title: Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. The effect of bezafibrate and omega-3 fatty acids on lymphocyte cytokine release and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia Regulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemia. Effects of supplementation with omega-3 on insulin sensitivity and non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) in type 2 diabetic patients. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Eicosapentaenoic acid improves insulin sensitivity and blood sugar in overweight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improved lipocentric but not glucocentric markers of insulin sensitivity in hypertriglyceridemic men. Long-Term Effects of Fish Oil on Insulin Resistance and Plasma Lipoproteins in NIDDM Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia Effects of DHA-enriched fish oil on monocyte/macrophage activation marker sCD163, asymmetric dimethyl arginine, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. A fish-based diet intervention improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND Information is lacking on the potential effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether n-3 PUFAs have additional effects on adiposity , insulin sensitivity , adipose tissue function ( production of adipokines and inflammatory and atherogenic factors ) , and gene expression in type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes without hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly allocated in a double-blind parallel design to 2 mo of 3 g/d of either fish oil ( 1.8 g n-3 PUFAs ) or placebo ( paraffin oil ) . RESULTS Although body weight and energy intake measured by use of a food diary were unchanged , total fat mass ( P < 0.019 ) and subcutaneous adipocyte diameter ( P < 0.0018 ) were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the 2 groups ( measured by homeostasis model assessment in all patients and by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of 5 patients per group ) . By contrast , atherogenic risk factors , including plasma triacylglycerol ( P < 0.03 ) , the ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol ( atherogenic index , P < 0.03 ) , and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( P < 0.01 ) , were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . In addition , a subset of inflammation-related genes was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue after the fish oil , but not the placebo , treatment . CONCLUSIONS A moderate dose of n-3 PUFAs for 2 mo reduced adiposity and atherogenic markers without deterioration of insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Some adipose tissue inflammation-related genes were also reduced . These beneficial effects could be linked to morphologic and inflammatory changes in adipose tissue . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT0037 BACKGROUND n-3 Fatty acids lower blood pressure , improve lipids , and benefit other cardiovascular disease risk factors . Effects on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes are uncertain . OBJECTIVE We determined whether purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) have differential effects on glycemic control , including insulin sensitivity and stimulated insulin secretion ; 24-h ambulatory blood pressure ; and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 subjects were r and omly assigned to consume 4 g EPA , DHA , or olive oil/d for 6 wk while continuing to consume their usual diet . RESULTS Thirty-nine men and 12 postmenopausal women with a mean ( + /- SE ) age of 61.2 + /- 1.2 y completed the study . In comparison with the change from baseline in fasting glucose in the olive oil group , fasting glucose in the EPA and DHA groups increased 1.40 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) and 0.98 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) , respectively . Neither EPA nor DHA had significant effects on glycated hemoglobin , fasting insulin or C-peptide , insulin sensitivity or secretion , or blood pressure . Serum triacylglycerols in the EPA and DHA groups decreased 19 % ( P = 0.022 ) and 15 % ( P = 0.022 ) , respectively . There were no significant changes in serum total , LDL , or HDL cholesterol , although HDL(2 ) cholesterol in the EPA and DHA groups increased 16 % ( P = 0.026 ) and 12 % ( P = 0.05 ) , respectively . HDL(3 ) cholesterol decreased 11 % ( P = 0.026 ) with EPA supplementation . CONCLUSIONS EPA and DHA had similar benefits on lipids but adverse effects on short-term glycemic control in hypertensive diabetic patients . The overall implication s for cardiovascular disease require long-term evaluation Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids on lymphocyte secretory function and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia . Methods The study included 107 patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia who received bezafibrate ( 200 mg twice daily ) , omega-3 fatty acids ( 1 g twice daily ) or placebo for 12 weeks .  The lipid profile , fasting and 2-h post-glucose load plasma glucose levels , homeostasis model assessment index ( HOMA ) , plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) levels and lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed at baseline , on the day of r and omization , and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment . Results Both bezafibrate and omega-3 fatty acids reduced plasma triglyceride levels . Bezafibrate additionally decreased total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and the HOMA and insignificantly decreased post-glucose load plasma glucose , as well as increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol . Bezafibrate treatment was associated with a reduction in lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α , which was accompanied by a reduction in plasma hsCRP levels .  Omega-3 fatty acid did not significantly reduce lymphocyte cytokine release and plasma hsCRP . The anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs did not correlate with their action on plasma lipids , but in the case of the former the effect was related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity . Conclusion Our results indicate that bezafibrate is superior to omega-3 fatty acid in inhibiting systemic inflammation and lymphocyte secretory function Hepatic accumulation of lipid substrates perturbs apolipoproteinB-100 ( apoB ) metabolism in insulin-resistant , obese subjects and may account for increased risk of cardiovascular disease . In a placebo-controlled trial , we examined the independent and combined effects of decreasing cholesterol synthesis with atorvastatin ( 40 mg/day ) and triglyceride synthesis with fish oils ( 4 g/day ) on apoB kinetics . The subjects were 48 viscerally obese , insulin-resistant men with dyslipidemia who were studied in a fasted state . We found that atorvastatin significantly decreased plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins ( P < 0.001 , main effect ) through increases in the fractional catabolic rate ( FCR ) of VLDL- , IDL- , and LDL-apoB ( P < 0.01 ) . Fish oils significantly decreased plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL-apoB ( P < 0.001 ) , decreased the VLDL-apoB secretion rate ( P < 0.01 ) , but increased the conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.001 ) . Compared with placebo , combined treatment with atorvastatin and fish oils decreased VLDL-apoB secretion ( P < 0.03 ) and increased the FCR of apoB in each lipoprotein fraction ( P < 0.03 ) and the percent conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.05 ) . None of the treatments altered insulin resistance . In conclusion , in visceral obesity , atorvastatin increased hepatic clearance of all apoB-containing lipoproteins , whereas fish oils decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB. The differential effects of atorvastatin and fish oils on apoB kinetics support their combined use in correcting defective apoB metabolism in obese , insulin-resistant subjects OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the role of omega-3 supplementation on NEFA concentration , insulin sensitivity and resistance , and glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four type 2 diabetic patients were r and omly recruited into two groups . Group A received 4 g/day omega-3 soft gels , and group B received a placebo for 10 wks . Blood sample s were collected after 12-h fast . Physical activity records , three-day food records , and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants at the beginning and end of the study . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation caused a significant reduction in NEFA in the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.009 ) . Additionally , the administration of omega-3 result ed in significantly greater changes ( Diff ) for the intervention group in various parameters , such as insulin and Quicki indices compared with the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients improved insulin sensitivity , probably due to the decrease in NEFA concentrations OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . PATIENTS 78 persons with untreated hypertension recruited from a population survey . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids , 4 g/d , or corn oil placebo , 4 g/d , for 16 weeks . MEASUREMENTS An oral glucose tolerance test ; assessment s of insulin release , glucose disposal , and insulin sensitivity done using the hyperglycemic clamp technique to keep plasma glucose levels at 10 mmol/L for 180 minutes ; assessment of insulin sensitivity done using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique ( infusing insulin and glucose to keep plasma glucose levels at 5 mmol/L ) ; assessment s of lipid levels and blood pressure . Measurements were done before and after intervention . RESULTS Changes in integrated glucose and insulin response after the oral glucose challenge did not differ between the fish oil and corn oil groups after intervention ( -0.6 + /- 0.7 compared with -1.0 + /- 0.6 mmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for integrated glucose and 143 + /- 76 compared with 169 + /- 84 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for insulin response ) . Changes in first-phase insulin release ( 34 + /- 72 pmol/L in the fish oil group compared with 191 + /- 112 pmol/L in the corn oil group [ P > 0.3 ] ) , second-phase insulin release ( 179 + /- 66 pmol/L compared with 257 + /- 122 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] ) , and insulin sensitivity index ( -0.03 + /- 0.01 compared with -0.01 + /- 0.01 [ mumol/kg.min divided by pmol/L ] ; P > 0.3 ) were also similar in both groups after treatment . Fish oil lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.04 ) and lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.0 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.10 ) . After fish oil treatment , triglyceride levels decreased by 0.28 + /- 0.08 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) , and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 0.13 + /- 0.04 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Fish oil , in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons , does not adversely affect glucose metabolism INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in humans , and its incidence is increasing rapidly worldwide . Although polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus , previous data regarding the possible positive effects of n-3 fatty acids on glycaemic indices were inconclusive . We conducted a double-blind r and omised clinical trial to determine the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid , on overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS This double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omised clinical trial was conducted on a total of 67 overweight patients with T2DM for a duration of three months . Of these 67 patients , 32 received 2 g purified EPA daily , while 35 received a placebo of 2 g corn oil daily . The patients ' fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , serum insulin , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and insulin sensitivity indices were assessed . RESULTS After three months of EPA supplementation , the group that received EPA showed significant decreases in FPG ( p < 0.001 ) , HbA1c ( p = 0.01 ) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) ( p = 0.032 ) , when compared to the placebo group . EPA supplementation result ed in decreased serum insulin levels , with the levels between the EPA and placebo groups showing a significant difference ( p = 0.004 ) . CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that EPA supplementation could improve insulin sensitivity . It was able to decrease serum insulin , FPG , HbA1c and HOMA-IR .  EPA could have beneficial effects on glycaemic indices in patients with T2DM BACKGROUND Observational and experimental studies suggest that the amount of vitamin E ingested in food and in supplements is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis . METHODS We enrolled a total of 2545 women and 6996 men 55 years of age or older who were at high risk for cardiovascular events because they had cardiovascular disease or diabetes in addition to one other risk factor . These patients were r and omly assigned according to a two-by-two factorial design to receive either 400 IU of vitamin E daily from natural sources or matching placebo and either an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor ( ramipril ) or matching placebo for a mean of 4.5 years ( the results of the comparison of ramipril and placebo are reported in a companion article ) . The primary outcome was a composite of myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , and death from cardiovascular causes . The secondary outcomes included unstable angina , congestive heart failure , revascularization or amputation , death from any cause , complications of diabetes , and cancer . RESULTS A total of 772 of the 4761 patients assigned to vitamin E ( 16.2 percent ) and 739 of the 4780 assigned to placebo ( 15.5 percent ) had a primary outcome event ( relative risk , 1.05 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.95 to 1.16 ; P=0.33 ) . There were no significant differences in the numbers of deaths from cardiovascular causes ( 342 of those assigned to vitamin E vs. 328 of those assigned to placebo ; relative risk , 1.05 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.90 to 1.22 ) , myocardial infa rct ion ( 532 vs. 524 ; relative risk , 1.02 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.90 to 1.15 ) , or stroke ( 209 vs. 180 ; relative risk , 1.17 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.95 to 1.42 ) . There were also no significant differences in the incidence of secondary cardiovascular outcomes or in death from any cause . There were no significant adverse effects of vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS In patients at high risk for cardiovascular events , treatment with vitamin E for a mean of 4.5 years had no apparent effect on cardiovascular outcomes BACKGROUND Increase in obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with increases in insulin resistance ( IR ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus . Results from animal intervention studies and human epidemiological studies suggest that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can prevent and reverse IR , but results from human intervention studies have varied . Results from some human and animal studies suggest that docosahexaenoic acid ( 22:6n-3 ; DHA ) may be more effective than eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ; EPA ) in the prevention of IR . METHODS By using a placebo-controlled , parallel study design , we examined the effects of DHA supplementation ( 3 grams/day , 90 days ) in the absence of EPA on glucocentric and lipocentric markers of IR in hypertriglyceridemic men ( n=14 - 17/group ) . RESULTS DHA supplementation increased fasting plasma glucose concentration by 4.7 % ( P<0.05 ) , but did not alter other indices of IR based on fasting ( insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [ HOMA-IR ] ) or postpr and ial insulin and glucose concentrations ( areas under curves for insulin and glucose , Matsuda index ) . Glucose increased by 2.7 % in the placebo group and was not significant ; increases in glucose in the two groups did not differ from each other . DHA decreased circulating concentrations of several lipocentric markers of IR , including plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids ( 13.0 % ) , small , dense low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) particles ( 21.7 % ) , and ratio of tryglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TG/HDL-C ) ( 34.0 % ) ( P<0.05 ) . None of the variables changed in the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that lipocentric markers of IR are more responsive to DHA supplementation than the glucocentric markers . Future studies with  DHA  in prediabetic subjects and direct measures of insulin sensitivity are needed OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term ( 6-month ) effects of moderate fish oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study has been performed according to a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled design with a parallel group sequence . After a washout period of 4 weeks and a run-in period of 3 weeks , 16 NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia ( triglyceride [ TG ] , 2.25–5.65 mmol/l ) were r and omly assigned to either fish oil ( 2.7 g/day eicosapentaenoic plus docosahexaenoic acid for 2 months , then 1.7 g/day for 4 more months ) ( n = 8) or placebo ( n = 8) .  Diet and hypoglycemic drugs remained unchanged throughout the whole experiment . At baseline and after 6 months , insulin sensitivity was measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp ( insulin infused , 2.0 mIU · kg−1 body wt · min−1 ) . At the same time , blood glucose control , fasting and postpr and ial serum insulin and nonesterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) concentrations , and fasting plasma lipoprotein concentrations were evaluated . RESULTS In the group treated with ffish oil compared with the baseline , there was : 1 ) a significant reduction in both plasma TG ( 2.92 ± 0.23 vs. 3.85 ± 0.32 [ mean ± SE ] mmol/l , P < 0.001 ) and VLDL-TG ( 2.35 ± 0.24 vs. 4.25 ± 0.66 mmol/l , P < 0.01 ) , without significant changes in blood glucose control ; 2 ) a significant reduction in fasting NEFA concentrations ( 572 ± 100 vs. 825 ± 131 μmol/l , P < 0.01 ) ; and 3 ) a significant enrichment in long-chain ω-3 fatty acids of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids . In the placebo group , there were no changes in any of the variables analyzed . The insulin-mediated glucose uptake was unchanged in both groups ( fish oil , 4.04 ± 0.82 mg · kg−1 · min−1 at baseline and 3.96 ± 0.50 mg · kg−1 · min−1 at 6 months ; placebo , 3.51 ± 0.62 mg · kg−1 · min−1 at baseline and 4.09 ± 0.49 mg · kg−1 · min−1 at 6 months ) . CONCLUSIONS In NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia , moderate amounts of fish oil induce a long-term significant reduction in plasma triglycerides , VLDL triglycerides , and NEFA and a significant enrichment in the erythrocyte phospholipid content of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids , without deteriorating blood glucose control . However , this amount of ω-3 fatty acids was unable to improve insulin sensitivity in this group of patients BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reducing cardiovascular risks are well documented . However , the relative effect on some markers of macrophage activation and vascular function is unclear . OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched fish oil on the marker of monocyte/macrophage activation factor soluble CD163 , asymmetric dimethyl arginine ( ADMA ) , and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS In this double-blind r and omized controlled trial , 72 type 2 diabetic patients with an age between 30 - 70 years and body mass index ( BMI ) of 18.5 to 40 kg/m(2 ) were r and omly assigned to receive 2.4-g DHA-enriched fish oil or placebo per day for 8 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , biochemical , and body composition analyses were assessed at baseline and end of study . Analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) was conducted by controlling for possible confounders to assess between-group differences . RESULTS Serum levels of sCD163 , triglycerides , waist circumference ( WC ) , and weight to height ratio ( WHtR ) decreased significantly in the fish oil group when compared with the control group . Serum ADMA concentration decreased in the fish oil group with no significant between-group differences . Controlling for confounders revealed that the differences observed in sCD163 , triglycerides , WC , and WHtR remained statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS Short-time fish oil supplementation decreased serum sCD163 , triglycerides levels , WC , and WHtR  in T2DM patients . Because of the positive relationship between sCD163 levels and some T2DM and obesity-related complications , it seems that DHA can be considered as a key intervention in obesity and T2DM OBJECTIVE Offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes ( OPDs ) exhibits endothelial dysfunction ( ED ) associated with a chronic inflammatory state . N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic health . Therefore , in the present study , we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in n-3 PUFA may improve ED in otherwise healthy OPDs . METHODS AND DESIGN A double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 50 OPDs . Participants were r and omized to treatment with either placebo or n-3 PUFA ( 2g/day ) for 12 weeks . Before and after treatment we evaluated endothelial function ( using flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ) , circulating inflammatory markers ( adiponectin , TNF-alpha , and high sensitivity-CRP ) , and insulin resistance ( QUICKI ) . RESULTS No significant changes were observed in study outcomes in subjects treated with placebo . By contrast , when compared with baseline values , subjects treated with n-3 PUFA had significant improvement in FMD ( 9.1+/-5.8 % vs. 11.7+/-4.4 % , p=0.02 ) that was accompanied by decreased plasma triglycerides ( 117+/-73mg/dl vs. 86+/-44mg/dl , p=0.001 ) and TNF-alpha levels ( 8.9+/-2.3pg/ml vs. 6.8+/-2.7pg/ml , p=0.001 ) , and a trend towards increased plasma adiponectin levels ( 7.8+/-4.5microg/ml vs. 9.5+/-5.1microg/ml , p=0.09 ) . When data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis , decreased TNF-alpha after treatment with n-3 PUFA predicted increased FMD . CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA significantly improved endothelial function and reduced pro-inflammatory markers in OPDs . Thus , fish oil consumption may have beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic health effects in otherwise healthy subjects predisposed to diabetes and its vascular complications OBJECTIVE The beneficial effects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) consumption on atherosclerosis have been reported in numerous epidemiological studies . However , to the best of our knowledge , the effects of a fish-based diet intervention on endothelial function have not been investigated . Therefore , we studied these effects in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . MATERIAL S/ METHODS Twenty-three postmenopausal women with T2DM were assigned to two four-week periods of either a fish-based diet ( n-3 PUFAs ≧ 3.0 g/day ) or a control diet in a r and omized crossover design . Endothelial function was measured with reactive hyperemia using strain-gauge plethysmography and compared with the serum levels of fatty acids and their metabolites . Endothelial function was determined with peak forearm blood flow ( Peak ) , duration of reactive hyperemia ( Duration ) and flow debt repayment ( FDR ) . RESULTS A fish-based dietary intervention  improved Peak by 63.7 % , Duration by 27.9 % and FDR by 70.7 % , compared to the control diet . Serum n-3 PUFA levels increased after the fish-based diet period and decreased after the control diet , compared with the baseline ( 1.49 vs. 0.97 vs. 1.19 mmol/l , p < 0.0001 ) . There was no correlation between serum n-3 PUFA levels and endothelial function . An increased ratio of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid/dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid was observed after a fish-based diet intervention , possibly due to the inhibition of the activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase . CONCLUSIONS A fish-based dietary intervention  improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with T2DM . Dissociation between the serum n-3 PUFA concentration and endothelial function suggests that the other factors may contribute to this phenomenon
target: Conclusions Short-term fish oil supplementation is associated with increasing the insulin sensitivity among those people with metabolic disorders
background: Background Fish oil supplementation has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and benefit a wide range of chronic diseases , such as cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes and several types of cancers .
  However , the evidence of fish oil supplementation on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity is still controversial .
  This meta- analysis summarized the exist evidence of the relationship between fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity and aim ed to evaluate whether fish oil supplementation could improve insulin sensitivity .