title: Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women Freeze-dried powdered yacon: effects of FOS on serum glucose, lipids and intestinal transit in the elderly An analysis of randomized trials evaluating the effect of cholesterol reduction on total mortality and coronary heart disease incidence. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Addition of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet reduces hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in humans. Consumption of fructooligosaccharides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides does not affect basal hepatic glucose production or insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics. Inulin-enriched pasta affects lipid profile and Lp(a) concentrations in Italian young healthy male volunteers The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects. The effect of the daily intake of inulin on fasting lipid, insulin and glucose concentrations in middle-aged men and women. The inclusion of a partial meal replacement with or without inulin to a calorie restricted diet contributes to reach recommended intakes of micronutrients and decrease plasma triglycerides: A randomized clinical trial in obese Mexican women. Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with a fos enriched cookie on saciety and cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients. Effect of rectal infusion of short chain fatty acids in human subjects. Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity. Effects of high performance inulin supplementation on glycemic status and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The effect of ingestion of inulin on blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy females. Effect of nondigestible oligosaccharides on large-bowel functions, blood lipid concentrations and glucose absorption in young healthy male subjects Long-term administration of inulin-type fructans has no significant lipid-lowering effect in normolipidemic humans. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults.
abstract: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Abstract Background and aims Freeze-dried powdered yacon ( FDY ) can be considered a prebiotic product due to its fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) content . The effect of 9 weeks of daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS on glucose , lipid metabolism and intestinal transit in a group of elderly people was investigated . Methods Seventy-two elderly ( mean age 67.11 ± 6.11 ) men and women were studied for 9 weeks in a double-blind , placebo-controlled experiment . They were r and omly assigned to the supplement group ( which received 7.4 g of FOS as FDY ) or the control group . At the beginning and end of the study , anthropometric measurements , blood sampling , clinical analyses and dietary intake were assessed . Results A daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS for 9 weeks was associated with a mean decrease in serum glucose ( p = 0.013 ) , but supplementation did not reduce serum lipids in the study group . The administered dose did not adversely affect intestinal transit . It did not cause bloating , flatulence or intestinal discomfort . Conclusion Freeze-dried powdered yacon is a good source of FOS , and daily consumption can have a favourable effect on serum glucose in the elderly . It is also practical , easy and safe to use and store The primary aim of this study was to estimate the relation between cholesterol reduction and total mortality and coronary heart disease ( CHD ) incidence . Secondarily , the clinical issues of whether the efficacy of cholesterol lowering is dependent on the treatment modality , presence of CHD at baseline , or the simultaneous introduction of other interventions was explored . All r and omized clinical intervention trials of cholesterol reduction were used in an overview analysis of total mortality rate and CHD incidence ; analysis was performed with weighted linear regression . The trials include those that used primary and secondary intervention , diet and drugs , and single or multifactor design .  Nineteen trials were analyzed for total mortality , and of the 19 , 16 were analyzed for CHD incidence rate .  Net difference in cholesterol change between study groups was used as the independent variable , and the three previously mentioned dichotomous design characteristics were used as additional independent variables . For every 1 % reduction in cholesterol , an estimated 2.5 % reduction in CHD incidence is indicated ( 95 % CL : 1.1 , 3.9 ) . With regard to CHD drug trials tended toward better efficiency in cholesterol lowering than did dietary trials . With regard to total mortality , this efficiency was higher in secondary than in primary preventive trials . The efficiency was also somewhat dependent on the baseline cholesterol level . This study shows that cholesterol reduction is effective in lowering CHD incidence , but cholesterol reduction must be at least 8 - 9 % to be effective in lowering total mortality BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that gut microbiota deviations predispose toward energy storage and obesity . OBJECTIVE We wanted to establish whether early gut microbiota composition can guide weight development throughout early childhood . DESIGN Overweight and obese children ( n = 25 ) were selected from a prospect i ve follow-up study at the age of 7 y and identified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria . Normal-weight children ( n = 24 ) were selected from the same cohort and matched for gestational age and body mass index at birth , mode of delivery , probiotic supplementation  , duration of breastfeeding , use of antibiotics during infancy , and frequencies of atopic diseases and atopic sensitization . Early fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) with microscopic and flow cytometry detection and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) . RESULTS The bifidobacterial numbers in fecal sample s during infancy , as assessed by the FISH with flow cytometry , were higher in children remaining normal weight , [ median : 2.19 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( interquartile range : 1.10 - 5.28 x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ] than in children becoming overweight [ 1.20 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( 0.48 - 1.59x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.02 ] . A similar tendency was found by FISH with microscopic detection and qRT-PCR . The microbiota aberrancy during infancy in children becoming overweight was also associated with a greater number of Staphylococcus aureus [ 0.64 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.33 - 1.00 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ] than in children remaining normal weight [ 0.27 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.17 - 0.50 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.013 ] . CONCLUSION Aberrant compositional development of the gut microbiota precedes overweight , offering new possibilities for preventive and therapeutic applications in weight management BACKGROUND A high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet is recommended for the prevention of atherosclerosis , because it reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations . However , such a diet can increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations -- an undesirable side effect . The addition of nondigestible carbohydrate could reduce the risk of elevated triacylglycerol concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether the addition of a moderate dose of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet would decrease hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and have a cholesterol-lowering action . DESIGN Eight healthy subjects were studied twice in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study after consuming for 3 wk a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet ( 55 % of total energy ) plus an oral placebo or 10 g high-performance inulin/d .  Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis ( deuterated water method ) , plasma lipid concentrations , fatty acid synthase , acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 , and sterol responsive element binding protein 1c messenger RNA concentrations were measured in adipose tissue at the end of the 2 diet periods . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis were lower after inulin than after placebo ingestion ( P < 0.05 ) , but cholesterol synthesis and plasma cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups . None of the adipose tissue messenger RNA concentrations changed significantly after inulin ingestion . CONCLUSIONS The addition of high-performance inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet has a beneficial effect on plasma lipids by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations . These results support the use of nondigestible carbohydrate for reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Background Inulin has been suggested to have beneficial effects on lipids , especially on triglyceridemia . Few data are available about the effects of inulin on Lipoprotein(a ) , a low-density lipoprotein-like particle considered as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis . Adding inulin to pasta could be a preventive strategy for delaying the onset of atherosclerosis . Aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of inulin-enriched pasta on lipid profile and on Lipoprotein(a ) in young healthy subjects . Methods Twenty-two young healthy male volunteers entered a r and omized double blind cross-over study consisting of a 2-weeks run-in period , a baseline assessment , two 5-weeks study periods ( 11 % inulin-enriched or control pasta ) , and an 8-weeks wash-out period in between . Serum lipid concentrations were evaluated by routine biochemical analyses and plasma Lipoprotein(a ) concentrations by ELISA . The size of apolipoprotein(a ) isoforms was determined by Western blot and immunodetection . Results Significant differences at baseline and in the treatment groups were found for HDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.004 ) , total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio ( P = 0.006 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.04 ) , and Lipoprotein(a ) ( P = 0.02 ) concentrations ( data analyzed by Friedman test ) . Dunn ’s multiple comparison test was used to assess the significance of differences between inulin-enriched pasta diet vs. baseline . HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased by 35.9 % ; total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio , triglycerides , and Lipoprotein(a ) concentrations decreased by 22.2 , 23.4 , and 16.5 % respectively . Conclusions Inulin-enriched pasta administration induced significant effects on lipid pattern parameters in young healthy volunteers , including a significant reduction in Lipoprotein(a ) concentrations It is thought that diets high in dietary fibre are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes  , at least in part because the short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) produced during the colonic fermentation of fibre beneficially influence circulating concentrations of free-fatty acids ( FFAs ) and gut hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose and body mass . However , there is a paucity of data showing this sequence of events in humans . Thus , our objective was to determine the effect of the fermentable fibre inulin on postpr and ial glucose , insulin , SCFA , FFA , and gut hormone responses in healthy subjects . Overnight fasted healthy subjects ( n = 12 ) were studied for 6 h after consuming 400 mL drinks , containing 80 g high-fructose corn syrup ( 80HFCS ) , 56 g HFCS ( 56HFCS ) , or 56 g HFCS plus 24 g inulin ( Inulin ) , using a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design . A st and ard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink . Glucose and insulin responses after Inulin did not differ significantly from those after 80HFCS or 56HFCS . Serum acetate , propionate , and butyrate were significantly higher after Inulin than after HFCS drinks from 4 - 6 h. FFAs fell at a similar rate after all 3 test drinks , but were lower after Inulin than after 56HFCS at 4 h ( 0.40 + /- 0.06 vs. 0.51 + /- 0.06 mmol*L-1 ; p < 0.05 ) . Compared with 56HFCS , Inulin significantly increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations at 30 min , and reduced ghrelin at 4.5 h and 6 h. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary fibre increases the production of colonic SCFAs , which may reduce type 2 diabetes risk by reducing postpr and ial FFAs and favorably affecting gut hormones , which regulate food intake The present study was carried out to examine the effect of the daily intake of 10 g inulin on fasting blood lipid , glucose and insulin levels in healthy middle-aged men and women with moderately raised total plasma cholesterol ( TC ) and triacylglycerol ( TAG ) levels .  This study was a double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled parallel study in which fifty-four middle-aged subjects received either inulin or placebo for a period of 8 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were collected before the supplementation period ( baseline sample s 1 and 2 , separated by 1 week ) and at weeks 4 and 8 , with a follow-up at week 12 . Compared with baseline values , insulin concentrations were significantly lower at 4 weeks ( P < 0.01 ) in the inulin group . There was a trend for TAG values , compared with baseline , to be lower in the inulin group at 8 weeks ( P < 0.08 ) returning to baseline concentrations at week 12 . On comparison of the inulin and placebo groups , the fasting TAG responses over the 8-week test period were shown to be significantly different ( P < 0.05 , repeated measures ANOVA ) , which was largely due to lower plasma TAG levels in the inulin group at week 8 . The percentage change in TAG levels in the inulin group during the 8-week study was shown to correlate with the initial TAG level of the subjects ( rs -0.499 , P = 0.004 ) . We therefore conclude that the daily addition of 10 g inulin to the diet significantly reduced fasting insulin concentrations during the 8-week test period and result ed in lower plasma TAG levels , particularly in subjects in whom fasting TAG levels were greater than 1.5 mmol/l . These data support findings from animal studies that fructans influence the formation and /or degradation of TAG-rich lipoprotein particles , and the insulin data are also consistent with recent studies showing attenuation of insulin levels in fructan-treated rats Background Obesity is a major public health problem in many poor countries where micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent . A partial meal replacement may be an effective strategy to decrease obesity and increase micronutrient intake in such population s. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a partial meal replacement with and without inulin on weight reduction , blood lipids and micronutrients intake in obese Mexican women . Methods In a r and omized controlled clinical trial 144 women ( 18–50 y ) with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 , were allocated into one of the following treatments during 3 months : 1 ) Two doses/d of a partial meal replacement ( PMR ) , 2 ) Two doses/d of PMR with inulin ( PMR + I ) , 3 ) Two doses/d of 5 g of inulin ( INU ) and 4 ) Control group ( CON ) . All groups received a low calorie diet ( LCD ) . Weight , height , hip and waist circumference were measured every 2 weeks and body composition , lipids and glucose concentration and nutrient intake were assessed at baseline and after 3 months . Results All groups significantly reduced weight , BMI , waist and hip circumference . Differences between groups were only observed in BMI and weight adjusted changes : At 45 days PMR group lost more weight than INU and CON groups by 0.9 and 1.2Kg , respectively . At 60 days , PMR + I and PMR groups lost more weight than in INU by 0.7 and 1Kg , respectively . Subjects in PMR , PMR + I and INU significantly decreased triglycerides . Energy intake was reduced in all groups . Fiber intake increased in PMR + I and INU groups . Some minerals and vitamins intakes were higher in PMR and PMR + I compared with INU and CON groups . Conclusion Inclusion of PMR with and without inulin to a LCD had no additional effect on weight reduction than a LCD alone but reduced triglycerides and improved intake of micronutrients during caloric restriction . PMR could be a good alternative for obese population s with micronutrient deficiencies . Clinical Trials . Gov INTRODUCTION It is essential to determine which snack foods are most affective for appetite control . The objective of the current study was to assess the responses of two different cookies on satiety and cardiovascular risk factors . MATERIAL AND METHODS 38 patients were r and omized : group I ( FOS enriched cookie , n=19 ) and group II ( control cookie , n=19 ) . Previous and after 1 month , the subjects rated their feelings of satiety/hunger with a test meal of 5 cookies . RESULTS After the test meal , the basal area under curve of the first hunger/satiety score was higher with satiety cookie than with control cookie , the data after 1 month of treatment was higher with satiety cookie than with control cookie , too . The score was higher than the fasting level for 20 minutes with satiety cookie and for 40 minutes with the same cookie , too . In satiety group , these scores ( 20 min and 40 min ) were higher than control group before and after 1 month of treatment . The results were in the same way with the 100 mm 5-point visual satiety scale . Cardiovascular risk factors and dietary intake remained unchanged after dietary intervention . CONCLUSION A FOS enriched cookie produced greater ratings of satiety than a control cookie , without effects on cardiovascular risk factors or dietary intakes Solutions containing 90 mmol sodium acetate plus 30 mmol sodium propionate ( 90 mM ; isotonic ) , 180 mmol acetate plus 60 mmol propionate ( 180 mM ; hypertonic ) or an equivalent volume of isotonic saline were given over a 30-min period in r and om order by rectal infusion to six healthy subjects .  Peripheral venous blood sample s were obtained at 30-min intervals over the next 2 h. After the 90 mM infusion , the serum acetate response reached a peak at 60 min and had fallen to baseline by 120 min . The incremental area under the serum acetate response curve after 180 mM was twice that after 90 mM. Propionate was undetectable in serum at any time . Blood glucose fell after all of the infusions , but there was no significant difference between the saline- and short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-containing infusions . SCFA had no significant effect on serum insulin or c-peptide concentrations . However , compared with the saline control , the 180 mM solution result ed in a significant fall in serum free-fatty acids ( FFA ) and a significant rise in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride , with no change in beta-hydroxybutyrate levels . The data provide strong evidence that colonic SCFA are absorbed and metabolized in the human subject . The fall in FFA suggests that colonic SCFA have an effect on carbohydrate metabolism . In addition , the data provide indirect evidence for utilization of SCFA for lipid synthesis CONTEXT Combining foods with recognized cholesterol-lowering properties ( dietary portfolio ) has proven highly effective in lowering serum cholesterol under metabolically controlled conditions . OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a dietary portfolio administered at 2 levels of intensity on percentage change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) among participants following self-selected diets . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A parallel- design study of 351 participants with hyperlipidemia from 4 participating academic centers across Canada ( Quebec City , Toronto , Winnipeg , and Vancouver ) r and omized between June 25 , 2007 , and February 19 , 2009 , to 1 of 3 treatments lasting 6 months . INTERVENTION Participants received dietary advice for 6 months on either a low-saturated fat therapeutic diet ( control ) or a dietary portfolio , for which counseling was delivered at different frequencies , that emphasized dietary incorporation of plant sterols , soy protein , viscous fibers , and nuts . Routine dietary portfolio involved 2 clinic visits over 6 months and intensive dietary portfolio involved 7 clinic visits over 6 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage change in serum LDL-C. RESULTS In the modified intention-to-treat analysis of 345 participants , the overall attrition rate was not significantly different between treatments ( 18 % for intensive dietary portfolio , 23 % for routine dietary portfolio , and 26 % for control ; Fisher exact test , P = .33 ) . The LDL-C reductions from an overall mean of 171 mg/dL ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 168 - 174 mg/dL ) were -13.8 % ( 95 % CI , -17.2 % to -10.3 % ; P < .001 ) or -26 mg/dL ( 95 % CI , -31 to -21 mg/dL ; P < .001 ) for the intensive dietary portfolio ; -13.1 % ( 95 % CI , -16.7 % to -9.5 % ; P < .001 ) or -24 mg/dL ( 95 % CI , -30 to -19 mg/dL ; P < .001 ) for the routine dietary portfolio ; and -3.0 % ( 95 % CI , -6.1 % to 0.1 % ; P = .06 ) or -8 mg/dL ( 95 % CI , -13 to -3 mg/dL ; P = .002 ) for the control diet . Percentage LDL-C reductions for each dietary portfolio were significantly more than the control diet ( P < .001 , respectively ) . The 2 dietary portfolio interventions did not differ significantly ( P = .66 ) . Among participants r and omized to one of the dietary portfolio interventions , percentage reduction in LDL-C on the dietary portfolio was associated with dietary adherence ( r = -0.34 , n = 157 , P < .001 ) . CONCLUSION Use of a dietary portfolio compared with the low-saturated fat dietary advice result ed in greater LDL-C lowering during 6 months of follow-up . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00438425 OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of nutrient stimulation of gut hormones by oligofructose supplementation on appetite , energy intake ( EI ) , body weight ( BW ) and adiposity in overweight and obese volunteers . METHODS In a parallel , single-blind and placebo-controlled study , 22 healthy overweight and obese volunteers were r and omly allocated to receive 30 g day(-1 ) oligofructose or cellulose for 6 weeks following a 2-week run-in . Subjective appetite and side effect scores , breath hydrogen , serum short chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) , plasma gut hormones , glucose and insulin concentrations , EI , BW and adiposity were quantified at baseline and post-supplementation . RESULTS Oligofructose increased breath hydrogen ( P < 0.0001 ) , late acetate concentrations ( P = 0.024 ) , tended to increase total area under the curve (tAUC)420 mins peptide YY ( PYY ) ( P = 0.056 ) and reduced tAUC450 mins hunger ( P = 0.034 ) and motivation to eat ( P = 0.013 ) when compared with cellulose . However , there was no significant difference between the groups in other parameters although within group analyses showed an increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) ( P = 0.006 ) in the cellulose group and a decrease in EI during ad libitum meal in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Oligofructose increased plasma PYY concentrations and suppressed appetite , while cellulose increased GLP-1 concentrations . EI decreased in both groups . However , these positive effects did not translate into changes in BW or adiposity BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus , as a noncommunicable disease , is the main public health challenge in the 21st century . The prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for the world population in Iran was 8 % until the year 2010.Lipid levels are considered as important parameters to be evaluated , as high serum lipid levels are often reported as a complication in patients with diabetes mellitus . It is cl aim ed that functional foods may improve complications of diabetes mellitus , so this study was design ed to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin on glycemic status and lipid profile of women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS The study was a r and omized controlled clinical trial . Forty-nine type 2 diabetic females ( fiber intake < 30g/d , 25 < BMI < 35 kg/m2 ) were divided into two groups . Patients in the intervention group ( n=24 ) received 10g/d inulin and patients in the control group ( n=25 ) received 10g/d maltodextrin for 8 weeks .  Glycemic status and lipid profile indices were measured pre and post intervention . Data were analyzed using SPSS software ( verision11.5 ) . Paired , unpaired t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables . RESULTS Supplementation with inulin caused a significant reduction in FBS ( 8.50 % ) , HbA1c ( 10.40 % ) , total cholesterol ( 12.90 % ) , triglyceride ( 23.60 % ) , LDL-c ( 35.30 % ) , LDL-c/HDL-c ratio ( 16.25 % ) and TC/HDL-c ratio ( 25.20 % ) and increased HDL-c ( 19.90 % ) . The changes for the control group parameters were not significant at the end of study . CONCLUSION Inulin may help to control diabetes and its complications via improving glycemic and lipid parameters The effect of a daily intake of 14 g inulin added to a low-fat spread on fasting blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms was investigated in sixty-four young healthy women in a r and omized double-blind crossover study involving two periods of 4 weeks . The test spread with and without inulin replaced habitual spread during the test periods . No significant differences between the test periods in plasma total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were observed . Gastrointestinal symptoms assessed with question naires showed that in the inulin period there was a significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher degree of discomfort from flatulence and other gastrointestinal symptoms than in the control period . In general , there was no indication of intestinal adaptation to this level of intake of inulin Objective : To study the effect of the intake of 15 g nondigestible oligosaccharides per day on various parameters of large-bowel function , as well as on  blood lipid concentrations  and glucose absorption in man . Design : Latin square , r and omized , double-blind , diet-controlled . Setting : Metabolic research unit . Subjects : Twelve apparently healthy men ( mean age 23 years ) , recruited from the Institute ’s pool of volunteers , no drop-outs . Interventions : Four treatment periods of 3 weeks : inulin , fructo-oligosaccharides ( FOS ) , galacto-oligosaccharides ( GOS ) and control ; analyses of stool weight , intestinal transit , faecal pH , short-chain fatty acids , bile acids , faecal enzymes , blood lipids and glucose absorption . Results : As compared to the control treatment : higher concentration of faecal acetate ( inulin and GOS , P<0.05 ) and valerate ( inulin , P<0.05 ) , significantly lower concentration of faecal deoxycholic acid ( inulin and FOS , P<0.05 and P<0.02 , respectively ) and β-glucuronidase activity ( inulin and GOS , P<0.05 and P<0.02 respectively ) . Other changes of faecal parameters and those of blood lipids and glucose absorption were statistically not significant . Conclusions : Results indicate that nondigestible oligosaccharides are ( partly ) fermented in the human colon , but in healthy young men the effects are limited . Also the consumption of 15 g nondigestible oligosaccharides does not seem to alter blood lipid concentrations and glucose absorption in our young healthy adults . Sponsorship : European Union and ORAFTI s.a . , Tienen , Belgium Short-term studies have shown that the addition to diet of inulin-type fructans , a nondigestible carbohydrate , may have a plasma lipid-lowering effect in humans . Whether this beneficial effect persists during long-term administration has not been determined . The study was aim ed at determining whether a prolonged ( 6 months ) administration of inulin-type fructans to healthy subjects has a lipid-lowering action . In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study , 17 healthy subjects were studied before and after 6 months of daily administration of placebo ( 8 subjects ) or 10 g of a mix of inulin and oligofructose ( 9 subjects ) . During this 6-month period , they consumed their usual diet and did not modify their everyday way of life . We measured plasma lipid concentrations ; cholesterol synthesis and hepatic lipogenesis ; and adipose tissue and circulating mononuclear cell messenger RNA concentrations of key regulatory genes of cholesterol metabolism . Compared with the administration of placebo , the administration of inulin-type fructans had no effect on plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis and induced only a nonsignificant trend for decreased plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration . Cholesterol synthesis was not significantly modified . Of all the messenger RNA concentrations measured , none was significantly modified by the administration of inulin-type fructans . In conclusion , contrary to what was observed in short-term studies , we observed no significant beneficial effect of a long-term ( 6-month ) administration of inulin-type fructans on plasma lipids in healthy human subjects Complex gene – environment interactions are considered important in the development of obesity . The composition of the gut microbiota can determine the efficacy of energy harvest from food and changes in dietary composition have been associated with changes in the composition of gut microbial population s. The capacity to explore microbiota composition was markedly improved by the development of metagenomic approaches , which have already allowed production of the first human gut microbial gene catalogue and stratifying individuals by their gut genomic profile into different enterotypes , but the analyses were carried out mainly in non-intervention setting s. To investigate the temporal relationships between food intake , gut microbiota and metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes , we conducted diet-induced weight-loss and weight-stabilization interventions in a study sample of 38 obese and 11 overweight individuals . Here we report that individuals with reduced microbial gene richness ( 40 % ) present more pronounced dys-metabolism and low- grade inflammation , as observed concomitantly in the accompanying paper . Dietary intervention  improves low gene richness and clinical phenotypes , but seems to be less efficient for inflammation variables in individuals with lower gene richness . Low gene richness may therefore have predictive potential for the efficacy of intervention BACKGROUND Rodent studies show that oligofructose promotes weight loss , stimulates satiety hormone secretion , reduces energy intake , and improves lipid profiles . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effects of oligofructose supplementation on body weight and satiety hormone concentrations in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Forty-eight otherwise healthy adults with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 25 were r and omly assigned to receive 21 g oligofructose/d or a placebo ( maltodextrin ) for 12 wk . Body composition ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) ; meal tolerance tests , including satiety hormone response ; food intake ; and subjective appetite ratings were determined . RESULTS There was a reduction in body weight of 1.03 + /- 0.43 kg with oligofructose supplementation , whereas the control group experienced an increase in body weight of 0.45 + /- 0.31 kg over 12 wk ( P = 0.01 ) . A lower area under the curve ( AUC ) for ghrelin ( P = 0.004 ) and a higher AUC for peptide YY ( PYY ) with oligofructose ( P = 0.03 ) coincided with a reduction in self-reported caloric intake ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Glucose decreased in the oligofructose group and increased in the control group between initial and final tests ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Insulin concentrations mirrored this pattern ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Oligofructose supplementation did not affect plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion . According to a visual analog scale design ed to assess side effects , oligofructose was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Independent of other lifestyle changes , oligofructose supplementation has the potential to promote weight loss and improve glucose regulation in overweight adults . Suppressed ghrelin and enhanced PYY may contribute in part to the reduction in energy intake . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00522353
target: Conclusions : In summary , the use of ITF may have benefits for LDL-c reduction across all study population s , whereas HDL-c improvement and glucose control were demonstrated only in the T2DM subgroup .
  Overall , ITF supplementation may provide a novel direction for improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism
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