title: Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate-buffered saline on the push-out bond strength to dentine. The effect of obturation technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate sealers. Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on Push-out Bond Strength of Four Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Materials when used for repairing Perforations on Human Dentin: An in vitro Evaluation. Effect of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Effects of various mixing techniques on push-out bond strengths of white mineral trioxide aggregate. Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on bond strength of three different root canal sealers A novel polyurethane-based root canal-obturation material and urethane-acrylate-based root canal sealer-part 2: evaluation of push-out bond strengths. Comparison of push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium enriched mixture cement as root end filling materials Effect of novel chelating agents on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate cements to the simulated root-end cavities. Push-Out Bond Strength and Surface Microhardness of Calcium Silicate-Based Biomaterials: An in vitro Study Micro-computed tomography and bond strength analysis of different root canal filling techniques. Effect of retreatment on the push-out bond strength of MTA-based and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers Time-dependent effectiveness of the intracanal medicaments used for pulp revascularization on the dislocation resistance of MTA Evaluation of the bond strength of root-end placed mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine in the absence/presence of blood contamination The effects of Various Endodontic Irrigants on the Push-out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Push-Out Bond Strength of Bioceramic Materials in a Synthetic Tissue Fluid Effect of Smear Clear and Some Other Commonly Used Irrigants on dislodgement resistance of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Root Dentin Effect of placement technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium-silicate based cements. Push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of alkaline pH. The effect of different irrigating solutions on bond strength of two root canal-filling systems. The effect of photodynamic therapy and polymer solution containing nano-particles of Ag /ZnO on push-out bond strength of the sealers AH-Plus and MTA Fillapex Evaluation of Effects on the Adhesion of Various Root Canal Sealers after Er:YAG Laser and Irrigants Are Used on the Dentin Surface. Evaluation of push-out bond strength of a new MTA-based sealer The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Push-Out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Effects of Different Powder to liquid Ratios on the Push out Bond Strength of CEM Cement on Simulated Perforations in the Furcal Area Push-out bond strength of a nano-modified mineral trioxide aggregate. Comparative evaluation of push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA, bioaggregate and biodentine. Effect of tooth bleaching on bond strength of enamel-dentin cavities restored with silorane- and dimethacrylate-based materials. A phosphate-buffered saline intracanal dressing improves the biomineralization ability of mineral trioxide aggregate apical plugs. The effect of blood contamination on dislocation resistance of different endodontic reparative materials. Drying protocol influence on the bond strength and apical sealing of three different endodontic sealers. The effect of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration technique on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate to root canal dentin. Effect of ultrasonic tip and root-end filling material on bond strength Push-out bond strength of two root-end filling materials in root-end cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser or ultrasonic technique. Micropush-out dentine bond strength of a new gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass composite. An in vitro comparison of the intraradicular dentin bond strength of Resilon and gutta-percha. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin. The effect of smear layer on the push-out bond strength of root canal calcium silicate cements. Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. Bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate to root dentin after exposure to different irrigation solutions. Effect of irrigation technique for removal of triple antibiotic paste on bond strength of MTA to root dentin. An in vitro comparison of bond strength of various obturation materials to root canal dentin using a push-out test design. Bond strength of epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to human root dentin irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) on bond strength to dentine of two root canal filling materials. Push-out bond strength of root fillings made with C-Point and BC sealer versus gutta-percha and AH Plus after the instrumentation of oval canals with the Self-Adjusting File versus WaveOne. Effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond values of different root filling materials.
abstract: AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence INTRODUCTION Calcium silicate-based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities . They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone ( SC ) technique . No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer ( Avalon Biomed Inc , Bradenton , FL ) and EndoSequence BC Sealer ( BC ; Brasseler USA , Savannah , GA ) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique . METHODS Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) , instrumented , and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave ( CW ) technique : group 1 , BC-SC ; group 2 , BC-CW ; group 3 , MTA Plus-SC ; group 4 , MTA Plus-CW ; and group 5 , AH Plus ( Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany)-CW . The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices , and bond strengths were measured using a st and ardized push-out test . The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification . RESULTS The MTA Plus-CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups . The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus-SC and AH Plus-CW groups . No significant differences were seen among the other groups . Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 ( ie , MTA Plus-CW ) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer . CONCLUSIONS BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique . The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment AIM To evaluate the effect of prior application of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine . METHODOLOGY Sixty freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , and the root canals instrumented using rotary files . Thereafter , a parallel post drill was used to obtain a st and ardized root canal dimension . The roots were r and omly assigned into one of the following groups with respect to the intracanal medicament applied : group 1 : calcium hydroxide ( CH ) powder ( Merck , Darmstadt , Germany ) mixed with distilled water ; group 2 : a mixture of metronidazole , ciprofloxacin and minocycline ( triple antibiotic paste ) ; group 3 : a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid ( Augmentin ; Champs Pharmacy , San Antonio , TX , USA ) ; group 4 : an antibiotic-corticoid compound paste ( Ledermix ; Riemser , Greifswald , Germany ) ; and group 5 : no medicament ( control ) . Following removal of medicaments with instrumentation and irrigation , the roots were cut into 1-mm-thick parallel transverse sections in a coronal-to-apical direction ( 5 slices/tooth ) . Thereafter , the specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the calcium silicate cement applied ( n = 30/group ) : ( i ) ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply Tulsa Dental , Tulsa , OK , USA ) and ( ii ) Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint-Maur-des-Fosses , France ) . A push-out test was performed , and the data were analysed statistically using two-way anova and Tukey 's post hoc test . RESULTS Regardless of the type of intracanal medicament used , Biodentine had significantly higher bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.05 ) . The highest push-out bond strength results were obtained in CH-treated dentine . Compared with other medicaments , this value was only significantly higher than that of Ledermix ( P < 0.05 ) . In both the MTA and Biodentine groups , pairwise comparisons between other medicaments showed similar debonding values ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Biodentine had a higher bond strength to root canal dentine than ProRoot MTA . Prior CH in distilled water intracanal placement increased the dislodgment resistance of both calcium silicate cements INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 different mixing methods on push-out bond strength of white tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth and filled with MTA . The sample s were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 ) of MTA mixed by ultrasonic , trituration , or conventional methods and then allowed to set for 72 hours in a synthetic tissue fluid environment . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope at × 4 to determine the nature of the bond failure . RESULTS The means of push-out bond strength values of white MTA in the ultrasonic , conventional , and trituration groups were 105.67 ± 12.79 , 118.95 ± 12.76 , and 99.60 ± 14.27 MPa , respectively . The differences between the 3 groups were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results of this study , it can be concluded that different mixing methods have no significant effect on push-out bond strength of white MTA The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection ( PAD ) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design . Material s and Methods : A total of 30 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used . The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files . The smear layer was removed and the roots were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 15 ) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent . Each group was then divided into 6 ( n = 5 ) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers . The groups were Group 1 : Sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer ; Group 2 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus ; Group 3 : NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex ; Group 4 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex ; Group 5 : NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex ; and Group 6 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex . 1-mm thickness horizontal sections ( n : 5 × 4 = 20 ) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . Results : Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1 , 2 and 5 , but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer We have developed a visible-light curable urethane-acrylate/tripropylene glycol diacrylate ( UA/TPGDA ) oligomer to serve as a root canal sealer and a zinc oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane ( ZnO/TPU ) composite to serve as a root canal obturation material . The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of the following 8 groups of material s : ( 1 ) Tubliseal + gutta-percha ( TB/GP ) ; ( 2 ) Tubliseal + Resilon ( TB/R ) ; ( 3 ) Epiphany + gutta-percha ( EP/GP ) ; ( 4 ) Epiphany + Resilon ( EP/R ) ; ( 5 ) EndoREZ sealer + EndoREZ cone ( ES/EC ) ; ( 6 ) EndoREZ sealer + ZnO/TPU ( ES/PU ) ; ( 7 ) UA/TPGDA + EndoREZ cone ( UA/EC ) ; and ( 8) UA/TPGDA + ZnO/TPU ( UA/PU ) .  Eighty 1-mm-thick root slices prepared from extracted human permanent molars were r and omly divided into 8 groups with 10 specimens in each group . Root slices were filled with the above obturation material s , and then push-out test was performed with a universal testing machine . The results showed that the UA/EC and UA/PU groups had significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups Background : The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and calcium enriched mixture ( CEM ) as root end filling material s. Material s and Methods : A total of 40 root dentin slices ( 1 ± 0.2 mm ) were prepared from freshly extracted human maxillary central teeth and their lumens were enlarged to 1.3 mm . The slices were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 20 ) . MTA and CEM cement were mixed according to manufacturer 's instruction and introduced into the lumens . The specimens were wrapped in pieces of wet gauze soaked in distilled water and incubated at 37 ° C for 3 days . The push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . The slices were then examined under a light microscope at ×10 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test ( P < 0.001 ) . Results : The mean push-out bond strength for CEM cement and MTA were 1.68 ± 0.9 and 5.94 ± 3.99 respectively . The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond failure was predominantly of adhesive type in MTA group and cohesive type in CEM group . Conclusion : CEM cement showed significantly lower bond strength to the dentinal wall compared to MTA To compare the effects of different chelating agents on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to the simulated root-end cavities . Root-end cavities were prepared on the roots of fifty extracted maxillary anterior teeth . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) based on the final irrigation regimen : Group 1 : 17 % EDTA , Group 2 : 7 % maleic acid , Group 3 : QMix , Group 4 : 2.25 % peracetic acid ( PAA ) , Group 5 : 0.9 % saline . Then , the sample s from each group were subdivided into two groups ( n = 5 ) based on the apical filling material . In group 1 , root-end cavities of all sample s were filled with Biodentine and in group 2 , with MTA . Each sample was horizontally sectioned to produce two discs of ∼1 mm thick per specimen . The maximum load required for the dislodgement of 100 retrofillings was recorded . The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope after debonding to assess the type of bond failure . Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests . Irrigation with saline result ed in higher bond strength compared to the other irrigants in the retro grade cavities obturated with MTA or Biodentine ( p < .05 ) . In MTA group , there was no significant difference between the test irrigants ( p > .05 ) . EDTA and PAA groups showed higher dislodgement resistance values than the other test irrigants , when Biodentine was used as a filling . The type of irrigation solution influences the bond strength of the root-end fillings Objective : This was an in vitro evaluation of push-out bond strength and surface microhardness of calcium silicate-based bio material s in coronal and apical root dentin . Material s and Methods : Ninety sections ( 2 mm thick ) of coronal and apical root dentin were obtained from roots of 60 extracted teeth ; the canals were enlarged to a st and ardized cavity diameter of 1.3 mm . Sections were r and omly divided into 6 groups ( n = 15 per group ) , and cavities were filled with Biodentine ™ , BioAggregate , or ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , according to the manufacturers ' instructions . Push-out bond strength values were measured using a universal testing machine under a compressive load at a speed of 1 mm/min . Sample s were analyzed under a light microscope to determine the nature of bond failure . Ten sample s ( 2 mm thick ) were prepared for all the material s , and Vickers microhardness was determined using a digital hardness tester . Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests at a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results : Biodentine ( 42.02 ; 39.35 MPa ) and ProRoot MTA ( 21.86 ; 34.13 MPa ) showed significantly higher bond strengths than BioAggregate ( 6.63 ; 10.09 MPa ) in coronal and apical root dentin , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . Biodentine also differed significantly from ProRoot MTA in coronal dentin . Bond failure was predominantly adhesive in Biodentine and ProRoot MTA , while BioAggregate showed predominantly mixed failure . ProRoot MTA ( 158.52 HV ) showed significantly higher microhardness and BioAggregate ( 68.79 HV ) showed the lowest hardness . Conclusion : Biodentine and ProRoot MTA showed higher bond strength and microhardness compared to BioAggregate INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and bond strength of three root filling techniques ( lateral compaction , continuous wave of condensation and Tagger 's Hybrid technique [ THT ] ) using micro-computed tomography ( CT ) images and push-out tests , respectively . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty m and ibular incisors were prepared using the same protocol and r and omly divided into three groups ( n=10 ) : Lateral condensation technique ( LCT ) , continuous wave of condensation technique ( CWCT ) , and THT . All specimens were filled with Gutta-percha ( GP ) cones and AH Plus sealer . Five specimens of each group were r and omly chosen for micro-CT analysis and all of them were sectioned into 1 mm slices and subjected to push-out tests . RESULTS Micro-CT analysis revealed less empty spaces when GP was heated within the root canals in CWCT and THT when compared to LCT . Push-out tests showed that LCT and THT had a significantly higher displacement resistance ( P<0.05 ) when compared to the CWCT .  Bond strength was lower in apical and middle thirds than in the coronal thirds . CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that LCT and THT were associated with higher bond strengths to intraradicular dentine than CWCT . However , LCT was associated with more empty voids than the other techniques Background . Further studies on the adhesion properties of MTA-based material s seem necessary due to their growing use in endodontic treatment . This research aim ed to assess the effect of retreatment on the bond strength of MTA-based ( MTA Fillapex ) and epoxy resin-based ( AH Plus ) sealers . Methods . ProTaper rotary files were applied to prepare the root canals of 80 human m and ibular premolars . Then , the roots were r and omly divided intotwo groups of A ( n=40 ) and B ( n=40 ) , which were obturated with gutta-percha and MTA Filla-pex and AH Plus sealer , respectively . In both groups , the teeth were r and omly subdivided into 2 subgroups . No retreatment was carried out in subgroups A1 and B1 , while subgroups A2 and B2 were retreated with rotary files and a solvent . Then , a push-out test was performed on four 2-mm slices of each tooth at a distance of 2 mm from the coronal surface after two weeks of incubation . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results . Regardless of the procedure followed ( P<0.001 ) , significant differences were detected in the mean bond strength values between the two sealers . Irrespective of the sealer type ( P=0.3 ) , no significant differences were revealed by comparing the mean bond strength values of the study subgroups . Furthermore , no statistically significant interaction ( P=0.5 ) was found between the treatment and sealer types . Conclusion . AH Plus sealer exhibited a higher bond strength compared to MTA Fillapex . Retreatment using rotary files and chloroform had no statistically significant effect on the bond strength of sealers evaluated in this study Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the time-dependent effectiveness of the intracanal medicaments used in pulp revascularization on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . Methods One hundred ninety-two extracted human maxillary incisor teeth were sectioned apically 12 mm below and coronally 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction . Roots were enlarged to size 40 ( Protaper F4 ) . Next , Peeso reamers from # 1 to # 5 were used sequentially . Sodium hypochlorite ( 2.5 % ) , EDTA ( 17 % ) , and distilled water were used in final irrigation . The specimens were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 48 ) : Group 1 , in which triple antibiotic paste ( TAP ) ( ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline ) was prepared and delivered into the canals using a lentulo spiral ; Group 2 , in which double antibiotic paste ( DAP ) ( ciprofloxacin + metronidazole ) was placed into the canals ; Group 3 , in which calcium hydroxide paste ( CH ) ( calcium hydroxide + distilled water ) was introduced into the roots ; and Group 4 ( control ) , in which no medicament was applied into the root canals . Then , the sample s were kept in saline solution for 2 , 4 , and 12 weeks , after which time 16 roots were selected r and omly from each group , representing the sample s of each time point . After removal of the medicaments , MTA was placed into the coronal third of the roots , and the sample s were incubated for 7 days . A push-out test was used to measure the dislocation resistance ( DR ) of MTA . The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ’s pairwise comparisons ( p = 0.05 ) . Results The time factor displayed a significant effect on the DR of MTA ( p < 0.05 ) . All medicaments result ed in significantly smaller DR values after 12 weeks compared to after 1 week ( p < 0.05 ) . A significant unfavorable effect of TAP and DAP was observed as early as 2 weeks after the application , while 2 and 4 weeks after the application of CH there was no effect on the DR of MTA . No significant differences were found between the time points in the control group ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion The type and the intracanal duration of medicaments used for pulp revascularization should be chosen carefully to provide maximum antimicrobial effect while creating a favorable environment both for stem cell attachment and MTA adhesion Objective : Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) has been accepted as an appropriate root-end filling material in endodontic microsurgery because of setting ability in the wet environment . The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength of root-end placed MTA and Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint Maur des Fossés , France ) in the absence/presence of blood contamination . Material s and Methods : Forty-eight single-rooted maxillary incisors were used . subsequent to root-end resection and apical preparation using ultrasonic retro-tips , the specimens were r and omly separated into two groups according to the root-end filling material s : MTA ( Cerkamed Medical Company , Stalowa , Pol and ) or Biodentine . The specimens were then separated into two subgroups according to storage condition ( absence/presence of blood ) ( n = 12 ) . After obtaining 2.0 ± 0.1 mm slices , push-out tests were performed . Each slice was examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the failure mode . The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's post hoc test for multiple comparisons . The failure modes were analyzed using the Chi-square test ( P = 0.05 ) . Results : The bond strength was significantly affected by the presence of blood contamination and root-end filling material type ( P < 0.001 ) . Biodentine had better bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.001 ) . The most common failure type was adhesive failure . According to the Chi-square test , there were no statistically significant differences among the groups ( P = 0.394 ) . Conclusions : Biodentine had better bond strength values compared to MTA , and the bond strength of both MTA and Biodentine as root-end filling material s was negatively affected by the presence of blood INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of various irrigants on the push-out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS AND MATERIAL S A total of 140 dentin disks with a thickness of 1.5±0.2 mm and lumen size of 1.3 mm , were r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) and 4 control groups ( n=5 ) . The lumen of disks in groups 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 were filled with CEM and groups 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 were filled with MTA . Control groups were filled with CEM and MTA . Specimens were incubated at 37 ° C for one day in groups 1 to 6 and seven days in groups 7 to 12 . After incubation the sample s were divided into three subgroups ( n=10 ) that were either immersed for 30 min in 5.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) or saline solution .  The push-out bond strength values were measured by using a universal testing machine . The nature of the failures were determined by light microscope . Data was analyzed using the three-way ANOVA to evaluate the effect of material type , different irrigants and time intervals . Post hoc Tukey 's test was used for two-by-two comparison of the groups . RESULTS CEM cement significantly showed a higher push-out bond strength in comparison with MTA ( P=0.001 ) . The elapse of time significantly increased the bond strength ( P=0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the irrigants used in this study ( P=0.441 ) . Bond failure was predominantly of mixed type in MTA and of cohesive type in CEM sample s. CONCLUSION Based on this study , endodontic irrigants did not influence the push-out bond strength of MTA and CEM cement Objective : This study compared the push-out bond strength of EndoSequence Root Repair Material ( ERRM ) and Bioaggregate ( BA ) , new bioceramic material s , to that of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) , a synthetic tissue fluid , for either 1 week or 2 months . Material s and Methods : One-hundred and twenty root sections were filled with ProRoot MTA , BA , or ERRM . Each tested material was then r and omly divided into two subgroups ( n = 20 ) : root sections were immersed in PBS for 1 week or 2 months . The bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine . After that , the failure modes were examined with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . The push-out data and failure mode categories were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and chi-square tests , respectively . Results : The bond strength of ERRM was significantly higher than that of BA and MTA at both incubation periods . No significant difference was found between the bond strength of MTA and BA at either 1 week or 2 months . Increasing the incubation time to 2 months result ed in a significant increase in bond strength of all the material s. The failure mode was mainly mixed for MTA and BA , but cohesive for ERRM at both incubation periods . Conclusion : ERRM had significantly higher bond strength to root canal walls compared to MTA and BA . Increasing the incubation time significantly improved the bond strength and bioactive reaction products of all material Background This study aim ed to assess the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin after irrigation with Smear Clear in comparison with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and saline as commonly used root canal irrigants . Material and Methods The coronal and mid-root areas of maxillary anterior teeth were horizontally sectioned into one-millimeter thick slices . The root canal lumen of dentinal slices was dilated using a diamond bur with 1.3 mm diameter . After the application of MTA , the sample s were incubated in 100 % humidity for 10 minutes and were then r and omly divided into four groups ( n=20 ) and immersed in Smear Clear , 2.5 % NaOCl , 2 % CHX and saline for 30 minutes . No irrigant was used for the control group ( n=20 ) . A wet cotton pellet was placed on the sample s and after 48 hours of incubation , push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . The sample s were evaluated under a stereomicroscope to determine the mode of failure . One-way ANOVA was used to assess statistical differences among the groups . Results The control group showed the highest bond strength with significant differences with other groups ( P<0.05 ) . Among the experimental groups , the saline group had no significant difference with CHX ( P=0.09 ) but it had significant differences with Smear Clear and NaOCl groups ( P<0.05 ) . No significant difference in bond strength to MTA was noted after irrigation with Smear Clear , CHX and NaOCl ( P>0.05 ) . Other pairwise comparisons showed no significant difference ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusions Irrigation with Smear Clear , CHX and NaOCl did not cause a significant change in bond strength of MTA to dentin . Key words : Root Canal Irrigants , push-out , Mineral Trioxide Aggregate , dentin The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic and manual placement techniques on the push-out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA with and without calcium chloride .  One hundred and twenty mid-root slices from forty freshly extracted single-rooted human m and ibular premolar teeth were instrumented and r and omly divided into six groups ( n=20 ) according to the filling material and placement technique applied , as follows : G1 : MTA-manual compaction , G2 : Biodentine-manual compaction , G3 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-manual compaction , G4 : MTA-ultrasonic activation , G5 : Biodentine-ultrasonic activation , G6 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-ultrasonic activation . The push-out bond strengths were measured using an Instron testing machine . Data were analyzed using twoway analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with Bonferroni correction . The ultrasonic activation significantly enhanced the bond strength values of the material s. Biodentine presented higher bond strength values than that of MTA groups . The addition of CaCl2 to MTA did not improve the bond strength of the material INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a range of alkaline pH values on the push-out strength of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( WMTA ) . METHODS The st and ardized lumens of root slices prepared from extracted single-rooted human teeth were filled with white ProRoot MTA . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 ) and wrapped in pieces of gauze soaked in synthetic tissue fluid ( STF ) ( pH , 7.4 ) and STF buffered in potassium hydroxide at pH values of 8.4 , 9.4 , or 10.4 . The sample s were incubated for 3 days at 37 ° C . The push-out bond strengths were then measured by using a universal testing machine . Failure modes after the push-out test were examined under a light microscope at ×40 magnification . The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests . RESULTS The greatest ( 9.46 ± 0.63 MPa ) and lowest ( 5.68 ± 0.83 MPa ) mean push-out bond strengths were observed after exposure to pH values of 8.4 and 10.4 , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P = .001 ) . The bond failure was adhesive for all experimental groups . CONCLUSIONS Push-out bond strength of WMTA could be influenced by different alkaline pH values The bond strength of ActiV GP root canal filling system and gutta-percha/AH plus sealer when used after final rinse with different irrigation protocol s was evaluated in this study . Forty roots were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 10 ) according to the final irrigation regimen : group 1 , 5 mL 17 % EDTA ; group 2 , 5 mL 17 % EDTA followed by 5 mL 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( CHX ) ; group 3 , 5 mL MTAD ; and group 4 , 5 mL MTAD followed by 5 mL 2 % CHX . Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups ( n = 5 ) : in subgroup a , the root canals were filled using warm gutta-percha and AH plus sealer , and in subgroup b , the root canals were filled using the ActiV GP obturation system . Two-millimeter thick horizontal sections from the coronal and midthirds of each root were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . EDTA/CHX/ActiV GP ( 2.46 + /- 1.02 MPa ) yielded significantly the highest mean bond strength value . The significantly lowest bond strength was recorded for EDTA/ActiV GP ( 1.12 + /- 0.72 MPa ) . It was concluded that the bond strength of ActiV GP was improved by using 2 % CHX in the final irrigation after 17 % EDTA , whereas CHX did not enhance the effect of MTAD on the bond strength of the material . The bond strength of gutta-percha/AH plus was adversely affected by MTAD and MTAD/CHX Background The aim of this in vitro study was to examine and compare the effect of photodynamic therapy and solution containing nano particles Ag/ZnO on adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentinal walls of human root canal . Material and Methods Ninty single-rooted human teeth were selected and their clinical crown was cut from the cemento-enamel junction zone . Canals were prepared by RaCe rotary system and the smear layer was removed using 17 % EDTA and 5.25 % NaOCl . Sample s were r and omly divided into two groups of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex based on the sealer type and each group based on antimicrobial method was divided into two sub-groups of photodynamic therapy and polymer containing nano particles of Ag / ZnO and a control sub-group ( N = 15 ) . After obturation of canals with gutta-percha and sealers mentioned , the sample s were incubated for a week at a humidity of 95 % and 37 ° C and then 2 mm thick discs were prepared from the middle region of roots for Push-out test . The maximum failure force was recorded in newton and converted to MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens of each subgroup were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed by Two way ANOVA and ( P<0.05 ) was considered significant . Results The highest ( 4.84 ± 1.63 ) and lowest ( 0.16 ± 0.075 ) push-out bond strength values were obtained in ( AH Plus-PDT ) and ( MTA Fillapex-Ag/ZnO ) respectively . Independent of antimicrobial method , AH Plus bond strength was significantly higher than the MTA Fillapex ( p<0.001 ) . For both sealers , PDT  increased the bond strength significantly ( p<0.001 ) . Conclusions Photodynamic therapy has a positive effect on the bond strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex sealers . Key words : AH Plus , MTA Fillapex , Nano particles , Photodynamic therapy , Push-out INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of various root canal sealers after various irrigation solutions and Er : YAG laser irradiation were used on root canal dentin . METHODS One hundred fifty freshly extracted human maxillary single-rooted teeth were used in this study . Teeth were sectioned transversally 4 mm below the cementoenamel junction . The root canal of each specimen was prepared using a tapered bur . Teeth were divided into 3 main groups by sealer ( AH Plus Jet [ Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany ] , EndoSequence BC Sealer [ Brasseler , Savannah , GA ] , and Real Seal [ SybronEndo , Orange , CA ] ) and then divided into 5 subgroups by dentin treatment ( distilled water , calcium hydroxide , sodium hypochlorite , EDTA , and Er : YAG laser ) . The specimens were placed immediately at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity for 1 week . Then , the push-out test was applied . The maximum failure load was recorded in newtons and was used to calculate the push-out bond strength in MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The resin root canal sealers had higher push-out bond strength than the bioceramic sealer , and the differences were statistically significant ( P < .05 ) except in the sodium hypochlorite groups . The EDTA and Er : YAG laser applications removed the smear layer and increased the bond strength . The highest adhesion was observed in EDTA groups when each sealer was evaluated in itself . CONCLUSIONS The bonding strength of root canal sealers is influenced by their properties and various dentin surface treatments . The scanning electron microscopic study showed that although the dentinal tubules were open , at the profile examination the sealers did not penetrate into the dentin canals in all specimens Aim To evaluate the push-out bond strength of  MTA Fillapex ( Angelus ) and compare it with ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply ) and AH Plus ( Dentsply ) . Design Thirty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and prepared using a rotary system . The sample s were divided r and omly into three groups ( n = 10 ) and obturated , respectively , with : ( 1 ) AH Plus + gutta-percha ( DiaDent ) ; ( 2 ) MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha ; ( 3 ) ProRoot MTA . Each root was sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices and 30 sample s for each group were obtained . The sample s were subjected to push-out test . Failure modes were examined under 30 × magnification . The results were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey ’s test . Results Mean push-out bond strength values were ranked as follows : ProRoot MTA > AH Plus > MTA Fillapex . Statistically significant differences were found among all groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion ProRoot MTA had the highest bond strength , whilst MTA Fillapex displayed the lowest values among the groups Introduction : This in vitro study investigated the effect of adding 10 % calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) on push out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin . Methods and Material s : A total of 120 root dentin slices with 2 mm thickness were prepared from sixty single-rooted human teeth . Dentinal discs were enlarged to achieve 1.3 mm diameter . The specimens were r and omly allocated into eight groups ( n=15 ) . Dentin discs were filled with either CEM cement or MTA with or without CaCl2 and the push out test was performed after 3 and 21 days . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA test . The level of significance was set at 0.05 . Results : There was an interaction effect amongst all groups ( P=0.028 ) . After 3 days , CEM cement showed a significantly lower bond strength than other groups ( P<0.05 ) while MTA demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than CEM cement with or without CaCl2 ( P=0.001 ) . After 21 days , CEM cement with or without CaCl2 had no significant difference with other groups ( P>0.05 ) . However , the bond strength of MTA decreased when CaCl2 was added ( P=0.011 ) . Conclusion : The addition of 10 % CaCl2 increased the push out bond strength of CEM cement and improved it over time ; while , this substance aggravated this property for MTA Background Proper bond strength to dentin is one of the properties of bio material s used for therapeutic purpose s such as repair of furcal perforations . The aim of the present study to evaluate the effects of different powder to liquid ratios of Calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) on the push-out bond strengths in simulated perforations in the furcal area and compare it with Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . Material and Methods Furcal perforations , measuring 1.3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height , were prepared in 120 m and ibular first molars . Then the sample s were r and omly assigned to two groups ( n=60 ) .  MTA and CEM cement were used for the repair of perforations in groups 1 and 2 , respectively . Each group was divided into 3 subgroups based on the powder to liquid rations as follows : subgroup 1 ( W/P ) , 1:2 ; subgroup 2 , 1:3 ; and subgroup 3 , 1:4 . After mixing and placing the material s in the perforation area , the sample s were placed in closed containers at 37 ° C and 100 % relative humidity for one week . A universal testing machine was used to determine the bond strength values . After recording the st and ard deviations , data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA . Statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results In the MTA and CEM groups the highest push-out bond strength values were recorded in the third ( W/P : 1:4 ) and first ( W/P : 1:2 ) subgroups , respectively . There were significant differences in both groups between the ratios mentioned above and the other ratios ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions Under the limitations of the present study , an increase in the powder-to-liquid ratio in CEM cement result ed in a decrease in bond strength , contrary to MTA . Key words : CEM , Perforation , Powder-to-liquid ratio , push-out bond strength , MTA INTRODUCTION To analyze the push-out bond strength of Angelus WMTA ( Angelus Dental Products ) , a nano-modification of WMTA ( Kamal Asgar Research Center ) and Bioaggregate ( Innovative Bioceramix ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth . The dentin disks were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 20 ) and filled with Angelus WMTA , Nano-WMTA , or Bioaggregate , respectively . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under scanning electron microscope at × 40 magnification to determine the nature of the bond failure . The data were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS The greatest mean for push-out bond strength ( 138.48 ± 11.43 MPa ) was observed for the nano-modification of WMTA . The values decreased to 110.73 ± 11.19 and 25.64 ± 5.27 MPa for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Inspection of the sample s revealed the bond failure to be predominantly adhesive type except for the nano-modification group , as some sample s also exhibited cohesive failures . CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the force needed for the displacement of the nano-modification of WMTA ( NWMTA ) was significantly higher than for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate OBJECTIVE To evaluate the push-out bond strength of Biodentine ( BD ) in comparison with two available calcium silicate based material s , bioaggregate ( BA ) and ProRoot MTA ( WMTA ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-three Root dentin slices of freshly extracted single Rooted human teeth were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 41 ) according to the used test material : WMTA , BA , BD . After canal space preparation , the filling material s were placed inside the lumen of the slices . After 72 hours , the maximum force applied to material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded and slices were then examined under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test was used to compare means of push-out bond strength . Post-hoc test was then accomplished for multiple comparisons . Chi-square test was used to determine if there is significant association between the type of material and type of failure . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength ± st and ard deviation in MPa values of WMTA , BA and BD were 23.26 ± 5.49 , 9.57 ± 3.45 , 21.86 ± 6.9 , respectively . There was no significant difference between the means of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.566 ) , but the mean of BA was significantly lower than those of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.000 ) . Under stereomicroscope , WMTA and BA showed a majority of mixed type of failure than cohesive failure , while BD showed the opposite . No adhesive failure was observed in any specimen . CONCLUSION The findings of the present study imply that the force needed for BD displacement is similar to WMTA and significantly higher than the force required to displace BA The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of  tooth bleaching  on the push-out bond strength of a composite resin based on dimethacrylates and silorane to cavities that involve both enamel and dentin . A total of 80 bovine incisors were sectioned on the buccal surface to obtain specimens ( 10 × 10 mm ) presenting enamel and dentin ( 1-mm thick each substrate ) . The specimens were r and omly distributed into eight groups ( n=10 ) , according to the bleaching protocol ( 1 - -none ; 2 - -10 % carbamide peroxide [ CP ] for 21 days , six hours each day ; 3 - -three applications of 35 % hydrogen peroxide [ HP ] in 15-minute sessions , one session every seven days for three weeks ; 4 - -10 % CP for 18 days , six hours each day + three applications of 35 % HP in 15-minute sessions , one session every seven days for three weeks ) and the restorative system applied ( Adper Single Bond 2 + Filtek Supreme ; Filtek Silorane adhesive and composite resin ) . After treatment , cavities were made ( 1.2-mm diameter on dentin ; 1.5-mm diameter on enamel ) with a diamond bur . At 24 hours after restoration , a push-out bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The bleaching treatments did not significantly affect the bond strengths of either restorative system to enamel-dentin . Regardless of the bleaching treatment , the dimethacrylate-based resin system exhibited significantly higher bond strengths to enamel-dentin than did the silorane-based system INTRODUCTION Recently , it was shown that the biomineralization process promoted by the interaction of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with dentin in phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) positively influenced the push-out bond strength of the cement . This study investigated if the use of a PBS intracanal dressing promotes the biomineralization process of MTA apical plugs using an ex vivo apexification model . METHODS White MTA was introduced into single-rooted teeth with st and ardized artificially created open apices to form 5-mm-thick apical plugs . The specimens were r and omly divided into the following three groups of 10 sample s each : group 1 : the remaining canal space was filled with PBS as an intracanal dressing ; group 2 : the root segments were introduced in plastic vials containing floral foams with 20 mL of PBS ; and group 3 : the root segments were placed in the floral foams with 20 mL of PBS and a PBS intracanal dressing was used . After 2 months , the sample s were processed for scanning electron microscopic observations . Data were analyzed by using the Kruskall-Wallis test . RESULTS In group 1 , the formation of an interfacial layer ( IL ) with intratubular mineralization ( ITM ) was more evident at the cervical third ; however , no mineralization was revealed at the apical third . In group 2 , there was no IL and /or ITM formation at the cervical third , but sample s denoted IL and ITM formation at the apical third . Group 3 displayed the formation of IL and ITM at the different levels . CONCLUSION It was concluded that the use of a PBS intracanal dressing promotes the biomineralization process at the inner side of MTA apical plugs This study evaluated the retention characteristics of ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , RetroMTA , Supra MTA , and Biodentine bio material s used to repair furcation perforations contaminated with blood . Furcal perforations measuring 1.3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height were created in 96 m and ibular first molar teeth , which were then r and omly divided into the following two groups ( n = 48 ) : contaminated ( + ) or non-contaminated  ( - ) with blood . The groups were subdivided into four groups ( n = 12 ) according to the material used ( ProRoot MTA , RetroMTA , Supra MTA , and Biodentine ) to seal the perforations . The sample s were allowed to set for 14 days and were then subjected to push-out testing . The results were analyzed using ANOVA , and the failure modes were examined using a surgical microscope . ProRoot MTA ( + /- ) and RetroMTA ( + /- ) exhibited superior bond strength values ; in addition , there were no significant differences among these groups ( P > 0.05 ) . Biodentine ( + ) showed intermediate values that were sometimes statistically similar to the ProRoot MTA ( + /- ) and RetroMTA ( + /- ) groups ( P > 0.05 ) and , at other times , the Biodentine ( - ) and Supra MTA ( + /- ) groups ( P > 0.05 ) . The lowest bond strength values were shown by the Biodentine ( - ) and Supra MTA groups ( P > 0.05 ) . " Adhesive failure mode " was the most frequently observed type for all tested material s. Blood contamination did not affect the dislocation resistance of material The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of drying protocol s ( DP ) on the apical sealing ( AS ) and on the bond strength ( BS ) of teeth filled with different  sealers .  The root canals of one hundred and fifty-six roots of maxillary canines were prepared with Reciproc rotary files ( R50 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 39 ) , according to the DP : GI-paper points ; GII-70 % isopropyl alcohol + aspiration with NaviTip points ; GIII-95 % ethanol + paper points ; GIV-EndoVac + paper points . Each group was divided into subgroups , according to the sealer used : AH Plus , Sealapex and MTA Fillapex , using a single-cone technique . Evaluation of AS and BS was performed with fluid filtration ( FF ) and push-out ( PO ) methods , respectively . The PO test consisted of sectioning the roots , and subjecting a single slice from each third to testing and analysis for failure type . The data was su bmi tted to two-way and three-way variance analysis ( ANOVA ) and Tukey ( α = 5 % ) . The AS showed no drying protocol influence . The FF results revealed a statistically significant difference between MTA and Sealapex ( p < 0.05 ) sealers . The BS test values showed that there was no statistical significant difference among the canal thirds ( p > 0.05 ) , but that there was such a difference among the sealers ( p < 0.05 ) , among the protocol s ( p < 0.05 ) , and in the interaction between sealers and protocol s ( p < 0.05 ) . AH Plus revealed the highest BS values among the sealers ; the highest BS results for the sealers occurred with the specimens used with isopropyl alcohol , compared with ethanol and EndoVac INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide ( CH ) and antibiotic pastes , including a mixture of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin , with and without minocycline or cefaclor , on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root dentin . METHODS Eighty single-rooted human m and ibular premolars were selected . The teeth were prepared by using the ProTaper system . The prepared teeth were then instrumented to a # 6 Peeso reamer to obtain a st and ard internal diameter of 1.5 mm . The reamers were passed 1 mm beyond apex to simulate immature teeth . The specimens were then r and omly divided into a control group ( no intracanal medicament was used ) and 4 experimental groups that were treated with an intracanal medicament : CH , double antibiotic paste ( DAP ) with metronidazole and ciprofloxacin , triple antibiotic paste ( TAP ) with minocycline , or TAP with cefaclor ( n = 16 ) . After 3 weeks , the medicaments were removed , and approximately 3 mm of MTA was placed in the coronal third of the canals . A push-out test was used to measure the dislocation resistance between the root dentin and MTA . Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests . RESULTS The dislocation resistance values of the CH , TAP with minocycline , and TAP with cefaclor groups were similar to those of the control group ( P > .05 ) , whereas the DAP group had the lowest dislocation resistance when compared with the other groups ( P < .05 ) . Overall , there was a predominance of cohesive failures between root dentin and MTA . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the application of DAP as an intracanal medicament reduced the dislocation resistance of MTA to root dentin Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of three root-end filling material s ( MTAA – MTA Angelus , MTAS – experimental MTA Sealer , and ZOE- zinc oxide and eugenol cement )  in retro grade preparations performed with different ultrasonic tips ( CVD , Trinity , and Satelec ) . Material s and method Ninety 2-mm root sections from single-rooted human teeth were used . The retro grade cavities were prepared by using the ultrasonic tips , coupled to a device for position st and ardization . The specimens were r and omly divided into nine groups : CVD MTAA ; CVD MTAS ; CVD ZOE ; Trinity MTAA ; Trinity MTAS ; Trinity ZOE ; Satelec MTAA ; Satelec MTAS ; Satelec ZOE . Each resin disc/dentin/root-end filling material was placed in the machine to perform the push-out test . The specimens were examined in a stereomicroscope to evaluate the type of failure . Data were su bmi tted to statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Results The highest bond strength was observed for the CVD tip irrespective of the material used ( P < 0.05 ) . There was no significant difference for the Trinity TU-18 diamond and S12 Satelec tips ( P > 0.05 ) . MTAA and MTAS showed highest bond strength . The most common type of failure was adhesion between the filling material and dentin wall , except for ZOE , where mixed failure was predominant . Conclusions The CVD tip favored higher bond strength of the root-end filling material s. MTA Angelus and experimental MTAS presented bond strength to dentin prepared with ultrasonic tips . Clinical relevance Root-end preparation with the CVD tip positively influences the bond strength of root-end filling material s. MTA Angelus and experimental MTAS present bond strength to be used as root-end filling material This study compared the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and a new endodontic cement ( NEC ) as root-end filling material s in root-end cavities prepared by ultrasonic technique ( US ) or Er , Cr : YSGG laser ( L ) .  Eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were endodontically treated , apicectomised and r and omly divided into four following groups ( n = 20 ) : US/MTA , US/NEC , L/MTA and L/NEC . In US/MTA and US/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared with ultrasonic retrotip and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . In L/MTA and L/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared using Er , Cr : YSGG laser and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . Each root was cut apically to create a 2 mm-thick root slice for measurement of bond strength using a universal testing machine . Then , all slices were examined to determine the mode of bond failure . Data were analysed using two-way anova . Root-end filling material s showed significantly higher bond strength in root-end cavities prepared using ultrasonic technique ( US/MTA and US/NEC ) ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond strengths of MTA and NEC did not differ significantly . The failure modes were mainly adhesive for MTA , but cohesive for NEC . In conclusion , bond strengths of MTA and NEC to root-end cavities were comparable and higher in ultrasonically prepared cavities AIM To characterize an experimental gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass composite ( GNB ) applied with a thermoplastic technique to the root canals without sealer in a moist environment and to evaluate its micropush-out bond strength to root canal wall dentine . METHODOLOGY The root canals of sixty human m and ibular pre-molars were prepared using rotary NiTi instruments and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA . The teeth were then r and omly divided into three groups according to the root filling material used : AH plus sealer and gutta-percha ( AH ) , EndoSequence BC gutta-percha without sealer ( GBC ) , and GNB without sealer . The root canals were filled with a single cone using warm vertical condensation . Push-out bond strengths associated with the filling material s in slices from middle root thirds was determined 30 days after root filling . The failure mode was analyzed with SEM . Analysis using EDX and SEM-EDS was carried out to verify the composition and distribution of the particles of the tested material s. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way anova and Tukey 's test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS AH and GNB groups had bond strengths of 2.83 ± 0.64 MPa and 2.68 ± 0.84 MPa , respectively , with no significant difference between them ( P > 0.05 ) . The GBC group had the lowest mean bond strength ( 1.34 ± 0.42 MPa ) , which was significantly different compared with the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Cohesive failures prevailed in the AH group , whereas failures were mixed in the GBC and GNB groups . The SEM-EDS analysis on the surface and in the bulk of GBC revealed only a superficial coating of bioceramic particles . Glass particles were detected both on the surface and in the bulk of GNB . CONCLUSIONS The experimental root filling composite ( GNB ) had an ability to adhere to root canal wall dentine equal to the current gold st and ard root filling with gutta-percha and sealer ( AH Plus ) The purpose of this study was to compare the micropush-out bond strength of Resilon to that of gutta-percha . Extracted human anterior teeth were used for evaluation . The crowns were removed and the root canals were instrumented with Gates Glidden drills and 0.06 Profile rotary files . Instrumentation was performed with 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite irrigation and a final rinse of 17 % EDTA . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups . Gutta-percha group : obturation with gutta-percha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT . Resilon group : obturation with Resilon points , Epiphany Primer , and Root Canal Sealant . The teeth were cut perpendicular to their long axis to obtain a series of 1.0 mm thick disks ( n = 15 per group ) . Micropush-out bond strengths to root canal dentin were measured . The results show that the mean bond strength to root canal dentin was significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) in the Resilon/Epiphany group as compared to the gutta-percha/Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT group This study aim ed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) from green tea extract on the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin . Seventy single root canal premolars were decoronated and instrumented . The roots were r and omly irrigated with different final irrigation protocol s ( n=16 ) : 17%EDTA ( EDTA ) , 17%EDTA followed by 2.5%NaOCl ( EDTA+NaOCl ) , 17%EDTA followed by 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EDTA+EGCG ) and 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EGCG ) . Other six root canals were received only 2.5%NaOCl as a control group . One root from each group ( n=1 ) was excluded and prepared for SEM investigation . All root canals were then obturated and horizontally sectioned to perform the push out test . EDTA+EGCG group had the highest bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . EGCG group showed higher bond strength than EDTA group ( p<0.05 ) . The use of EGCG as a final irrigant significantly increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer removal on the push-out bond strength between radicular dentin and three calcium silicate cements ( CSC ) in comparison with gutta percha and sealer . METHODS Eighty human anterior extracted teeth were decoronated , cleaned and shaped to size 50/0.05 apically and r and omly divided into 2 major groups : ( A ) smear layer preserved , and ( B ) smear layer removed using irrigation with 17 % EDTA . Roots within each major group were further divided into 4 subgroups according to the obturation material used : ( 1 ) ProRoot MTA , ( 2 ) Biodentine , ( 3 ) Harvard MTA , ( 4 ) Gutta percha and AH-plus sealer . Obturated roots were stored in synthetic tissue fluid for 7 days to allow maximum setting of the root filling material s. Three 2-mm-thick slices were obtained from each root at different section levels ( coronal , middle , apical ) . The canal diameters and slice thickness were measured , and the adhesion surface area for each slice was calculated . Push-out bond strength test was carried out using a universal testing machine . The bond failure mode was assessed under an optical microscope at 40 × . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength in groups 1A , 2A and 3A were 7.54 ( ±1.11 ) , 7.64 ( ±1.08 ) and 8.79 (±1.55)MPa respectively , while those for groups 1B , 2B and 3B were 6.58 ( ±1.13 ) , 6.47 ( ±1.08 ) , 7.71 (±1.81)MPa , respectively . In the gutta percha and sealer groups the push-out bond strength means were : 1.98 ( ±0.48 ) and 2.09 (±0.51)MPa in the preserved and removed smear layer groups respectively . The push-out strength values were significantly reduced when the smear layer was removed in the CSC groups ( P<0.05 ) while no significant difference was detected in the gutta percha and sealer groups . CONCLUSIONS Based on the conditions of this ex vivo study , it can be concluded that smear layer removal is detrimental to the bond strength between calcium silicate cements and dentin AIM To assess the push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers in the root canals of extracted teeth . METHODOLOGY Thirty extracted single-rooted central incisors of similar sizes were selected r and omly and distributed to three groups ( n = 10 ) . All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve tapered canal walls . Irrigation was performed using 5 mL 2.5 % NaOCl between each instrument , and the smear layer was removed using 5 mL 17 % EDTA . The canals were filled with three different sealers using a cold lateral compaction technique : group 1 : AH Plus + gutta-percha , group 2 : I Root SP + gutta-percha and group 3 : MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha . Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ± 0.1 in the apical , middle and coronal parts of each root . The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine ( Instron , Canton , MA , USA ) that carried 1-mm , 0.5-mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal , middle and apical specimens , respectively . The loading speed was 1 mm min(-1 ) . The push-out data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance ( anova ) and the post hoc Holm-Sidak test , with significance set at P < 0.05 . RESULTS In the coronal specimens , there was no significant difference between the sealers . In the middle and apical segments , there was no significant difference between I Root SP and AH Plus groups . However , the I Root SP and AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength values than the MTA Fillapex ( P < 0.05 ) . In terms of root segments , the bond strengths in the middle specimens and the apical specimens were higher compared with the bond strengths in the coronal specimens ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bond strengths in the middle and apical specimens . CONCLUSION MTA Fillapex had the lowest push-out bond values to root dentine compared with other sealers AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the regional push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) after exposure to sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , ethylenediaminetetraacetic ( EDTA ) , and peracetic acid ( PAA ) irrigation solutions . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 1-mm-thick longitudinal slabs of root dentin were obtained from freshly extracted human canine teeth ( n = 80 ) . Simulated root perforation defects , 1 mm in diameter , were prepared in the coronal , middle , and apical thirds of radicular dentin . Mineral trioxide aggregate was placed into the cavities , and the specimens were stored for 1 week at 37 ° C . Thereafter , the specimens were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 20 ) according to the irrigation solution applied over the repair sites : Group 1 - 10 ml of 5.25 % NaOCl for 10 min ; Group 2 - 10 ml of 5.25 % NaOCl for 10 min , followed by 5 ml 17 % EDTA for 5 min ; Group 3 - 10 ml of 5.25 % NaOCl for 10 min , followed by application of 5 ml 1 % PAA for 5 min ; and Group 4-no irrigation . Push-out test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Debonding values were compared statistically using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS The push-out bond strength of MTA was not affected by the type of irrigation solution or location of the perforation defects ( both P < 0.05 ) . Stereomicroscopic inspection of the sample s showed that the bond failure was predominantly adhesive . CONCLUSION Exposure of repaired root perforations to 5.25 % NaOCl , 17 % EDTA , or 1 % PAA does not alter the dislocation resistance of MTA at different locations of root dentin This study evaluated the bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin after the performance of various irrigation procedures to remove triple antibiotic paste ( TAP ) . A total of 56 single-rooted human m and ibular premolars were instrumented using a rotary system to size 40 and divided r and omly into a control group ( no intracanal dressing ) and three experimental groups ( TAP application for 28 days ) . TAP was then removed by rinsing with 10 mL 2.5 % NaOCl using three irrigation systems ( Vibringe sonic irrigation , CanalBrush , and syringe irrigation ) . The coronal and middle parts of root canals were then obturated with MTA . After storage for 1 week , each specimen was embedded in an acrylic block and sectioned horizontally ( 2-mm-thick slices ) at two levels ( coronal and middle ) . Bond strength of MTA to root canal dentin was assessed in 28 sample s per group via push-out test using a universal testing machine . Data from the four groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance . Tukey 's test was used for multiple comparisons . Push-out bond strength values were significantly higher in the control and Vibringe groups than in the CanalBrush and syringe irrigation groups ( p < 0.001 ) . TAP removal from root canals with the Vibringe irrigation system may increase the push-out bond strength of MTA compared with the use of the CanalBrush or syringe irrigation The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the bond strength of various obturation material s to root canal dentin by using a push-out test design . Twenty-five single-rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study . The crowns were removed , and root canal instrumentation was completed by using Endogel-coated 0.06 EndoSequence rotary files ( Brasseler , Savannah , GA ) and appropriate irrigation with 5.25 % NaOCl and a final rinse with 17 % EDTA . After instrumentation , the roots were r and omly divided into five single-matched cone obturation groups ( n = 5 roots/group ) , as follows : group 1 , gutta percha with Kerr EWT ( Kerr Corp , Romulus , MI ) ; group 2 , gutta percha with AH Plus ( Dentsply , DeTrey , Germany ) ; group 3 , Resilon ( Pentron Clinical Technologies , Wallingford , CT ) and Epiphany ( Pentron ) ; group 4 , Activ GP ( Brasseler ) obturation system ; and group 5 , EndoREZ obturation system ( Ultradent , South Jordan , UT ) . The obturated roots were cut perpendicular to the long access to create 1-mm thick slices from the apical , middle , and coronal thirds . The bond strength was measured for each test slice with a push-out testing machine . Statistical analysis was completed by using a two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukeys test with significance set at p < 0.05 . Group 2 showed a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater bond strength compared with all other groups . Also , groups 1 and 4 had significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher bond strengths compared with groups 3 and 5 OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the influence of Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation associated with different final irrigation protocol s on the bond strength of epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin , on the dentin/filling material interface and in the temperature variation during irradiation . METHODOLOGY Ninety-six maxillary canines were prepared with  K3 rotary system up to # 45/0.02 instrument , irrigating with distilled water between files . The specimens were r and omly assigned to three groups-final irrigation ( distilled water , 1 % NaOCl , and 17 % EDTAC ) and four subgroups ( n = 8)-laser parameters ( non-irradiated , 2 W/20 Hz , 3 W/20 Hz , and 4 W/20 Hz ) . During irradiation , the temperatures were measured on the outer root dentin wall in the three thirds , and root apex . Canals were filled with lateral condensation of AHPlus sealer and gutta-percha cones . Two slices from each third were su bmi tted to a push-out test in Instron machine and the failure mode was analyzed . One slice from each third was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy to evaluate the percentage of the perimeter of the root canal cross-section with sealer tags and depth of tags . Data were analyzed by ANOVA , Kruskal-Wallis , and Tukey 's tests ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation  increased sealer bond strength to dentin , regardless of the final irrigation . The highest values were obtained for 3 W ( 4.02 ± 1.32 ) and 4 W ( 4.18 ± 0.98 ) powers and different from the non-irradiated group ( 2.64 ± 0.58 ) ( P < 0.05 ) . The 2 W irradiation produced similar results to 3 W and 4 W when associated with 17 % EDTA . Final irrigation with 17 % EDTAC provided higher bond strength ( 4.01 ± 1.02 ) compared with distilled water ( 3.11 ± 1.09 ) and 1 % NaOCl ( 3.47 ± 1.18 ) ( P < 0.05 ) . The cervical third ( 4.01 ± 1.21 ) presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical third ( 3.04 ± 0.89 ) . There was a greater percentage of adhesive and mixed failure . In the groups irradiated with 3 W [ 21.1 ( 14.1 - 27.7 ) ] and 4 W [ 17.8 ( 11.9 - 23.7 ) ] , a greater depth of filling material tags was observed compared with the non-irradiated group [ 12.9 ( 9.0 - 20.0 ) ] . The greatest percentage of canal perimeter with sealer tags was observed in the irradiated groups , with no difference among them ( P > 0.05 ) . The temperature rise was proportional to the increase of laser power . CONCLUSIONS Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation increased the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based sealer to root dentin , with greater formation of sealer tags for all tested powers , especially when combined with 17 % EDTAC final irrigation ; temperature rise during irradiation remained below the critical threshold biologically accepted . Lasers Surg . Med . 48:985 - 994 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ) technique in combination with EDTA on bond strength of gutta-percha/AH Plus and Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal fillings to root dentine . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth with intact straight roots , were instrumented endodontically with rotating ProTaper instruments and r and omly divided into two experimental groups . In group 1 ( n = 20 ) , root canals were rinsed for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . In group 2 ( n = 20 ) , Er : YAG laser , with a 14 mm long 400 μ diameter tapered PIPS tip , was used for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . The laser parameters used were : 20 mJ per pulse , 15 Hz , 50 microsecond . In each experimental group , half of the root canals ( n = 10 ) were obturated with gutta-percha/AH Plus and other half ( n = 10 ) with Resilon/RealSeal SE . A micropush-out test was performed on sectiond specimens of the filled roots using a universal testing machine and resistance to failure plus failure modes were determined . RESULTS Both gutta-percha/AH Plus groups had higher bond strength to root dentin than the Resilon/RealSeal SE groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The smear layer removal protocol , with EDTA only or combining PIPS technique with EDTA , had no influence on bond strength of either gutta-percha/AH Plus , or Resilon/RealSeal SE ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , it was found that the application of the PIPS technique did not have an affect on the push-out bond strength of Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal filling to dentin nor on the gutta-percha/AH Plus . A significant difference in bond strength was noted between the two root canal filling material s. Lasers Surg . Med . 48:951 - 954 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , AIM To compare the push-out bond strength exhibited by root fillings performed with either C-Point and Endosequence ® BC sealer ™ ( BC Sealer ) or gutta-percha and AH Plus ® after the instrumentation of oval canals with either the Self-Adjusting File ( SAF ) System or WaveOne ( WO ) reciprocating file . METHODOLOGY Eighty extracted premolars were selected and divided r and omly into the following four groups ( n = 20 ) : group 1 , SAF instrumentation and filling using gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer ; group 2 , SAF instrumentation and C-Point and BC sealer filling ; group 3 , WO instrumentation and filling using gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer ; and group 4 , WO instrumentation and filling with C-Point and BC sealer . Sodium hypochlorite ( 5.25 % ) and EDTA ( 17 % ) were used as irrigants for all groups . After the sealer was set completely , the teeth were prepared for micro push-out assessment using 1.0-mm-thick root slices . Loading was performed with a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) . Two-way anova and Student 's t-test for pairwise comparisons were used to compare groups . RESULTS All specimens filled with C-Point and BC sealer were associated with significantly higher push-out bond strength compared with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond strength was higher for the coronal and apical sample s of the C-Point/BC sealer/SAF group ( 6.6 ± 0.3 and 3.2 ± 0.3 MPa ) versus those of the gutta-percha/AH Plus/WO group ( 4.8 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.3 MPa ) , by 38 % and by 80 % in the coronal and apical parts , respectively ( P < 0.001 , P < 0.0001 ) . Adhesive bond failure was more common in the WaveOne-instrumented group in general and in the buccal and lingual recesses in this group in particular . CONCLUSIONS In oval canals , the instrument used and the root filling material significantly affected the push-out values of root fillings . The highest value was recorded in oval root canals instrumented with the SAF System and filled with C-Point and BC sealer , whereas the lowest strength was noted in oval canals instrumented with WaveOne and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer AIMS To evaluate the effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond strength of different root filling material s to root canal dentine . METHODOLOGY Freshly extracted human incisors ( n=90 ) were decoronated , and the root canals were enlarged with post drills . Prepared roots were placed into a custom alignment apparatus to embed the roots vertically within self-curing acrylic resin . The specimens were r and omly assigned into three groups according to the root filling system used : gutta-percha/AH Plus ; Resilon/Epiphany ; and fibre-reinforced composite (FRC)/Duolink resin cement . After filling , the specimens were further subdivided according to the diameter of the plunger used to employ the debonding force : 0.75 , 1 and 1.25 mm . Intra-radicular bond strength was measured using the push-out test at a cross-head speed of 1 mm min(-1 ) . The data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction at P = 0.05 . RESULTS Regardless of the plunger diameter , FRC yielded the highest bond strength , followed by gutta-percha and Resilon , respectively ( P<0.001 ) . In all groups , greater plunger diameter result ed in an apparent increased bond strength , but the differences were only significant in the FRC group , with the 1.25-mm plunger generating higher debonding values compared with that of its 0.75- and 1-mm versions ( P<0.001 ) . In the gutta-percha and Resilon groups , the majority of specimens had adhesive failures . Roots filled with FRC exhibited more cohesive failures than those of the other test groups . CONCLUSIONS Different plunger diameters are associated with significantly different intra-radicular push-out bond strengths of root filling systems
target: HIGHLIGHTSPOBT in endodontic research predicts the clinical behavior of endodontic material s .
background: Introduction : There is limited literature on the impact of testing variables on the push‐out bond test ( POBT ) .
  This review identified design s of the POBT used in the endodontic literature and aim ed to determine which experimental variables may influence the push‐out bond strength ( POBS ) .