on permanent teeth and other tooth-colored restoratives used in primary teeth . Due to the very high caries risk and young age of the population , frequent loss due to secondary caries was observed . With respect to the high caries risk , composite restorations can be used to treat carious primary teeth , though a strict caries prevention regimen should be followed to minimize restoration failure . Clinical relevance Filling loss of composites in the primary dentition is associated with secondary caries on the long term PURPOSE To evaluate the 3-year success rate of Class II restorations in primary molars performed with Compoglass , a polyacid-modified resin-based composite ( compomer ) and TPH-Spectrum , a hybrid resin-based composite . MATERIAL AND METHODS In a dental practice , in each of 52 children at least two primary molars were restored . 96 primary molars were restored with TPH-Spectrum using the total-etching-technique and 94 with Compoglass without acid etching prior to application of the bonding adhesive . The restorations were assessed at baseline ( 1996 ) and after 1 and 2 yrs according to the Ryge criteria . After 3 yrs the restorations ( 46 Compoglass , 46 TPH-Spectrum ) of 35 children were re-evaluated . RESULTS After 3 yrs the cumulative success rate according to the Kaplan-Meier-estimation was 79.5 % for the Compoglass and 85.8 % for the TPH-Spectrum restorations . No significant differences were observed between the two material s with respect to color matching , cavosurface discoloration , anatomic form , margin integrity and caries assessment . The present investigation revealed that TPH-Spectrum and Compoglass are suitable material s for restoring primary molars . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE After an observation period of 3 years , both TPH-Spectrum and Compoglass demonstrated acceptable clinical results OBJECTIVE This r and omized clinical trial aim ed to compare the 24-months survival of  composite restorations in primary molars after partial caries removal ( PCR ) and total caries removal ( TCR ) . METHODS Forty-eight children aged 3 - 8 years with at least one molar with a deep carious lesion were included ( PCR ; n=66 ; TCR ; n=54 ) . For PCR , excavation was stopped when dentine with a leathery consistency was achieved ; in the TCR group , total absence of carious tissue was confirmed using a blunt-tipped probe . Pulpotomy was performed in cases of pulp exposure . Success was assessed by modified USPHS criteria with Alpha and Bravo scores recorded as success . RESULTS Pulp exposure occurred in 1 and 15 of the teeth treated with PCR and TCR respectively ( p<0.01 ) . The restorations survival rate after 24 months was 66 % ( PCR ) and 86 % ( TCR ) ( p=0.03 ) . When teeth that received pulpotomy were analyzed separately , the survival rate was 92 % ( p=0.09 ) . PCR performed in occlusoproximal restorations demonstrated the lowest success rate ( p=0.002 ) . PCR increases 2.90 times the probability of having a restorative failure compared to TCR ( p=0.03 ) , after adjusting for cavity type . When pulp exposure and restoration failure were considered as the outcome , there was no significant difference between the two groups ( p=0.10 ) with success rates of 64 % ( PCR ) and 61 % ( TCR ) . CONCLUSION Collectively , deciduous teeth su bmi tted to PCR prevented pulp exposure and , consequently , more invasive treatments ; otherwise , PCR yielded lower longevity for composite restoration compared to TCR , suggesting that PCR restorations need to be followed over time , especially when multi-surface restorations are involved . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Composite restorations on carious remaining tissue require monitoring over time , especially those performed in more than one surface . Even if the restorations present shortcomings over the time , the majority of them are subject to repair , allowing more conservative approaches for teeth with deep caries lesions PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the clinical performance of a compomer restorative material ( Dyract , DeTrey/Dentsply ) for the restoration of Class II cavities , extended into dentin in primary teeth . METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 25 patients with 68 restored cavities . The restorations were evaluated with the modified Ryge criteria at baseline and after 6 , 12 and 24 months . Examination was clinical , radiographic , and observation of cast replicas under scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS After 24 months , 100 % of the restorations were retained , 3 % presented bulk fractures , and 6 % developed secondary caries at cervical margins . After 24 months , there was a significant reduction in marginal integrity while there was only slight change in anatomic form . Proximal contact was defective in 6 % of the restorations and 8 % showed marginal discoloration . SEM evaluation revealed a generalized occlusal and scattered marginal wear with no marginal gaps . CONCLUSION The compomer presented acceptable clinical performance in Class II restorations of primary teeth after 24 months in service A polyacid-modified composite resin ( compomer ) restorative material was evaluated in primary molars in a multicenter study . One hundred and fifty-nine class-II restorations were placed by 6 dentists in 79 children . The restorations were evaluated during a 2-year period , using slightly modified USPHS criteria . After 1 year 151 restorations were evaluated and , after 2 years , 104 . The cumulative failure rate after 1 year was 8 % and after 2 years , 22 % . The main reasons for failure were loss of retention ( 12 % ) and secondary caries ( 5 % ) . The compomer material showed a high failure rate , comparable to that of other adhesive restorative material s currently used in primary molars . A large operator variation in failure rate indicates the technique sensitivity of the material Objectives The aims of this study were to compare 2-year cumulative survival rates of  amalgam and atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) restorations in primary molars and to investigate the determinants of the survival rate of restorations . Material s and methods A controlled clinical trial using a parallel group design was carried out on 258 children aged 6–7 years old , allocated to two treatment groups : conventional restorative treatment using amalgam and ART using high-viscosity glass ionomer . A total of 364 amalgam restorations and 386 ART restorations were placed by three pedodontists in 126 and 158 children , respectively , and were evaluated after 0.5 , 1 , and 2 years . Restorations were placed in vital primary molars with neither pain nor signs of pulp involvement . The survival analysis was conducted using the proportional hazard rate regression model with frailty correction . Results The 2-year cumulative survival rates for all amalgam ( 77.3 % ) and ART ( 73.5 % ) restorations were not statistically significantly different , but there was an effect of “ type of surface ” ( single/multiple ) and “ cavity filling time ” on the survival rates . Both amalgam and ART single-surface restorations had higher survival rates than multiple-surface restorations of the same material . Secondary caries was responsible for 36 and 38 % of failures in amalgam and ART restorations , respectively . Mean time for restoring all type of cavities with amalgam and ART restorations was 13.6 and 13.7 min , respectively . Conclusions Amalgam and ART restorations presented similar survival rates over a 2-year period for all , single-surface , and multiple-surface restorations . Clinical relevance In the cause of finding alternatives to amalgam , ART restorations using high-viscosity glass ionomer might be a suitable option for managing cavitated dentine carious lesions in vital primary molars The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of  resin modified GIC with amalgam as a restorative material , in Class-II cavities of primary molars . Restorations were evaluated at four , eight , and twelve months for their marginal integrity , anatomic form and development of recurrent caries . When each parameter was considered separately , there was no difference in the success rate between the two groups , except development of recurrent caries significantly less ( p<0.05 ) in RMGIC group(4.7 % ) compared to amalgam group ( 12.5 % ) at twelve month follow up . However , the cumulative success rate at 12 month was found to be significantly higher ( p<0.05 ) in RMGIC ( Fuji II LC ) group(83.1 % ) compared to amalgam(72 % ) OBJECTIVE To compare a silver-reinforced glass ionomer material ( cermet ) with a resin-modified glass ionomer in minimal Class II preparations in primary teeth . METHODS Matched pairs of primary molars with approximal caries that required operative treatment were used . Each cavity was filled with either Vitremer or Ketac-Silver . The restorations were followed for at least 36 months and examined annually using bitewing radiographs and clinical inspections . Impressions were taken at each recall and models were examined microscopically . RESULTS After 36 months , one of the resin-modified glass ionomer ( RMGI ) restorations and 13 ( 26.5 % ) of the silver cermet restorations had failed . The RMGI failed because of secondary caries , while most of the failures of the silver cermet fillings were marginal defects alone or in combination with secondary caries . The median survival time ( MST ) for the silver cermet restorations was 37 months . The RMGI restorations had a MST exceeding 42 months , but MST could not be calculated exactly because of the low failure rate during the study period . CONCLUSIONS The resin-modified glass ionomer had the overall best performance of the two material s under comparison . The silver cermet material can not be recommended for Class II restorations in primary teeth The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the 3-year performance of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement  in primary molars . A total of 174 class II restorations were placed in 85 children by 6 dentists . The restorations were evaluated during a 3-year period using slightly modified USPHS criteria ( van Dijken 1986 ) . Of the 174 restorations 161 were evaluated after 1 year , 121 after 2 years and 68 after 3 years . A total of 81 , restorations exfoliated or was extracted during the study . The cumulative failure rate after 1 , 2 and 3 year was 8.1 % , 11.7 % and 19.8 % respectively . The main reasons for failure were secondary caries and loss of retention A variety of alternatives to amalgam are now available for use in class II restorations in primary teeth , including glass ionomer , composites , and intermediate material s such as compomer and resin modified glass ionomers ( RMGI ) . The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two compomers , Hytac and Dyract , and to compare these results to those reported for other intracoronal restorative material s. Evaluation after 24 months shows Hytac and Dyract to have performed well and comparably as class II restorations in primary teeth . The low failure rate , even in a population with a high caries increment , suggests that compomers are a suitable alternative to amalgam or other , tooth-colored material s when used as class II restorations in primary teeth PURPOSE This study was performed to compare the clinical performance between the compomer F2000 and amalgam Dispersalloy in Class II restorations in primary molars over a 2-year period . METHODS Seventy-five amalgam and 75 compomer restorations were placed in 75 children based on a split-mouth design . The restorations were evaluated after 1 week and after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months of oral function . The evaluation consisted of a clinical assessment according to modified Ryge criteria , a radiographic examination using bite-wing  radiographs , and an observation of  epoxy casts under scanning electron microscopy .  RESULTS The results showed statistically significant differences in the marginal adaptation and anatomic form between amalgam and compomer restorations . A higher number of compomer restorations were rated as Bravo , while a higher number of amalgam restorations were rated as Alpha at 24 months . Significant differences in the failure of the restoration and development of secondary caries were not found between the material s. CONCLUSIONS The use of compomer F2000 in Class II resorations in primary molars , although it presents a significantly higher number of restorations rated as Bravo regarding the marginal adaptation and anatomic form vs the amalgam , does not increase the risks of developing secondary caries and failure of the restoration over a period of 2 years Compomers , resin-modified glass ionomers , were developed to improve the physical properties and clinical h and ling of glass ionomers . Compomers can be design ed to be light-activated and used as restoratives or liners . This article reports data collected up to 12 months after placement of both compomer restorations and liners and is part of an ongoing study evaluating the performance of this material . Based on this data , the authors conclude that this new generation of light-activated glass-ionomer restoratives provides clinical results comparable to those recorded for composite resins at 12 months The effect of cavity form on the durability of  glass ionomer cement restorations in primary molars was studied in a clinical , intraindividual , three-year longitudinal study . Proximal restorations were placed in either a microcavity or a modified Black 's Class II cavity with rounded internal and external angles . A total of twenty-eight pairs were assessed . After two years the cumulative failure rate was 16 percent for each of the cavity types and after three years 25 percent for the microcavity and 32 percent for the modified Black 's Class II cavity . No statistical difference was found in the longevity of the restorations placed in the two different types of cavities PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical performance of adhesive restorations of resin composite and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary molars . METHODS This r and omized clinical trial included subjects ( 5 - 9 year-old children ) selected at two university centers ( UFRGS and UNIFRA ) . The sample consisted of 132 primary molars presenting active cavitated carious lesions ( with radiographic involvement of the inner half of the dentin ) , located on the occlusal and occlusal-proximal surface . The sample was r and omly divided into three groups , according to the restorative material : ( G1 ) universal restorative system ( Adper Single Bond 2 system and Filtek Z350 ) ; ( G2 ) : Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement ( Vitremer ) ; and ( G3 ) : Low shrink restorative system ( Filtek P90 ) . The restorations were clinical ly and radiographically followed every 6 months for up to 18 months using the USPHS modified criteria for clinical evaluation . Survival estimates for restoration longevity were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method . Log-rank test ( P < 0.05 ) was used to compare the differences in the success rate according to the type of the restorative material . RESULTS The type of restorative material used did not influence the longevity of the restorations . After clinical follow-up , there was no statistical difference in the rates of success for the three material s used to restore active cavitated carious lesions in primary molars . The survival rates for the follow-up were similar regarding the number of restored surfaces and the caries removal technique ( partial or complete ) . Mean estimated time of survival was 17.2 months ( 95 % CI : 16.7 - 17.7 ) . Estimated survival rates of the restorations were 100 % , 98 % , 88 % and 65 % at 1 , 6 , 12 and 18 months of clinical evaluations , respectively
target: Class I restorations and restorations placed using rubber dam presented better AFR .
  An elevated number of failures were observed due to recurrent caries , highlighting the need for professionals to work with a health-promoting approach .
background: BACKGROUND Several restorative material s with specific indications are used for filling cavities in primary teeth .
  AIM To systematic ally review the literature in order to investigate the longevity of primary teeth restorations  and the reasons for failure .