title: Effects of amount and type of dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) on short-term control of appetite. Kochujang, fermented soybean-based red pepper paste, decreases visceral fat and improves blood lipid profiles in overweight adults Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. A haplotype of three SNPs in FTO had a strong association with body composition and BMI in Iranian male adolescents Predictors of Mortality Over 8 Years in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women Whey protein supplementation preserves postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during short-term energy restriction in overweight and obese adults. Effect of 6 months of exercise and isoflavone supplementation on clinical cardiovascular risk factors in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind study Effect of a daily supplement of soy protein on body composition and insulin secretion in postmenopausal women. Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee The effects of high-carbohydrate vs high-fat breakfasts on feelings of fullness and alertness, and subsequent food intake. Effects of soya isoflavones and exercise on body composition and clinical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in overweight postmenopausal women: a 6-month double-blind controlled trial. Effect of soy drink replacement in a weight reducing diet on anthropometric values and blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths. Visceral fat and body weight are reduced in overweight adults by the supplementation of Doenjang, a fermented soybean paste Soy fiber improves weight loss and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Additive effects of isoflavones and exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and body composition in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial Comparison of the effects of cows' milk, fortified soy milk, and calcium supplement on weight and fat loss in premenopausal overweight and obese women. Effect of exercise training and isoflavones on hepatic steatosis in overweight postmenopausal women Soy compared to casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial. Effect of Soymilk Consumption on Waist Circumference and Cardiovascular Risks among Overweight and Obese Female Adults Isoflavones and clinical cardiovascular risk factors in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones are potentially effective in reducing hot flashes in menopausal women Effect of national wealth on BMI: An analysis of 206,266 individuals in 70 low-, middle- and high-income countries Preliminary study: soy milk as effective as skim milk in promoting weight loss. Weight Loss and Lipid Changes with Low-Energy Diets: Comparator Study of Milk-Based versus Soy-Based Liquid Meal Replacement Interventions Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic, postmenopausal women: a two-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects. Weight reduction effects of a black soy peptide supplement in overweight and obese subjects: double blind, randomized, controlled study. Effects of consuming a high‐protein diet with or without soy protein during weight loss and maintenance: a non‐inferiority, randomized clinical efficacy trial Response of Gait Output and Handgrip Strength to Changes in Body Fat Mass in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
abstract: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake Health benefits of Kochujang ( KCJ ) and its bioactive compounds have been reported in several in vitro and animal studies . Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of KCJ supplementation on body composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight adults . Methods Sixty overweight men and women with BMI ≥23 kg/m2 and waist-hip-ratio ( WHR ) ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women were r and omly assigned to a KCJ supplement ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) or placebo ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) group for a 12-week , double-blind , placebo controlled study . We measured anthropometric parameters , serum lipid profiles , abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography and calculated the atherosclerosis indices in 53 subjects ( n=26 in KCJ group , n=27 in placebo group ) who completed the study . Results After 12 weeks , the KCJ group showed a significant reduction in visceral fat ( cm2 ) ( p<0.05 ) , although body weight ( kg ) and WHR did not change . Serum concentration of triglycerides and ApoB were decreased when compared to those of the placebo group . Conclusion KCJ supplementation ( 32 g/day ) for 12 weeks in overweight adults showed anti-atherosclerotic and anti-obesogenic effects . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov Identifier : BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies that directly examine changes in whole-grain consumption in relation to weight gain are sparse , and characterization of this association has been obscured by method ologic inconsistencies in the assessment of whole grains . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to ascertain the associations between changes in new quantitative estimates of whole-grain intake and 8-y  weight gain among US men . DESIGN The study was conducted in a prospect i ve cohort of 27 082 men aged 40 - 75 y at baseline in 1986 . Data on lifestyle factors were obtained periodically by using self-reported question naires , and participants measured and reported their body weight in 1986 and 1994 . RESULTS In multivariate analyses , an increase in whole-grain intake was inversely associated with long-term weight gain ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . A dose-response relation was observed , and for every 40-g/d increment in whole-grain intake from all foods , weight gain was reduced by 0.49 kg . Bran that was added to the diet or obtained from fortified-grain foods further reduced the risk of weight gain ( P for trend = 0.01 ) , and , for every 20 g/d increase in intake , weight gain was reduced by 0.36 kg . Changes in cereal and fruit fiber were inversely related to weight gain . No associations were observed between changes in refined-grain or added germ consumption and body weight . CONCLUSIONS The increased consumption of whole grains was inversely related to weight gain , and the associations persisted after changes in added bran or fiber intakes were accounted for . This suggests that additional components in whole grains may contribute to favorable metabolic alterations that may reduce long-term weight gain BACKGROUND Although increased consumption of dietary fiber and grain products is widely recommended to maintain healthy body weight , little is known about the relation of whole grains to body weight and long-term weight changes . OBJECTIVE We examined the associations between the intakes of dietary fiber and whole- or refined-grain products and weight gain over time . DESIGN In a prospect i ve cohort study , 74,091 US female nurses , aged 38 - 63 y in 1984 and free of known cardiovascular disease , cancer , and diabetes at baseline , were followed from 1984 to 1996 ; their dietary habits were assessed in 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and 1994 with vali date d food-frequency question naires . Using multiple models to adjust for covariates , we calculated average weight , body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) , long-term weight changes , and the odds ratio of developing obesity ( BMI > or = 30 ) according to change in dietary intake . RESULTS Women who consumed more whole grains consistently weighed less than did women who consumed less whole grains ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . Over 12 y , those with the greatest increase in intake of dietary fiber  gained an average of 1.52 kg less than did those with the smallest increase in intake of dietary fiber  ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) independent of body weight at baseline , age , and changes in covariate status . Women in the highest quintile of dietary fiber intake had a 49 % lower risk of major weight gain than did women in the highest quintile ( OR = 0.51 ; 95 % CI : 0.39 , 0.67 ; P < 0.0001 for trend ) . CONCLUSION Weight gain was inversely associated with the intake of high-fiber , whole-grain foods but positively related to the intake of refined-grain foods , which indicated the importance of distinguishing whole-grain products from refined-grain products to aid in weight control Background Single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , which are located in the first intron of the FTO gene , are reported to be associated with body weight and the body mass index ( BMI ) . However , their effects on anthropometric measurements in adolescents are poorly understood . Objective This study aim ed to investigate the association of three adjacent polymorphisms ( rs9930506 , rs9930501 , & rs9932754 ) in the FTO gene with anthropometric indices in Iranian adolescent males . Design The participants comprised a total of 237 adolescent males who were recruited r and omly from two high schools in Tehran , Iran . The DNA sample s were genotyped for the FTO gene polymorphisms by DNA sequencing .  BMI , body fat percentage ( BF% ) , and body muscle percentage ( BM% ) were determined using a vali date d bioelectrical impedance analysis scale . The association of the FTO polymorphisms with weight , height , BMI , BF% , and BM% was investigated . Results A haplotype of rs9930506 , rs9930501 , and rs9932754 ( GGT ) in the first intron of the FTO with complete linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) was found to be significantly associated with higher weight ( OR = 1.32 ) , BMI ( OR = 5.36 ) and BF% ( OR = 1.46 ) , and lower BM% ( OR = 3.59 ) ( all P<0.001 ) . None of the students with GGC genotypes were underweight , while all of the students with AAT genotypes had high muscle mass . Conclusions A haplotype in the first intron of the FTO gene had a strong association with obesity indices in Iranian adolescent males . The FTO gene polymorphisms might have greater effects on anthropometric indices than what was previously imagined . Moreover , we suggested that the FTO gene exerted their effects on anthropometric measurements through haplotypes ( and not single SNPs ) OBJECTIVE To examine demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors for all-cause , cardiovascular , and noncardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes over 8 years and to construct mortality prediction equations . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Beginning in 2000 , survey and medical record information was obtained from 8,334 participants in Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes ( TRIAD ) , a multicenter prospect i ve observational study of diabetes care in managed care . The National Death Index was search ed annually to obtain data on deaths over an 8-year follow-up period ( 2000–2007 ) . Predictors examined included age , sex , race , education , income , smoking , age at diagnosis of diabetes , duration and treatment of diabetes , BMI , complications , comorbidities , and medication use . RESULTS There were 1,616 ( 19 % ) deaths over the 8-year period . In the most parsimonious equation , the predictors of all-cause mortality included older age , male sex , white race , lower income , smoking , insulin treatment , nephropathy , history of dyslipidemia , higher LDL cholesterol , angina/myocardial infa rct ion/other coronary disease/coronary angioplasty/bypass , congestive heart failure , aspirin , β-blocker , and diuretic use , and higher Charlson Index . CONCLUSIONS Risk of death can be predicted in people with type 2 diabetes using simple demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors with fair reliability . Such prediction equations are essential for computer simulation models of diabetes progression and may , with further validation , be useful for patient management Objective : The phytoestrogen genistein has been shown to be the most efficacious in clinical and experimental studies . We studied whether genistein treatment affects some cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women . Design : Sixty healthy postmenopausal women , who were 52 to 60 years of age , were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized study . After a 4-week stabilization on a st and ard fat-reduced diet , participants were r and omly assigned to receive either genistein ( n = 30 ; 54 mg/d ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) . At baseline and after a 6-month treatment , we measured fasting glucose , insulin , insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) , fibrinogen , and sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) . Results : By comparison with placebo , genistein treatment decreased significantly fasting glucose  ( genistein = −8.7 ± 2.3 % ; placebo = 3.2 ± 2.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) , fasting insulin ( genistein = −12 ± 3.33 % ; placebo = 36 ± 3.29 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and HOMA-IR  ( genistein = −14 ± 5.8 % ; placebo = 42 ± 0.6 % ; P < 0.001 ) . After genistein-treatment , fibrinogen decreased ( genistein = 3.18 ± 0.12 g/L ; placebo = 3.83 ± 0.04 g/L ; P < 0.001 ) with respect to placebo . In the genistein group , serum OPG was lower ( −2 ± 0.3 % ) than in placebo ( 9 ± 1.5 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and serum SHBG was higher ( 63 ± 3.8 nmol/L ) compared with placebo ( 53 ± 2.9 nmol/L ; P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Our study suggests that genistein may have a favorable effect on some cardiovascular markers BACKGROUND Higher dietary energy as protein during weight loss results in a greater loss of fat mass and retention of muscle mass ; however , the impact of protein quality on the rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) and lipolysis , processes that are important in the maintenance of muscle and loss of fat , respectively , are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine how the consumption of different sources of proteins ( soy or whey ) during a controlled short-term ( 14-d ) hypoenergetic diet affected MPS and lipolysis . METHODS Men ( n = 19 ) and women ( n = 21 ) ( age 35 - 65 y ; body mass index 28 - 50 kg/m(2 ) ) completed a 14-d controlled hypoenergetic diet ( -750 kcal/d ) . Participants were r and omly assigned , double blind , to receive twice-daily supplements of isolated whey ( 27 g/supplement ) or soy ( 26 g/supplement ) , providing a total protein intake of 1.3 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d ) , or isoenergetic carbohydrate ( 25 g maltodextrin/supplement ) result ing in a total protein intake of 0.7 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d ) . Before and after the dietary intervention , primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-(13)C6 ] phenylalanine and [(2)H5]-glycerol were used to measure postabsorptive and postpr and ial rates of MPS and lipolysis . RESULTS Preintervention , MPS was stimulated more ( P < 0.05 ) with ingestion of whey than with soy or carbohydrate . Postintervention , postabsorptive MPS decreased similarly in all groups ( all P < 0.05 ) . Postpr and ial MPS was reduced by 9 ± 1 % in the whey group , which was less ( P < 0.05 ) than the reduction in soy and carbohydrate groups ( 28 ± 5 % and 31 ± 5 % , respectively ; both P < 0.05 ) after the intervention . Lipolysis was suppressed during the postpr and ial period ( P < 0.05 ) , but more so with ingestion of carbohydrate ( P < 0.05 ) than soy or whey . CONCLUSION We conclude that whey protein supplementation attenuated the decline in postpr and ial rates of MPS after weight loss , which may be of importance in the preservation of lean mass during longer-term weight loss interventions . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01530646 Objective : To investigate whether 6 months of exercise combined with isoflavone supplementation could improve clinical risk factors that predispose to cardiovascular disease in obese postmenopausal women . Design : This was a r and omized , double-blind , controlled trial in which 50 healthy obese postmenopausal women were divided into two groups and assigned to isoflavone supplementation ( n = 25 ) or a placebo ( n = 25 ) for 1 year . For the last 6 months , both groups participated in an exercise program ( three times per week ) , at the end of which cardiovascular disease risk factors were compared between groups . Body composition ( using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ) , metabolic profile ( blood lipids , fasting insulin , fasting glucose , sex hormone-binding globulin , C-reactive protein ) were determined at baseline and at 6 and 12 months . Results : We observed a significant effect of exercise and isoflavone supplementation on body weight , total and abdominal fat mass ( kilograms and percentage ) , body mass index , appendicular fat-free mass , fat-free mass/fat mass ratio , and sex hormone-binding globulin , but not with exercise alone . No difference was observed for other biochemical characteristics , although the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index increased equally in both groups . Conversely , although not significant , we observed a tendency for a treatment effect on body mass index ( P = 0.07 ) and on absolute ( kilograms ) ( P = 0.07 ) and percentage of ( P = 0.053 ) abdominal fat mass , whereas no effect of treatment was found for other variables using the Mann-Whitney test . Conclusions : Compared to an aerobic exercise program alone , 70 mg/day of isoflavones combined with exercise may promote significant improvements in body composition parameters that are known to influence cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women OBJECTIVE To determine whether a supplement of soy protein improves body composition , body fat distribution , and glucose and insulin metabolism in postmenopausal women without diabetes compared with an isocaloric casein placebo . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled 3-month trial . SETTING Clinical Research Center . PATIENT(S ) Fifteen postmenopausal women . INTERVENTION(S ) Computed tomographic scans at L4/L5 , dual energy x-ray absorptiometry , hyperglycemic clamps . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Total fat , total abdominal fat , visceral fat , subcutaneous abdominal fat , and insulin secretion . RESULT ( S ) Weight by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry did not change between groups ( + 1.38 + /- 2.02 kg for placebo vs. + 0.756 + /- 1.32 kg for soy , mean + /- SD ) . Total and subcutaneous abdominal fat increased more in the placebo group than in the soy group ( for differences between groups in total abdominal fat : + 38.62 + /- 22.84 cm(2 ) for placebo vs. -11.86 + /- 31.48 cm(2 ) for soy ; subcutaneous abdominal fat : + 22.91 + /- 28.58 cm(2 ) for placebo vs. -14.73 + /- 22.26 cm(2 ) for soy ) . Insulin secretion , visceral fat , total body fat , and lean mass did not differ between groups . Isoflavone levels increased more in the soy group . CONCLUSION ( S ) A daily supplement of soy protein prevents the increase in subcutaneous and total abdominal fat observed with an isocaloric casein placebo in postmenopausal women Soy protein and isoflavones ( phytoestrogens ) have gained considerable attention for their potential role in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease . This scientific advisory assesses the more recent work published on soy protein and its component isoflavones . In the majority of 22 r and omized trials , isolated soy protein with isoflavones , as compared with milk or other proteins , decreased LDL cholesterol concentrations ; the average effect was ≈3 % . This reduction is very small relative to the large amount of soy protein tested in these studies , averaging 50 g , about half the usual total daily protein intake . No significant effects on HDL cholesterol , triglycerides , lipoprotein(a ) , or blood pressure were evident . Among 19 studies of soy isoflavones  , the average effect on LDL cholesterol and other lipid risk factors was nil . Soy protein and isoflavones have not been shown to lessen vasomotor symptoms of menopause , and results are mixed with regard to soy 's ability to slow postmenopausal bone loss . The efficacy and safety of soy isoflavones for preventing or treating cancer of the breast , endometrium , and prostate are not established ; evidence from clinical trials is meager and caution ary with regard to a possible adverse effect . For this reason , use of isoflavone supplements in food or pills is not recommended . Thus , earlier research indicating that soy protein has clinical ly important favorable effects as compared with other proteins has not been confirmed . In contrast , many soy products should be beneficial to cardiovascular and overall health because of their high content of polyunsaturated fats , fiber , vitamins , and minerals and low content of saturated fat Fourteen subjects consumed four realistic isoenergetic ( 2035 kJ ) breakfasts , varying in macronutrient content ( two fat-rich , two carbohydrate-rich ( low- and high-fibre ) ) , in r and om order on separate mornings . After breakfast , subjects left the laboratory and completed appetite and alertness ratings at specific times and recorded all subsequent fluid and food intake for the rest of the day . The high-fibre , carbohydrate-rich breakfast was the least palatable but most filling meal and was associated with less food intake during the morning and at lunch . Hunger returned at a slower rate after this meal than after the low-fibre , carbohydrate-rich meal . Both fat-rich breakfasts were more palatable but less satiating than the carbohydrate-rich meals and were followed by greater food intake during the morning , which may be a compensatory response to ingest a sufficient amount of food and /or carbohydrate to match the level of fullness produced by the subjects ' habitual breakfasts . By the end of the day , the average total energy intake was significantly greater after the fat-rich EB meal than after the high-fibre , carbohydrate-rich meal ( P < 0.05 ) . Total day fat intakes were also significantly greater when the high-fat breakfasts were eaten . For every individual test , alertness ratings increased immediately after breakfast was consumed . On average , the high-fibre carbohydrate-rich meal was associated with the highest post-breakfast alertness ratings and with the greatest cumulative amount of alertness during the period between breakfast and lunch ( AUC ) . Alertness AUC values up until lunch correlated positively with fullness AUC values ( r = 0.36 , P < 0.01 , n = 56 ) . The results confirm the relatively weak satiating power of fat-rich meals observed in controlled laboratory-based studies and indicate that a high-fibre , carbohydrate-rich breakfast may assist weight control efforts by maintaining fullness . Further research is required to determine whether satiety directly enhances alertness and whether low-GI carbohydrate-rich meals enhance alertness to a greater degree than high-GI meals Results from a pilot project indicate that isoflavones and exercise could have an additive effect on body composition and clinical risk factors of CVD in postmenopausal women . The objective of the present study was to assess the combined effect of exercise and isoflavones in overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women . In this double-blind r and omised controlled trial , 100 overweight-to-obese ( BMI 29·9 ( sd 3·2 ) kg/m2 ) postmenopausal women were assigned to four groups : ( 1 ) placebo ( PLA ) ; ( 2 ) isoflavones ( ISO ) ; ( 3 ) exercise and placebo ( Ex+PLA ) ; ( 4 ) exercise and isoflavones ( Ex+ISO ) . The supplementation contained 70 mg/d of isoflavones . Exercise consisted of three weekly sessions of resistance training and aerobics . Outcome measures included fat mass ( FM ) , lean body mass ( LBM ) , bone mineral density , lipid profile , fasting glucose , fasting insulin and insulin resistance ( homeostasis assessment model ) . The main effects of exercise were observed for total FM ( P = 0·02 ) , FM% ( P < 0·01 ) , trunk FM% ( P = 0·05 ) , arm FM% ( P < 0·01 ) , leg FM% ( P = 0·02 ) , arm LBM ( P < 0·01 ) , leg LBM ( P = 0·02 ) and C-reactive protein ( P < 0·01 ) . A main effect was detected for isoflavones in improving leg FM% ( P = 0·05 ) . No interactions were observed between isoflavones and exercise . In conclusion , it was observed that 6 months of exercise brought favourable changes in total FM , FM% and LBM in overweight postmenopausal women . No synergistic effects were observed between exercise and isoflavones . However , isoflavones could have a beneficial effect on leg FM% BACKGROUND Soy drink replacement in the diet might have beneficial effects on anthropometric and blood pressure values for overweight and obese subjects . Therefore , we are going to determine the effects of soy drink replacements on the weight , waist circumference and blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths . PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-over r and omized clinical trial on 23 overweight and obese female subjects . All patients were on a weight reducing diet . There were two trial periods for six weeks ( soy drink period and cow 's milk period ) and a washout period for 3 weeks . In the soy drink period only one glass of soy drink ( 240 cc ) was consumed instead of one glass of cow 's milk . RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 22±2 years . Mean of BMI was 28.1±0.5 .  Weight and waist circumference did not changed significantly after the soy drink period compared to the cow 's milk period . Systolic blood pressure reduced significantly following the soy drink period ( mean percent change in soy drink period : -4.0±0.9 vs -1.7±0.5 in the cow 's milk period ; p<0.05 ) . Diastolic blood pressure also reduced in the soy drink period ( -0.4±0.1 vs 0.4±0.1 ; p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Soy drink replacement could reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths . However , this replacement had no significant results on weight and waist circumference Various forms of fermented soybean products are well documented for their health benefits . The efficacy of anti-obesogenic effect of Doenjang , one of the most commonly used seasonings in Korean cuisine , has been reported only in animal models ; thus , an evaluation of Doenjang needs to be conducted in human studies . We aim ed to test the hypothesis that Doenjang supplementation reduces body weight and changes body composition in overweight adults . A total of 51 overweight adults participated in this study . A group of males with BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 and waist to hip ratio ( WHR ) ≥ 0.90 , and a group of females with BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 and WHR ≥ 0.85 were r and omly assigned to either a Doenjang supplement ( 9.9 g dry/day ) group or a placebo group for a 12-week r and omized , double-blind and placebo-controlled study . Anthropometric parameters , abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography ( CT ) and blood components were measured before and after the intervention period . After the 12-week study , the Doenjang supplementation group had significant reductions in body weight ( kg ) , body fat mass ( kg ) and body fat ( % ) compared to the placebo group , the supplementation of Doenjang result ed in a significant reduction in visceral fat ( cm2 ) , although no changes were observed in total and subcutaneous fat are as ( cm2 ) , serum lipid profiles and dietary intakes . The present study demonstrated that daily supplementation of 9.9 g dry/day of Doenjang for 12 weeks reduces body weight and visceral fat in overweight adults SCOPE Studies have suggested that food rich in dietary fiber may facilitate body weight loss , lower total and LDL-cholesterol levels , and reduce body fat . This study examined the effects of soy fiber ( SF ) on body weight , body composition , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-nine overweight and obese college adults ( 19 - 39 years of age ) were r and omly assigned to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with SF for their breakfast for 12 wk ( approximately 100 g/day ) . There were significant differences in changes on body weight , BMI , and LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) between the two groups after 12-wk intervention ( p < 0.05 ) . The changes of body weight , BMI , waist circumference , diastolic blood pressure , serum levels of total cholesterol , LDL-C , and glucose , body fat , and trunk fat of participants in SF group were observed significantly after 12 wk . CONCLUSION SF had favorable effects on body weight , BMI , and fasting LDL-C levels in overweight and obese adults . These effects may be beneficial in antiobesity and the improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypertension ( Clinical Trials.gov registration number-NCT01802840 ) Objective Isoflavones and exercise have been shown to affect C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and body composition and to act synergistically on trunk and total fat mass ( FM ) , glucose metabolism , and lean body mass in postmenopausal women with a body mass index higher than 25 kg/m2 . We hypothesized that exercise and isoflavone supplementation ( Ex + ISO ) could reduce inflammation in the same sub population of women . The objective of this study was to investigate if 6 months of mixed exercise combined with isoflavones could have greater effects on specific inflammatory markers than exercise alone in overweight or obese postmenopausal women . Methods Thirty-four postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 years were r and omly assigned to exercise and placebo ( Ex + PLA ; n = 15 ) or Ex + ISO ( n = 19 ) . At baseline and after 6 months , waist circumference , hip circumference , total FM , trunk FM , leg FM , and muscle mass index ( MMI ; = total fat free mass [ kg ] / height2 [ m ] ) were assessed ( dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ) . Inflammatory markers ( CRP , tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; [ TNF-&agr ; ] , and interleukin-6 ) were obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . T tests were used to compare groups at baseline . Results The Ex + PLA group showed significant changes in MMI ( + 0.33 kg/m2 , P ⩽ 0.009 ) and FM compartments ( waist circumference , −5.13 cm ; % FM , −1.31 % ; P ⩽ 0.001 ) , whereas inflammation remained unchanged . However , the Ex + ISO group showed significant changes in total FM ( −1.70 kg , P < 0.0001 ) , FM compartments ( hip circumference [ −2.51 cm , P = 0.019 ] , leg FM [ −1.16 kg , P = 0.037 ] , and trunk FM [ −0.72 kg , P = 0.006 ] ) , MMI ( + 0.39 kg , P = 0.011 ) , and inflammation ( CRP , −1.14 mg/L , P = 0.029 ; TNF-&agr ; , + 0.29 pg/mL , P = 0.010 ) . Conclusions Despite an increase in TNF-&agr ; , the use of isoflavones — when body weight remains stable — seems to enhance the beneficial effects of mixed-exercise training on body composition and CRP in overweight or obese postmenopausal women BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that calcium metabolism and perhaps other components of dairy products may contribute to shifting the energy balance and thus play a role in weight regulation . We compared the effects of cows ' milk , calcium fortified soy milk and calcium supplement on weight and body fat reduction in premenopausal overweight and obese women . METHODS AND RESULTS In this clinical trial , 100 healthy overweight or obese premenopausal women were r and omized to one of the following dietary regimens for 8 weeks : ( 1 ) a control diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit , with 500 - 600mg/day dietary calcium ; ( 2 ) a calcium-supplemented diet identical to the control diet with 800mg/day of calcium as calcium carbonate ; ( 3 ) a milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of low-fat milk ; ( 4 ) a soy milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of calcium fortified soy milk . At baseline and after 8 weeks , weight , waist circumference , and hip circumference were measured . Three 24-h dietary records and physical activity records were also taken . Comparing the mean differences in weight , waist circumference , body mass index ( BMI ) and waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) using repeated measure of variance analysis showed that changes in waist circumference and WHR were significant among the four groups ( p=0.029 and p=0.015 , respectively ) . After adjustment for baseline values , changes in weight and BMI were also significant ( p=0.017 and p=0.019 , respectively ) . Weight reductions  in high milk , soy milk , calcium supplement and control groups were 4.43±1.93(kg ) , 3.46±1.28(kg ) , 3.89±2.40(kg ) and 2.87±1.55(kg ) , respectively . The greatest changes were seen in the high dairy group in all variables . CONCLUSION Increasing low fat milk consumption significantly reduces the general and central obesity beyond a low calorie diet ABSTRACT Objectives Postmenopausal women are particularly inclined to an increased risk of developing non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis  . The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adding isoflavone supplementation to exercise training could reduce the risk . Methods In a 6-month , double-blind , r and omized , controlled trial , 54 healthy overweight-to-obese ( body mass index 28–40 kg/m2 ) postmenopausal women were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups : ( 1 ) exercise and isoflavones ( Ex-Iso ; n = 26 ) , ( 2 ) exercise and placebo ( Ex-Pla ; n = 28 ) . Exercise training consisted of three weekly sessions of mixed training . We examined the plasma level of specific hepatic enzymes ( alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , γ-glutamyltransferase , and alkaline phosphatase ) as a reflection of fatty liver along with the calculation of the fatty liver index . All measures were obtained at baseline and after the 6-month intervention . Results Following the intervention , a lower fatty liver index ( p < 0.01 ; 29 % in Ex-Iso , 18 % in Ex-Pla ) and plasma γ-glutamyltransferase ( p < 0.01 ; 22 % in Ex-Iso , 16 % in Ex-Pla ) were observed in both groups , with a higher reduction in the Ex-Iso group . On the other h and , for all other hepatic enzymes , there was no change . Conclusions Our results show that exercise training appears to bring favorable changes in the plasma level of hepatic enzymes , possibly due to the lowering of liver fat content . While postmenopausal women can benefit from this intervention to decrease the risk of developing non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis , it seems that the addition of isoflavones to exercise training provides some additional effects to those provided by exercise alone Recent studies suggest that obese individuals lose weight more rapidly and lose more total weight with soy protein than with animal protein as a major diet component . The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the weight-loss efficacy and changes in body composition , waist circumference , blood pressure , and levels of plasma glucose , insulin , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , and homocysteine from consumption of either 3 soy shakes or 3 casein shakes daily as part of a 16-week , energy-restricted diet for obese women . Forty-three women with body mass index values of 30 to 40 kg/m(2 ) were r and omized to intensive dietary interventions using either casein ( n = 21 ) or soy ( n = 22 ) shakes . Subjects were instructed to consume 3 shakes , 1 prepackaged entrée , and 5 servings of fruits or vegetables daily to achieve an energy intake of 4.5 to 5.0 MJ/d . Subjects attended classes weekly or biweekly . Weight , body fat , lipid , and glucose measurements were obtained at baseline and at 8 and 16 weeks . For both groups combined , subjects lost 8.1 % of initial body weight ( 7.7 kg ) at 8 weeks and 13.4 % ( 12.7 kg ) at 16 weeks . Weight loss from baseline did not differ significantly by group and , for completing subjects , was 14.0 % + /- 1.2 % ( mean + /- SE ) for casein and 12.8 % + /- 1.4 % for soy . With the intention-to-treat analysis , weight losses at 16 weeks were 12.5 % + /- 1.4 % for casein and 11.3 % + /- 1.2 % for soy . Body fat losses were 23.7 % + /- 2.0 % for casein and 21.8 % + /- 2.4 % for soy and did not differ significantly . Both study groups lost significant amounts of weight with a highly structured behavioral program incorporating 4 meal replacements and vegetables and fruits . Differences in weight loss and body composition changes between casein and soy treatments were not significant Background : Soy milk replacement in the diet might have beneficial effects on waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors for overweight and obese subjects . Therefore , we are going to determine the effects of soy milk replacements on the waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese female adults . Methods : In this crossover r and omized clinical trail , 24 over weight and obese female adults were on a diet with soy milk or the diet with cow 's milk for four weeks . In the diet with soy milk only one glass of soy milk ( 240 cc ) was replaced instead of one glass of cow 's milk ( 240 cc ) . Measurements were done according to the st and ard protocol . Results : Waist circumference reduced significantly following soy milk period ( mean percent change in soy milk period for waist circumference : -3.79 ± 0.51 vs. -1.78 ± 0.55 % ; P = 0.02 in the cow 's milk period ) . Blood pressure , weight , liver enzymes and glycemic control indices did not changed significantly after soy milk period compared to the cow 's milk period . Conclusion : Among over weight and obese patients  , soy milk can play an important role in reducing waist circumference . However , soy milk replacement had no significant effects on weight , glycemic control indices , liver enzymes , fibrinogen and blood pressure in a short term trial AIMS To investigate whether 6 months of isoflavone supplementation , which has been shown to be sufficient to improve menopausal symptoms , could also improve clinical cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors in obese postmenopausal women , compared with a placebo . METHODS A r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which 50 obese postmenopausal women were divided into two groups ( isoflavones vs. placebo ) to examine the effect of 6 months of isoflavone supplement ( 70 mg ) on clinical CVD risk factors . Body composition ( DXA ) , medical and social characteristics , daily energy expenditure ( accelerometry ) , dietary intake ( 3-day dietary record ) , and blood biochemical analyses ( lipid profile , insulin , glucose ) were obtained . RESULTS At baseline , no differences were found between groups except for fasting insulin level . Women were thus considered at risk of CVD based on body composition but not biochemical variables . After 6 months , we observed that isoflavones did not favorably affect risk factors predisposing to CVD ( biochemical or body composition ) compared with placebo . CONCLUSIONS Isoflavones given for 6 months should not be considered protective against clinical CVD risk factors in obese postmenopausal women . Nevertheless , further research is needed to verify if isoflavones protect against CVD disease risk factors when administered for a longer duration or when combined with nutritional or exercise interventions . It would also be pertinent to study their effects in women with specific metabolic abnormalities Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DRIs on hot flash symptoms in menopausal women . Design : This was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of menopausal women , aged 38 to 60 years , who experienced 4 to 14 hot flashes per day . After a 1-week run-in period , a total of 190 menopausal women were r and omized to receive a placebo or 40 or 60 mg/day of a DRI for 12 weeks . The primary outcome was the mean changes from baseline to week 12 in the frequency of hot flashes recorded in the participant diary . The secondary outcomes included changes in quality of life and hormonal profiles . Results : A total of 147 women ( 77 % ) completed the study . It was found that 40 and 60 mg of DRI improved hot flash frequency and severity equally . At 8 weeks hot flash frequency was reduced by 43 % in the 40-mg DRI group and by 41 % in the 60-mg DRI group , compared with 32 % in the placebo group ( P = not significant vs placebo ) . The corresponding numbers for 12 weeks were 52 % , 51 % , and 39 % , respectively ( P = 0.07 and 0.09 vs placebo ) . When comparing the two treatment groups with the placebo group , there were significant reductions in mean daily hot flash frequency . The supplement ( either 40 or 60 mg ) reduced hot flash frequency by 43 % at 8 weeks ( P = 0.1 ) and 52 % at 12 weeks ( P = 0.048 ) but did not cause any significant changes in endogenous sex hormones or thyroid hormones . Menopausal quality of life improved in all three groups , although there were no statistically significant differences between groups . Conclusions : DRI supplementation may be an effective and acceptable alternative to hormone treatment for menopausal hot flashes Background This study explores the relationship between BMI and national-wealth and the cross-level interaction effect of national-wealth and individual household-wealth using multilevel analysis . Methods Data from the World Health Survey conducted in 2002–2004 , across 70 low- , middle- and high-income countries was used . Participants aged 18 years and over were selected using multistage , stratified cluster sampling .  BMI was used as outcome variable . The potential determinants of individual-level BMI were participants ’ sex , age , marital-status , education , occupation , household-wealth and location(rural/urban ) at the individual-level . The country-level factors used were average national income ( GNI-PPP ) and income ine quality ( Gini-index ) . A two-level r and om-intercepts and fixed-slopes model structure with individuals nested within countries was fitted , treating BMI as a continuous outcome . Results The weighted mean BMI and st and ard-error of the 206,266 people from 70-countries was 23.90 ( 4.84 ) . All the low-income countries were below the 25.0 mean BMI level and most of the high-income countries were above . All wealthier quintiles of household-wealth had higher scores in BMI than lowest quintile . Each USD10000 increase in GNI-PPP was associated with a 0.4 unit increase in BMI . The Gini-index was not associated with BMI . All these variables explained 28.1 % of country-level , 4.9 % of individual-level and 7.7 % of total variance in BMI . The cross-level interaction effect between GNI-PPP and household-wealth was significant . BMI increased as the GNI-PPP increased in first four quintiles of household-wealth . However , the BMI of the wealthiest people decreased as the GNI-PPP increased . Conclusion Both individual-level and country-level factors made an independent contribution to the BMI of the people . Household-wealth and national-income had significant interaction effects Calcium from dairy sources is beneficial to weight loss ; however , no studies have compared the effects of dairy to nondairy sources of calcium on weight loss . This pilot study explored differences between soy and skim milk on changes in anthropometric values in premenopausal women . In a prospect i ve r and omized controlled trial , 14 women with overweight/obesity were r and omly assigned to 720 mL soy milk ( n=7 ) or an equivalent volume of skim milk ( n=7 ) daily for 8 weeks . Subjects followed a 500-kcal deficit diet based on metabolic rate data . There were no anthropometric differences between soy and skim milk groups at baseline . Subjects followed an energy-restricted diet ; both groups experienced reductions in kilogram weight ( 4.27+/-2.05 vs 3.76+/-2.25 ; P=0.668 ) , body fat percent ( 1.30+/-1.37 vs 1.87+/-1.45 ; P=0.464 ) , and abdominal circumference ( 11.28+/-5.23 vs 8.66+/-2.51 ; P=0.259 ) while attenuating losses of fat-free mass ( 1.12+/-1.29 vs 0.43+/-1.12 ; P=0.299 ) during the 8-week study . There were no significant differences in weight , fat percent , abdominal circumference , and fat-free mass between groups . To optimize the weight loss effects of calcium , one can consume 720 mL of either soy milk or skim milk daily Objectives : Soy protein intake has favorable effects on body weight and fat distribution in experimental animals but these effects have not been demonstrated in humans . To compare effects of soy- vs. milk-based meal replacements ( MR ) we assessed weight loss and serum lipoproteins changes for obese subjects who consumed low-energy diets ( LED ) including either milk-based or soy-based MR .  Methods : Overweight or obese women and men ( body mass indices 27–40 kg/m2 ) were r and omly assigned to LED providing 1200 kcal/day , with consumption of five soy-based or two milk-based liquid MR for a 12-week weight loss trial . Serum lipoprotein measurements were obtained at baseline , 6 and 12 weeks . Results : For soy and milk MR groups , subject numbers were , respectively , 51 and 39 r and omized and 30 and 22 completers .  MR use averaged : soy , 3.7/day ; and milk , 1.9/day . Weight losses for completers at 12 weeks were : soy MR , 9.0 % of initial body weight ( 95 % confidence intervals , 7.3–10.6 % ) ; and milk MR , 7.9 % ( 5.8–8.8 % ) with no significant differences . Reductions from baseline in serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol values , respectively , at six weeks were significantly greater ( P < 0.015 ) with soy MR ( 15.2 % and 17.4 % ) than with milk MR ( 7.9 % and 7.7 % ) . Soy MR use was associated with significant reductions in serum triglycerides at 6 and 12 weeks while milk MR use was not . Conclusions : Soy MR use , as part of a low-energy diet , was associated with slightly but not significantly greater weight loss over a 12-week period than milk MR use . These observations confirm previous studies documenting the effectiveness of MR use for weight loss CONTEXT Genistein , a soy isoflavone , has received wide attention over the last few years because of its potential preventive role for cardiovascular disease . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the effects of genistein administration ( 54 mg/d ) on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic , postmenopausal women . DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial at three Italian university medical centers . INTERVENTION After a 4-wk stabilization on a st and ard isocaloric , fat-reduced diet , participants were r and omly assigned to receive genistein ( n = 198 ) or placebo ( n = 191 ) daily for 24 months . Both intervention and placebo contained calcium and vitamin D(3 ) . OUTCOME MEASURES Blood lipid profiles , fasting glucose and insulin , homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance , fibrinogen , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 , soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 , F2-isoprostanes , and osteoprotegerin at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of treatment were measured . RESULTS Compared with placebo , genistein significantly reduced fasting glucose and insulin as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance after both 12 and 24 months of treatment . By contrast , genistein administration did not affect blood lipid levels although fibrinogen , F2-isoprostanes , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 , and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 decreased significantly compared with placebo after 24 months . Serum osteoprotegerin was higher in the genistein group compared with placebo . At 24 months , the genistein group showed no change in endometrial thickness compared with placebo . Most treatment-related adverse events were moderate and composed of gastrointestinal side effects  [ genistein , n = 37 ( 19 % ) ; placebo , n = 15 ( 8 % ) ] . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 54 mg genistein plus calcium , vitamin D(3 ) , and a healthy diet was associated with favorable effects on both glycemic control and some cardiovascular risk markers in a cohort of osteopenic , postmenopausal women A weight-reducing potential has been ascribed to high dietary fibre intake . To investigate the practical reliability of this hypothesis , fifty-three moderately overweight females ( BMI > 27.5 kg/m2 ) on reduced energy intake ( 1200 kcal/day ) were treated for 24 weeks with a fibre supplement on a r and omly , double-blind , placebo-controlled basis . The fibre was administered as an initial dose of 6 g and a maintenance dose of 4 g. Body weight and blood pressure were recorded weekly during the first 3 months and thereafter every second week . Blood sample s were drawn at start and at end of the study . Initial body weights were 75.6 + /- 1.6 kg in the fibre group versus 75.5 + /- 1.6 kg in the placebo group . After treatment , mean weight loss in the fibre group was 8.0 kg versus 5.8 kg in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced in both groups without differences between the groups . Serum concentrations of cholesterol , triglycerides and uric acid were significantly reduced in the group with reduced energy intake , whereas no additional effect was observed when fibre was supplemented . Serum concentrations of potassium and sodium did not change significantly . The results suggest that a dietary fibre supplement in combination with a hypocaloric diet is of value as an adjunct in the management of overweight The present study determined the effect of black soy peptide supplementation on body weight and body fat in overweight/obese subjects . In a double-blind controlled trial , participants ( n = 80 ) were r and omized to either soy peptide supplementation ( the test group ) or to a placebo ( the placebo group ) . Sixty-four people completed the study , and anthropometric parameters , serum inflammatory markers , and leptin and lipid profiles  were measured . After 6 weeks , the test group ( n = 35 ) had significant reductions in body weight ( p = 0.003 ) and body mass index ( BMI ) ( p = 0.004 ) , body fat mass ( p = 0.038 ) . After 12 weeks , they also had significant reductions in body weight ( p < 0.001 ) , BMI ( p < 0.001 ) , body fat percentage ( p = 0.002 ) , and body fat mass ( p = 0.001 ) . However , these significance s were not observed in the placebo group ( n = 29 ) . In addition , net changes in body weight and body fat mass in the test group were significantly bigger than those in the placebo group after 12 weeks . Leptin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups ( p = 0.047 ) , but were not observed in the placebo group ( p = 0.323 ) . Interestingly , the subjects with weight reductions ≥1 kg in the test group had greater reductions in circulating leptin levels ( p = 0.002 ) . Additionally , fasting insulin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups . The conclusion is that black soy peptide supplementation may be beneficial for body weight control in overweight/obese subjects Summary Objective This 12‐month r and omized , non‐inferiority clinical trial sought to determine the impact of consuming soy protein as part of an energy‐restricted , high‐protein diet on weight loss , body composition and cardiometabolic health . Methods Seventy‐one adults ( 58 female ) with overweight or obesity ( body mass index : 32.9 ± 3.6 kg m−2 ) were r and omly assigned to consume three servings of soy ( S ) or non‐soy ( NS ) protein foods per day for 12 months . All participants completed a group‐based behavioural weight loss program lasting 4 months ( M4 ) , and follow‐up assessment s were completed at month 12 ( M12 ) . Results Body weight was reduced in both groups at M4 ( S : −7.0 % ± 5.2 % , NS : −7.1 % ± 5.7 % ) and M12 ( S : 3.6 % ± 5.1 % , NS : −4.8 % ± 7.3 % ) . Body weight reductions ( mean difference [ 90 % confidence interval ] ) were not different between S and NS at either time point ( M4 : −0.16 % [ −1.4 , 3.6 ] , P = 0.90 ; M12 : 1.1 % [ −1.4 , 3.6 ] , P = 0.44 ) . Differences in body fat mass loss were not different between S and NS at M4 ( 0.29 ± 0.84 kg , P = 0.73 ) or M12 ( 0.78 ± 1.5 kg , P = 0.59 ) . Weight loss‐induced improvements in cholesterol , triglycerides and blood pressure did not differ between S and NS . Conclusion These results indicate that soy‐based protein foods can be effectively incorporated into an energy‐restricted , high‐protein diet for improving body weight , body composition and cardiometabolic health Background Available preliminary data on menopause does not relate changes in body fat mass ( BFM ) and h and grip strength ( HGS ) ( an indicator of body/muscle strength ) to gait parameters . Objective To determine the relationship between BFM , HGS and gait parameters , namely , stride length ( SL ) ( an indicator of walking balance/postural stability ) , stride frequency ( SF ) , and velocity ( V ) ( gait output ) , to guide gait training . Methods Ninety consenting ( 45 postmenopausal and 45 premenopausal ) female staff of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Enugu , were r and omly selected and assessed for BFM and HGS with a hydration monitor and dynamometer , respectively , in an observational study . The mean of 2 trials of the number of steps and time taken to cover a 10-m distance at normal speed was used to calculate SF , SL , and V. Data were analyzed using an independent t test and a Pearson correlation coefficient at P < 0.05 . Results Premenopausal ( BFM = 42.93 % [ 12.61 % ] , HGS = 27.89 [ 7.52 ] kg , stride ratio = 1.43 , and velocity = 1.04 [ 0.01 ] m/sec ) and postmenopausal ( BFM = 41.55 % [ 12.71 % ] , HGS = 30.91 [ 7.07 ] kg , stride ratio = 1.44 , and velocity = 1.06 [ 0.01 ] m/sec ) women showed no significant differences in gait output/velocity ( t = 0.138 ; P = 0.89 ; d = 0.029 ) . At postmenopause , BFM was significantly and negatively ( r = –0.369 ; r2 = 0.1362 ; P = 0.013 ) correlated with SL , whereas HGS was positively and significantly ( r = 0.323 ; r2 = 0.104 ; P = 0.030 ) correlated with gait output at premenopause . Conclusions BFM may adversely influence walking balance at postmenopause , whereas HGS may enhance gait output at premenopause but not postmenopause . Therefore , muscle strengthening alone may not enhance gait output in postmenopausal women without balance training
target: Analysis showed that soy products significantly reduced body weight , BMI , body fat percent and waist circumference in overweight or obese Asian population s ( −0.37 kg , P = 0.010 ; −0.27 kg/m2 , P = 0.042 ; −0.36 % , P = 0.032 ; −0.35 cm , P = 0.049 ) and more significant effects were observed in non-menopausal women reduced body weight ( −0.59 kg , P = 0.041 ) , BMI ( −0.59 , P = 0.041 ) and waist circumference ( −0.59 cm , P = 0.041 ) in overweight or obese population s. Conclusion : This meta- analysis showed that soy products  have weight loss effects , mainly due to soy protein , isoflavone and soy fiber
background: Background : The effect of soy products on the weight of overweight or obese people  is controversial , so we aim ed to conduct a systematic review and a meta- analysis of published r and omized controlled trials to analyze whether supplementation with soy products can help them to lose weight .