title: The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation in Increasing Doses on the Control of Type 2 Diabetes Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring Type 2 diabetic patients. Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on selected cardiovascular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Improved Insulin Response and Action by Chronic Magnesium Administration in Aged NIDDM Subjects Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Oral magnesium supplementation in type II diabetic patients Magnesium therapy in type 1 diabetes. A double blind study concerning the effects on kidney function and serum lipid levels. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adults. Hypomagnesemia in Type II Diabetes: Effect of a 3-Month Replacement Therapy Magnesium and ascorbic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Hypomagnesemia occurs in 25–38 % of patients with type 2 diabetes . Several studies have suggested an association between magnesium ( Mg ) depletion and insulin resistance and /or reduction of insulin secretion in these cases . Our purpose was to evaluate if Mg supplementation ( as magnesium oxide [ MgO ] ) would improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 128 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 32 men , 96 women , aged 30–69 years ) , treated by diet or diet plus oral antidiabetic drugs , in the Bahia Federal University Hospital , Brazil . Patients at risk for hypomagnesemia or with reduced renal function were excluded . This study was a clinical r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Patients received either placebo , 20.7 mmol MgO , or 41.4 mmol MgO daily(elementary Mg ) for 30 days . Mg concentrations were measured in plasma , in mononuclear cells , and in 24-h urine sample s. Fasting blood glucose , HbA1 , and fructosamine were used as parameters of metabolic control . RESULTS Of the patients , 47.7 % had low plasma Mg , and 31.1 % had low intramononuclear Mg levels . Intracellular Mg in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than in the normal population ( 62 blood donors ; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μg/mg of total proteins ) . No correlation was found between plasma and intracellular Mg concentrations ( r = −0.179 ; P = 0.15 ) or between Mg concentrations and glycemic control ( r = −0.165 ; P = 0.12 ) . Intracellular Mg levels were lower in patients with peripheral neuropathy than in those without ( 1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . Similar findings were observed in patients with coronary disease ( 1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . In the placebo and in the 20.7 mmol Mg groups , neither a change in plasma and intracellular levels nor an improvement in glycemic control were observed . Replacement with 41.4 mmol Mg tended to increase plasma , cellular , and urine Mg and caused a significant fall ( 4.1 ± 0.8 to 3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/1 ) in fructosamine ( normal , 1.87–2.87 mmol/1 ) . CONCLUSIONS Mg depletion is common in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes , especially in those with neuropathy or coronary disease . More prolonged use of Mg in doses that are higher than usual is needed toestablish its routine or selective administration in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve control or prevent chronic complications Oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity and secretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . We studied the effect of Mg supplementation on glycaemic control , blood pressure , and plasma lipids in insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM . Fifty moderately controlled patients were r and omized to 15 mmol Mg or placebo daily for 3 months . Plasma Mg , glucose , HbA1c , lipids , erythrocyte Mg , Mg and glucose concentrations in 24-h urine , and systolic and diastolic pressure were measured before and after 3 months treatment . Plasma Mg concentration was higher after supplementation than after placebo ( 0.82 + /- 0.07 vs 0.78 + /- 0.08 mmol l(-1 ) , p < 0.05 ) , as was Mg excretion ( 5.5 + /- 1.9 vs 3.7 + /- 1.4 mmol 24 h(-1 ) , p = 0.004 ) but erythrocyte Mg concentrations were similar . No significant differences were found in glycaemic control ( glucose : 10.7 + /- 3.8 vs 11.6 + /- 6.2 mmol l(-1 ) , p = 0.8 ; HbA1c : 8.9 + /- 1.6 vs 9.1 + /- 1.2 % , p = 0.8 ) , lipids or blood pressure . On-treatment analysis ( 34 patients : 18 on Mg , 16 on placebo ) yielded similar results . An increase in plasma Mg concentration irrespective of medication was associated with a tendency to a decrease in diastolic pressure ( increased plasma Mg vs no increase : -4.0 + /- 10.1 vs + 2.5 + /- 12.0 mmHg , p = 0.059 ) . Three months ' oral Mg supplementation of insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM increased plasma Mg concentration and urinary Mg excretion but had no effect on glycaemic control or plasma lipid concentrations BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia AIM This study evaluated the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the reduction of plasma glucose levels in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia . METHODS A total of 116 men and non-pregnant women , aged 30 to 65 years with hypomagnesaemia and newly diagnosed with prediabetes , were enrolled into a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to receive either 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or an inert placebo solution once daily for four months . The primary trial endpoint was the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in reducing plasma glucose levels . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant statistical differences in terms of anthropometric and biochemical variables between individuals in the supplement and placebo groups . At the end of follow-up , fasting ( 86.9 ± 7.9 and 98.3 ± 4.6 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.004 ) and post-load glucose ( 124.7 ± 33.4 and 136.7 ± 23.9 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.03 ) levels , HOMA-IR indices ( 2.85 ± 1.0 and 4.1 ± 2.7 , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and triglycerides ( 166.4 ± 90.6 and 227.0 ± 89.7 , respectively ; P = 0.009 ) were significantly decreased , whereas HDL cholesterol ( 45.6 ± 10.9 and 46.8 ± 9.2 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and serum magnesium ( 1.96 ± 0.27 and 1.60 ± 0.26 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.005 ) levels were significantly increased in those taking MgCl2 compared with the controls . A total of 34 ( 29.4 % ) people improved their glucose status ( 50.8 % and 7.0 % in the magnesium and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.0005 ) . CONCLUSION Our results show that magnesium supplementation reduces plasma glucose levels , and improves the glycaemic status of adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of oral magnesium supplementation on risk factors for end-organ disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . DESIGN A 16-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial . SETTING Outpatient center of an academic family medicine residency program . PATIENTS Twenty-eight patients ( age range , 28 to 84 years ; 57.1 % black ; 85.7 % women ) with NIDDM controlled by diet and /or an oral hypoglycemic , with a serum cholesterol levels over 5.20 mmol/L ( 200 mg/dL ) . INTERVENTION Following a 2-week placebo run-in period , each patient was r and omized to receive either sustained-release magnesium chloride ( Slo-Mag ) , 384 mg/d , or an identical-appearing placebo for 6 weeks . After a 2-week interim washout period , each patient was then treated with the alternative regimen for an additional 6-week period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , and serum and total erythrocyte magnesium were measured at the beginning , midpoint , and end of each 6-week treatment phase . RESULTS Systolic blood pressure fell an average of 7.4 mm Hg ( P < .05 ) with treatment . There was no significant change in diastolic blood pressure or levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , or serum and erythrocyte magnesium . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation in the doses and duration studied is modestly effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients with NIDDM but has little impact on other important biochemical parameters related to diabetes-associated end-organ disease We evaluated the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Twenty-six persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus received 4.5 g magnesium pidolate/d for one month , and 17 persons received placebo . Before and at the end of the treatment period cholesterol concentration , triglycerides , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were evaluated . Chronic magnesium supplementation produced a significant reduction of plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol , and an increase of HDL cholesterol . These results suggest that oral supplementation of magnesium may be useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus In eight aged non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) subjects , insulin response and action were studied before and after chronic magnesium supplementation ( 2 g/day ) to diet . Chronic magnesium supplementation to diet versus placebo produced 7 ) a significant increase in plasma ( 0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.06 mM , P < .05 ) and erythrocyte ( 2.03 ± 0.06 vs. 1.88 ± 0.09 mM , P < .01 ) magnesium levels , 2 ) an increase in acute insulin response ( AIR ) ( 4.0 ± 0.6 vs. - 1 .6 ± 0.6 mU/L , P < .05 ) to glucose pulse , and 3 ) an increase in glucose infusion rate ( GIR ) ( 3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.5 mg kg∼1 min−1 P < .025 ) calculated in the last 60 min of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic ( 100U m2 · min−1 during 180 min ) glucose clamp . Net increase in AIR , glucose disappearance rate after glucose pulse , and GIR were significantly and positively correlated to the net increase in erythrocyte magnesium content calculated after chronic magnesium supplementation to diet . In conclusion , our data suggest that NIDDM subjects may benefit from therapeutic chronic administration of magnesium salts The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of magnesium supplementation on glucose uptake and substrate oxidation in noninsulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetic patients . Nine elderly non-obese noninsulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetic patients , treated by diet only , participated in the study , which was design ed as r and omized , double blind , and cross-over . Each patient was followed up for a pre study period of 3 weeks before inviting him/her to receive placebo or magnesium supplementation ( 15.8 mmol/day ) for 4 weeks . At the end of each treatment period , a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp with simultaneous D-[3 - 3H]glucose infusion and indirect calorimetry was performed . Magnesium supplementation result ed in significantly increased plasma and erythrocyte magnesium levels , whereas body weight and fasting plasma glucose did not change . In the last 60 min of the glucose clamp , insulin-mediated glucose disappearance , total body glucose disposal ( 24.5 + /- 0.4 vs. 28.2 + /- 0.7 mumol/kg.min ; P < 0.005 ) , and glucose oxidation ( 13.0 + /- 0.4 vs. 16.3 + /- 0.8 mumol/kg.min ; P < 0.01 ) were increased after chronic magnesium supplementation . Endogenous glucose production , nonoxidative glucose disposal , lipid and protein oxidation , and insulin MCR were not affected . In conclusion , a 4-week magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and glucose oxidation in the course of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients . Long term studies are needed to determine whether magnesium supplementation is useful in the management of type II diabetes BACKGROUND Experimental studies in animals and cross-sectional studies in humans have suggested that low serum magnesium levels might lead to type 2 diabetes ; however , this association has not been examined prospect ively . METHODS We assessed the risk for type 2 diabetes associated with low serum magnesium level and low dietary magnesium intake in a cohort of nondiabetic middle-aged adults ( N = 12,128 ) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study during 6 years of follow-up .  Fasting serum magnesium level  , categorized into 6 levels , and  dietary magnesium intake  , categorized into quartiles , were measured at the baseline examination . Incident type 2 diabetes was defined by self-report of physician diagnosis , use of diabetic medication , fasting glucose level of at least 7.0 mmol/L ( 126 mg/dL ) , or nonfasting glucose level of at least 11.1 mmol/L ( 200 mg/dL ) . RESULTS Among white participants , a grade d inverse relationship between serum magnesium levels and incident type 2 diabetes was observed . From the highest to the lowest serum magnesium levels , there was an approximate 2-fold increase in incidence rate ( 11.1 , 12.2 , 13.6 , 12.8 , 15.8 , and 22.8 per 1000 person-years ; P = .001 ) . This grade d association remained significant after simultaneous adjustment for potential confounders , including diuretic use . Compared with individuals with serum magnesium levels of 0.95 mmol/L ( 1.90 mEq/L ) or greater , the adjusted relative odds of incident type 2 diabetes rose progressively across the following lower magnesium categories : 1.13 ( 95 % CI , 0.79 - 1.61 ) , 1.20 ( 95 % CI , 0.86 - 1.68 ) , 1.11 ( 95 % CI , 0.80 - 1.56 ) , 1.24 ( 95 % CI , 0.86 - 1.78 ) , and 1.76 ( 95 % CI , 1.18 - 2.61 ) ( for trend , P = .01 ) . In contrast , little or no association was observed in black participants . No association was detected between  dietary magnesium intake  and the risk for incident type 2 diabetes in black or white participants . CONCLUSIONS Among white participants , low serum magnesium level is a strong , independent predictor of incident type 2 diabetes . That low dietary magnesium intake does not confer risk for type 2 diabetes implies that compartmentalization and renal h and ling of magnesium may be important in the relationship between low serum magnesium levels and the risk for type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Magnesium deficiency is associated with poor physical performance , but no trials are available on how magnesium supplementation affects elderly people 's physical performance . OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate whether 12 wk of oral magnesium supplementation can improve physical performance in healthy elderly women . DESIGN In a parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial , 139 healthy women ( mean ± SD age : 71.5 ± 5.2 y ) attending a mild fitness program were r and omly allocated to a treatment group ( 300 mg Mg/d ; n = 62 ) or a control group ( no placebo or intervention ; n = 77 ) by using a computer-generated r and omization sequence , and research ers were blinded to their grouping . After assessment at baseline and again after 12 wk , the primary outcome was a change in the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) ; secondary outcomes were changes in peak torque isometric and isokinetic strength of the lower limbs and h and grip strength . RESULTS A total of 124 participants allocated to the treatment ( n = 53 ) or control ( n = 71 ) group were considered in the final analysis . At baseline , the SPPB scores did not differ between the 2 groups . After 12 wk , the treated group had a significantly better total SPPB score ( Δ = 0.41 ± 0.24 points ; P = 0.03 ) , chair st and times ( Δ = -1.31 ± 0.33 s ; P < 0.0001 ) , and 4-m walking speeds ( Δ = 0.14 ± 0.03 m/s ; P = 0.006 ) than did the control group . These findings were more evident in participants with a magnesium dietary intake lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowance . No significant differences emerged for the secondary outcomes investigated , and no serious adverse effects were reported . CONCLUSIONS Daily magnesium oxide supplementation for 12 wk seems to improve physical performance in healthy elderly women . These findings suggest a role for magnesium supplementation in preventing or delaying the age-related decline in physical performance Background : Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation . It plays an important role in insulin homeostasis and glucose metabolism through multiple enzymatic reactions . With increasing data on magnesium deficiency in diabetic patients and epidemiological studies demonstrating magnesium deficiency as a risk factor for diabetes , it is logical to search for its possible beneficial effects on diabetes control and prevention . We aim ed to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation improves metabolic control , lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with type II diabetes . Methods : Fifty four patients with type II diabetes were included in a r and omized double blind placebocontrolled clinical trial . Patients received either placebo or 300 mg elemental magnesium ( as magnesium sulfate -MgSo4- ) daily , for 3 months . Metabolic control , lipid profile , blood pressure , magnesium status , hepatic enzymes , hemoglobin concentration , and anthropometric indices were determined in the beginning and at the end of the study . Results : Daily administration of 300 mg elemental magnesium for 3 months , significantly improved fasting blood glucose ( 183.9±15.43 to 125.8±6.52 vs. 196.5±28.12 to 136.5±7.94 , p < 0.0001 ) , 2-hour post pr and ial glucose ( 239.1±74.75 to 189.1±60mg/dl vs. 246.4±97.37 to 247.8±86.74mg/dl , p < 0.01 ) , lipid profile , blood pressure and hepatic enzymes . Conclusion : Oral magnesium supplementation with proper dosage has beneficial effects on blood glucose , lipid profile , and blood pressure in patients with type II diabetes To test the hypothesis that magnesium depletion might be of importance for the development of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus we performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study during 12 months with 20 - 30 mmol/day of oral magnesium hydroxide in 28 type 1 diabetic patients .  Urinary albumin excretion , Cr-EDTA-clearance and certain blood cardiovascular risk factors were measured . At the end of the study there were no significant differences of these parameters between the two groups , except that serum triglyceride values increased in three magnesium treated patients who either showed an increase in blood glycosylated hemoglobin values or body weight during the study BACKGROUND AND AIM Little is known about the effect of magnesium on insulin sensitivity and BP in healthy individuals . Therefore , we investigated whether magnesium could improve insulin sensitivity and blood pressure ( BP ) in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight adults . METHODS AND RESULTS In a double-blinded , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial , a total of 155 participants ( BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) ) received either 12.3 mmol ( 300 mg ) of elemental magnesium in the form of magnesium oxide ( n=75 ) or placebo ( n=80 ) each day for 12 weeks , constituting the intent-to-treat population . A repeated- measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the between-group changes in variables during the study . The baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups were similar . There were no significant differences between the groups in the pattern of change of the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index , BP over time during the 12-week study . In subgroup analysis , magnesium supplementation ( n=8 , 27 , and 24 , respectively ) lowered BP much more than placebo ( n=16 , 29 , and 25 , respectively ) in those subjects whose systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg , diastolic BP 80 - 90 mmHg , and diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg at the start of the study ( P=0.016 , 0.043 , and 0.023 , respectively ) ; in comparison , those subjects whose initial BP reading was low at baseline did not show a change in BP . No significant adverse events related to magnesium supplementation were recorded . CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that magnesium supplementation does not reduce BP and enhance insulin sensitivity in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight people . However , it appears that magnesium supplementation may lower BP in healthy adults with higher BP OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of long-term high-dose oral magnesium ( Mg ) therapy ( 30 mmol/day ) in patients with type II diabetes . Low plasma magnesium levels have been reported in type II diabetes and are associated with insulin resistance and diabetic late complications . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Forty patients with type II diabetes and hypomagnesemia were observed in a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial for 3 months ( body mass index : 28 ± 4 kg/m2 ; HbA1c : 7.4 ± 0.8 % ) . Plasma and urine magnesium and metabolic control parameters were determined , and side effects were considered , especially with regard to patients ' compliance . RESULTS A significant increase in plasma magnesium levels was observed after 3 months of treatment ( Mg : 0.73 ± 0.8 vs. 0.81 ±0.1 mmol/1 ) , reaching magnesium levels of the control group ( 0.88 ± 0.8 mmol/1 ; NS ) ; metabolic control , however , was not altered ( HbA1c : 7.2 ± 0.7 vs. 7.4 ± 0.9 % ) . Six months after the end of the trial , plasma magnesium declined to pretreatment levels ( Mg : 0.73 ± 0.07 mmol/1 ) . The prevalence of side effects was high at the beginning and was reduced significantly during treatment . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that oral magnesium replacement therapy corrects hypomagnesemia after a minimum treatment period of 3 months . These observations might be important for the prevention of diabetic late complications The effect of magnesium ( Mg ) and ascorbic acid ( AA ) supplementation on metabolic control was assessed in 56 outpatient diabetics . A 90-day run-in period was followed by two 90-day treatment periods , during which Mg ( 600 mg/day ) and AA ( 2 g/day ) were administered in a r and omized double-blind cross-over fashion . A decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( 132 + /- 3 vs. 138 + /- 4 and 77 + /- 2 vs. 82 + /- 2 mm Hg ; p < 0.05 ) was observed in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects during Mg supplementation . No beneficial effect of Mg supplementation was observed on glycemic control , lipids or blood pressure in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) subjects . AA supplementation improved glycemic control among NIDDM subjects and both fasting blood glucose ( 9.1 + /- 0.5 vs. 10.1 + /- 0.6 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and HbA1c ( 8.5 + /- 0.3 vs. 9.3 + /- 0.3 % ; p < 0.05 ) improved . Beneficial effects of AA supplementation on cholesterol ( 5.9 + /- 0.2 vs. 6.2 + /- 0.2 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and triglycerides ( 2.2 + /- 0.2 vs. 2.5 + /- 0.2 ; p < 0.05 ) were also observed in NIDDM subjects . The results suggest that high-dose AA supplementation may have a beneficial effect in NIDDM subjects on both glycemic control and blood lipids
target: Mg supplementation appears to have a beneficial role and improves glucose parameters in people with diabetes and also improves insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes
background: Although higher dietary intakes of magnesium ( Mg ) seem to correspond to lower diabetes incidence , research concerning Mg supplementation in people with or at risk of diabetes is limited .
  Thus , we aim ed to investigate the effect of oral Mg supplementation on glucose and insulin-sensitivity parameters in participants with diabetes or at high risk of diabetes compared with placebo .