title: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Team Handball Players: A Prospective Intervention Study Over Three Seasons Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes. Effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial Balance training for persons with functionally unstable ankles. Prevention of injuries in young female players in European team handball. A prospective intervention study. Exercises to prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster randomised controlled trial Effect of Neuromuscular Training on Proprioception, Balance, Muscle Strength, and Lower Limb Function in Female Team Handball Players Prevention of Soccer Injuries: A Prospective Intervention Study in Youth Amateur Players The effects of soccer training and timing of balance training on balance ability Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Risk of Ankle Sprains in High School Athletes Effect of Training on Postural Control in Figure Skaters: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Neuromuscular Versus Basic Off-Ice Training Programs The effects of proprioceptive ankle disk training on healthy subjects. Comparison of two intervention programmes in young female players in European handball--with and without ankle disc. Functional balance training, with or without exercise sandals, for subjects with stable or unstable ankles. Influence of Training on Maintenance of Equilibrium on a Tilting Platform
abstract: Objective To assess the effect of a neuromuscular training program on the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team h and ball players . Design Prospect i ve intervention study . Setting Female team h and ball : Division I – III in Norway . Participants Players from the three top divisions : control season ( 1998–1999 ) , 60 teams ( 942 players ) ; first intervention season ( 1999–2000 ) , 58 teams ( 855 players ) ; second intervention season ( 2000–2001 ) , 52 teams ( 850 players ) . InterventionA five-phase program ( duration , 15 min ) with three different balance exercises focusing on neuromuscular control and planting/l and ing skills was developed and introduced to the players in the autumn of 1999 and revised before the start of the season in 2000 . The teams were instructed in the program and supplied with an instructional video , poster , six balance mats , and six wobble boards . Additionally , a physical therapist was attached to each team to follow up with the intervention program during the second intervention period . Main Outcome Measures The number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the three seasons and compliance with the program . Results There were  29 anterior cruciate ligament injuries  during the control season , 23 injuries during the first intervention season ( OR , 0.87 ; CI , 0.50–1.52 ; p = 0.62 ) , and 17 injuries during the second intervention season ( OR , 0.64 ; CI , 0.35–1.18 ; p = 0.15 ) . In the elite division , there were 13 injuries during the control season , six injuries during the first intervention season ( OR , 0.51 ; CI , 0.19–1.35 ; p = 0.17 ) , and five injuries in the second intervention season ( OR , 0.37 ; CI , 0.13–1.05 ; p = 0.06 ) . For the entire cohort , there was no difference in injury rates during the second intervention season between those who complied and those who did not comply ( OR , 0.52 ; CI , 0.15–1.82 ; p = 0.31 ) . In the elite division , the risk of injury was reduced among those who completed the anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program ( OR , 0.06 ; CI , 0.01–0.54 ; p = 0.01 ) compared with those who did not . Conclusions This study shows that it is possible to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries with specific neuromuscular training STUDY DESIGN Controlled single-group pretest/posttest design . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if a 6-week neuromuscular training program design ed to decrease the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injuries would improve single-limb postural stability in young female athletes . We hypothesized neuromuscular training would result in an improvement in postural stability , with the greatest improvement taking place in the medial-lateral direction . BACKGROUND Balance training has become a common component of programs design ed to prevent ACL injury . Rehabilitation programs can improve postural stability following ACL injury and reconstruction ; however , there is limited information available which quantifies improvement of postural stability following neuromuscular training design ed to prevent ACL injuries in a healthy population . METHODS AND MEASURES Forty-one healthy female high school athletes ( mean age , 15.3 years ; age range , 13 - 17 years ) participated in this study . Single-limb postural stability for both lower extremities was assessed with a Biodex Stability System . The neuromuscular training program consisted of three 90-minute training sessions per week for 6 weeks . Following the completion of the training program , each subject was re-evaluated to determine change in total , anterior-posterior , and medial-lateral single-limb stability . Two-way analysis of variance models were used to determine differences between pretraining and posttraining and between limbs . RESULTS The subjects showed a significant improvement in single-limb total stability ( P = .004 ) and anterior-posterior stability ( P = .001 ) , but not medial-lateral stability ( P = .650 ) for both the right and left lower extremity following training . In addition , the subjects demonstrated significantly better total postural stability on the right side as compared to the left ( P = .026 ) . CONCLUSIONS A 6-week neuromuscular training program design ed to decrease the incidence of ACL injuries improves objective measures of total and anterior-posterior single-limb postural stability in high school female athletes Background : Sport is the leading cause of injury requiring medical attention among adolescents . We studied the effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program using a wobble board in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents . Methods : In this cluster r and omized controlled trial , we r and omly selected 10 of 15 high schools in Calgary to participate in the fall of 2001 . We then recruited students from physical education classes and r and omly assigned them , by school , to either the intervention ( n = 66 ) or the control ( n = 61 ) group . Students in the intervention group participated in a daily 6-week and then a weekly 6-month home-based balance-training program using a wobble board .  Students at the control schools received testing only . The primary outcome measures were timed static and dynamic balance , 20-m shuttle run and vertical jump , which were measured at baseline and biweekly for 6 weeks . Self-reported injury data were collected over the 6-month follow-up period . Results : At 6 weeks , improvements in static and dynamic balance were observed in the intervention group but not in the control group ( difference in static balance 20.7 seconds , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 10.8 to 30.6 seconds ; difference in dynamic balance 2.3 seconds , 95 % CI 0.7 to 4.0 seconds ) . There was evidence of a protective effect of balance training in over 6 months ( relative risk of injury 0.2 , 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.88 ) . The number needed to treat to avoid 1 injury over 6 months was 8 ( 95 % CI 4 to 35 ) . Interpretation : Balance training using a wobble board is effective in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents STUDY DESIGN A nonr and omized 2-group pretest-posttest design . OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of a 4-week balance training program during stance on a single leg . BACKGROUND Individuals who have experienced multiple episodes of inversion ankle sprains often participate in balance training programs . Balance training is performed to treat existing proprioceptive deficits and to restore ankle joint stability , presumably by retraining altered afferent neuromuscular pathways . The effectiveness of such programs on individuals with functionally unstable ankles has yet to be established . METHODS AND MEASURES Prior to and following training , subjects with self-reported functionally unstable ankles ( 5 women and 8 men , mean age = 21.9 + /- 3.1 years ) and nonimpaired subjects ( 6 women and 7 men , mean age = 21.2 + /- 2.5 years ) completed a  static balance assessment  for both limbs as well as the  ankle joint functional assessment tool question naire ( AJFAT ) . The subjects from both groups participated in a unilateral , multilevel , static and dynamic balance training program 3 times a week for 4 weeks . Subjects from the experimental group trained only the involved limb , and the nonimpaired group  trained a r and omly selected limb . A stability index ( SI ) was calculated during the balance assessment to indicate the amount of platform motion . Compared to low stability indices , high stability indices indicate greater platform motion during stance and therefore less stability . RESULTS Following training , subjects from both groups demonstrated significant improvements in balance ability . When balance was assessed at a low resistance to platform tilt ( stability level 2 ) , the posttraining scores of both the subjects with unstable ankles ( mean SI = 2.63 + /- 1.92 ) and the nonimpaired subjects ( mean SI = 2.69 + /- 2.32 ) were significantly better than their pretraining scores ( mean SIs = 5.93 + /- 3.65 and 4.67 + /- 3.43 , respectively ) . Assessed at a high resistance to platform tilt ( stability level 6 ) , the posttraining scores of both subjects with unstable ankles ( mean SI = 1.27 + /- 0.66 ) and the nonimpaired subjects ( mean SI = 1.37 + /- 0.66 ) were significantly better than their pretraining scores ( mean SIs = 2.30 + /- 1.88 and 2.04 + /- 1.43 , respectively ) . Additionally , the posttraining AJFAT scores of subjects with unstable ankles ( 25.78 + /- 3.80 ) and the nonimpaired subjects ( 29.15 + /- 5.27 ) were significantly greater than their pretraining scores ( 17.11 + /- 3.44 and 22.92 + /- 5.22 , respectively ) , indicating an overall improvement in perceived ankle joint functional stability . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that balance training is an effective means of improving joint proprioception and single-leg st and ing ability in subjects with unstable and nonimpaired ankles Young female players in European h and ball have a very high injury incidence , up to 50 injuries per 1000 hours of game . More than half of these injuries happen without any external cause . The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an intervention programme design ed to reduce the number of injuries in young female players in European h and ball , with special emphasis on injuries in the lower extremities . The programme was created using elite athlete training programmes and those design ed for rehabilitation of injured athletes with functional instability of their ankles and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament . It included the use of an ankle disk for 10 - 15 min at all practice sessions , for one 10-month season ( August 1995-May 1996 ) . Twenty-two teams participated in the study , and were r and omly assigned to the intervention or control group . Eleven teams with 111 players were r and omised to the intervention group and 11 teams with 126 players to the control group . Data were analysed using a t-test for continuous variables , chi2- analysis and Fisher 's exact test for dichotomous variables and multivariate methods to determine odds-ratios . The results indicated that using the intervention programme decreased the numbers of both traumatic and overuse injuries significantly . The differences in injuries between the groups were 80 % during games and 71 % during practice . In addition , the players in the control group had a 5.9 times higher risk of acquiring an injury than the players in the intervention group Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of a structured warm-up programme design ed to reduce the incidence of knee and ankle injuries in young people participating in sports . Design Cluster r and omised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of r and omisation . Setting 120 team h and ball clubs from central and eastern Norway ( 61 clubs in the intervention group , 59 in the control group ) followed for one league season ( eight months ) . Participants 1837 players aged 15 - 17 years ; 958 players ( 808 female and 150 male ) in the intervention group ; 879 players ( 778 female and 101 male ) in the control group . Intervention A structured warm-up programme to improve running , cutting , and l and ing technique as well as neuromuscular control , balance , and strength . Main outcome measure The rate of acute injuries to the knee or ankle . Results During the season , 129 acute knee or ankle injuries occurred , 81 injuries in the control group ( 0.9 ( SE 0.09 ) injuries per 1000 player hours ; 0.3 ( SE 0.17 ) in training v 5.3 ( SE 0.06 ) during matches ) and 48 injuries in the intervention group ( 0.5 ( SE 0.11 ) injuries per 1000 player hours ; 0.2 ( SE 0.18 ) in training v 2.5 ( SE 0.06 ) during matches ) . Fewer injured players were in the intervention group than in the control group ( 46 ( 4.8 % ) v ( 76 ( 8.6 % ) ; relative risk intervention group v control group 0.53 , 95 % confidence interval 0.35 to 0.81 ) . Conclusion A structured programme of warm-up exercises can prevent knee and ankle injuries in young people playing sports . Preventive training should therefore be introduced as an integral part of youth sports programmes Objective Introduction of a neuromuscular training program will increase muscle strength , balance , and proprioception in elite female h and ball players . Design Prospect i ve intervention study . Participants Thirty-five female team h and ball players from 2 teams in the elite division participated . Their mean age was 23 ( ±2.5 ) years , and their mean weight was 69.2 ( ±7.3 ) kg . They had played h and ball for 14.9 ( ±3.2 ) years , 4.7 ( ±2.8 ) years at the top level . The total number of training hours per week was 10 to 11 . InterventionBased on earlier studies and knowledge about common risk situations in team h and ball , an anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury prevention program with 3 different sets of exercises was developed , each set with a 5-step progression from simple to more challenging exercises . The teams were instructed to use the program a minimum of 3 times a week during a training period of 5 to 7 weeks , and then once a week during the season . The duration of each training session was approximately 15 minutes . Main outcome measures Balance ( KAT 2000 ) , proprioception ( threshold to detection of passive motion ) , muscle strength ( Cybex 6000 ) , and 3 functional knee tests . The players were tested pretraining ( test 1 ) and 8 weeks ( test 2 ) and 12 months ( test 3 ) after the training started . Results There was a significant improvement in dynamic balance between test 1 and test 2 , with a balance index ( BI ) of 924 ( ±225 ) and 778 ( ±174 ) , respectively ( P = 0.01 ) . The effect on dynamic balance was maintained 1 year after training ( BI , 730 ± 156 ) . For static balance , no statistically significant changes were found . For the other variables measured , there were no statistical differences during the study period . Conclusion The ACL injury prevention training program improved dynamic balance in an elite team h and ball players Background : Risk factors for soccer injuries and possibilities for prevention have been discussed by several authors , but only a few have investigated the effectiveness of preventive interventions . Purpose : The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a prevention program on the incidence of soccer injuries in male youth amateur players . Study Design : Prospect i ve controlled intervention study . Methods : Seven soccer teams took part in a  prevention program that focused on education and supervision of coaches and players , while seven other teams were instructed to train and play soccer as usual . Over 1 year all injuries were documented weekly by physicians . Complete weekly injury reports were available for 194 players . Results : The incidence of injury per 1000 hours of training and playing soccer was 6.7 in the intervention group and 8.5 in the control group , which equates to 21 % fewer injuries in the intervention group . The greatest effects were observed for mild injuries , overuse injuries , and injuries incurred during training . The prevention program had greater effects in low-skill than in high-skill teams . Conclusions : The incidence of soccer injuries can be reduced by preventive interventions , especially in low skill level youth teams . Coaches and players need better education regarding injury prevention strategies and should include such interventions as part of their regular training The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a soccer training session on the balance ability of the players and assess whether the effectiveness of a balance program is affected by its performance before or after the regular soccer training . Thirty-nine soccer players were r and omly divided into three subject groups ( n=13 each ) , one control group ( C group ) , one training group that followed a balance program ( 12 weeks , 3 times per week , 20 min per session ) before the regular soccer training ( TxB group ) , and one training group that performed the same balance program after the soccer training ( TxA group ) . St and ard testing balance boards and the Biodex Stability System were used to assess balance ability in the C , TxB , and TxA groups at baseline ( T0 ) and after completing the balance program ( T12 ) . The same tests and additional isokinetic knee joint moment measurements were carried out in the TxB and TxA groups pre- and post-soccer training . Two main results were obtained : ( 1 ) No differences ( p>0.05 ) were found in balance ability and knee joint moment production between pre- and post-soccer training . ( 2 ) The balance program increased ( p<0.01 ) the balance ability in the TxB and TxA groups , and the improvement in the TxA group was greater ( p<0.05 ) than that in the TxB group post-soccer training . Result ( 1 ) is in contrast to the notion of a link between fatigue induced by a soccer training session or game and injury caused by impaired balance , and result ( 2 ) has implication s for athletic training and rehabilitation BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic review s. However , the reliability of data obtained with most quality assessment scales has not been established . This report describes 2 studies design ed to investigate the reliability of data obtained with the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale developed to rate the quality of RCTs evaluating physical therapist interventions . METHOD In the first study , 11 raters independently rated 25 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base . In the second study , 2 raters rated 120 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base , and disagreements were resolved by a third rater ; this generated a set of individual rater and consensus ratings . The process was repeated by independent raters to create a second set of individual and consensus ratings . Reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items was calculated using multirater kappas , and reliability of the total ( summed ) score was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC [ 1,1 ] ) . RESULTS The kappa value for each of the 11 items ranged from.36 to.80 for individual assessors and from.50 to.79 for consensus ratings generated by groups of 2 or 3 raters . The ICC for the total score was.56 ( 95 % confidence interval=.47-.65 ) for ratings by individuals , and the ICC for consensus ratings was.68 ( 95 % confidence interval=.57-.76 ) . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items varied from " fair " to " substantial , " and the reliability of the total PEDro score was " fair " to " good . Background Ankle sprains are the most common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in athletes , and they have a profound impact on health care costs and re sources . Hypothesis A balance training program can reduce the risk of ankle sprains in high school athletes . Study Design R and omized controlled clinical trial ; Level of evidence , 1 . Methods Seven hundred and sixty-five high school soccer and basketball players ( 523 girls and 242 boys ) were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( 27 teams , 373 subjects ) that participated in a balance training program or to a control group ( 28 teams , 392 subjects ) that performed only st and ard conditioning exercises . On-site athletic trainers recorded athlete exposures and sprains . Results The rate of ankle sprains was significantly lower for subjects in the intervention group ( 6.1 % , 1.13 of 1000 exposures vs 9.9 % , 1.87 of 1000 exposures ; P = .04 ) . Athletes with a history of an ankle sprain had a 2-fold increased risk of sustaining a sprain ( risk ratio , 2.14 ) , whereas athletes who performed the intervention program decreased their risk of a sprain by one half ( risk ratio , 0.56 ) . The ankle sprain rate for athletes without previous sprains was 4.3 % in the intervention group and 7.7 % in the control group , but this difference was not significant ( P = .059 ) . Conclusion A balance training program will significantly reduce the risk of ankle sprains in high school soccer and basketball players Objectives : To compare the effect of a neuromuscular training program and a basic exercise program on postural control in figure skaters . Design : Two groups ; parallel design ; prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . Setting : Postural control laboratory , arenas , September 2001 to December 2002 . Participants : Forty-four young , healthy figure skaters ( 18 years ± 3 years ) . Interventions : Participants were r and omly assigned to receive a neuromuscular training program ( n = 22 ) or a basic exercise training program ( n = 22 ) . Both programs were completed 3 times per week for 4 weeks , and each session was supervised . Main Outcome Measurements : Participants completed baseline and postintervention measures of postural control on a force plate . Postural control was quantified as the center of pressure ( CoP ) path length during tests of single-limb st and ing balance that mimicked figure skating skills and challenged the postural control system to varying degrees . The primary outcome measure was the CoP path length observed during a l and ing jump test completed with eyes closed . Results : The post intervention CoP path lengths during the more challenging tests were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) lower ( indicating better postural control ) for the neuromuscular trained group than for the basic exercise-trained group . For the l and ing jump test completed with eyes closed , the percent improvement in the neuromuscular trained group was significantly greater ( mean = 21.0 ± 22.0 % ) than the basic exercise trained group ( mean = −4.9 ± 24.9 % ; P < 0.05 ) . The magnitude of improvement in the neuromuscular-trained group ranged from approximately 1 % to 21 % , depending on the specific postural control test used . Conclusions : The results suggest that off-ice neuromuscular training can significantly improve postural control in figure skaters , whereas basic exercise training does not According to research , proprioceptive training enables injured subjects to reduce proprioceptive deficits and increase postural control . However , the effects of proprioceptive training have not been research ed in healthy subjects . This study investigated the effects of Biomechanical Ankle Platform System ( BAPS ) training on postural sway of healthy subjects ( N = 28 ) . Subjects were pretested and posttested using the Kistler force platform while performing a single limb stance . The subjects stood on their dominant leg with the opposite hip and knee held in a self-selected position . Subjects trained the dominant leg three times per week for 10 weeks on the BAPS . Experimental subjects showed significant improvements in both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior parameters of postural sway when compared with a control group . In conclusion , 10 weeks of proprioceptive ankle disk training  significantly decreased postural sway in both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions INTRODUCTION The prevention of injuries in all sports calls for a structured plan . The plan consists , as earlier described , of four steps . We have previously presented studies incorporating all four steps . The studies have shown that it is possible to prevent most injuries in young female players in European h and ball by applying a training programme combining the use of an ankle disc with functional strength training . In the previous studies we were not able to discriminate whether the preventive effect was due to the functional strength training or the training with the ankle disc . The aim of this study was to compare a programme with ankle disc and functional strength training with a programme with functional strength training only . METHODS Twenty h and ball teams were asked to participate , and 16 of 20 h and ball teams agreed to participate . The teams were cluster r and omised to either the programme with or without an ankle disc . RESULTS The group using the programme without the ankle disc had a significantly higher number of traumatic injuries ( 16 vs. 6 ) . The incidences of traumatic injuries in the ankle disc group were 2.4 ( 95 % CI 0.7 ; 6.2 ) injuries per 1000 h of match and 0.2 ( 95 % CI 0.02 ; 0.7 ) injuries per 1000 h of practice . In the group without ankle disc the incidences were 6.9 ( 95 % CI 3.3 ; 12.7 ) injuries per 1000 h of match and 0.6 ( 95 % CI 0.2 ; 1.3 ) injuries per 1000 h of practice . A significantly higher multivariate odds ratio ( 4.8 ) was found in the group not using the ankle disc . In addition the group using the ankle disc had significantly fewer moderate and major injuries . CONCLUSION By adding ankle disc training to a training programme with functional strength training , it is possible to reduce the number of injuries significantly , especially the number of moderate and major injuries CONTEXT Improving postural stability through balance training may prevent ankle sprains .  Exercise S and als may increase the dem and s placed on ankle muscles during rehabilitation , which could improve postural stability . OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of functional balance training , with and without the use of Exercise S and als , on postural stability in subjects with stable or unstable ankles . DESIGN Prospect i ve , nonr and omized clinical trial . SETTING Sports medicine research laboratory . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Sixteen subjects with functional ankle instability and 16 subjects with no history of ankle sprains . INTERVENTION(S ) Subjects were assigned to an Exercise S and al functional balance training group or a shoe functional balance training group . Subjects trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and then performed a single-limb stance posttest . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Subjects were required to remain as motionless as possible during a single-limb stance pretest . Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral center-of-pressure excursions were measured . RESULTS Exercise S and al balance training improved anterior-posterior postural stability in both ankle groups ( P < .05 ) . Both training interventions improved medial-lateral postural stability in stable and unstable ankles ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Postural stability improved after subjects performed functional balance training programs , both with and without Exercise S and als . Training with Exercise S and als might not be any more effective in improving postural stability than performing functional balance training without Exercise S and als . However , Exercise S and als did not impair postural stability and , consequently , might serve as an alternative therapy to improve postural stability To assess the influence of training on the maintenance of equilibrium on a tilting platform , 13 young healthy male athletes aged 19 to 33 years were r and omly divided into experimental ( n = 7 ) and control ( n = 6 ) groups . Two experimental sessions were performed before and after a specific 4-wk . training by the experimental group . Subjects stood upright on a tilting platform . The athletes were asked to maintain the platform as horizontal as possible during a 30-sec . test . The three-dimensional movements of the platform versus the ground were recorded by using a computerized optoelectronic digitiser . The platform plane was calculated and its directrix computed . The area of oscillation and instantaneous angular velocity of the directrix at st and ardized height were calculated . In both groups the area of oscillation and the angular velocity were reduced in Session 2 , but the reduction was significant only in the experimental group . Specific training can significantly improve skill at maintaining equilibrium in young healthy sport performers
target: There is strong evidence to suggest that balance training can improve static balance ability on stable and unstable surfaces , as well as dynamic balance ability .
  Elite athletes have the potential to improve static balance on an unstable surface and dynamic balance ability , but a ceiling effect appears to occur with stable balance ability on a stable surface .
  Balance training programs performed at least 10 minutes per day , 3 days per week , for 4 weeks that incorporate various methods of balance training appear to improve balance ability .
  Types of balance training included the use of tilt boards , unstable surfaces , and dynamic body movements while maintaining a static stance
background: Balance is considered a risk factor for several injuries and consequently a focus of many strengthening , injury prevention , and rehabilitation programs .
  There are several studies that have evaluated the ability of balance training to improve balance ability in a healthy population with no general consensus .
  We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of balance training on improving various forms of balance ability in a healthy population .