title: Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of dietary black sesame meal in pre-hypertensive humans Antihypertensive effects of sesamin in humans. Sesame supplementation does not improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women. The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Sesame oil consumption exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function in hypertensive men Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Effects of vitamin E on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP)--Hypertension study. The effect of vitamin E on blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Effect of sesame seed on lipid profile and redox status in hyperlipidemic patients A pilot study of open label sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics. Effect of Sesame Oil on Diuretics or ß-blockers in the Modulation of Blood Pressure, Anthropometry, Lipid Profile, and Redox Status
abstract: Animal studies suggest that the 2 major omega3 fatty acids found in fish , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , may have differential effects on blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate ( HR ) . The aim of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of purified EPA or DHA on ambulatory BP and HR in humans . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 overweight , mildly hyperlipidemic men were r and omized to 4 g/d of purified EPA , DHA , or olive oil ( placebo ) capsules and continued their usual diets for 6 weeks . Fifty-six subjects completed the study . Only DHA reduced 24-hour and daytime ( awake ) ambulatory BP ( P<0.05 ) . Relative to the placebo group , 24-hour BP fell 5.8/3.3 ( systolic/diastolic ) mm Hg and daytime BP fell 3.5/2.0 mm Hg with DHA . DHA also significantly reduced 24-hour , daytime , and nighttime ( asleep ) ambulatory HRs ( P=0 . 001 ) . Relative to the placebo group , DHA reduced 24-hour HR by 3 . 5+/-0.8 bpm , daytime HR by 3.7+/-1.2 bpm , and nighttime HR by 2 . 8+/-1.2 . EPA had no significant effect on ambulatory BP or HR . Supplementation with EPA increased plasma phospholipid EPA from 1 . 66+/-0.07 % to 9.83+/-0.06 % ( P<0.0001 ) but did not change DHA levels . Purified DHA capsules increased plasma phospholipid DHA levels from 4.00+/-0.27 % to 10.93+/-0.62 % ( P<0.0001 ) and led to a small , nonsignificant increase in EPA ( 1.52+/-0.12 % to 2.26+/-0.16 % ) . Purified DHA but not EPA reduced ambulatory BP and HR in mildly hyperlipidemic men . The results of this study suggest that DHA is the principal omega3 fatty acid in fish and fish oils that is responsible for their BP- and HR-lowering effects in humans . These results have important implication s for human nutrition and the food industry Background It has been known that hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries . Elevation of blood pressure ( BP ) increases the adverse effect for cardiovascular outcomes . Prevention of increased BP plays a crucial role in a reduction of those outcomes , leading to a decrease in mortality . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary black sesame meal on BP and oxidative stress in individuals with prehypertension . Methods Twenty-two women and eight men ( aged 49.8 ± 6.6 years ) with prehypertension were r and omly divided into two groups , 15 subjects per group . They ingested 2.52 g black sesame meal capsules or placebo capsules each day for 4 weeks . Blood sample s were obtained after overnight fasting for measurement of plasma lipid , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and vitamin E levels . Anthropometry , body composition and BP were measured before and after 4-week administration of black sesame meal or a placebo . Results The results showed that 4-week administration of black sesame meal significantly decreased systolic BP ( 129.3 ± 6.8 vs. 121.0 ± 9.0 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) and MDA level ( 1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol/L , P < 0.05 ) , and increased vitamin E level ( 29.4 ± 6.0 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 μmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . In the black sesame meal group , the change in SBP tended to be positively related to the change in MDA ( R = 0.50 , P = 0.05 ) , while the change in DBP was negatively related to the change in vitamin E ( R = -0.55 , P < 0.05 ) . There were no correlations between changes in BP and oxidative stress in the control group . Conclusions These results suggest the possible antihypertensive effects of black sesame meal on improving antioxidant status and decreasing oxidant stress . These data may imply a beneficial effect of black sesame meal on prevention of CVD Sesamin , one of the lignans contained in sesame , has been considered to have medicinal effects . It has been reported that sesamin suppressed the development of hypertension in rats . In this study , using a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effect of 4-wk administration of sesamin on blood pressure ( BP ) in mildly hypertensive humans . Twenty-five middle-aged subjects with mild hypertension were divided into two groups , matched by age and body mass index . Twelve subjects were allocated to 4-wk intake of capsules with 60 mg sesamin per day and 13 subjects to 4-wk intake of a placebo ( period 1 ) . After a 4-wk washout period , the subjects received the alternative administration for 4 wk ( period 2 ) . BP decreased with statistical significance with the administration of sesamin ( systolic : 137.6+/-2.2 to 134.1+/-1.7 mmHg , p=0.044 , diastolic : 87.7+/-1.3 to 85.8+/-1.0 mmHg , p=0.045 ) , but little changed with the placebo ( systolic : 135.0+/-1.8 to 135.1+/-1.7 mmHg , diastolic : 85.9+/-1.2 to 86.6+/-1.2 mmHg ) . In conclusion , 4-wk administration of 60 mg sesamin significantly decreased BP by an average of 3.5 mmHg systolic BP and 1.9 mmHg diastolic BP . These results suggest that sesamin has an antihypertensive effect in humans . Epidemiological studies suggested that a 2 - 3 mmHg decrease in BP reduces the rate of cardiovascular diseases ; therefore , it is considered that BP reduction achieved by sesamin may be meaningful to prevent cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women We examined the effects of high-dosage vitamin E treatment over a 12-month period on the vascular reactivity of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Subjects ( n = 89 ) were r and omized to vitamin E ( 1,800 IU daily ) or placebo and were followed for 12 months . High-resolution ultrasound images were used to measure the flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ; endothelium dependent ) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation ( NID ; endothelium independent ) of the brachial artery . Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure vascular reactivity in the forearm skin . Left ventricular function was evaluated using transthoracic echocardiogram . At the end of the 6-month period , a worsening in endothelium-dependent skin vasodilation ( P = 0.02 ) and rise in endothelin levels ( P = 0.01 ) were found in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . At the end of the 12-month period , a worsening was observed in NID ( P = 0.02 ) and a marginal worsening was seen in systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.04 ) and FMD ( P = 0.04 ) in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . In addition C-reactive protein levels decreased marginally in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.05 ) . No changes were observed in left ventricular function . We concluded that long-term treatment with 1,800 IU of vitamin E has no beneficial effects on endothelial or left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Because vitamin E-treated patients had a worsening in some vascular reactivity measurements when compared with control subjects , the use of high dosages of vitamin E can not be recommended Background : The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sesame oil on endothelial function and to detect the underlying mechanisms , both in the postpr and ial state and after long-term consumption . Design : We enrolled 30 hypertensive men in a two-phase study . In the first phase , 26 volunteers consumed 35 g of either sesame oil or control oil .  Endothelial function , inflammatory activation and nitric oxide syntase ( NOS ) inhibition was assessed after a 12-hour fast and 2 hours after consumption of an oil-containing st and ardized meal . In the second phase , 30 volunteers consumed 35 g of sesame oil or control oil daily for 2 months and the above-mentioned parameters were assessed at baseline , 15 , 30 and 60 days . Methods : Endothelial function was estimated by endothelium-dependent FMD ( flow-mediated dilatation ) of the brachial artery . Results : Flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) improved significantly both after acute ( p = 0.001 ) and long-term sesame oil consumption ( p = 0.015 , p = 0.005 and p = 0.011 for 15 , 30 and 60 days respectively ) . Intracellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) levels decreased significantly after only 60 days of daily sesame oil intake ( p = 0.014 ) . By contrast , no changes were observed in the control group in either phase of the study . Conclusions : This is the first study to show that sesame oil consumption exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function and this effect is sustained with long-term daily use Several studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) are able to lower blood pressure ( BP ) in humans , but large doses of fish oils have been often used . Moreover , most of the studies available in the literature were not able to evaluate the specific effects of n-3 PUFA because they employed fish oils which contain , together with n-3 PUFA , many other different components . The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate if medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ethyl esters is able to reduce BP in mild hypertensive patients . Sixteen mild essential hypertensive ( diastolic BP : 95 - 104 mm Hg ) , non-diabetic , normolipidemic male out patients and 16 normotensive male controls were recruited to participate in the study . Both hypertensive and control subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either EPA and DHA ethyl esters ( 2.04 g EPA and 1.4 g DHA ) as active treatment or olive oil ( 4 g/day ) as a placebo for a period of 4 months . These subjects were followed up with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and blood chemistry analyses at 2 and 4 months of treatment and 2 months after its discontinuation . The intake of n-3 PUFA was checked by red blood cell ( RBC ) phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) fatty acid composition . The effect of n-3 PUFA on BP in the active group was maximum after 2 months . Both systolic ( -6 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) and diastolic ( -5 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) BP significantly decreased during the n-3 PUFA ethyl ester supplementation . No further effect was observed at 4 months with a return to baseline values during the recovery period . These data indicate that 4 g/day of highly purified EPA + DHA ethyl esters are able to favorably affect BP in mild hypertensives A r and omized controlled open trial studied the effect of vitamin E supplementation ( 300 mg/day ) on clinic and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure ( BP ) in 142 treated hypertensive patients . After 12 weeks , clinic BP decreased whether or not patients were r and omized to vitamin E.  Ambulatory BP showed no change in systolic BP and a small decrease in diastolic BP ( -1.6 mm Hg , 95 % confidence intervals from -2.8 to -0.4 mm Hg ) , approaching statistical significance in comparison to the control group ( P = .06 ) . Vitamin E supplementation thus seems to have no clinical ly relevant effect on BP in hypertensive patients already under controlled treatment Objective Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetes , hypertension and vascular dysfunction . Vitamin E , a major lipid-soluble dietary antioxidant , has two major dietary forms , α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol . The potential importance of γ-tocopherol has largely been overlooked . Our aim was to investigate the effect of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol supplementation on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate , vascular function and oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Method Fifty-eight individuals with type 2 diabetes were r and omized in a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Participants were r and omized to a daily dose of 500 mg/day RRR-α-tocopherol , 500 mg/day mixed tocopherols ( 60 % γ-tocopherol ) or placebo for 6 weeks . Primary endpoints were 24-h ambulatory BP and heart rate , endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation and plasma and urinary F2-isoprostanes . Results Treatment with α-tocopherol significantly increased systolic BP [ 7.0 ( 5.2 , 8.8 ) mmHg , P < 0.0001 ] , diastolic BP [ 5.3 ( 4.0 , 6.5 ) mmHg , P < 0.0001 ] , pulse pressure [ 1.8 ( 0.6 , 3.0 ) mmHg , P < 0.005 ] and heart rate [ 2.0 ( 0.6 , 3.3 ) bpm , P < 0.005 ] versus placebo . Treatment with mixed tocopherols  significantly increased systolic BP [ 6.8 ( 4.9 , 8.6 ) mmHg , P < 0.0001 ] , diastolic BP [ 3.6 ( 2.3 , 4.9 ) mmHg , P < 0.0001 ] , pulse pressure [ 3.2 ( 2.0 , 4.4 ) mmHg , P < 0.0001 ] and heart rate [ 1.8 ( 0.5 , 3.2 ) bpm , P < 0.01 ] versus placebo . Treatment with α-tocopherol or mixed tocopherols  significantly reduced plasma F2-isoprostanes versus placebo , but had no effect on urinary F2-isoprostanes . Endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation was not affected by either treatment . Conclusion In contrast to our initial hypothesis , treatment with either α- or mixed tocopherols  significantly increased BP , pulse pressure and heart rate in individuals with type 2 diabetes Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of sesame on reducing serum lipids and enhancing antioxidant capacity in 38 hyperlipidemic patients who were divided into two groups r and omly . For all individuals along the 60 days of study period , the same drug treatments were considered . Intervention group patients were supposed to eat 40 g white sesame seeds daily , and instead of these calories , 240 kcal was removed from their diet . Anthropometric measurements including height , weight and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured . We assessed lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione peroxidase ( GPX ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) before and after the intervention . Significant differences among and between the groups were determined by independent t-test and paired sample t-test using 13th version of statistical package for the social sciences . The results showed that the diet with sesame significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and TC/HDL-C ratio . Lipid peroxidation ( TBARS ) decreased while the activities of GPX and SOD were increased . There were no significant changes in anthropometric indexes such as weight and BMI after consumption of sesame . The results suggested that sesame seed supplementation decreased serum TC , LDL-C and lipid peroxidation , and increased antioxidant status in hyperlipidemic patients The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics medicated with atenolol ( beta-blocker ) and glibenclamide ( sulfonylurea ) .  This open label trial with two intervention periods comprised 22 male and 18 female patients , 45 - 65 years old , with mild to moderate hypertension and diabetes .  Sesame oil ( Idhayam Gingelly oil , V.V.V. & Sons , Virudhunagar , Tamilnadu , India ) was supplied to the patients , who were instructed to use it in place of other cooking oils for 45 days . Blood pressure ( BP ) , anthropometric measurements , plasma glucose , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , lipid profiles [ total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglycerides ( TG ) ] , lipid peroxidation [ thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ) ] , electrolytes ( sodium , potassium , and chloride ) , and enzymic ( superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and catalase ) and nonenzymic ( vitamin C , vitamin E , beta-carotene , and reduced glutathione ) antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution . The same patients were then switched over to other oils like palm or groundnut oils as their regular oils at r and om for another 45 days , and the investigations were carried out again at the end . Systolic and diastolic BP decreased remarkably . When oil substitution was withdrawn , BP values rose again . Body weight , body mass index , girth of waist , girth of hip , and waist : hip ratio were reduced upon substitution of sesame oil .  Plasma glucose , HbA1c , TC , LDL-C , and TG were decreased . TBARS level was reduced , while the activities of enzymic and the levels of nonenzymic antioxidants were increased . Plasma sodium levels were reduced , while potassium levels were elevated . These results indicate that substitution of sesame oil as the sole edible oil has an additive effect in further lowering BP and plasma glucose in hypertensive diabetics The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive patients who were on antihypertensive therapy either with diuretics ( hydrochlorothiazide ) or ß-blockers ( atenolol ) . Thirty-two male and 18 female patients aged 35 to 60 years old were supplied sesame oil ( Idhayam gingelly oil ) and instructed to use it as the only edible oil for 45 days . Blood pressure , anthropometry , lipid profile , lipid peroxidation , and enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution . Substitution of sesame oil brought down systolic and diastolic blood pressure to normal . The same patients were asked to withdraw sesame oil consumption for another 45 days , and the measurements were repeated at the end of withdrawal period . Withdrawal of sesame oil substitution brought back the initial blood pressure values . A significant reduction was noted in body weight and body mass index ( BMI ) upon sesame oil substitution . No significant alterations were observed in lipid profile except triglycerides . Plasma levels of sodium reduced while potassium elevated upon the substitution of sesame oil .  Lipid peroxidation ( thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [ TBARS ] ) decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , and the levels of vitamin C , vitamin E , ß-carotene , and reduced glutathione ( GSH ) were increased . The results suggested that sesame oil as edible oil lowered blood pressure , decreased lipid peroxidation , and increased antioxidant status in hypertensive patients
target: The two articles that evaluated individuals with dyslipidemia showed improvement in lipid profile .
  The mechanisms of action are still being studied .
background: ABSTRACT In this systematic review , we discuss the scientific evidence about the effect of dietary intake of seeds and sesame derivatives on lipid profile and blood pressure ( BP ) of hypertensive and dyslipidemic individuals .