title: An unsupervised “Aerobics” physical training programme in middle-aged factory workers: Feasibility, validation and response Evaluating the effectiveness of organisational-level strategies with or without an activity tracker to reduce office workers’ sitting time: a cluster-randomised trial The Impact of Web-Based Feedback on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health of Nurses Working in a Cardiovascular Setting: A Randomized Trial Physical Activity of Nurse Clinical Practitioners and Managers. Are physical activity levels of health care professionals consistent with activity guidelines? A prospective cohort study in New Zealand Reducing Office Workers’ Sitting Time at Work Using Sit-Stand Protocols: Results From a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Take a Stand!-a multi-component intervention aimed at reducing sitting time among office workers-a cluster randomized trial. Effects on musculoskeletal pain from "Take a Stand!" - a cluster-randomized controlled trial reducing sitting time among office workers. Repetitive Daily Point of Choice Prompts and Occupational Sit-Stand Transfers, Concentration and Neuromuscular Performance in Office Workers: An RCT Investigating the effect of a 3-month workplace-based pedometer-driven walking programme on health-related quality of life in meat processing workers: a feasibility study within a randomized controlled trial Occupational and leisure-time physical activity and risk of disability pension: prospective data from the HUNT Study, Norway Intra-individual variability in day-to-day and month-to-month measurements of physical activity and sedentary behaviour at work and in leisure-time among Danish adults Participatory Workplace Interventions Can Reduce Sedentary Time for Office Workers—A Randomised Controlled Trial The effectiveness of sit-stand workstations for changing office workers’ sitting time: results from the Stand@Work randomized controlled trial pilot Impact of Booster Breaks and Computer Prompts on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among Desk-Based Workers: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial Prompts to Disrupt Sitting Time and Increase Physical Activity at Work, 2011–2012 A comparison of work-related physical activity levels between inpatient and outpatient physical therapists: an observational cohort trial The Impact of Activity Based Working (ABW) on Workplace Activity, Eating Behaviours, Productivity, and Satisfaction Compliance with physical activity guidelines in a group of UK-based postal workers using an objective monitoring technique Point-of-choice prompts to reduce sitting time at work: a randomized trial. Workplace sitting and height-adjustable workstations: a randomized controlled trial. Effects of a Minimal Workplace Intervention to Reduce Sedentary Behaviors and Improve Perceived Wellness in Middle-Aged Women Office Workers. A pedometer-based intervention to improve physical activity, fitness, and coronary heart disease risk in National Guard personnel. A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Office Workers' Sitting Time: Effect on Activity Outcomes. Reducing sitting time in office workers: short-term efficacy of a multicomponent intervention. Randomized controlled trial of effectiveness of pedometers on general practitioners' attitudes to engagement in and promotion of physical activity Long-term effects of sit-stand workstations on workplace sitting: A natural experiment. Perceived and measured physical activity and mental stress levels in obstetricians. What strategies do desk-based workers choose to reduce sitting time and how well do they work? Findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial Treadmill workstations in office workers who are overweight or obese: a randomised controlled trial. Breaking up Sedentary Time in Overweight/Obese Adults on Work Days and Non-Work Days: Results from a Feasibility Study Design and baseline characteristics of participants in the TRial of Economic Incentives to Promote Physical Activity (TRIPPA): a randomized controlled trial of a six month pedometer program with financial incentives.
abstract: Summary This paper describes a controlled study of the effects of an unsupervised walking-programme in 108 volunteers from among 580 middle-aged employees in a Nottingham light industrial company . Objective measurements of physical condition and of customary activity were made on four occasions at 12-week intervals . The subjects were r and omly allocated to three groups and encouraged to follow a walking-programme in the first , second or third periods of the study : no activity was prescribed in the other periods .  Compliance with the programme was estimated from log-cards and from a week 's pedometer record . Although there were no significant differences between the changes seen in subjects following the walking-programme and those in control subjects , there were significant small improvements in physical condition and modest increases in customary activity in a ) those subjects actually completing the programme , and b ) the subjects measured before and after their programme , pooled without regard to the period of measurement . At least some of the increased activity is maintained for 12 weeks after the programme . The marginal changes suggest that the intensity of the training-programme as experienced by the subjects was close to the threshold for maintenance of physical condition in this age-group of workers Background Office workers engage in high levels of sitting time . Effective , context -specific , and scalable strategies are needed to support widespread sitting reduction . This study aim ed to evaluate organisational-support strategies alone or in combination with an activity tracker to reduce sitting in office workers . Methods From one organisation , 153 desk-based office workers were cluster-r and omised ( by team ) to organisational support only ( e.g. , manager support , emails ; ‘ Group ORG ’ , 9 teams , 87 participants ) , or organisational support plus LUMOback activity tracker ( ‘ Group ORG + Tracker ’ , 9 teams , 66 participants ) . The waist-worn tracker provided real-time feedback and prompts on sitting and posture . ActivPAL3 monitors were used to ascertain primary outcomes ( sitting time during work- and overall hours ) and other activity outcomes : prolonged sitting time ( ≥30 min bouts ) , time between sitting bouts , st and ing time , stepping time , and number of steps . Health and work outcomes were assessed by question naire . Changes within each group ( three- and 12 months ) and differences between groups were analysed by linear mixed models . Missing data were multiply imputed . Results At baseline , participants ( 46 % women , 23–58 years ) spent ( mean ± SD ) 74.3 ± 9.7 % of their workday sitting , 17.5 ± 8.3 % st and ing and 8.1 ± 2.7 % stepping . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) reductions in sitting time ( both work and overall ) were observed within both groups , but only at 12 months . For secondary activity outcomes , Group ORG significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , time between sitting bouts and st and ing time , and overall prolonged sitting time ( 12 months ) , and in overall st and ing time ( three- and 12 months ) ; while Group ORG + Tracker , significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , st and ing , stepping and overall st and ing time ( 12 months ) . Adjusted for confounders , the only significant between-group differences were a greater stepping time and step count for Group ORG + Tracker relative to Group ORG ( + 20.6 min/16 h day , 95 % CI : 3.1 , 38.1 , p = 0.021 ; + 846.5steps/16 h day , 95 % CI : 67.8 , 1625.2 , p = 0.033 ) at 12 months . Observed changes in health and work outcomes were small and not statistically significant . Conclusions Organisational-support strategies with or without an activity tracker result ed in improvements in sitting , prolonged sitting and st and ing ; adding a tracker enhanced stepping changes . Improvements were most evident at 12 months , suggesting the organisational-support strategies may have taken time to embed within the organisation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry : ACTRN12614000252617 . Registered 10 March 2014 A disconcerting proportion of Canadian nurses are physically inactive and report poor cardiovascular health . Web-based interventions incorporating feedback and group features may represent opportune , convenient , and cost-effective methods for encouraging physical activity ( PA ) in order to improve the levels of PA and cardiovascular health of nurses . The purpose of this parallel-group r and omized trial was to examine the impact of an intervention providing participants with feedback from an activity monitor coupled with a web-based individual , friend or team PA challenge , on the PA and cardiovascular health of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting . Methods : Nurses were r and omly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of the following intervention “ challenge ” groups : ( 1 ) individual , ( 2 ) friend or ( 3 ) team . Nurses wore a Tractivity ® activity monitor throughout a baseline week and 6-week intervention . Height , body mass , body fat percentage , waist circumference , resting blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate were assessed , and body mass index ( BMI ) was calculated , during baseline and within 1 week post-intervention . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and general linear model procedures for repeated measures . Results : 76 nurses ( 97 % female ; age : 46 ± 11 years ) participated . Weekly moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA ( MVPA ) changed over time ( F = 4.022 , df = 4.827 , p = 0.002 , η2 = 0.055 ) , and was greater during intervention week 2 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p = 0.011 ) . Daily steps changed over time ( F = 7.668 , df = 3.910 , p < 0.001 , η2 = 0.100 ) , and were greater during baseline and intervention weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p < 0.05 ) . No differences in weekly MVPA or daily steps were observed between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . No changes in body mass , BMI or waist circumference were observed within or between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Decreases in body fat percentage ( −0.8 ± 4.8 % , p = 0.015 ) and resting systolic BP ( −2.6 ± 8.8 mmHg , p = 0.019 ) were observed within groups , but not between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : A web-based intervention providing feedback and a PA challenge initially impacted the PA , body fat percentage and resting systolic BP of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting , though increases in PA were short-lived . The nature of the PA challenge did not differentially impact outcomes . Alternative innovative strategies to improve and sustain  nurses ' PA  should be developed and their effectiveness evaluated BACKGROUND This study was aim ed ( 1 ) to compare the level of physical activity ( PA ) between working and nonworking hours and ( 2 ) to compare the level of PA during working hours of nurse clinical practitioners ( NCPs ) with that of nurse managers ( NMs ) . METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Thai university hospital from October 2015 to March 2016 . All r and omly selected participants wore an activity tracker on their hip for 5 days , except during bathing and sleeping periods , to record step counts and time points . RESULTS Of 884 nurses , 289 ( 142 NCPs and 147 NMs ) were r and omly selected . The average age was 35.87 years . They spent 9.76 and 6.01 hours on work and nonwork activities , respectively . Daily steps per hour were significantly lower during work than nonwork periods ( P < .001 ) . An NCP had significantly higher overall hourly PA ( P = .002 ) . The number of steps per hour during work period of NCP was significantly higher than that of NM even after adjusting for age , work experience , and body mass index ( P = .034 ) . CONCLUSIONS NCP had higher overall PA than NM , which was partly contributed by work-related PA . Level of PA for a professional with variation of actual work hours should be measured on hourly basis Objective We aim ed to estimate the level of physical activity undertaken by health care professionals and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps . Design This was a prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Participants were recruited in Wellington Regional Hospital , a tertiary hospital in New Zeal and . Participants Neurology , Cardiology , and Endocrinology staff were invited to participate . Main outcome measures  Pedometer-measured step counts were recorded over seven days and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps was calculated . Results We included 50 staff in the study . The mean daily step count was 10,620 ( st and ard deviation = 3141 ) with a median daily step count of 10,606 ( interquartile range = 7791–12,469 ) . Sixty-five per cent of the staff achieved 10,000 steps per day . Conclusion This cohort was more active compared to other pedometer-based studies in health care professionals . The daily target of 10,000 steps per day was achieved at a higher proportion than reported in international studies and the general New Zeal and Objective : To examine the effects of different sit-st and protocol s on work-time sitting and physical activity ( PA ) of office workers . Methods : Participants ( n = 26 , 77 % women , mean age 42 ) were r and omly allocated to usual sitting ( control ) or one of three sit-st and protocol s ( intervention ) facilitated by height-adjustable workstations for a 4-week period between June and August 2015 . Sitting , st and ing , and stepping time were assessed by inclinometry ( activPAL ) ; leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) by self-report . One-way analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) and post-hoc ( Bonferroni ) tests explored between-group differences . Results : Compared with baseline , intervention groups reduced work sitting time by 113 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ −147,−79 ] ) and increased work st and ing time by 96 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % CI [ 67,125 ] ) without significantly impacting LTPA/sleep time . Conclusions : Sit-st and protocol s facilitated by height-adjustable workstations appear to reduce office workers ’ sitting time without significant adverse effects on LTPA Background Prolonged sitting time has been associated with adverse health outcomes . Interventions at work may contribute to reduced sitting . The objective was to test if a multicomponent work-based intervention can reduce sitting time and the number of prolonged sitting periods ( > 30 min ) , increase the number of sit-to-st and transitions and decrease  waist circumference and body fat percentage among office workers . Primary outcomes were : change in sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and sit-to-st and transitions at follow-up 1 month later . Methods At four workplaces , 19 offices ( 317 workers in total ) were cluster r and omized for intervention or control . The intervention included the appointment of local ambassadors , management support , environmental changes , a lecture and a workshop . Sitting time was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh . Data were processed using Acti4 software providing data on time spent sitting , st and ing and doing other activities . Control participants were instructed to behave as usual . Follow-up measurements were obtained after 1 and 3 months . Results At 1 and 3 months , total sitting time was 71 ( P < 0.001 ) and 48 min ( P < 0.001 ) lower per 8-h workday in the intervention group compared with the control group . At 1 month , the number of prolonged sitting periods was lower ( -0.79/8-h workday , P < 0.001 ) and sit-to-st and transitions were higher ( + 14%/sitting hour , P = 0.001 ) in the intervention compared with the control group . After 3 months , trends persisted . The body fat percentage was lower by 0.61 percentage points ( P = 0.011 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group after 3 months . Conclusions The multicomponent workplace-based intervention was effective in reducing sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and body fat percentage , and in increasing the number of sit-to-st and transitions Objectives Prolonged sitting at work has been found to increase risk for musculoskeletal pain . The office-based intervention " Take a St and ! " was effective in reducing sitting time at work . We aim ed to study the effect of the intervention on a secondary outcome : musculoskeletal pain . Methods Take a St and ! included 19 offices ( 317 workers ) at four workplaces cluster r and omized to intervention or control . The multicomponent intervention lasted three months and included management support , environmental changes , and local adaptation . Control participants behaved as usual . Musculoskeletal pain was measured by self-report question naire assessing pain in neck-shoulders , back and extremities in three categories at baseline , and one and three months follow-up . Results At one month , there was no difference in odds ratio ( OR ) for pain in neck-shoulders between the two groups . However , after three months , the OR was 0.52 [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.30 - 0.92 ] for pain in neck-shoulders in the intervention compared to the control group . No differences were found between the intervention and control group for pain in back and extremities over the three months . For total pain score a slight reduction was found in the intervention compared to the control group at one and three months [ -0.13 ( 95 % CI -0.23- -0.03 ) and -0.17 ( 95 % CI -0.32- -0.01 ) ] . Conclusions The secondary analyses showed that the office-based intervention Take a St and ! reduced neck-shoulder pain after three months and total pain score after one and three months among office workers , but not neck-shoulder pain after one month or pain in the back and extremities Objective : Prolonged office sitting time adversely affects neuromuscular and cardiovascular health parameters . As a consequence , the present study investigated the effects of prompting the use of height-adjustable working desk ( HAWD ) on occupational sitting and st and ing time , neuromuscular outcomes and concentration in office workers . Methods : A single-blinded r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) with parallel group design was conducted . Thirty-eight office workers were supplied with HAWDs and r and omly assigned ( Strata : physical activity ( PA ) , BMI , gender , workload ) to a prompt ( INT ) or non-prompt ( CON ) group . INT received three daily screen-based prompts within 12 weeks . CON was only instructed once concerning the benefits of using HAWDs prior to the start of the study . Sitting and st and ing times were objective ly assessed as primary outcomes for one entire working week using the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT at baseline ( pre ) , after 6 ( mid ) and 12 weeks ( post ) . Concentration ( d2-test ) , postural sway during upright stance ( under single , dual and triple task ) and lower limb strength endurance ( heel-rise ) were collected as secondary outcomes . Results : With large but not statistically significant within group effects from pre to post , INT increased weekly st and ing time at work by 9 % ( p = 0.22 , d = 0.8 ) representing an increase from 7.2 h ( 4.8 ) to 9.7 ( 6.6 ) h ( p = 0.07 ) . Concentration and neuromuscular performance did not change from pre to post testing ( 0.23 < p < 0.95 ; 0.001 < ηp² < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Low-frequent and low cost screen-based point of choice prompts ( 3 per day within 12 weeks ) already result in notable increases of occupational st and ing time of approx . daily 30 min . These stimuli , however , did not relevantly affect neuromuscular outcomes Background In New Zeal and , meat processing population s face many health problems as a result of the nature of work in meat processing industries . The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using a pedometer-based intervention to increase physical activity and improve health-related outcomes in a population of meat processing workers . Methods A single-blinded r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) was conducted . A convenience sample of meat workers ( n = 58 ; mean age 41.0 years ; range : 18 - 65 ) participated in the trial . Participants were r and omly allocated into two groups . Intervention participants ( n = 29 ) utilized a pedometer to self monitor their activity , whilst undertaking a brief intervention , and educational material .  Control participants ( n = 29 ) received educational material only . The primary outcomes of ambulatory activity , and health-related quality of life , were evaluated at baseline , immediately following the 12-week intervention and three months post-intervention . Results Fifty three participants completed the program ( 91.3 % adherence ) . Adherence with the intervention group was high , 93 % ( n = 27/29 ) , and this group increased their mean daily step count from 5993 to 9792 steps per day , while the control group steps changed from 5788 to 6551 steps per day from baseline . This increase in step counts remained significant within the intervention group p < 0.005 ; at three months post-intervention representing a 59 % increase over baseline scores . There were significant group changes with large effect sizes for step count change ( d = 1.94 ) and self-reported physical activity ( p < 0.005 ; d = 2.59 ) at 12 weeks intervention . Further , results showed non-significant between-group differences in physical component ( PCS ) and mental component ( MCS ) scores ( PCS : p = 0.44 ; MGD = 0.99 , 95 % CI , -1.6 to 3.6 ; ES = 0.14 , and MCS : p = 0.90 , MGD = 0.15 ; 95 % CI , -2.3 to 2.6 , ES = 0.022 ) at 12 weeks intervention . Conclusions This research provides important information for a larger ( RCT ) in the future : results demonstrated that a pedometer-driven walking intervention in combination with goal setting , and self-monitoring supported by weekly e-mails are feasible and potentially effective in increasing step count within the workplace setting over the short term . Trial registration numberAustralian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR ) ACTRN12613000087752 Objectives To prospect ively investigate the association between occupational physical activity ( OPA ) and  disability pension due to musculoskeletal cause , mental cause or any cause . We also examined the combined association of OPA and leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) with disability pension . Methods A population -based cohort study in Norway on 32 362 persons aged 20–65 years with question naire data on OPA and LTPA that were followed up for incident disability pension through the National Insurance Data base . We used Cox regression to estimate adjusted HRs with 95 % CIs . Results During a follow-up of 9.3 years , 3837 ( 12 % ) received disability pension . Compared with people with mostly sedentary work , those who performed much walking , much walking and lifting , and heavy physical work had HRs of 1.26 ( 95 % CI 1.16 to 1.38 ) , 1.44 ( 95 % CI 1.32 to 1.58 ) and 1.48 ( 95 % CI 1.33 to 1.70 ) , respectively . These associations were stronger for disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders , whereas there was no clear association between OPA and risk of disability pension due to mental disorders . People with high OPA and low LTPA had a HR of 1.77 ( 95 % CI 1.58 to 1.98 ) for overall disability pension and HR of 2.56 ( 95 % CI 2.10 to 3.11 ) for disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders , versus low OPA and high LTPA . Conclusions We observed a positive association between OPA and risk of disability pension due to all causes and musculoskeletal disorders , but not for mental disorders . Physical activity during leisure time reduced some , but not all of the unfavourable effect of physically dem and ing work on risk of disability pension Background Accelerometers can obtain precise measurements of movements during the day . However , the individual activity pattern varies from day-to-day and there is limited evidence on measurement days needed to obtain sufficient reliability . The aim of this study was to examine variability in accelerometer derived data on sedentary behaviour and physical activity at work and in leisure-time during week days among Danish office employees . Methods We included control participants ( n = 135 ) from the Take a St and ! Intervention ; a cluster r and omized controlled trial conducted in 19 offices .  Sitting time and physical activity were measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh and data were processed using Acti4 software . Variability was examined for sitting time , st and ing time , steps and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) per day by multilevel mixed linear regression modelling . Results Results of this study showed that the number of days needed to obtain a reliability of 80 % when measuring sitting time was 4.7 days for work and 5.5 days for leisure time . For physical activity at work , 4.0 days and 4.2 days were required to measure steps and MVPA , respectively . During leisure time , more monitoring time was needed to reliably estimate physical activity ( 6.8 days for steps and 5.8 days for MVPA ) . Conclusions The number of measurement days needed to reliably estimate activity patterns was greater for leisure time than for work time . The domain specific variability is of great importance to research ers and health promotion workers planning to use objective measures of sedentary behaviour and physical activity . Trial registration Clinical trials NCT01996176 Background Occupational sedentary behaviour is an important contributor to overall sedentary risk . There is limited evidence for effective workplace interventions to reduce occupational sedentary time and increase light activity during work hours . The purpose of the study was to determine if participatory workplace interventions could reduce total sedentary time , sustained sedentary time ( bouts > 30 minutes ) , increase the frequency of breaks in sedentary time and promote light intensity activity and moderate/vigorous activity ( MVPA ) during work hours . Methods A r and omised controlled trial ( ANZCTR number : ACTN12612000743864 ) was conducted using clerical , call centre and data processing workers ( n = 62 , aged 25–59 years ) in 3 large government organisations in Perth , Australia . Three groups developed interventions with a participatory approach : ‘ Active office ’ ( n = 19 ) , ‘ Active Workstation ’ and promotion of incidental office activity ; ‘ Traditional physical activity ’ ( n = 14 ) , pedometer challenge to increase activity between productive work time and ‘ Office ergonomics ’ ( n = 29 ) , computer workstation design and breaking up computer tasks . Accelerometer ( ActiGraph GT3X , 7 days ) determined sedentary time , sustained sedentary time , breaks in sedentary time , light intensity activity and MVPA on work days and during work hours were measured before and following a 12 week intervention period . Results For all participants there was a significant reduction in sedentary time on work days ( −1.6 % , p = 0.006 ) and during work hours ( −1.7 % , p = 0.014 ) and a significant increase in number of breaks/sedentary hour on work days ( 0.64 , p = 0.005 ) and during work hours ( 0.72 , p = 0.015 ) ; there was a concurrent significant increase in light activity during work hours ( 1.5 % , p = 0.012 ) and MVPA on work days ( 0.6 % , p = 0.012 ) . Conclusions This study explored novel ways to modify work practice s to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour . Participatory workplace interventions can reduce sedentary time , increase the frequency of breaks and improve light activity and MVPA of office workers by using a variety of interventions . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTN12612000743864 Background Prolonged sitting time is detrimental for health . Individuals with desk-based occupations tend to sit a great deal and sit-st and workstations have been identified as a potential strategy to reduce sitting time . Hence , the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of using sit-st and workstations on office workers ’ sitting time at work and over the whole day . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial pilot with crossover design and waiting list control in Sydney , Australia from September 2011 to July 2012 ( n = 42 ; 86 % female ; mean age 38 ± 11 years ) . Participants used a sit-st and workstation for four weeks in the intervention condition . In the time-matched control condition , participants received nothing and crossed over to the intervention condition after four weeks . The primary outcomes , sitting , st and ing and walking time at work , were assessed before and after using the workstations with ActivPALs and self-report question naires . Secondary outcomes , domain-specific sitting over the whole day , were assessed by self-report . Linear mixed models estimated changes in outcomes adjusting for measurement time , study grouping and covariates . Results Intervention participants significantly reduced objective ly assessed time spent sitting at work by 73 min/workday ( 95 % CI : -106,-39 ) and increased st and ing time at work by 65 min/workday ( 95 % CI : 47 , 83 ) ; these changes were significant relative to controls ( p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Total sitting time significantly declined in intervention participants ( -80 min/workday ; 95 % CI : -155 , -4 ) . Conclusions This study shows that introducing sit-st and workstations in the office can reduce desk-based workers ’ sitting time at work in the short term . Larger scale studies on more representative sample s are needed to determine the public health impact of sit-st and workstations . Trial registration Introduction The 15-minute work break provides an opportunity to promote health , yet few studies have examined this part of the workday . We studied physical activity and sedentary behavior among office workers and compared the results of the Booster Break program with those of a second intervention and a control group to determine whether the Booster Break program improved physical and behavioral health outcomes . Methods We conducted a 3-arm , cluster-r and omized controlled trial at 4 worksites in Texas from 2010 through 2013 to compare a group-based , structured Booster Break program to an individual-based computer-prompt intervention and a usual-break control group ; we analyzed physiologic , behavioral , and employee measures such as work social support , quality of life , and perceived stress . We also identified consistent and inconsistent attendees of the Booster Break sessions . Results We obtained data from 175 participants ( mean age , 43 y ; 67 % racial/ethnic minority ) . Compared with the other groups , the consistent Booster Break attendees had greater weekly pedometer counts ( P < .001 ) , significant decreases in sedentary behavior and self-reported leisure-time physical activity ( P < .001 ) , and a significant increase in triglyceride concentrations ( P = .02 ) ( levels remained within the normal range ) . Usual-break participants significantly increased their body mass index , whereas Booster Break participants maintained body mass index status during the 6 months . Overall , Booster Break participants were 6.8 and 4.3 times more likely to have decreases in BMI and weekend sedentary time , respectively , than usual-break participants . Conclusion Findings varied among the 3 study groups ; however , results indicate the potential for consistent attendees of the Booster Break intervention to achieve significant , positive changes related to physical activity , sedentary behavior , and body mass index Introduction The objective of this study was to assess change in sitting and physical activity behavior in response to a workplace intervention to disrupt prolonged sitting time . Methods Sixty office workers were r and omized to either a St and group ( n = 29 ) , which received hourly prompts ( computer-based and wrist-worn ) to st and up , or a Step group ( n = 31 ) , which received the same hourly prompts and an additional prompt to walk 100 steps or more upon st and ing . An ActivPAL monitor was used to assess sitting and physical activity behavior on the same 3 consecutive workdays during baseline and intervention periods . Mixed-effect models with r and om intercepts and r and om slopes for time were performed to assess change between groups and across time . Results Both groups significantly reduced duration of average sitting bouts ( St and group , by 16 % ; Step group , by 19 % ) and the number of sitting bouts of 60 minutes or more ( Step group , by 36 % ; St and group , by 54 % ) . The St and group significantly reduced total sitting time ( by 6.6 % ) , duration of the longest sitting bout ( by 29 % ) , and number of sitting bouts of 30 minutes or more ( by 13 % ) and increased the number of sit-to-st and transitions ( by 15 % ) and st and ing time ( by 23 % ) . Stepping time significantly increased in the St and ( by 14 % ) and Step ( by 29 % ) groups , but only the Step group significantly increased ( by 35 % ) the number of steps per workday . Differences in changes from baseline to intervention between groups were not significant for any outcome . Conclusion Interventions that focus on disrupting sitting time only in the workplace may result in less sitting . When sitting time disruptions are paired with a physical activity prompt , people may be more likely to increase their workday physical activity , but the effect on sitting time may be attenuated Background  Physical therapists ( PTs ) work in a variety of healthcare setting s with varied levels of physical activity dem and s placed on them . The purpose of this study is to compare the  physical activity ( PA ) levels between PTs in inpatient versus outpatient environments for one work week using a cross-sectional design . Methods Sixty-one PTs ( 30 inpatient , 31 outpatient ) wore a tri-axial accelerometer and inclinometer for one work-week . The number steps-per-day , PA intensities , energy expenditures and postural positions adopted during the work day were recorded . ResultS ignificantly longer amounts of time spent sitting was found for inpatient PTs regardless of the significantly higher number of steps-per-day . Outpatient PTs had a higher number of breaks from sedentary activity with those breaks being longer than the inpatient PTs . The percentage of time spent performing moderate-vigorous PA approached significance implying more time was spent performing these types of activities for outpatient PTs . The energy expenditures between the two groups of PTs were not different . Conclusion This study compared the differences in physical activity levels between physical therapists who worked at inpatient versus outpatient environment as little is known about their activity levels . Inpatient physical therapists took more steps per day than outpatient physical therapists but the outpatient physical therapists were less sedentary and took more frequent and longer breaks from sedentary activities . The energy expenditures were similar between both types of therapists and this may be reflective of the gender and bodyweight differences between the groups that equalizes the energy expenditures . The findings of this study suggests that there are differences in the physical activity dem and s between inpatient and outpatient physical therapists . The results of this study may serve dual purpose s : ( 1 ) employers may be able to more accurately describe the expected physical activity dem and s to future employees ; ( 2 ) individuals tasked with preparing PTs to physically manage their work environment can outline training programs that are diverse based on the specific work environment of PTs The re design of the physical workplace according to activity-based working ( ABW ) principles has potential to influence employee health and workplace outcomes . This natural experiment examined changes in accelerometer-derived workplace activity , self-reported eating behaviours , productivity , workplace satisfaction before ( March to November 2014 ) and six to nine months after moving to an ABW workplace compared to a comparison workplace ( n = 146 at baseline ( 56 % ABW , aged 40.1 ± 8.5 years , 72 % female ) . Interviews were also conducted with 21 ABW participants . Between- and within-group differences were examined and mixed model analysis examined intervention effects over time . Effect sizes were calculated on change scores ( Cohen ’s d ) . Although not statistically significant , ABW participants had meaningful improvements in workday sedentary time , light- , and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity , job satisfaction and relationship with co-workers ( d = 0.379–0.577 ) , and small declines in productivity ( d = 0.278 ) . There were significant , meaningful , and beneficial intervention effects on perceived organisational support for being active in the workplace , frequency of eating lunch with colleagues , and satisfaction with the physical environment in ABW compared to comparison participants ( d = 0.501–0.839 ) . Qualitative data suggested that ABW employees associated ABW with greater opportunities for movement and collaboration , but had mixed views on the impact on productivity . Future research with larger sample s and over longer follow-up periods is warranted Compliance with physical activity ( PA ) recommendations was assessed using objective PA monitoring of ambulatory activity , in two healthy groups of individuals with active and sedentary occupations . The study showed generally low compliance with the guidelines ( 53 % with 10,000 steps a day ; 10 % with 30 min of moderate activity a day ; and 1 % with 30 min of moderate activity a day in bouts of at least 10 min ( ACSM ) ) . Adherence to guidelines decreased as more rigorous conditions were applied to the PA data . Use of an objective monitor revealed that health enhancing bouts of activity were performed in periods of approximately 1-min duration , which may be due to unavoidable environmental interruptions . These bouts of activity are much shorter than those advocated in the ACSM guidelines , raising questions regarding how actual behaviour , based on objective monitoring , can be reconciled with guidelines based on self-reported PA BACKGROUND Prolonged sitting is prevalent in the workplace and is associated with adverse health markers . PURPOSE Investigate the effects of point-of-choice ( PoC ) prompting software , on the computer used at work ( PC ) , to reduce long uninterrupted sedentary periods and total sedentary time at work . DESIGN Assessor-blinded , parallel group , active-controlled r and omized trial . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of office workers from Glasgow , United Kingdom . Data were collected April to June 2010 , and analyzed October 2010 to June 2011 . INTERVENTION The education group ( n=14 ) received a brief education session on the importance of reducing long sitting periods at work .  The PoC group ( n=14 ) received the same education along with prompting software on their PC for 5 workdays , which reminded them to st and up every 30 minutes . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sitting time was measured objective ly using the activPAL ™ activity monitor for 5 workdays at baseline and 5 workdays during the intervention . The number and time spent sitting in events > 30 minutes ' duration were the main outcome measures . RESULTS At baseline , participants spent 5.7±1.0 hours/day ( 76%±9 % ) of their time at work sitting . Of that time , 3.3±1.3 hours/day was spent sitting in 3.7±1.4 events > 30 minutes . There was a significant difference between the groups in the change ( intervention to baseline ) of both the number ( ANCOVA ; -6.8 % , p=0.014 ) and duration ( -15.5 % , p=0.007 ) of sitting events > 30 minutes . During the intervention , compared with baseline , the PoC group reduced the number ( paired t-test ; -0.11 events/hour , p=0.045 ) and duration ( -12.2 % , p=0.035 ) of sitting events > 30 minutes . However , there was no significant difference in total sitting time between groups ( -4.4 % , p=0.084 ) . CONCLUSIONS Point-of-choice prompting software on work computers recommending taking a break from sitting plus education is superior to education alone in reducing long uninterrupted sedentary periods at work . TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.govNCT01628861 BACKGROUND Desk-based office employees sit for most of their working day . To address excessive sitting as a newly identified health risk , best practice frameworks suggest a multi-component approach . However , these approaches are re source intensive and knowledge about their impact is limited . PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of a multi-component intervention to reduce workplace sitting time , to a height-adjustable workstations-only intervention , and to a comparison group ( usual practice ) . DESIGN Three-arm quasi-r and omized controlled trial in three separate administrative units of the University of Queensl and , Brisbane , Australia . Data were collected between January and June 2012 and analyzed the same year . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Desk-based office workers aged 20 - 65 ( multi-component intervention , n=16 ; workstations-only , n=14 ; comparison , n=14 ) . INTERVENTION The multi-component intervention comprised installation of height-adjustable workstations and organizational-level ( management consultation , staff education , manager e-mails to staff ) and individual-level ( face-to-face coaching , telephone support ) elements . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Workplace sitting time ( minutes/8-hour workday ) assessed objective ly via activPAL3 devices worn for 7 days at baseline and 3 months ( end-of-intervention ) . RESULTS At baseline , the mean proportion of workplace sitting time was approximately 77 % across all groups ( multi-component group 366 minutes/8 hours [ SD=49 ] ; workstations-only group 373 minutes/8 hours [ SD=36 ] , comparison 365 minutes/8 hours [ SD=54 ] ) . Following intervention and relative to the comparison group , workplace sitting time in the multi-component group was reduced by 89 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % CI=-130 , -47 minutes ; p<0.001 ) and 33 minutes in the workstations-only group ( 95 % CI=-74 , 7 minutes , p=0.285 ) . CONCLUSIONS A multi-component intervention was successful in reducing workplace sitting . These findings may have important practical and financial implication s for workplaces targeting sitting time reductions . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry 00363297 BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether an alert to get up once per hour while at work would reduce sitting time , increase sit-to-st and transitions , and improve perceived wellness in women with sedentary jobs . METHODS Female university staff and administrators ( 48 ± 10 years ) were r and omly assigned to control-control ( CC ) ( n = 22 ) or control-intervention ( CI ) ( n = 22 ) groups . Both used a thigh-worn postural-based activity monitor for 2 weeks . The CC group maintained normal behaviors  , whereas the CI group maintained behaviors during control week , but received hourly alerts on their computer during work hours in the intervention week . Time sitting and sit-to-st and transitions during an 8.5-hour workday were examined . A perceived wellness survey was completed at baseline and after the control and intervention weeks . RESULTS Among all participants ( N = 44 ) during the control week , 68 % of the workday was spent sitting and 41 sit-to-st and transitions occurred . An analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in variables over time ( P > .05 ) . There was a significant increase in perceived wellness from baseline in both groups ( P ≤ .05 ) . Perceived wellness showed no statistically significant difference between groups . CONCLUSIONS The intervention had no statistically significant effect on sitting time or sit-to-st and transitions . Participation improved perceived wellness in the absence of behavior change To compare the effects of a pedometer-based behavioral intervention ( Fitness for Life [ FFL ] program ) and a traditional high-intensity fitness ( TRAD ) program on physical activity ( PA ) , Army  Physical Fitness Test ( APFT ) , and coronary heart disease risk factors in Army National Guard members who failed the APFT 2-mile run . From a pool of 261 Army National Guard , a total of 156 were r and omized to TRAD or FFL for 24 weeks consisting of a 12-week progressive conditioning program followed by 12 weeks of maintenance . For both groups , the total APFT score and 2-mile run time/score improved from baseline to 12 weeks ( FFL : down 7.4 % , p = 0.03 ; TRAD : down 5 % , p = 0.08 ) but at 24 weeks they had regressed toward baseline . PA improved modestly and coronary risk profile changed minimally in both groups . A pedometer-based exercise intervention had results similar to a high-intensity program for improving PA , APFT , and 2-mile run times/score . Neither group sustained the improved run times over the 12 weeks of maintenance PURPOSE This study aim ed to evaluate the initial and long-term effectiveness of a workplace intervention compared with usual practice , targeting the reduction of sitting on activity outcomes . METHODS Office worksites ( ≥1 km apart ) from a single organization in Victoria , Australia , were cluster r and omized to intervention ( n = 7 ) or control ( n = 7 ) . Participants were 231 desk-based office workers ( 5 - 39 participants per worksite ) working at least 0.6 full-time equivalent . The workplace-delivered intervention addressed organizational , physical environment , and individual behavioral changes to reduce sitting time . Assessment s occurred at baseline , 3 months , and 12 months , with the primary outcome participants ' objective ly measured ( activPAL3 device ) workplace sitting time ( minutes per 8-h workday ) . Secondary activity outcomes were workplace time spent st and ing , stepping ( light , moderate to vigorous , and total ) , and in prolonged ( ≥30 min ) sitting bouts ( hours per 8-h workday ) ; usual duration of workplace sitting bouts ; and overall sitting , st and ing , and stepping time ( minutes per 16-h day ) . Analysis was by linear mixed models , accounting for repeated- measures and clustering and adjusting for baseline values and potential confounders . RESULTS At baseline , on average , participants ( 68 % women ; mean ± SD age = 45.6 ± 9.4 yr ) sat , stood , and stepped for 78.8 % ± 9.5 % , 14.3 % ± 8.2 % , and 6.9 % ± 2.9 % of work hours , respectively . Workplace sitting time was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared with the controls at 3 months ( -99.1 [ 95 % confidence interval = -116.3 to -81.8 ] min per 8-h workday ) and 12 months ( -45.4 [ -64.6 to -26.2 ] min per 8-h workday ) . Significant intervention effects ( all favoring intervention ) were observed for st and ing , prolonged sitting , and usual sitting bout duration at work , as well as overall sitting and st and ing time , with no significant or meaningful effects observed for stepping . CONCLUSIONS This workplace-delivered multicomponent intervention was successful at reducing workplace and overall daily sitting time in both the short term and the long term OBJECTIVE To investigate the short-term efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce office workers ' sitting time . METHODS Allocation for this non-r and omized controlled trial ( n=43 participants ; 56 % women ; 26 - 62 years ; Melbourne , Australia ) was by office floor , with data collected during July-September 2011 . The 4-week intervention emphasized three key messages : " St and Up , Sit Less , Move More " and comprised organizational , environmental , and individual elements . Changes in minutes/day at the workplace spent sitting ( primary outcome ) , in prolonged sitting ( sitting time accumulated in bouts ≥ 30 min ) , st and ing , and moving were objective ly measured ( activPAL3 ) . RESULTS Relative to the controls , the intervention group significantly reduced workplace sitting time ( mean change [ 95%CI ] : -125 [ -161 , -89 ] min/8-h workday ) , with changes primarily driven by a reduction in prolonged sitting time ( -73 [ -108 , -40 ] min/8-h workday ) . Workplace sitting was almost exclusively replaced by st and ing ( + 127 [ + 92 , + 162 ] min/8-h workday ) with non-significant changes to stepping time ( -2 [ -7 , + 4 ] min/8-h workday ) and number of steps ( -70 [ -350 , 210 ] ) . CONCLUSIONS This multicomponent workplace intervention demonstrated that substantial reductions in sitting time are achievable in an office setting . Larger studies with longer timeframes are needed to assess sustainability of these changes , as well as their potential longer-term impacts on health and work-related outcomes Abstract Pedometers have been identified as a tool for health professionals to promote physical activity . This study , which aim ed to evaluate the effectiveness of wearing a pedometer on general practitioners ' attitudes to promoting physical activity , was a pragmatic , multi-centred , r and omized controlled trial within a primary care trust in Engl and . The participants were 102 general practitioners ( GPs ) . Eighty-five ( 48 males , 37 females ) of the GPs completed pre and post question naires , 43 of whom were in the intervention group . Statistical analysis revealed no significant changes between the control and intervention groups for attitude to engage in physical activity ( t 83 = 1.13 , CI −0.362 to 0.099 ) or attitude to promote physical activity in their patients ( t 83 = 1.7 , CI −0.593 to 0.045 ) . A higher volume of walking was significantly correlated with a more positive attitude to engage in physical activity ( r = 0.58 , P < 0.01 ) but not with a more positive attitude to promoting physical activity . Wearing a pedometer had no significant effect on GPs ' attitudes to engaging in physical activity or promoting physical activity in their patients OBJECTIVE Sit-st and workstations may result in significant reductions in workplace sitting . However , few studies have examined long-term maintenance under real-world conditions . The purpose of this study was to evaluate workplace sitting time , cardio-metabolic biomarkers , and work productivity during a workplace re- design which included the installation of sit-st and workstations . DESIGN Natural experiment with appropriately matched comparison . METHODS Office workers from distinct worksites in the same unit were recruited ( Intervention , n=24 ; Comparison , n=12 ) . Intervention arm participants received a sit-st and workstation and 4 months of sitting-specific motivational support . The comparison arm received 4 months of ergonomic focused motivational support .  Time spent in sitting , st and ing , and other physical activity were measured by activPAL3c for a week . Cardio-metabolic biomarkers and work productivity were also measured . Assessment s occurred at baseline , 4 months , and 18 months . RESULTS At 4 months , work sitting time was reduced by 56.7±89.1min/8h workday ( d=-0.64 ) , relative to comparison . St and ing time ( 37.4±69.2min/8h workday ; d=0.54 ) and sit-to-st and transitions ( 3.3±0.4min/8h workday , d=0.44 ) were also improved relative to comparison . At 18 months , work sitting time reductions ( 52.6±68.3min/8h workday ; d=-0.77 ) and st and ing time improvements ( 17.7±54.8min/8h workday , d=0.32 ) were maintained in the intervention group relative to comparison . Cardio-metabolic and work productivity changes were mixed ; however , strongest effects favoring the intervention group were observed at 18 months . CONCLUSIONS Sit-st and workstations , accompanied with behavioral support , were effective in reducing workplace and overall daily sitting and increasing st and ing time in a real-world setting . The effect appears to have been sustained for 18 months , with mixed results in cardio-metabolic and productivity outcomes OBJECTIVES Obstetric work generates important subjective and objective mental stress and is perceived as a physically dem and ing activity by obstetricians . The aim of this study was to quantify physical and mental stress levels in obstetricians at work and during leisure activities to investigate their association with overall physical activity levels and professional experience . STUDY DESIGN 18 obstetricians at the maternity unit of the University of Geneva Hospitals were enrolled in a prospect i ve observational study .  Physical activity and stress levels were measured in two different activity sectors ( delivery room and outpatient clinic ) and outside work .  Physical activity  was assessed by question naire , visual analogue scale ( VAS ) , and accelerometer .  Mental stress levels were assessed by vali date d question naires , VAS , measurement of urine catecholamines  and salivary cortisol  , and night-time heart rate variability indices . RESULTS Daily stress levels were higher at work compared to outside work ( all , P = 0.002 ) . Adrenalin ( P = 0.002 ) and dopamine ( P = 0.09 ) levels were elevated after a labour suite shift and a trend was observed for reduced heart rate variability during the night after this shift . The median average daily number of steps was 7132 ( range , 5283 - 8649 ) . Subjects reached a median of 32 min ( range , 19 - 49 min ) of moderate or higher intensity ( ≥ 1952 counts/min ) daily physical activity . CONCLUSIONS Contrary to perception , obstetrics work is not physically dem and ing . It is , however , accompanied by important subjective and objective mental stress that may have a negative impact on health when combined with a lack of regular daily physical activity Background Large amounts of sitting at work have been identified as an emerging occupational health risk , and findings from intervention trials have been reported . However , few such reports have examined participant-selected strategies and their relationships with behaviour change . Methods The St and Up Victoria cluster-r and omised controlled trial was a workplace-delivered intervention comprising organisational , environmental and individual level behaviour change strategies aim ed at reducing sitting time in desk-based workers .  Sit-st and workstations were provided , and participants ( n = 134 ; intervention group only ) were guided by health coaches to identify strategies for the ‘ St and Up ’ , ‘ Sit Less ’ , and ‘ Move More ’ intervention targets , including how long they would st and using the workstation . Three-month workplace sitting and activity changes ( activPAL3-assessed total sitting , prolonged sitting ( i.e. , sitting ≥30 min continuously ) and purpose ful walking ) were evaluated in relation to the number ( regression analysis ) and types of strategies ( decision-tree analysis ) . Results Over 80 different strategies were nominated by participants . Each additional strategy nominated for the ‘ St and Up ’ intervention target ( i.e. number of strategies ) was associated with a reduction in prolonged sitting of 27.6 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI : -53.1 , − 2.1 , p = 0.034 ) . Types of strategies were categorised into 13 distinct categories . Strategies that were task-based and phone-based were common across all three targets . The decision tree models did not select any specific strategy category as predicting changes in prolonged sitting ( ‘ St and Up ’ ) , however four strategy categories were identified as important for total sitting time ( ‘ Sit Less ’ ) and three strategy categories for purpose ful walking ( ‘ Moving More ’ ) . The uppermost nodes ( foremost predictors ) were nominating > 3 h/day of workstation st and ing ( reducing total workplace sitting ) and choosing a ‘ Move More ’ task-based strategy ( purpose ful walking ) . Conclusions Workers chose a wide range of strategies , with both strategy choice and strategy quantity appearing relevant to behavioural improvement . Findings support a tailored and pragmatic approach to encourage a change in sitting and activity in the workplace . Evaluating participant-selected strategies in the context of a successful intervention serves to highlight options that may prove feasible and effective in other desk-based workplace environments . Trial registration This trial was prospect ively registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials register ( ACTRN12611000742976 ) on 15 July 2011 BACKGROUND Treadmill workstations that enable office workers to walk on a treadmill while working at their computers might increase physical activity in offices , but long-term effects are unknown . We therefore investigated whether treadmill workstations in offices increased daily walking time . METHODS We did a r and omised controlled trial of healthy office workers who were either overweight or obese . We recruited participants from 13 different companies , which comprised 17 offices , in Umeå , Sweden . We included people who were aged 40 - 67 years , had sedentary work tasks , and had a body-mass index ( BMI ) between 25 kg/m2 and 40 kg/m2 . After the baseline measurement , we stratified participants by their BMI ( 25 - 30 kg/m2 and > 30 to 40 kg/m2 ) ; subsequently , an external statistician r and omly assigned these participants ( 1:1 ) to either the intervention group ( who received treadmill workstations for optional use ) or the control group ( who continued to work at their sit-st and desks as usual ) . Participants in the intervention group received reminders in boosting emails sent out to them at four occasions during the study period . Research ers were masked to group assignment until after analysis of the primary outcome . After the baseline measurement , participants were not masked to group belongings . The primary outcome was total daily walking time at weekdays and weekends , measured at baseline , 2 months , 6 months , 10 months , and 13 months with the accelerometer activPAL ( PAL Technologies , Glasgow , UK ) , which was worn on the thigh of participants for 24 h a day for 7 consecutive days . We used an intention-to-treat approach for our analyses . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT01997970 , and is closed to new participants . FINDINGS Between Nov 1 , 2013 , and June 30 , 2014 , a total of 80 participants were recruited and enrolled ( n=40 in both the intervention and control groups ) . Daily walking time during total time awake at weekdays increased between baseline and 13 months by 18 min ( 95 % CI 9 to 26 ) in the intervention group and 1 min ( -7 to 9 ) in the control group ( difference 22 min [ 95 % CI 7 to 37 ] , pinteraction=0·00045 ) ; for weekend walking , the change from baseline to 13 months was 5 min (-8 to 18 ) in the intervention group and 8 min ( -5 to 21 ) in the control group ( difference -1 min [ -19 to 17 ] ; pinteraction=0·00045 ) . Neither measure met our predetermined primary outcome of 30 min difference in total walking time between the intervention and control group , so the primary outcome of the trial was not met . One adverse event was reported in a participant who accidently stepped on their Achilles tendon . INTERPRETATION In a sedentary work environment , treadmill workstations result in a statistically significant but smaller-than-expected increase in daily walking time . Future studies need to investigate how increasing physical activity at work might have potentially compensatory effects on non-work activity . FUNDING Umeå University , the Västerbotten County Council , and the Mayo Clinic Foundation for Research Office workers are vulnerable to the adverse health effects of sedentary behavior ( i.e. , sitting time ) . Increasing physical activity and preventing time spent sitting is an occupational health priority . This r and omized crossover design study compared the short-term ( 3-days ) effects of hourly interruptions of sedentary time with 5-min micrrobouts of activity for 9 hours ( MICRO ) to a sedentary control condition ( SED ) and a duration -matched continuous single bout of physical activity ( 45-min/d , ONE ) condition on inclinometer-derived sitting-time on work and non-work days in sedentary overweight/obese adults . Differences in sitting/lying , st and ing , stepping , number of sit/st and transitions , time spent in moderate and vigorous activity ( MVPA ) , energy expenditure , self-perceived vigor and fatigue , and insulin sensitivity were also examined . Twenty-two participants ( 10M/12F ; 31.7 ± 1.3 year old BMI 30.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ) completed all conditions . No between-condition effects were observed in sitting-time and sit/st and transitions . Both interventions increased daily steps , MVPA and energy expenditure with increases being greater in ONE than MICRO . Feelings of vigor and fasting insulin sensitivity were also improved . Participants reported less fatigue with MICRO than SED and ONE . Both interventions increase physical activity and energy expenditure in occupational and leisure-time context s. The sustainability of these effects over the long term and on health outcomes will need to be tested in future studies Non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) are emerging as the predominant global health challenge of this century . Physical inactivity is one of the primary risk factors for NCDs . Therefore , increasing physical activity levels is a public health imperative . The arrival of affordable wearable technologies , such as wireless pedometers , provides one strategy for encouraging walking . However , the effectiveness of these technologies in promoting sustained behavior change has not been established . Insights from economics suggest that incentives may be a useful strategy for increasing maintenance and effectiveness of behavior change interventions , including physical activity interventions that rely on wearable technologies . The aim of this trial is to test the effectiveness of a common wireless pedometer with or without one of two types of incentives ( cash or donations to charity ) for reaching weekly physical activity goals . We present here the design and baseline characteristics of participants of this four arm r and omized controlled trial . 800 full-time employees ( desk-bound office workers ) belonging to 15 different worksites ( on average , 53 ( sd : 37 ) employees at each worksite ) were successfully r and omized to one of four study arms . If shown to be effective , wearable technologies in concert with financial incentives may provide a scalable and affordable health promotion strategy for governments and employers seeking to increase the physical activity levels of their constituents
target: Office and call center workers ’ steps/day were among the lowest , while those of postal delivery workers were highest .
  Office workers had the greatest ST and the lowest time in LPA both at work and during wakeful time .
  Laborers had the lowest ST and spent a significantly greater proportion of their work time in LPA and MVPA .
  Healthcare and protective services workers had higher levels of LPA at work compared to other occupations .
  Workers in driving-based occupations tended to have a higher body mass index and blood pressure .
  Conclusion This review identifies that occupational and wakeful time PA and ST differed between occupations .
background: Background With approximately 8 hours of one ’s waking day spent at work , occupational tasks and environments are important influencers on an individual ’s physical activity ( PA ) and sedentary behaviours .
  Little research has compared device-measured physical activity , sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic outcomes between occupational groups .
  Objective To compare device-measured movement ( sedentary time [ ST ] , light intensity  physical activity [ LPA ] , moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity [ MVPA ] , and steps ) across occupations .
  The secondary objective was to examine whether cardiometabolic and fitness outcomes differed by occupation .