title: Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Bond strength of a mild self-etch adhesive with and without prior acid-etching. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Self-etching adhesive on intact enamel, with and without pre-etching. A new universal simplified adhesive: 18-month clinical evaluation. Comparison of intra- and intertooth resin-dentin bond strength variability. The clinical performance of one- and two-step self-etching adhesive systems at one year. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to self-etching primer application on adhesion of resin composite to enamel and dentin. Adhesive performance of dentin bonding agents applied in vivo and in vitro. Effect of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth. The effect of load cycling on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems. Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces.
abstract: PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times UNLABELLED The self-etch approach provides dentists with a generation of user-friendly and less technique-sensitive adhesives . Nevertheless , some concern has been raised regarding their bonding effectiveness to enamel , in particular when so-called ' mild ' self-etch adhesives are employed . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond ( C-SE ; Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) bonds equally effective to enamel/dentin either with or without prior etching with phosphoric acid . METHODS Bur-cut enamel/dentin surfaces prepared from human molars were partially split in two halves by cutting a shallow groove . One half was first etched with 40 % phosphoric acid ( K-etchant ) , while protecting the other half by holding a razor blade in the groove . Next , C-SE was applied strictly following the manufacturer 's instructions , after which the surface was built up using Z100 ( 3 M Espe ) . After 24-h water storage , micro-specimens were prepared with the interface circularly constricted using a Micro-Specimen Former , prior to micro-tensile bond strength ( MPa ) measurement . In addition , interfaces of C-SE with enamel/dentin prepared with and without beforeh and acid etching were examined by Feg-SEM and TEM . RESULTS Beforeh and etching significantly increased the bonding effectiveness of C-SE to enamel . A clearly more micro-retentive surface was revealed by TEM and Feg-SEM when enamel was etched . Phosphoric-acid etching prior to C-SE application on dentin significantly decreased the muTBS to dentin . TEM provided indications of a low- quality hybrid layer after beforeh and phosphoric-acid etching . CONCLUSION Using C-SE , additional etching with phosphoric acid to improve bonding effectiveness should be limited to enamel This study examined the effect of phosphoric acid ( PA ) etching on the bond strength and acid-base resistant zone ( ABRZ ) formation of a two-step self-etching adhesive ( SEA ) system to enamel . An etch- and -rinse adhesive ( EAR ) system Single Bond ( SB ) and a two-step SEA system Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were used . Human teeth were r and omly divided into four groups according to different adhesive treatments : 1 ) SB ; 2 ) SE ; 3 ) 35 % PA etching→SE primer→SE adhesive ( PA/SEp+a ) ; ( 4 ) 35 % PA etching→SE adhesive ( PA/SEa )  . Microshear bond strength to enamel was measured and then statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test . The failure mode was recorded and analyzed by χ ( 2 ) test . The etching pattern of the enamel surface was observed with scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . The bonded interface was exposed to a demineralizing solution ( pH=4.5 ) for 4.5 hours and then 5 % sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonication for 30 minutes . After argon-ion etching , the interfacial ultrastructure was observed using SEM . The microshear bond strength to enamel of the SE group was significantly lower ( p<0.05 ) than that of the three PA-etched groups , although the latter three were not significantly different from one another . The ABRZ was detected in all the groups . In morphological observation , the ABRZ in the three PA-etched groups were obviously thicker compared with the SE group with an irregular wave-shaped edge OBJECTIVE Bond strengths of composite resin to enamel using self-etch adhesive ( SEA ) Clearfil SE bond system on intact enamel and enamel pre-etched with phosphoric acid were compared . The objective was to determine if the pre-etching would increase the bond strengths of the SEA systems to intact enamel and to evaluate the effect of pre-etching on bond formation of self-etch adhesives on intact enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHOD Labial surfaces of 40 caries free permanent upper central and lateral incisors were cleaned , sectioned of their roots . All specimens were mounted on acrylic block and divided r and omly into four groups . In two groups the application of self-etch adhesive , Clearfil SE bond was carried as per manufacturer 's instructions , composite cylinders were built , whereas in the other two groups , 37 % phosphoric acid etching was done before the application of self-etching adhesives . Then the resin tags were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and shear bond strength was measured using Instron universal testing machine . RESULTS When phosphoric acid was used , there was significant increase in the depth of penetration of resin tags and in the Shear Bond Strength of composite to enamel . CONCLUSION The results indicate that out of both treatment groups , pre-etching the intact enamel with 37 % phosphoric acid result ed in formation of longer resin tags and higher depth of penetration of resin tags of the Clearfil SE bond , and attaining higher bond strength of the Clearfil SE bond to intact enamel PURPOSE To evaluate the 18-month clinical performance of a multimode adhesive ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive , SU , 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN , USA ) in noncarious cervical lesions ( NCCLs ) using two evaluation criteria . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients participated in this study . Two-hundred restorations were assigned to four groups : ERm , etch- and -rinse + moist dentin ; ERd , etch- and -rinse + dry dentin ; Set , selective enamel etching ; and SE , self-etch . The composite resin , Filtek Supreme Ultra ( 3 M ESPE ) , was placed incrementally . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , and at 18 months , using both the World Dental Federation ( FDI ) and the United States Public Health Service ( USPHS ) criteria . Statistical analyses were performed using Friedman repeated- measures analysis of variance by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Five restorations ( SE : 3 ; Set : 1 ; and ERm : 1 ) were lost after 18 months ( p>0.05 for either criteria ) . Marginal staining occurred in four and 10 % of the restorations evaluated ( p>0.05 ) , respectively , for USPHS and FDI criteria . Nine restorations were scored as bravo for marginal adaptation using the USPHS criteria and 38 % , 40 % , 36 % , and 44 % for groups ERm , ERd , Set , and SE , respectively , when the FDI criteria were applied ( p>0.05 ) . However , when semiquantitative scores ( or SQUACE ) for marginal adaptation were used , SE result ed in a significantly greater number of restorations , with more than 30 % of the total length of the interface showing marginal discrepancy ( 28 % ) in comparison with the other groups ( 8 % , 6 % , and 8 % , respectively , for ERm , ERd , and Set ) . CONCLUSIONS The clinical retention of the multimode adhesive at 18 months does not depend on the bonding strategy . The only differences between strategies were found for the parameter marginal adaptation , for which the FDI criteria were more sensitive than the USPHS criteria PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the intra- and intertooth microtensile bond strength variability of two adhesive systems applied to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty human third molars were ground to expose a flat dentin surface . Two adhesive systems ( Single Bond and One Step ) were applied according to the manufacturers ' instructions and composite resin crowns were constructed incrementally . After 24 h in distilled water at 37 degrees C , each tooth was longitudinally sectioned in both " x " and " y " directions under 300 rpm to obtain sticks with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 . The sticks from each tooth were tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The fracture pattern of each stick was microscopically analyzed after debonding ( 400X ) . A mixed model with adhesive as a fixed variable , tooth as a r and om variable , and bonded area included as a covariate , was employed for the data treatment . In this model , all observations have the same variance , which is the sum of two components : the variance of the r and om effect ( intertooth ) and the variance of the errors ( intratooth ) . RESULTS The intratooth variability was greater than the intertooth variability . CONCLUSION The intratooth variability is higher than the intertooth variability . Sticks from the same tooth can not be considered as an experimental unit , since it does not fulfill all ANOVA requirements BACKGROUND The author compared the clinical performance of a two-step self-etching adhesive system and a one-step self-etching adhesive system over one year . METHODS Thirty-five patients with noncarious cervical lesions were enrolled in the study . The author restored 163 lesions using a two-step ( Clearfil Protect Bond , Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) or a one-step ( Xeno III , Dentsply/DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany ) self-etching adhesive system . Enamel margins were not beveled , and no mechanical retentions were placed . The author evaluted the restorations at baseline and at three , six , nine and 12 months after placement using modified Ryge criteria for color-matching ability , marginal discoloration , marginal adaptation , initial caries formation , anatomical form , postoperative sensitivity and retention loss . RESULTS The author assessed the changes in the parameters using the Cochran Q test and the McNemar test at a significance level of .05 . At one year , the retention rates for the restorations in the two-step group were 100 percent ; they were 96 percent for the restorations in the one-step group . Of the retained 75 restorations from the one-step group , two had marginal discoloration and slight anatomical form problems . In both groups , color-matching ability and postoperative sensitivity remained excellent . CONCLUSION The performance of both self-etching adhesive systems was excellent during this one-year clinical trial . However , the two-step system exhibited slightly better retention than the one-step system . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S The one- and two-step self-etching adhesive systems evaluated in this study provided excellent clinical retention in noncarious lesions without mechanical retention OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength PURPOSE To investigate the effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to the application of self-etching primer on the adhesion of resin composite to tooth substrates . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Bovine teeth were r and omly divided in four groups of 20 sample s each . Tooth surface conditions were as follows : Group 1 : enamel ground with 600-grit SiC paper ; Group 2 : ground enamel was etched with 35 % phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds , water-rinsed and completely dried ; Group 3 : ground dentin ; Group 4 : dentin etched using the same method as Group 2 . The sample s in each group were divided in two subgroups of 10 each . UniFil Bond ( UB ) and Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were applied as adhesive systems with self-etching primers , and a layer of resin composite ( AP-X ) was placed and light-cured for 40 seconds . The tensile bond strengths ( TBS ) were measured and the resin-tooth interfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The mean TBS values were 11.2 MPa ( Group 1-UB ) , 14.3 MPa ( Group 1-SE ) , 16.3 MPa ( Group 2-UB ) , 20.5 MPa ( Group 2-SE ) , 13.4 MPa ( Group 3-UB ) , 16.7 MPa ( Group 3-SE ) , 9.3 MPa ( Group 4-UB ) and 12.6 MPa ( Group 4-SE ) . Two-way ANOVA and Scheffe 's F test showed that the enamel etching significantly increased the TBS values but dentin etching significantly decreased the TBS values The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth on bond strengths of an etch- and -rinse and a self-etching bonding agent to dentin in vitro and in vivo . Twenty-four pairs of premolars were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) according to the dentin bonding agent , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond , and intrapulpal pressure , null or positive . Each tooth of the pair was further design ated to be treated in vivo or in vitro . The intrapulpal pressure was controlled in vivo by the delivery of local anesthetics containing or not a vasoconstrictor , while in vitro , it was achieved by keeping the teeth under hydrostatic pressure . Class I cavities were prepared and the dentin bonding agents were applied followed by incremental resin restoration . For the teeth treated in vitro , the same restorative procedures were performed after a 6 month-storage period . Beams with 1 mm(2 ) cross-sectional area were prepared and microtensile tested . Clearfil SE Bond was not influenced by any of the variables of the study , while bond strengths produced in vitro were significantly higher for Single Bond . Overall , lower bond strengths were produced in deep dentin , which reached statistical significance when Single Bond was applied under physiological or simulated intrapulpal pressure . In conclusion , in vitro bonding may overestimate the immediate adhesive performance of more technique-sensitive dentin bonding systems . The impact of intrapulpal pressure on bond strength seems to be more adhesive dependent than dentin morphological characteristics related to depth OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of load cycling on nanoleakage of occlusal flat surface or cervical restorations bonded with three self-etching priming systems and a single bottle system . METHODS The dentin bonding systems used in this study were Clearfil SE Bond , Unifil Bond , Prompt L-Pop and Single Bond .  Flat occlusal dentin surfaces and cervical cavities from extracted human molars were bonded with one of the dentin bonding systems . After load cycling of 90N for 5000 cycles , sample s were immersed in a 50 % w/v solution of silver nitrate for 24h , and exposed to photodeveloping solution for 8h . Specimens were sectioned , mounted on stubs , carbon-coated and observed in a Field Emission-SEM using backscattered electron mode . One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the leakage scores . RESULTS FE-SEM images showed that sample s subjected to load cycling had leakage patterns similar to non-load-cycled sample s for all dentin bonding systems . Load cycling did not affect leakage lengths in any system . Prompt L-Pop had greater silver deposition and leakage score than the other systems . SIGNIFICANCE The dentin bonding systems tested were unable to prevent nanoleakage , and the extent of nanoleakage was not increased by load cycling OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding of four commercially available adhesive systems to ground and intact enamel surfaces . METHODS Extracted human teeth were used to measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and a field-emission scanning electron microscopy ( FE-SEM ) was used to observe the bonded interface and the effect of the surface conditioning of each material . Intact buccal enamel surfaces were cleansed with tooth paste using a rotary dental brush , and the ground enamel surfaces were prepared by reducing approximately 0.5 mm from the buccal enamel surfaces using a high-speed diamond bur . One-Step ( OS , Bisco ) , Single Bond ( SB , 3 M ) , Clearfil Liner Bond II ( LBII , Kuraray ) , and Tokuso Mac Bond II ( MBII , Tokuso ) were evaluated for their ability to bond to enamel . RESULTS There was no significant difference in bond strengths between the material s when they were applied to ground enamel surfaces ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the self-etching systems , LBII and MBII , had significantly lower bond strengths to intact enamel than the bonding systems OS and SB using phosphoric acid etching ( p < 0.05 ) . FE-SEM revealed that the etching pattern of self-etching primers was not deep enough to obtain good penetration of bonding resin when applied to intact enamel surfaces . CONCLUSIONS Phosphoric acid etching produced good resin adhesion to ground and intact enamel . The self-etching/self-priming systems also produced good adhesion to ground enamel , but had lower bond strengths to intact enamel
target: However , for the ultra-mild All-Bond Universal adhesive , the etch- and -rinse strategy was significantly different than the self-etch mode in terms of dentin micro-tensile bond strength , as well as in the global analysis of enamel micro-tensile and micro-shear bond strength ( p≤0.05 ) .
  The enamel bond strength of universal adhesives is improved with prior phosphoric acid etching .
  However , this effect was not evident for dentin with the use of mild universal adhesives with the etch- and -rinse strategy .
  CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Selective enamel etching prior to the application of a mild universal adhesive is an advisable strategy for optimizing bonding
background: OBJECTIVES A systematic review was conducted to determine whether the etch- and -rinse or self-etching mode is the best protocol for dentin and enamel adhesion by universal adhesives .