title: White Rice Consumption and CVD Risk Factors among Iranian Population Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women Psyllium Supplementation in Adolescents Improves Fat Distribution & Lipid Profile: A Randomized, Participant-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial The formation of short-chain fatty acids is positively associated with the blood lipid-lowering effect of lupin kernel fiber in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. A randomized controlled trial: the effect of inulin on weight management and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes Resistant dextrin, as a prebiotic, improves insulin resistance and inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Effect of alginate supplementation on weight loss in obese subjects completing a 12-wk energy-restricted diet: a randomized controlled trial. Effects of gum Arabic ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage in healthy adult females: two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial Satiety effects of a whole-grain fibre composite ingredient: reduced food intake and appetite ratings. Safety and Efficacy of Glucomannan for Weight Loss in Overweight and Moderately Obese Adults Effects of High Performance Inulin Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes The effects of 12-week psyllium fibre supplementation or healthy diet on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese individuals. Effect of oligofructose supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Therapeutic Potential of Resistant Starch in Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Endotoxemia, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Satiety and energy intake after single and repeated exposure to gel-forming dietary fiber: post-ingestive effects Effect of 6 weeks' consumption of β-glucan-rich oat products on cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolaemic overweight adults. The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Yeast β–Glucan Modulates Inflammation and Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Subjects Effects of a 3-month supplementation with a novel soluble highly viscous polysaccharide on anthropometry and blood lipids in nondieting overweight or obese adults. The soluble fiber NUTRIOSE induces a dose-dependent beneficial impact on satiety over time in humans. The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity. Soluble fiber dextrin enhances the satiating power of beverages Acute effect of alginate-based preload on satiety feelings, energy intake, and gastric emptying rate in healthy subjects. Can alginate-based preloads increase weight loss beyond calorie restriction? A pilot study in obese individuals White Rice Consumption, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference among Iranian Female Adolescents
abstract: Association between white rice intake and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases remained uncertain . Most of the previous published studies have been done in western countries with different lifestyles , and scant data are available from the Middle East region , including Iran . This cross-sectional study was conducted in the structure of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program ( IHHP ) to assess the association between white rice consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases . In the present study , 3,006 men were included from three counties of Isfahan , Najafabad , and Arak by multistage cluster r and om-sampling method .  Dietary intake was assessed with a 49-item food frequency question naire ( FFQ ) . Laboratory assessment was done in a st and ardized central laboratory . Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose , serum lipid levels , and anthropometric variables . Socioeconomic and demographic data , physical activity , and body mass index ( BMI ) were considered covariates and were adjusted in analysis . In this study , Student 's t-test , chi-square test , and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses . Means of BMI among those subjects who consumed white rice less than 7 times per week and people who consumed 7 - 14 times per week were almost similar—24.8±4.3 vs 24.5±4.7 kg/m2 . There was no significant association between white rice  consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases , such as fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles . Although whole grain consumption has undeniable effect on preventing cardiovascular disease risk , white rice consumption was not associated with cardiovascular risks among Iranian men in the present study . Further prospect i ve studies with a semi-quantitative FFQ or dietary record question naire , representing type and portion-size of rice intake as well as cooking methods and other foods consumed with rice that affect glycaemic index ( GI ) of rice , are required to support our finding and to illustrate the probable mechanism Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Aims We aim ed to assess the effects of psyllium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and other parameters of the metabolic syndrome in an at risk adolescent population . Methods This study encompassed a participant-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Subjects were 47 healthy adolescent males aged 15–16 years , recruited from secondary schools in lower socio-economic areas with high rates of obesity . Participants received 6 g/day of psyllium or placebo for 6 weeks , with a two-week washout before crossing over . Fasting lipid profiles , ambulatory blood pressure , auxological data , body composition , activity levels , and three-day food records were collected at baseline and after each 6-week intervention . Insulin sensitivity was measured by the Matsuda method using glucose and insulin values from an oral glucose tolerance test . Results 45 subjects completed the study , and compliance was very high : 87 % of participants took > 80 % of prescribed capsules . At baseline , 44 % of subjects were overweight or obese . 28 % had decreased insulin sensitivity , but none had impaired glucose tolerance . Fibre supplementation led to a 4 % reduction in and roid fat to gynoid fat ratio ( p = 0.019 ) , as well as a 0.12 mmol/l ( 6 % ) reduction in LDL cholesterol ( p = 0.042 ) . No associated adverse events were recorded . Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 6 g/day of psyllium over 6 weeks improves fat distribution and lipid profile ( parameters of the metabolic syndrome ) in an at risk population of adolescent males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Lupin kernel fiber beneficially modifies  blood lipids  because of its bile acid-binding capacity . The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of a lupin kernel fiber preparation on cardiovascular diseases and to clarify possible mechanisms . In a r and omized , double-blind , controlled crossover trial , 60 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults ( plasma total cholesterol : > 5.2 mmol/L ) passed 3 intervention periods in different orders with a 2-wk washout phase between each . Participants consumed either a high-fiber diet containing 25-g/d lupin kernel fiber ( LF ) or citrus fiber ( CF ) , or a low-fiber control diet ( CD ) for 4 wk each . Anthropometric , plasma , and fecal variables were assessed at baseline and after the interventions . Contrary to the CF period , total ( 9 % ) and LDL ( 12 % ) cholesterol as well as triacylglycerols ( 10 % ) were lower after the LF period when compared with the CD period [ P ≤ 0.02 , adjusted for baseline , age , gender , and body mass index ( BMI ) ] . HDL cholesterol remained unchanged . Moreover , the LF period reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( P = 0.02 ) and systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.01 ) when compared with baseline . Bile acid binding could not be shown because the excretion of total bile acids remained constant after the high-fiber diets . However , the LF period result ed in an enhanced formation of the main short-chain fatty acids in comparison with the CD period . During the CF period , only acetate increased significantly . Both high-fiber diets led to higher satiety and modified nutritional behavior , result ing in significantly lower body weight , BMI , and waist circumference compared with the CD period . The blood lipid-lowering effects of LF are apparently not a result of bile acid binding . Rather , we hypothesize for the first time , to our knowledge , that the blood lipid-lowering effects of LF may be mainly attributed to the formation of short-chain fatty acids , specifically propionate and acetate . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01035086 Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 Improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation is a basic strategy in the management of type 2 diabetes . There is limited evidence that prebiotics improve insulin resistance and inflammation . However , the ameliorating effect of resistant dextrin , as a prebiotic , on insulin resistance and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated so far . Therefore , the present study aim ed to examine the effects of resistant dextrin on insulin resistance and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients . In a r and omised controlled clinical trial , fifty-five women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to two groups : the intervention group ( n 30 ) and the control group ( n 25 ) . The intervention group received a daily supplement of 10 g resistant dextrin and the control group received a similar amount of maltodextrin as placebo for 8 weeks . Fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , HbA1c , insulin , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , IL-6 , TNF-α , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and serum endotoxin concentrations were measured before and after the intervention . Data were analysed using SPSS ( version 13 ) . Paired and unpaired t tests and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables after the intervention . Patients supplemented with resistant dextrin exhibited a significant decrease in fasting insulin ( 20.1 pmol/l , 22.8 % ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( 1.3 , 24.9 % ) , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( 0.2 , 7.2 % ) , IL-6 ( 1.4 pg/ml , 28.4 % ) , TNF-α ( 5.4 pg/ml , 18.8 % ) , MDA ( 1.2 nmol/ml , 25.6 % ) and endotoxin ( 6.2 endotoxin units/ml , 17.8 % ) concentrations than those supplemented with maltodextrin ( P < 0.05 ) . Decreases in FPG ( 0.05 mmol/l , 0.6 % ) , HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 9.6 % ) and hs-CRP ( 2.7 ng/ml , 35.1 % ) concentrations in the resistant dextrin group were not significant when compared with the maltodextrin group . In conclusion , resistant dextrin supplementation can modulate inflammation and improve insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes . However , the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation  in conjunction with  energy restriction ( -300 kcal/d ) on loss of body weight and fat and , second , on metabolic risk markers in comparison with in a placebo group . DESIGN In a parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , we r and omly assigned 96 obese subjects to either an energy-restricted diet plus a placebo preload supplement or an energy-restricted diet plus an alginate-based preload supplement ( 15 g fiber ) . The preload was administered as a beverage 3 times/d before main meals for a period of 12 wk . RESULTS No differences in loss of body weight and fat between groups were shown in the intension-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . However , in the completer analysis ( n = 80 ) , we showed a greater weight loss with alginate ( 6.78 ± 3.67 kg ) than with the placebo ( 5.04 ± 3.40 kg ) ( P = 0.03 ) , which was mainly attributed to a reduction in the percentage of body fat ( P = 0.03 ) . In the ITT analysis , a larger decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was shown in the placebo group than in the alginate group ( P < 0.05 ) . Plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , C-reactive protein , and ghrelin , HOMA-IR , and lipid metabolism did not differ between treatment groups in the ITT analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that alginate supplementation as an adjunct to energy restriction may improve weight loss in obese subjects who complete a 12-wk dietary intervention Background Gum Arabic ( acacia Senegal ) is a complex polysaccharide indigestible to both humans and animals . It has been considered as a safe dietary fiber by the United States , Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) since the 1970s . Although its effects were extensively studied in animals , there is paucity of data regarding its quantified use in humans . This study was conducted to determine effects of regular Gum Arabic ( GA ) ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage  among healthy adult females . Methods A two-arm r and omized , placebo controlled , double-blind trial was conducted in the Department of Physiology at the Khartoum University . A total of 120 healthy females completed the study . They were divided to two groups : A test group of 60 volunteers receiving GA ( 30 gm /day ) for 6 weeks and a placebo group of 60 volunteers receiving pectin ( 1 gm/day ) for the same period of time . Weight and height were measured before and after intervention using st and ardized height and weight scales . Skin fold thickness was measured using Harpenden Skin fold caliper . Fat percentage was calculated using Jackson and Pollock 7 caliper method and Siri equation . Results Pre and post analysis among the study group showed significant reduction in BMI by 0.32 ( 95 % CI : 0.17 to 0.47 ; P<0.0001 ) and body fat percentage by 2.18 % ( 95 % CI : 1.54 to 2.83 ; P<0.0001 ) following regular intake of 30 gm /day Gum Arabic for six weeks . Side effects caused by GA ingestion were experienced only in the first week . They included unfavorable viscous sensation in the mouth , early morning nausea , mild diarrhea and bloating abdomen . Conclusions GA ingestion causes significant reduction in BMI and body fat percentage  among healthy adult females . The effect could be exploited in the treatment of obesity The current study assesses the impact on appetite and food intake of a novel co-processed ingredient containing a viscous fibre and whole-grain high-amylose corn flour , a source of type 1 and type 2 resistant starch ( HAM-RS ) . Ninety adults completed a crossover , placebo-controlled study comparing two doses of the ingredient ( 20 and 30 g ) to a maltodextrin control in a fruit-based smoothie served with breakfast .  Ad libitum food intake was measured over the day and visual analogue scales were used to assess subjective appetite sensations . Subjects consumed 7 % less energy intake at dinner following the 30 g dose ( p = 0.02 ) compared to control . In addition , a trend for lower lunch intake ( 5 % less weight of food ) was observed for the 20 g dose ( p = 0.10 ) . Reductions were also observed for the two meals combined , with 3 % lower energy intake for the 20 g dose ( p = 0.04 ) and 5 % less weight of food consumed for the 30 g dose ( p = 0.04 ) . Lower ratings of hunger were reported at 3 h after breakfast for both doses and also at 2 and 3 h after lunch for the 30 g dose . With ratings combined to compute an overall appetite score , a trend for lower appetite scores at 3 h after breakfast was found for both doses . Consistent with this , significant reductions in AUC hunger and prospect i ve consumption were identified in the 30 g condition . A similar pattern of results was observed for fullness and desire to eat . The results of this study show that a new composite satiety ingredient comprised of a viscous fibre and whole-grain corn flour can affect acute satiety responses in men and women Background . Few safe and effective dietary supplements are available to promote weight loss . We evaluated the safety and efficacy of glucomannan , a water-soluble fiber supplement , for achieving weight loss in overweight and moderately obese individuals consuming self-selected diets . Methods . Participants were r and omly assigned to take 1.33 grams of glucomannan or identically looking placebo capsules with 236.6 mL ( 8 ounces ) of water one hour before breakfast , lunch , and dinner for 8 weeks . The primary efficacy outcome was change in body weight after 8 weeks . Other efficacy outcomes were changes in body composition , hunger/fullness , and lipid and glucose concentrations . Safety outcomes included gastrointestinal symptoms/tolerance and serum liver enzymes and creatinine levels . Results . A total of 53 participants ( 18–65 years of age ; BMI 25–35 kg/m2 ) were enrolled and r and omized . The two groups did not differ with respect to baseline characteristics and compliance with the study supplement . At 8 weeks , there was no significant difference between the glucomannan and placebo groups in amount of weight loss ( −.40 ± .06 and −.43 ± .07 , resp . ) or other efficacy outcomes or in any of the safety outcomes . Conclusions . Glucomannan supplements administered over 8 weeks were well tolerated but did not promote weight loss or significantly alter body composition , hunger/fullness , or lipid and glucose parameters . This trial is registered with NCT00613600 Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin supplementation on blood glycemic control and antioxidant status in women with type 2 diabetes . Methods In a r and omized , triple-blind controlled trial , 49 females ( fiber intake < 30 g/day , 25<body mass index < 35 kg/m2 ) with type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Iran Diabetes Society and from endocrinology and metabolism clinics associated with the Tabriz University of Medical Science . The participants were divided into one of two groups in which the participants either received 10 g/day of inulin ( intervention , n=24 ) or maltodextrin ( control , n=25 ) for 2 months . Fasting blood sample s were obtained and both glycemic control and antioxidant status were determined at baseline and at the end of the study . Results At the end of the study period , there were significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose ( 8.47 % ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( 10.43 % ) , and malondialdehyde ( 37.21 % ) levels and significant increases in total antioxidant capacity ( 18.82 % ) and superoxide dismutase activity ( 4.36 % ) in the inulin group when compared to the maltodextrin group ( P<0.05 ) . Changes in fasting insulin , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance , and catalase activity were not significant in the inulin group when compared with the maltodextrin group . Glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged in both groups . Conclusion Inulin supplementation may improve some glycemic and antioxidant indices and decrease malondialdehyde levels in women with type 2 diabetes . Further investigations are needed in order to confirm the positive effects that inulin may have on the glycemic and antioxidant indices of patients with type 2 diabetes Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness occur early in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and they are both powerful independent predictors of cardiovascular risk . A high-fibre diet has been correlated with lower BMI and a lower incidence of hyperlipidaemia , CVD , hypertension and diabetes . The present r and omised , parallel- design study compared the effects of fibre intake from a healthy diet v. fibre supplement diets on blood pressure ( BP ) and vascular function over 12 weeks . Overweight and obese adults were r and omised to one of three groups : control ( with placebo ) , fibre supplement ( FIB ) or healthy eating group with placebo ( HLT ) . Systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) was lower in the FIB group compared with the control group at week 6 , but not at week 12 . However , SBP was lower in the HLT group compared with control group at week 12 . At week 6 , the FIB group presented lower diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index compared with the control group , but this result did not persist to the end of the study . The present study did not show any improvements in BP or vascular function in overweight and obese individuals with psyllium fibre supplementation over 12 weeks of intervention . However , a healthy diet provided the greatest improvements in BP in overweight and obese subjects . Further research with hypertensive individuals is necessary to eluci date whether increased fibre consumption in the form of psyllium supplementation may provide a safe and acceptable means to reduce BP , vascular function and the risk of developing CVD Limited evidence suggests that the dietary inclusion of oligofructose , an inulin-type fructan with prebiotic properties , may increase satiety and , thus , reduce energy intake and body weight in overweight and obese adults . The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of oligofructose supplementation for 12 weeks on the BMI of overweight and obese children . A total of ninety-seven children aged 7 - 18 years who were overweight and obese ( BMI > 85th percentile ) were r and omly assigned to receive placebo ( maltodextrin ) or oligofructose ( both at an age-dependent dose : 8 g/d for children aged 7 - 11 years and 15 g/d for children aged 12 - 18 years ) for 12 weeks . Before the intervention , all children received dietetic advice and they were encouraged to engage in physical activity . The primary outcome measure was the BMI -for-age z-score difference between the groups at the end of the intervention . Data from seventy-nine ( 81 % ) children were available for analysis . At 12 weeks , the BMI -for-age z-score difference did not differ between the experimental ( n 40 ) and control ( n 39 ) groups ( mean difference 0.002 , 95 % CI - 0.11 , 0.1 ) . There were also no significant differences between the groups with regard to any of the secondary outcomes , such as the mean BMI -for-age z-score , percentage of body weight reduction and the difference in total body fat . Adverse effects were similar in both groups . In conclusion , oligofructose supplementation for 12 weeks has no effect on body weight in overweight and obese children Aims : This trial aims to determine the effects of resistant starch ( RS ) subtype 2 ( RS2 ) on glycemic status , metabolic endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress . Methods : A r and omized , controlled , parallel-group clinical trial group of 56 females with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) was divided to 2 groups . The intervention group ( n = 28 ) and control group ( n = 28 ) received 10 g/day RS2 or placebo for 8 weeks , respectively . Fasting blood sample s were taken to determine glycemic status , endotoxin , high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , antioxidant enzymes concentrations as well as uric acid at baseline and after the intervention . Results : After 8 weeks , RS2 caused a significant decrease in the levels of MDA ( -34.10 % ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( -9.40 % ) , insulin ( -29.36 % ) , homeostasis model of insulin resistance ( -32.85 % ) and endotoxin ( -25.00 % ) , a significant increase in TAC ( 18.10 % ) and glutathione peroxidase ( 11.60 % ) as compared with control . No significant changes were observed in fasting plasma glucose , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index , hs-CRP , superoxide dismutase , catalase and uric acid in the RS2 group as compared with the control group . Conclusion : Supplementation with RS2 may be improved glycemic status , endotoxemia and markers of oxidative stress in patients with T2DM Background : Viscous or gel-forming dietary fibers can increase satiety by a more firm texture and increased eating time . Effects of viscous or gel-forming fibers on satiety by post-ingestive mechanisms such as gastric emptying , hormonal signals , nutrient absorption or fermentation are unclear . Moreover , it is unclear whether the effects persist after repeated exposure . Objective : To investigate satiety and energy intake after single and repeated exposure to gelled fiber by post-ingestive mechanisms . Design : In a two-arm crossover design , 32 subjects ( 24 female subjects , 21±2 y , BMI 21.8±1.9 kg m−2 ) consumed test foods once daily for 15 consecutive days , with 2 weeks of washout . Test foods were isocaloric ( 0.5 MJ , 200 g ) with either 10 g gel-forming pectin or 3 g gelatin and 2 g starch , matched for texture and eating time . Hourly satiety ratings , ad libitum energy intake and body weight were measured on days 1 ( single exposure ) and 15 ( repeated exposure ) . In addition , hourly breath hydrogen , fasting glucose , insulin , leptin and short-chain fatty acids were measured . Results : Subjects rated hunger , desire to eat and prospect i ve intake about 2 % lower ( P<0.015 ) and fullness higher ( + 1.4 % ; P=0.041 ) when they received pectin compared with control . This difference was similar after single and repeated exposure ( P>0.64 ) . After receiving pectin , energy intake was lower ( −5.6 % , P=0.012 ) and breath hydrogen was elevated ( + 12.6 % , P=0.008 ) after single exposure , but not after repeated exposure . Fasting glucose concentrations were higher both after single and repeated exposure to pectin ( + 2.1 % , P=0.019 ) . Body weight and concentrations of insulin , leptin and short-chain fatty acids did not change during the study . Conclusions : Gelled pectin can increase satiety and reduce energy intake by post-ingestive mechanisms . Although the effects were small , the effects on satiety were consistent over time , whereas the effects on energy intake reduction were not Several regulatory bodies have approved a health cl aim on the cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan at levels of 3·0 g/d . The present study aim ed to test whether 1·5 g/d β-glucan provided as ready-to-eat oat flakes was as effective in lowering cholesterol as 3·0 g/d from oats porridge . A 6-week r and omised controlled trial was conducted in eighty-seven mildly hypercholesterolaemic ( ≥ 5 mmol/l and < 7·5 mmol/l ) men and women assigned to one of three diet arms ( 25 % energy ( E% ) protein ; 45 E% carbohydrate ; 30 E% fat , at energy requirements for weight maintenance ) : ( 1 ) minimal β-glucan ( control ) ; ( 2 ) low-dose oat β-glucan ( 1·5 g β-glucan ; oats low - OL ) or ( 3 ) higher dose oat β-glucan ( 3·0 g β-glucan ; oats high - OH ) . Changes in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) from baseline were assessed using a linear mixed model and repeated- measures ANOVA , adjusted for weight change . Total cholesterol reduced significantly in all groups ( - 7·8 ( sd 13·8 ) % , - 7·2 ( sd 12·4 ) % and - 5·5 ( sd 9·3 ) % in the OH , OL and control groups ) , as did LDL-C ( - 8·4 ( sd 18·5 ) % , - 8·5 ( sd 18·5 ) % and - 5·5 ( sd 12·4 ) % in the OH , OL and control groups ) , but between-group differences were not significant . In responders only ( n 60 ) , β-glucan groups had higher reductions in LDL-C ( - 18·3 ( sd 11·1 ) % and - 18·1 ( sd 9·2 ) % in the OH and OL groups ) compared with controls ( - 11·7 ( sd 7·9 ) % ; P = 0·044 ) . Intakes of oat β-glucan were as effective at doses of 1·5 g/d compared with 3 g/d when provided in different food formats that delivered similar amounts of soluble β-glucan Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists ABSTRACT Increased inflammation occurs with excessive adiposity and yeast β-glucan modulates immune responses . This study investigated the potential effect of yeast β-glucan on inflammatory cytokines in overweight/obese people . A r and omized , double blinded , placebo-controlled , clinical trial design enrolled 44 overweight/obese participants with body mass index ≥23 kg/m2 , r and omized to two groups  receiving β – glucan 477 mg/capsule ( n = 22 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) orally for six weeks . At weeks one to two , participants received 1 β – glucan or placebo capsule/day and at four weeks two tablets/day . Anthropometric changes , lipid profiles , liver and renal functions , and inflammatory cytokines were measured . β-glucan  reduced waist circumference ( p = 0.037 ) and blood pressure ( p = 0.006 ) compared with controls after six weeks of intervention . No statistical significance between groups was observed for triglyceride , cholesterol , lipid profile , liver and renal function , or energy and nutrient intake compared with controls at week six . β-glucan increased interlukin-10 ( IL-10 ) , an anti-inflammatory cytokine , by 23.97 % from baseline at week two ( p < 0.001 ) and 31.12 % at week six ( p < 0.001 ) and was significantly increased compared with controls at week two ( p < 0.001 ) until week six ( p < 0.001 ) . β-glucan reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 at week six ( p = 0.005 ) and tumor necrosis factor-α at week two ( p = 0.037 ) compared with controls . Supplementation of yeast β-glucan for six weeks modulated pro-cytokines that accelerate overweight/obese comorbidities and reduced blood pressure as well as waist circumference , the strong risk factors for cardiovascular disease , in overweight/obese subjects .  Thus , β-glucan might have the potential to decrease comorbid conditions associated with overweight/ obesity BACKGROUND High viscosity fibre is known to exert many beneficial effects on appetite and metabolism . It could potentially help in weight management , in dieting or nondieting individuals . The present study investigated the effects of the daily intake of a novel high viscosity polysaccharide ( HVP ) over 3 months in nondieting obese or overweight men and women . METHODS The study comprised a double-blind , r and omised controlled clinical trial . Participants ingested 5 - 15 g per day of either HVP ( n = 29 , experimental group ) or inulin ( n = 30 , control group ) for 15 weeks . Changes in anthropometry ( weight , waist and hip circumferences ) , blood lipids and glucose tolerance were studied from the beginning to the end of administration . Compliance and tolerance were examined . RESULTS Differences appeared between HVP and inulin supplementation in female participants only .  Mean ( SD ) decreases in body weight [ 1.6 ( 3.2 ) kg ; approximately 2 % of initial weight ] and hip circumference [ 2.8 ( 3.6 ) cm ] occurred in women of the HVP group but not in controls ( Time × Group interactions , P ≤ 0.002 ) . Total , high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were lower at the end of supplementation in the women of the HVP group compared to controls ( P ≤ 0.021 ) . No effect appeared in waist circumference and triacylglycerol . No difference was noted in the number or severity of the adverse effects reported in both groups . Adverse effects were mild and agreed with commonly reported reactions to intake of dietary fibre . CONCLUSIONS Beneficial although modest effects appeared after several weeks of daily HVP intake in nondieting obese or overweight women . The effects of HVP should be investigated in the context of a weight loss programme Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety . However , large variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of dietary fiber modulate the physiologic responses . We hypothesized that a nonviscous soluble dietary fiber may influence satiety . This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical study in 100 overweight healthy adults in China investigated the effect of different dosages of dietary supplementation with a dextrin , NUTRIOSE ( ROQUETTE frères , Lestrem , France ) , on short-term satiety over time . Subjects were r and omized by body mass index and energy intake and then assigned to receive either placebo or 8 , 14 , 18 , or 24 g/d of NUTRIOSE mixed with orange juice ( n = 20 volunteers per group ) . On days -2 , 0 , 2 , 5 , 7 , 14 , and 21 , short-term satiety was evaluated with a visual analog scale , and hunger feeling status was assessed with Likert scale .  NUTRIOSE exhibits a progressive and significant impact on short-term satiety , which is time and dosage correlated . Some statistical differences appear for the group 8 g/d from day 5 , and from day 0 for the groups 14 , 18 , and 24 g/d . The hunger feeling status decreases significantly from day 5 to the end of the evaluation for the group 24 g and from day 7 for the groups 14 and 18 g. By day 5 , the group 24 g showed significantly longer time to hunger between meals compared with placebo . These results suggest that dietary supplementation with a soluble fiber can decrease hunger feeling and increase short-term satiety over time when added to a beverage from 8 to 24 g/d with time- and dose-responses relationship OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of nutrient stimulation of gut hormones by oligofructose supplementation on appetite , energy intake ( EI ) , body weight ( BW ) and adiposity in overweight and obese volunteers . METHODS In a parallel , single-blind and placebo-controlled study , 22 healthy overweight and obese volunteers were r and omly allocated to receive 30 g day(-1 ) oligofructose or cellulose for 6 weeks following a 2-week run-in . Subjective appetite and side effect scores , breath hydrogen , serum short chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) , plasma gut hormones , glucose and insulin concentrations , EI , BW and adiposity were quantified at baseline and post-supplementation . RESULTS Oligofructose increased breath hydrogen ( P < 0.0001 ) , late acetate concentrations ( P = 0.024 ) , tended to increase total area under the curve (tAUC)420 mins peptide YY ( PYY ) ( P = 0.056 ) and reduced tAUC450 mins hunger ( P = 0.034 ) and motivation to eat ( P = 0.013 ) when compared with cellulose . However , there was no significant difference between the groups in other parameters although within group analyses showed an increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) ( P = 0.006 ) in the cellulose group and a decrease in EI during ad libitum meal in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Oligofructose increased plasma PYY concentrations and suppressed appetite , while cellulose increased GLP-1 concentrations . EI decreased in both groups . However , these positive effects did not translate into changes in BW or adiposity This study compared the effects of four types of fiber on satiety and energy intakes at the next meal using a st and ard double-blinded preload study design . Study participants ( 14 men and 22 women ) each took part in 6 study sessions . Study preloads were a combination of a solid snack and a liquid beverage ( energy range 0.78 - 0.83 MJ ) containing four different types of fiber : soluble fiber dextrin ( 12 g ) , soluble corn fiber ( 11.8 g ) , polydextrose ( 11.8 g ) , and resistant starch ( 11.2 g ) . All four fibers were compared to two control conditions of equal volume : an isoenergetic , low-fiber preload and a lower-energy , low-fiber preload . All preloads were presented twice for a total of 0.35 - 1.65 MJ and 1 - 24 g fiber . Satiety ratings were collected for 20 min intervals for 220 min during the morning testing session . A test meal was served at 1200 h and plate waste measured . The five higher-energy preloads led to higher fullness and lower hunger ratings compared to the low-energy control but were not significantly different from each other . Relative to the isoenergetic control , only soluble fiber dextrin significantly suppressed energy intakes ( p=0.023 ) . Supplementing beverages with soluble fiber dextrin affects short term energy intake and may have implication s for weight control Viscous dietary fibers such as sodium alginate extracted from brown seaweed have received much attention lately for their potential role in energy regulation through the inhibition of energy intake and increase of satiety feelings . The aim of our study was to investigate the effect on postpr and ial satiety feelings , energy intake , and gastric emptying rate ( GER ) , by the paracetamol method , of two different volumes of an alginate-based preload in normal-weight subjects . In a four-way placebo-controlled , double-blind , crossover trial , 20 subjects ( age : 25.9 ± 3.4 years ; BMI : 23.5 ± 1.7 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omly assigned to receive a 3 % preload concentration of either low volume ( LV ; 9.9 g alginate in 330 ml ) or high volume ( HV ; 15.0 g alginate in 500 ml ) alginate-based beverage , or an iso-volume placebo beverage . The preloads were ingested 30 min before a fixed breakfast and again before an ad libitum lunch . Consumption of LV-alginate preload induced a significantly lower ( 8.0 % ) energy intake than the placebo beverage ( P = 0.040 ) at the following lunch meal , without differences in satiety feelings or paracetamol concentrations . The HV alginate significantly increased satiety feelings ( P = 0.038 ) , reduced hunger ( P = 0.042 ) and the feeling of prospect i ve food consumption ( P = 0.027 ) , and reduced area under the curve ( iAUC ) paracetamol concentrations compared to the placebo ( P = 0.05 ) . However , only a 5.5 % reduction in energy intake was observed for HV alginate ( P = 0.20 ) . Although they are somewhat contradictory , our results suggest that alginate consumption does affect satiety feelings and energy intake . However , further investigation on the volume of alginate administered is needed before inferring that this fiber has a possible role in short-term energy regulation This r and omized , controlled , 2-week intervention study in 24 obese subjects tested the effect on body weight loss and gastrointestinal tolerance of consuming low viscous alginate fibre-based preloads of 3 % concentration ( 500 ml volume ) three times a day as an adjuvant to a calorie-restricted diet . The pilot study showed that intake of the alginate preloads was moderately acceptable to the majority of subjects but did not produce additional body weight loss beyond calorie restriction ( -1.42 ± 0.38 kg ) ( n=12 ) compared to control group ( -1.56 ± 0.21 kg ) ( n=8 ) . These results do not support that alginate supplementation enhance the weight loss effects of a hypo-caloric diet , but a sufficiently powered long-term study is needed to explore whether alginate could be an aid for improving weight loss during caloric-restriction Objective : Refined grains consumption is positively associated with obesity .  White rice is the most usual refined grain in Iran . However , few studies have assessed the association between rice intake and anthropometric measures among adolescents . Therefore , we aim ed to compare anthropometric measures as well as the diet quality indices across the tertiles of  white rice consumption among Iranian adolescents . Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 female adolescents who were chosen by using a systematic cluster r and om sampling .  Dietary intake assessment was done using a vali date d semiquantitative food frequency question naire . Anthropometric measures were done according to the st and ard protocol s. Diet quality indices ( including dietary energy density [ DED ] , nutrient adequacy ratio [ NAR ] , and mean adequacy ratio [ MAR ] ) were calculated using st and ard definitions . Results : The prevalence of overweight across the tertiles of rice consumption was 11.6 , 17.8 , and 24.6 % , respectively ( p = 0.03 ) . Corresponding values for obesity were 2.1 , 5.7 , and 8.6 % , respectively ( p = 0.04 ) . A significant positive association was observed for the prevalence of central obesity across the tertile of rice intake ( 13.1 , 21.4 , and 28.1 % ; p = 0.02 ) . Dietary fiber and energy intake and diet quality indices were significantly different among different tertiles of white rice intake . Those in the highest tertiles of white rice intake had the lowest scores for MAR and NAR and highest scores for DED . Conclusion : There was significant association between rice consumption and obesity as well as diet quality indices among Iranian adolescents
target: RESULTS The present study indicated that the efficacy of various fiber supplements on losing weight is variable .
  Several mechanisms related to physicochemical properties of fibers such as solubility , fermentability and viscosity rates can be involved in their anti-obesity effects .
  Dextrin , Mannan ( gum Arabic ) and pectin-rich fiber ( lupin kernel ) with no dietary interventions indicated a reduction in body weight and energy intake , while from clinical point of view , their effects were not considerable .
  Overall , findings indicated that the efficacy of fiber supplements on obesity management is dependent on their contents and physicochemical properties .
  It seems that fiber supplements with no weight-loss interventions did not have considerable antiobesity effects .
background: BACKGROUND Previous trials have reported beneficial effects of isolated and complex fiber supplements in obesity treatment .
  However , recommending fiber supplements in obese subjects remains controversial .
  To the best of our knowledge , no systematic review has up date d the data on the effects of fiber supplements on obesity since 2010 and the need exists for a systematic review on this topic .
  Accordingly , a systematic review was undertaken to summarize the efficacy of different types of fiber supplements as a complementary treatment for weight management .