title: Effect Of Nd:YAG laser and CO2 laser treatment on the resin bond strength to zirconia ceramic. Effect of cyclic impact load on shear bond strength of zirconium dioxide ceramics. Enhanced resin-composite bonding to zirconia framework after pretreatment with selected silane monomers. The effect of surface treatment on the adhesion of resin cements to Y-TZP. Effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between dual-cured resin cements and zirconium-oxide ceramics. Adhesive quality of self-adhesive and conventional adhesive resin cement to Y-TZP ceramic before and after aging conditions. The effect of different power outputs of carbon dioxide laser on bonding between zirconia ceramic surface and resin cement Bond strength of resin cements to a zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments. Influence of surface treatment and simulated aging on bond strengths of luting agents to zirconia. Influence of silanization on early bond strength to sandblasted densely sintered alumina. Comparison of resin cement adhesion to Y-TZP ceramic following manufacturers’ instructions of the cements only The effect of nano-structured alumina coating on resin-bond strength to zirconia ceramics. Effect of various surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia after thermal aging. Evaluation of self-adhesive resin cement bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic (Y-TZP) using four surface treatments. New zirconia primer improves bond strength of resin-based cements. The effect of silica coating on the resin bond to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations. Effect of silica coating combined to a MDP-based primer on the resin bond to Y-TZP ceramic. The effect of surface treatments on the micro-shear bond strength of a resin luting agent and four all-ceramic systems. Bond strength between different bonding systems and densely sintered alumina with sandblasted surfaces or as produced. The Effect of Laser Treatment on Bonding Between Zirconia Ceramic Surface and Resin Cement Shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic after aluminum oxide sandblasting and various laser treatments. The effect of ceramic surface treatment on bonding to densely sintered alumina ceramic. Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Pilot evaluation of resin composite cement adhesion to zirconia using a novel silane system Effect of surface treatments and aging in water on bond strength to zirconia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE this study evaluated the effect of surface treatments ( Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion , and silica-coating ) on the  zirconia-to-resin shear bond strength ( SBS ) .  METHOD AND MATERIAL S eighty-one Lava ( 3 M ESPE ) blocks ( 13 x 4 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin , polished , and r and omly divided into three groups , which received the following surface treatments : no abrasion , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion ( 50 Μm ) , or silica-coating ( Cojet , 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was divided into three subgroups that were treated with Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , or no laser irradiation . Following application of a monomer phosphate-containing primer , cylinders of resin cement ( Panavia F , Kuraray ) ( n = 18 ) were built on the surface . SBS testing was carried out after 24 hours of storage in water . Surface roughness and topography ( SEM ) after treatments were evaluated . RESULTS according to ANOVA and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) , mean SBS after Nd : YAG laser treatment ranged from 14.09 to 16.20 MPa and was statistically higher than CO2 laser ( 6.24 to 10.51 MPa ) and no laser treatment ( 4.65 to 8.79 MPa ) . The Nd : YAG laser created more roughness on zirconia when compared to the CO2 laser and abrasion treatments . Silica-coating increased the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with CO2 . CONCLUSION Nd : YAG laser pretreatment , whether associated with abrasion methods or not , created consistent roughness on the zirconia surface and significantly increased zirconia SBS to Panavia F. Silica-coating could potentially increase the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with the CO2 laser PURPOSE To investigate the influence of cyclic impact load and the number of load cycles on compressive shear bond strength under the three different cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The following material s were used : Super Bond C&B ( SB ) and Panavia Fluoro Cement ( PF ) as adhesive resin cements , Fuji Luting ( FL ) as a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement , and zirconium dioxide ceramics as adherend . Before the shear bond test , three different impact loading conditions ( compressive direction , shear direction , and no impact ) and the number of load cycles ( 1 to 106 cycles ) , were performed . A total of 189 specimens ( n = 3/group ) were r and omly assigned to groups and tested . A cyclic impact test was performed by applying a load of 98N at a distance of 40 mm and a loading cycle frequency of 1 Hz . All results were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's multiple comparison test . RESULTS Shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL subjected to no cyclic impact load were 21.6 to 53.8 MPa in SB , 27.0 to 63.6 MPa in PF , and 20.0 to 35.9 MPa in FL . The shear bond strength of SB and PF increased to a certain degree from one to 105 cycles , while FL did likewise from one to 104 cycles . CONCLUSION The shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL were greatest without cyclic impact , followed by compressive and then shear cyclic impact OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of five experimental silane monomer primers in vitro on the shear bond strength of a phosphate ester resin-composite cement bonded to a silicatized zirconia framework . METHODS A total of 144 planar zirconia ( Procera AllZircon ) specimens were subjected to tribochemical silica treatment , r and omly divided into 12 sub-groups ( n=12 ) , and silanized with 1.0%(v/v ) activated solutions of 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , styrylethyltrimethoxysilane , and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane , which had been prepared in 95 % ethanol ( pH 4.5 ) . A ready-to-use 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( RelyX ™ Ceramic Primer ) was used as the control . One resincomposite cement ( RelyX ™ Unicem ) stub was bonded to each silicatized and silanized zirconia specimen . Half of the specimen groups were dry-tested and half were thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C , with a constant dwelling time of 30s . The shear bond strengths of the cement stubs bonded to zirconia were measured using a universal testing machine using a constant cross-head speed of 1mm/min . The silane primer activation was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The highest shear bond strength was obtained for 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in dry storage , 11.7 MPa ( SD , 2.3 MPa ) and after thermo-cycling 17.6 ( 4.1 ) MPa for glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane . The lowest shear bond strength values were obtained with control silane : in dry storage , 4.5 ( 1.3 ) MPa , after thermo-cycling 6.5 ( 2.6 ) MPa . Thermo-cycling increased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) and differently for each type of silane ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE Silanization with five experimental silane primers in vitro produced significantly greater shear bond strengths than the ready-to-use control silane The purpose of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths ( SBS ) of two resin cements to intaglio surfaces of zirconia from two manufacturers after three surface treatment methods . Forty zirconia specimens from one manufacturer ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) and 40 zirconia specimens from another manufacturer ( Cercon , Dentsply ) , each with system-specific intaglio surfaces , were r and omly divided into four treatment groups ( 20 sample s per group , 10 for each manufacturer ) : no treatment ( No_T ) , s and blasting with 50microm Al2O3 ( S_50 ) , s and blasting with 110 microm al2O3 ( S_110 ) , and Rocatec silica coating and silanization ( ESPE-Sil , 3 M ESPE ) ( Roc ) . A 5-mm metal ring was fixed upon the zirconia and was filled with one of two different resin composite cements ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE and Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . Sample s were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days ; SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine . Values were calculated in MPa and the data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test ( P < .05 ) . In the Lava specimens , the three surface treatment methods tested did not increase the bond strength of Panavia compared to the control group ( P = .195 ) ; using RelyX Unicem , S_50 and Roc , mean SBS values were significantly higher than values for No_T ( S50 P = .0048 ; Roc P < .001 ) . For Lava surfaces treated with Rocatec , there was a statistically significant difference between the two luting cements used ( Unicem 11.39 + /- 2.19 ; Panavia 8.56 + /- 1.17 ; P = .002 ) . Regarding the Cercon specimens , there was a significant difference between the Unicem and the Panavia control groups ( No_T Unicem 1.48 + /- 1.19 , No_T Panavia 4.60 + /- 2.75 , P = .004 ) . In conclusion , all surface treatments increased the bond strength of RelyX Unicem resin cement to both zirconia substrates . No statistically significant changes were found using Panavia on Lava . S and blasting with 110 microm Al2O3 provided the highest bond strength for Panavia on Cercon The present study evaluated the durability of bond strength between zirconia and 3 different resin cements . Thirty stabilized tetragonal zirconium-dioxide blocks were duplicated in dual-curing resin core build-up material specimens . Resin blocks were r and omly luted to zirconium surfaces using 1 ) Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , 2 ) RelyX Unicem Aplicap ( RELX ) , or 3 ) Multilink Automix ( MLA ) . After 24 h , half of the specimens from each of the 3 groups were loaded in tension until fracture ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The remaining half were tested after 6,000 thermal cycles ( 5 to 55 ° C ) . Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . Fractographic analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope . Tensile bond strength values were significantly affected by the luting agent system employed and by thermal aging ( P < 0.001 ) . The highest tensile bond strength values in non-thermal-aged groups were observed for specimens from the RELX and CLF groups . In contrast , in the thermal-aged groups , the highest tensile bond strength values were for the MLA and RELX groups . Moreover , while thermocycling significantly affected bond strengths in the RELX and CLF groups , the mean strength of the MLA group did not significantly change after aging . There was little difference in the distribution of failure modes in any group PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesive quality of simplified self-adhesive and conventional resin cements to Y-TZP in dry and aged conditions . METHODS  Y-TZP ceramic blocks ( N = 192 ) ( 5 x 5 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin and r and omly divided into two groups , based on surface conditioning : 96 % isopropanol or chairside tribochemical silica coating and silanization . Conditioned ceramics were divided into four groups to receive the resin cements ( Panavia F 2.0 , Variolink II , RelyX U100 and Maxcem ) . After 24 hours , half of the specimens ( n = 12 ) from each group were su bmi tted to shear bond strength testing ( 0.5 mm/minute ) . The remaining specimens were tested after 90 days of water storage at 37 degrees C and thermocycling ( 12,000x , 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Failure types were then assessed . The data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and the Tukey 's test ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Significant effects of ceramic conditioning , cement type and storage conditions were observed ( p < 0.0001 ) . The groups cleaned using alcohol only showed low bond strength values in dry conditions and the bond strength was reduced dramatically after aging . Groups conditioned using silica coating and silanization showed higher bond strengths both in dry and aged conditions . A high number of specimens failed prematurely prior to testing when they were cleaned using 96 % isopropanol . CONCLUSION Overall , silica coating and silanization showed higher , stable bond strengths with and without aging . The durability of resin-ceramic adhesion varied , depending on the adhesive cement type Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different power outputs of a carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) laser on shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconium dioxide-based ceramic . Material s and methods . Fifty zirconium dioxide core specimens ( 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness ) were produced and they were embedded in the centers of auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Ten specimens served as control and no surface treatment was applied . Subsequently specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens for surface treatment with CO2 laser with different output power ; laser treated with 2 W ( Group 2 W ) , 3 W ( Group 3 W ) , 4 W ( Group 4 W ) and finally 5 W ( Group 5 W ) . Fifty composite resin discs were fabricated and cemented with adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed 1 mm/min . Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) with Post-Hoc Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Results . It was found that the shear bond strength values were affected by power outputs of laser ( p < 0.05 ) . Highest shear bond strength values were obtained with group 2 W ( 21.0 ± 2.7 ) . Lowest values were obtained with group 5 W ( 14.4 ± 1.6 ) . Conclusion . The current study revealed that there was a relationship between laser output power and shear bond strength for zirconium dioxide ceramics . However , output power of the laser and the energy level is a critical factor on micromechanical retention This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments and metal primers on the bond strength of resin cements to a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Two-hundred and forty plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to 24 groups ( n = 10 ) according to the combination of surface treatment  ( none , air abrasion with Al2O3 particles , Er : YAG laser irradiation ) , metal primer ( none , Alloy Primer , Metal Primer II or Metaltite ) and resin cement ( Calibra [ Bis-GMA-based ] or Panavia F2.0 [ MDP-based ] ) . Fragments of dentin with a cylindrical edge ( 0.8 mm in diameter ) were fixed to ceramic surfaces with the resin cements . The micro-shear bond test was carried out at a 1 mm/minute speed until failure , and the ceramic surfaces were examined after debonding . Bond strengths were analyzed through three-way ANOVA/Tukey test with a 5 % significance level . Changes in topography after surface treatments were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . Air abrasion result ed in increased bond strength for both resin cements . However , air abraded and laser irradiated specimens presented higher bond strength with the Bis-GMA-based resin cement than with the MDP-based cement . Both cements presented similar behavior on untreated surfaces . The three metal primers yielded a significant increase in bond strength , regardless of the surface treatment and resin cement . Adhesive failures were the most prevalent . Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles and the application of metal primers  increased bond strength to Y-TZP surfaces for both resin cements OBJECTIVE To evaluate short- and long-term shear bond strengths of 4 luting agents to zirconia following different surface treatments . METHOD AND MATERIAL S A total of 320 ceramic specimens fabricated from a commercial zirconium oxide ceramic ( Lava ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups : left untreated ( NOT ) , airborne-particle abraded ( SND ) , Rocatec tribochemical silica/silane coated ( ROC ) , or ground and polished ( GRD ) . Resin composite cylinders were bonded to the zirconia specimens with resin composite luting agent RelyX ARC ( ARC ) , universal adhesive resin composite RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) , adhesive-phosphate-monomer-containing resin composite Panavia F ( PAN ) , or the hybrid glass-ionomer cement RelyX Luting ( LUT ) .  Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) for 3 days ( ST ) or stored for 180 days and thermocycled for 12,000 cycles ( LT/TC ) before shear bond strength was tested . Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon 2- sample rank sum test ( alpha = .01 ) . RESULTS Short-term shear bond strengths were higher with ROC than with SND , which were both greater than GRD or NOT . UNI revealed higher shear bond strengths than PAN , ARC , and LUT . LT/TC significantly decreased shear bond strength values . GRD and NOT produced the lowest shear bond strengths . SND and ROC significantly increased bond strength . ROC generally yielded the highest long-term shear bond strength , especially with UNI , PAN , or ARC . These were similar to SND and PAN , which revealed the highest long-term shear bond strengths . CONCLUSIONS Surface treatment , luting agent , and storage conditions significantly influence shear bond strengths to zirconia . Artificial aging significantly reduces shear bond strengths . Airborne-particle abrasion combined with a resin composite containing adhesive phosphate monomers or tribochemical silica/silane coating combined with any of the tested resin composite luting agents provides superior long-term shear bond strength values OBJECTIVE The increased popularity of alumina-based restorations has result ed in an interest in proper adhesive techniques to assure a strong and predictable bond to these restorations . This study investigated the early bond strength of three different resin-cement systems to densely sintered alumina ( aluminum-oxide ceramic ) with and without the use of their corresponding silane coupling agent ( silanization ) . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Ninety sample s of densely sintered high-purity aluminum-oxide ceramic were r and omly divided into three groups . Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic sample s with three resin-cement/bonding-agent systems : Noribond DC ( NOR ) , Panavia 21 EX ( PAN ) , and Variolink II ( VAR ) . Each resin-cement/bonding-agent system was used with and without their corresponding silane ( SIL ) coupling agent ( n = 15 ) . After fabrication , the specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 days at room temperature , and shear bond strength was tested . RESULTS Application of the silane-coupling agent on s and blasted densely sintered alumina did not significantly influence bond strengths with PAN . Silanization significantly improved shear bond strengths with NOR and VAR . NOR-SIL and VAR-SIL revealed the statistically highest values , with NOR-SIL showing the highest mean bond strength of all groups . CONCLUSIONS Silanization of s and blasted densely sintered alumina had mixed effects on the applied resin cements : It had no effect on the performance of the phosphate-modified resin cement PAN , but significantly improved shear bond strength of the Bis-GMA composite resin cements VAR and NOR . NOR-SIL revealed the highest overall mean bond strength The objectives of this study were ( 1 ) to evaluate the bond strength of four resin material s with various chemical compositions following the manufacturers ’ instructions only and ( 2 ) to test their durability in dry and thermal aged conditions when they were bonded to zirconia ceramic . Four types of resin material s namely , Panavia F 2.0 , Multilink , SuperBond and Quadrant Posterior Dense , were attached to the disc-shaped zirconia ceramics ( LAVA , 3 M ESPE ) using polyethylene molds and polymerized accordingly after the ceramics were wet ground finished and ultrasonically cleaned . The specimens were r and omly divided into two groups for ageing conditions . While the dry groups were tested immediately after attachment of the resin cement , the other specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( ×6,000 , 5–55 ° C ) . Bond strength results were significantly affected by the storage condition ( p < 0.001 ) and type of resin ( p < 0.001 ; analysis of variance ) . Panavia F 2.0 showed the highest bond strength results under dry conditions ( 9.6 ± 4.1 MPa ) . When manufacturers ’ instructions of the resin cements were followed , no adhesion ( 0 MPa ) was achieved on the zirconia after 6,000 thermal cyclings including Panavia F 2.0 OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to functionalize the surface of yttria partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramics ( Y-TZP ) with a nano-structured alumina coating to improve resin bonding . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 120 densely sintered disc-shaped specimens ( 15.5+/-0.03 mm in diameter and 2.6+/-0.03 mm thick ) were produced from biomedical- grade TZ-3YB-E zirconia powder ( Tosoh , Tokyo , Japan ) , r and omly divided into three groups of 40 and subjected to the following surface treatments : AS - as-sintered ; APA - airborne-particle abraded ; POL - polished . Half of the discs in each group received an alumina coating that was fabricated by exploiting the hydrolysis of aluminium nitride ( AlN ) powder ( groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C ) . The coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) , atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) , and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . The shear-bond strength of the self-etching composite resin ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE , USA ) was then studied for the coated and uncoated surfaces of the as-sintered , polished and airborne-particle abraded specimens before and after thermocycling ( TC ) . RESULTS The SEM/TEM analyses revealed that the application of an alumina coating to Y-TZP ceramics created a highly retentive surface for resin penetration . The coating showed good surface coverage and a uniform thickness of 240 nm . The resin-bond strength to the groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C was significantly higher than to the groups AS , APA and POL , both before and after TC ( p < or = 0.05 ) . During TC all the specimens in the POL and AS groups debonded spontaneously . In contrast , the TC did not affect the bond strength of the AS-C , POL-C and APA-C groups . SIGNIFICANCE A non-invasive method has been developed that significantly improves resin-bond strength to Y-TZP ceramics . After surface functionalization the bond survives thermocycling without reduction in strength . The method is relatively simple and has the potential to become an effective conditioning method for zirconia ceramics This study evaluated the effect of chairside and laboratory types of surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia ceramic after thermocycling . Disk-shaped ( diameter : 10 mm , thickness : 2 mm ) Y-TZP ceramics ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) were used ( N=40 ) and finished with wet 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper . Specimens were r and omly divided into four experimental groups according to the following surface conditioning methods ( n=10 per group ) : Group 1 - -Chairside airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O2 + Alloy Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 2 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O3 + Cesead II Opaque Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 3 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm A12O3 + Silano-Pen + silane coupling agent ( Bredent ) ; Group 4 - -Laboratory tribochemical silica coating ( 110-microm Al2O3 + 110-microm SiOx ) ( Rocatec ) + silane coupling agent ( ESPE-Sil ) . Adhesive cement , Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) , was bonded incrementally to the ceramic surfaces using polyethylene molds ( diameter : 3.6 mm , height : 5 mm ) . All specimens were thermocycled ( 5 and 55 degrees C , 6,000 cycles ) and subjected to shear bond strength test ( 1 mm/min ) . Data were statistically analyzed ( one-way ANOVA , alpha=0.05 ) , whereby no significant differences were found among the four groups ( 8.43+/-1.3 , 8.98+/-3.6 , 12.02+/-6.7 , and 8.23+/-3.8 MPa ) ( p=0.1357 ) . Therefore , the performance of chairside conditioning methods used for zirconia was on par with the laboratory alternative tested PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of four surface treatments on the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to an yttria-stabilized zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic material ( Lava Frame zirconia ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty plates ( 8 x 6 x 1 mm ) of a Y-TZP ceramic restorative material were r and omly assigned to four groups ( n = 10 ) according to the surface treatments : control , no treatment ; airborne-particle abrasion with 50-μm Al2O3 ; coating with an MDP-based primer ; conditioning with Rocatec System . The ceramic plates treated with each of the four methods were further divided into 2 subgroups according to the resin cement tested : RelyXTM ARC ( ARC , conventional ) and RelyXTM Unicem ( Ucem , self-adhesive ) . The resin cements were put into PVC tubes ( diameter 0.75 mm , 0.5 mm height ) placed on the ceramic plate surfaces . After water storage at 37 ° C for 24 h , the specimens were su bmi tted to a microshear bond strength ( μSBS ) test at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min . RESULTS The surface treatments significantly influenced the μSBS ( p < 0.05 ) . For the four surface treatments , UCem presented significantly higher μSBS than ARC ( p < 0.05 ) . For both resin cements , the best result was produced by the MDP-based primer : ARC 15.9 ± 5.0 MPa and UCem 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa . The highest μSBS values were presented by UCem on ceramic plates treated with the MDP-based primer ( 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa ) and Rocatec system ( 37.4 ± 2.3 MPa ) . CONCLUSION Irrespective of the surface treatment , the self-adhesive resin cement performed better in terms of bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic than did conventional resin cement OBJECTIVE Various chemical interactions can be used to develop ceramic-resin bonding and specific approaches are available for zirconia ceramics . This study evaluated the effect of a new experimental primer , a mixture of organophosphate and carboxylic acid monomers , on the  zirconia-to-resin shear bond strength ( SBS ) . METHODS Forty Y-TZP blocks ( 15x4x2 mm ) were embedded in an acrylic resin base , polished , Al(2)O(3)-s and blasted and r and omly divided into eight groups .  Three different resin-based luting agents ( BisCem , Duo-Link , Panavia F ) were used to build 2.4mm-diameter cylinders ( n=15 ) onto the zirconia surface with and without the new experimental zirconia primer . The new primer was also tested with Z100 restorative composite resin cylinders . In addition , Panavia was used with its own primer ( Clearfil Ceramic Primer ) . SBS testing was carried out after 24h of storage in water . Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) was used to evaluate the zirconia surface topography and failure mode . RESULTS According to ANOVA and Tukey test ( alpha=0.05 ) , the association of the experimental primer with the restorative composite resin Z100 yielded the highest SBS ( 29.35MPa ) followed by DuoLink with the new primer ( 26.68MPa ) . The groups that did not receive the experimental primer presented the lowest SBS values ( from 5.95 to 9.79MPa ) . The failure mode was adhesive for the non-primed specimens and predominantly mixed in the primed groups . SIGNIFICANCE The use of the new zirconia experimental primer based on organophosphate/carboxylic acid monomers increased the bond strength of different resin-based luting agents including Z100 restorative material OBJECTIVES This study investigated the influence of a silica-coating method on the resin bond of two different resin composite cements to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram densely sintered , high-purity , alumina ceramic restorations after long-term storage and thermocycling . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Densely sintered alumina ceramic specimens were fabricated with the intaglio surface of the Procera AlICeram coping and r and omly divided into five adhesive groups ( 100 total specimens ) . Resin composite cylinders were bonded either to the untreated or to the tribochemical silica/silane-coated ceramic surface with either a conventional Bis-GMA resin cement or a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer ( Panavia 21 ) in combination with their corresponding bonding/silane coupling agents . Panavia was also used without silanization to the untreated ceramic surface ( control ) . Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 ( baseline ) or 180 days prior to shear bond strength testing . The 180-day sample s were subjected to repeated thermocycling for a total of 12,000 cycles . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's multiple comparison . RESULTS Silica coating significantly increased overall bond strength to Procera AllCeram . RelyX ARC and silica coating revealed the highest bond strength at baseline . Long-term storage and thermocycling significantly decreased overall bond strength . Two groups revealed the significantly highest bond strength values after artificial aging : Panavia 21 with its silane/bonding agent to the original ceramic surface and Panavia 21 to the silica-coated ceramic surface . CONCLUSION The use of a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer either in combination with a silane coupling/bonding agent or after tribochemical silica/silane coating revealed the highest long-term shear bond strength to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of silica coating and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based primer applications upon the bonding durability of a MDP-based resin cement to a yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Ninety-six Y-TZP tabs were embedded in an acrylic resin ( free surface for adhesion : 5 × 5 mm(2 ) ) , ground finished and r and omly divided into four groups ( N = 24 ) according to the ceramic surface conditioning : ( 1 ) cleaning with isopropanol ( ALC ) ; ( 2 ) ALC + phosphoric acid etching + MDP-based primer application ( MDP-primer ) ; ( 3 ) silica coating + 3-methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS)-based coupling agent application ( SiO2 + MPS-Sil ) ; and ( 4 ) SiO2 + MDP-primer . The MDP-based resin cement was applied on the treated surface using a cylindrical mold ( diameter= 3 mm ) . Half of the specimens from each surface conditioning were stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C , 24 h ) before testing . Another half of the specimens were stored ( 90 days ) and thermo-cycled ( 12,000 x ) during this period ( 90 d/TC ) before testing . A shear bond strength ( SBS ) test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . Two factors composed the experimental design : ceramic conditioning strategy ( in four levels ) and storage condition ( in two levels ) , totaling eight groups . After 90 d/TC ( Tukey ; p < 0.05 ) , SiO2 + MDP-primer ( 24.40 MPa ) promoted the highest SBS . The ALC and MDP-primer groups debonded spontaneously during 90 d/TC . Bonding values were higher and more stable in the SiO2 groups . The use of MDP-primer after silica coating increased the bond strength OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the micro-shear bond strength between a  resin luting agent  and four strengthened all-ceramic systems under different surface treatments . METHODS Rectangular specimens of IPS Empress 2 ( Ivoclar-Vivadent ) , Cergogold ( DeguDent ) , In Ceram Alumina ( Vita ) and Cercon ( DeguDent ) ceramics were fabricated and r and omly divided into three groups : 1-no  treatment ; 2-etched with 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid and 3-airborne-particle abraded with 50 microm aluminum oxide particles . The ceramic surfaces of the specimens were coated with a silane agent ( Clearfil Porcelain Bond , Kuraray ) , then bonded with a resin-luting agent ( Panavia F , Kuraray ) . A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength . Moreover , each ceramic surface was observed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy . The results were su bmi tted to analysis of variance and Tukey 's post-hoc analysis ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS The bond strength of all ceramic systems evaluated was affected by the surface treatments ( p<0.05 ) . The highest values for bond strength of IPS Empress 2 were found when the surface treatment used was hydrofluoric acid etching , followed by airborne particle abrasion treatment . On the other h and , airborne particle abrasion treatment and acid etching were not different for Cergogold and In Ceram Alumina ceramics , but they were higher when compared to the control ( p<0.05 ) . The highest bond strength to Cercon was found when it was treated with airborne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide . The SEM photographs showed that the hydrofluoric acid etching treatment affected the surface of IPS Empress 2 and Cergogold ; however , Cercon and In Ceram surface morphology were not changed by the hydrofluoric acid etching . The airborne particle abrasion treatment altered the Cercon ceramic morphology but it did not change the other ceramic 's surface The traditional zinc phosphate cementation technique for crowns and fixed partial dentures ( FPDs ) is based on mechanical retention where the geometry of the prepared tooth provides retention for the restoration . In clinical situations where mechanical retention is compromised or regarded insufficient , a bonding system can be used to provide retention . This study investigates whether bond strengths of different bonding systems to densely sintered high-strength alumina ceramics are sufficient . One hundred twenty pairs of industrially manufactured specimens -- one block and one cylinder-shaped disc of densely sintered alumina -- were used . The cementation surfaces of the blocks were s and blasted with 110-microm aluminium oxide while the cementation surfaces of the discs were left untreated , as produced . The pairs were then bonded with one of six different bonding systems . Each bonding group of 20 sample s was r and omly divided into thermocycled and non-thermocycled subgroups ( n=10 ) . Both subgroups were stored 1 week in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) . During this week , the thermocycled subgroup underwent 5000 thermocycles ( 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Following pre-treatment , the specimens were loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine to determine shear bond strength . Data were analysed using student 's t-test and a one-way ANOVA . Fractured interfaces were examined under a light microscope to classify the failure mode of the debonded area as adhesive , cohesive , or a combination of the two . The highest bond strengths , achieved with two of the bonding systems , were significantly higher than the remaining bonding systems , irrespective of pretreatment--(p>0.001 ) . The predominant failure mode for both treated and untreated surfaces was adhesive . Two of the six tested bonding systems achieved sufficient shear bond strength to densely sintered alumina . Furthermore , recommendations on whether to use surface-treated or as produced densely sintered alumina must be based on which bonding system is being used Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different surface treatments and laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based ceramic . Material and methods . Forty zirconia core specimens ( 10-mm diameter , 2-mm thickness ) were produced and embedded in the centers of autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Subsequently , specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens , for different surface treatment methods . The details of the groups are as follows : Group C , no treatment applied ( control ) ; Group SB , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were airborne particle-abraded with 110-μm alumina oxide particles ; Group HF , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were etched with 9.6 % hydrofluoric acid ; and Group L , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were irradiated by a CO2 laser . A total of 40 composite resin disks were fabricated and cemented with an adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for the shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Results . The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with Group L ( 20.99 ± 3.77 MPa ) and the lowest values with Group C ( 13.39 ± 3.10 MPa ) . Although there was no significant difference between Groups C , HF and SB ( P > 0.05 ) , Group L showed a significant difference from all other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . All surface treatment methods improved the bond strength between resin cement and the zirconium oxide ceramic surface . CO2 laser etching may represent an effective method for conditioning zirconia surfaces , enhancing micromechanical retention and improving the bond strength of resin cement on zirconia ceramic OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments ; s and blasting , Er : YAG , Nd : YAG , or CO(2 ) laser irradiation on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of zirconia ceramic to dentin . BACKGROUND DATA Zirconia is not properly luted with resin cements . Various surface treatment methods have been suggested for zirconia to obtain high bond strength to resin cements . There is no study that compared the effect of different laser types ( Er : YAG , Nd : YAG , CO(2 ) ) with s and blasting on SBS between zirconia and dentin . METHODS One hundred and twenty human maxillary third molar teeth were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surfaces , embedded in a metal ring with autopolymerizing acrylic resin , and stored in distilled water at 37(0)C. One hundred and twenty disc-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated ( 6 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness ) , and r and omly assigned to six groups ( n=20 ) : Group 1 , untreated ( control ) ; Group 2 , s and blasted ; Group 3 , Er : YAG laser irradiated ; Group 4 , Nd : YAG laser irradiated with contact ; Group 5 , Nd : YAG laser irradiated with non-contact ; Group 6 , CO(2 ) laser irradiated . They were cemented onto the dentin with dual-cured resin cement ( Variolink ( ® ) ) . After they were stored in distilled water at 37(0)C for 24 h , the SBS test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . The fractured specimens were examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the fracture pattern . RESULTS Results of this study did not show statistically significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 , or among Groups 3 , 4 and 5 . The lowest SBS was recorded in Group 6 ( CO(2 ) laser ) , and the highest SBS was recorded in Group 4 ( Nd : YAG laser with contact ) , followed by Group 3 ( Er : YAG laser ) . The adhesive failure mode was predominantly observed in Groups 2 , 3 , 5 , and 6 . Group 1 showed 45 % mixed failure and Group 4 showed 50 % mixed failure . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that Er : YAG and Nd : YAG laser treatment increased the bond strength of zirconia compared to s and basting and CO(2 ) laser treatment STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Ceramic surface treatment is crucial for bonding to resin . High crystalline ceramics are poorly conditioned using traditional procedures . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silica coating on a densely sintered alumina ceramic relative to its bond strength to composite , using a resin luting agent . Material and methods Blocks ( 6 x 6 x 5 mm ) of ceramic and composite were made . The ceramic ( Procera AllCeram ) surfaces were polished , and the blocks were divided into 3 groups ( n = 5 ) : SB , airborne-particle abrasion with 110-microm Al 2 O 3 ; RS , silica coating using Rocatec System ; and CS , silica coating using CoJet System . The treated ceramic blocks were luted to the composite ( W3D Master ) blocks using a resin luting agent ( Panavia F ) . Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days and then cut in 2 axes , x and y , to obtain specimens with a bonding area of approximately 0.6 mm 2 ( n = 30 ) . The specimens were loaded to failure in tension in a universal testing machine , and data were statistically analyzed using a r and omized complete block design analysis of variance and Tukey 's test ( alpha=.05 ) . Fractured surfaces were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the type of failure . Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used for surface compositional analysis . RESULTS Mean bond strength values ( MPa ) of Groups RS ( 17.1 + /- 3.9 ) ( P = .00015 ) and CS ( 18.5 + /- 4.7 ) ( P = .00012 ) were significantly higher than the values of Group SB ( 12.7 + /- 2.6 ) . There was no statistical difference between Groups RS and CS . All failures occurred at the adhesive zone . CONCLUSION Tribochemical silica coating systems increased the tensile bond strength values between Panavia F and Procera AllCeram ceramic OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated Objective . In this study , we evaluated the effect of two silane coupling agents and their blends with a cross-linker silane on the bond strength of a dimethacrylate-based resin composite cement to surface-conditioned zirconia . Material and Methods . A total of 40 planar zirconia specimens were used for 8 test groups . After alumina particle abrasion , followed by tribochemical silica-coating , the specimens were r and omly assigned to four silanizations : with 1.0 vol% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or 1.0 vol% 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or their blends with 1.0 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane ( all in ethanol/water ) . The resin composite ( RelyX ™ ARC , 3 M ESPE ) stubs ( n=10/group ) were light-polymerized onto zirconia specimens . Four test groups were tested without water storage and 4 thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles ( 5±1 ° C to 55±1 ° C ) , with a dwelling time of 30 s. The shear bond strength of the cement stubs to zirconia was measured using a universal testing machine at a constant cross-head speed of 1 mm/min . Scanning electron microscopy was employed for imaging the zirconia surface after conditioning and testing . Failure mode was evaluated visually . A surface chemical analysis was carried out with the EDXA system . Results . The highest shear bond strength was 21.9±8.7 MPa , obtained with a blend of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane ( dry storage ) , and 16.0±1.5 MPa , with 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( thermo-cycled ) . Thermo-cycling decreased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.01 ) , and the silanes differed significantly ( p<0.005 ) . Some specimens suffered from spontaneous debonding during thermo-cycling . Conclusions . The luting cement adhesion might be promoted to silica-coated zirconia with 1.0 vol% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and with a blend of 1.0 vol% 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1.0 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane The current study evaluated the effects of various pretreatments and aging in water on the bond strength to hot isostatic pressed yttrium-oxide partially stabilized zirconia . Sixty zirconia ceramic specimens ( Denzir ) were r and omly divided into three groups of 20 . One group of specimens ( n=10 ) was then bonded to each other using a resin composite cement ( RelyX Unicem ) , the second group ( n=10 ) was bonded with RelyX Unicem and a metal primer ( Metal Primer II ) , while the third group ( n=10 ) was bonded with RelyX Unicem and a ceramic primer ( Ceramic Primer ) . The specimens were then subjected to shear force before and after s and blasting and before and after aging in water for 180 days . Before aging , no significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) were seen within the different groups , either before or after s and blasting . S and blasting and pretreatment with the metal ( p < 0.01 ) or ceramic ( p < 0.001 ) primers significantly improved the bond strength compared to that of the non-treated specimens . After aging , the bond strength of the s and blasted specimens with metal primer was significantly higher than that of the s and -blasted specimens with ceramic primer ( p < 0.01 ) and the specimens with no primer ( p < 0.001 ) . For the specimens that were s and blasted and pretreated with the metal primer , the bond strength was not significantly affected after aging ( p > 0.05 ) , whereas , for those specimens with the ceramic primer ( p < 0.001 ) and no primer ( p < 0.05 ) , the bond strength significantly decreased . Thus , air abrasion and pretreatment with a metal primer seems to be an appropriate method for improving bond strength
target: An as-produced surface of oxide ceramic needs to be surface treated to achieve durable bond strength .
  Abrasive surface treatment and /or silica-coating treatment with the use of primer treatment can provide sufficient bond strength for bonding oxide ceramics .
background: The following aims were set for this systematic literature review : ( a ) to make an inventory of existing methods to achieve bondable surfaces on oxide ceramics and ( b ) to evaluate which methods might provide sufficient bond strength .