title: Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study. Comparison of the effects of linseed oil and different doses of fish oil on mononuclear cell function in healthy human subjects. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Randomized placebo-controlled intervention with n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented yoghurt: effects on circulating eicosanoids and cardiovascular risk factors. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hypercholesterolemic subjects. An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal women. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humans. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men. Decreasing linoleic acid with constant alpha-linolenic acid in dietary fats increases (n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids in healthy men. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in atherosclerotic patients Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on experimental human rhinovirus infection and illness. Fish oil in combination with high or low intakes of linoleic acid lowers plasma triacylglycerols but does not affect other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Supplementation With Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Dependent Oxidative Stress and Elevated C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Link to Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance Conjugated Linoleic Acid Impairs Endothelial Function Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Vitamin E, Alone or Combined on Immunity and Inflammatory Parameters in Adults with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men Increased α-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces peripheral blood mononuclear cell interleukin-2 production in healthy middle-aged males. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on young athletic males. Exchanging a few commercial, regularly consumed food items with improved fat quality reduces total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Conjugated linoleic acids reduce body fat in healthy postmenopausal women. Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial. Conjugated linoleic acid improves airway hyper‐reactivity in overweight mild asthmatics Milk Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Fails to Alter Blood Lipids or Body Composition in Moderately Overweight, Borderline Hyperlipidemic Individuals Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans Effect of estrogen versus testosterone on circulating osteoprotegerin and other cytokine levels in normal elderly men. Fatty acid supplements improve respiratory, inflammatory and nutritional parameters in adults with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers Studies on animal and human subjects have shown that greatly increasing the amount of linseed ( also known as flaxseed ) oil ( rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) alpha-linolenic acid ( ALNA ) ) or fish oil ( FO ; rich in the long-chain n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ) in the diet can decrease a number of markers of immune function . The immunological effects of more modest doses of n-3 PUFA in human subjects are unclear , dose-response relationships between n-3 PUFA supply and immune function have not been established and whether ALNA has the same effects as its long-chain derivatives is not known . Therefore , the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of enriching the diet with different doses of FO or with a modest dose of ALNA on a range of functional responses of human monocytes and lymphocytes . In a r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel study , forty healthy males aged 18 - 39 years were r and omised to receive placebo or 3.5 g ALNA/d or 0.44 , 0.94 or 1.9 g (EPA+DHA)/d in capsules for 12 weeks . The EPA : DHA ratio in the FO used was 1.0:2.5 . ALNA supplementation increased the proportion of EPA but not DHA in plasma phospholipids . FO supplementation decreased the proportions of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and increased the proportions of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipids . The interventions did not alter circulating mononuclear cell subsets or the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha , interleukin ( IL ) 1beta , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-10 or interferon-gamma by stimulated mononuclear cells . There was little effect of the interventions on lymphocyte proliferation . The two higher doses of FO result ed in a significant decrease in IL-6 production by stimulated mononuclear cells . It is concluded that , with the exception of IL-6 production , a modest increase in intake of either ALNA or EPA+DHA does not influence the functional activity of mononuclear cells . The threshold of EPA+DHA intake that results in decreased IL-6 production is between 0.44 and 0.94 g/d BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic effects of dietary fat quality in people with type 2 diabetes are not well-understood . The study objective was to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and safflower ( SAF ) oils on glycemia , blood lipids , and inflammation . The hypothesis we tested is that dietary oils improve glycemia , lipids , and inflammatory markers in a time-dependent way that follows accumulation of linoleic acid and CLA isomers in serum of subjects supplemented with dietary oils . METHODS Fifty-five post-menopausal , obese women with type 2 diabetes enrolled , and 35 completed this r and omized , double-masked crossover study . Treatments were 8 g daily of CLA and SAF for 16 weeks each . We used a multiple testing procedure with pre-determined steps analysis to determine the earliest time that a significant effect was detected . RESULTS CLA did not alter measured metabolic parameters . SAF decreased HbA1c ( -0.64 ± 0.18 % , p = 0.0007 ) and C-reactive protein ( -13.6 ± 8.2 mg/L , p = 0.0472 ) , increased QUICKI ( 0.0077 ± 0.0035 , p = 0.0146 ) with a minimum time to effect observed 16 weeks after treatment . SAF increased HDL cholesterol ( 0.12 ± 0.05 mmol/L , p = 0.0228 ) with the minimum time to detect an effect of SAF at 12 weeks . The minimum time to detect an increase of c9t11-CLA , t10c12-CLA , and linoleic acid in serum of women supplemented CLA or SAF , respectively , was four weeks . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 8 g of SAF daily improved glycemia , inflammation , and blood lipids , indicating that small changes in dietary fat quality may augment diabetes treatments to improve risk factors for diabetes-related complications BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is marketed as a safe , simple , and effective dietary supplement to promote the loss of body fat and weight . However , most previous studies have been of short duration and inconclusive , and some recent studies have question ed the safety of long-term supplementation with CLA . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 1-y supplementation with CLA ( 3.4 g/d ) on body weight and body fat regain in moderately obese people . DESIGN One hundred twenty-two obese healthy subjects with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 28 underwent an 8-wk dietary run-in with energy restriction ( 3300 - 4200 kJ/d ) . One hundred one subjects who lost > 8 % of their initial body weight were subsequently r and omly assigned to a 1-y double-blind CLA ( 3.4 g/d ; n = 51 ) or placebo ( olive oil ; n = 50 ) supplementation regime in combination with a modest hypocaloric diet of -1250 kJ/d . The effects of treatment on body composition and safety were assessed with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with blood sample s and the incidence of adverse events , respectively . RESULTS After 1 y , no significant difference in body weight or body fat regain was observed between the treatments . The CLA group ( n = 40 ) regained a mean ( + /-SD ) 4.0 + /- 5.6 kg body weight and 2.1 + /- 5.0 kg fat mass compared with a regain of 4.0 + /- 5.0 kg body weight and 2.7 + /- 4.9 kg fat mass in the placebo group ( n = 43 ) . No significant differences in reported adverse effects or indexes of insulin resistance were observed , but a significant increase in the number of leukocytes was observed with CLA supplementation . CONCLUSION A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease . We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet high in ALA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) from subjects fed the experimental diets . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled , 3-diet , 3-period crossover study design was used . Hypercholesterolemic subjects ( n = 23 ) were assigned to 3 experimental diets : a diet high in ALA ( ALA diet ; 6.5 % of energy ) , a diet high in linoleic acid ( LA diet ; 12.6 % of energy ) , and an average American diet ( AAD ) for 6 wk . Serum interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-1beta , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) concentrations and the production of IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha by P BMC s were measured . RESULTS IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production by P BMC s and serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.08 , respectively ) with the ALA diet than with the LA diet or AAD .  P BMC production of TNF-alpha was inversely correlated with ALA ( r = -0.402 , P = 0.07 ) and with eicosapentaenoic acid ( r = -0.476 , P = 0.03 ) concentrations in P BMC lipids with the ALA diet . Changes in serum ALA were inversely correlated with changes in TNF-alpha produced by P BMC s ( r = -0.423 , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Increased intakes of dietary ALA elicit antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production in cultured P BMC s. Changes in P BMC ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid ( derived from dietary ALA ) are associated with beneficial changes in TNF-alpha release . Thus , the cardioprotective effects of ALA are mediated in part by a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines A mixture of trans-10 , cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) and cis-9 , trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA mixture ) reduced atherosclerosis in animals , thus the effect of these isomers on endothelial dysfunctions leading to inflammation and atherosclerosis is of interest . We gave 75 healthy postmenopausal women a daily supplement of 5.5 g of oil rich in either CLA mixture , an oil rich in the naturally occurring c9,t11 CLA ( CLA milk ) , respectively , or olive oil for 16 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We sample d blood and urine before and after the intervention . The ratios of total cholesterol : HDL cholesterol and concentrations of C-reactive protein , fibrinogen , and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly higher in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than in those supplemented with CLA milk .  Plasma triacylglycerol was significantly higher and HDL cholesterol was lower in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than with olive oil . Both CLA supplements increased lipid peroxidation , a marker of in vivo oxidative stress measured as urinary free 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) . However , the CLA mixture increased lipid peroxidation more than the CLA milk did . The plasma cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not affected by the treatments , nor were any of the other variables measured . In conclusion , oil containing trans-10,cis-12 CLA has several adverse effects on classical and novel markers of coronary vascular disease , whereas the c9,t11 CLA isomer is more neutral , except for a small but significant increase in lipid peroxidation compared with olive oil Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) alters body composition in animal models , but few studies have examined the effects of CLA supplementation on body composition and clinical safety measures in obese humans . In the present study , we performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial to examine the changes in body composition and clinical laboratory values following CLA ( 50:50 ratio of cis-9 , trans-11 and trans-10 , cis-12 isomers ) supplementation for 12 wk in otherwise healthy obese humans . Forty-eight participants ( 13 males and 35 females ) were r and omized to receive placebo ( 8 g safflower oil/d ) , 3.2 g/d CLA , or 6.4 g/d CLA for 12 wk . Changes in body fat mass and lean body mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Resting energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry . Clinical laboratory values and adverse-event reporting were used to monitor safety . Lean body mass increased by 0.64 kg in the 6.4 g/d CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) after 12 wk of intervention . Significant decreases in serum HDL-cholesterol and sodium , hemoglobin , and hematocrit , and significant increases in serum alkaline phosphatase , C-reactive protein , and IL-6 , and white blood cells occurred in the 6.4 g/d CLA group , although all values remained within normal limits . The intervention was well tolerated and no severe adverse events were reported , although mild gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in all treatment groups . In conclusion , whereas CLA may increase lean body mass in obese humans , it may also increase markers of inflammation in the short term BACKGROUND We recently showed that trans-10,cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) causes insulin resistance in obese men . However , metabolic effects of the c9,t11 CLA isomer are still unknown in obese men . Because c9,t11 CLA is the predominant CLA isomer in foods and is included in dietary weight-loss products , it is important to conduct r and omized controlled studies that use c9,t11 CLA preparations . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of c9,t11 CLA supplementation on insulin sensitivity , body composition , and lipid peroxidation in a group at high risk for cardiovascular disease . DESIGN In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 25 abdominally obese men received 3 g c9,t11 CLA/d or placebo ( olive oil ) . Before and after 3 mo of supplementation , we assessed insulin sensitivity ( hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp ) , lipid metabolism , body composition , and urinary 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) ( a major F(2)-isoprostane ) and 15-keto-dihydro-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) , markers of in vivo oxidative stress and inflammation , respectively . RESULTS All subjects completed the study . Compared with placebo , c9,t11 CLA decreased insulin sensitivity by 15 % ( P < 0.05 ) and increased 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) and 15-keto-dihydro-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) excretion by 50 % ( P < 0.01 ) and 15 % ( P < 0.05 ) , respectively . The decreased insulin sensitivity was independent of changes in serum lipids , glycemia , body mass index , and body fat but was abolished after adjustment for changes in 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) concentrations . There were no differences between groups in body composition . CONCLUSIONS A CLA preparation containing the purified c9,t11 CLA isomer increased insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation compared with placebo in obese men . Because c9,t11 CLA occurs in commercial supplements as well as in the diet , the present results should be confirmed in larger studies that also include women High linoleic acid ( LA ) intakes have been suggested to reduce alpha-linolenic acid [ ALA , 18:3(n-3 ) ] metabolism to eicosapentaenoic acid [ EPA , 20:5(n-3 ) ] and docosahexaenoic acid [ DHA , 22:6(n-3 ) ] , and favor high arachidonic acid [ ARA , 20:4(n-6 ) ] . We used a r and omized cross-over study with men ( n = 22 ) to compare the effect of replacing vegetable oils high in LA with oils low in LA in foods , while maintaining constant ALA , for 4 wk each , on plasma ( n-3 ) fatty acids . Nonvegetable sources of fat , except fish and seafoods , were unrestricted . We determined plasma phospholipid fatty acids at wk 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 , and triglycerides , cholesterol , serum CRP , and IL-6 , and platelet aggregation at wk 0 , 4 , and 8 .  LA and ALA intakes were 3.8 + /- 0.12 % and 1.0 + /- 0.05 % , and 10.5 + /- 0.53 % and 1.1 + /- 0.06 % energy with LA : ALA ratios of 4:0 and 10:1 during the low and high LA diets , respectively . The plasma phospholipid LA was higher and EPA was lower during the high than during the low LA diet period ( P < 0.001 ) , but DHA declined over the 8-wk period ( r = -0.425 , P < 0.001 ) . The plasma phospholipid ARA : EPA ratios were ( mean + /- SEM ) 20.7 + /- 1.52 and 12.9 + /- 1.01 after 4 wk consuming the high or low LA diets , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) ; LA was inversely associated with EPA ( r = -0.729 , P < 0.001 ) but positively associated with ARA : EPA ( r = 0.432 , P < 0.001 ) . LA intake did not influence ALA , ARA , DPA , DHA , or total , LDL or HDL cholesterol , CRP or IL-6 , or platelet aggregation . In conclusion , high LA intakes decrease plasma phospholipid EPA and increase the ARA : EPA ratio , but do not favor higher ARA Consumption of industrial trans fatty acids ( iTFA ) increases LDL cholesterol , decreases HDL cholesterol , and is strongly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , changes in circulating cholesterol can not explain the entire effect . Therefore , we studied whether iTFA and conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) affect markers of inflammation and oxidative stress .  Sixty-one healthy adults consumed each of 3 diets for 3 wk , in r and om order . Diets were identical except for 7 % of energy provided by oleic acid ( control diet ) , iTFA , or CLA . At the end of the 3 wk , we measured plasma inflammatory markers IL-6 , C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II ( TNF-RI and -RII ) , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and E-selectin , and urinary 8-iso-PGF(2α ) , a marker of lipid peroxidation . Consumption of iTFA caused 4 % lower TNF-RI concentrations and 6 % higher E-selectin concentrations compared with oleic acid ( control ) and had no significant effect on other inflammatory markers . CLA did not significantly affect inflammatory markers . The urine concentration of 8-iso-PGF(2α ) [ geometric mean ( 95 % CI ) ] was greater after the iTFA [ 0.54 ( 0.48 , 0.60 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] and the CLA [ 1.2 ( 1.1 , 1.3 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ] diet periods than after the control period [ 0.45 ( 0.41 , 0.50 ) nmol/mmol creatinine ; P < 0.05 ] . In conclusion , high intakes of iTFA and CLA did not substantially affect plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers , but they increased the urine 8-iso-PGF(2α ) concentration . However , it is unlikely this plays a major role in the mechanism by which iTFA increase the risk of CVD . However , more research is needed to fully underst and the implication s of these findings BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity , mortality , and disability in Iranian people . Inflammation and oxidative processes are key components of cardiovascular disease . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLA ) and omega-3 fatty acid ( ω-3 fatty acids ) supplementation on inflammation markers and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic patients . METHODS This study was a two-month clinical , r and omized trial . 90 volunteers who referred to Emam Reza Heart Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences ( Shiraz , Iran ) from February to March 2011 and had the inclusion criteria of this study were selected . Participants were classified into 3 groups receiving 3 g/d CLA , 1920 mg/d ω-3 , or placebo for 2 months . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) were measured before and after supplementation . RESULTS The hs-CRP level decreased significantly in both the omega-3 and CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) . IL-6 reduced significantly in the ω-3 group , but the reduction of IL-6 levels in the CLA group was not significant . GPx increased in the CLA and omega-3 groups ( P < 0.05 ) . MDA level decreased significantly in both omega-3 and CLA groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Comparison between the groups indicates a significant change in CRP levels in the ω-3 group relative to the control group . However , other indices did not cause any significant change in the ω-3 and CLA groups in comparison to the control group . CONCLUSION Diet supplementation with CLA and ω-3 can have a beneficial effect on some indices of inflammatory and oxidative stress BACKGROUND Because studies suggest that the dietary supplement conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has immunomodulatory activities that might benefit common colds , we performed two studies of CLA effects in experimental human rhinovirus ( HRV ) infection . METHODS The first study explored whether CLA supplementation ( Safflorin ; Loders Croklaan , BV , Wormerveer , the Netherl and s ) altered the virological or clinical course of experimental HRV infection , and the second explored whether CLA affected the frequency and severity of HRV cold-associated sore throat and cough . The trials were r and omized , double-blinded and placebo-controlled . In total , 50 healthy volunteers aged 18 - 45 years and susceptible to HRV type-39 ( serum neutralizing antibody titre < or = 1:2 ) participated in study 1 and 80 similar volunteers susceptible to Hank 's HRV participated in study 2 . Participants ingested CLA 2 g/day or placebo for 4 weeks before and 4 days following intranasal HRV inoculation . The primary endpoint for study 1 was the frequency of colds and for study 2 was the symptom severity scores for sore throat and cough . RESULTS In study 1 , 10/24 ( 42 % ) placebo compared with 7/21 ( 33 % ) CLA participants developed colds ( P = 0.53 ) . CLA was associated with significant reductions in mean scores for cough ( 0 CLA versus 0.9 placebo ) and sore throat ( 0.8 CLA versus 2.9 placebo ) . In study 2 , clinical colds developed in 19/33 ( 58 % ) placebo and 27/43 ( 63 % ) CLA participants . Symptom scores for cough ( 0.9 CLA versus 1.0 placebo ) and sore throat ( 2.6 CLA versus 3.2 placebo ) were not significantly different . Similarly no differences in nasal viral titres or serological responses were found . CONCLUSIONS CLA dietary supplementation had no consistent effects on the virological or clinical course of experimental HRV colds . A larger study would be required to detect more subtle effects of CLA on HRV cold-associated symptoms Both ( n-3 ) long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) and linoleic acid [ LA , 18:2(n-6 ) ] improve cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors , but a high-LA intake may weaken the effect of ( n-3 ) LCPUFA . In a controlled , double-blind , 2 x 2-factorial 8-wk intervention , we investigated whether fish oil combined with a high- or low-LA intake affects overall CVD risk profile .  Healthy men ( n = 64 ) were r and omized to 5 mL/d fish oil capsules ( FO ) [ mean intake 3.1 g/d ( n-3 ) LCPUFA ] or olive oil capsules ( control ) and to oils and spreads with either a high ( S/B ) or a low ( R/K ) LA content , result ing in a 7.3 g/d higher LA intake in the S/B groups than in the R/K groups . Diet , ( n-3 ) LCPUFA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells , blood pressure ( BP ) , heart rate ( HR ) , and plasma CVD risk markers were measured before and after the intervention . FO lowered fasting plasma triacylglycerol ( TAG ) ( P < 0.001 ) by 51 % and 19 % in the FO+R/K-group and FO+S/B-group , respectively , which was also reflected in postpr and ial TAG measured after the intervention ( P < 0.01 ) . Although a fat x FO interaction was found for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , neither the FO nor fat intervention affected fasting plasma cholesterol , glucose , insulin , fibrinogen , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 , P-selectin , oxidized LDL , cluster of differentiation antigen 40 lig and ( CD40L ) , adiponectin , or fasting or postpr and ial BP or HR after adjustment for body weight changes . In conclusion , neither fish oil supplementation nor the LA intake had immediate pronounced effects on the overall CVD risk profile  in healthy men , but fish oil lowered plasma TAG in healthy subjects with initially low concentrations Background —Conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) , a group of fatty acids shown to have beneficial effects in animals , are also used as weight loss supplements . Recently , we reported that the t 10 c 12 CLA-isomer caused insulin resistance in abdominally obese men via unknown mechanisms . The aim of the present study was to examine whether CLA has isomer-specific effects on oxidative stress or inflammatory biomarkers and to investigate the relationship between these factors and induced insulin resistance . Methods and Results —In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial , 60 men with metabolic syndrome were r and omized to one of 3 groups receiving t 10 c 12 CLA , a CLA mixture , or placebo for 12 weeks . Insulin sensitivity ( euglycemic clamp ) , serum lipids , in vivo lipid peroxidation ( determined as urinary 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; [ F2-isoprostanes ] ) , 15-ketodihydro PGF2&agr ; , plasma vitamin E , plasma C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; , and interleukin-6 were assessed before and after treatment . Supplementation with t 10 c 12 CLA markedly increased 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; ( 578 % ) and C-reactive protein ( 110 % ) compared with placebo ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) and independent of changes in hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia . The increases in 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; , but not in C-reactive protein , were significantly and independently related to aggravated insulin resistance . Oxidative stress was related to increased vitamin E levels , suggesting a compensatory mechanism . Conclusions —t 10 c 12 CLA supplementation increases oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in obese men . The oxidative stress seems closely related to induced insulin resistance , suggesting a link between the fatty acid-induced lipid peroxidation seen in the present study and insulin resistance . These unfavorable effects of t 10 c 12 CLA might be of clinical importance with regard to cardiovascular disease , in consideration of the widespread use of dietary supplements containing this fatty acid Objectives —To determine the effect of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on body mass index ( BMI ) , body fat distribution , endothelial function , and markers of cardiovascular risk . Methods and Results —Forty healthy volunteers with BMI > 27 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive a CLA isomeric mixture or olive oil in a 12-week double-blind study . Subcutaneous body fat and abdominal/hepatic fat content were assessed using skin-fold thicknesses and computed tomography scanning , respectively . Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) . Plasma isoprostanes were measured as an index of oxidative stress . CLA supplementation did not result in a significant change in BMI index or total body fat . There was a significant decrease in limb ( −7.8 mm , P<0.001 ) , but not torso skin-fold thicknesses or abdominal or liver fat content . Brachial artery FMD declined ( −1.3 % , P=0.013 ) , and plasma F2-isoprostanes increased ( + 91pg/mL , P=0.042 ) . Conclusions —A CLA isomeric mixture had at most modest effects on adiposity and worsened endothelial function . On the basis of these results , the use of the isomeric mixture of CLA as an aid to weight loss can not be recommended Background : Little information about the effects of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) on inflammation and immune function in humans is available . This study investigated the effects of CLAs , with and without Vitamin E on immunity and inflammatory parameters in adults with active rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . Methods : In a double-blind clinical trial , 78 patients were r and omly divided into four groups , each group receiving one of the following daily supplement for 3 months ; group C : 2.5 g CLAs , group E : 400 mg Vitamin E , group CE : CLAs plus Vitamin E , group P : Placebo .  Cytokines , matrix metalloproteinase 3 ( MMP-3 ) and citrullinated antibody ( CCP-A ) were measured by ELISA method and Vitamin E by high-performance liquid chromatography . Results : Consider statistical methods there were no significant differences between groups in cytokines interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) , IL-4 , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , IL-1β , IL-2/IL-4 , CCP-A white blood cells and neutrophils , lymphocyte , monocytes , and eosinophils numbers . TNF-α decreased in all groups , but its reduction was significant in group CE . IL-1β increased in groups P ( P = 0.004 ) and E ( P = 0.041 ) but the difference between group P and CE was significant . IL-4 decreased in groups C , CE and E ( P = 0.03 , P = 0.03 , P = 0.07 respectively ) . IL2 did not change significantly within groups . CCP-A increased in groups P ( P = 0.035 ) and E ( P = 0.05 ) , while it decreased in groups CE ( P = 0.034 ) . CCP-A and MMP-3 decrease were significant between groups P and CE . MMP-3 reduction was significant in group CE . Conclusions : Co-supplementation CLAs and Vitamin E may be effective in the level of inflammatory markers in RA patients Human , animal , and in vitro research indicates a beneficial effect of appropriate amounts of omega-3 ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) on bone health . This is the first controlled feeding study in humans to evaluate the effect of dietary plant-derived n-3 PUFA on bone turnover , assessed by serum concentrations of N-telopeptides ( NTx ) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( BSAP ) .  Subjects ( n = 23 ) consumed each diet for 6 weeks in a r and omized , 3-period crossover design : 1 ) Average American Diet ( AAD ; [ 34 % total fat , 13 % saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) , 13 % monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) , 9 % PUFA ( 7.7 % LA , 0.8 % ALA ) ] ) , 2 ) Linoleic Acid Diet ( LA ; [ 37 % total fat , 9 % SFA , 12 % MUFA , 16 % PUFA ( 12.6 % LA , 3.6 % ALA ) ] ) , and 3 ) α-Linolenic Acid Diet ( ALA ; [ 38 % total fat , 8 % SFA , 12 % MUFA , 17 % PUFA ( 10.5 % LA , 6.5 % ALA ) ] ) . Walnuts and flaxseed oil were the predominant sources of ALA . NTx levels were significantly lower following the ALA diet ( 13.20 ± 1.21 nM BCE ) , relative to the AAD ( 15.59 ± 1.21 nM BCE ) ( p < 0.05 ) . Mean NTx level following the LA diet was 13.80 ± 1.21 nM BCE . There was no change in levels of BSAP across the three diets . Concentrations of NTx were positively correlated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα for all three diets . The results indicate that plant sources of dietary n-3 PUFA may have a protective effect on bone metabolism via a decrease in bone resorption in the presence of consistent levels of bone formation Background Dietary alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) has been associated with reduced risk of development of atherosclerosis . Adiponectin is a hormone specifically secreted by adipocytes and considered to have anti-atherogenic properties . Aim of the study We examined the effect of increased dietary intake of ALA on plasma concentration of adiponectin . Methods Thirty-five non-diabetic , dyslipidemic men , 38–71 years old , were r and omly allocated to take either 15 ml of flaxseed oil rich in ALA ( 8.1 g/day ; n = 18 ) , or 15 ml of safflower oil per day , containing the equivalent n-6 fatty acid ( 11.2 g/day linoleic acid , LA ; n = 17 ) ( control group ) . The intervention period lasted for 12 weeks . Results Plasma levels of adiponectin did not change after the increase in dietary intake of ALA in the flaxseed oil supplementation group , compared to the control group . No changes in body mass index , serum lipid concentrations , LDL density , or plasma TNF-α were found in the flaxseed oil versus the control group . Conclusions Dietary ALA has no effect on plasma adiponectin concentration in dyslipidemic men Objective : To investigate the effects of increased alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-intake on intima – media thickness ( IMT ) , oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) antibodies , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and interleukins 6 and 10 . Design : R and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Subjects : Moderately hypercholesterolaemic men and women ( 55±10 y ) with two other cardiovascular risk factors (n=103).Intervention : Participants were assigned to a margarine enriched with ALA ( fatty acid composition 46 % LA , 15 % ALA ) or linoleic acid ( LA ) ( 58 % LA , 0.3 % ALA ) for 2 y. Results : Dietary ALA intake was 2.3 en% among ALA users , and 0.4 en% among LA users . The 2-y progression rate of the mean carotid IMT  ( ALA and LA : + 0.05 mm ) and femoral IMT ( ALA:+0.05 mm ; LA:+0.04 mm ) was similar , when adjusted for confounding variables . After 1 and 2 y , ALA users had a lower CRP level than LA users ( net differences −0.53 and −0.56 mg/l , respectively , P<0.05 ) . No significant effects were observed in oxidized LDL antibodies , and levels of sICAM-1 , interleukins 6 and 10 . Conclusions : A six-fold increased ALA intake lowers CRP , when compared to a control diet high in LA . The present study found no effects on markers for atherosclerosis . Sponsorship : The Dutch ‘ Praeventiefonds ’ A cornerstone of modern biomedical research is the use of mouse models  to explore basic pathophysiological mechanisms , evaluate new therapeutic approaches , and make go or no-go decisions to carry new drug c and i date s forward into clinical trials . Systematic studies evaluating how well murine models mimic human inflammatory diseases are nonexistent . Here , we show that , although acute inflammatory stresses from different etiologies result in highly similar genomic responses in humans , the responses in corresponding mouse models correlate poorly with the human conditions and also , one another . Among genes changed significantly in humans , the murine orthologs are close to r and om in matching their human counterparts ( e.g. , R2 between 0.0 and 0.1 ) . In addition to improvements in the current animal model systems , our study supports higher priority for translational medical research to focus on the more complex human conditions rather than relying on mouse models to study human inflammatory diseases OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of two different conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) isomers at two different intakes on body composition in overweight humans . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Eighty-one middle-aged , overweight , healthy men and women participated in this bicentric , placebo-controlled , double-blind , r and omized study . For 6 weeks ( run-in period ) , all subjects consumed daily a drinkable dairy product containing 3 g of high oleic acid sunflower oil . Volunteers were then r and omized over five groups receiving daily either 3 g of high oleic acid sunflower oil , 1.5 g of cis-9,trans-11 ( c9t11 ) CLA , 3 g of c9t11 CLA , 1.5 g of trans-10,cis-12 ( t10c12 ) CLA , or 3 g of t10c12 CLA administrated as triacylglycerol in a drinkable dairy product for 18 weeks . Percentage body fat mass and fat and lean body mass were assessed at the end of the run-in and experimental periods by DXA . Dietary intake was also recorded . RESULTS Body fat mass changes averaged 0.1 + /- 0.9 kg ( mean + /- SD ) in the placebo group and -0.3 + /- 1.4 , -0.8 + /- 2.1 , 0.0 + /- 2.3 , and -0.9 + /- 1.7 kg in the 1.5-g c9t11 , 3-g c9t11 , 1.5-g t10c12 , and 3-g t10c12 groups , respectively . Changes among the groups were not significantly different ( p = 0.444 ) . Also , lean body mass and dietary intake were not significantly different among the treatments . DISCUSSION A daily consumption of a drinkable dairy product containing up to 3 g of CLA isomers for 18 weeks had no statistically significant effect on body composition in overweight , middle-aged men and women Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) refers to geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid . Animal studies have shown that CLA modulates the immune system and suggest that it may have a therapeutic role in inflammatory disorders . This double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial investigated the effects of CLA supplementation on indices of immunity relating to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in a cohort of healthy middle-aged male volunteers . Subjects were r and omly assigned to supplement their diet with 2.2 g 50:50 isomeric blend of cis 9 , trans 11 ( c9 , t11)-CLA and trans 10 , cis 12 ( t10 , c12)-CLA or placebo daily for 8 weeks . Interleukin ( IL ) 2 , IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor ( TNF ) alpha were measured in the supernatant of cultured unstimulated and concanavalin A ( Con A)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) by ELISA . Serum IL-6 and plasma CRP were measured by ELISA and plasma fibrinogen by automated clotting assay . Gene expression was investigated by real-time RT-PCR . CLA supplementation significantly reduced Con A-stimulated P BMC IL-2 secretion ( 37.1 % ; P=.02 ) . CLA supplementation had no significant effect on transcription of IL-2 .  CLA supplementation had no direct significant effects on P BMC TNFalpha or IL-10 secretion . Other inflammatory markers associated with CVD , including IL-6 , CRP and fibrinogen , were not affected by CLA supplementation . This study showed that CLA supplementation reduced P BMC IL-2 secretion from Con A-stimulated P BMC but lacked effect on other markers of the human inflammatory response Objective : To assess the effects of dietary supplementation using two isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on immune  function in healthy human volunteers . Design : Double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled intervention trial . Subjects and intervention : A total of 55 healthy volunteers ( n=20 males , n=35 females ) were r and omised into one of three study groups who received 3 g/day of a fatty acid blend containing a 50:50 cis-9 , trans-11 : trans-10 , cis-12 CLA isomer blend ( 2 g CLA ) , and 80:20 cis-9 , trans-11 : trans-10 , cis-12 ( 80:20 ) CLA isomer blend ( 1.76 g CLA ) or linoleic acid ( control , 2 g linoleic acid ) for 8 weeks . Results : Supplementation with the 80:20 CLA isomer blend significantly ( P≤0.05 ) enhanced PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation . CLA  decreased basal interleukin (IL)-2 secretion ( P≤0.01 ) and increased PHA-induced IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor α ( TNFα ) production ( P≤0.01 ) . However , these effects were not solely attributable to CLA as similar results were observed with linoleic acid . CLA supplementation had no significant effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells IL-4 production , or on serum-soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) or plasma prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) or leukotreine B4 ( LTB4 ) concentrations . Conclusions : This study shows that CLA supplementation had a minimal effect on the markers of human immune function . Furthermore , supplementation with CLA had no immunological benefit compared with linoleic acid . Sponsorship : CLA supplements were provided by Loders Croklaan The usefulness of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) as a nutraceutical remains ambiguous . Our objective was , therefore , to investigate the effect of CLA on body composition , blood lipids , and safety biomarkers in overweight , hyperlipidemic men . A double-blinded , 3-phase crossover trial was conducted in overweight ( BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , borderline hypercholesterolemic [ LDL-cholesterol ( C ) ≥ 2.5 mmol/L ] men aged 18 - 60 y. During three 8-wk phases , each separated by a 4-wk washout period , 27 participants consumed under supervision in r and om order 3.5 g/d of safflower oil ( control ) , a 50:50 mixture of trans 10 , cis 12 and cis 9 , trans 11 ( c9 , t11 ) CLA : Clarinol G-80 , and c9 , t11 isomer : c9 , t11 CLA . At baseline and endpoint of each phase , body weight , body fat mass , and lean body mass were measured by DXA . Blood lipid profiles and safety biomarkers , including insulin sensitivity , blood concentrations of adiponectin , and inflammatory ( high sensitive-C-reactive protein , TNFα , and IL-6 ) and oxidative ( oxidized-LDL ) molecules , were measured . The effect of CLA consumption on fatty acid oxidation was also assessed . Compared with the control treatment , the CLA treatments did not affect changes in body weight , body composition , or blood lipids . In addition , CLA did not affect the β-oxidation rate of fatty acids or induce significant alterations in the safety markers tested . In conclusion , although no detrimental effects were caused by supplementation , these results do not confirm a role for CLA in either body weight or blood lipid regulation in humans OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on some inflammatory factors in young healthy males during exhaustive exercise . METHODS The r and omised double-blind controlled study was conducted at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Iran , from December 2012 to March2013 , and comprised healthy male athletes 18 - 24 years of age . The subjects were r and omly distributed into control and intervention groups . About 5.6 g/day conjugated linoleic acid supplement and oral paraffin ( placebo ) were given to intervention and control groups respectively daily for two weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and at the end of the two weeks of intervention . The subjects underwent exhaustive exercise and then fasting blood sample s were taken . Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha , interleukin-6 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 were measured . RESULTS There were 23 subjects in the study , with 13(56.5 % ) in the supplemented group and 10(43.4 % ) in the control group .  Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and tumour necrosis factor alpha were significantly decreased in the supplemented group ( p<0.05 ) . After exhaustive exercise , serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor alpha significantly decreased in the supplemented group compared to the control group(p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Two-week administration of conjugated linoleic acid reduced the inflammatory factors following exhaustive exercise in young healthy males The healthy Nordic diet has been previously shown to have health beneficial effects among subjects at risk of CVD . However , the extent of food changes needed to achieve these effects is less explored . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exchanging a few commercially available , regularly consumed key food items ( e.g. spread on bread , fat for cooking , cheese , bread and cereals ) with improved fat quality on total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and inflammatory markers in a double-blind r and omised , controlled trial . In total , 115 moderately hypercholesterolaemic , non-statin-treated adults ( 25 - 70 years ) were r and omly assigned to an experimental diet group ( Ex-diet group ) or control diet group ( C-diet group ) for 8 weeks with commercially available food items with different fatty acid composition ( replacing SFA with mostly n-6 PUFA ) . In the Ex-diet group , serum total cholesterol ( P<0·001 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( P<0·001 ) were reduced after 8 weeks , compared with the C-diet group . The difference in change between the two groups at the end of the study was -9 and -11 % in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol , respectively . No difference in change in plasma levels of inflammatory markers ( high-sensitive C-reactive protein , IL-6 , soluble TNF receptor 1 and interferon-γ ) was observed between the groups . In conclusion , exchanging a few regularly consumed food items with improved fat quality reduces total cholesterol , with no negative effect on levels of inflammatory markers . This shows that an exchange of a few commercially available food items was easy and manageable and led to clinical ly relevant cholesterol reduction , potentially affecting future CVD risk Isomers of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLA ) reduce fat mass ( FM ) and increase insulin sensitivity in some , but not all , murine studies . In humans , this effect is still debatable . In this study , we compared the effect of 2 CLA supplements on total and regional FM assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry , changes in serum insulin and glucose concentrations , and adipose tissue ( AT ) gene expression in humans . In a double-blind , parallel , 16-wk intervention , we r and omized 81 healthy postmenopausal women to 1 ) 5.5 g/d of 40/40 % of cis9,trans11-CLA ( c9,t11-CLA ) and trans10,cis12-CLA ( t10,c12-CLA ) ( CLA-mix ) ; 2 ) cis9 , trans11-CLA ( c9,t11-CLA ) ; or 3 ) control ( olive oil ) .  We assessed all variables before and after the intervention . The CLA-mix group had less total FM ( 4 % ) and lower-body FM ( 7 % ) than the control ( P = 0.02 and < 0.001 , respectively ) . Post hoc analyses showed that serum insulin concentrations were greater in the CLA-mix group ( 34 % ) than the control group ( P = 0.02 ) in the highest waist circumference tertile only . AT mRNA expression of glucose transporter 4 , leptin , and lipoprotein lipase was lower , whereas expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was higher in the CLA-mix group than in the control group ( P < 0.04 ) . In conclusion , a 50:50 mixture of c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA isomers result ed in less total and lower-body FM  in postmenopausal women and greater serum insulin concentrations in the highest waist circumference tertile . Future research is needed to confirm the insulin desensitizing effect of the CLA mixture and the effect on the mRNA expression of adipocyte-specific genes in humans BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the effect of various dietary fatty acids on pro- and anti-inflammatory processes . We investigated the effect of 5 oils containing various amounts of alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , linoleic acid ( LA ) , oleic acid ( OA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) on plasma inflammatory biomarkers and expression levels of key inflammatory genes and transcription factors in whole blood cells . METHODS AND RESULTS In a r and omized , crossover controlled nutrition intervention , 114 adult men and women with abdominal obesity and at least one other criterion for the metabolic syndrome consumed 5 experimental isoenergetic diets for 4 weeks each , separated by 4-week washout periods . Each diet provided 60 g/3000 kcal of different oils : 1 ) control corn/safflower oil blend ( CornSaff ; LA-rich ) , 2 ) flax/safflower oil blend ( FlaxSaff ; ALA-rich ) , 3 ) conventional canola oil ( Canola ; OA-rich ) , 4 ) high oleic canola oil ( CanolaOleic ; highest OA content ) , 5 ) DHA-enriched high oleic canola oil ( CanolaDHA ; OA- and DHA-rich ) . Gene expression in whole blood cells was assessed in a subset of 62 subjects .  CanolaDHA increased plasma adiponectin concentrations compared with the control CornSaff oil treatment ( + 4.5 % , P = 0.04 ) and FlaxSaff ( + 6.9 % , P = 0.0008 ) . CanolaDHA also reduced relative expression levels of interleukin (IL)1B compared with CornSaff and Canola ( -11 % and -13 % , respectively , both P = 0.03 ) . High-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations were lower after Canola than after FlaxSaff ( -17.8 % , P = 0.047 ) . CONCLUSION DHA-enriched canola oil exerts anti-inflammatory effects compared with polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant sources Background Conjugated linoleic acids ( CLA ) are naturally occurring fatty acids that have multiple biological properties including the regulation of metabolic , proliferative and immune processes Background : Dietary conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) represents a group of positional and geometric isomers of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid . The effects of dietary CLA on blood lipids and body composition in humans remain controversial . Objective : To examine whether consumption of milk enriched naturally or synthetically with cis 9 , trans 11 ( c-9 , t-11 ) and trans 10 , cis 12 ( t-10 , c-12 ) CLA isomers alters blood lipid indices , including concentrations of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triacyglycerol ; indices of liver function including plasma alanine transaminase and total bilirubin ; C-reactive protein ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ; and body weight and composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic humans . Design : A r and omized , 3-phase , crossover , single-blind clinical trial was carried out in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals who consumed ( 1 ) milk naturally enriched in CLA ( 4.2 % ) containing c-9 , t-11 only providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; ( 2 ) milk enriched with a 4.2 % synthetic mixture of t-10 , c-12 and c-9 , t-11 CLA isomers providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; or ( 3 ) untreated milk as a control providing 0.2 g/d CLA . Dietary phases were each 8 weeks in duration and were separated by 4-week washout periods . Plasma lipid levels were measured in blood sample s collected at the beginning and end of each dietary phase . Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at the beginning and end of each dietary phase to assess any changes in regional body fat composition . Results : Compared with the control intervention , consumption of the two CLA-enriched milks failed to alter plasma total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , or triacyglycerol concentrations ; body weight ; or fat composition . CLA consumption did not significantly affect plasma alanine transaminase , total bilirubin , C-reactive protein , or tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations . Conclusion : Results from this study fail to support the role of milk enriched naturally with CLA containing c-9 , t-11 or synthetically with c-9 , t-11 and t-10 , c-12 CLA isomers in modulation of lipid profiles or body composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is shown to have chemoprotective properties in various experimental cancer models . CLA is easily oxidised and it has been suggested that an increased lipid oxidation may contribute to the antitumorigenic effects . This report investigates the urinary levels of 8‐iso‐PGF2α , a major isoprostane and 15‐keto‐dihydro‐PGF2α , a major metabolite of PGF2α , as indicators of non‐enzymatic and enzymatic lipid peroxidation after dietary supplementation of CLA in healthy human subjects for 3 months . A significant increase of both 8‐iso‐PGF2α and 15‐keto‐dihydro‐PGF2α in urine was observed after 3 months of daily CLA intake ( 4.2 g/day ) as compared to the control group ( P<0.0001 ) . Conjugated linoleic acid had no effect on the serum α‐tocopherol levels . However , γ‐tocopherol levels in the serum increased significantly ( P=0.015 ) in the CLA‐treated group . Thus , CLA may induce both non‐enzymatic and enzymatic lipid peroxidation in vivo . Further studies of the mechanism behind , and the possible consequences of , the increased lipid peroxidation after CLA supplementation are urgently needed Recent studies have shown that estrogen ( E ) likely plays a dominant role in inhibiting bone resorption in normal elderly men . Because both E and T inhibit osteoclast development and activity , stimulate osteoclast apoptosis , and inhibit osteoblast production of IL-6 , it is unclear why T is less potent than E in inhibiting bone resorption in vivo . Osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) binds to and inactivates RANKL , the final mediator of osteoclastogenesis . In vitro , OPG production is stimulated by E , and preliminary data suggest that T has the opposite effect . Thus , we analyzed serum for OPG levels from a study in which 59 elderly men ( mean age , 68 yr ) were made acutely hypogonadal using a GnRH agonist  and were also placed on an aromatase inhibitor to block conversion of and rogens to estrogens . They were studied first under conditions of physiologic E and T replacement , and then r and omized to no replacement , replacement with E alone , T alone , or both E and T. E alone result ed in an 18.6 + /- 7.9 % ( mean + /- SEM ) increase in serum OPG levels ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas T alone tended to decrease OPG levels ( by 10.0 + /- 8.5 % ; P < 0.05 compared with E alone ) . Using a two-factor ANOVA model , there was a highly significant T effect ( P = 0.006 ) on decreasing serum OPG levels . Serum TNF-alpha , IL-6 , and IL-6 soluble receptor levels increased significantly in the men who had both E and T withdrawn , and the increases in TNF-alpha and IL-6sR were absent in the men treated with either E or T. However , due to the variability in these cytokine measurements , the ANOVA models were not significant for E or T effects . Taken together , these data suggest that in vivo , T decreases OPG levels , whereas E tends to have the opposite effect . These differential effects of E vs. T on OPG production may explain , at least in part , why T has weaker effects than E on inhibiting bone resorption in vivo in humans INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Chronic inflammation plays a major role in lung deterioration in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) patients and anti-inflammatory strategies have beneficial effects . To study the changes seen after a one-year course of low-dose dietary supplements with a mixture of fatty acids in adult patients with CF in chronic inflammation , pulmonary status ( lung function , respiratory exacerbations and antibiotic consumption ) , quality of life and anthropometric parameters . PATIENTS AND METHOD Seventeen adult subjects with CF received 324 mg of eicosapentaenoic , 216 mg of docosahexaenoic , 480 mg of linoleic and 258 mg of gammalinolenic acid daily . We assessed inflammation markers , spirometry parameters , number and severity of respiratory exacerbations , antibiotic consumption , quality of life ( St George 's QoL ) , anthropometric parameters and serum phospholipid fatty acid composition . RESULTS At the end of the treatment period TNF alpha levels fell significantly and its soluble receptors ( 60 and 80 ) rose significantly . Levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxidized LDL antibodies fell significantly . Spirometry improved significantly . Annual respiratory exacerbations and days of antibiotic treatment fell significantly . The improvement in QoL was not significant . Serum levels of docosahexaenoic , total omega-3 and linoleic acid rose significantly and more favourable profiles were seen in monoenoic acids , arachidonic acid and the arachidonic/docosahexaenoic ratio . The fat-free mass and h and grip dynamometry improved significantly . CONCLUSIONS Low-dose supplements of n-3 and gammalinolenic fatty acids over a long period ( one year ) appears to improve pulmonary status ( lung function , respiratory exacerbations and antibiotic consumption ) , inflammatory and anthropometric parameters in adults with CF
target: There was a significant heterogeneity for the impact of CLA  on CRP and IL-6 , but not TNF-α .
  Conclusions This meta- analysis showed that CLA supplementation may increase inflammatory markers ( CRP and TNF-α ) .
background: Background / objectives Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with attractive biological activities .
  Numerous studies have been conducted on the inflammation-lowering effects of CLA in in vitro and animal models .
  However , the effects of CLA treatment on the inflammatory markers in humans are controversial .