title: Nutritional Intervention Study with Argan Oil in Man: Effects on Lipids and Apolipoproteins High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Effect of long-term optional ingestion of canola oil, grape seed oil, corn oil and yogurt butter on serum, muscle and liver cholesterol status in rats. Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Olive and Sesame Oil Effect on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Patients, Which Better? Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis: changes in serum lipids and fatty acids. Dietary unsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: higher levels of postprandial lipoprotein on a linoleic acid-rich sunflower oil diet compared with an oleic acid-rich olive oil diet. Rice bran oil consumption and plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids Comparison of an oleic acid enriched-diet vs NCEP-I diet on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modifications Corn oil intake favorably impacts lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle levels compared with extra-virgin olive oil Omega-3 fatty acids and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 in healthy older adult males and females Virgin olive oil reduces blood pressure in hypertensive elderly subjects. Sunflower oil does not protect against LDL oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Effects of diets containing olive oil, sunflower oil, or rapeseed oil on the hemostatic system. The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter, and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men. Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Palm oil and cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial of the effects of hybrid palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipid patterns.
abstract: Aim : To evaluate whether the consumption of virgin argan oil ( VAO ) is associated with a change in serum lipids and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy Moroccans . Methods : Sixty volunteers consumed butter ( 25 g/day ) during 2 weeks ( stabilization period ) and were r and omly divided into two groups : the treatment group received 25 g/day of VAO during 3 weeks ( intervention period ) , and the control group received 25 g/day of extra virgin olive oil ( EVO ) . Throughout the study , weight , blood pressure , and daily food intake were measured . Serum total cholesterol and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , and apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured at the end of each diet period . Results : Analysis of food intake showed that the daily diet is isocaloric for the butter regimen ( 2,537 ± 244 kcal/day ) as well as for the VAO and EVO regimens ( 2,561± 246 and 2,560 ± 253 kcal/day , respectively ) . Analysis of the lipid intake showed a reduction in saturated fatty acids  with VAO and EVO regimens ( 27 ± 1.4 and 26.4 ± 3.4 % , respectively ) as compared with the stabilization period ( 41.6 ± 2.4 % ) . The analysis of serum lipids showed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I in both VAO group ( 8.4 % , p = 0.012 , and 5.2 % , p = 0.027 , respectively ) and EVO group ( 17.3 % , p = 0.001 , and 5.9 % , p = 0.036 , respectively ) . However , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( 13.8 % , p = 0.037 , and 7.8 % , p = 0.039 , respectively ) decreased significantly only in EVO group as compared with the stabilization period , while triglycerides decreased significantly by 17.5 % ( p = 0.039 ) only in VAO group . Conclusion : These results confirm the cholesterol-lowering effect of EVO and show for the first time the triglyceride-lowering effect of VAO in men BACKGROUND Low-fat diets increase plasma triacylglycerol and decrease HDL-cholesterol concentrations , thereby potentially adversely affecting cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk . High-monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , cholesterol-lowering diets do not raise triacylglycerol or lower HDL cholesterol , but little is known about how peanut products , a rich source of MUFAs , affect CVD risk . OBJECTIVE The present study compared the CVD risk profile of an Average American diet ( AAD ) with those of 4 cholesterol-lowering diets : an American Heart Association/National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet and 3 high-MUFA diets [ olive oil ( OO ) , peanut oil ( PO ) , and peanuts and peanut butter ( PPB ) ] . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , 5-period crossover study design ( n = 22 ) was used to examine the effects of the diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins  : AAD [ 34 % fat ; 16 % saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) , 11 % MUFAs ] , Step II ( 25 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 12 % MUFAs ) , OO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 21 % MUFAs ) , PO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 17 % MUFAs ) , and PPB ( 36 % fat ; 8 % SFAs , 18 % MUFAs ) . RESULTS The high-MUFA diets lowered total cholesterol by 10 % and LDL cholesterol by 14 % . This response was comparable with that observed for the Step II diet . Triacylglycerol concentrations were 13 % lower in subjects consuming the high-MUFA diets and were 11 % higher with the Step II diet than with the AAD . The high-MUFA diets did not lower HDL cholesterol whereas the Step II diet lowered it by 4 % compared with the AAD . The OO , PO , and PPB diets decreased CVD risk by an estimated 25 % , 16 % , and 21 % , respectively , whereas the Step II diet lowered CVD risk by 12 % . CONCLUSION A high-MUFA , cholesterol-lowering diet may be preferable to a low-fat diet because of more favorable effects on the CVD risk profile Twenty-one healthy normocholesterolemic young adults , men and women , completed a r and omized 30-d/30-d crossover comparison of the effect of palmolein and olive oil on plasma lipids . The subjects were free-living volunteers who changed to low-fat diets  to which one of the test oils was added ( used as a spread , for baking , or for frying ) in turn . Complete food records were kept throughout : the test oils were compared at 17 % of total dietary energy . Under the conditions of this experiment plasma total and low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol were almost identical with the two oils , so that when the palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) in palm oil replaced oleic acid ( 18:1 ) in olive oil the expected increase in LDL cholesterol was not seen . These results indicate that 16:0 , though saturated , is not always a plasma cholesterol-raising fatty acid . Palmolein is rich in vitamin E , alpha-tocopherol , and especially tocotrienols , but the latter were barely detectable in plasma BACKGROUND Nutritional therapy is a cornerstone of diabetes management , but no epidemiologic studies have investigated the relation between specific dietary fatty acids and cholesterol and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk  among diabetic patients . OBJECTIVE This study assessed the relation between specific dietary fatty acids and cholesterol and CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Among 5672 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses ' Health Study , diet was assessed prospect ively and up date d periodically .  Relative risks of CVD were estimated from Cox proportional hazards analysis after adjustment for potential confounders . RESULTS Between 1980 and 1998 , we identified 619 new cases of CVD ( nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , fatal coronary heart disease , and stroke ) . The relative risk ( RR ) of CVD for an increase of 200 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal was 1.37 ( 95 % CI : 1.12 , 1.68 ; P = 0.003 ) . Each 5 % of energy intake from saturated fat , as compared with equivalent energy from carbohydrates , was associated with a 29 % greater risk of CVD ( RR : 1.29 ; 95 % CI : 1.02 , 1.63 ; P = 0.04 ) . The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat ( P : S ) was inversely associated with the risk of fatal CVD . We estimated that replacement of 5 % of energy from saturated fat with equivalent energy from carbohydrates or monounsaturated fat was associated with a 22 % or 37 % lower risk of CVD , respectively . CONCLUSIONS A higher intake of cholesterol and saturated fat and a low P : S were related to increased CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes . Among diabetic persons , replacement of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat may be more effective in lowering CVD risk than is replacement with carbohydrates To evaluate which dietary fat may provide the best response in terms of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and also of platelet aggregability and superoxide formation by white blood cells , 12 type II patients were r and omly allocated to three different diets , which provided polyunsaturated fatty acids ( corn oil ) , monounsaturated fatty acids ( olive oil ) , and a supplementation of ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids to a prudent diet . Olive oil and , more significantly , n-3 ethyl esters lowered total cholesterol best ( -2.2 % and -5.8 % , respectively ) ; the latter diet , as expected , also significantly lowered triglyceridemia ( -21.4 % ) . The corn-oil diet exerted a small , statistically significant reduction of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL ) ( -4.3 % ) , and it also lowered plasma total apo B concentrations ( -3.8 % ) . n-3 ethyl esters significantly raised both total ( + 3.1 % ) and particularly HDL2 cholesterol ( + 24 % ) . Platelet reactivity was insignificantly reduced by the three regimens , but all three significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated formation of thromboxane B2 . Finally , only the n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced O2- generation by adherent monocytes . Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are generally effective on the plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type II patients , but significant differences may be found between the three tested regimens The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of long-term optional intake of vegetable oils ( canola , grape seed , corn ) and yogurt butter on the serum , liver and muscle cholesterol status .  Twenty-five male Wistar rats were r and omly categorized into five groups ( n=5 ) as follows : control , canola oil , grape seed oil , corn oil and manually prepared yogurt butter . In each group , 24h two bottle choice ( oil and water ) tests were performed for 10 weeks . Serum cholesterol values showed a trend to decrease in grape seed oil , corn oil and yogurt butter groups compared to the control . Optional intake of yogurt butter made a significant increase in HDL-C values ( 42.34+/-9.98 mg/dL ) yet decrease in LDL-C values ( 11.68+/-2.06 mg/dL ) compared to the corresponding control ( 19.07+/-3.51 ; 30.96+/-6.38 mg/dL , respectively ) . Furthermore , such findings were concomitant with a significant decrease in the liver TC levels ( 1.75+/-0.31 mg/g liver ) and an increase in the muscle TC levels ( 1.85+/-0.32 mg/g liver ) compared to the corresponding control ( 2.43+/-0.31 ; 0.94+/-0.14 mg/g liver , respectively ) . Optional intake of manually prepared yogurt butter has more beneficial effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol values with some alterations in the liver and muscle cholesterol states than the vegetable oils OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a trans fat-free monounsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil ( NuSun sunflower oil , National Sunflower Association , Bismark , ND ) that is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) and low in saturated fatty acids on lipid and lipoprotein levels and oxidative stress . DESIGN A double-blinded , r and omized , three period crossover , controlled feeding study . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Thirty-one men ( n=12 ) and women ( n=19 ) with moderate hypercholesterolemia who were 25 to 64 years of age . INTERVENTION Experimental diets provided 30 % fat ( olive oil or NuSun sunflower oil contributed one half of the total fat ) , 8.3 % vs 7.9 % saturated fatty acid , 17.2 % vs 14.2 % monounsaturated fatty acid , and 4.3 % vs. 7.7 % PUFA ( olive oil and NuSun sunflower oil , respectively ) , and 294 mg cholesterol . The control diet was an average American diet ( 34 % fat , 11.2 % saturated fatty acid , 14.9 % monounsaturated fatty acid , 7.8 % PUFA ) . Subjects consumed each diet for 4 weeks with a 2-week compliance break before crossing over to another diet . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured , and measures of oxidative stress , including lag time , rate of oxidation , total dienes , and lipid hydroperoxides , were assessed . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The mixed model procedure was used to test for main effects of diet , feeding period , and order of diets . Tukey-Kramer adjusted P values were used to determine diet effects . RESULTS The NuSun sunflower oil diet decreased both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the average American diet and the olive oil diet . There was no effect of the olive oil diet compared with the average American diet . Total cholesterol decreased 4.7 % and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 5.8 % on the NuSun sunflower oil diet vs the average American diet . There was no effect of the experimental diets on triglyceride levels , rate of oxidation , total dienes , lipid hydroperoxides , or alpha-tocopherol . Lag time was the longest following the olive oil diet and shortest following the NuSun sunflower oil diet . CONCLUSIONS The higher PUFA content appeared to account for the greater total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering and reduction in lag time of the NuSun sunflower oil diet . However , the fact that there were no differences in the result ing oxidation products suggests there were no adverse effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation . Since PUFAs are important for cholesterol lowering , foods that replace saturated fatty acids should include a balance of unsaturated fatty acids Background : The study on natural substances especially , dietary components such as liquid oils affecting cholesterol can be important for therapeutic propose . Sesame seeds with various biomedical actions can be control the hypercholesterolemia . On the other h and , olive oil has a wide range of therapeutic effect on lipid profile in human . The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare lipid profile changes after olive and sesame oils consumption in hypercholesterolemia . Methods : This study was a clinical r and omized trial that was performed via parallel design on 48 patients . The patients were r and omly allocated in to two groups : A : olive oil and B : sesame oil . After 1 month prescription of Step I National Cholesterol Education Program diet , patients consumed 4 table spoons aprox . 60 g ) of refined olive or sesame oil daily as an exchange of other oils , for 1 month . Lipid profiles The P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference . Results : Out of 48 patients , 24 ( 50 % ) were men . The mean age was 41.7 ± 8.3 years . The mean of total cholesterol , triglyceride ( TG ) , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , cholesterol , and high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , before oil consumption was 224.5 ± 22 , 256 ± 132 , 132.6 ± 9 , and 44.5 ± 11 mg/dl . After olive oil  consumption cholesterol , TG , LDL-C , weight , waist and BMI were decreased and HDL-C was increased . After sesame oil  consumption cholesterol , TG , LDL-C were significantly decreased . Weight , waist were decreased and HDL-C was increased ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Sesame oil had equivalent effect on lipid profile in comparison olive oil and lipid profile improvement was better in sesame oil in LDL-C and TG BACKGROUND Despite the high content of palmitic acid , palm olein has been shown to have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations when compared with olive oil , which is suggested to be attributable to palmitic acid in the sn-1 and sn-3 position . In contrast , palmitic acid is in the sn-2 position in lard . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a diet rich in palm olein , fractionated palm oil , olive oil , and lard on plasma blood lipids , inflammatory markers , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN A controlled double-blinded , r and omized 3 × 3 wk crossover dietary intervention study included 32 healthy men who daily replaced part of their habitual dietary fat intake with ~ 17 % of energy from palm olein , olive oil , or lard , respectively . RESULTS Compared with intake of olive oil , palm olein and lard  increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.0001 ) . Palm olein result ed in a lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration than did olive oil ( P < 0.01 ) . No difference in effects was observed in plasma HDL-cholesterol , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , plasminogen activator-1 , insulin , and glucose concentrations . CONCLUSIONS The current study did not support the previous finding that the effect of palm olein on total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in healthy individuals with normal plasma cholesterol concentrations is neutral compared with that of olive oil . Thus , sn-positioning was not confirmed to be important with regard to the effect on plasma cholesterol . The relatively lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration  after the palm olein diet than after the olive oil diet was unexpected . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00743301 OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary intervention with canola or olive oil in comparison with commonly used refined oil in Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a 6-month intervention study including 93 males with NAFLD , matched for age and body mass index ( BMI ) . Subjects were r and omized into three groups to receive olive oil ( n=30 ) , canola oil ( n=33 ) , and commonly used soyabean/safflower oil ( control ; n=30 ) as cooking medium ( not exceeding 20 g/day ) along with counseling for therapeutic lifestyle changes . The BMI , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and insulin levels , lipids , homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , HOMA denoting β-cell function ( HOMA-βCF ) , and disposition index ( DI ) were measured at pre- and post-intervention . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test procedures . RESULTS Olive oil intervention led to a significant decrease in weight and BMI ( ANOVA , P=0.01 ) compared with the control oil group . In a comparison of olive and canola oil , a significant decrease in fasting insulin level , HOMA-IR , HOMA-βCF , and DI ( P<0.001 ) was observed in the olive oil group . Pre- and post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein level ( P=0.004 ) in the olive oil group and a significant decrease in FBG ( P=0.03 ) and triglyceride ( P=0.02 ) levels in the canola oil group . The pre- and post-intervention difference in liver span was significant only in the olive ( 1.14 ± 2 cm ; P<0.05 ) and canola ( 0.66 ± 0.33 cm ; P<0.05 ) oil groups . In the olive and canola oil  groups , post-intervention grading of fatty liver was reduced significantly ( grade I , from 73.3 % to 23.3 % and from 60.5 % to 20 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; grade II , from 20 % to 10 % and from 33.4 % to 3.3 % , respectively [ P<0.01 ] ; and grade III , from 6.7 % to none and from 6.1 % to none , respectively ) . In contrast , in the control oil group no significant change was observed . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest significant improvements in grading of fatty liver , liver span , measures of insulin resistance , and lipids with use of canola and olive oil compared with control oils in Asian Indians with NAFLD We investigated the effect of olive oil , rapeseed oil , and sunflower oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins including number and lipid composition of lipoprotein subclasses .  Eighteen young , healthy men participated in a double-blinded r and omized cross-over study ( 3-week intervention period ) with 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet .  Plasma cholesterol , triacylglycerol , apolipoprotein B , and very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) , intermediate density lipoprotein ( IDL ) , and low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations were 10;-20 % higher after consumption of the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets [ analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , P < 0.05 ] . The size of IDL , VLDL , and LDL subfractions did not differ between the diets , whereas a significantly higher number ( apolipoprotein B concentration ) and lipid content of the larger and medium-sized LDL subfractions were observed after the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets ( ANOVA , P < 0.05 ) . Total HDL cholesterol concentration did not differ significantly , but HDL(2a ) cholesterol was higher after olive oil and rapeseed oil compared with sunflower oil ( ANOVA , P < 0.05).In conclusion , rapeseed oil and sunflower oil had more favorable effects on blood lipids and plasma apolipoproteins as well as on the number and lipid content of LDL subfractions compared with olive oil . Some of the differences may be attributed to differences in the squalene and phytosterol contents of the oils The serum concentration of lipids and composition of fatty acids after overnight fasting were studied in 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated for 12 weeks with either 20 ml of evening primrose oil containing 9 % of gamma-linolenic acid or olive oil .  The serum concentrations of oleic acid , eicosapentaenoic acid , and apolipoprotein B decreased and those of linoleic acid , gamma-linolenic acid , dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid , and arachidonic acid increased during treatment with evening primrose oil . During olive oil treatment the serum concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and those of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I increased slightly . The decrease in serum eicosapentaenoic acid and the increase in arachidonic acid concentrations induced by evening primrose oil may not be favourable effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the light of the roles of these fatty acids as precursors of eicosanoids OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of a polyunsaturated fat diet compared with an isocaloric Mediterranean-style monounsaturated fat diet . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a r and omized 2-week crossover study on either a high-polyunsaturated or a high-monounsaturated fat diet in 11 well-controlled diabetic men . Blood was taken fasting and for up to 8 h after a high fat meal . Lipoproteins were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation . Apolipoprotein ( apo ) B48 and apo B100 were separated by PAGE . Fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography RESULTS Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher on the linoleic acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.002 , respectively ) . Plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were also significantly higher on the linoleic acid diet ( P < 0.001 ) . Likewise , fasting chylomicron apo B48 and apo B100 ( P < 0.05 ) and postpr and ial chylomicron and VLDL apo B48 and B100 ( P < 0.05 ) were also higher on the linoleic acid diet . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that , in type 2 diabetes , an oleic acid-rich Mediterranean-type diet versus a linoleic acid-enriched diet may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis by decreasing the number of chylomicron remnant particles The effect of rice bran oil , and oil not commonly consumed in the United States , on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations was studied within the context of a National Cholesterol Education Panel ( NCEP ) Step 2 diet and compared with the effects of canola , corn , and olive oils . The study subjects were 15 middle-aged and elderly subjects ( 8 postmenopausal women and 7 men ; age range , 44 to 78 years ) with elevated low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( C ) concentrations ( range , 133 to 219 mg/dL ) .  Diets enriched in each of the test oils were consumed by each subject for 32-day periods in a double-blind fashion and were ordered in a Latin square design . All food and drink were provided by the metabolic research unit . Diet components were identical ( 17 % of calories as protein , 53 % as carbohydrate , 30 % as fat [ < 7 % as saturated fat ] , and 80 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal ) except that two thirds of the fat in each diet was contributed by rice bran , canola , corn , or olive oil .  Mean + /- SD plasma total cholesterol concentrations were 192 + /- 19 , 194 + /- 20 , 194 + /- 19 , and 205 + /- 19 mg/dL , and LDL-C concentrations were 109 + /- 30 , 109 + /- 26 , 108 + /- 31 , and 112 + /- 29 mg/dL after consumption of the rice bran , canola , corn , and olive oil-enriched diets , respectively . Plasma cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations were similar and statistically indistinguishable when the subjects consumed the rice bran , canola , and corn oil-enriched diets and lower than when they consumed the olive oil-enriched diet . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Our group has compared plasma lipids in r and omised crossover trials in which approximately half the fat intake of subjects was changed from palmolein to each of three predominantly monounsaturated oils in a series of experiments in free living volunteers . With canola oil total cholesterols were lower than on palmolein ; part of this reduction was due to lower HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-c ) so that total cholesterol/ HDL-c was only 2 % lower . With olive oil mean total cholesterols were the same as on palmolein but HDL-cholesterols were a little lower and LDL-cholesterols a little higher . Plasma lipid fatty acid patterns confirmed the diet change , showing 5 % higher 16 : 0 on palmolein and 11 % higher 18 : 1 on olive oil . To test the possibility that lack of effect of the extra palmitic acid in the palmolein – olive oil comparison was because subjects were young , thin and active , comparison of a third oil , high oleic sunflower oil ( HOSO ) with palmolein was made in both young and middleaged subjects .  Plasma total and LDL-cholesterols were 7 % lower in the whole group on HOSO but HDL-c was also 5 % lower so total cholesterol/HDL-c was only 3 % lower than on palmolein . There was no difference in lowering of LDL-c on HOSO between young and older subjects . In comparisons of all three predominantly monounsaturated oils with palmolein a higher HDL-c on palmolein reduced the presumed health benefit of lower total cholesterols on canola and high oleic sunflower oil . The reason for no reduction of total cholesterol on olive oil compared with palmolein was presumably due to the higher linoleic and higher phytosterols in palmolein and higher squalene in the olive oil Objective : The objective of this trial was to compare the effect on the susceptibility of plasma Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDL ) to oxidative modifications of consumption of two oleic rich diets , prepared with two different plant oils , virgin olive oil (OL)1 and refined high monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA sunflower oil ( SU ) ) , with the susceptibility of plasma LDL to oxidation after an National Cholesterol Education Program step 1 ( NCEP-I ) phase diet . Design : A r and omized crossover design .Subjects and interventions : Twenty-two healthy normolipidemic young males consumed an NCEP-I diet for a 4-week period . Subjects were then assigned to two diets each of 4-weeks duration . Group one was placed on an olive oil enriched diet ( 40 % fat , 22 % MUFA ) followed by a 4-week period of a MUFA diet enriched in sunflower oil ( 40 % fat , 22 % MUFA ) . In group two , the order of the diets was reversed . Results : Both MUFA diets induced a decrease in saturated ( 14:0 , 16:0 , and 18:0 ) and an increase in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated n-6 ( 18:2 , 20:3 , and 20:5 ) plasma LDL-phospholipid fatty acids , compared to the NCEP-I diet ( P<0.01 ) . No significant differences in lag times were observed between the olive oil and the NCEP-I diet periods . However there was a greater inhibition time ( P<0.001 ) when subjects consumed the MUFA rich sunflower oil diet compared to the NCEP-I diet . These differences were probably related to the relative enrichment of plasma LDL particles in α-tocopherol due to the high vitamin E content of the MUFA-rich sunflower oil . Indeed , the α-tocopherol content was positively correlated with lag time ( r=0.338 ; P<0.008 ) . Conclusion : Our findings suggest that changes in plasma LDL α-tocopherol content with practical solid-food diets can decrease its susceptibility to oxidation . Sponsorship : This work has been supported by grants from the Investigaciones de la Seguridad Social ( FIS 92/0182 , to Francisco Pérez Jiménez ) ; and from Koype Co , And újar , Jaén , Spain . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ( 2000 ) 54 , Background : Corn oil ( CO ) and extra-virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids ( UFA ) , but UFA profiles differ among oils , which may affect lipoprotein levels . Objectives : The objective of this study was to assess the effects of CO versus EVOO intake on fasting lipoprotein and subfraction cholesterol levels , apolipoprotein ( apo ) A1 , apo B , and low-density lipoprotein particle concentrations in men and women . Subjects/ Methods : As part of a weight maintenance diet , men and women were provided with food items prepared with 54 g per day of CO or EVOO ( 21-day treatment , 21-day washout ) in a r and omized , double-blind , controlled-feeding , crossover trial . Fasting lipoprotein cholesterol and related variables were determined with density gradient ultracentrifugation . Results : Among the 54 completers , CO reduced total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( VLDL-C ) , non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( non-HDL-C ) , apo B and LDL particle concentration to a greater extent compared with EVOO intake . Changes in LDL-C and VLDL-C contributed to the larger reduction in non-HDL-C with CO compared with EVOO intake ( −0.39 mmol/l vs −0.04 mmol/l ; P<0.001 ) . The larger reduction in LDL-C by CO intake was attributable to changes ( P<0.05 ) caused by CO vs EVOO in large LDL1 + 2-C ( −0.22 mmol/l ) and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( −0.12 mmol/l ) . HDL-C responses did not differ between treatments , but apo A1 increased more with EVOO compared with CO intake ( 4.6 versus 0.7 mg/dl , respectively , P=0.016 ) . Conclusions : CO intake reduced atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations to a larger extent than did EVOO , which may have implication s for cardiovascular disease risk Purpose Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a novel inflammatory factor that has been independently associated with stroke and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Omega-3 fats have been implicated in reducing inflammation associated with CVD . The aim of this study was to determine if an 8-week isocaloric diet supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) in the form of fish oil or α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) in the form of flaxseed oil would alter Lp-PLA2 among healthy adults ages 50 years and older . Methods Fifty-nine healthy adults ( ~75 % female , average age 61 years ) were r and omized to one of three groups with equal amounts of total fat intake . All capsules contained ~1 g of fat . The control group ( n = 19 ) consumed olive oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) ; the ALA group ( n = 20 ) consumed flaxseed oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) and the EPA/DHA group ( n = 20 ) consumed fish oil capsules ( ~2 g/day + 9 g/day of olive oil ) . Fasting blood sample s were obtained before and after the 8-week intervention for determination of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity as well as lipid values . Results We did not find any significant changes in Lp-PLA2 mass or activity after the intervention in any of the groups ; however , change in oxidized LDL was associated with change in Lp-PLA2 mass ( r = 0.37 , p < 0.01 ) . ConclusionS upplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acids for 8-weeks did not influence Lp-PLA2 activity or mass among older adults ; altering oxidized LDL may be necessary to see changes in Lp-PLA2 levels BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease . Recent studies have pointed out the possibility that virgin olive oil ( VOO ) may lower blood pressure in hypertensive ( HT ) subjects . However , until the date there is scarce information regarding elderly people . The present study was design ed to assess the effect of dietary VOO on blood pressure in medically treated hypertensive elderly patients . METHODS 31 medically treated HT elderly patients and 31 normotensive ( NT ) elderly volunteers participated in a r and omized sequential dietary intervention . Subjects consumed diets enriched in sunflower oil ( SO ) or VOO for 4 weeks each with a 4-week washout period between them . RESULTS VOO reduced total and LDL-cholesterol in NT but not in HT ( P < 0.01 ) and the concentrations were lower than in the group consuming SO . In contrast , no significant differences were found in the levels of tocopherols among the groups studied . Iron-induced oxidation of LDL result ed in a complete loss of monoacylglycerols ( MG ) and diacylglycerols ( DG ) and a reduction in triacylglycerols ( TG ) ( 60 - 80 % ) , which was found to be greater in HT ( P < 0.01 ) with no effect of diet . VOO consumption normalized systolic pressure in the HT group ( 136 + /- 10 mmHg ) compared to SO ( 150 + /- 8 mmHg ) . CONCLUSION Dietary VOO proved to be helpful in reducing the systolic pressure of treated HT elderly subjects . However , a greater resistance to the lowering effect of VOO of total and LDL-cholesterol and a greater susceptibility to TG oxidation was detected in these patients BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the in vivo effects of a diet rich in virgin olive oil or sunflower oil on the lipid profile and on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modification in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease . METHODS A total of 20 Spanish male subjects diagnosed with peripheral vascular disease were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 10 ) receiving different supplements , virgin olive oil and sunflower oil for 4 months . RESULTS The adaptation of patients to the experimental supplements was demonstrated since plasma and LDL fatty acids composition reflected dietary fatty acids . No differences in triglycerides , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations were found between the groups of patients . A significantly higher LDL susceptibility to oxidation was observed after sunflower oil intake in comparison with virgin olive oil , in spite of an increase in LDL alpha-tocopherol concentration in sunflower oil group . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study provide further evidence that sunflower-oil-enriched diets does not protect LDL against oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease Various studies have already shown that the fatty acid composition of dietary fat has different effects on hemostasis and platelet function . However , knowledge on this topic is incomplete . In the present study , fifty-eight healthy students received either a 4-week rapeseed oil [ high content of monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) and high n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio ] , an olive oil ( high content of MUFA , low n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio ) or a sunflower oil ( low content of MUFA , low n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio ) diet . In each group , effects on hemostatic parameters were compared with a wash-in diet rich in saturated fatty acids with respect to intermediate-time effects on the hemostatic system and platelet function . With the olive oil diet , a reduction of coagulation factors VIIc , XIIc , XIIa , and Xc was found , whereas sunflower oil led to lower values of coagulation factors XIIc , XIIa , and IXc . In all study groups levels of plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin were lower in week 4 than at baseline . Lower fibrinogen binding on platelets was found after the sunflower oil diet , whereas expression of CD62 and spontaneous platelet aggregation were slightly higher after the olive oil diet . However , given the major differences in the fatty acid compositions of the diets , the differences between the groups with respect to hemostasis tended to be small . Therefore , the clinical significance of the present findings remains to be evaluated The present studies were conducted to evaluate the cholesterolemic effects of whole-food diets high in stearic acid . In study no. 1 , normocholesterolemic young men were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by cocoa butter ( CB ) ; oleic acid provided by olive oil ( OO ) ; linoleic acid provided by soybean oil ( SO ) ; and myristic acid ( and lauric acid ) provided by dairy butter ( B ) . In study no. 2 , different subjects with similar baseline characteristics were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by milk chocolate ( C ) , CB , CB+B ( 4:1 , MIX ) , and myristic ( and lauric ) acid provided by B. Both studies used a r and omized , crossover , double-blind experimental design , and experimental subjects ( n = 18 for study no. 1 and n = 15 for study no. 2 ) in each study consumed every diet for 26 days with a 1-month wash-out period between each experimental period . The diets provided 37 % of calories from fat , of which 81 % was provided by the test fat . Ten ounces ( 280 g ) C was provided daily by the C diet . In study no. 1 , the B diet was hypercholesterolemic , whereas the SO diet was hypocholesterolemic , compared with the other diets . The OO and SO diets were hypocholesterolemic compared with the CB diet . Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels , in general , paralleled the changes in plasma total cholesterol levels . SO significantly decreased apolipoprotein ( apo ) B levels compared with the other diets . Plasma very-low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , and apo A-I levels were unaffected by the experimental diets . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS OBJECTIVE Olive oil ( OO ) is a rich source of monounsaturated fat and bioactive components that exert strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . Flaxseed oil ( FO ) is rich in α-linolenic n-3 fatty acid ( ALA ) , which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects . This r and omized , cross-over study aim ed at exploring whether diet 's enrichment with FO could beneficially alter inflammatory markers and lipid profile , compared to OO , in a sample of normal weight , apparently healthy young adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Participants were supplied with 15 mL/day of either FO or OO . Each intervention and the wash-out period lasted 6 weeks . Dietary , anthropometric and physical activity variables were recorded at the beginning and the end of each intervention . Serum biochemical and inflammatory markers were measured . Compliance to the intervention was evaluated by fatty acid analysis in erythrocytes . Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the treatment . RESULTS Thirty seven participants completed the study . No difference between the two interventions was observed in adiponectin , TNF-α , high sensitivity-CRP or glucose levels and lipid profile . At the end of the FO period , participants exhibited significant reductions in total ( -5.0 % ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -6.7 % ) levels ( all P<0.01 ) . During the FO and the OO period serum adiponectin changes were significantly correlated with changes in erythrocyte % ALA ( rs=0.34 , P=0.007 ) and in erythrocyte % EPA ( r(s)=0.47 , P=0.01 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FO did not confer any benefit in inflammatory or biochemical markers in normal weight young adults , who traditionally use olive oil as the main edible oil BACKGROUND Postpr and ial lipemia is important in the development of coronary artery disease because of elevated postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich plasma lipoproteins and suppressed HDL-cholesterol concentrations . We showed in healthy subjects a possible association between postpr and ial lipid metabolism and the responses of the duodenal incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide after meals rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids ( oleic acid ) , respectively . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the postpr and ial responses ( 8 h ) of glucose , insulin , fatty acids , triacylglycerol , gastric inhibitory polypeptide , and GLP-1 to saturated- and monounsaturated-rich test meals . DESIGN Twelve overweight patients with type 2 diabetes ingested 3 meals r and omly : an energy-free soup with 50 g carbohydrate ( control meal ) , the control meal plus 100 g butter , and the control meal plus 80 g olive oil .  Triacylglycerol responses were measured in total plasma and in a chylomicron-rich and a chylomicron-poor fraction . RESULTS No significant differences in the glucose , insulin , or fatty acid responses to the 2 fat-rich meals were seen . The plasma triacylglycerol and chylomicron triacylglycerol responses were highest after the butter meal .  HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly after the butter meal but did not change significantly after the olive oil meal .  GLP-1 responses were highest after the olive oil meal . CONCLUSIONS Olive oil induced lower triacylglycerol concentrations and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations than did butter , without eliciting significant changes in glucose , insulin , or fatty acids . Furthermore , olive oil induced higher concentrations of GLP-1 , which may indicate a relation between fatty acid composition , incretin responses , and triacylglycerol metabolism postpr and ially in patients with type 2 diabetes Camelina sativa-derived oil ( camelina oil ) is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid . The proportion of alpha-linolenic acid in serum fatty acids is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases . We studied the effects of camelina oil on serum lipids and on the fatty acid composition of total lipids in comparison to rapeseed and olive oils in a parallel , double-blind setting . Sixty-eight hypercholesterolemic subjects aged 28 to 65 years were r and omly assigned after a 2-week pretrial period to 1 of 3 oil groups : camelina oil , olive oil , and rapeseed oil . Subjects consumed daily 30 g ( actual intake , approximately 33 mL ) of test oils for 6 weeks . In the camelina group , the proportion of alpha-linolenic acid in fatty acids of serum lipids was significantly higher ( P < .001 ) compared to the 2 other oil groups at the end of the study : 2.5 times higher compared to the rapeseed oil group and 4 times higher compared to the olive oil group . Respectively the proportions of 2 metabolites of alpha-linolenic acid ( eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids ) increased and differed significantly in the camelina group from those in other groups . During the intervention , the serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentration decreased significantly by 12.2 % in the camelina oil group , 5.4 % in the rapeseed oil group , and 7.7 % in the olive oil group . In conclusion , camelina oil significantly elevated the proportions of alpha-linolenic acid and its metabolites in serum of mildly or moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects .  Camelina oil 's  serum cholesterol-lowering effect was comparable to that of rapeseed and olive oils This study examines , for the first time , the effect of  hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil supplementation on human plasma lipids related to CVD risk factors . One hundred sixty eligible participants were r and omized and assigned to one of the two treatments : 25 mL hybrid palm oil ( HPO group ) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO group ) daily for 3 months . Fasting venous sample s were obtained at baseline and after 1 , 2 and 3 months for measurement of plasma lipids ( TC , LDL-C , HDL-C and TAGs ) . Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed . Although there was an overall reduction in TC ( 7.4 % , p < 0.001 ) and in LDL-C ( 15.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TC ( p = 0.0525 ) , LDL-C ( p = 0.2356 ) , HDL-C ( p = 0.8293 ) or TAGs ( p = 0.3749 ) . Furthermore , HPO consumption had similar effects on plasma lipids to EVOO , thus providing additional support for the concept that hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil can be seen as a " tropical equivalent of olive oil "
target: There were no significant effects on Apo lipoprotein A1 and Apo lipoprotein B. Conclusion : This meta- analysis suggested that OO consumption decreased serum TC , LDL-c , and TG less but increased HDL-c more than other plant oils
background: ABSTRACT Objective : We aim to report a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) on effects of olive oil consumption compared with other plant oils on blood lipids .