title: Preliminary evaluation of sodium hypochlorite for pulpotomies in primary molars. Mineral trioxide aggregate produces superior outcomes in vital primary molar pulpotomy. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol as pulp medicaments for pulpotomies in primary molars Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons. A clinical study of ferric sulfate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth. Treatment outcomes of pulpotomy in primary molars using two endodontic biomaterials. A 2-year randomised clinical trial. Randomized controlled trial of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol for pulpotomy in primary molar teeth. Comparison of electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy procedures in children. Mineral trioxide aggregate vs. formocresol in pulpotomized primary molars: a preliminary report. Effects of folk medicinal plant extract Ankaferd Blood stopper® in vital primary molar pulpotomy Clinical and radiographic outcomes of calcium hydroxide and formocresol pulpotomies performed by dental students. Effectiveness of 4 Pulpotomy Techniques—Randomized Controlled Trial Long-term effectiveness of four pulpotomy techniques: 3-year randomised controlled trial Clinical and radiographic comparison of primary molars after formocresol and electrosurgical pulpotomy: a randomized clinical trial. Comparison of gray mineral trioxide aggregate and diluted formocresol in pulpotomized primary molars: a 6- to 24-month observation. Ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agent in primary teeth: twenty month clinical follow-up. Comparative evaluation of lyophilized freeze dried platelet derived preparation with calcium hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in primary molars. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol as pulp-capping agents in pulpotomized primary teeth. Success rates of mineral trioxide aggregate, ferric sulfate, and formocresol pulpotomies: a 24-month study. Comparative evaluation of formocresol and mineral trioxide aggregate as pulpotomy agents in deciduous teeth. Comparison of enamel matrix derivative versus formocresol as pulpotomy agents in the primary dentition. Assessment of a novel alternative to conventional formocresol-zinc oxide eugenol pulpotomy for the treatment of pulpally involved human primary teeth: diode laser-mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Effects of Nd:YAG laser pulpotomy on human primary molars. Pulpal therapy for primary teeth: formocresol vs electrosurgery: a clinical study. Clinical evaluation of glutaraldehyde with calcium hydroxide and glutaraldehyde with zinc oxide eugenol in pulpotomy of primary molars.
abstract: PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) to that of ferric sulfate ( FeSO4 ) as a pulpotomy medicament in decayed primary molars . METHODS Healthy subjects between 4 and 9 years with at least 2 primary molars needing pulpotomy consented to receive either  NaOCl or FeSO4 and restoration with IRM base/stainless steel crown in a prospect i ve , r and omized design . Clinical and radiographic signs/symptoms were recorded at 0 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS Twenty-three subjects were recruited . Six-month results are based on the first 32 teeth in the NaOCl group and 28 teeth in the FeSO4 group . Twelve-month results are based on 13 teeth in the FeSO4 group and 14 in the NaOCl group . Results show 100 % restoration retention in both groups and no signs/symptoms of pain at 6 and 12 months . At 6 months , 100 % clinical success was found with both FeSO4 and NaOCl .  Radiographic success for FeSO4 was 68 % , with internal resorption being the most common finding . The NaOCl group showed 91 % radiographic success , P = .050 . At 12 months , FeSO4 had 85 % clinical success and 62 % radiographic success .  NaOCl had 100 % clinical success and 79 % radiographic success . CONCLUSION Preliminary evidence shows that NaOCl can be used successfully as a pulpotomy medicament PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of vital primary molar pulpotomy  when there is no direct contact between eugenol and the vital pulp . Four pulpotomy techniques were compared : ( 1 ) ferric sulfate ( FS ) pulpotomy ; ( 2 ) eugenol-free FS pulpotomy ; ( 3 ) mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) pulpotomy ; and ( 4 ) FS/MTA pulpotomy . METHODS The pulpotomy technique assigned to each molar was determined by r and om selection . Two blinded , disinterested raters classified each molar into 1 of 3 radiographic outcomes : ( 1 ) N = normal molar without pathologic change ; ( 2 ) Po = pathologic change present , follow-up recommended ; ( 3 ) Px = pathologic change present , extract . RESULTS A total of 92 patients with 227 pulpotomy-treated molars returned for at least 1 recall examination . Median follow-up for molars was 24 months ( range=12 - 38 months ) . MTA molars demonstrated significantly fewer Px radiographic outcomes than FS molars ( P=.002 , chi-square test ) . Eugenol-free FS molars demonstrated significantly more Px radiographic outcomes than MTA ( P<.001 , chi-square test ) or FS/MTA ( P=.002 , chi-square test ) molars . Significantly lower survival was demonstrated for eugenol-free FS molars compared to MTA molars ( P=.02 , log-rank test ) over 6 to 38 months . CONCLUSIONS Outcomes for mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy were superior to ferric sulfate and eugenol-free ferric sulfate pulpotomy after a median follow-up of 2 years Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effect of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to that of formocresol ( FC ) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomised primary molars . Methods In this clinical trial study , 60 lower second primary molars of 46 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . The teeth were r and omly assigned to the MTA ( experimental ) and FC ( control ) groups by r and om numbered table . Following removal of the coronal pulp and haemostasis , the pulp stumps were covered with an MTA paste in the experimental group . In the control group , FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps . The teeth of both groups were restored with stainless steel crowns . Children arrived for clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluation after 6 , 12 and 24 months . Results The treated teeth in FC group ( n = 18 ) were clinical ly and radiographically successful after 24 months . The radiographic follow-up evaluation revealed one failure ( furcation involvement ) in 18 molars treated with MTA after 24 months . The treated teeth in MTA group were clinical ly successful 24 months postoperatively . Pulp canal obliteration was observed in one of the teeth treated with MTA and four of the teeth treated with FC . Conclusion MTA could be used as a safe medicament for pulpotomy in cariously exposed primary molars and could be a substitute for FC Mixed treatment comparison ( MTC ) meta- analysis is a generalization of st and ard pairwise meta- analysis for A vs B trials , to data structures that include , for example , A vs B , B vs C , and A vs C trials . There are two roles for MTC : one is to strengthen inference concerning the relative efficacy of two treatments , by including both ' direct ' and ' indirect ' comparisons . The other is to facilitate simultaneous inference regarding all treatments , in order for example to select the best treatment . In this paper , we present a range of Bayesian hierarchical models using the Markov chain Monte Carlo software WinBUGS . These are multivariate r and om effects models that allow for variation in true treatment effects across trials . We consider models where the between-trials variance is homogeneous across treatment comparisons as well as heterogeneous variance models . We also compare models with fixed ( unconstrained ) baseline study effects with models with r and om baselines drawn from a common distribution . These models are applied to an illustrative data set and posterior parameter distributions are compared . We discuss model critique and model selection , illustrating the role of Bayesian deviance analysis , and node-based model criticism . The assumptions underlying the MTC models and their parameterization are also discussed Pulpotomies were performed on 83 primary molars in 62 patients .  Ferric sulfate or formocresol was placed on the pulpal stumps , and teeth were followed for 3- , 6- , and 12-month periods . After the one-year follow-up , 28 of 29 teeth treated with ferric sulfate ( FS group ) were considered successful and 21 of 27 teeth treated with formocresol ( FC group ) were judged to be successful . The FS group demonstrated greater combined clinical and radiographic success than the FC group at the one-year recall ( P < 0.05 ) . Although the results of this study are promising , further study with longer observation periods is warranted before this technique can be recommended AIM To compare the treatment outcomes of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) as pulp dressing bio material s in vital pulpotomy of carious primary molars . STUDY DESIGN split-mouth r and omised clinical trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty children aged 4 - 8 years with 2 carious teeth requiring pulpotomy were selected and r and omly assigned to MTA ( n = 40 ) or CEM ( n = 40 ) groups . After coronal pulp removal , the remaining radicular pulp was covered with an appropriate bio material ; the teeth were then permanently restored . Clinical /radiographic success/failures were blindly evaluated at 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups . STATISTICS the recorded data were analyzed with McNemar test and GEE . RESULTS A total of 36 , 33 and 35 patients were available for 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups , respectively . At the 12-month follow-up only one and three teeth in the CEM and MTA groups had pathologic external root resorption , respectively . The resorbed teeth were then missed due to extraction /exfoliation at the 24-month follow-up ; all other treated teeth were sign/symptom-free . Overall , clinical and radiographic outcomes in both MTA/CEM groups were comparable at the three follow-ups without significant differences . Time had no significant effect on the success . CONCLUSION MTA and CEM demonstrated favourable treatment outcomes for pulpotomy of carious primary molars ; CEM may be an effective pulp dressing bio material AIM To compare the outcome after 6 months of the application of formocresol ( FC ) or mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) during pulpotomy in primary molar teeth . METHODOLOGY A maximum of 126 children ( aged 5 - 9 years ) with carious primary teeth that required pulpotomy were selected . Following r and omization , a st and ard pulpotomy preparation was undertaken , and the coronal pulp removed and bleeding arrested . In the FC group , cotton balls , soaked in FC , were placed for 5 min , and then the pulp chamber was filled with Zonalin , a pulpotomy agent . In the MTA group , a 1-mm-thick paste of MTA was used as a pulpotomy agent . The crowns in both groups were restored with amalgam or glass ionomer .  The teeth of 100 patients were evaluated and compared clinical ly and radiographically after 3 and 6 months . RESULTS No signs of clinical failure were observed at the 3- and 6-month follow-up appointments in either group . There were no significant differences in the radiographic findings of the teeth and surrounding tissue at the 3-month follow-up . However , at the 6-month follow-up , significantly more cases ( P = 0.036 ) with root resorption were seen in the FC group ; no cases of resorption occurred amongst the MTA cases . The surrounding tissue showed radiographic signs of post-treatment disease in four FC cases ; none was seen in the MTA cases . CONCLUSION After 6 months , pulpotomy with MTA was associated with fewer cases of root resorption and post-treatment disease .  MTA appears to be a reliable alternative material for pulpotomy in primary molar teeth OBJECTIVES Although previous studies have examined the electrosurgical pulpotomy technique for primary teeth , no well-controlled , clinical human trials have been published . The purpose of this study was to prospect ively compare electrosurgical pulpotomies vs. formocresol pulpotomies in human vital primary molar teeth . DESIGN Fifty children were r and omly divided into two groups , 25 receiving an electrosurgical pulpotomy and 25 receiving a formocresol pulpotomy . RESULTS After at least 5 months postoperative observation time , the clinical and radiographic success rates for the electrosurgical groups were 96 and 84 % , respectively ; and for the formocresol group , 100 and 92 % , respectively . CONCLUSION There were no statistically significant differences between the success rates for the two groups at the P < 0.05 level as tested by Fisher 's exact test . This study failed to demonstrate a difference in the success rate between the electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy techniques PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to that of formocresol ( FC ) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomized primary molars with carious pulp exposure . METHODS Forty-five primary molars of 26 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . The teeth were r and omly assigned to the MTA ( experimental ) or FC ( control ) group by a toss of a coin . Following removal of the coronal pulp and hemostasis the pulp stumps were covered with an MTA paste in the experimental group . In the control group , FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps for 5 minutes and removed ; the pulp stumps were then covered by zinc oxide-eugenol ( ZOE ) paste . The teeth of both groups were restored with stainless steel crowns . Eighteen children with 32 teeth arrived for clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluation ranging from 6 to 30 months . RESULTS The follow-up evaluations revealed only one failure ( internal resorption detected at a 17 months postoperative evaluation ) in a molar treated with formocresol . None of the MTA-treated teeth showed any clinical or radiographic pathology . Pulp canal obliteration was observed in 9 of 32 ( 28 % ) evaluated molars . This finding was detected in 2 out of the 15 teeth treated with FC ( 13 % ) and in 7 out of the 17 treated with MTA ( 41 % ) . CONCLUSION MTA showed clinical and radiographic success as a dressing material following pulpotomy in primary teeth and seems to be a suitable replacement for formocresol in primary teeth AIM : To compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of two vital pulpotomy agents : formocresol ( FC ) and Ankaferd Blood Stopper ® ( ABS ) , in primary molars during a 12-month follow-up period . STUDY DESIGN : A r and omised , single-blind study design was used in a sample of 30 healthy 6–9 year old children with 60 carious primary molars without clinical or radiographic evidence of pulp degeneration . METHODS : The pulpotomy agents were assigned as follows : Group 1 was 1:5 diluted Buckley ’s formocresol ( FC ) and Group 2 was ABS . Clinical and radiographic follow-up at 3 , 6 , and 12 months used the following criteria : pain , swelling , sinus tract , mobility , internal root resorption , and furcation and /or periapical bone destruction . STATISTICS : The data were analysed using Chi-square tests . RESULTS : The clinical and radiographic evaluation at 3 months revealed total success rates of 100 % in the FC and ABS groups . Success rates  in FC and ABS groups at 6 months were 96.7 % and 93.3 % respectively . At the 12-month follow-ups , the total success rates in the FC , and ABS groups were 89.3 % and 85.7 % , respectively . When the groups were compared according to the time intervals , no significant differences were observed between the 3 , 6 , and 12 month values . The success rates of the material s decreased over time . CONCLUSIONS : FC and ABS were found successful as pulp dressings in primary molars . ABS appears to be an alternative pulpotomy agent but periodical follow-ups must be considered to evaluate long term success rates OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of 3 pulpotomy techniques : formocresol , calcium hydroxide , and calcium hydroxide/iodoform . STUDY DESIGN The pulpotomies were performed by fifth-year undergraduate dental students . Members of senior staff at the clinics supervised all of the procedures . Informed consent was obtained from each child 's parents . The teeth were r and omly assigned to the experimental ( calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide/iodoform ) or control ( formocresol ) groups . After coronal pulp removal and hemostasis , remaining pulp tissue was covered with calcium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste in the experimental groups . In the control group , formocresol was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp tissue for 5 minutes and removed ; the pulp tissue was then covered with zinc oxide-eugenol . All teeth were restored with stainless-steel crowns . Clinical and radiographic successes and failures were recorded at 1- , 3- , 6- , and 12-month follow-ups by the authors . Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared tests . RESULTS The follow-up evaluations revealed that the clinical success rates were 89.7 % for formocresol , 33.3 % for calcium hydroxide , and 17.2 % for calcium hydroxide/iodoform . The radiographic success rates were 89.7 % for formocresol , 33.3 % for calcium hydroxide , and 13.8 % for calcium hydroxide/iodoform . CONCLUSIONS Formocresol was superior to calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide/iodoform pastes for primary molar pulpotomies . Internal resorption was the most common radiographic failure in all 3 pulpotomy techniques Pulpotomy is the accepted therapy for the management of cariously exposed pulps in symptom-free primary molars ; however , evidence is lacking about the most appropriate technique . The aim of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of the Er : YAG laser , calcium hydroxide , and ferric sulfate techniques with that of dilute formocresol in retaining such molars symptom-free . Two hundred primary molars in 107 healthy children were included and r and omly allocated to one of the techniques . The treated teeth were blindly re-evaluated after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months . Descriptive data analysis and logistic regression analysis , accounting for each patient ’s effect by a generalized estimating equation ( GEE ) , were used . After 24 months , the following total and clinical success rates were determined ( % ) : formocresol 85 ( 96 ) , laser 78 ( 93 ) , calcium hydroxide 53 ( 87 ) , and ferric sulfate 86 ( 100 ) . Only calcium hydroxide  performed significantly worse than  formocresol  ( p = 0.001 , odds ratio = 5.6 , 95 % confidence interval 2.0–15.5 ) . In conclusion ,  calcium hydroxide is less appropriate for pulpotomies than is formocresol A pulpotomy is the therapy for management of pulp exposures due to caries in symptom-free primary molars . The aim was to longitudinally compare the relative effectiveness of the Er : YAG laser , calcium hydroxide and ferric sulphate techniques with dilute formocresol in retaining symptom-free molars . Two hundred primary molars in 107 healthy children were included and r and omly allocated to one technique . The treated teeth were blindly reevaluated after 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 and 36 months . Descriptive data analysis and logistic regression analysis accounting for multiple observations per patient by generalised estimating equation were used . Additionally , various influences including tooth type , upper and lower jaws , type of anaesthesia , operator and the final restoration on treatment success were evaluated ( Wald chi-square test ) . After 36 months , the following total ( considering clinical and clinical ly symptom-free radiographic failures ) and clinical success rates were determined ( in percent ) : Formocresol 72 ( 92 ) , laser 73 ( 89 ) , calcium hydroxide 46 ( 75 ) , ferric sulphate 76 ( 97 ) . No significant differences were detected between formocresol and any other technique after 36 months . However , the odds ratio of failure appeared to be three times higher for calcium hydroxide than for formocresol . No significant differences in total success rates were seen regarding the aforementioned influencing clinical parameters . The correct diagnosis of the pulpal status , bleeding control and the specific technique are highly important for long-term success of pulpotomies in primary molars . According to the presented long-term data , pulpotomies using ferric sulphate revealed the best treatment outcome among the used techniques , while calcium hydroxide result ed in the lowest success rates after 3 years . Therefore , we can recommend ferric sulphate for easy and successful treatment of primary molars with caries-exposed pulps BACKGROUND Vital pulpotomy is a single-stage procedure defined as the surgical amputation of the coronal portion of exposed vital pulp , usually as a means of preserving the vitality and function of the remaining radicular portion . OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success rates for electrosurgical vs formocresol pulpotomy in human primary molar teeth . SETTING S AND DESIGN This was a prospect i ve , r and omized clinical trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this r and omized clinical trial , pulpotomies were performed on 70 primary molars in children aged 5 - 10 years . The teeth were treated using either a conventional formocresol ( 35 teeth ) or electrosurgical technique ( 35 teeth ) . Following the pulpotomy procedure , the teeth were evaluated for clinical and radiographic success for three , six and nine months . The teeth were evaluated for the presence of pain , abscess , fistula , mobility , internal and external resorption , and radiolucency . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were assessed with Fishers ' Exact test . RESULTS After nine months of follow-up , the clinical and radiographic success rates were 96 and 84 % respectively in the electrosurgical group and 100 and 96.8 % respectively in the formocresol group . There was no statistically significant difference between the success rates in the two groups ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the failure rates for electrosurgical pulpotomy to be equal to those for formocresol pulpotomy . Although electrosurgical pulpotomy is a nonpharmacological technique giving favorable results , it is still a preservative technique . Further studies using larger sample s and longer evaluation periods are recommended PURPOSE The purpose of this multisite , multioperator , prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled clinical trial was to evaluate 2-year outcomes of diluted formocresol ( DFC ) compared to gray mineral trioxide aggregate ( GMTA ) as pulpotomy medicaments . METHODS Following the st and ard pulpotomy procedure , the pulp stumps of 252 primary molars in 168 healthy children were r and omly covered with GMTA or DFC . Pulp chambers were filled with Intermediate Restorative Material ( IRM ( ® ) ) and teeth were restored with stainless steel crowns . At each follow-up appointment , the clinical status of the treated tooth was assessed and radiographs were taken . A total of 694 clinical and radiographic evaluations were analyzed . RESULTS Gender , study site , arch type , and tooth type did not influence treatment outcome . At the combined 6- to 24-month follow-up , clinical success in the DFC group was no different than for the GMTA group . Radiographically , a significantly lower success rate was found in the DFC group vs the MTA group at all time points ( P<.01 ) . Dentin bridge formation was observed at a significantly higher frequency among the GMTA group ( P<.01 ) , while internal root resorption was observed at a higher frequency in the DFC group ( P<.01 ) . CONCLUSION At the combined 6- to 24-month follow-up , gray mineral trioxide aggregate demonstrated significantly better radiographic outcomes vs diluted formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments Seventy primary molar teeth , carious exposed , symptom free , without any sign of root resorption in children aged from 3 to 6 years ( main age 4.3 yr ) were treated with conventional pulpotomy procedures . Ferric sulfate 15.5 % solution ( applied for 15 second for 35 teeth ) and formocresol solution ( five minute procedure of Buckley 's formula for next 35 teeth ) have been used as pulpotomy agents . In both groups , pulp stumps were covered with zinc-oxide eugenol paste . Permanent restorations were stainless steel crowns . Clinical check up was every three-months and radiographic follow-up time was six and twenty months after treatment . Our results within this period revealed 100 % clinical success rate in both groups . Radiographic success rate was in both groups 97.2 % , while in 2.8 % cases has shown internal root resorption . On the basis of these results , we can recommend ferric sulfate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth in substitution for formocresol at the moment The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of lyophilized freeze dried platelet derived preparation with calcium hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in primary molars . Fifty six primary molars in 28 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . 28 teeth were treated by lyophilized freeze-dried platelet derived preparation and another 28 by calcium hydroxide .  Clinical evaluation was carried out out at 1 , 3 , and 6-months interval and the radiographic evaluation was carried out at 1 and 6-months . The success rate of lyophilized freeze-dried platelet derived preparation proved better than calcium hydroxide PURPOSE The aim of this study was to use clinical , radiographic , and histologic examinations to compare the relative success of gray mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , white MTA , and formocresol as pulp dressings in pulpotomized primary teeth . METHODS Twenty-four children , each with at least 3 primary molars requiring pulpotomy , were selected for this study 's clinical and radiographic portion . An additional 15 carious primary teeth planned for serial extraction were selected for this study 's histologic portion . All selected teeth were evenly divided into 3 test groups and treated with pulpotomies . Gray MTA was used as the pulp dressing for one third of the teeth , white MTA was the dressing for one third , and the remaining one third were treated with formocresol . The treated teeth selected for the clinical and radiographic evaluations were monitored periodically for 12 months . The treated teeth selected for histologic study were monitored periodically and extracted 6 months postoperatively . RESULTS Four children with 12 pulpotomized teeth failed to return for any follow-up evaluations in the clinical and radiographic study . Of the remaining 60 teeth in 20 patients , 1 tooth ( gray MTA ) exfoliated normally and 6 teeth ( 4 white MTA and 2 formocresol ) failed due to abscesses . The remaining 53 teeth appeared to be clinical ly and radiographically successful 12 months postoperatively . Pulp canal obliteration was a radiographic finding in 11 teeth treated with gray MTA and 1 tooth treated with white MTA . In the histologic study , both types of MTA successfully induced thick dentin bridge formation at the amputation sites , while formocresol induced thin , poorly calcified dentin . Teeth treated with gray MTA demonstrated pulp architecture nearest to normal pulp by preserving the odontoblastic layer and delicate fibrocellular matrix , yet few inflammatory cells or isolated calcified bodies were seen . Teeth treated with white MTA showed a denser fibrotic pattern , with more isolated calcifications in the pulp tissue along with secondary dentin formation . CONCLUSIONS Gray MTA appears to be superior to white MTA and formocresol as a pulp dressing for pulpotomized primary teeth PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total success rates of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , ferric sulfate ( FS ) , and formocresol ( FC ) as pulpotomy agents in primary molars . METHODS A r and omized , split-mouth study design was used in 32 healthy 5- to 7-year-old children with 128 carious primary molars without clinical or radiographic evidence of pulp degeneration . The pulpotomy agents were assigned as follows : Group 1=MTA ; Group 2=FS ; Group 3=1:5 diluted Buckley 's FC ; and Group 4=zinc oxide eugenol ( ZOE ) base . Clinical and radiographic follow-up at 6 , 12 , and 24 months used the following criteria : pain ; swelling ; sinus tract ; mobility ; internal root resorption ; and furcation and /or periapical bone destruction . The data were analyzed using chi-square . RESULTS No significant differences in success rates were found among the groups at 6 and 12 months . Success rates in groups 1 to 4 at 24 months were 96 % , 88 % , 88 % , and 68 % respectively . There was a significant difference ( P<.001 ) between the MTA and ZOE groups at 24 months . CONCLUSIONS ZOE , as the only pulpotomy medicament , had a significantly lower success rate than MTA . No significant differences were observed , among the 3 experimental material s ( MTA , FC , and FS ) at 2 years follow-up AIM To evaluate and compare mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments by clinical and radiographic assessment s and to assess the histological features of both pulpotomy medicaments in deciduous teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This study was performed on 100 m and ibular deciduous molar teeth requiring pulpotomy treatment . Children between age four and six years were r and omly selected and divided into formocresol or MTA group . The patients were recalled after 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 months respectively and evaluated clinical ly and radiographically . Histological assessment was done on lower deciduous canine teeth , which were undergoing serial extraction for interceptive orthodontic purpose . Pulpotomy was done on four teeth with formocresol and another four teeth with MTA . The teeth were extracted after six months following pulpotomy procedure and histologically evaluated . Two freshly extracted carious teeth were taken as controls . RESULTS Clinical and radiographic criteria were laid and Chi analysis revealed significant difference in mobility ( P≤0.05 ) , periodontal ligament widening ( P≤0.01 level ) and inter - radicular radiolucency ( P≤0.02 level ) between two groups at the end of 12 months . Histologically , in MTA group , a layer of new dentine formation with less dentinal tubules at the pulpotomized site was found . In formocresol group , increased inflammatory cells , a zone of atrophy , were noted in radicular portion of pulp . CONCLUSION MTA is superior to formocresol clinical ly , radiographically . Histological analysis showed better reparative ability with hard tissue barrier formation with MTA compared to formocresol The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of two different pulpotomy agents : one novel agent , the biologically active odontogenic protein enamel matrix derivative ( EMD ) versus formocresol ( FC ) . A r and omized , single-blind , split-mouth study was used with a sample of 15 children aged 4 to 7 years ( mean age , 5 + /- 0.73 years ) . A total of 15 pairs of teeth , 1 pair per child , were selected for treatment . One tooth from each pair was r and omly assigned to either the EMD pulpotomy group or the FC pulpotomy group . All teeth were followed up clinical ly and radiographically at 2 , 4 , and 6 months . After 6 months , the clinical success rates for the FC and EMD groups were 67 % and 93 % , respectively . Although most likely clinical ly relevant , the clinical success rate difference after 6 months was not statistically significant . After 6 months , the radiographic success rates for the FC and EMD groups were 13 % and 60 % , respectively . There was a statistically significant difference at p < or = 0.05 . The clinical and radiographic assessment of EMD pulpotomized teeth in this study offers preliminary evidence that EMD is a promising material which may be as successful , or more so , than other pulpotomy agents OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a diode laser pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) sealing could be an acceptable alternative to the conventional formocresol pulpotomy and zinc oxide eugenol ( ZOE ) sealing in human primary teeth . METHODS A r and omized , single-blind , split-mouth study was used with a sample of 16 children aged from 3 to 8 years ( mean age=5.10 years ) . A total of 26 pairs of teeth from these 16 patients were selected based on clinical and radiographic criteria . One tooth from each pair was r and omly assigned to either the laser-MTA pulpotomy group or the formocresol-ZOE pulpotomy group . All teeth were followed up clinical ly and radiographically at 2.3 , 5.2 , 9.5 and 15.7 months . All extracted failures were sectioned and photographed to assess possible reasons for this . RESULTS A total of seven laser-MTA-treated teeth were deemed to be radiographic failures ( mean time until failure=9.1 months ) compared to three formocresol-ZOE treated teeth ( mean time until failure=12.5 months ) . These results were not significant using Fisher 's exact test ( P>0.05 ) . Six of the laser-MTA failures and all three formocresol-ZOE failures exhibited furcal and /or periapical radiolucencies with or without pathologic root resorption . One of the laser-MTA failures displayed premature root resorption and is being observed for exfoliation . Analysis of photographs of teeth available for extraction revealed errors in clinical technique in addition to expected signs of a disease process such as the presence of granulation tissue and areas of pathologic root resorption . CONCLUSIONS The laser-MTA pulpotomy showed reduced radiographic success rates compared to the formocresol-ZOE pulpotomy at 15.7 months ; however , these results were not statistically significant . Improved success rates among a larger patient sample and a longer follow-up period would be required for the laser-MTA pulpotomy to be considered a routine alternative to the conventional formocresol-ZOE procedure . Meticulous restorative techniques must be followed to ensure the success of laser-MTA pulpotomies The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Nd : YAG laser pulpotomy to formocresol pulpotomy on human primary teeth . Patients with a primary tooth that required pulpotomy because of pulpal exposure to caries , were selected for this study . After removal of coronal pulpal tissue , Nd : YAG laser at 2 W , 20 Hz , 100 mJ or a 1:5 dilution of formocresol was introduced into the canal orifice for complete hemostasis . IRM paste was then placed over the pulp stump , and the tooth was restored either with composite resin or stainless steel crown .  Sixty-eight teeth were treated with Nd : YAG laser and followed up for 6 to 64 months . Clinical success was achieved in 66 out of the 68 teeth ( 97 % ) , and 94.1 % were radiographically successful . In the control group , 69 primary molars were treated with formocresol and followed up for 9 to 66 months ; 85.5 and 78.3 % achieved clinical and radiographic success , respectively . The success rate of Nd : YAG laser pulpotomy was significantly higher than that of  formocresol pulpotomy .  The permanent successors of the laser-treated teeth erupted without any complications Post-operative clinical and x-ray findings on 80 primary molars were evaluated . These molars had undergone pulpal therapy by 2 techniques : pulpotomy with formocresol and with electrosurgery .  The sample was selected from children between the ages of 4 and 7 . A criterion for inclusion was each child must have at least 2 primary molars with pulp exposed by caries . Experimental molars with 1 or more of the following clinical or radiographic signs and symptoms were excluded : mobility , sensitivity to percussion , the presence of fistulae , groove drainage , apical or internal resorption , fetid smell and compromised furcation .  Also excluded were patients previously diagnosed with diabetes , cardiopathy and renal alterations . Initially , a dinical and radiographic examination was carried out , followed by another at 1 , 3 and 6 months after application of the techniques . No significant differences were found at the end of the period . However , electrosurgery had an advantage : it was faster to apply and dispensed with the use of formocresol . Further research is suggested , using larger sample s and shorter evaluation periods The objectives of this study were to clinical ly evaluate the effectiveness of 2 % buffered glutaraldehyde in pulpotomies of human primary molars and to compare the success rate of glutaraldehyde with calcium hydroxide and glutaraldehyde with zinc oxide eugenol as dressing material on the radicular pulp . Pulpotomies were completed on 61 primary molars in 19 children . The teeth were divided into two groups by r and om allocation . One group had a dressing of zinc oxide-eugenol base ( IRM ) incorporated with one drop of 2 % buffered glutaraldehyde while the other group had a dressing of calcium hydroxide base incorporated with one drop of 2 % buffered glutaraldehyde after the initial placement of 2 % buffered glutaraldehyde on cotton pellet for 3 min . All teeth had light-curing compomer ( Dyract ) placed over the dressing material followed by a stainless steel crown restoration within 1 or 2 weeks after the pulpotomy . Blind clinical and radiographic evaluations of 57 teeth available after 12 months showed a success rate of 92.9 % and 73.6 % respectively . The clinical and radiographic success rates for glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide eugenol pulpotomies were 96.5 % and 75.8 % respectively while those for glutaraldehyde-calcium hydroxide were 89.2 % and 71.4 % . There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups either clinical ly or radiographically . The overall clinical success rate suggested that 2 % buffered glutaraldehyde was an effective agent in the pulpotomy of human primary molars
target: After 18 - 24 months , in terms of treatment failure , the odds ratio for calcium hydroxide vs. formocresol was 1.94 [ 95 % credible interval ( CI ) : 1.11 , 3.25 ] ; 3.38 ( 95 % CI : 1.37 , 8.61 ) for lasers vs. formocresol ; 2.16 ( 95 % CI : 1.12 , 4.31 ) for calcium hydroxide vs. ferric sulfate ; 3.73 ( 95 % CI : 1.27 , 11.67 ) for lasers vs. ferric sulfate ; 0.47 ( 95 % CI : 0.26 , 0.83 ) for MTA vs. calcium hydroxide ; 3.76 ( 95 % CI : 1.39 , 10.08 ) for lasers vs. MTA CONCLUSIONS After 18 - 24 months , formocresol , ferric sulfate , and MTA showed significantly better clinical and radiographic outcomes than calcium hydroxide and laser therapies in primary molar pulpotomies .
  CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The network meta-analyses showed that MTA is the first choice for primary molar pulpotomies .
  However , if treatment cost is an issue , especially when the treated primary molars are going to be replaced by permanent teeth , ferric sulfate may be the choice
background: OBJECTIVE Pulpotomy is a common procedure to treat asymptomatic reversible pulpitis in primary molars .
  The aim of this study is to undertake a systematic review and a network meta- analysis to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of different pulpotomy procedures in primary molars .