title: Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Shear Bond Strength of Adhesives to Primary Teeth Enamel Microtensile bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary and permanent dentin. Effect of adhesive restorations over incomplete dentin caries removal: 5-year follow-up study in primary teeth. Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Shear bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary dentin and enamel. Bond strength of self-etching primer and total-etch adhesive systems to primary dentin. Microtensile bond strength of a total-etching versus self-etching adhesive to caries-affected and intact dentin in primary teeth. Bonding of simplified adhesive systems to caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. Primary dentin etching time, bond strength and ultra-structure characterization of dentin surfaces. Shear bond strength of self-etching and total-etch adhesive systems to Er:YAG laser-irradiated primary dentin. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on dentin bonding in primary teeth. Shear-bond strength of a new self-adhering flowable restorative material to dentin of primary molars. Randomised trial of resin-based restorations in Class I and Class II beveled preparations in primary molars: 48-month results. Effect of cariogenic challenge on bond strength of adhesive systems to sound and demineralized primary and permanent enamel. Bond strength of two adhesive systems to primary and permanent enamel. Does the method of caries induction influence the bond strength to dentin of primary teeth? Effect of acid etching time on the degradation of resin-dentin bonds in primary teeth. Influence of substrate, shape, and thickness on microtensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured bond strengths. Effect of caries removal techniques on the bond strength of adhesives to caries-affected primary dentin in vitro. Shortening of primary dentin etching time and its implication on bond strength. Randomized clinical trial of adhesive restorations in primary molars. 18-month results. The influence of the cutting speed on bond strength and integrity of microtensile specimens.
abstract: Background : CPP-ACP ( Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ) has an important role in caries prevention in pediatric patients . This study was done , because of the great use of CPP-ACP and the need for restoration for teeth treated with CPP-ACP as well as the importance of shear bond strength of adhesives in the success of restorations . Objectives : This study aim ed to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate ( CPP-ACP ) on shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel of primary teeth molars . Material s and Methods : This in vitro study was conducted on 180 extracted primary molars . They were r and omly divided into 6 groups and each group was divided into 2 subgroups ( treated with CPP-ACP and untreated ) . In subgroups with CPP-ACP , enamel was treated with CPP-ACP paste 1 h/d for 5 days . Types of adhesives that were evaluated in this study were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , AdheSE One F , single Bond 2 , SE Bond , and Adper Prompt L-Pop . Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine and mode of failure was evaluated under stereomicroscope . Data were analyzed by T test , 2-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , Tukey and Fisher exact test using SPSS18 . P < 0.05 was considered as significance level . Results : Shear bond strengths of different adhesive systems to enamel of primary teeth treated and untreated with CPP-ACP showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) . Mode of failure in all groups regardless of CPP-ACP administration was mainly adhesive type . Our results indicated that CPP-ACP did not affect shear bond strength of studied adhesives to primary teeth enamel . Conclusions : To have a successful and durable composite restoration , having a high strength bonding is essential . Considering the wide use of CPP-ACP in preventing tooth decay and the role of adhesive shear bond strength ( SBS ) in success of composite restoration , we conducted the present study to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP on the SBS of adhesives to primary teeth enamel PURPOSE The aims of this in vitro study were to : ( 1 ) compare bond strength of different adhesive systems to primary and permanent dentin using microtensile test ; and ( 2 ) evaluate the interaction of these material s to primary and permanent dentin by means of scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . METHODS Middle-coronal dentin surfaces of 18 exfoliated primary and 18 extracted permanent molars were exposed and teeth were r and omly divided , according to their adhesive system , into 3 groups ( N=6 per group ) : ( 1 ) Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) ; ( 2 ) One Up Bond F ( OU ) ; and ( 3 ) Single Bond ( SB ) . Then , 5-mm high composite blocks were constructed . After bonding procedures , the teeth were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours prior to the specimens ' preparation . For the microtensile test , teeth ( N=5 per group ) were longitudinally sectioned into 2 axes rendering beam-specimens that were glued to special devices , which were mounted in a Universal Testing Machine to be loaded under a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture . One tooth of each group was prepared for SEM . RESULTS Microtensile bond strength mean values ( MPa ) to primary /permanent dentin were : ( 1 ) SE=60.0/61.4 ; ( 2 ) OU=54.5/53.3 ; and ( 3 ) SB=70.1/64.9 . Two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) showed no significant differences ( P>.05 ) for the bond strength values among primary and permanent dentin groups , neither among groups SExSB and SExOU . SEM images of SE and SB showed a well-defined , uniform , and continuous hybrid layer . A continuous hybrid layer , however , was not found for OU . CONCLUSIONS Bond strength and micromorphologic characteristics of the adhesive systems evaluated were not influenced by the substrate . OU achieved worse results PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the material s used for indirect pulp treatment ( IPT ) on the long-term outcome of primary molar teeth . METHODS Forty-eight teeth with deep carious lesions , but without signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis , were r and omly divided into 2 groups , according to the material placed on the demineralized dentin remain : ( 1 ) experimental group , adhesive system ( Scotchbond Multi purpose ) ; and ( 2 ) control group , calcium hydroxide liner ( Dycal ) . Both groups were followed by a resin restoration application . RESULTS After 4 to 5 years , the clinical and radiographic success rates between groups were similar ( group 1=14 of 15 ; group 2=8 of 10 ; P=0.350 ) . Subsequent to exfoliation , scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a hybrid layer at the resin-dentin interface and a microtensile bond strength of 9.63 MPa ( group 1 ) . Histological analysis showed that the pulp health status was similar in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Indirect pulp treatment has a high clinical and radiographic long-term success rate in primary teeth and is not material -dependent PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin The aims of this study were to evaluate the shear bond strength ( SBS ) off our adhesive systenms applied to primary dentin and enamel and verify , after SBS testing , the failure mode of the adhesive interface . Sixty extracted sound primary molars were selected and crowns were sectioned in a mesial-distal direction . Specimens were r and omly assigned into two groups ( adhesion to enamel and adhesion to dentin ) and then subdivided into four subgroups according to the adhesive system ( n=15 ) . Scotchbond Multi- Purpose (SMP)--Single Bond (SB)--Clearfil SE Bond ( and Adper Prompt L-Pop (APL)--SBS tests were performed and the obtained values were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests ( p < 0.05 ) . The failure mode analysis was performed with a Scanning Electron Microscope ( XL-30 , Philips ) . SBS mean values on enamel were [ MPa ( SD ) ] : SMP--2789 ( 749 ) ; SB--23.92 ( 8.8 ) ; CSB--24.36 ( 6.69 ) , APL--25.96 ( 4.08 ) ; and on dentin : SMP--17.29 ( 4.25 ) SB--18.2 ( 8.74 ) ; CSB--16.13 ( 714 ) ; APL--6 . 04 ( 3.35 ) . The predominant failure mode was cohesive ( primarily of the bonding agent ) . On enamel SBS was statistically similar for all four adhesives . On dentin SBS ofAPL was lower than the other tested adhesives PURPOSE The objective of this study was to assess in vitro the tensile bond strength of a self-etching and 2 total-etch , single-bottle adhesive systems to primary dentin . METHODS Thirty-six sound primary canine buccal surfaces were r and omly assigned to 3 groups ( N = 12 ) , corresponding to the tested adhesive systems : ( 1 ) group I = Excite ( EX ) ; ( 2 ) group II = Single Bond ( SB ) ; and ( 3 ) group III = Prompt L-Pop ( PLP ) . After 24-hour storage in distilled water , tensile bond strength was tested for failure at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . RESULTS Means ( MPa ) and st and ard deviation ( + /- ) were : ( 1 ) EX = 12.72 ( + /- .89 ) ; ( 2 ) SB = 10.86 ( + /- 2.09 ) ; ( 3 ) PLP = 8.66 ( + /- 2.23 ) . Single Bond and Excite showed statistically similar results ( P > .05 ) and provided the highest means . Prompt L-Pop was statistically different from the other groups ( P < .05 ) and reached the lower bond strength to primary dentin . CONCLUSIONS Total-etch agents provided the best overall bonding performance , whereas the all-in-one , self-etching , self-priming adhesive system yielded remarkably lower bond strength to primary teeth dentin BACKGROUND The objec tives of this study were to determine microtensile bond strengths of two dentin adhesives and to compare the micromorphological structure of the resin/dentin interface in caries-affected dentin with that of intact dentin . METHODS The authors r and omly divided 40 proximal dentinal carious primary teeth and 40 noncarious anterior primary teeth into two groups ( self-etching and total-etching ) . They used a caries-detecting dye as an indicator of the need to remove the outer carious dentin . The authors restored the teeth with a hybrid resin-based composite . After 24 hours ' storage in 37 C water , specimens were sectioned and shaped to form a curved section with a cross-sectional area of 1 square millimeter , then tension was applied until they fractured . The authors prepared the resin/dentin interfaces for the two bonding systems and examined them in 10 occlusal carious and 10 noncarious teeth . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin within the same group were analyzed via a t test . The authors compared the remaining dentin thickness ( RDT ) and dentin hardness using analysis of variance and the least significant difference test at the .05 level of significance . RESULTS The self-etching adhesive demonstrated no statistical difference in bond strength between intact and caries-affected dentin . However , the total-etching adhesive demonstrated different bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin . Moreover , the RDT of specimens with intact and caries-affected dentin was not significantly different , whereas the dentin hardness of caries-affected dentin was significantly lower than that of intact dentin . The authors found a thicker hybrid layer in intact and caries-affected dentin of specimens in the total-etching group . CONCLUSION The adhesives exhibited significantly different bond strengths in intact dentin of primary teeth . However , they exhibited similar bond strengths in caries-affected dentin PURPOSE To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile ( µTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) tests . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars . Half of the specimens were su bmi tted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin . Teeth were r and omly restored with one of three material s : the etch- and -rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 ( SB ) , the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus ( SE ) , and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One ( EASY ) . After storage for 24 h , specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing ( 1 mm/min ) . One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution ( 24 h ) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nano leakage with SEM . The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . The µTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . For NL , the Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α < 0.05 ) . RESULTS SB ( 35.5 ± 3.5 ) showed the highest µTBS value to sound dentin , followed by EASY ( 26.3 ± 1.9 ) and SE ( 18.2 ± 6.5 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . No difference among material s was observed for caries-affected dentin ( SB : 17.8 ± 4.2 ; SE : 13.9 ± 3.2 ; EASY : 14.4 ± 4.2 , p > 0.05 ) . For all groups , adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed . Caries affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface ; however , with SE , the nano leakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems , even in sound dentin . CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nano leakage of the two-step etch- and -rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of shortening the etching time on roughness , microhardness and bond strength of three adhesive systems to primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from primary molars were r and omly assigned to six experimental groups . Three different adhesive systems were used : an etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Single Bond ) , a two-step self-etching ( Clearfil SE Bond ) , and a one-step self-etching ( One-Up Bond F ) adhesive . In half of the specimens , the recommended etching time was used , in the other half the etching time was 50 % reduced . After applying the adhesive , resin composite build-ups were constructed and stored in a humid environment for 24h at 37 degrees C. Specimens were sectioned into 1mm(2 ) beams and tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . Debonded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . Additional surfaces were conditioned for microhardness measurements ( KHN ) and for atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) analysis . Intertubular and total surface roughness ( Ra ) were recorded . Results were analyzed with ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed higher MTBS than One-Up Bond F. Bond strength and intertubular roughness increased when Single Bond and One-Up Bond F were used with a reduced etching time . For Clearfil SE Bond no differences in MTBS were detected when reducing the etching time . The application of phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond primer and One-Up Bond F decreases dentin microhardness . CONCLUSIONS Shortening One-Up Bond F application time and reducing the etching time of phosphoric acid to one-half of the manufacturer 's recommended etching time when using Single Bond are recommended when bonding to primary dentin PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro the shear bond strength of self-etching and total-etch adhesive systems to Er : YAG laser-irradiated primary dentin . METHODS Forty crowns of primary canines were embedded in acrylic resin and mechanically ground to expose a flat dentin surface . The specimens were r and omly assigned to 2 groups ( N=20 ) , according to the adhesive system : ( A ) Single Bond ( SB ) ; and ( B ) Adper Prompt ( AP ) . Each group was divided into 2 subgroups ( N=10 ) , depending on the surface treatment : ( 1 ) conventional bonding protocol , as recommended by the manufacturers ; and ( 2 ) irradiation of the dentin site with a 2.94-microm wavelength Er : YAG laser , with a 300-mJ pulse energy and a 2-Hz repetition rate followed by the bonding protocol . In both groups , a 3-mm diameter dentin bonding site was demarcated , the adhesive systems were applied , and resin composite cylinders were bonded . After 24 hours in distilled water , shear bond strength was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . RESULTS Means ( in MPa ) were : group A1=14.14(+/-1.7 ) ; group A2=8.41(+/-1.04 ) ; group B1=6.88(+/-1.12 ) ; and group B2=4.19(+/-0.7 ) . Data were su bmi tted to statistical analysis using 2-way analysis of variance and t test at 5 % significance level . CONCLUSION Irradiation of primary dentin with the Er : YAG laser decreased the bond strength of total-etch and self-etching adhesive systems PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) using three bonding systems in primary dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-five sound extracted primary molars were selected . The crowns were longitudinally sectioned , embedded in polystyrene resin , and flattened until a dentin surface was reached . The sample s were assigned to 6 groups ( n = 15 ) : G1 , Single Bond ( SB ) ; G2 , NaOCl + SB ; G3 , Prime & Bond 2.1 ( PB ) ; G4 , NaOCl + PB ; G5 , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSE ) ; G6 , NaOCl + CSE . All the adhesive systems were applied according to the manufacturers ' instructions , except for the application of 10 % NaOCl solution for 60 s in groups 2 , 4 ( after acid etching ) , and 6 ( before applying adhesive system ) . The composite resin was placed in increments in a mold and light cured for 20 s. The sample s were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and su bmi tted to SBS testing with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The failure sites were observed with SEM . The data were treated with ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( p < 0.05 ) . RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with or without treatment of the substrate with NaOCl , regardless the material used . The SBS averages in MPa ( + /-SD ) were : G1 : 15.8(1.9)a ; G2 : 14.6(1.3)a ; G3 : 10.2(0.7)a ; G4 : 9.9(0.2)a ; G5 : 13.3(1.2)a ; and G6 : 10.7(1.0)a . There was a statistically significant difference between the material s ( SB > or = CSE > or = PB ) . Mixed failure was the failure type most frequently observed for all groups . CONCLUSION Dentin surface treatment with NaOCl did not affect the resin-dentin bonding strength in primary teeth OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of primary molars of a new self-adhering flowable resin composite with two ionomer-based cements and one flowable resin composite in combination with two different adhesive systems . STUDY DESIGN Fifty primary molars were grinded on the occlusal surface to obtain flat dentin substrate and r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) : OFL : Phosphoric Acid/Optibond FL/Premise Flow ; OAO : Optibond All-In-One/Premise Flowable ; II : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji II ; IX : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji IX ; V : Vertise Flow . Cylinders ( 3 mm diameter - 5 mm height ) of restorative material were built-up in three increments over the dentin surfaces . A shear load was applied until failure . Bond strength values were statistically analysed with Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn 's test ( P < .05 ) . Differences in failure mode distribution were assessed with Chi-square ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS OFL and OAO recorded significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups . Adhesive failures were evident in all groups except OFL and OAO , in which also cohesive failures in dentin were observed . CONCLUSIONS Vertise Flow established on primary dentin bond strengths values similar to those of glass ionomer cements routinely used for restorations of primary teeth . The combination of flowable resin with etch- and -rinse or all-in-one adhesives obtained higher bond strength values , thus involving a more complex h and ling OBJECTIVE This r and omised clinical trial evaluated the survival rate of  resin-based restorations in Class I and Class II beveled preparations in primary molars , over 48 months . METHODS Forty-eight children received 141 restorations in beveled cavosurface margin preparations in primary molars r and omly assigned by a lottery method : 46 received treatment with Vitremer Tri-Cure Glass Ionomer System ( 33 Class I and 13 Class II restorations ) ; 51 received  treatment with Freedom ( 36 Class I and 15 Class II restorations ) ; 44 received treatment with TPH Spectrum ( 30 Class I and 14 Class II restorations ) . Two calibrated examiners ( weight kappa > or = 0.85 ) evaluated the restorations using the modified USPHS criteria and visible plaque index score at baseline and after 12 , 24 , 36 and 48 months . Cox regression with survival analysis and logistic regression evaluated the clinical performance of restorations . RESULTS After 48 months , 11 teeth had exfoliated , 16 restorations were dropouts , 83 restorations were clinical ly successful of which 26 had used Vitremer , 32 had used Freedom and 25 had used TPH Spectrum . Thirty-one restorations failed because of secondary caries , fractures and loss of retention . The cumulative survival was 73.9 % , 83.4 % and 79.6 % , respectively for Vitremer , Freedom and THP Spectrum with no differences among material s ( Log Rank Mantel-Cox , p>0.05 ) . However , the Class II cavity preparation reduced the survival of the restorations ( OR=5.1 ) for all material s evaluated ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The life expectancy of Vitremer , Freedom and THP Spectrum in Class I and Class II restorations could be comparable after 48 months PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of cariogenic challenge on the bond strength of adhesive systems to sound and artificially demineralized enamel of primary and permanent teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighty molars ( 40 primary , 40 permanent ) were r and omly assigned to 16 groups ( n = 5 ) according to the type of tooth ( primary [ PRIM ] or permanent [ PERM ] ) , enamel condition ( sound [ S ] or demineralized [ DEM ] ) , treatment after the restorative procedure ( control [ C ] or cariogenic challenge [ pH ] ) , and adhesive system  ( Adper Single Bond [ SB ] or Clearfil SE Bond [ SE ] ) . Teeth from the DEM group were subjected to cariogenic challenge by pH cycling prior to restorative procedures and pH group specimens were subjected to cariogenic challenge before the microshear test . One of two adhesive systems was applied to the flat enamel surfaces and composite cylinders ( 0.45 mm2 ) were built . The microshear bond test was performed . The data ( MPa ) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS No statistically significant differences were detected between the adhesive systems . The S groups exhibited higher bond strength values than the DEM groups , as did C groups compared to pH groups . PERM groups also had higher bond strength values than PRIM groups , excluding PRIM S and PERM S , which had similar values . CONCLUSION The bond strength to demineralized enamel of primary teeth was lower than to the demineralized enamel of permanent teeth . Cariogenic challenge negatively influenced enamel bond strength , regardless of the type of tooth and adhesive system The bonding performance of current adhesive systems to primary enamel has not been thoroughly research ed . This study compared the micro-shear bond strength of two adhesive systems to primary and permanent tooth enamel . Two commercially available resin adhesives , a self-etching primer system ( Clearfil SE Bond ) and a single-bottle adhesive system ( Single Bond ) used with a total-etch wet bonding technique were tested . A micro-shear bond test was used to examine the adhesive systems on mid-coronal buccal enamel of extracted primary or permanent teeth . In addition , etched enamel surfaces and etched-bonded enamel interfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . No statistically significant differences of shear bond strength values were found between the primary and permanent enamel or the adhesive systems used ( p>0.01 ) . The SEM observations showed that both adhesive systems etched the primary enamel deeper than the permanent enamel , suggesting that the action of acid etch seemed to be more intense on primary enamel than on permanent enamel . Bonding of the adhesive systems to primary enamel was almost identical to permanent enamel PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of chemical and microbiological methods of caries induction on microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of current adhesive systems to primary dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 36 primary molars were assigned to 3 groups according to the method of inducing caries-affected dentin : ( 1 )  control ( sound dentin ) ; ( 2 )  pH cycling ; and ( 3 ) microbiological . In both methods , teeth were su bmi tted to caries induction for 14 days , and the sound dentin was stored in distilled water for the same period . Specimens were then r and omly reassigned according to adhesive system : a two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Adper Single Bond 2 ) or a two-step self-etching system ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Composite buildups were constructed and the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks ( 0.8 mm2 ) to be tested for microtensile bond strength . The μTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . RESULTS Both methods of caries induction result ed in lower μTBS values ( with no significant difference between them ) than those obtained for sound dentin . Adhesive systems showed similar bond strength values . The percentage of premature failure was higher in the microbiological group , regardless of adhesive system . CONCLUSION Microbiological and pH-cycling methods are both suitable for simulating caries-affected dentin for bonding evaluations in primary teeth PURPOSE To investigate the influence of etching time on the degradation of resin-dentin bonds produced in primary teeth . METHODS 40 primary molars were r and omly divided into four groups according to the adhesive system , Single Bond ( SB ) and Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) , and acid etching time . SB was applied to dentin after phosphoric acid etching for 15 or 7 seconds , whereas CSEB was applied after the application of SE Primer for 20 or 10 seconds . Resin composite crowns were built-up followed by the production of specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0.49 mm2 , which were further divided according to the storage condition , 24 hours , 6 and 12 months in water . Data were su bmi tted to ANOVA and Tukey tests ( alpha=0.05 ) . RESULTS After 24 hours there was no significant difference between bond strengths produced by the adhesive systems , irrespective of the acid etching time . Water storage for 6 and 12 months significantly reduced bond strengths of SB , especially when the dentin was acid etched for 15 seconds . For CSEB , no significant alteration in bond strength was seen up to the storage period of 12 months for both etching times OBJECTIVES To verify whether substrate , shape , or thickness of microtensile specimens have a significant influence on their measured bond strength . METHODS Sixty-four extracted molars provided microtensile specimens  , which were prepared on enamel and dentin , in different shapes and thicknesses . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups ( n = 4 ) . Groups 1 - 8 included hourglass-shaped specimens . In Groups 1 - 4 specimens were prepared from enamel and in a thickness at the bonding interface of 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm , 1 mm x 1 mm , 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm , and 2 mm x 2 mm , respectively . In these same thicknesses , hourglasses were trimmed in Groups 5 - 8 , but the specimens were prepared from dentin . Groups 9 - 16 included specimens obtained following the non-trimming technique . Groups 9 - 12 provided enamel sticks in the four evaluated thicknesses . In these same thicknesses and shape but from dentin were cut the specimens of Groups 13 - 16 . Two specimens from each group were viewed using a scanning electron microscope . On the other ones , microtensile bond strength was measured and the values were statistically analyzed . RESULTS Substrate , shape , and thickness of the specimens had a significant effect on their recorded bond strength ( p < 0.05 ) . Higher bond strength values were recorded by dentin versus enamel specimens and by sticks versus hourglasses . Also , bond strength decreased as specimen thickness increased . SEM analysis revealed that the trimmed specimens , especially if from enamel , often exhibited lines of fracture in the area of action of the bur . SIGNIFICANCE It seems advisable to avoid the trimming action particularly on enamel specimens . If the hourglass shape is preferred , the cross-sectional area should not exceed 1 mm x 1 mm AIM The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effects of three different caries removal techniques on the microtensile bond strength of adhesive material s to caries-affected dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty primary molar teeth were used . The teeth were r and omly divided into three groups according to the caries removal technique employed : conventional steel bur ( group 1 ) ; Er : YAG laser ( group 2 ) ; chemomechanical method ( group 3 ) . Each group was divided into two subgroups according to bonding agents : one-step self-etch adhesive and etch- and -rinse adhesive . The teeth were restored with composite resin . Vertical sticks were obtained and subjected to tensile stress . Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , Tukey 's test and an independent sample s t-test . RESULTS The values for the laser groups were significantly lower than those of the bur groups for both bonding agents ( p<0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bur and chemomechanical groups ( p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Bur and chemomechanical techniques in primary teeth were found more successful . Similar results were found according to the adhesives used for each caries removal techniques OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of shortening the etching time on the bond strength of a conventional and a self-etching primer adhesive system used in primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces were obtained from 24 primary molars , r and omly assigned to 4 experimental groups . The adhesive systems Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond were applied in two groups according to the manufacturers ' recommendations . In the other two groups , the adhesives were applied after half-time of acid etching , 7 s for Single Bond and 10 s for Clearfil SE Primer . Resin crowns were built up and after 24 h storage in water at 37 degrees C , the teeth were sectioned to produce beams with cross-sectional area of approximately 0.49 mm2 . Specimens were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min until failure . Fractured specimens were analyzed to determine the failure mode . RESULTS Tensile bond strengths for Single Bond in primary dentin were higher than for Clearfil SE Bond . Shortening of acid etching time improved bond strength only for Single Bond , while no statistically significant difference was observed for Clearfil SE Bond when both etching times were compared . SIGNIFICANCE No detrimental effect on bond strength was observed when the time of acid etching was shortened in 50 % . Shortening the time for a procedure in a small child without compromising the quality of the work is a very important finding for the practicing pediatric dentist PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical performance of adhesive restorations of resin composite and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary molars . METHODS This r and omized clinical trial included subjects ( 5 - 9 year-old children ) selected at two university centers ( UFRGS and UNIFRA ) . The sample consisted of 132 primary molars presenting active cavitated carious lesions ( with radiographic involvement of the inner half of the dentin ) , located on the occlusal and occlusal-proximal surface . The sample was r and omly divided into three groups , according to the restorative material : ( G1 ) universal restorative system ( Adper Single Bond 2 system and Filtek Z350 ) ; ( G2 ) : Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement ( Vitremer ) ; and ( G3 ) : Low shrink restorative system ( Filtek P90 ) . The restorations were clinical ly and radiographically followed every 6 months for up to 18 months using the USPHS modified criteria for clinical evaluation . Survival estimates for restoration longevity were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method . Log-rank test ( P < 0.05 ) was used to compare the differences in the success rate according to the type of the restorative material . RESULTS The type of restorative material used did not influence the longevity of the restorations . After clinical follow-up , there was no statistical difference in the rates of success for the three material s used to restore active cavitated carious lesions in primary molars . The survival rates for the follow-up were similar regarding the number of restored surfaces and the caries removal technique ( partial or complete ) . Mean estimated time of survival was 17.2 months ( 95 % CI : 16.7 - 17.7 ) . Estimated survival rates of the restorations were 100 % , 98 % , 88 % and 65 % at 1 , 6 , 12 and 18 months of clinical evaluations , respectively OBJECTIVES To verify the influence of cutting speed during microtensile specimen preparation , on bond strength values and on the sample microscopic integrity of a single-bottle adhesive system to enamel and dentin . METHODS Thirty sound human third molars were restored with light-cured Excite and Tetric Ceram according to manufacturers ' instructions , being half in ground enamel [ E ] , and half in flat dentin [ D ] . After 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C , the restored teeth were sectioned in x and y-axes under different cutting speed : 100 , 200 or 400 RPM , obtaining stick shaped specimens with cross-sectional area of 1.0 mm(2 ) . Five specimens from each experimental group were r and omly selected before being loaded for SEM analysis , while the remaining sample s were subjected to the microtensile bond strength test . Because the variance of dentin specimens was significantly higher than the variance of enamel sample s , analysis of the influence of the cutting speed was performed separately , by substrate . RESULTS The mean values in MPa were calculated including/excluding premature failures : E1 : 24.67/27.31(a ) ; E2 : 24.03/25.81(a ) ; E4 : 19.06/21.52(b ) ; D1 : 35.80/36.33(A ) ; D2 : 35.84/36.65(A ) ; D4 : 37.78/38.50(A ) . In the SEM analysis , better integrity of the dentin specimens was observed when compared to the enamel sample s , for which the integrity was greater in the lower cutting speed groups . SIGNIFICANCE It can be concluded that the cutting speed is an important factor that should be considered , mainly when enamel is involved , since it may affect the bond strength results and the integrity of the specimens
target: RESULTS No statistical significant difference in bond strength between both categories was observed in caries-affected dentin at immediate evaluation and in sound dentin after ageing .
  Etch- and -rinse adhesives , however , performed better in sound enamel and dentin substrates considering immediate bond strength .
  None study assessed the long-term adhesive effectiveness to sound or demineralized enamel .
  Although the articles included in this meta- analysis showed high heterogeneity and high risk of bias , the in vitro literature suggests superior performance of etch- and -rinse adhesives in primary teeth in comparison with self-etch systems
background: AIM To systematic ally review the literature for in vitro studies that evaluated the immediate or after ageing bond strength of  etch- and -rinse and self-etch adhesive systems to enamel and dentin of primary teeth .