title: The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. Chemotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis development. The comparative efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice, peroxide/baking soda dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis. Effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer on plaque formation and gingivitis. Clinical effect of a triclosan-containing dentifrice on plaque and gingivitis: a six-month study. A 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. A 6-month clinical study assessing the safety and efficacy of two cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses. Effect upon plaque formation and gingivitis of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice: a 6-month clinical study. Triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice: dental plaque and gingivitis effects in a 6-month randomized controlled clinical study. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. Effect of toothpaste rinses compared with chlorhexidine on plaque formation during a 4-day period. The clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica and Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study. Adjunctive benefit of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis in patients who brush and floss regularly: a six-month study. Comparative efficacy of an antiseptic mouthrinse and an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice. A six-month clinical trial. Supragingival irrigation with 0.06% chlorhexidine in naturally occurring gingivitis. I. 6 month clinical observations. A clinical methods study of the effects of triclosan dentifrices on gingivitis over six months. The effect of three commercially available dentifrices containing triclosan on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis: a six month clinical study. A clinical comparison of antibacterial mouthrinses: effects of chlorhexidine, phenolics, and sanguinarine on dental plaque and gingivitis. The efficacy of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse vs. dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis: a comparative study. Comparison of two dentifrices with respect to efficacy for the control of plaque and gingivitis, and with respect to extrinsic tooth staining: a six-month clinical study on adults. Clinical effect of a new liquid dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer on existing plaque and gingivitis. [Efficacy of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis: a six-month study in China]. Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial. Comparative effects of 2 chemotherapeutic mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Comparison between 3 triclosan dentifrices on plaque, gingivitis and salivary microflora. Reduction of plaque formation and gingivitis by a dentifrice containing triclosan and copolymer. Studies on the effect of toothpaste rinses on plaque regrowth. (I). Influence of surfactants on chlorhexidine efficacy. Comparative effectiveness of an essential oil mouthrinse and dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis and plaque. A comparison of intraoral antimicrobial effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice, baking soda/peroxide dentifrice, conventional NaF dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse. The effect of triclosan, stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine products on: (I) Plaque regrowth over a 4-day period. Efficacy of a mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride for the control of plaque and gingivitis: a 6-month clinical study in adults. Efficacy of Listerine antiseptic in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis. A comparison of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for efficacy in the reduction of gingivitis and gingival bleeding: six-month clinical results. The effect of a triclosan-containing dentifrice on established plaque and gingivitis. The effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) detergent foam compared to a conventional toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis. A single blind crossover study. Effect of listerine on dental plaque and gingivitis. The clinical effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer in a sodium fluoride/silica base on plaque formation and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study. The effect of A Triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study.
abstract: The effects of a stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride dentifrice , currently marketed as Crest Gum Care , on supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding and oral soft tissue condition were studied in 328 adult male and female subjects who completed a six-month , double blind clinical study . Following initial examinations , subjects presenting with a minimum of five gingival bleeding sites received a thorough dental prophylaxis and were instructed to brush at least twice a day for three months with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice , packaged in such a way as to blind its identity to the study subjects . This constituted the three-month pre-test period . At the end of this period , subjects were again examined , given a second oral prophylaxis , and r and omly assigned to brush with one of the following dentifrices : 1 ) stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride , 2 ) 0.243 % sodium fluoride control , or 3 ) one of three experimental dentifrices . Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth as they normally would , at least twice a day for one minute per brushing . Follow-up examinations after three and six months of dentifrice use evaluated supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding , extrinsic tooth stain and oral soft tissue status . After six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding by 20.5 % and 33.4 % compared to the sodium fluoride control group . However , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice group was not significantly different from the control dentifrice group with respect to supragingival plaque scores . As expected , accumulation of extrinsic tooth stain was greater in the stabilized stannous fluoride group than the control group . No unexpected nor clinical ly significant oral soft tissue health effects were associated with the use of the test dentifrices . The results from this clinical study demonstrate that over a six-month period , twice-daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding , relative to a 0.243 % sodium fluoride control dentifrice A 6-month double-blind , controlled clinical study was conducted on 107 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of a mouthrinse used as a supplement to regular oral hygiene measures on supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . 115 healthy adult patients were recruited for the study . Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque in patients with a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth , extrinsic tooth stain , gingivitis and plaque index scores were recorded . Soft tissues were evaluated . All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis , removing plaque , calculus and extrinsic stain . Utilizing their normal oral hygiene , subjects began a regimen of rinsing with 20 ml of the r and omly assigned rinse , twice daily for 30 s for 6 months . 7 days after prophylaxis , gingivitis was again scored ( baseline 2 ) . Soft tissue , gingivitis , plaque area and extrinsic stain were evaluated again at 3 and 6 months . Results demonstrated that after 6 months , listerine produced a 34 % inhibition of both plaque and of gingivitis compared to a hydroalcohol control ( p less than 0.001 ) This double-blind parallel- design clinical study compared the efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice ( Crest Plus Gum Care ) , baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice ( Mentadent ) , and essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine ) to a conventional NaF dentifrice ( Crest ) for the control of plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding over six months . Following an initial baseline examination and stratification , subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis and were distributed assigned test products . Following three and six months , subjects re-visited the clinic for examinations . Evaluations at baseline and at 3 and 6 months included soft tissue status . Löe-Silness gingivitis/gingival bleeding , Silness-Löe plaque and dental stain . Results subsequent to six months of product use were as follows : At six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant 17.5 % reductions in gingivitis and 27.5 % reductions in gingival bleeding relative to the NaF dentifrice . The combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse produced statistically significant reductions of 7.4 % in gingivitis and 10.8 % in plaque as compared with the NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in both gingivitis ( 10.8 % ) and gingival bleeding ( 23.0 % ) relative to the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse . The baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice did not provide reductions in gingivitis , plaque or gingival bleeding as compared with the conventional NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following six months of use , and both the essential oil mouthrinse and stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following three months of use . These results support : 1 ) the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis ; 2 ) the superior activity of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice as compared with a combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding ; and 3 ) the lack of efficacy for baking soda and peroxide dentifrice for the control of  plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding  as compared with conventional fluori date d dentifrice A total of one hundred twenty-one ( 121 ) adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical study comparing the effect on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid to a placebo dentifrice . Both the Triclosan/copolymer and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the Triclosan/copolymer dentrifrice or the placebo dentifrice for the next 6 months . Subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis after 3 and 6 months ' use of the dentifrices . After 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 32.32 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in supragingival plaque formation , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . Also , after 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 25.64 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in gingivitis , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . It thus can be concluded from this clinical study that the twice daily use of the dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base provides statistically significant reductions in both supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis A total of 294 adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical trial design ed to evaluate the effects of a dentifrice which contained 0.3 % triclosan in conjunction with 2 % of a methoxyethylene/maleic acid copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base , relative to a control dentifrice , on  supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis .  Plaque and gingivitis were scored after 3 and 6-month use of the assigned dentifrice . At the end of the study , the triclosan group showed an average reduction , relative to the control group , of 12 % in plaque accumulation and 20 % in gingivitis . Both were statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . The effect of the triclosan dentifrice was most pronounced on the more severe manifestations of plaque and gingivitis . The improvement in the gingival parameters at 6-months relative to the control dentifrice was statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . It was concluded that the twice-daily use of the triclosan-containing dentifrice result ed in significant reduction in supragingival plaque formation and a significant improvement in gingival health without the presence of any extrinsic staining or objectionable taste PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a novel mouthrinse containing 0.07 % high bioavailable cetylpyridinium chloride ( Crest Pro-Health Rinse ) on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , 6-month , placebo-controlled , parallel groups , double blind , single center clinical trial . One hundred thirty-nine generally healthy adults with mild-to-moderate gingivitis were enrolled in the study . Subjects were given Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , Gingival Bleeding Index ( GBI ) and Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( MQH ) examinations followed by a dental prophylaxis . Subjects were then r and omly assigned to either the cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) rinse or placebo rinse and instructed to begin rinsing twice a day with 20 ml of their assigned mouthrinse for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for MGI , GBI and MQH scores after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral hard and soft tissue examinations were also performed at all visits . RESULTS 124 subjects were evaluable at Month 3 and 119 at Month 6 . After 6 months , subjects rinsing with the CPC rinse showed 15.4 % less gingival inflammation , 33.3 % less gingival bleeding , and 15.8 % less plaque relative to the placebo group . All reductions were highly statistically significantly different ( P < 0.01 ) . Results were similar at 3 months . Both treatments were well-tolerated . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that the Crest Pro-Health 0.07 % CPC mouthrinse provided significant antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits when used twice daily for 6 months as an adjunct to toothbrushing PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of two experimental cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) mouthrinses containing 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , single center , parallel group , double blind , positive and placebo controlled clinical trial . A 0.12 % chlorhexidine rinse served as the positive control for validation of the methodology . At the beginning of the trial , 366 subjects were balanced and r and omly assigned to treatment groups . Subjects received a dental prophylaxis and began rinsing twice a day with 15 ml of their assigned mouthwash for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for gingivitis and gingival bleeding by the Löe-Silness Gingival Index method and plaque by the Turesky modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral soft tissue health was also assessed . RESULTS After 3 and 6 months , subjects rinsing with either 0.075 % or 0.10 % CPC had significantly ( P < 0.0001 ) less gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque , on average , than those on placebo . The 6-month mean reductions in gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque for the 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC rinses versus placebo were 23 % , 30 % and 17 % , and 20 % , 27 % and 19 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the two CPC mouthrinses . Reductions at 3 months were similar to those seen at 6 months . Significant benefits were observed with chlorhexidine , thereby validating the study . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study clearly demonstrates that CPC mouthrinses formulated to deliver therapeutic benefits when used twice daily can significantly prevent the development of gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque over a 6-month period A total of 159 adult male and female subjects between 18 and 63 years of age , were entered into a 6-month , double-blind clinical study to assess the effects of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis , as compared to a placebo dentifrice . Both the triclosan and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . The subjects had to demonstrate at least mild gingivitis ( modified Loe-Silness score > or = 1.0 ) , be free of advanced periodontal disease , have a modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index score of at least 1.5 and have a minimum of 20 natural , uncrowned teeth . The subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . At zero time or baseline , all subjects received a complete and thorough oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either the placebo dentifrice or the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the next 6 months . Subjects were evaluated for gingivitis and supragingival plaque formation after 3 and 6 months product use . After 3 months , when compared to the placebo dentifrice , the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice provided the following statistically significant reductions ( at 99 % confidence levels ) : ( 1 ) a 10.0 % reduction in supragingival plaque formation ; ( 2 ) a 20.8 % reduction in plaque formation on tooth surfaces with highest baseline plaque scores ; ( 3 ) a 21.9 % reduction in gingivitis , and ( 4 ) 30.5 % less sites with severe gingivitis , i.e. gingival bleeding . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS A double-blind , parallel , r and omized and controlled clinical trial was conducted on 186 subjects over six months to assess the effects of a 0.28 % triclosan/5 % pyrophosphate ( with NaF/silica ) dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis as compared to a NaF/silica negative control dentifrice . An initial examination was performed to assess the health of the oral soft and hard tissues and to measure plaque ( by Turesky modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ) , gingivitis ( by Löe-Silness Gingival and Ainamo and Bay Gingival Bleeding [ GBI ] indices ) .  Only those subjects with a GBI score > or = 5 were accepted into the study . Each enrolled subject received an oral prophylaxis and was requested to brush and floss twice per day with the negative control NaF/silica dentifrice . After one month , the subjects were recalled and a baseline examination was performed for each of the previously described parameters . Following the baseline examination , the subjects received another oral prophylaxis . The subjects were then separated by gender and by baseline GBI scores of < or = 7 or > 7 and arrayed by the changes in GBI bleeding sites from initial to baseline . Within strata , subjects were r and omly assigned to brush twice per day with either the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice or the negative control dentifrice . The subjects were subsequently examined for all of the above-described parameters following use of the test dentifrices for five weeks , three and six months . The data generated in this trial were analyzed using an analysis of covariance on all indices for all subjects completing the examinations . The results from this study demonstrated that the use of the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice result ed in statistically significant reductions of dental plaque compared to the control by 10 % ( p < 0.05 ) , 15.4 % ( p < 0.01 ) and 13.9 % ( p < 0.01 ) at five weeks , three and six months , respectively . However , there were no statistically significant differences between the test dentifrices for any of the gingivitis or gingival bleeding evaluations throughout the study . Based on 1 ) the fact that subjects possessed plaque-induced gingivitis in this clinical study , 2 ) the similarity in the magnitude of the plaque reductions observed from the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice relative to those reported for other triclosan-containing dentifrices , 3 ) the similarity in the dose of triclosan relative to other triclosan dentifrices , and 4 ) the reported magnitude of gingivitis reductions from other triclosan-containing dentifrices , these findings were unexpected . Possible explanations of these results are that the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice may be uniquely different from other triclosan dentifrices relative to its effects on gingivitis , or alternatively , the clinical design utilized here may not be optimized for triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice The effects of stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride dentifrices on  supragingival plaque , gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding  were studied in 549 adult male and female subjects who completed a six-month , double blind clinical study . Following an oral prophylaxis , subjects were r and omly assigned to brush with one of the following dentifrices : 1 ) 0.454 % SnF2 stabilized with 2.08 % sodium gluconate , 2 ) 0.454 % SnF2 stabilized with 4.16 % sodium gluconate , 3 ) an experimental dentifrice , or 4 ) 0.243 % NaF control dentifrice . Follow-up examinations were conducted at 3 and 6 months . Compared to the control dentifrice at 6 months , stannous fluoride dentifrices stabilized with 2.08 % or 4.16 % sodium gluconate significantly reduced gingivitis by 18.8 % and 18.0 % , respectively . There were no statistically significant differences between the two stabilized SnF2 groups with respect to their beneficial effects on gingival health . Gingival bleeding was also reduced , relative to the control dentifrice , for both stabilized SnF2 dentifrices . However , these differences were not statistically significant at p=0.05 . The stabilized SnF2 dentifrices were not significantly different from the control dentifrice in their effects on supragingival plaque . No significant differences in adverse oral soft tissue effects were observed between the test and control groups . As expected , accumulation of extrinsic tooth stain increased in the stabilized SnF2 groups . However , the difficulty in removing accumulated dental stain was similar between the control and stabilized SnF2 dentifrices . Since use of SnF2 dentifrices has been reported to produce tooth stain , gingivitis examinations were done with and without custom-made tooth covers to evaluate the potential for examiner bias . Comparable gingivitis and gingival bleeding benefits were observed when the evaluations were conducted with or without the tooth covers . Results from this study support that 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrices can provide an important adjunct to the prevention and control of gingivitis when used in combination with regular personal oral hygiene procedures and professional care Abstract Evidence suggests that brushing with a toothpaste may slow plaque reformation over 24 h. This study measured the effect of toothpaste alone on plaque regrowth over a 96 h period and compared the effect with water and the known antiplaque agent chlorhexidine . At 9 a.m. at the beginning of 7,4-day no oral hygiene periods , 10 volunteers were scaled and polished . Al 5 p.m. subjects brushed their own teeth with water until plaque free . Each subject rinsed for I min with 10 ml of a r and omly allocated rinse . Rinsing was repeated at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. on subsequent days . The rinses were water , chlorhexidine 0.2 % or 3 g/10 ml slurries of toothpastes containing ( 1 ) monofluorophosphate(MFP ) , ( 2 ) monofluorophosphate + sodium fluoride ( MFP+NaF ) ( 3 ) monofluorophosphate + zinc citrate ( MFP+ZCT ) ( 4 ) stannous fluoride ( SnF2 ) ( 5 ) sodium fluoride ( NaF ) . At 16 , 24 , 48 and 72 h plaque on the buccal surface of the upper and lower premolars , canines and incisors was scored by the Gingival Margin Plaque Index ( GMPI ) and gram films of plaque sample s made . At 96 h plaque was recorded diagraromatically and areas of coverage measured visually ( Debris Index ) and by planimetry . Progressive plaque formation to a Gingival Margin Plaque Index of 100 % at 72 h was observed for toothpaste and water rinses . For chlorhexidine the Gingival Margin Plaque Index at 72 h was 6 % , At 96 h plaque areas were significantly less with toothpaste rinses compared with water . Chlorhexidine very significantly reduced plaque areas compared with toothpaste and water . The bacteriological assessment of smears revealed essentially similar plaque development during toothpaste and water rinses and was consistent with previous reports . However , with chlorhexidine the densities of organisms in the smears were greatly reduced . It was concluded that the small effect of toothpaste rinses on plaque accumulation compared with chlorhexidine would not alone represent a true antiplaque effect result ing in therapeutic benefit The objective of this six-month , placebo-controlled , double-blind clinical study , conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines , was to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of a new dentifrice formulation of Colgate Total Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica ( Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste ) , vs. Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste as a control , and a placebo dentifrice without triclosan and the copolymer , for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . Adult male and female subjects from the state of New Jersey were entered into the study , and stratified into three treatment groups which were balanced for baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and baseline Löe-Silness Gingival Index scores . Subjects received an oral prophylaxis , and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily ( morning and evening ) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice , using a soft-bristled toothbrush . Examinations for supragingival plaque and gingivitis were conducted after three-months ' and again after six-months ' participation in the study . One-hundred ten ( 110 ) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire six-month clinical study . At both the three- and six-month study examinations , the Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste group and the Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste group exhibited statistically significantly less supragingival plaque and gingivitis than did the placebo toothpaste group . At the six-month examination , the magnitude of these differences exceeded 23.0 % for all four parameters measured in the Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste group ( 29.9 % for Plaque Index , 59.2 % for Plaque Severity Index , 23.2 % for Gingival Index , and 75.1 % for Gingivitis Severity Index ) . Also , at the six-month examination , the magnitude of these differences exceeded 21.0 % for each of the four parameters measured in the Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste group ( 27.9 % for Plaque Index , 54.9 % for Plaque Severity Index , 21.4 % for Gingival Index and 69.2 % for Gingivitis Severity Index ) . The results of this six-month clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste and Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Toothpaste provided a statistically significant , clinical ly relevant level of efficacy for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis , in accordance with the criteria provided by current American Dental Association guidelines BACKGROUND Mechanical methods of oral hygiene can be complemented by the use of chemotherapeutic mouthrinses . The authors sought to quantify the additional benefit provided by an essential oil- , or EO- , containing mouthrinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis in patients who brush and floss regularly . METHODS The authors r and omly assigned patients with gingivitis to one of three treatment groups : brushing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse , or BC ; brushing , flossing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse , or BFC ; or brushing , flossing and rinsing with an EO-containing mouthrinse , or BFEO . Patients received a dental prophylaxis at baseline , and the authors followed them for six months . RESULTS Of 246 enrolled subjects enrolled in the study , 237 subjects were evaluable at the study 's conclusion . After six months , the subjects using the BFEO regimen had statistically and clinical ly significant lower mean Modified Gingival Index , or MGI , scores and Plaque Index , or PI , scores than did subjects in the BC group ( 29.9 percent and 56.3 percent , respectively ; P < .001 ) . Subjects in the BFC group had statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores than did subjects in the BC group ( 11.2 percent and 9.3 percent , respectively ; P < .001 ) . Subjects in the BFEO group exhibited statistically and clinical ly significantly lower mean scores for MGI and PI than did subjects in the BFC group ( 21 percent and 51.9 percent , respectively ; P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that for patients with gingivitis who brush and floss routinely , the adjunctive use of an EO-containing mouthrinse provides a clinical ly significant and meaningful additional benefit in reducing plaque and gingivitis . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S An EO-containing mouthrinse is an effective adjunct to regular brushing and flossing . Therefore , the BFEO regimen can be beneficial for patients with gingival inflammation BACKGROUND The efficacy of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse ( Listerine Antiseptic , Pfizer ) and an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice ( Colgate Total , Colgate-Palmolive ) has been demonstrated in numerous double-blind clinical studies . This study was conducted to determine their comparative efficacy . METHODS Three hundred sixteen subjects with mild-to-moderate gingival inflammation and plaque received a dental prophylaxis and began their r and omly assigned brushing and rinsing regimen in an unsupervised setting . Subjects brushed for one minute and rinsed with 20 milliliters for 30 seconds twice daily for six months . The three groups were L ( control toothpaste/Listerine rinse ) , T ( Colgate Total toothpaste/control rinse ) and P ( control toothpaste/control rinse ) . RESULTS Subjects in the L and T groups demonstrated statistically significantly lower ( P < .001 ) Modified Gingival Index , or MGI ; Bleeding Index , or BI ; and Plaque Index , or PI , at both three and six months than subjects in the P group . The magnitude of reduction for the L group was 22.9 percent , 70 percent and 56.1 percent , respectively , and for the T group , 20.8 percent , 58 percent and 22.1 percent , respectively . Subjects in the L group were not different from subjects in the T group in regard to visual signs of gingivitis ( MGI ) , but were more effective ( P < .001 ) than subjects in the T group in experiencing reduced BI and PI . No product-related adverse events were reported . CONCLUSION Although the Listerine Antiseptic and Colgate Total antiplaque/antigingivitis products produced similar , clinical ly significant reductions in gingivitis ( as measured by MGI and BI ) , Listerine , when used in conjunction with a fluoride dentifrice and usual oral hygiene , provided a greater benefit in reducing plaque . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S When considering an antiplaque/antigingivitis product to recommend to patients , clinicians should consider Listerine Antiseptic , in conjunction with usual oral hygiene , if more rigorous plaque control is desired The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of supragingival irrigation with 0.06 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( CHX ) on naturally occurring gingivitis . The relative benefit of CHX irrigation in comparison with CHX rinsing , water irrigation , and normal oral hygiene was evaluated . In a blind , placebo-controlled 6-month study 222 patients were assigned to one of four groups : Group 1 : Once daily irrigation with 300 ml water followed by irrigation with 200 ml 0.06 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( experimental ) ; Group 2 : Twice daily rinsing with 15 ml 0.12 % chlorhexidine ( positive control ) ; Group 3 : Once daily irrigation with 500 ml water ( irrigation control ) and Group 4 : Sodium fluoride dentifrice for normal oral hygiene only ( negative control ) . All groups used the same sodium fluoride dentifrice for tooth brushing . At baseline , 3 months , and 6 months patients were examined for Gingival Index ( GI ) , Bleeding on Probing ( BOP ) , Plaque Index ( PLI ) , Pocket probing depth ( PD ) , Calculus Index ( CI ) , and stain . After the baseline visit all patients received a supra- and subgingival oral prophylaxis . At 6 months GI and BOP were significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) reduced by adjunctive CHX irrigation ( 42.5 % and 35.4 % , respectively ) , CHX rinse ( 24.1 % and 15.0 % ) , and water irrigation ( 23.1 % and 24.0 % ) compared to tooth brushing alone . Plaque was significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) reduced only by CHX irrigation ( 53.2 % ) and CHX rinse ( 43.3 % ) while calculus and staining were significantly ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) increased in the two chlorhexidine groups ( 276.4 % ( irrigation ) and 273.2 % ( rinse ) ) . Although significant ( P less than or equal to 0.05 ) , pocket probing depth reduction was minimal after CHX irrigation ( 4.6 % ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The basic design for human clinical trials which examine prevention of  gingivitis recurrence is well known . However , the anti-gingivitis efficacy of triclosan-containing dentifrices has not been routinely demonstrated using this design , regardless of formulation . In an effort to better underst and the subtleties of design which show triclosan efficacy , a study was undertaken to prospect ively test how subjects with a range of baseline disease levels ( which encompassed the range of gingivitis severity documented in the triclosan literature ) benefit from a triclosan dentifrice . This trial was a r and omized , double-blind , parallel group , six-month study where subjects brushed twice daily with either triclosan/pyrophosphate , triclosan/copolymer , triclosan placebo or sodium fluoride control ( NaF ) dentifrice following a prophylaxis . Both gingivitis and bleeding were measured using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index ( GI ) and plaque was measured using the Turesky Plaque Index . Comparisons between treatments were performed using an analysis of covariance . At month 3 , the triclosan/pyrophosphate group had a relative mean plaque benefit of 14.4 % versus the triclosan placebo group ( with an associated p-value of 0.004 ) , and subjects using triclosan/copolymer had a mean reduction in GI bleeding sites of 16.2 % relative to those brushing with the NaF control ( with an associated p-value of 0.031 ) . The overall results did not demonstrate a treatment effect for gingivitis or plaque for either triclosan-containing dentifrice at month 6 . There was evidence of modest anti-gingivitis efficacy in the triclosan placebo . In an effort to better underst and how baseline disease severity may have impacted the trial outcome , additional analyses were performed to investigate whether the magnitude of a triclosan effect was related to baseline gingivitis levels . An analysis of covariance model incorporating a baseline group interaction effect indicated that the magnitude of the treatment differences depended on the baseline scores The effect was most pronounced for GI bleeding sites . Further analysis showed that differences between  triclosan  dentifrices and the NaF control dentifrice were only present for subjects with more than 33 to 63 bleeding sites , depending on the specific comparison . These findings were illustrated through a series of subset analyses on subjects with > or = 20 ( entire study population ) , > or = 31 , > or = 40 and > or = 45 baseline GI bleeding sites . The magnitude of the treatment effect for both GI and GI bleeding sites increased with each succeeding subset . Unlike that required for other antimicrobial agents used in oral care products , these findings suggest that a study design which includes subjects with more severe gingivitis at baseline has the required sensitivity to demonstrate treatment benefits for triclosan dentifrices In order to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis activity of three commercially-available triclosan containing dentifrices with that of a placebo dentifrice without triclosan , a double-blind clinical study was conducted on 194 subjects over six months . Following baseline supragingival plaque and gingivitis examinations and a complete oral prophylaxis , subjects were stratified by their whole mouth baseline plaque ( modified Quigley-Hein ) and gingivitis ( modified Löe-Silness ) scores and then r and omly assigned to one of four dentifrice using groups . Plaque and gingivitis examinations were then performed after six weeks , three months and six months use of the dentifrices . Subjects brushed twice daily in their customary manner . The triclosan/soluble pyrophosphate and the triclosan/zinc citrate commercially available dentifrices did not provide statistically significant reductions in either supragingival plaque accumulation or gingivitis at any of the examination intervals , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . The subjects using the commercially available triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had , after six months , statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque ( 11.3 per cent ) , plaque severity ( 18.8 per cent ) , gingivitis ( 19.9 per cent ) and gingivitis severity ( 27.8 per cent ) , as compared to the placebo dentifrice This study compared the clinical efficacy of three mouthrinses containing either 0.12 % chlorhexidine , phenolic compounds , or sanguinarine , which were used unsupervised , in a placebo-controlled , double-blind study of 6 months ' duration . The study was conducted according to ADA clinical guidelines for evaluation of antigingivitis agents and was completed by 481 adults . Following baseline exams and a prophylaxis , subjects were r and omly divided into treatment groups matched for age , gender , and gingivitis severity , and were instructed to use the rinses in accordance with manufacturer 's directions . Followup examinations evaluated supragingival plaque , gingivitis , and gingival bleeding . Compared to placebo at 6 months , the group rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine had significantly less gingivitis ( 31 % reduction ) , gingival bleeding ( 39 % reduction ) , and plaque ( 49 % reduction ) and was significantly better than any of the other treatment groups ( P less than 0.05 ) . Both the phenolic and sanguinarine groups showed moderate , yet significant , reductions in plaque compared to placebo ( 24 % and 12 % respectively ) yet were significantly less effective than the 0.12 % chlorhexidine rinse ( P less than 0.05 ) . However , neither the phenolic nor sanguinarine rinses were significantly different than placebo in their effects on gingivitis or gingival bleeding . These results support previous published results on the superiority of 0.12 % chlorhexidine when used in conjunction with professional care and as an adjunct to routine oral hygiene practice BACKGROUND The use of dental floss has long been considered to be effective in controlling interproximal plaque and gingivitis . The authors compared this method with that of use of a mouthrinse . METHODS Subjects with mild-to-moderate gingivitis enrolled in a long-term , six-month study . They received a dental prophylaxis and were r and omized into one of the three following treatment groups : brushing and rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse ( the BEO group ) , brushing and flossing ( the BF group ) and brushing and rinsing with a control rinse ( the B group ) . RESULTS A total of 326 subjects were evaluated . The BEO and BF had significantly lower ( P < .001 ) mean interproximal Modified Gingival Index , or MGI , scores than did the B group at six months . The BEO group had lower mean interproximal Plaque Index , or PI , scores than the other two groups at both three and six months . The BF group 's mean PI score was significantly lower than the B group 's mean score at six months only . The magnitude of reductions for the BEO and the BF groups ( vs. the B group ) in MGI were 11.1 percent and 4.3 percent and for PI were 20.0 percent and 3.4 percent , respectively . CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with professional care ( prophylaxis ) and toothbrushing over six months , rinsing twice daily with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse was at least as good as flossing daily in reducing interproximal plaque and gingivitis . Clinical Implication s. When weighing recommendations for oral hygiene home care , clinicians should consider that an essential oil-containing mouthrinse may be a useful adjunct in patients with gingival inflammation The objective of this six-month , double-blind clinical study , conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines , was to provide a comparison between Colgate Total Toothpaste and Crest Gum Care Toothpaste with respect to their levels of efficacy for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis , and with respect to the levels of tooth staining associated with their use . Adult male and female subjects from the Edinburgh , Scotl and area were entered into the study and stratified into two treatment groups which were balanced for age , sex , baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and baseline Löe-Silness Gingival Index scores . Subjects received an oral prophylaxis , and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily ( morning and evening ) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice , using a soft-bristled toothbrush . Examinations for plaque , gingivitis and extrinsic tooth staining were conducted after three months ' and again after six months ' use of the study dentifrices . One-hundred and nine ( 109 ) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire six-month clinical study . At both the three- and six-month study examinations , the Colgate Total Toothpaste group exhibited statistically significantly less plaque , gingivitis and extrinsic tooth staining compared to the Crest Gum Care Toothpaste group . At the six-month examination , the magnitude of these differences exceeded 18 % for all six parameters measured ( 18.7 % for Plaque Index , 60.5 % for Plaque Severity Index , 22.2 % for Gingival Index , 85.1 % for Gingivitis Severity Index , 45.3 % for stain intensity , and 46.3 % for stain area ) . Thus , the results of this six-month clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Toothpaste provides a statistically significant , substantive advantage in efficacy for the control of plaque and gingivitis over Crest Gum Care Toothpaste , while , at the same time , providing better control against the development of extrinsic tooth staining BACKGROUND Dentifrices traditionally have been formulated as pastes or gels . However , liquid varieties recently have become available The authors conducted a study to determine whether a fluori date d liquid product with added triclosan and a polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic acid , or PVM/MA , copolymer delivery system is efficacious for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis . METHODS The authors conducted a six-month , double-blind , parallel , stratified clinical study in accordance with American Dental Association guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antiplaque/antigingivitis products . Subjects who qualified with a suitable amount of existing plaque and gingivitis were given one of two dentifrices : an " experimental " liquid dentifrice containing 0.3 percent triclosan , 2.0 percent PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243 percent sodium fluoride , or NaF , in a silica base ; or a " placebo " dentifrice containing 0.243 percent NaF in a silica base . The authors collected subjects ' plaque and gingival index scores at baseline , three months and six months . RESULTS The results of the study indicate that the use of the experimental liquid dentifrice provided a significant reduction in existing levels of plaque and gingivitis as compared with the placebo st and ard dentifrice . At six months , the experimental group demonstrated a 34.9 percent reduction in plaque formation and a 25.7 percent reduction in gingivitis as compared with the placebo group ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS When compared with the placebo , the experimental dentifrice had a significantly better ability to reduce plaque and gingivitis . When compared with results reported in the literature , this new form of dentifrice achieved results comparable in efficacy to those of traditional dentifrice pastes with matching active ingredients . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S This study confirms that a liquid dentifrice containing a triclosan/copolymer/NaF delivery system is efficacious in its ability to reduce existing plaque and gingivitis A total of one hundred fifty three healthy male and female adults were entered into a six month , double-blind clinical study design ed to evaluate the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2.0 % PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base , relative to a 0.243 % sodium fluoride silica base control dentifrice on supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis . Plaque and gingivitis were scored after 3 and 6 months ' use of the assigned dentifrice . At the end of the study , the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer demonstrated an average reduction , relative to the control dentifrice of 16.1 % in plaque accumulation and 24.3 % in gingivitis . Both were statistically significant(P < 0.001 ) . It was concluded that the twice-daily use of the triclosan/copolymer containing dentifrice result ed in a significant reduction in plaque formation and a significant improvement in gingival health . No side-effects were observed OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness and the side-effect profiles of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse and a chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinse . MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eight qualifying subjects , aged 20 - 57 years , were r and omized into three groups : essential oil mouthrinse ( ListerineAntiseptic ) ; 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthrinse ( Peridex ) ; or 5 % hydroalcohol negative control . At baseline , subjects received a complete oral soft tissue examination and scoring of the Loe-Silness gingival index ( GI ) , Quigley-Hein plaque index ( PI ) , Volpe-Manhold calculus index ( CI ) , and Lobene extrinsic tooth stain index ( SI ) . Following a complete dental prophylaxis , subjects started rinsing twice daily with their respective mouthrinse as an adjunct to their usual mechanical oral hygiene procedures . One of the rinses on each weekday was supervised . Subjects were reexamined at 3 and 6 months . The treatment groups were compared with respect to baseline demographic and clinical variables . The primary efficacy variables were GI and PI . Intergroup differences for all clinical variables were tested at 3 and 6 months using appropriate statistical procedures . RESULTS All of the 108 r and omized subjects were evaluable at 3 months , and 107 subjects were evaluable at 6 months . There were no statistically significant differences among the three groups at baseline , with the exception that the control group PI was significantly lower than that of the essential oil group ( p<0.05 ) and the chlorhexidine group ( p<0.001 ) , and the essential oil mouthrinse group had a significantly greater number of subjects than the control group with body region SI scores > or = 1.0 ( p=0.021 ) . At 6 months , the essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinses produced statistically significant ( p<0.001 ) GI reductions of 14.0 % and 18.2 % , respectively , and statistically significant ( p<0.001 ) PI reductions of 18.8 % and 21.6 % , respectively , compared with the control and were not statistically significantly different from each other with respect to plaque and gingivitis reduction . The chlorhexidine mouthrinse group had significantly more calculus and extrinsic tooth stain than either the essential oil mouthrinse group or the control group . CONCLUSION This 6-month controlled clinical study demonstrated that the essential oil mouthrinse and the chlorhexidine mouthrinse had comparable antiplaque and antigingivitis activity . Insofar as side effects associated with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse may limit patient compliance , it is suggested that each product can have a distinct role in the management of patients with periodontal diseases A 6-month double-blind , controlled clinical study was completed with 124 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of 2 mouthrinses , Listerine ( LA ) and Peridex ( PX ) , used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures in reducing supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . Following screening examinations for entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque , baseline gingival and plaque area indices , extrinsic tooth stain , supragingival calculus , bleeding and soft tissue condition were recorded . All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis to remove plaque , calculus and extrinsic stain . Subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and performed supervised rinses twice daily for 30 s in addition to their normal oral hygiene , for 6 months . All indices were again evaluated at 3 and 6 months . After 6 months , LA and PX significantly ( p less than 0.001 ) inhibited development of plaque by 36.1 % and 50.3 % , respectively , and the development of gingivitis by 35.9 % and 30.5 % , respectively , compared to a hydroalcohol control . PX was more effective in inhibiting plaque and both mouthrinses appeared to be equally effective in inhibiting gingivitis . LA patients did not develop significant levels of stain or supragingival calculus at 6 months , compared to baseline or control . PX patients developed significant levels of extrinsic stain and supragingival calculus compared to baseline and control . Though PX was more effective than LA in the control of plaque , this study indicates that both LA and PX were effective agents in a regimen for the control of plaque and gingivitis 3 triclosan-containing dentifrices were compared in a 6-month , unsupervised tooth brushing study . The effects on plaque , gingival bleeding and certain salivary micro-organisms ( mutans streptococci , lactobacilli , total counts of streptococci and total counts of micro-organisms ) were evaluated . 123 subjects were divided into 4 groups according to severity of gingival bleeding index . 112 subjects completed the study . Following a 4-week pre-experimental period , using a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice ( placebo ) , the subjects were assigned to use one of 3 triclosan-containing dentifrices , available on the Swedish market : Colgate Paradent ( a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice ) ( n = 26 ) ; Pepsodent Gum Health ( a triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice ) ( n = 31 ) ; Dentosal Friskt T and kött ( a triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice ) ( n = 28 ) ; or to continue with the placebo ( n = 27 ) . The results revealed that Colgate Paradent reduced baseline plaque values by 39 % ( Quigley and Hein ) over the 6-month experimental period . The corresponding values for the other modalities were : a reduction of 6 % for Pepsodent Gum Health , an increase of 5 % for Dentosal Friskt T and kött , and an increase of 2 % for placebo . A significant difference in the plaque levels ( p < 0.05 ) was found between Colgate Paradent and Pepsodent Gum Health and between Colgate Paradent and placebo . The gingival bleeding index was improved in all 4 groups . A significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) was found with respect to bleeding between Colgate Paradent and placebo ( p < 0.05 ) at the 3-month registration . A statistically significant increase over time in total number of streptococci and total colony forming units were found for the Dentosal , Pepsodent and placebo groups , but not for Colgate . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS A 6-month , single-blind and parallel clinical study was conducted to compare the effects of dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2.0 % of copolymer ( methoxyethylene and maleic acid ) with a customary oral hygiene procedure on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis . The 124 subjects were stratified into two balanced groups on the basis of their baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . After complete oral prophylaxis , subjects were assigned to use either a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or to practice their customary oral hygiene care for 6 months .  Plaque formation and gingivitis were scored at 3 and 6 months . After 3 and 6 months , triclosan/copolymer produced 7.17 % and 12.07 % significantly greater reduction of plaque formation than the customary oral hygiene group , respectively . Triclosan/copolymer significantly reduced gingivitis by 5.20 % at 3 months , while no significant differences between the two groups were observed at 6 months . Likewise , triclosan/copolymer provided 8.70 % and 16.33 % significantly greater reduction of plaque severity index at 3- and 6-month evaluation , respectively . Gingivitis severity index was significantly reduced by 25 % at 3 months , but there were no differences between the two groups at 6 months . These results indicate that the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was better than the customary oral hygiene care in preventing supragingival plaque formation up to 6 months and in reducing gingivitis up to 3 months A number of compounds have been added to toothpastes to inhibit plaque regrowth . The inclusion of cationic antiseptics , such as chlorhexidine , poses formulation difficulties because of interactions with other ingredients particularly anionic detergents . More recently , Triclosan/zinc citrate formulations have been shown effective plaque inhibitors . The aim of this study was to compare a commercially available 0.2 % Triclosan/0.5 % zinc citrate toothpaste with a number of experimental 0.5 % chlorhexidine/detergent toothpastes for effects on plaque regrowth over 4 days . Subjects rendered plaque free at each baseline rinsed twice a day with toothpaste slurries and disclosed plaque was scored at the end of each period . All toothpastes significantly reduced plaque by comparison with a control toothpaste , but were significantly less effective than a 0.2 % chlorhexidine rinse . Some significant differences in favour of one chlorhexidine toothpaste were noted but these were small in magnitude . Whether the plaque inhibition obtained with Triclosan/zinc citrate toothpaste was greater than would be expected from other commercially available preparations can not be determined from this study and is the subject of a further investigation PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of rinsing with an essential oil-containing antimicrobial mouthrinse with that of dental floss in reducing interproximal gingivitis and plaque in an unsupervised 6-month clinical trial design ed in accordance with ADA Acceptance Program Guidelines . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 319 qualifying subjects , aged 18 - 63 , were r and omized into one of three groups : essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine Antiseptic ) ; dental floss ( Reach Dental Floss ) ; or a negative control rinse . At baseline , subjects received a complete oral soft tissue examination and scoring of the Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( PI ) , and bleeding index ( BI ) . Following a complete dental prophylaxis and receiving flossing or rinsing instructions , subjects started on their respective regimen . They continued on their assigned regimen unsupervised at home , in addition to toothbrushing , and were reexamined at 3 and 6 months . The treatment groups were compared with respect to baseline demographic and clinical variables . The primary efficacy variables were mean interproximal MGI and PI at 6 months . Intergroup differences at 3 and 6 months were tested using a one-way analysis of covariance model with treatment as a factor and the respective baseline value as the covariate . In addition , the essential oil mouthrinse was compared to floss for interproximal gingivitis reduction using " at least as good as " statistical criteria . RESULTS 301 subjects were considered evaluable . There were no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline , with the exception of the essential oil mouthrinse group having significantly fewer AfroAmerican subjects than the other two groups . For the interproximal MGI , the essential oil mouthrinse and flossing were both significantly more effective than the negative control ( P < 0.001 ) at 3 and 6 months . The essential oil mouthrinse was shown to be " at least as good as " dental floss for the control of interproximal gingivitis . For the interproximal PI , the essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 and 6 months ( P < 0.001 ) while flossing was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 months ( P < 0.05 ) but not at 6 months . The essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than floss ( P < 0.001 ) at both these time periods The intraoral antimicrobial activity of four commercial oral products-conventional NaF dentifrice ( Crest ) , baking soda/peroxide/NaF dentifrice ( Mentadent ) , essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine ) and SnF2 dentifrice ( Crest Plus Gum Care)-have been compared in three test regimens . Formulations were compared for their ability to suppress the regrowth and apical extension of dental plaque following toothbrushing during thirty hours of non-brushing where products were used as oral rinses ( 30-hour plaque regrowth model ) . Formulations were also compared for their ability to suppress the colony-forming units ( cfu ) of facultative anaerobic bacteria sample d from buccal gingival surfaces following use ( Gingival Surface Microbial Index-GSMI model ) . Lastly , formulations were compared for effects in suppressing the glycolytic metabolic activity and regrowth activity of in vivo-treated dental plaques sample d at various periods following topical use and incubated under controlled ex vivo conditions ( Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth-PGRM model ) . In thirty-hour plaque regrowth testing , the rank ordered antimicrobial efficacy of formulations followed SnF2 > essential oils > NaF = water = baking soda/peroxide . In GSMI testing , all formulations were shown to suppress the cfu of facultative anaerobic bacteria relative to baseline , although SnF2 treatment was observed to reduce bacterial levels to a significantly greater degree than NaF dentifrice or baking soda/peroxide dentifrice up to two hours following brushing . In PGRM testing , the SnF2 dentifrice provided significant inhibition of bacterial metabolism and regrowth following topical application when compared with the NaF dentifrice as control . The baking soda/peroxide dentifrice provided no reduction in either bacterial metabolism or regrowth in PGRM . Previous studies had demonstrated modest effects for essential oil rinse in reducing PGRM plaque regrowth , with no effects for this treatment on plaque metabolism . Overall , these results demonstrate that SnF2 dentifrice provides substantial intraoral antimicrobial effects . The essential oil mouthrinse also exhibits significant intraoral antimicrobial effects , albeit apparently less than SnF2 dentifrice . The baking soda/peroxide dentifrice did not produce any antimicrobial effects following in vivo use compared with conventional dentifrice . These results provide mechanistic rationale for the chemotherapeutic efficacy of SnF2 and essential oil formulations in reducing gingivitis , while providing no support for the expectation of clinical efficacy for formulations containing baking soda and peroxide A number of substances have been incorporated into toothpastes or gels to inhibit plaque regrowth . The aim of this study was to evaluate triclosan and stannous fluoride products for plaque inhibitory properties by comparison with a chlorhexidine or saline rinse and a control product which was a conventional commercially available toothpaste . In a blind 8 cell cross-over study , 15 volunteers rinsed 2 x a day for 4 days with slurries of the products or the saline and chlorhexidine solutions . No other form of oral hygiene was performed and plaque regrowth from a zero baseline was recorded by plaque score and plaque area . Plaque regrowth was significantly less with the chlorhexidine rinse and significantly greater with the saline rinse compared to the toothpaste and gel products . No significant differences were found between the test and control products . The results again demonstrate that commercially available toothpastes have plaque inhibitory effects which so far appear difficult to improve upon by the addition of specific ingredients , in this case stannous fluoride or triclosan . Commercially available products of known activity would appear useful benchmarks for comparison of experimental formulations The objective of this 6-month , double-blind , clinical study , conducted following the American Dental Association ( ADA ) guidelines , was to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of a newly developed mouthrinse containing 0.05 % cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . Adult men and women from the Manchester , Engl and , area were entered in the study , and stratified into two treatment groups ( CPC mouthrinse and control mouthrinse ) , which were balanced for baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and baseline Löe-Silness Gingival Index scores . Participants were given an oral prophylaxis and instructed to brush their teeth twice daily ( morning and evening ) for 1 minute with a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride dentifrice provided , immediately followed by rinsing for 30 seconds with 15 cc of their assigned mouthrinse . Examinations for supragingival plaque and gingivitis were conducted after 3 months ' and again after 6 months ' participation in the study . One hundred eleven participants complied with the protocol and completed the entire 6-month clinical study . At both the 3- and 6-month study examinations , the CPC mouthrinse group exhibited statistically significantly less supragingival plaque and gingivitis than did the control mouthrinse group . At the 6-month examination , the magnitude of these differences met or exceeded 24 % for all 4 parameters measured ( 28.2 % for Quigley-Hein Plaque Index , 63.4 % for Plaque Severity Index , 24.0 % for Löe-Silness Gingival Index , and 66.9 % for Gingivitis Severity Index ) . The magnitude of the reductions in supragingival plaque and gingivitis were adequately large to support a cl aim of efficacy , in accordance with the criteria provided by the published guidelines of the ADA for the demonstration of the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic agent for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis . Thus , the results of this 6-month clinical study support the conclusion that a newly developed mouthrinse containing 0.05 % cetylpyridinium chloride provides a statistically significant , clinical ly relevant level of efficacy for the control of supragingival plaque , and for the control of gingivitis , in accordance with the criteria provided by current ADA guidelines A 9-month double-blind controlled clinical study was conducted on adult subjects using either Listerine antiseptic , its vehicle control  ,  or a water control in order to determine the efficacy of the antiseptic mouthrinse in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis . Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of plaque and gingivitis , all subjects received a complete prophylaxis . Subjects then continued their usual oral hygiene habits for a 3-week normalization period and were examined for soft tissue abnormalities and baseline measurements of plaque , gingivitis , and tooth stain . 2 additional prophylaxes were then performed , followed by a second baseline gingival examination . Zero plaque was re-established by rubber cup polishing and twice daily rinsing was begun . Soft tissue , plaque , gingivitis , and extrinsic tooth stain were evaluated after 1 , 3 , 6 and 9 months of rinsing with the r and omly assigned mouthrinses . Results demonstrated that Listerine antiseptic significantly reduced the development of plaque at 1 , 3 , 6 and 9 months and the development of gingivitis at 9 months , as compared to its vehicle control or water control This parallel-group , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial directly compared the efficacy of two  antimicrobial dentifrice formulations for the control of plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding during six months of use following a pre-test r and omization period . Test antimicrobial dentifrices for the study included : a stabilized stannous fluoride formulation ( Crest Plus Gum Care-currently marketed in U.S. ) comprised of 0.454 % SnF2 in a stabilized silica abrasive base ; and a formulation containing triclosan ( Colgate Total , currently marketed outside the U.S. in numerous countries ) comprised of 0.30 % triclosan . 2.0 % Gantrez co-polymer and 0.243 % NaF in a silica abrasive base . The control dentifrice was a conventional fluoride dentifrice comprised of 0.243 % NaF in a silica abrasive base . Clinical evaluations included Turesky et al. plaque , Löe-Silness gingivitis and gingival bleeding , and Meckel stain . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice exhibited significant efficacy in the reduction of both gingivitis ( 20.5 % ) and gingival bleeding ( 33.4 % ) after six months relative to the placebo control ( p < 0.05 ) . In direct comparison , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding significantly relative to the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice ( p < 0.05 ) . These results establish : 1 ) the superior clinical efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice relative to a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice in the chemotherapeutic control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding ; 2 ) the important contribution of clinical test design /sensitivity in assessing the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial agents ; and 3 ) the value of head-to-head comparative studies in establishing the therapeutic relevance of clinical effects of formulations for the reduction of gingivitis The aim of the present clinical trial was to study the effect on existing plaque and gingivitis of an oral hygiene regimen which utilized a dentifrice which contained triclosan .  120 subjects were recruited for the trial . They were examined for plaque and gingivitis using the criteria of ( i ) the Turesky modification of the Quigley & Hein plaque index and ( ii ) the Löe & Silness gingival index . Plaque and gingivitis were assessed in all parts of the dentition and at 6 location points around each tooth . Following a baseline examination , the subjects were stratified in 2 balanced groups based on age , plaque and gingivitis scores . The subjects were r and omly assigned to the following treatment : 1 test group used a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer/fluoride and 1 control group used a traditional fluoride containing dentifrice . The participants were given the assigned dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush for home use . They were instructed to brush their teeth in the morning and in the evening for one minute each time . They were reexamined 6 weeks , 3 and 6 months after the baseline examination . The findings from the re-examinations revealed that an oral hygiene regimen which utilized a dentifrice which contained triclosan/copolymer significantly reduced pre-existing plaque and gingivitis above what was accomplished by a traditional fluoride containing dentifrice . The improvement of the gingival conditions occurred in all parts of the dentition and at all tooth surfaces and units . In addition , the present data support the hypothesis that triclosan may induce alterations in the quality of existing plaque A CPC-detergent formulation in a foam vehicle , was compared with a fluoride toothpaste for its ability to prevent plaque and gingivitis over a period of 12 days . Whilst refraining from all other oral hygiene procedures , the foam or toothpaste was applied to the teeth in fluoride application trays , in a group of 14 volunteers . At days 8 and 12 of this crossover study , the following assessment s were made : gingival crevicular fluid ; gingival index ; bleeding on probing ; plaque index ; plaque area . Except for plaque area at day 8 of the study , there were no significant differences between the 2 products at either day 8 or day 12 . It is therefore concluded that the CPC-detergent formulation , in its present form , does not inhibit plaque and gingivitis more effectively than a conventional fluoride toothpaste The present study was performed in 10 adults in order to evaluate the effect of an antiseptic mouthrinse ( Listerine ) on the rate of dental plaque formation and gingivitis development during a 2-week period when all efforts towards active mechanical oral hygiene were withdrawn . The study was performed as a crossover study and was carried out during four consecutive 2-week periods . During the first and third periods ( preparatory periods ) the participants were subjected to repeated professional tooth cleanings in order to establish plaque- and gingivitis-free dentitions . During the second and fourth periods ( test and control periods ) the participants were not allowed to brush their teeth but rinsed their mouths three times a day with Listerine or a placebo mouthwash .  Plaque Index , Gingival Index , gingival fluid flow , and crevicular leukocytes were assessed on d 0 , 2 , 4 , 7 , and 14 . On d 7 and 14 , dental plaque was removed from the right and left jaws respectively and the wet weights determined . The chemotactic activity elaborated by the plaques was studied in Boyden chambers . During the Listerine test period , significantly lower Plaque and Gingival Index values were scored and lower amounts of plaque could be sample d in comparison to the control period A six-month , double-blind clinical study was entered into by three hundred twenty-five ( 325 ) male and female adult subjects to assess the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan ( Irgacare MP , Ciba-Geigy Corp. ) and 2.0 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid ( Gantrez , ISP Corp. ) on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis , compared to a placebo dentifrice over a six-month period . Each dentifrice , the triclosan and the placebo , contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base .  Only those subjects who were free of periodontal disease ( no pockets > 4 mm ) , demonstrated a level of at least mild gingivitis ( modified Loe-Silness score > or = 1.0 ) and had a modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index score of > or = 1.5 were admitted into the study .  Baseline plaque and gingivitis scores were used to stratify the subjects into two balanced groups . A thorough oral prophylaxis was administered to all subjects . They were then assigned either the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice to use for the next six months . Evaluation for gingivitis and supragingival plaque formation was made after three and six months . Evaluations made after six ( 6 ) months demonstrated a 17.0 % statistically significant ( at the 99 % level of confidence ) reduction in supragingival plaque formation was provided by the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice , compared to the placebo dentifrice . An 18.6 % statistically significant ( at the 99 % level of confidence ) reduction in plaque formation on the tooth surfaces with the highest plaque formation was provided by the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice , compared to the placebo dentifrice . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS A total of 108 adult male and female subjects completed a six-month , double-blind clinical study design ed to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid ( Gantrez copolymer ) in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base to a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica placebo dentifrice on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis . Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups by their baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . They received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice for the next six months . After six months , the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 24.93 % statistically significant ( 99 % level of confidence ) reduction in supragingival plaque , and a 19.72 % statistically significant ( 99 % level of confidence ) reduction in gingivitis compared to the placebo dentifrice . Twice daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan , 2.0 % of a copolymer , and 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base , over a six-month period , reduces supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis to a significant degree compared to a sodium fluoride/silica base placebo dentifrice
target: The studies in this systematic review provide strong evidence of the antiplaque , antigingivitis effects of multiple agents .
background: BACKGROUND AND METHODS The author conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the efficacy of  antigingivitis and antiplaque products  in six-month trials .