title: Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women Consumption of extra virgin olive oil improves body composition and blood pressure in women with excess body fat: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial Effects of Partially Hydrogenated, Semi-Saturated, and High Oleate Vegetable Oils on Inflammatory Markers and Lipids Behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high-risk patients. Effect of diets high in butter, corn oil, or high-oleic acid sunflower oil on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in men. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Dietary fat saturation affects apolipoprotein AII levels and HDL composition in postmenopausal women. Lipoprotein concentrations in normolipidemic males consuming oleic acid-rich diets from two different sources: olive oil and oleic acid-rich sunflower oil. Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm oil diet in Chinese adults. Plasma lipid effects of three common vegetable oils in reduced-fat diets of free-living adults. Comparison of the effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols, palm oil, and high oleic acid sunflower oil on plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Corn oil improves the plasma lipoprotein lipid profile compared with extra-virgin olive oil consumption in men and women with elevated cholesterol: results from a randomized controlled feeding trial. Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials Adverse effects on insulin secretion of replacing saturated fat with refined carbohydrate but not with monounsaturated fat: A randomized controlled trial in centrally obese subjects. Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. The Impact of Virgin Coconut Oil and High-Oleic Safflower Oil on Body Composition, Lipids, and Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women. The Oslo Diet‐Heart Study: Eleven‐Year Report Palmitic acid in the sn-2 position of dietary triacylglycerols does not affect insulin secretion or glucose homeostasis in healthy men and women The Type of Fat Ingested at Breakfast Influences the Plasma Lipid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and trans-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans Flaxseed oil intake reduces serum small dense low-density lipoprotein concentrations in Japanese men: a randomized, double blind, crossover study Rice bran oil consumption and plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Rice bran oil and canola oil improve blood lipids compared to sunflower oil in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. The effect of red palm olein and refined palm olein on lipids and haemostatic factors in hyperfibrinogenaemic subjects. Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors Virgin olive oil reduces blood pressure in hypertensive elderly subjects. Sunflower oil does not protect against LDL oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Butter increased total and LDL cholesterol compared with olive oil but resulted in higher HDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet. Substitution of vegetable oil for a partially-hydrogenated fat favorably alters cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter, and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men. Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Concentration and Oxidative Susceptibility Changes after Consumption of Soybean Oil, Rice Bran Oil, Palm Oil and Mixed Rice Bran/Palm Oil in Hypercholesterolaemic Women Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra‐Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts Palm oil and cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial of the effects of hybrid palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipid patterns.
abstract: Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 Consumption of diets high in hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids has been shown to have an adverse affect on lipoprotein profiles with respect to cardiovascular disease risk . Dietary fat and cholesterol play an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses shown to be involved in atherogenesis . We investigated the effects of diets containing hydrogenated fat on cellular immune response and production of inflammatory cytokines in human subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol levels ( LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dl ) . In a double blind cross-over study , 19 subjects consumed three diets  , 30 % of calories as fat , of which two thirds were provided as soybean oil , soybean oil-based stick margarine , or butter for 32 days , each in a r and omized order . Production of proinflammatory mediators , prostagl and in (PG)E(2 ) , interleukin (IL)-1beta , IL-6 , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-alpha ) ; delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) response , in vitro lymphocyte proliferation , and production of IL-2 were determined . Production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha was significantly higher after consumption of stick margarine diet compared with soybean oil diet .  IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production correlated positively with ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.499 , P < 0.001 and r = 0.291 , P = 0.04 , respectively ) . There was no significant difference in DTH response , lymphocyte proliferation , or levels of IL-2 and PGE(2 ) produced among three groups . Our results indicate that consumption of a diet high in hydrogenated fat does not adversely affect cellular immunity but increases production of inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Purpose Despite the fact that extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) is widely used in obese individuals to treat cardiovascular diseases , the role of EVOO on weight/fat reduction remains unclear . We investigated the effects of energy-restricted diet containing EVOO on body composition and metabolic disruptions related to obesity . Methods This is a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 41 adult women with excess body fat ( mean ± SD 27.0 ± 0.9 year old , 46.8 ± 0.6 % of total body fat ) received daily high-fat breakfasts containing 25 mL of soybean oil ( control group , n = 20 ) or EVOO ( EVOO group , n = 21 ) during nine consecutive weeks . Breakfasts were part of an energy-restricted normal-fat diets ( −2090 kJ , ~32%E from fat ) . Anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed , and fasting blood was collected on the first and last day of the experiment . Results Fat loss was ~80 % higher on EVOO compared to the control group ( mean ± SE : −2.4 ± 0.3 kg vs. −1.3 ± 0.4 kg , P = 0.037 ) . EVOO  also reduced diastolic blood pressure when compared to control ( –5.1 ± 1.6 mmHg vs. + 0.3 ± 1.2 mmHg , P = 0.011 ) . Within-group differences ( P < 0.050 ) were observed for HDL-c ( −2.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L ) and IL-10 ( + 0.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL ) in control group , and for serum creatinine ( + 0.04 ± 0.01 µmol/L ) and alkaline phosphatase ( −3.3 ± 1.8 IU/L ) in the EVOO group . There was also a trend for IL-1β  EVOO reduction ( −0.3 ± 0.1 pg/mL , P = 0.060 ) . Conclusion EVOO  consumption reduced body fat and improved blood pressure . Our results indicate that EVOO should be included into energy-restricted programs for obesity treatment Knowledge about the effects of dietary fats on sub clinical inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk are mainly derived from studies conducted in Western population s. Little information is available on South East Asian countries . This current study investigated the chronic effects on serum inflammatory markers , lipids , and lipoproteins of three vegetable oils . Healthy , normolipidemic subjects ( n = 41 ; 33 females , 8 males ) completed a r and omized , single-blind , crossover study . The subjects consumed high oleic palm olein ( HOPO diet : 15 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 9 % of energy 16:0 ) , partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO diet : 7 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 10 % of energy 18:1 trans ) and an unhydrogenated palm stearin ( PST diet : 11 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 14 % of energy 16:0 ) . Each dietary period lasted 5 weeks with a 7 days washout period . The PHSO diet significantly increased serum concentrations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein compared to HOPO and PST diets ( by 26 , 23 % , respectively ; P < 0.05 for both ) and significantly decreased interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ) compared to PST diet ( by 12 % ; P < 0.05 ) . In particular PHSO diet , and also PST diet , significantly increased total : HDL cholesterol ratio compared to HOPO diet ( by 23 , 13 % , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) , with the PST diet having a lesser effect than the PHSO diet ( by 8 % ; P < 0.05 ) . The use of vegetable oils in their natural state might be preferred over one that undergoes the process of hydrogenation in modulating blood lipids and inflammation BACKGROUND Dietary behenic acid ( 22:0 ) is poorly absorbed . Because of its low bioavailability compared with other fatty acids and because of its very long chain length , the effect of dietary behenic acid ( behenate ) on serum lipid concentrations in humans is assumed to be neutral . OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish the cholesterol-raising potential of behenic acid by comparing the effects on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of a specially formulated fat enriched with behenic acid with those of palm oil ( rich in palmitic acid ; 16:0 ) and high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( rich in cis oleic acid ; 18:1 ) . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , 7 mildly hypercholesterolemic men were fed 3 natural-food diets supplemented with behenate oil , palm oil , or high-oleic acid sunflower oil .  Mean serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and plasma triacylglycerol fatty acid composition were determined from fasting blood drawn during the final 4 d of each 3-wk diet period . RESULTS Behenate oil produced mean concentrations of total cholesterol ( 5.87+/-0.8 mmol/L ) and LDL cholesterol ( 4.40+/-0.8 mmol/L ) not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( 5.84+/-0.7 and 4.42+/-0.7 mmol/L , respectively ) but significantly higher than those produced by high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.12+/-0.5 and 3.70+/-0.6 mmol/L , respectively ) . There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations . CONCLUSIONS Despite its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid , behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols Twenty-one healthy normocholesterolemic young adults , men and women , completed a r and omized 30-d/30-d crossover comparison of the effect of palmolein and olive oil on plasma lipids . The subjects were free-living volunteers who changed to low-fat diets  to which one of the test oils was added ( used as a spread , for baking , or for frying ) in turn . Complete food records were kept throughout : the test oils were compared at 17 % of total dietary energy . Under the conditions of this experiment plasma total and low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol were almost identical with the two oils , so that when the palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) in palm oil replaced oleic acid ( 18:1 ) in olive oil the expected increase in LDL cholesterol was not seen . These results indicate that 16:0 , though saturated , is not always a plasma cholesterol-raising fatty acid . Palmolein is rich in vitamin E , alpha-tocopherol , and especially tocotrienols , but the latter were barely detectable in plasma This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted Activities of low-fat diets with olive oil or corn oil on lipids and platelets were studied in 23 middle-aged patients with high atherosclerosis risk for 8 wk . The olive oil diet had a polyunsaturated-saturated ratio of 0.33 vs 1.28 for the corn oil diet .  Plasma total cholesterol was reduced with corn oil , but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower with corn oil and unchanged or raised by olive .  Plasma apolipoprotein B levels were equally reduced by both diets ; apolipoprotein AI and the apo AI : B ratio rose only with olive oil .  Plasma-glucose levels were lowered significantly with olive oil . Changes in platelet function were characterized by a reduced sensitivity to arachidonic acid ( particularly with corn oil ) and to collagen ( particularly with olive ) . An olive oil diet with a moderate fat intake ( about 30 % of total calories ) leads to favorable plasma lipoprotein and platelet changes This r and omized blind crossover study compared  serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in 20 men consuming 37 - 43 % of energy as fat from diets based on corn oil , high-oleic acid sunflower oil , and butter .  Each phase of the crossover design included 2 wk of butter-based diet followed by 5 wk of design ated vegetable-oil-based diet with a 7-wk washout period between phases . Compared with values for the butter-based diet , the vegetable-oil-based diets reduced serum total cholesterol by 16 - 21 % ( p less than 0.001 ) , LDL cholesterol by 21 - 26 % ( p less than 0.001 ) , triglycerides by 10 - 21 % ( p less than 0.01 for the higher figure ) , and apolipoprotein B-100 by 22 - 29 % ( p less than 0.001 ) . When values fell , they fell further on the corn-oil-based diet . There were no significant changes in serum HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein A-1 . These data suggest that when men on diets high in saturated fatty acids reduce their saturated fatty acid intake but not their total fat intake , many can still experience a significant lowering in serum total cholesterol To evaluate which dietary fat may provide the best response in terms of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and also of platelet aggregability and superoxide formation by white blood cells , 12 type II patients were r and omly allocated to three different diets , which provided polyunsaturated fatty acids ( corn oil ) , monounsaturated fatty acids ( olive oil ) , and a supplementation of ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids to a prudent diet . Olive oil and , more significantly , n-3 ethyl esters lowered total cholesterol best ( -2.2 % and -5.8 % , respectively ) ; the latter diet , as expected , also significantly lowered triglyceridemia ( -21.4 % ) . The corn-oil diet exerted a small , statistically significant reduction of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL ) ( -4.3 % ) , and it also lowered plasma total apo B concentrations ( -3.8 % ) . n-3 ethyl esters significantly raised both total ( + 3.1 % ) and particularly HDL2 cholesterol ( + 24 % ) . Platelet reactivity was insignificantly reduced by the three regimens , but all three significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated formation of thromboxane B2 . Finally , only the n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced O2- generation by adherent monocytes . Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are generally effective on the plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type II patients , but significant differences may be found between the three tested regimens Increased HDL-cholesterol levels have been associated with lower coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk . However , HDL are heterogeneous lipoproteins , and particles enriched in apolipoprotein ( Apo ) AII have been associated with increased CHD risk . We examined the effect of dietary intervention on HDL composition in 14 postmenopausal women subjected to two consecutive diet periods , i.e. , an oleic acid sunflower oil diet followed by a palmolein diet , each lasting 4 wk . The linoleic acid was kept at 4 % total energy and the cholesterol intake at 400 mg/d . The palmolein diet increased serum total cholesterol ( TC ) ( P < 0.001 ) , phospholipids ( P < 0.001 ) , Apo AII ( P < 0.001 ) , HDL cholesterol ( P < 0.05 ) , HDL lipids ( P < 0.05 ) , HDL proteins ( P < 0.01 ) and the HDL total mass ( P < 0.05 ) . The HDL cholesterol/Apo AI ratio was increased 22.0 % ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas the HDL cholesterol/Apo AII and the Apo AI/Apo AII ratios were decreased 19.4 % ( P < 0.01 ) and 30.4 % , ( P < 0.001 ) , respectively . When the effects of the dietary intervention were examined according to the cholesterolemia status ( < or > 6.2 mmol/L ) , the most significant changes ( P < 0.001 ) were related to Apo AII levels . Moreover , a significant dietary oil by cholesterol level interaction was found for Apo AII and the HDL cholesterol/Apo AII ratio . In summary , a palmolein diet increased TC and HDL cholesterol compared with oleic acid sunflower oil diet ; however , the increase in Apo AII but not in Apo AI suggests the impairment of reverse cholesterol transport and potentially an increase in CHD risk . This effect was more marked in women with serum TC > 6.2 The effects on plasma lipid concentrations of two oleic acid-rich diets , prepared with two different plant oils -- olive oil and sunflower oil high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)-- were compared with a National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) I diet . Twenty-one healthy , normolipidemic , young males consumed an NCEP-I diet ( 30 % of energy as fat ) during a 25-d period . Subjects were then assigned to two 4-wk study periods , according to a r and omized , crossover design . Group one was placed on an olive oil-enriched diet ( 40 % fat , 22 % MUFAs ) , followed by a 4-wk period of a sunflower oil-enriched diet ( 40 % fat , 22 % MUFAs ) . In group two , the order of the diets was reversed . Both MUFA dietary periods result ed in an increase in high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ( 7 % for the olive oil diet and 4 % for the sunflower oil diet ) and in apolipoprotein ( apo ) A-I ( 9 % for both ) compared with the NCEP-I diet . Low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and apo B concentrations ( x + /- SEM ) were lower ( P < 0.05 ) during the sunflower oil diet ( 2.40 + /- 0.11 mmol/L , 0.85 + /- 0.04 mg/L ) than during the olive oil diet ( 2.64 + /- 0.15 mmol/L , 0.93 + /- 0.05 mg/L ) . No significant differences were observed in these variables between the sunflower oil and NCEP-I ( 2.48 + /- 0.13 mmol/L , 0.89 + /- 0.04 mg/L ) diets . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The effects on serum lipids of palm oil ( PA ) used in Chinese diets were compared with those of soybean oil ( SO ) , peanut oil ( PE ) and lard ( LA ) in normocholesterolemic subjects and with that of PE in hypercholesterolemic subjects . Normocholesterolemic subjects [ 120 men , 18 - 25 y , total cholesterol ( TC ) 2.8 - 5.0 mmol/L ] were assigned to four groups to consume test diets for six consecutive weeks after a run-in period of 3 wk . About 30 % of dietary energy was derived from fat , 75 - 80 % of which came from test oils . In comparison with the entry level , the average serum TC and LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) were 6.7 and 13.1 % lower , respectively , in the PA group and 22.8 and 30.7 % higher , respectively , ( P < 0.05 ) in the LA group . At the end of the test , serum TC , LDL-C and the ratio of TC/HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in the PA group were significantly lower than those of the LA group . Hypercholesterolemic subjects ( 31 men , 20 women , 32 - 68 y , TC 5.5 - 7.0 mmol/L ) were divided into two groups . For 6 wk , one group ( 15 men , 10 women ) consumed the PA diet ; another group ( 16 men , 9 women ) consumed the PE diet . After a 3-wk interval , the two groups interchanged diets for another 6 wk . The test diets again contained about 30 % energy from fat , 60 - 65 % of which came from test oils . Compared with entry values , the PA diet caused significant reductions in serum TC , LDL-C and TC/HDL-C during the first 6 wk and also a significant reduction in TC/HDL-C during the second 6 wk . The PE diet had no significant influence on serum lipids in either experimental period We compared plasma lipid changes due to the polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) in partially hydrogenated soybean oil , corn oil , and sunflower oil fed in reduced-fat diets ( 22 - 26 % of total energy ) . Each oil was the dominant fat in isoenergetic diets of central ly prepared foods consumed by 26 male and 35 female normolipidemic , free-living individuals . Test diets were consumed double-blind , alternating with self-selected diets for 5 wk each . The ranges of proportions of total fat were : 4.7 - 9.7 % polyunsaturated fat , 8.9 - 14.2 % monounsaturated fat and 5.4 - 7.4 % saturated fat . All three diets lowered ( P < 0.0001 ) total cholesterol ( 11 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 13 % ) , and HDL cholesterol ( 10 % ) , without triglyceride changes . We conclude that PUFAs at approximately 6 % of total energy result in clinical ly relevant plasma cholesterol-lowering and that the proportion of polyunsaturated fat must be an important consideration when planning reduced-fat , reduced-saturated-fat diets Although medium-chain triacylglycerols ( MCTs , composed of medium-chain fatty acids 8:0 and 10:0 ) have long been described as having neutral effects on serum cholesterol concentrations , experimental evidence supporting this cl aim is limited . In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , we compared the lipid effects of a natural food diet supplemented with either MCTs , palm oil , or high oleic acid sunflower oil in nine middle-aged men with mild hypercholesterolemia . Rather than having a neutral effect , MCT oil produced total cholesterol concentrations that were not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( MCT oil : 5.87 + /- 0.75 mmol/L ; palm oil : 5.79 + /- 0.72 mmol/L ) but significantly higher than that produced by high oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.22 + /- 0.52 mmol/L ) . Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations paralleled those of total cholesterol .  MCT oil tended to result in higher triacylglycerol concentrations than either palm oil or high oleic acid sunflower oil , but this difference was not significant . There were no differences in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations . The palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acid content of plasma triacylglycerols in the MCT-oil diet was not significantly different from that in the palm oil diet . On the basis of percentage of energy , this study suggests that medium-chain fatty acids have one-half the potency that palmitic acid has at raising total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations BACKGROUND Restricted intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids is emphasized in heart-healthy diets , and replacement with poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids is encouraged . OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich corn oil ( CO ) and monounsaturated fatty acid-rich extra-virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) on plasma lipids in men and women ( N = 54 ) with fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ≥130 mg/dL and < 200 mg/dL and triglycerides ( TG ) ≤350 mg/dL. METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , crossover design ( 21-day treatments , 21-day washout between ) , 4 tablespoons/day CO or EVOO were provided in 3 servings study product/day ( muffin , roll , yogurt ) as part of a weight-maintenance diet ( ∼35 % fat , < 10 % saturated fat , < 300 mg cholesterol ) . Subjects ate breakfast at the clinic every weekday throughout the study . Lunches , dinners , and snacks ( and breakfasts on weekends ) were provided for consumption away from the clinic . RESULTS Baseline mean ( st and ard error ) lipids in mg/dL were : LDL-C 153.3 ( 3.5 ) , total cholesterol ( total-C ) 225.7 ( 3.9 ) , non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL)-C 178.3 ( 3.7 ) , HDL-C 47.4 ( 1.7 ) , total-C/HDL-C 5.0 ( 0.2 ) , and TG 124.8 ( 7.2 ) . CO result ed in significantly larger least-squares mean % changes ( all P < .001 vs EVOO ) from baseline in LDL-C -10.9 vs -3.5 , total-C -8.2 vs -1.8 , non-HDL-C -9.3 vs -1.6 , and total-C/HDL-C -4.4 vs 0.5 . TG rose a smaller amount with CO , 3.5 vs 13.0 % with EVOO ( P = .007 ) . HDL-C responses were not significantly different between conditions ( -3.4 vs -1.7 % ) . CONCLUSION Consumption of CO in a weight-maintenance , low saturated fat and cholesterol diet result ed in more favorable changes in LDL-C and other atherogenic lipids vs EVOO BACKGROUND Metabolic studies suggest that fatty acids containing at least one double bond in the trans configuration , which are found in hydrogenated fat , have a detrimental effect on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels as compared with unsaturated fatty acids containing double bonds only in the cis configuration . We compared the effects of diets with a broad range of trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels . METHODS Eighteen women and 18 men consumed each of six diets  in r and om order for 35-day periods . The foods were identical in each diet , and each diet provided 30 percent of calories as fat , with two thirds of the fat contributed as soybean oil ( < 0.5 g of trans fatty acid per 100 g of fat ) , semiliquid margarine ( < 0.5 g per 100 g ) , soft margarine ( 7.4 g per 100 g ) , shortening ( 9.9 g per 100 g ) , or stick margarine ( 20.1 g per 100 g ) . The effects of those diets on serum lipoprotein cholesterol , triglyceride , and apolipoprotein levels were compared with those of a diet enriched with butter , which has a high content of saturated fat . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol level was 177+/-32 mg per deciliter ( 4.58+/-0.85 mmol per liter ) and the mean high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol level was 45+/-10 mg per deciliter ( 1.2+/-0.26 mmol per liter ) after subjects consumed the butter-enriched diet . The LDL cholesterol level was reduced on average by 12 percent , 11 percent , 9 percent , 7 percent , and 5 percent , respectively , after subjects consumed the diets enriched with soybean oil , semiliquid margarine , soft margarine , shortening , and stick margarine ; the HDL cholesterol level was reduced by 3 percent , 4 percent , 4 percent , 4 percent , and 6 percent , respectively . Ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were lowest after the consumption of the soybean-oil diet and semiliquid-margarine diet and highest after the stick-margarine diet . CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the consumption of products that are low in trans fatty acids and saturated fat has beneficial effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a trans fat-free monounsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil ( NuSun sunflower oil , National Sunflower Association , Bismark , ND ) that is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) and low in saturated fatty acids on lipid and lipoprotein levels and oxidative stress . DESIGN A double-blinded , r and omized , three period crossover , controlled feeding study . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Thirty-one men ( n=12 ) and women ( n=19 ) with moderate hypercholesterolemia who were 25 to 64 years of age . INTERVENTION Experimental diets provided 30 % fat ( olive oil or NuSun sunflower oil contributed one half of the total fat ) , 8.3 % vs 7.9 % saturated fatty acid , 17.2 % vs 14.2 % monounsaturated fatty acid , and 4.3 % vs. 7.7 % PUFA ( olive oil and NuSun sunflower oil , respectively ) , and 294 mg cholesterol . The control diet was an average American diet ( 34 % fat , 11.2 % saturated fatty acid , 14.9 % monounsaturated fatty acid , 7.8 % PUFA ) . Subjects consumed each diet for 4 weeks with a 2-week compliance break before crossing over to another diet . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured , and measures of oxidative stress , including lag time , rate of oxidation , total dienes , and lipid hydroperoxides , were assessed . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The mixed model procedure was used to test for main effects of diet , feeding period , and order of diets . Tukey-Kramer adjusted P values were used to determine diet effects . RESULTS The NuSun sunflower oil diet decreased both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the average American diet and the olive oil diet . There was no effect of the olive oil diet compared with the average American diet . Total cholesterol decreased 4.7 % and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 5.8 % on the NuSun sunflower oil diet vs the average American diet . There was no effect of the experimental diets on triglyceride levels , rate of oxidation , total dienes , lipid hydroperoxides , or alpha-tocopherol . Lag time was the longest following the olive oil diet and shortest following the NuSun sunflower oil diet . CONCLUSIONS The higher PUFA content appeared to account for the greater total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering and reduction in lag time of the NuSun sunflower oil diet . However , the fact that there were no differences in the result ing oxidation products suggests there were no adverse effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation . Since PUFAs are important for cholesterol lowering , foods that replace saturated fatty acids should include a balance of unsaturated fatty acids Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more BACKGROUND Current dietary guidelines recommend the replacement of saturated fatty acids ( SAFAs ) with carbohydrates or monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) based on evidence on lipid profile alone , the chronic effects of the mentioned replacements on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity are however unclear . OBJECTIVE To assess the chronic effects of the substitution of refined carbohydrate or MUFA for SAFA on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in central ly obese subjects . METHODS Using a crossover design , r and omized controlled trial in abdominally overweight men and women , we compared the effects of substitution of 7 % energy as carbohydrate or MUFA for SAFA for a period of 6 weeks each . Fasting and postpr and ial blood sample s in response to corresponding SAFA , carbohydrate , or MUFA-enriched meal-challenges were collected after 6 weeks on each diet treatment for the assessment of outcomes . RESULTS As expected , postpr and ial nonesterified fatty acid suppression and elevation of C-peptide , insulin and glucose secretion were the greatest with high-carbohydrate ( CARB ) meal . Interestingly , CARB meal attenuated postpr and ial insulin secretion corrected for glucose response ; however , the insulin sensitivity and disposition index were not affected . SAFA and MUFA had similar effects on all markers except for fasting glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide concentrations , which increased after MUFA but not SAFA when compared with CARB . CONCLUSION In conclusion , a 6-week lower-fat/higher-carbohydrate ( increased by 7 % refined carbohydrate ) diet may have greater adverse effect on insulin secretion corrected for glucose compared with isocaloric higher-fat diets . In contrast , exchanging MUFA for SAFA at 7 % energy had no appreciable adverse impact on insulin secretion BACKGROUND Despite the high content of palmitic acid , palm olein has been shown to have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations when compared with olive oil , which is suggested to be attributable to palmitic acid in the sn-1 and sn-3 position . In contrast , palmitic acid is in the sn-2 position in lard . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a diet rich in palm olein , fractionated palm oil , olive oil , and lard on plasma blood lipids , inflammatory markers , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN A controlled double-blinded , r and omized 3 × 3 wk crossover dietary intervention study included 32 healthy men who daily replaced part of their habitual dietary fat intake with ~ 17 % of energy from palm olein , olive oil , or lard , respectively . RESULTS Compared with intake of olive oil , palm olein and lard  increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.0001 ) . Palm olein result ed in a lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration than did olive oil ( P < 0.01 ) . No difference in effects was observed in plasma HDL-cholesterol , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , plasminogen activator-1 , insulin , and glucose concentrations . CONCLUSIONS The current study did not support the previous finding that the effect of palm olein on total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in healthy individuals with normal plasma cholesterol concentrations is neutral compared with that of olive oil . Thus , sn-positioning was not confirmed to be important with regard to the effect on plasma cholesterol . The relatively lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration  after the palm olein diet than after the olive oil diet was unexpected . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00743301 OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary intervention with canola or olive oil in comparison with commonly used refined oil in Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a 6-month intervention study including 93 males with NAFLD , matched for age and body mass index ( BMI ) . Subjects were r and omized into three groups to receive olive oil ( n=30 ) , canola oil ( n=33 ) , and commonly used soyabean/safflower oil ( control ; n=30 ) as cooking medium ( not exceeding 20 g/day ) along with counseling for therapeutic lifestyle changes . The BMI , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and insulin levels , lipids , homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HOMA denoting β-cell function ( HOMA-βCF ) , and disposition index ( DI ) were measured at pre- and post-intervention . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test procedures . RESULTS Olive oil intervention led to a significant decrease in weight and BMI ( ANOVA , P=0.01 ) compared with the control oil group . In a comparison of olive and canola oil , a significant decrease in fasting insulin level , HOMA-IR , HOMA-βCF , and DI ( P<0.001 ) was observed in the olive oil group . Pre- and post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein level ( P=0.004 ) in the olive oil group and a significant decrease in FBG ( P=0.03 ) and triglyceride ( P=0.02 ) levels in the canola oil group . The pre- and post-intervention difference in liver span was significant only in the olive ( 1.14 ± 2 cm ; P<0.05 ) and canola ( 0.66 ± 0.33 cm ; P<0.05 ) oil groups . In the olive and canola oil  groups , post-intervention grading of fatty liver was reduced significantly ( grade I , from 73.3 % to 23.3 % and from 60.5 % to 20 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; grade II , from 20 % to 10 % and from 33.4 % to 3.3 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; and grade III , from 6.7 % to none and from 6.1 % to none , respectively ) . In contrast , in the control oil group no significant change was observed . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest significant improvements in grading of fatty liver , liver span , measures of insulin resistance , and lipids with use of canola and olive oil compared with control oils in Asian Indians with NAFLD We investigated the effect of olive oil , rapeseed oil , and sunflower oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins including number and lipid composition of lipoprotein subclasses .  Eighteen young , healthy men participated in a double-blinded r and omized cross-over study ( 3-week intervention period ) with 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet .  Plasma cholesterol , triacylglycerol , apolipoprotein B , and very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) , intermediate density lipoprotein ( IDL ) , and low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations were 10;-20 % higher after consumption of the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets [ analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , P < 0.05 ] . The size of IDL , VLDL , and LDL subfractions did not differ between the diets , whereas a significantly higher number ( apolipoprotein B concentration ) and lipid content of the larger and medium-sized LDL subfractions were observed after the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets ( ANOVA , P < 0.05 ) . Total HDL cholesterol concentration did not differ significantly , but HDL(2a ) cholesterol was higher after olive oil and rapeseed oil compared with sunflower oil ( ANOVA , P < 0.05).In conclusion , rapeseed oil and sunflower oil had more favorable effects on blood lipids and plasma apolipoproteins as well as on the number and lipid content of LDL subfractions compared with olive oil . Some of the differences may be attributed to differences in the squalene and phytosterol contents of the oils This r and omized crossover study compared the impact of virgin coconut oil ( VCO ) to safflower oil ( SO ) on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors . Twelve postmenopausal women ( 58.8 ± 3.7 year ) consumed 30 mL VCO or SO for 28 days , with a 28-day washout . Anthropometrics included body weight and hip and waist circumference . Fat percent for total body , and roid and gynoid , fat mass , and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Women maintained their typical diet recording 28 days of food records during the study . Results were analyzed with SPSS v24 with significance at P ≤ .05 . Comparisons are reported as paired t-test since no intervention sequence effect was observed . VCO  significantly raised total cholesterol , TC ( + 18.2 ± 22.8 mg/dL ) , low-density lipoprotein ( + 13.5 ± 16.0 mg/dL ) , and high-density lipoprotein , HDL ( + 6.6 ± 7.5 mg/dL ) . SO did not significantly change lipid values . TC and HDL were significantly different between test oils . The TC/HDL ratio change showed a neutral effect of both VCO and SO . One person had adverse reactions to VCO and increased inflammation .  VCO  decreased IL-1β for each person who had a detected sample . The impact of VCO and SO on other cytokines varied on an individual basis . This was the first study evaluating the impact of VCO on body composition in Caucasian postmenopausal women living in the United States . Results are suggestive that individuals wishing to use coconut oil in their diets can do so safely , but more studies need to be conducted with larger sample sizes , diverse population s , and more specific clinical markers such as particle size The study deals with 412 men , aged 30 to 64 years , r and omized 1 to 2 years after a first myocardial infa rct ion . For the experimental group a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol , and high in polyunsaturated fats was recommended . After 5 years , as reported previously , the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial reinfa rct ion was found to be significantly reduced . “ Sudden death ” was uninfluenced . Major coronary heart disease ( CHD ) relapses , including fatal and nonfatal events ( MI ) , were significantly reduced ( P = 0.05).After 11 years , death from all causes had occurred in 101 of the original dieters and 108 controls . A significantly reduced myocardial infa rct ion mortality in the original diet group was found ( 32 versus 57 , P = 0.004 ) . The total number of coronary deaths ( fatal myocardial infa rct ion and sudden death ) was 79 in the diet group and 94 in the control group ( P = 0.097).The CHD mortality was correlated with age , serum cholesterol level , blood pressure , body weight , smoking habits , and a combination of these risk factors Background / objectives : Dietary triacylglycerols containing palmitic acid in the sn-2 position might impair insulin release and increase plasma glucose . Subjects/ Methods : We used a cross-over design ed feeding trial in 53 healthy Asian men and women ( 20–50 years ) to test this hypothesis by exchanging 20 % energy of palm olein ( PO ; control ) with r and omly interesterified PO ( IPO ) or high oleic acid sunflower oil ( HOS ) . After a 2-week run-in period on PO , participants were fed PO , IPO and HOS for 6 week consecutively in r and omly allocated sequences . Fasting ( midpoint and endpoint ) and postpr and ial blood at the endpoint following a test meal ( 3.54 MJ , 14 g protein , 85 g carbohydrate and 50 g fat as PO ) were collected for the measurement of C-peptide , insulin , glucose , plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 , lipids and apolipoproteins ; pre-specified primary and secondary outcomes were postpr and ial changes in C-peptide and plasma glucose . Results : Low density lipoprotein cholesterol was 0.3 mmol/l ( 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) ) 0.1 , 0.5 ; P<0.001 ) lower on HOS than on PO or IPO as predicted , indicating good compliance to the dietary intervention . There were no significant differences ( P=0.58 ) between diets among the 10 male and 31 female completers in the incremental area under the curve ( 0–2 h ) for C-peptide in nmol.120 min/l : GM ( 95 % CI ) were PO 220 ( 196 , 245 ) , IPO 212 ( 190 , 235 ) and HOS 224 ( 204 , 244 ) . Plasma glucose was 8 % lower at 2 h on IPO vs PO and HOS ( both P<0.05 ) . Conclusion : Palmitic acid in the sn-2 position does not adversely impair insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis To assess whether the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify the plasma lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk variables in postmenopausal women at risk of cardiovascular disease , a longitudinal , r and omized , and crossover study was carried out with postmenopausal women at risk of CVD . They were r and omly assigned to eat each type of breakfast during one month : 6 study periods ( breakfast with the same composition plus butter/margarine/virgin olive oil ) separated by two washout periods . On the first and last days of each study period , weight , arterial blood pressure , heart rate , and body mass index were recorded in fasting conditions and a blood sample was collected to measure plasma lipid profile . When comparing final values to baseline values , we only found out statistically significant differences on plasma lipid profiles .  Butter-based breakfast increased total cholesterol and HDL , while margarine-based breakfast decreased total cholesterol and LDL and increased HDL . After the olive oil-based breakfast intake , a tendency towards a decrease of total cholesterol and LDL levels and an increase of HDL levels was observed . No statistically significant differences were observed in triglycerides levels , BMI , and arterial pressure in any breakfast type . The margarine-based breakfast was the only one which significantly increased the percentage of volunteers with optimal lipid profiles . The polyunsaturated fat at breakfast has improved the plasma lipid profile in the analyzed sample population , suggesting that PUFA-based breakfast can be advisable in women at risk of CVD Background Dietary trans-rich and interesterified fats were compared to an unmodified saturated fat for their relative impact on blood lipids and plasma glucose . Each fat had melting characteristics , plasticity and solids fat content suitable for use as hardstock in margarine and other solid fat formulations . Methods Thirty human volunteers were fed complete , whole food diets during 4 wk periods , where total fat ( ~31 % daily energy , > 70 % from the test fats ) and fatty acid composition were tightly controlled . A crossover design was used with 3 r and omly-assigned diet rotations and repeated- measures analysis . One test fat rotation was based on palm olein ( POL ) and provided 12.0 percent of energy ( % en ) as palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) ; a second contained trans-rich partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO ) and provided 3.2 % en as trans fatty acids plus 6.5 % en as 16:0 , while the third used an interesterified fat ( IE ) and provided 12.5 % en as stearic acid ( 18:0 ) . After 4 wk the plasma lipoproteins , fatty acid profile , as well as fasting glucose and insulin were assessed . In addition , after 2 wk into each period an 8 h postpr and ial challenge was initiated in a subset of 19 subjects who consumed a meal containing 53 g of test fat . Results After 4 wk , both PHSO and IE fats significantly elevated both the LDL/HDL ratio and fasting blood glucose , the latter almost 20 % in the IE group relative to POL . Fasting 4 wk insulin was 10 % lower after PHSO ( p > 0.05 ) and 22 % lower after IE ( p < 0.001 ) compared to POL . For the postpr and ial study the glucose incremental area under the curve ( IAUC ) following the IE meal was 40 % greater than after either other meal ( p < 0.001 ) , and was linked to relatively depressed insulin and C-peptide ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both PHSO and IE fats altered the metabolism of lipoproteins and glucose relative to an unmodified saturated fat when fed to humans under identical circumstances Background The effects of alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) on cardiovascular risk factors considerably vary between published reports . Therefore , we investigated the effects of 12-week supplementation with flaxseed oil ( FO ) , which is a rich source of ALA , on  cardiovascular risk factors such as serum small dense low-density lipoprotein ( sd-LDL ) concentrations .  Methods In a r and omized , double blind , crossover study , 15 subjects ingested 10 g of FO or corn oil ( CO ) , containing 5.49 g and 0.09 g of ALA , respectively , once daily with dinner . Blood sample s were collected at 0 , 4 and 12 weeks , and were used for analysis of serum lipid , lipid-related proteins , serum fatty acids and serum sd-LDL cholesterol . Differences during the test period were identified using a repeated- measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for within-group effects . Group differences were identified using paired t-test at each blood sampling time point . Results ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations were significantly higher in the FO period at 4 and 12 weeks than in the CO period . No significant differences in docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were observed between two periods , and cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein B concentrations were significantly lower in the FO period than in the CO period at 12 weeks . FO supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in sd-LDL concentrations at 4 and 12 weeks , and CO supplementation had no effect . Moreover , sd-LDL concentrations were significantly lower in the FO period than in the CO period at 4 weeks . Among subjects with triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations  of > 100 mg/dl , FO supplementation markedly reduced sd-LDL concentrations at 4 and 12 weeks compared with baseline . Sd-LDL concentrations significantly differed between the periods at both 4 and 12 weeks . Conclusion This study indicates that the FO , which is a rich source of ALA , leads to lower sd-LDL cholesterol concentrations The effect of rice bran oil , and oil not commonly consumed in the United States , on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations was studied within the context of a National Cholesterol Education Panel ( NCEP ) Step 2 diet and compared with the effects of canola , corn , and olive oils . The study subjects were 15 middle-aged and elderly subjects ( 8 postmenopausal women and 7 men ; age range , 44 to 78 years ) with elevated low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( C ) concentrations ( range , 133 to 219 mg/dL ) .  Diets enriched in each of the test oils were consumed by each subject for 32-day periods in a double-blind fashion and were ordered in a Latin square design . All food and drink were provided by the metabolic research unit . Diet components were identical ( 17 % of calories as protein , 53 % as carbohydrate , 30 % as fat [ < 7 % as saturated fat ] , and 80 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal ) except that two thirds of the fat in each diet was contributed by rice bran , canola , corn , or olive oil .  Mean + /- SD plasma total cholesterol concentrations were 192 + /- 19 , 194 + /- 20 , 194 + /- 19 , and 205 + /- 19 mg/dL , and LDL-C concentrations were 109 + /- 30 , 109 + /- 26 , 108 + /- 31 , and 112 + /- 29 mg/dL after consumption of the rice bran , canola , corn , and olive oil-enriched diets , respectively . Plasma cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations were similar and statistically indistinguishable when the subjects consumed the rice bran , canola , and corn oil-enriched diets and lower than when they consumed the olive oil-enriched diet . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Background Dietary alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) has been associated with reduced risk of development of atherosclerosis . Adiponectin is a hormone specifically secreted by adipocytes and considered to have anti-atherogenic properties . Aim of the study We examined the effect of increased dietary intake of ALA on plasma concentration of adiponectin . Methods Thirty-five non-diabetic , dyslipidemic men , 38–71 years old , were r and omly allocated to take either 15 ml of flaxseed oil rich in ALA ( 8.1 g/day ; n = 18 ) , or 15 ml of safflower oil per day , containing the equivalent n-6 fatty acid ( 11.2 g/day linoleic acid , LA ; n = 17 ) ( control group ) . The intervention period lasted for 12 weeks . Results Plasma levels of adiponectin did not change after the increase in dietary intake of ALA in the flaxseed oil supplementation group , compared to the control group . No changes in body mass index , serum lipid concentrations , LDL density , or plasma TNF-α were found in the flaxseed oil versus the control group . Conclusions Dietary ALA has no effect on plasma adiponectin concentration in dyslipidemic men BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease . We examined whether dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) affects the levels of inflammatory markers in dyslipidaemic patients . METHODS We recruited 76 male dyslipidaemic patients ( mean age=51+/-8 years ) following a typical Greek diet . They were r and omly assigned either to 15 ml of linseed oil ( rich in ALA ) per day ( n=50 ) or to 15 ml of safflower oil ( rich in linoleic acid ( LA , 18:2n-6 ) ) per day ( n=26 ) . The ratio of n-6:n-3 in linseed oil supplemented group was 1.3:1 and in safflower oil supplemented group 13.2:1 . Dietary intervention lasted for 3 months . Blood lipids and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) levels were determined prior and after intervention . CRP and SAA were measured by nephelometry and IL-6 by immunoassay . RESULTS Dietary supplementation with ALA decreased significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels . The median decrease of CRP was 38 % ( 1.24 vs. 0.93 mg/l , P=0.0008 ) , of SAA 23.1 % ( 3.24 vs. 2.39 mg/l , P=0.0001 ) and of IL-6 10.5 % ( 2.18 vs. 1.7 pg/ml , P=0.01 ) . The decrease of inflammatory markers was independent of lipid changes . Dietary supplementation with LA did not affect significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 concentrations but decreased cholesterol levels . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ALA for 3 months decreases significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels  in dyslipidaemic patients . This anti-inflammatory effect may provide a possible additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of plant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease BACKGROUND Hypolipidemic effects of vegetable oils have been demonstrated in a number of studies , but there is no study , which compares the effects of canola oil ( CO ) and rice bran oil ( RBO ) on diabetic patient . We aim ed to compare the effects of CO and RBO consumption on blood lipids in women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS Seventy-five postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes participated in this single-center , r and omized , controlled , parallel-group trial in Shiraz , Iran . Participants were r and omly allocated to three groups including a control group ( balance diet + 30 g/d sunflower oil ) and two intervention groups ( balance diet + 30 g/day CO or RBO ) . At baseline and after 8 weeks , serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) were measured . RESULTS At 8 weeks , mean of serum levels of TG ( mg/dL ) , TC ( mg/dL ) , and LDL-C ( mg/dL ) significantly decreased in the CO group ( -23.66 , P < .001 ; -11.92 , P < .001 ; and -6.33 , P = .013 , respectively ) and RBO group ( -38.62 , P < .001 ; -17.25 , P < .001 ; and -8.90 , P = .002 , respectively ) compared with the controls ( 7.01 , 4.06 , and 2.90 , respectively ) . Also , in comparison with CO group , the changes of TG , LDL-C , and non-HDL-C levels were significantly more in the RBO group ( P = .007 , P = .012 , and P = .011 , respectively ) . Levels of serum HDL-C remained unchanged in all groups at the end of study . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of RBO or CO for sunflower oil could attenuate lipid disorders in type 2 diabetes women . Moreover , RBO could improve lipid profile more efficiently than CO Little is known about the physiological effects of red palm olein ( RPO ) . The effects of red palm olein and palm olein ( POL ) compared to sunflower oil ( SFO ) , on lipids , haemostatic factors and fibrin network characteristics in hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers were investigated . Fifty-nine free-living , hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers participated in this r and omized , controlled , single blind parallel study . After a 4-week run-in , during which subjects received sunflower oil products , they were paired and r and omly assigned to one of three intervention groups receiving products containing 25 g/day ( approximately 12 % of total energy intake ) of either red palm olein , palm olein or sunflower oil for another 4 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , blood sample s and dietary intakes were measured before run-in , and before and after intervention . The differences in changes in total serum cholesterol response between palm olein and red palm olein ( + 0.59 vs. + 0.18 mmol/l ; p=0.053 ) , and between palm olein and sunflower oil ( + 0.59 vs. -0.003 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) were significant . The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLC ) response in the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups also differed significantly ( + 0.42 vs. -0.11 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( tPA(ag ) ) decreased significantly in the red palm olein group compared to the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups . No effects were found in other haemostatic variables .  Palm olein and red palm olein had no independent effect on fibrin network characteristics . In conclusion , compared to palm olein , red palm olein had less detrimental effects on the lipid profile and decreased tissue plasminogen activator antigen . Studies in larger groups are advised for confirmation of results , elucidation of mechanisms and effects of nonglyceride constituents of red palm oil ( PO ) Summary Background Both hempseed oil ( HO ) and flaxseed oil ( FO ) contain high amounts of essential fatty acids ( FAs ) ; i.e. linoleic acid ( LA , 18:2n-6 ) and alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) , but almost in opposite ratios . An excessive intake of one essential FA over the other may interfere with the metabolism of the other while the metabolisms of LA and ALA compete for the same enzymes . It is not known whether there is a difference between n-3 and n-6 FA of plant origin in the effects on serum lipid profile . Aim of the study To compare the effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids and fasting concentrations of serum total and lipoprotein lipids , plasma glucose and insulin , and haemostatic factors in healthy humans . Methods Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in the study . A r and omised , double-blind crossover design was used . The volunteers consumed HO and FO ( 30 ml/day ) for 4 weeks each . The periods were separated by a 4-week washout period . Results The HO period result ed in higher proportions of both LA and gamma-linolenic acid in serum cholesteryl esters ( CE ) and triglycerides ( TG ) as compared with the FO period ( P < 0.001 ) , whereas the FO period result ed in a higher proportion of ALA in both serum CE and TG as compared with the HO period ( P < 0.001 ) . The proportion of arachidonic acid in CE was lower after the FO period than after the HO period ( P < 0.05 ) . The HO period result ed in a lower total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio compared with the FO period ( P = 0.065 ) . No significant differences were found between the periods in measured values of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids , plasma glucose , insulin or hemostatic factors . Conclusions The effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids differed significantly , with only minor effects on concentrations of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids , and no significant changes in concentrations of plasma glucose or insulin or in haemostatic factors BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease . Recent studies have pointed out the possibility that virgin olive oil ( VOO ) may lower blood pressure in hypertensive ( HT ) subjects . However , until the date there is scarce information regarding elderly people . The present study was design ed to assess the effect of dietary VOO on blood pressure in medically treated hypertensive elderly patients . METHODS 31 medically treated HT elderly patients and 31 normotensive ( NT ) elderly volunteers participated in a r and omized sequential dietary intervention . Subjects consumed diets enriched in sunflower oil ( SO ) or VOO for 4 weeks each with a 4-week washout period between them . RESULTS VOO reduced total and LDL-cholesterol in NT but not in HT ( P < 0.01 ) and the concentrations were lower than in the group consuming SO . In contrast , no significant differences were found in the levels of tocopherols among the groups studied . Iron-induced oxidation of LDL result ed in a complete loss of monoacylglycerols ( MG ) and diacylglycerols ( DG ) and a reduction in triacylglycerols ( TG ) ( 60 - 80 % ) , which was found to be greater in HT ( P < 0.01 ) with no effect of diet . VOO consumption normalized systolic pressure in the HT group ( 136 + /- 10 mmHg ) compared to SO ( 150 + /- 8 mmHg ) . CONCLUSION Dietary VOO proved to be helpful in reducing the systolic pressure of treated HT elderly subjects . However , a greater resistance to the lowering effect of VOO of total and LDL-cholesterol and a greater susceptibility to TG oxidation was detected in these patients BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the in vivo effects of a diet rich in virgin olive oil or sunflower oil on the lipid profile and on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modification in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease . METHODS A total of 20 Spanish male subjects diagnosed with peripheral vascular disease were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 10 ) receiving different supplements , virgin olive oil and sunflower oil for 4 months . RESULTS The adaptation of patients to the experimental supplements was demonstrated since plasma and LDL fatty acids composition reflected dietary fatty acids . No differences in triglycerides , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations were found between the groups of patients . A significantly higher LDL susceptibility to oxidation was observed after sunflower oil intake in comparison with virgin olive oil , in spite of an increase in LDL alpha-tocopherol concentration in sunflower oil group . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study provide further evidence that sunflower-oil-enriched diets does not protect LDL against oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease BACKGROUND Butter is known to have a cholesterol-raising effect and , therefore , has often been included as a negative control in dietary studies , whereas the effect of moderate butter intake has not been eluci date d to our knowledge . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of moderate butter intake , moderate olive oil intake , and a habitual diet on blood lipids , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN The study was a controlled , double-blinded , r and omized 2 × 5-wk crossover dietary intervention study with a 14-d run-in period during which subjects consumed their habitual diets . The study included 47 healthy men and women ( mean ± SD total cholesterol : 5.22 ± 0.90 mmol/L ) who substituted a part of their habitual diets with 4.5 % of energy from butter or refined olive oil .  RESULTS Study subjects were 70 % women with a mean age and body mass index ( in kg/m² ) of 40.4 y and 23.5 , respectively .  Butter intake increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol more than did olive oil intake ( P < 0.05 ) and the run-in period ( P < 0.005 and P < 0.05 , respectively ) and increased HDL cholesterol compared with the run-in period ( P < 0.05 ) . No difference in effects was observed for triacylglycerol , hsCRP , insulin , and glucose concentrations . The intake of saturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the butter period than in the olive oil and run-in periods ( P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Moderate intake of butter result ed in increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared with the effects of olive oil intake and a habitual diet ( run-in period ) . Furthermore , moderate butter intake was also followed by an increase in HDL cholesterol compared with the habitual diet . We conclude that hypercholesterolemic people should keep their consumption of butter to a minimum , whereas moderate butter intake may be considered part of the diet in the normocholesterolemic population OBJECTIVE Compared to vegetable oils in their unmodified state , partially-hydrogenated fat is associated with less favorable effects on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors . Acceptable alternatives must be adjudicated . Our objective was to assess the effect of a recent commercial fat substitution , corn oil for partially-hydrogenated soybean oil . METHODS Using a double-blind cross-over design , 30 postmenopausal women > or=50 years with LDL-cholesterol concentrations > or=120 mg/dL were r and omly assigned to each of two 35-day phases ; all food and beverage was provided to maintain body weight . Corn or partially-hydrogenated soybean oil was incorporated throughout the diet and contributed two-thirds of fat . Primary outcomes included fasting and non-fasting lipid , lipoprotein , apolipoprotein , and fasting high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) concentrations ; secondary outcomes included fasting small dense LDL (sdLDL)-cholesterol , remnant lipoprotein cholesterol ( RemLC ) , glycated albumin , adiponectin and immunoreactive insulin concentrations , and endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) and lecithin : cholesterol acyl transferase ( LCAT ) activities . RESULTS Relative to the partially-hydrogenated soybean oil enriched diet , the corn oil enriched diet result ed in lower fasting total cholesterol ( 7 % ; P<0.0001 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( 10 % ; P<0.0001 ) , VLDL-cholesterol ( 7 % ; P=0.052 ) , apo B ( 9 % ; P<0.0001 ) , lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] ( 5 % ; P=0.024 ) , sdLDL-cholesterol ( 17 % ; P=0.001 ) , and RemLC ( 20 % ; P=0.007 ) concentrations , and no significant effect on the other outcomes . Changes in postpr and ial ( 4-h post-meal ) lipid , lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations were similar to the fasting state . CONCLUSION The replacement of partially-hydrogenated soybean oil with corn oil favorably affects a range of CVD risk factors and is an appropriate option to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals The present studies were conducted to evaluate the cholesterolemic effects of whole-food diets high in stearic acid . In study no. 1 , normocholesterolemic young men were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by cocoa butter ( CB ) ; oleic acid provided by olive oil ( OO ) ; linoleic acid provided by soybean oil ( SO ) ; and myristic acid ( and lauric acid ) provided by dairy butter ( B ) . In study no. 2 , different subjects with similar baseline characteristics were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by milk chocolate ( C ) , CB , CB+B ( 4:1 , MIX ) , and myristic ( and lauric ) acid provided by B. Both studies used a r and omized , crossover , double-blind experimental design , and experimental subjects ( n = 18 for study no. 1 and n = 15 for study no. 2 ) in each study consumed every diet for 26 days with a 1-month wash-out period between each experimental period . The diets provided 37 % of calories from fat , of which 81 % was provided by the test fat . Ten ounces ( 280 g ) C was provided daily by the C diet . In study no. 1 , the B diet was hypercholesterolemic , whereas the SO diet was hypocholesterolemic , compared with the other diets . The OO and SO diets were hypocholesterolemic compared with the CB diet . Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels , in general , paralleled the changes in plasma total cholesterol levels . SO significantly decreased apolipoprotein ( apo ) B levels compared with the other diets . Plasma very-low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , and apo A-I levels were unaffected by the experimental diets . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS OBJECTIVE Olive oil ( OO ) is a rich source of monounsaturated fat and bioactive components that exert strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . Flaxseed oil ( FO ) is rich in α-linolenic n-3 fatty acid ( ALA ) , which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects . This r and omized , cross-over study aim ed at exploring whether diet 's enrichment with FO could beneficially alter inflammatory markers and lipid profile , compared to OO , in a sample of normal weight , apparently healthy young adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Participants were supplied with 15 mL/day of either FO or OO . Each intervention and the wash-out period lasted 6 weeks . Dietary , anthropometric and physical activity variables were recorded at the beginning and the end of each intervention . Serum biochemical and inflammatory markers were measured . Compliance to the intervention was evaluated by fatty acid analysis in erythrocytes . Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the treatment . RESULTS Thirty seven participants completed the study . No difference between the two interventions was observed in adiponectin , TNF-α , high sensitivity-CRP or glucose levels and lipid profile . At the end of the FO period , participants exhibited significant reductions in total ( -5.0 % ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -6.7 % ) levels ( all P<0.01 ) . During the FO and the OO period serum adiponectin changes were significantly correlated with changes in erythrocyte % ALA ( rs=0.34 , P=0.007 ) and in erythrocyte % EPA ( r(s)=0.47 , P=0.01 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FO did not confer any benefit in inflammatory or biochemical markers in normal weight young adults , who traditionally use olive oil as the main edible oil BACKGROUND Dietary fat type is known to modulate the plasma lipid profile , but its effects on plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers are unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared with palm olein , coconut oil ( CO ) , or virgin olive oil on plasma homocysteine and selected markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in healthy adults . DESIGN A r and omized-crossover intervention with 3 dietary sequences of 5 wk each was conducted in 45 healthy subjects . The 3 test fats , namely palmitic acid (16:0)-rich palm olein ( PO ) , lauric and myristic acid ( 12:0 + 14:0)-rich CO , and oleic acid (18:1)-rich virgin olive oil ( OO ) , were incorporated at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the effects of the 3 diets on plasma total homocysteine ( tHcy ) and the inflammatory markers TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , and IL-8 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and interferon-γ . Diets prepared with PO and OO had comparable nonhypercholesterolemic effects ; the postpr and ial total cholesterol for both diets and all fasting lipid indexes for the OO diet were significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) than for the CO diet . Unlike the PO and OO diets , the CO diet was shown to decrease postpr and ial lipoprotein(a ) . CONCLUSION Diets that were rich in saturated fatty acids prepared with either PO or CO , and an OO diet that was high in oleic acid , did not alter postpr and ial or fasting plasma concentrations of tHcy and selected inflammatory markers . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00941837 Camelina sativa-derived oil ( camelina oil ) is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid . The proportion of alpha-linolenic acid in serum fatty acids is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases . We studied the effects of camelina oil on serum lipids and on the fatty acid composition of total lipids in comparison to rapeseed and olive oils in a parallel , double-blind setting . Sixty-eight hypercholesterolemic subjects aged 28 to 65 years were r and omly assigned after a 2-week pretrial period to 1 of 3 oil groups : camelina oil , olive oil , and rapeseed oil . Subjects consumed daily 30 g ( actual intake , approximately 33 mL ) of test oils for 6 weeks . In the camelina group , the proportion of alpha-linolenic acid in fatty acids of serum lipids was significantly higher ( P < .001 ) compared to the 2 other oil groups at the end of the study : 2.5 times higher compared to the rapeseed oil group and 4 times higher compared to the olive oil group . Respectively the proportions of 2 metabolites of alpha-linolenic acid ( eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids ) increased and differed significantly in the camelina group from those in other groups . During the intervention , the serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentration decreased significantly by 12.2 % in the camelina oil group , 5.4 % in the rapeseed oil group , and 7.7 % in the olive oil group . In conclusion , camelina oil significantly elevated the proportions of alpha-linolenic acid and its metabolites in serum of mildly or moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects .  Camelina oil 's  serum cholesterol-lowering effect was comparable to that of rapeseed and olive oils The effects of a diet containing soybean oil ( SBO ) , rice bran oil ( RBO ) , palm oil ( PO ) or a RBO/PO ( 3:1 ) mixture on the composition and oxidation of small dense low-density lipoproteins ( sdLDL ) in 16 hypercholesterolaemic women were investigated . During the 8-week control period , participants consumed a free-choice weight-maintaining diet comprising carbohydrate ( 55 % energy ) , protein ( 15 % energy ) and fat ( 30 % energy ) with < 300 mg/day of cholesterol . During each 10-week study period , participants consumed this same diet but with the addition of one of the three test oils or the RBO/PO mixture .  Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly reduced during SBO , RBO and RBO/PO consumption , while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly decreased by SBO consumption . There was a significant reduction in sdLDL-cholesterol levels only after using SBO and it tended to be reduced during RBO/PO consumption , whereas it was significantly increased following PO consumption . The sdLDL oxidation lag time was significantly increased during PO , RBO/PO and RBO consumption , but significantly reduced following SBO . The results for the RBO/PO mixture suggest that this oil mixture might further reduce the risk of atherosclerosis In a prospect i ve , r and omised single-blinded secondary prevention trial we compared the effect of a Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet to the usual post-infa rct prudent diet .  After a first myocardial infa rct ion , patients were r and omly assigned to the experimental ( n = 302 ) or control group ( n = 303 ) . Patients were seen again 8 weeks after r and omisation , and each year for 5 years . The experimental group consumed significantly less lipids , saturated fat , cholesterol  , and  linoleic acid  but more  oleic  and  alpha-linolenic acids  confirmed by measurements in plasma . Serum lipids , blood pressure , and body mass index remained similar in the 2 groups . In the experimental group , plasma levels of albumin , vitamin E , and vitamin C were increased , and granulocyte count decreased . After a mean follow up of 27 months , there were 16 cardiac deaths in the control and 3 in the experimental group ; 17 non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion in the control and 5 in the experimental groups : a risk ratio for these two main endpoints combined of 0.27 ( 95 % CI 0.12 - 0.59 , p = 0.001 ) after adjustment for prognostic variables . Overall mortality was 20 in the control , 8 in the experimental group , an adjusted risk ratio of 0.30 ( 95 % CI 0.11 - 0.82 , p = 0.02 ) . An alpha-linolenic acid-rich Mediterranean diet seems to be more efficient than presently used diets in the secondary prevention of coronary events and death Background Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown inverse associations between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk . Methods In a multicenter trial in Spain , we assigned 7447 participants ( 55 to 80 years of age , 57 % women ) who were at high cardiovascular risk , but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment , to one of three diets : a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra‐virgin olive oil , a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts , or a control diet ( advice to reduce dietary fat ) . Participants received quarterly educational sessions and , depending on group assignment , free provision of extra‐virgin olive oil , mixed nuts , or small nonfood gifts . The primary end point was a major cardiovascular event ( myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , or death from cardiovascular causes ) . After a median follow‐up of 4.8 years , the trial was stopped on the basis of a prespecified interim analysis . In 2013 , we reported the results for the primary end point in the Journal . We subsequently identified protocol deviations , including enrollment of household members without r and omization , assignment to a study group without r and omization of some participants at 1 of 11 study sites , and apparent inconsistent use of r and omization tables at another site . We have withdrawn our previously published report and now report revised effect estimates based on analyses that do not rely exclusively on the assumption that all the participants were r and omly assigned . Results A primary end‐point event occurred in 288 participants ; there were 96 events in the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra‐virgin olive oil ( 3.8 % ) , 83 in the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts ( 3.4 % ) , and 109 in the control group ( 4.4 % ) . In the intention‐to‐treat analysis including all the participants and adjusting for baseline characteristics and propensity scores , the hazard ratio was 0.69 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.53 to 0.91 ) for a Mediterranean diet with extra‐virgin olive oil and 0.72 ( 95 % CI , 0.54 to 0.95 ) for a Mediterranean diet with nuts , as compared with the control diet . Results were similar after the omission of 1588 participants whose study ‐group assignments were known or suspected to have departed from the protocol . Conclusions In this study involving persons at high cardiovascular risk , the incidence of major cardiovascular events was lower among those assigned to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra‐virgin olive oil or nuts than among those assigned to a reduced‐fat diet . ( Funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Spanish Ministry of Health , and others ; Current Controlled Trials number , IS RCT N35739639 . This study examines , for the first time , the effect of  hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipids related to CVD risk factors . One hundred sixty eligible participants were r and omized and assigned to one of the two treatments : 25 mL hybrid palm oil ( HPO group ) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO group ) daily for 3 months . Fasting venous sample s were obtained at baseline and after 1 , 2 and 3 months for measurement of plasma lipids ( TC , LDL-C , HDL-C and TAGs ) . Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed . Although there was an overall reduction in TC ( 7.4 % , p < 0.001 ) and in LDL-C ( 15.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TC ( p = 0.0525 ) , LDL-C ( p = 0.2356 ) , HDL-C ( p = 0.8293 ) or TAGs ( p = 0.3749 ) . Furthermore , HPO consumption had similar effects on plasma lipids to EVOO , thus providing additional support for the concept that hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil can be seen as a " tropical equivalent of olive oil "
target: Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
background: The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .