title: Effect of selective enamel etching on clinical performance of CAD/CAM partial ceramic crowns luted with a self-adhesive resin cement Influence of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber posts to root dentin using a total etching adhesive system. Bonding effectiveness and sealing ability of fiber-post bonding. Push-out bond strengths of different dental cements used to cement glass fiber posts. Fiber post placement with core build-up materials or resin cements—An evaluation of different adhesive approaches Eight-year clinical evaluation of a 2-step self-etch adhesive with and without selective enamel etching. Immediate and 24-hour evaluation of the interfacial strengths of fiber posts. The effect of light-curing access and different resin cements on apical bond strength of fiber posts. Effects of silane application on luting fiber posts using self-adhesive resin cement. Influence of technique and manipulation on self-adhesive resin cements used to cement intraradicular posts. Effect of resin cement system and root region on the push-out bond strength of a translucent fiber post. Efficacy of a self-curing adhesive-resin cement system on luting glass-fiber posts into root canals: an SEM investigation. Comparison of regional bond strength in root thirds among fiber-reinforced posts luted with different cements. Evaluation of four cementation strategies on the push-out bond strength between fiber post and root dentin.
abstract: Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate a self-adhesive resin luting cement [ RelyX Unicem 3MESPE – RXU ] for  luting partial ceramic crowns ( PCCs )  with and without selective enamel etching in a prospect i ve , r and omized clinical trial . Material s and methods Thirty-four patients had received the intended treatment . Two PCCs ( Vita Mark II ; Cerec 3D ; Sirona ) had been placed in a split-mouth design : one with RXU without enamel etching ( RXU ) , the other with RXU with selective enamel etching ( RXU + E ) . Restorations were evaluated at baseline ( BL ) and after 12 , 24 , and 36 months ( USPHS criteria ) . For statistical analysis , the Chi-square test was applied ( α = 0.05 ) . Clinical survival of all restorations ( n = 68 ) after 3 years was determined using Kaplan – Meier analysis . Results Twenty three patients ( 12 male/11 female ) were available for clinical evaluation after 3 years . 19 RXU-PCCs were placed in molars , four in premolars , 18 RXU + E – PCCs in molars , five in premolars . Concerning clinical changes , no significant differences were found between luting strategies RXU/RXU + E at all recalls . Statistically significant changes over time were observed for marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration between BL and 36 m for RXU and RXU + E. For RXU + E , postoperative hypersensitivities decreased significantly from BL ( n = 6 ) to 36 m ( n = 0 ) . Of the 68 restorations originally included , eight RXU and four RXU + E restorations failed . At 3 years , Kaplan – Meier survival  of RXU was 72.9 % , that of RXU + E 87.6 % . Survival rates were not statistically significant different . Conclusions Although clinical survival of RXU + E is slightly better at 3 years , restorations of both groups perform similar with respect to clinical changes over time as evaluated by modified USPHS criteria . Clinical relevance The self-adhesive resin cement RXU can be used in conjunction with selective enamel etching , because survival rates of PCCs in the RXU + E group were not lower but , as a trend , even better than without enamel etching INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of gel chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol ( EtOH ) on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber post relined with resin composite to the root dentin using a total etch adhesive system . METHODS Forty bovine incisor roots were divided into four groups after phosphoric acid etching : irrigation with physiologic solution ( control ) , 5 minutes with CHX , 1 minute with EtOH , and 5 minutes with chlorhexidine followed by 1 minute with EtOH . Fiber posts relined with resin composite were cemented with either RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) and a total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups : 24 hours of storage and 12 months of storage . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure modes were observed , and the bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS CHX irrigation result ed in homogeneous bond strength values at 24 hours and 12 months of storage ( P < .05 ) . A significant bond strength decrease was noticed after 12 months of storage when irrigations were performed with physiologic solution and EtOH application only or associated with CHX ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of CHX pretreatment could preserve the bond strength of the fiber post relined with resin composite to root dentin for 12 months . The use of EtOH and CHX followed by EtOH did not preserve the bond strength of the total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose OBJECTIVES To evaluate the push-out bond strength and the sealing ability of five adhesive cements routinely used for fiber-post bonding . METHODS Fifty extracted single-rooted teeth were r and omly divided in five groups and restored using Parapost FiberLux and the following luting agents : Panavia 21 ( PAN ) , Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , Variolink II ( VAR ) , RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) and experimental GC self-adhesive cement ( EGC ) . After 1 week of water storage at 37 degrees C , three sections ( coronal , middle and apical ) of 2 mm thickness were prepared from each specimen . Sealing ability was quantified with a fluid-filtration system ( Flodec ) during 10 min , after which the push-out bond strength was immediately measured . Data were analyzed with ANOVA ( push-out ) and Kruskal-Wallis ( sealing ability ) . RESULTS The push-out bond strength and sealing ability were not significantly different among the coronal , middle and apical sections for each luting agent . The highest push-out bond strength was measured for CLF ( 14.60+/-3.63 MPa ) , which was not significantly different from PAN ( 12.57+/-2.45 MPa ) , but significantly higher than VAR ( 11.09+/-4.09 MPa ) , UNI ( 11.29+/-4.31 MPa ) and EGC ( 7.65+/-4.79 MPa ) . When evaluating the sealing ability , significant differences were not found among PAN , CLF and VAR , and between UNI and EGC . The latter luting agents scored significantly lower than the former ones . The push-out bond strength was correlated to the sealing ability ( p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE The self-etching MDP-based cements presented the highest push-out bond strength . Although the bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive cements appears promising , their interaction with root dentin might be too weak to minimize microleakage at the post-cement-dentin interface STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Since the introduction of glass fiber posts , irreversible vertical root fractures have become a rare occurrence ; however , adhesive failure has become the primary failure mode . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts cemented with different luting agents on 3 segments of the root . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty human maxillary canines with similar root lengths were r and omly divided into 8 groups ( n=10 ) according to the cement assessed ( Rely X luting , Luting and Lining , Ketac Cem , Rely X ARC , Biscem , Duo-link , Rely X U100 , and Variolink II ) . After st and ardized post space preparation , the root dentin was pretreated for dual-polymerizing resin cements and untreated for the other cements . The mixed luting cement paste was inserted into post spaces with a spiral file and applied to the post surface that was seated into the canal . After 7 days , the teeth were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis into 1-mm-thick sections . The push-out test was performed at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until extrusion of the post occurred . The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures ( Tukey test ) ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS ANOVA showed that the type of interaction between cement and root location significantly influenced the push-out strength ( P<.05 ) . The highest push-out strength results with root location were obtained with Luting and Lining ( S3 ) ( 19.5 ±4.9 MPa ) , Ketac Cem ( S2 ) ( 18.6 ±5.5 MPa ) , and Luting and Lining ( S1 ) ( 18.0 ±7.6 MPa ) . The lowest mean values were recorded with Variolink II ( S1 ) ( 4.6 ±4.0 MPa ) , Variolink II ( S2 ) ( 1.6 ±1.5 MPa ) , and Rely X ARC ( S3 ) ( 0.9 ±1.1 MPa ) . CONCLUSIONS Self-adhesive cements and glass ionomer cements showed significantly higher values compared to dual-polymerizing resin cements . In all root segments , dual-polymerizing resin cements provided significantly lower bond strength . Significant differences among root segments were found only for Duo-link cement Abstract Objective . To compare push-out bond strength of fiber-posts luted with different adhesive approaches to root canal dentin . Material s and methods . Forty maxillary first incisors were decoronated and endodontically treated . Specimens were r and omly distributed into five groups ( n = 8) and fiber-posts ( DentinPost coated , Komet ) were inserted using five different luting material s : etch- and -rinse adhesive systems and corresponding core- and -post material in groups 1 ( DentinBond/DentinBuild , Komet ) and 2 ( XP Bond + SCA/Core-X flow , Densply ) , self-adhesive resin cements in groups 3 ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M Espe ) and 4 ( SmartCem 2 , Dentsply ) and a self-etch adhesive/resin cement in group 5 ( ED-Primer II/Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . The roots were sectioned into eight 1 mm thick serial slices and within 48 h push-out bond strength was investigated . Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for differences between experimental groups at p < 0.05 . The failure modes were analyzed using Chi square test . Results . The bond strength [ MPa ] ( mean/min – max ) for groups 3 ( 12.35/3.60–32.44 ) , 4 ( 13.52/4.48–30.69 ) and 2 ( 11.15/5.23–35.58 ) were significantly higher ( p < 0.001 ) compared to groups 1 ( 6.66/2.34–24.89 ) and 5 ( 7.41/0.28–34.18 ) . Adhesive failure between dentin and luting agent was the most frequent failure mode . Conclusions . Bond strength of fiber-posts adhesively luted to root canal dentin was significantly higher when self-adhesive resin cements were used . One ( group 2 ) of the tested core- and -post material s/etch- and -rinse adhesive achieved comparable bond strength values OBJECTIVES The objective of this r and omized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the 8-year clinical performance of a mild 2-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious Class-V lesions with and without prior selective phosphoric acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins . METHODS A total of 100 non-carious Class-V lesions in 29 patients were restored with Clearfil AP-X ( Kuraray ) .  The composite restorations were bonded following two different approaches : ( 1 ) application of Clearfil SE ( Kuraray ) following a self-etch approach ( control group ; C-SE non-etch ) , ( 2 ) selective phosphoric acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins before application of Clearfil SE ( experimental group ; C-SE etch ) . The restorations were evaluated after 6 months , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 8 years of clinical service regarding their retention , marginal integrity and discoloration , caries occurrence , preservation of tooth vitality and post-operative sensitivity . RESULTS The recall rate at 8 years was 76 % . Only two restorations , one of the C-SE non-etch group and one of the C-SE etch group , were clinical ly unacceptable due to loss of retention leading to a retention rate and a clinical success rate of 97 % in both groups . Aging of the restorations was characterized by an increase in the percentage of restorations with a small but clinical ly acceptable marginal defect ( C-SE non-etch : 92 % ; C-SE etch : 84 % ) and /or a superficial marginal discoloration ( C-SE non-etch : 44 % ; C-SE etch : 28 % ) . At the enamel side , the presence of small marginal defects ( C-SE non-etch : 86 % ; C-SE etch : 65 % ) and superficial marginal discoloration ( C-SE non-etch : 11 % ; C-SE etch% ) was more frequently noticed in the control group than in the experimental group . The difference , however , was only statistically significant for the presence of superficial marginal discoloration ( McNemar , p=0.01 ) . SIGNIFICANCE After 8 years of clinical functioning , the clinical effectiveness of Clearfil SE remained excellent , with selective acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins only having some minor positive effect on marginal integrity and absence of marginal discoloration at enamel This study examined the contribution of testing time on the interfacial strengths of  fiber posts to radicular dentin . Twenty-five fiber posts were luted to root segments  with resin cements and a zinc phosphate cement . Immediately upon setting of the material s , the roots were sectioned into slices and r and omly divided into two subgroups , depending on testing time ( immediate vs. 24-hours ) , for push-out test . The results showed an improvement on the interfacial strength after 24 hours of storage . When data were pooled for each cement , the interfacial strengths ( MPa ) were : Optibond Solo Plus/Nexus : 10.3+/-3.8a ; zinc phosphate cement : 10.1+/-2.7a ; Multilink : 9.6+/-3.8ab ; RelyX Unicem : 7.1+/-4.9bc ; AllBond 2/Duolink : 6.7+/-3.5c ( groups with same superscript letter were not statistically significant ) . It is concluded that bond strength can increase during the first 24 hours and that the interfacial strength is predominantly contributed by frictional retention PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of light-curing access on the bond strength of fiber glass posts to the apical area of bovine roots using self-adhesive cement or dual-cured cement with an etch- and -rinse adhesive system . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The root canals of 60 bovine teeth were endodontically treated and filled . A 15-mm-length post space was prepared and roots were r and omly divided into three groups , simulating the levels of light-curing access : coronal ( C ) , with 15-mm post space ; middle ( M ) , in which the coronal thirds of roots were cut out , leaving a 10-mm post space ; and apical ( A ) , in which the coronal and middle thirds of roots were cut out , leaving a 5-mm post space . Fiber glass posts ( Reforpost # 3 , Angelus ) were cemented with RelyX U100 ( 3 M ESPE ) or RelyX ARC/Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus ( SBMP ) ( 3 M ESPE ) ( n=10 ) and light-cured . After 24 hours , the apical thirds of roots were sectioned perpendicularly to the long axis and su bmi tted to a push-out test ( 0.5 mm/min , 200 N ) . The Kruskal-Wallis test compared the three levels of light-curing access , and the Mann-Whitney test compared the cements . RESULTS The bond strength was significantly higher in the groups C ( p=0.028 ) and M ( p=0.016 ) when U100 was used , whereas it was similar for both cements in group A. The bond strengths of posts cemented with ARC/SBMP were significantly higher in group A compared to group C ( p=0.031 ) . CONCLUSIONS The type of cement used and the light-curing access level influenced the bond strength between glass fiber posts and root canals . The bond strength of the RelyX ARC/SBMP cement proved to be more dependent on photoactivation than was the RelyX U100 cement . The light-curing access level did not influence the apical bond strength of RelyX U100 PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of different glass-fiber post surface treatments on the bond strength to root dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty bovine incisors were used in this study . After removing the crowns , the teeth were endodontically treated . The roots were r and omly divided into five groups according to post surface treatment . The groups were as follows : CO ( Control ) - no treatment ; G1 - RelyX Ceramic Primer ( silane ) only ; G2 - silane and Solobond M ; G3 - silane and Scotchbond Adhesive ; G4 - silane and Excite . For post cementation , RelyX Unicem was used according to the manufacturer 's recommendation and the roots were stored in a light-proof container with 100 % relative humidity for 24 h. The specimens were transversally sectioned . Subsequently , the cervical , middle , and apical regions of the root were positioned in a push-out device and tested at 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine ( Instron ) . The data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . The fractured specimens were then observed under a stereoscopic loupe at 60X magnification . RESULTS No significant difference in bond strength was found among the groups that received a silane or silane plus an adhesive system ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the CO ( no silane ) showed the lowest bond strength . Regarding G1 , G2 , G3 , and G4 , the cervical region of the root canal attained better bond strengths than did the middle or apical regions . The most frequent failure mode occurred at the cement/dentin interface . CONCLUSION Silane application may be necessary to improve the adhesion of fiber posts luted with the self-adhesive resin cement evaluated here . The application of an adhesive layer between the fiber post and resin cement did not have any influence on the bond strength when the silane coupling was previously used STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Resin cements are widely used to cement intraradicular posts , but bond strength is significantly influenced by the technique and material used for cementation . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of 3 self-adhesive cements used to cement intraradicular glass fiber posts . The cements all required different application and h and ling techniques . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five human maxillary canines were selected and r and omly divided into 3 groups n= 15 by drawing lots : Group BIS - Biscem , Group BRE - Breeze , and Group MAX - Maxcem . Each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to application and h and ling techniques : Sub-group A - Automix/Point tip applicator , Sub-group L - H and mix/Lentulo , and Sub-group C - H and mix/Centrix . Cementation of the posts was performed according to the manufacturers ' instructions . The push-out test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min , and bond strength was expressed in megapascals . The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures ( Tukey test ) ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS Breeze cement showed the highest average for the subgroups A , L , and C when compared to the Biscem cement and Maxcem Elite ( P<.05 ) . Statistically significant differences among the subgroups were only observed for Biscem . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that application and h and ling techniques may influence the bond strength of different self-adhesive cements when used for intraradicular post cementation OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the bond strength of luting systems for bonding glass fiber posts to root canal dentin . The hypothesis tested was that there are no differences in bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cement systems . METHODS Forty bovine incisors were r and omly assigned to five different resin cement groups ( n=8 ) . After endodontic treatment and crown removal , translucent glass fiber posts were bonded into the root canal using five different luting protocol s ( self-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; self-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; and dual-cured self-adhesive cement ) . Push-out bond strength was evaluated at three different radicular levels : cervical , middle , and apical . The interface between resinous cement and the post was observed using a stereoscopic microscope . RESULTS Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference among the cements ( p<0.05 ) and the root canal thirds ( p<0.05 ) . The self-adhesive resinous cement had lower values of retention . CONCLUSIONS The resin cements used with etch- and -rinse and self-etch adhesive systems seem to be adequate for glass fiber post cementation PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new bonding-luting system in resin tag , adhesive lateral branch , and hybrid layer formation when used in combination with an experimental fiber post . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty anterior teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were selected for this study . They were endodontically treated and r and omly divided into three groups of 10 sample s each : group 1 = Excite light-cured bonding agent in combination with Variolink II resin cement ; group 2 = Excite dual-cured bonding agent self-activated by an experimental microbrush in combination with MultiLink resin cement ; and group 3 = one-step bonding system in combination with Dual Link resin cement . In groups 1 and 3 , the primer-adhesive solution was light cured before placing the resin cement and the post , whereas in group 2 the adhesive/luting material s were not light cured . Twenty FRC Postec translucent posts ( groups 1 and 2 ) and 10 EndoAesthetic translucent fiber posts ( group 3 ) were used . One week later , the root sample s were processed for scanning electron microscopic ( SEM ) observations . RESULTS Microscopic examinations of restored interfaces from group 2 revealed a resin-dentin interdiffusion zone higher than that seen in sample s from groups 1 and 3 ( P < .05 ) . At the apical and middle thirds , the sample s from group 2 showed significantly more resin tags than the other two groups . CONCLUSION The dual-cure self-activating system showed a more uniform resin tag and resin-dentin interdiffusion zone formation along root canal walls than light-curing systems AIM To compare regional bond strength in different thirds of the root canal , among glass fiber-reinforced ( FRC ) endodontic posts luted with different cements , using the push-out test . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty extracted human anterior teeth were endodontically treated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer . The crown portion was removed , and a dowel space was prepared . Prepared teeth were r and omly assigned to one of six groups ( n = 10 ) for luting glass FRC Postec posts , with one of the six cement systems ( Ketac Cem Aplicap , Relyx Unicem Aplicap , Variolink II/Excite DCS , Panavia F/ED Primer , C&B cement/All-Bond 2 , and Multilink/Multilink Primer A/B ) , using an alignment technique . Specimens were embedded in resin , and each root was sectioned into six 1-mm thick serial slices . A push-out test was performed to measure regional bond strengths and to identify the type of failure . RESULTS The highest bond strength values were found in the cervical third and the lowest in the apical third . Highest values were obtained using Variolink II , Panavia F , and Multilink resin cements followed by C&B resin cement and Relyx Unicem ionomer resin cement ; Ketac-cem ionomer cement showed the lowest value . CONCLUSION Highest bond strength values were obtained in the cervical third and with resin cements This trial used push-out testing to evaluate four different fiber post cementation strategies .  Specimens of bovine m and ibular teeth were r and omly allocated into four groups according to cementation strategies ( n = 10 ) : ScotchBond Multi Purpose and RelyX ARC ( Group 1 ) ; AdheSE and Multilink Automix ( Group 2 ) ; phosphoric acid and RelyX U100 ( Group 3 ) ; and RelyX U100 ( Group 4 ) . Four slices from each specimen ( 2.0 mm thick ) were obtained for the push-out test . All slices were analyzed for failure mode after testing . A one-way ANOVA showed differences between the groups ( P = 0.002 ) . A Tukey test indicated that Group 1 had the highest bond strength values ( 13.96 ± 6.41 MPa ) . Groups 2 ( 6.58 ± 2.14 MPa ) , 3 ( 5.85 ± 2.57 MPa ) , and 4 ( 8.19 ± 2.28 MPa ) had similar bond strengths , but all of them were lower than Group 1 . A three-step total etching adhesive system , associated with a conventional resin cement , might be a good alternative for fiber post cementation
target: Endodontic treatment , method of cement application , and post pretreatment are factors that might significantly affect the retention of glass-fiber posts  into root canals mainly when cemented with regular resin cement .
  Self-adhesive resin cements were found to be less technique-sensitive to luting procedures as compared with regular resin cements
background: This study aim ed to identify factors that can affect the retention of glass fiber posts to intra-radicular dentin based on in vitro studies that compared the bond strength ( BS ) of GFPs cemented with resin cements .