title: Effect of Weight Reduction Following Bariatric Surgery on Serum Visfatin and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Subjects Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial. Major dietary patterns in relation to general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women. Hormonal and psychobehavioral predictors of weight loss in response to a short-term weight reduction program in obese women. Effects of a 12-month moderate weight loss intervention on insulin sensitivity and inflammation status in nondiabetic overweight and obese subjects. Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction. Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Enhanced adiponectin multimer ratio and skeletal muscle adiponectin receptor expression following exercise training and diet in older insulin-resistant adults. Little evidence of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals† The influence of very-low-calorie-diet on serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women. Effect of dieting on plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in healthy volunteers Reversal of muscle insulin resistance by weight reduction in young, lean, insulin-resistant offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes Cardioprotective Effects of Short-Term Caloric Restriction Are Mediated by Adiponectin via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Influence of Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Lifestyle Behaviors on Plasma Adipokines: A Randomized Weight Loss Trial in Older Men and Women with Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adiponectin. Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women Effects of different hypocaloric diets on protein secretion from adipose tissue of obese women. Effects of an in-patient treatment program based on regular exercise and a balanced diet on high molecular weight adiponectin, resistin levels, and insulin resistance in adolescents with severe obesity. Differential effects of endurance training and weight loss on plasma adiponectin multimers and adipose tissue macrophages in younger, moderately overweight men. The effects of a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet on adipocytokines in severely obese adults: three-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Improvement in insulin sensitivity by weight loss does not affect hyperinsulinemia-mediated reduction in total and high molecular weight adiponectin: a MONET study. Low‐calorie diet induced weight loss may alter regulatory hormones and contribute to rebound visceral adiposity in obese persons with a family history of type‐2 diabetes Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults Epidemiologic Evidence on Serum Adiponectin Level and Lipid Profile Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Association of circulating visfatin concentrations with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation after dietary energy restriction in Spanish obese non-diabetic women: role of body composition changes. 
  The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Effects of individual and combined dietary weight loss and exercise interventions in postmenopausal women on adiponectin and leptin levels. Association between circulating adiponectin and interleukin-10 levels in android obesity: effects of weight loss. Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. Changes in daily leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin profiles following a diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner in obese subjects. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Weight loss due to a very low calorie diet differentially affects insulin sensitivity and interleukin-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human subjects. Diet-induced weight loss and exercise alone and in combination enhance the expression of adiponectin receptors in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, but only diet-induced weight loss enhanced circulating adiponectin. Effects of High-Protein Versus High-Carbohydrate Diets on Markers of β-Cell Function, Oxidative Stress, Lipid Peroxidation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Adipokines in Obese, Premenopausal Women Without Diabetes
abstract: Objective : Adipokines are signaling and mediator proteins secreted from adipose tissue . A novel adipokine , visfatin , was reported as a protein which was mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue . Controversial results have been shown regarding the changes of adipokines following weight reduction . So we investigated the effects of weight reduction on serum concentrations of adiponectin and visfatin in morbidly obese subjects . Methods : 35 severely obese patients ( 26 females and 9 males ) , aged 15 - 58 years , were studied .  Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters  as well as  adiponectin and visfatin were analyzed before and 6 weeks after weight reduction . Results : Anthropometric indices decreased significantly . Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride were reduced significantly . The reduction of visfatin and the elevation of adiponectin were significant as well . However , other parameters like fasting glucose and insulin did not change . Moreover , we could not find any significant correlation between the change of serum visfatin and that of adiponectin . Conclusions : 6-week weight reduction after bariatric surgery result ed in decreased serum visfatin and increased adiponectin levels . However , we can not find any significant correlation between changes of adiponectin , visfatin , BMI , waist circumference , and insulin resistance . Further studies with different design are suggested to clarify these associations BACKGROUND Weight loss , through calorie restriction or increases in energy expenditure via exercise , improves glucose tolerance and insulin action . However , exercise-induced energy expenditure may further improve glucoregulation through mechanisms independent of weight loss . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the hypothesis that weight loss through exercise-induced energy expenditure improves glucoregulation and circulating factors involved in insulin action to a greater extent than does similar weight loss through calorie restriction . DESIGN Sedentary men and women aged 50 - 60 y with a body mass index ( kg/m(2 ) ) of 23.5 - 29.9 were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 weight-loss interventions [ 12 mo of exercise training ( EX group ; n = 18 ) or calorie restriction ( CR group ; n = 18 ) ] or to a healthy lifestyle ( HL ) control group ( n = 10 ) . The insulin sensitivity index and areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were assessed with an oral-glucose-tolerance test . Adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations were measured in fasting serum . Fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . RESULTS Yearlong energy deficits were not significantly different between the EX and CR groups , as evidence d by body weight and fat mass changes . The insulin sensitivity index increased and the glucose and insulin areas under the curve decreased in the EX and CR groups , remained unchanged in the HL group , and did not differ significantly between the EX and CR groups . Marginally significant increases in adiponectin and decreases in the ratio of tumor necrosis factor alpha to adiponectin occurred in the EX and CR groups but not in the HL group . CONCLUSIONS Weight loss induced by exercise training or calorie restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin action in nonobese , healthy , middle-aged men and women . However , it does not appear that exercise training-induced  weight loss results in greater improvements than those that result from calorie restriction alone Study ing the links between dietary patterns and obesity is especially relevant for Middle-Eastern population s because of their high prevalence of a particular type of obesity , the so-called Middle-Eastern pattern , and their diets ' unique characteristics . Therefore , we wondered if major dietary patterns are related to the prevalence of general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women . In this cross-sectional study of 486 women aged 40 - 60 y , usual dietary intakes were evaluated using a FFQ and anthropometric measurements .  By the use of factor analysis , we extracted 3 major dietary patterns : healthy dietary pattern , western dietary pattern , and Iranian dietary pattern . Individuals in the upper category of the healthy pattern score were less likely to be generally ( OR = 0.28 ; 95 % CI = 0.14 - 0.53 ) and central ly obese ( OR = 0.30 ; 95 % CI = 0.16 - 0.55 ) , whereas those in the upper quintile of western pattern had greater odds ( for general obesity : 2.73 ; 95 % CI = 1.46 - 5.08 and for central obesity : 5.74 ; 95 % CI = 2.99 - 10.99 ) . Controlling for potential confounders attenuated the associations , but even after adjusting for energy intake , the associations were significant for both general and central obesity . Although the Iranian dietary pattern and general obesity were not significantly associated , subjects in the highest quintile had greater odds of being central ly obese , either before ( OR = 2.15 ; 95 % CI = 1.18 - 3.90 ) or after ( OR = 2.08 ; 95 % CI = 1.09 - 3.65 ) control for confounders . This study indicates significant associations among  major dietary patterns , general obesity , and central adiposity in a Middle-Eastern country . Further prospect i ve investigations are required to confirm such associations BACKGROUND Although the typical diet of the Mediterranean region has received much recognition over the past several years for its association with substantial health benefits , it remains unknown whether its favorable effects are mediated through changes in adiponectin concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher plasma adiponectin concentrations . DESIGN This study was a prospect i ve and cross-sectional evaluation of plasma adiponectin concentrations and dietary data from 987 diabetic women from the Nurses ' Health Study who had no history of cardiovascular disease at the time blood was drawn in 1990 . RESULTS Women who scored highest on a 9-point scale that measures adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern tended to be older , were less likely to be current smokers , had lower body mass indexes and waist circumferences , and had higher total energy intakes , physical activities , and plasma adiponectin concentrations than did women with the lowest scores . Median plasma adiponectin concentrations were 23 % higher in women who most closely followed a Mediterranean-type diet than in low adherers after adjustment for age and energy intake ( P < 0.01 ) . Body composition , lifestyle , and medical history explained some , but not all , of the observed association between diet and adiponectin concentrations because high adherers tended to have greater adiponectin concentrations than did moderate or low adherers , even after adjustment for these variables . CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that , of the several components of the Mediterranean dietary pattern score , alcohol , nuts , and whole grains show the strongest association with adiponectin concentrations . Close adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher adiponectin concentrations Among the factors influencing weight loss and maintenance , psychobehavioral , nutritional , metabolic , hormonal and hereditary predictors play an important role . Psychobehavioral factors influence adherence to lifestyle changes and thus weight loss maintenance . The outcome of short-term weight reduction treatment is mainly affected by changes in energy and nutrient intake and physical activity and thus the impact of hormones can possibly be obscured . In order to reveal hormonal determinants of weight loss , a 4-week in-patient comprehensive weight reduction program was introduced in which food intake and physical activity were under the strict control . Women ( n = 67 , BMI : 32.4+/-4.4 kg ; age : 48.7+/-12.2 years ) who exhibited stable weight on a 7 MJ/day diet during the first week of weight management were given a hypocaloric diet yielding daily energy deficit 2.5 MJ over the subsequent 3-week period . This treatment result ed in a mean weight loss of 3.80+/-1.64 kg . Correlation analysis revealed that baseline concentrations of several hormones were significantly associated either with a higher ( free triiodothyronine , C-peptide , growth hormone , pancreatic polypeptide ) or with a lower ( insulin-like growth factor-I , cortisol , adiponectin , neuropeptide Y ) reduction of anthropometric parameters in response to weight management . In a backward stepwise regression model age , initial BMI together with baseline levels of growth hormone , peptide YY , neuropetide Y and C-reactive protein predicted 49.8 % of the variability in weight loss . Psychobehavioral factors ( items of the Eating Inventory , Beck Depression score ) did not contribute to weight change induced by a well-controlled short-term weight reduction program Weight loss intervention is the principal non-pharmacological method for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes . However , little is known whether it influences insulin sensitivity directly or via its anti-inflammatory effect . The aim of this study was to assess the independent role of changes in inflammation status and weight loss on insulin sensitivity in this population .Overweight and obese nondiabetic participants without co-morbidities underwent a one-year weight loss intervention focused on caloric restriction and behavioral support . Markers of inflammation , body composition , anthropometric para-meters , and insulin sensitivity were recorded at baseline , 6 , and 12 months . Insulin sensitivity was assessed with frequently sample d intravenous glucose tolerance test and Minimal Model . Twenty-eight participants ( F : 15 , M : 13 , age 39±5 years , BMI 33.2±4.6 kg/m(2 ) ) completed the study , achieving 9.4±6.9 % weight loss , which was predominantly fat mass ( 7.7±5.6 kg , p<0.0001 ) . Dietary intervention result ed in significant decrease in leptin , leptin-to-adiponectin ratio , hs-CRP , and IL-6 ( all p<0.02 ) , and improvement in HOMA-IR and Insulin Sensitivity Index ( SI ) ( both p<0.001 ) . In response to weight loss IL-1β , IL-2 , leptin , and resistin were significantly associated with insulin , sensitivity , whereas sICAM-1 had only marginal additive effect . Moderate weight loss in otherwise healthy overweight and obese individuals result ed in an improvement in insulin sensitivity and in the overall inflammation state ; the latter played only a minimal independent role in modulating insulin sensitivity Calorie restriction ( CR ) and alternate-day fasting ( ADF ) beneficially affect several aspects of adipose tissue physiology , but direct comparisons between regimens have yet to be performed . The present study evaluated the effects of ADF versus CR on body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin levels and examined the kinetic mechanisms that underlie changes in fat distribution . Thirty female C57BL/6J mice were r and omized to one of five groups for 4 weeks : ( a ) CR-25 % ( 25 % energy restriction daily ) , ( b ) ADF-75 % ( 75 % restriction on fast day ) , ( c ) ADF-85 % ( 85 % restriction on fast day ) , ( d ) ADF-100 % ( 100 % restriction on fast day ) and ( e ) control ( ad libitum fed ) .  Body weights of the CR mice were lower than that of the ADF and control groups posttreatment . After 4 weeks of diet , the proportion of visceral fat decreased ( P<.001 ) and the proportion of subcutaneous fat increased ( P<.001 ) similarly in ADF and CR animals . Adiponectin increased ( P<.05 ) by 62 - 86 % in the ADF groups and by 69 % in the CR group . Triglyceride ( TG ) synthesis and de novo lipogenesis were augmented ( P<.05 ) in the subcutaneous fat pad of ADF and CR animals , relative to control . No differences in net lipolysis were observed , result ing in greater TG accumulation in the subcutaneous fat pad , with a shift in the ratio of TG between depots . These findings indicate that ADF ( both modified and true ) produces similar beneficial modulations in body fat distribution and adiponectin levels as daily CR This study examined the independent and combined effects of diet and exercise on adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . Using a r and omized , controlled design , 33 women ( age , 50 - 70 years ) were assigned to diet alone ( D ) , exercise alone ( EX ) , or diet + exercise ( D + E ) for 14 weeks . Before and after the interventions , blood sample s for adipocytokines and inflammatory markers were drawn , a meal test was performed , and abdominal fat distribution was measured by magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . Body weight decreased approximately 4.5 + /- 0.6 kg ( P < .05 ) after the D and D + E interventions , whereas only small changes in body weight were found with the exercise-alone intervention . Plasma C-reactive protein levels were decreased by approximately 15 % with all 3 interventions , whereas leptin levels were reduced with the D and D + E intervention ( D : pre = 48.7 + /- 6.0 , post = 38.9 + /- 5.0 ng/mL ; D + E : pre = 38.5 + /- 6.0 , post = 22.9 + /- 5.0 ng/mL ; P < .05 ) with no differences between groups . There was a trend for leptin levels to decrease in the EX group ( P = .06 ) . Plasma resistin levels were not altered by the 3 interventions from pre- to posttreatment ( D : pre = 6.9 + /- 0.6 , post = 6.2 + /- 0.4 ng/mL ; D + E : pre = 5.6 + /- 0.6 , post = 5.7 + /- 0.4 ng/mL ; E : pre = 6.2 + /- 0.6 , post = 5.9 + /- 0.6 ng/mL , P > .05 ) , and no differences in adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF- alpha ) levels were found . Visceral adipose tissue and tumor necrosis factor alpha were the only predictors of calculated insulin resistance ( P < .05 ) , explaining 43 % of the variability . A typically prescribed weight loss program with lifestyle changes result ed in few changes in adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokines in older women with type 2 diabetes , suggesting that dramatic weight loss or clinical interventions are needed OBJECTIVE —We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin , adiponectin , and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht , 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to either a combined diet- and -exercise intervention or a control program . At baseline and after 1 year , an oral glucose tolerance test , an exercise test , and anthropometric measurements were performed . After 1 year , complete data of 103 subjects ( 50 intervention and 53 control subjects ) were obtained . RESULTS —Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations ( −14.2 % ) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin ( −0.3 % ) or resistin ( −6.5 % ) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance . CONCLUSIONS —Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition Circulating adiponectin is reduced in disorders associated with insulin resistance . This study was conducted to determine whether an exercise/diet intervention would alter adiponectin multimer distribution and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle . Impaired glucose-tolerant older ( > 60 yr ) obese ( BMI 30 - 40 kg/m(2 ) ) men ( n = 7 ) and women ( n = 14 ) were r and omly assigned to 12 wk of supervised aerobic exercise combined with either a hypocaloric ( ExHypo , approximately 500 kcal reduction , n = 11 ) or eucaloric diet ( ExEu , n = 10 ) . Insulin sensitivity was determined by the euglycemic ( 5.0 mM ) hyperinsulinemic ( 40 mU x m(-2 ) x min(-1 ) ) clamp . Adiponectin multimers [ high ( HMW ) , middle ( MMW ) , and low molecular weight ( LMW ) ] were measured by nondenaturing Western blot analysis . Relative quantification of adiponectin receptor expression through RT-PCR was determined from skeletal muscle biopsy sample s. Greater weight loss occurred in ExHypo compared with ExEu subjects ( 8.0 + /- 0.6 vs. 3.2 + /- 0.6 % , P < 0.0001 ) . Insulin sensitivity improved postintervention in both groups ( ExHypo : 2.5 + /- 0.3 vs. 4.4 + /- 0.5 mg x kg FFM(-1 ) x min(-1 ) , and ExEu : 2.9 + /- 0.4 vs. 4.1 + /- 0.4 mg x kg FFM(-1 ) x min(-1 ) , P < 0.0001 ) . Comparison of multimer isoforms revealed a decreased percentage in MMW relative to HMW and LMW ( P < 0.03 ) . The adiponectin SA ratio ( HMW/total ) was increased following both interventions ( P < 0.05 ) and correlated with the percent change in insulin sensitivity ( P < 0.03 ) . Postintervention adiponectin receptor mRNA expression was also significantly increased ( AdipoR1 P < 0.03 , AdipoR2 P < 0.02 ) . These data suggest that part of the improvement in insulin sensitivity following exercise and diet may be due to changes in the adiponectin oligomeric distribution and enhanced membrane receptor expression Context : The effect of weight loss by diet alone or diet in conjunction with exercise on low- grade inflammation in non-obese ( overweight ) individuals is not known . Objective : Test the hypothesis that 24 weeks of moderate calorie restriction ( CR ; 25 % ) by diet only or with aerobic exercise would reduce markers of systemic inflammation and attenuate inflammation gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Institutional Research Center . Participants : Thirty-five overweight ( body mass index : 27.8 ± 0.7 kg/m2 ) but otherwise healthy participants ( 16M/19F ) completed the study . Intervention : Participants were r and omized to either CR ( 25 % reduction in energy intake , n = 12 ) , caloric restriction + exercise ( CR + EX : 12.5 % reduction in energy intake + 12.5 % increase in exercise energy expenditure , n = 12 ) , or control ( healthy weight-maintenance diet , n = 11 ) for 6 months . Main outcome measures : Fasting serum markers of inflammation [ leptin , highly sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , adiponectin ] and inflammation-related genes [ CD68 , IL-6 , TNF-α , macrophage migration inhibitory factor ( MIF ) , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , adiponectin , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) ] in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Results : CR and CR + EX lost similar amounts of body weight ( –10 ± 1 % ) , fat mass ( –24 ± 3 % ) , visceral fat ( –27 ± 3 % ) , and had increased insulin sensitivity ( CR : 40 ± 20 % , CR + EX : 66 ± 22 % ) . Leptin was significantly decreased from baseline ( p < 0.001 ) in both groups however TNF-α and IL-6 were not changed . hsCRP was decreased in CR + EX . There was no change in the expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration ( CD68 , MIF MCP-1 , PAI-1 ) or inflammation ( IL-6 , TNF-α , adiponectin ) in either CR or CR + EX . Conclusion : A 10 % weight loss with a 25 % CR diet alone or with exercise did not impact markers of systemic inflammation or the expression of inflammation-related adipose genes in overweight individuals The aim of our study was to determine whether adipocyte-derived hormones leptin , adiponectin and resistin contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity after very-low calorie diet ( VLCD ) . Therefore , serum levels of these hormones were measured in fourteen obese females before and after three weeks VLCD and in seventeen age- and sex-matched healthy controls .  Body mass index , HOMA index , serum insulin and leptin levels in obese women before VLCD were significantly higher than in control group ( BMI 48.01+/-2.02 vs. 21.38+/-0.42 kg/m(2 ) , HOMA 10.72+/-2.03 vs. 4.69+/-0.42 , insulin 38.63+/-5.10 vs. 18.76+/-1.90 microIU/ml , leptin 77.87+/-8.98 vs. 8.82+/-1.52 ng/ml ) . In contrast , serum adiponectin and soluble leptin receptors levels were significantly lower in obese women before VLCD than in the control group . No differences were found in serum glucose and resistin levels between the obese group before VLCD and the control group . VLCD significantly decreased BMI , HOMA index , serum glucose , insulin and leptin levels and increased soluble leptin receptor levels . The changes in serum adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women after VLCD did not reach statistical significance . We conclude that leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels were affected by VLCD while adiponectin and resistin concentrations were not . Therefore , other mechanisms rather than changes in the endocrine function of the adipose tissue are probably involved in the VLCD-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity objective Recent findings demonstrating important effects of the adipokines on metabolism , energy homeostasis and body weight regulation have prompted research on the possible role of negative energy balance in altering adipocytokine regulation . The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a hypocaloric diet in healthy normal‐weight volunteers . An additional goal was to help clarify the contribution of restricted caloric intake to altered plasma adipokine levels in the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa To examine the role of intramyocellular lipid ( IMCL ) accumulation as well as circulating cytokines , branched-chain amino acids and acylcarnitines in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance in healthy , young , lean insulin-resistant offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes ( IR offspring ) , we measured these factors in plasma and used 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess IMCL content and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps using [ 6,6 - 2H2 ] glucose to assess rates of insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose metabolism before and after weight reduction . Seven lean ( body mass index < 25 kg/m2 ) , young , sedentary IR offspring were studied before and after weight stabilization following a hypocaloric ( 1,200 Kcal ) diet for ∼9 wks . This diet result ed in an average weight loss of 4.1 ± 0.6 kg ( P < 0.0005 ) , which was associated with an ∼30 % reduction of IMCL from 1.1 ± 0.2 % to 0.8 ± 0.1 % ( P = 0.045 ) and an ∼30 % improvement in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake [ 3.7 ± 0.3 vs. 4.8 ± 0.1 mg/(kg – min ) , P = 0.01 ] . This marked improvement in insulin-stimulated peripheral insulin responsiveness occurred independently of changes in plasma concentrations of TNF-α , IL-6 , total adiponectin , C-reactive protein , acylcarnitines , and branched-chain amino acids . In conclusion , these data support the hypothesis that IMCL accumulation plays an important role in causing muscle insulin resistance in young , lean IR offspring , and that both are reversible with modest weight loss Background — Overeating and obesity are major health problems in developed countries . Caloric restriction ( CR ) can counteract the deleterious aspects of obesity-related diseases and prolong lifespan . We have demonstrated that short-term CR improves myocardial ischemic tolerance and increases adiponectin levels . Here , we investigated the specific role of adiponectin in CR-induced cardioprotection . Methods and Results — Adiponectin antisense transgenic ( Ad-AS ) mice and wild-type ( WT ) mice were r and omly assigned to a group fed ad libitum and a CR group ( 90 % of caloric intake of ad libitum for 3 weeks , then 65 % for 2 weeks ) . Isolated perfused mouse hearts were subjected to 25 minutes of ischemia , followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion . CR increased serum adiponectin levels by 84 % in WT mice . Gel filtration analysis of the oligomeric complex distribution showed that CR produced a marked increase in the high – molecular-weight complex of adiponectin in WT mice ; in contrast , CR did not change serum adiponectin levels or their oligomeric pattern in Ad-AS mice . CR improved the recovery of left ventricular function after ischemia/reperfusion and limited infa rct size in WT mice ; these effects were completely abrogated in Ad-AS mice . CR also increased the phosphorylated form of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in WT but not in Ad-AS mice . Recombinant adiponectin restored CR-induced cardioprotection in Ad-AS mice , and inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation completely abrogated CR-induced cardioprotection in WT mice . Conclusion — The cardioprotective effects of short-term CR are mediated by increased production of adiponectin and the associated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase Objective . To investigate effects of weight loss on adipokines and health measures in obese older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis . Methods . Participants were r and omly assigned to either weight loss ( WL ) ( men : 12 , women : 14 ) or weight stable ( WS ) group ( men : 12 , women : 13 ) .  WL intervention included meal replacements and structured exercise training .  Measurements of leptin , adiponectin , soluble leptin receptor , lifestyle behaviors , and body composition were collected at baseline and 6 months . Univariate analysis of covariance was performed on 6 month variables , and Spearman and partial correlations were made between variables . Results . Weight loss was 13.0 % and 6.7 % in WL for men and women , respectively . Women in WL had lower whole body and trunk fat than WS . The leptin : adiponectin ratio was lower for women in WL than WS at 6 months , with no group differences in adipokines for men . Leptin and free leptin index correlated with body fat in both genders at baseline . Interestingly , only women showed reductions in leptin ( P < 0.100 ) and correlations between the percentage change leptin and trunk fat and the percentage changes in free leptin index with total fat and trunk fat . Partial correlations between 6 month adipokines after adjustments for covariates and group/time period show potential multivariate influences . Conclusions . In the presence of an effective weight loss intervention in older obese adults , there are significant relationships between weight and fat loss and leptin in women , but not men , suggesting gender-specific features of adipokine metabolism in this age group Our aim was to determine whether short-term weight loss on a low-carbohydrate/low-saturated fat diet improved endothelial function compared with a conventional high-carbohydrate diet , as this diet is expected to lower both blood glucose and LDL-cholesterol . In a r and omised parallel design of two energy-restricted diets in an outpatient setting , thirty-six subjects ( BMI 33 ( sem 4 ) kg/m2 ) were r and omised to a low- or high-carbohydrate diet both low in saturated fat .  Flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , fasting glucose , insulin , lipids , adiponectin and adhesion molecules were measured at baseline , during weight loss and at 52 weeks . FMD did not change with either diet ( 5.2 ( sem 0.6 ) to 5.5 ( sem 0.6 ) % ) despite weight loss of 5 % and significant reductions in glucose and insulin and LDL-cholesterol and was not different after sustained weight loss of 5 % at 52 weeks . Adiponectin fell by 6 % at 12 weeks ( P = 0.1 ) with weight loss but rose by 17 % at 12 months ( P < 0.05 ) with 5 % weight loss . There were no effects of diet . In contradistinction , adhesion molecules fell at 12 weeks , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by 14 % and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 by 13 % ( both P < 0.05 ) . There were correlations between change in adiponectin at 12 months and change in HDL ( r 0.778 , P < 0.01 ) and glucose ( r - 0.563 , P = 0.057 ) . In summary , weight loss does not improve FMD . Novel cardiovascular risk factors improved at 12 weeks but the improvement in adiponectin was delayed Purpose The most effective dietary pattern for breast cancer prevention has been greatly debated in recent years . Studies have examined hypocaloric diets , with particular emphasis on macronutrient composition , yielding inconclusive data . The objective of this study was to examine the effects of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets ( LFD and LCD , respectively ) on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese premenopausal women . Methods Seventy-nine overweight and obese premenopausal women were r and omized to either LFD or LCD , with increased physical activity , for 52 weeks . Serum adiponectin , leptin and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio ( A/L ) were measured at baseline , and at weeks 34 and 52 to assess intervention effects . Results While there were no significant changes in serum adiponectin concentrations following the LCD and LFD interventions , leptin concentrations significantly decreased by week 34 of the intervention period ( LCD : 35.3 % , P = 0.004 ; LFD : 30.0 % , P = 0.01 ) , with no difference by intervention arm . At week 52 , these reductions were statistically non-significant , indicating a return to baseline levels by the end of the intervention . While there were non-significant increases in the A/L ratio following the LCD and LFD intervention arms , the overall trend , across groups , was marginally significant ( P = 0.05 ) with increases of 16.2 % and 35.1 % at weeks 34 and 52 , respectively . Conclusions These findings suggest that caloric-restricted LCD and LFD dietary patterns favorably modify leptin and possibly the A/L ratio , and lend support to the hypothesis that these interventions may be effective for obesity-related breast cancer prevention through their effects on biomarkers involved in metabolic pathways . Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration Number : NCT01559194 Background Dietary alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) has been associated with reduced risk of development of atherosclerosis . Adiponectin is a hormone specifically secreted by adipocytes and considered to have anti-atherogenic properties . Aim of the study We examined the effect of increased dietary intake of ALA on plasma concentration of adiponectin . Methods Thirty-five non-diabetic , dyslipidemic men , 38–71 years old , were r and omly allocated to take either 15 ml of flaxseed oil rich in ALA ( 8.1 g/day ; n = 18 ) , or 15 ml of safflower oil per day , containing the equivalent n-6 fatty acid ( 11.2 g/day linoleic acid , LA ; n = 17 ) ( control group ) . The intervention period lasted for 12 weeks . Results Plasma levels of adiponectin did not change after the increase in dietary intake of ALA in the flaxseed oil supplementation group , compared to the control group . No changes in body mass index , serum lipid concentrations , LDL density , or plasma TNF-α were found in the flaxseed oil versus the control group . Conclusions Dietary ALA has no effect on plasma adiponectin concentration in dyslipidemic men Background : Obesity , inflammation , insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk are inter-related . Both weight-loss and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) are independently known to reduce metabolic risk , but the combined effects are unclear . Objective : This study examines whether addition of LC n-3 PUFA to a low fat/high carbohydrate weight-loss programme results in greater improvements in inflammation , insulin sensitivity and CVD risk , than weight-loss alone . Design : One hundred and sixteen overweight insulin-resistant women entered a 24-week r and omised intervention study . Thirty-nine women were r and omised to a weight-loss programme , with LC n-3 PUFA ( WLFO ) , 38 to a weight-loss programme with placebo oil ( WLPO ) , and 39 to receive placebo oil , with no weight-loss programme ( control ) . Results : Ninety-three women completed the study ( 35 WLFO , 32 WLPO and 26 control ) , with significant weight-loss in WLFO ( 10.8±1.0 % ) and WLPO ( 12.4±1.0 % ) compared to the control group ( P<0.0001 ) . The WLFO , but not WLPO or control group , showed significant increases in adipose tissue LC n-3 PUFA ( 0.34±0.20 vs 0.17±0.10 and 0.16±0.10 % DHA , P<0.0001 ) . Weight-loss showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity ( P<0.001 ) , lipid profile ( triglycerides P<0.05 ) and inflammation ( sialic acid P<0.05 ) . Time*group effects showed significant decreases in triglycerides ( P<0.05 ) and increases in adiponectin ( P<0.01 ) with LC n-3 PUFA , in the WLFO vs WLPO groups . Conclusions : Weight-loss improved risk factors associated with CVD , with some additional benefits of LC n-3 PUFA on triglycerides and adiponectin . Given the current low dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFA , greater attention should be given to increase these fatty acids in the treatment of obesity Little is known about common factors ( e.g. , macronutrients and energy supply ) regulating the protein secretory function of adipose tissue . We therefore compared the effects of r and omly assigned 10-week hypoenergetic ( -600 kcal/day ) diets with moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content on circulating levels and production of proteins ( using radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ) from subcutaneous adipose tissue in 40 obese but otherwise healthy women . Similar results were obtained by the two diets .  Body weight decreased by approximately 7.5 % . The secretion rate of leptin decreased by approximately 40 % , as did that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 decreased by 25 - 30 % , whereas the secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI-1 ) and adiponectin did not show any changes . Regarding mRNA expression ( by real-time PCR ) , only that of leptin and IL-6 decreased significantly . Circulating levels of leptin and PAI-1 decreased by 30 and 40 % , respectively , but there were only minor changes in circulating TNF-alpha , IL-6 , or adiponectin . In conclusion , moderate caloric restriction but not macronutrient composition influences the production and secretion of adipose tissue-derived proteins during weight reduction , leptin being the most sensitive and adiponectin and PAI-1 the least sensitive Adiponectin , the most abundant hormone produced by adipose tissue , circulates in 3 isoforms , including high molecular weight ( HMW ) adiponectin . The latter has been suggested to be a better predictor of metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance associated with obesity . This study investigated changes in total and HMW adiponectin , resistin , and homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) during a 9-month in-patient treatment program based on physical exercise and a balanced diet in 32 severely obese adolescents .  Total and HMW adiponectin , resistin , and HOMA were measured at baseline ( month 0 ) and during the program ( months 3 , 6 , 9 ) . In addition , a control group of 15 teenagers served as a reference for the baseline assessment s. At baseline , HMW adiponectin was more markedly decreased in obese adolescents than total adiponectin , and both were lower than in controls . Conversely , resistin and HOMA were higher in obese adolescents . During the program , there was a significant change in body composition and improved insulin sensitivity among obese teenagers . In addition , HMW adiponectin and the ratio of HMW-to-total adiponectin increased throughout the study , whereas total adiponectin only increased up until the sixth month . On the contrary , resistin did not show any significant change . In obese adolescents , a long-term combination of aerobic exercise and a balanced diet , inducing change in body composition and improved insulin sensitivity , markedly increased HMW adiponectin compared with total adiponectin , without any change in resistin concentrations . Our results thus suggest that the determination of HMW adiponectin could be more useful than measurement of total adiponectin in clinical setting Obese individuals are characterized by low circulating adiponectin concentrations and an increased number of macrophages in adipose tissue , which is believed to be causally associated with chronic low- grade inflammation and insulin resistance . Regular physical exercise decreases overall morbidity in obese subjects , which may be due to modulations of inflammatory pathways . In this r and omized clinical trial we investigated the separate effects of endurance training-induced weight loss , diet-induced weight loss , and endurance training per se ( without weight loss ) on plasma adiponectin multimer composition ( Western blotting ) and adipose tissue macrophage content ( immunohistochemistry ) in young , moderately overweight men .  Weight loss and endurance training per se decreased whole body fat percentage in an additive manner . No intervention-induced changes were observed for plasma total adiponectin . Surprisingly , endurance training , irrespectively of any associated weight loss , shifted the adiponectin multimer distribution toward a lower molecular weight ( 21 % decrease in HMW/LMW , P = 0.015 ) , whereas diet-induced weight loss shifted the distribution toward a higher molecular weight ( 42 % increase in HMW/MMW , P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , endurance training per se increased the number of anti-inflammatory CD163⁺ macrophages [ from 12.7 ± 2.1 ( means ± SE ) to 16.1 ± 3.1 CD163⁺ cells/100 adipocytes , P = 0.013 ] , whereas diet-induced weight loss tended to decrease CD68⁺ macrophages in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue . Thus regular physical exercise influences systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory pathways differently than diet-induced weight loss in younger , moderately overweight men . Our data suggest that some of the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle may occur through modulations of anti- rather than pro-inflammatory pathways in young , overweight men BACKGROUND Adipocytokines are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease and can be modified with weight loss . While we previously demonstrated weight loss and a reduction in leptin in obese adults who followed a low-carbohydrate diet for 6 months , the long-term effects of this diet on adipocytokines are unknown . METHODS 132 obese adults with a body mass index of > or = 35 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive one year of dietary counseling to follow either a low-carbohydrate diet < 30 g/day ( LC ) or a caloric-restricted diet ( reduced by 500 calories/day with < 30 % of calories from fat ) ( LF ) . Weight , leptin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , CRP , and insulin were measured at 0 , 6 , and 36 months ( 24 months post-counseling ) . Follow-up data at was collected for 53 participants who returned at 36 months . RESULTS Mean weight change from baseline was not different between the groups at 36 months . Between 6 and 36 months weight was unchanged for LF , while LC appeared to regain weight [ + 4.84 + /- 35.6 kg ( + 3.0 % ) ] . This difference , however , was not significant ( p = 0.08 ) . Leptin was unchanged in LF at both 6 and 36 months . In LC leptin decreased by 8.49 + /- 6.4 ng/mL or 22.7 % at 6 months ( p < 0.001 ) and increased by 10.68 + /- 25.2 ng/mL or 41.9 % between 6 and 36 months ( p = 0.02 ) . There were no differences in insulin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , or CRP between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Favorable changes in leptin that accompany weight loss are not sustained in individuals who followed a low-carbohydrate diet for one year . A low-carbohydrate diet had no significant effect on insulin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , or CRP compared to a low-fat diet at 36 months Acute hyperinsulinemia reduces total and high molecular weight ( HMW ) adiponectin levels in humans . Whether an increase in insulin sensitivity ( IS ) is accompanied by a greater suppressive effect of hyperinsulinemia on adiponectin levels is unknown , however . To clarify the inhibitory role of insulin on adiponectin , total and HMW adiponectin levels were measured during acute hyperinsulinemia before and after an improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to weight loss . Forty-six overweight and obese postmenopausal women were r and omized to either 6-month caloric restriction ( CR ) alone ( n = 22 ) , or CR with resistance training ( CR+RT , n = 24 ) . IS ( hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp ) was assessed before and after weight loss . Total and HMW adiponectin levels were measured by ELISA at baseline , 90 , 160 , and 180 min of each clamp . Relative mean body weight loss was -8.0 % ± 4.4 % for both groups ( CR : -7.7 % ± 3.8 % ; CR+RT : -8.2 % ± 5.0 % ) . IS increased significantly , by 18.4 % ± 25.3 % ( CR : 19.3 % ± 29.7 % ; CR+RT : 17.7 % ± 21.0 % ) . Before each intervention , total and HMW adiponectin levels in both groups significantly decreased in response to hyperinsulinemia ( total : -8.4 % ± 19.4 % ; HMW : -3.2 % ± 13.2 % ) . Despite the improvement in IS seen after each intervention , a similar pattern of reduction to that before weight loss was observed in total and HMW adiponectin levels during hyperinsulinemia . These results establish that total and HMW adiponectin levels decline during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp . Also , the insulin-sensitizing effect of weight loss via caloric restriction alone or with resistance training does not amplify the reduction in adiponectin levels observed during hyperinsulinemia in healthy postmenopausal women Purpose : To examine potential detrimental long‐term effects of acute diet‐induced weight loss on visceral adiposity , insulin resistance , cortisol , and adipokines in obese individuals at risk for type‐2 diabetes . Data sources : Anthropometric measures ( height , weight , waist circumference ) , self‐report instruments , abdominal computed tomography ( CT ) scan , and blood sample s ( glucose , insulin , interleukin‐6 , leptin , adiponectin ) were obtained from a convenience sample of 20 participants at baseline , after a 28‐day low‐calorie diet ( 800 kcal/day ) intervention , and again 6 months later . Conclusions : Fifteen of 20 participants completed the 28‐day diet intervention and had a mean weight loss of 15 pounds . Comparison between baseline , postdiet , and 6‐month data , demonstrated that although participants had significant improvements after the diet , they regained fat mass , particularly in the visceral area . Implication s for practice : Clinicians may need to revise recommendations for using low‐calorie diets to achieve weight loss . Diet‐induced weight cycling may contribute to dysregulation of metabolism and have long‐term detrimental consequences for accumulation of visceral adipose tissue . The likelihood of success is low , with high dropout rates , and those patients who achieve weight loss are very likely to regain it . Thus , the perceived short‐term benefits of calorie‐restricted diets in this population likely do not outweigh the potential long‐term detrimental effects Abstract Aims /hypothesisEpidemiological research indicates that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) improve insulin resistance . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of seafood consumption on insulin resistance in overweight participants during energy restriction . Methods In this 8 week dietary intervention , 324 participants ( 20–40 years , BMI 27.5–32.5 kg/m2 , from Icel and , Spain and Irel and ) were r and omised by computer to one of four energy-restricted diets ( −30E% ) of identical macronutrient composition but different LC n-3 PUFA content : control ( n = 80 ; no seafood ; single-blinded ) ; lean fish ( n = 80 ; 150 g cod , three times/week ) ; fatty fish ( n = 84 ; 150 g salmon , three times/week ) ; ( 4 ) fish oil ( n = 80 ; daily docosahexaenoic/eicosapentaenoic acid capsules , no other seafood ; single-blinded  ) . Fasting glucose , insulin , adiponectin , plasma triacylglycerol and fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane were measured at baseline and endpoint . Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) . Linear models with fixed effects and covariates were used to investigate the effects of seafood consumption on fasting insulin and HOMA-IR at endpoint in comparison with the control group . Results Of the participants , 278 ( 86 % ) completed the intervention .  Fish oil intake was a significant predictor of fasting insulin and insulin resistance after 8 weeks , and this finding remained significant even after including weight loss , triacylglycerol reduction , increased LC n-3 PUFA in membranes or adiponectin changes as covariates in the statistical analysis . Weight loss was also a significant predictor of improvements . Conclusions /interpretationLC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals , independently from changes in body weight , triacylglycerol , erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin . Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov NCT00315770 . Funding : The YOUNG study is part of the SEAFOODplus Integrated Project , which is funded by the EC through the 6th Framework Programme Contract No. FOOD-CT-2004 - 506359 The concentration of adiponectin , a hormone which is secreted from adipose tissue , is inversely correlated with body fat mass . This hormone has anti inflammatory and anti atherogenic properties . Its concentration reduces in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases . This study review s the evidence on the relationship between serum  adiponectin concentration and lipid profile .  In this study former clinical trials , cross sectional and prospect i ve studies have been review ed . The PubMed search engine has been used to find related research for the topic by considering dyslipidemia , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high and low density protein ( HDL and LDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , lipid profile ( LP ) and adiponectin as the key words . Finally , 25 articles were recruited to review in the present article . Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with plasma HDL cholestrol concentrations . There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma triglyceride and serum adiponectin . An inverse correlation between very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) and LDL levels and adiponectin was reported from the studies . So , Adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile including HDLc OBJECTIVE High fat , low carbohydrate ( HFLC ) diets have become popular tools for weight management . We sought to determine the effects of a HFLC diet compared to a low fat high carbohydrate ( LFHC ) diet on the change in weight loss , cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in subjects with obesity . METHODS Obese subjects ( 29.0 - 44.6 kg/m2 ) recruited from Boston Medical Center were r and omized to a hypocaloric LFHC ( n=26 ) or HFLC ( n=29 ) diet for 12 weeks . RESULTS The age range of subjects was 21 - 62 years . As a percentage of daily calories , the HFLC group consumed 33.5 % protein , 56.0 % fat and 9.6 % carbohydrate and the LFHC group consumed 22.0 % protein , 25.0 % fat and 55.7 % carbohydrate . The change in percent body weight , lean and fat mass , blood pressure , flow mediated dilation , hip : waist ratio , hemoglobin A1C , fasting insulin and glucose , and glucose and insulin response to a 2h oral glucose tolerance test did not differ ( P>0.05 ) between diets after 12 weeks . The HFLC group had greater mean decreases in serum triglyceride ( P=0.07 ) , and hs-CRP ( P=0.03 ) , and greater mean increases in HDL cholesterol ( P=0.004 ) , and total adiponectin ( P=0.045 ) relative to the LFHC . Secreted adipose tissue adiponectin or TNF-α did not differ after weight loss for either diet . CONCLUSIONS Relative to the LFHC group , the HFLC group had greater improvements in blood lipids and systemic inflammation with similar changes in body weight and composition . This small-scale study suggests that HFLC diets may be more beneficial to cardiovascular health and inflammation in free-living obese adults compared to LFHC diets BACKGROUND AND AIMS To assess the influence of body composition changes on circulating serum visfatin after following 12 weeks of energy restricted diet intervention . We also examined the possible role of visfatin in glucose metabolism and in obesity-associated low- grade inflammation . METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 78 obese ( BMI 34.0 ± 2.8 kg/m² ) women aged 36.7±7 y volunteered to participate in the study . We measured by DXA body fat mass ( FM ) and lean mass ( LM ) . Fasting serum visfatin , glucose , insulin , adiponectin , leptin , IL-1β , IL-6 , IL-8 , TNF-α and CRP concentrations were analyzed before and after the intervention and HOMA and QUIKI indexes were calculated . Mean weight loss 7.7 ± 3.0 kg and HOMA decreased in 24 ± 35 % . Serum visfatin concentration change was negatively associated with LM difference ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas no significant relationship was observed with FM changes after energy restricted diet intervention . Changes in circulating serum visfatin levels were significantly and inversely associated with HOMA-IR ( P < 0.01 ) and positively with QUICKI index ( P < 0.02 ) after energy restricted diet intervention , regardless of achieved body weight loss . We did not find any significant association between changes in visfatin levels and IL-1β , IL-6 , IL-8 , TNF-α and CRP levels after dietary intervention ( all P > 0.2 ) . CONCLUSION Circulating visfatin concentration is associated with sensitivity improvement achieved after energy restricted diet intervention induced weight loss . Furthermore , LM changes could be an influencing factor on visfatin concentrations and consequently , on the improvement of insulin sensitivity after weight loss in obese non-diabetic women . Our findings did not provide any evidence for a role of visfatin increase on low- grade inflammation after weight loss Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index ( GI ) and low glycemic load ( GL ) , as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet , on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30 ) or to the control group ( n = 31 ) . Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric ( −500 kcal ) diet for 12 weeks . Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group . Results Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial . Body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups . Arterial blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , insulin , and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group ; however , there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint . C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention , and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group ; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial . No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids , uric acid , leptin , adiponectin , and interleukin-6 in either study group . Conclusions Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM BACKGROUND Excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with the development of several diseases , including cardiovascular disease , diabetes and cancer in women . One proposed mechanism linking obesity to chronic diseases is an alteration in adipose-derived adiponectin and leptin levels . We investigated the effects of 12-month reduced calorie , weight loss and exercise interventions on adiponectin and leptin concentrations . METHODS Overweight/obese postmenopausal women ( n = 439 ) were r and omized as follows : ( i ) a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet ( diet ; N = 118 ) , ( ii  ) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( exercise ; N = 117 ) , ( iii ) a combination of a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet and moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( diet + exercise ; N = 117 ) , and ( iv ) control ( N = 87 ) . The reduced calorie diet had a 10 % weight-loss goal . The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity 5 days per week . Adiponectin and leptin levels were measured at baseline and after 12 months of intervention using a radioimmunoassay . RESULTS Adiponectin increased by 9.5 % in the diet group and 6.6 % in the diet + exercise group ( both P ≤ 0.0001 vs. control ) . Compared with controls , leptin decreased with all interventions ( diet + exercise , -40.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; diet , -27.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; exercise , -12.7 % , P = 0.005 ) . The results were not influenced by the baseline body mass index ( BMI ) . The degree of weight loss was inversely associated with concentrations of adiponectin  ( diet , P-trend = 0.0002 ; diet + exercise , P-trend = 0.0005 ) and directly associated with leptin ( diet , P-trend < 0.0001 ; diet + exercise , P-trend < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION Weight loss through diet or diet + exercise  increased adiponectin concentrations . Leptin concentrations decreased in all of the intervention groups , but the greatest reduction occurred with diet + exercise . Weight loss and exercise exerted some beneficial effects on chronic diseases via effects on adiponectin and leptin OBJECTIVE Adiponectin inhibits vascular inflammation and increases IL-10 mRNA expression in human macrophages . Thus , we investigated the possible relationship between plasma adiponectin and IL-10 levels and the effects of a diet-induced moderate weight loss on both cytokines . PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN  Plasma adiponectin and IL-10 levels were analyzed in 64 and roid [ body mass index ( BMI ) , > 28 kg/m2 ; waist to hip ratio ( WHR ) , > or = 0.86 ] and 20 gynoid [ BMI , > 28 kg/m2 ; WHR , < 0.86 ] obese healthy women . And roid obese women ( 49 + /- 14 yr ) had a mean BMI of 37.1 + /- 5.3 kg/m2 , similar to that of gynoid obese women ( 49 + /- 11 yr ; BMI , 33.4 + /- 2.6 kg/m2 ) . Twenty nonobese control women ( 46 + /- 11 yr ; BMI , 25.2 + /- 2.2 kg/m2 ) were also studied . In 15 and roid obese women , measurements were repeated after a 12-wk diet period ( 1200 kcal/d ) . RESULTS Median adiponectin [ 5.2 ( range , 3.3 - 7.8 ) vs. 12.1 ( 9.7 - 13.9 ) vs. 15.0 ( 12.6 - 18.2 ) microg/ml ; P < 0.0001 ] and IL-10 [ 1.8 ( 1.2 - 3.3 ) vs. 3.5 ( 2.9 - 4.3 ) and vs. 4.1 ( 3.5 - 4.8 ) pg/ml ; P < 0.0001 ] levels were lower in and roid vs. gynoid vs. nonobese women . Among and roid obese women , low adiponectin levels were independently related ( P < 0.0001 ) to decreased IL-10 levels , independently of BMI , WHR , or insulin resistance . No significant change in either median adiponectin or IL-10 levels was observed after body weight reduction ( 8 + /- 4 kg ; P < 0.01 ) , although percent changes in adiponectin paralleled those in IL-10 ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS And roid obesity is associated with a concomitant reduction of IL-10 and adiponectin levels . However , the antiinflammatory status of obesity might require prolonged periods of energy-restricted diets to revert to normal OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of an energy reduced very low carbohydrate , high saturated fat diet ( LC ) and an isocaloric high carbohydrate , low fat diet ( LF ) on endothelial function after 12 months . DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Forty-nine overweight or obese patients ( age 50.0 + /- 1.1 years , BMI 33.7 + /- 0.6 kg m(-2 ) ) were r and omized to either an energy restricted ( approximately 6 - 7 MJ ) , planned isocaloric LC or LF for 52 weeks . Body weight , endothelium-derived factors , flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , adiponectin , augmentation index ( AIx ) and pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) were assessed . All data are mean + /- SEM . RESULTS Weight loss was similar in both groups ( LC -14.9 + /- 2.1 kg , LF -11.5 + /- 1.5 kg ; P = 0.20 ) . There was a significant time x diet effect for FMD ( P = 0.045 ) ; FMD decreased in LC ( 5.7 + /- 0.7 % to 3.7 + /- 0.5 % ) but remained unchanged in LF ( 5.9 + /- 0.5 % to 5.5 + /- 0.7 % ) . PWV improved in both groups ( LC -1.4 + /- 0.6 m s(-1 ) , LF -1.5 + /- 0.6 m s(-1 ) ; P = 0.001 for time ) with no diet effect ( P = 0.80 ) . AIx and VCAM-1 did not change in either group . Adiponectin , eSelectin , tPA and PAI-1 improved similarly in both groups ( P < 0.01 for time ) . CONCLUSION Both LC and LF hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium-derived factors . However , the LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental effects on endothelial function BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our recently published r and omised clinical trial evaluated the effect of a low-calorie diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner . This dietary pattern led to lower hunger scores , and better anthropometric , biochemical and inflammatory outcomes compared to a st and ard low-calorie diet . In the same study , changes in diurnal secretion patterns of leptin , ghrelin and adiponectin were investigated . METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-eight police officers ( body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 ) were r and omly allocated to experimental ( carbohydrates at dinner ) or control weight loss diets for 6 months . Sixty-three subjects finished the programme . On days 0 , 7 , 90 and 180 blood sample s and hunger scores were collected every 4 h from 8:00 to 20:00 . Hormonal profiles were available for 39 . The dietary manipulation led to changes in daylight hormonal profiles in the experimental group . Leptin 's secretion curve became convex , with a nadir later in the day ( significant difference compared to baseline at morning and evening , p = 0.023 , p = 0.021 , respectively ) . Ghrelin 's secretion curve became concave , peaking only in the evening hours . Adiponectin 's curve was elevated only after the experimental diet ( significant difference compared to baseline at afternoon , p = 0.044 ) . CONCLUSIONS We propose that a low-calorie diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner can modulate daytime hormonal profiles . Taken together with our earlier results , we believe this diet regime may prevent mid-day hunger , better support weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes compared to conventional weight loss diets . The trial is registered at controlled-trials.com , IS RCT N37829376 , December 2009 Obesity is associated with low- grade inflammation , insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular disease . This study investigated the effect of a 15-wk lifestyle intervention ( hypocaloric diet and daily exercise ) on inflammatory markers in plasma , adipose tissue ( AT ) , and skeletal muscle ( SM ) in 27 severely obese subjects ( mean body mass index : 45.8 kg/m2 ) .  Plasma sample s , subcutaneous abdominal AT biopsies , and vastus lateralis SM biopsies were obtained before and after the intervention and analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR . The intervention reduced body weight ( P < 0.001 ) and increased insulin sensitivity ( homeostasis model assessment ; P < 0.05 ) . Plasma adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) increased , and C-reactive protein ( P < 0.05 ) , IL-6 ( P < 0.01 ) , IL-8 ( P < 0.05 ) , and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( P < 0.01 ) decreased . AT inflammation was reduced , determined from an increased mRNA expression of adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) and a decreased expression of macrophage-specific markers ( CD14 , CD68 ) , IL-6 , IL-8 , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( P < 0.01 ) . After adjusting for macrophage infiltration in AT , only IL-6 mRNA was decreased ( P < 0.05 ) . Only very low levels of inflammatory markers were found in SM . The intervention had no effect on adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 mRNA in AT or SM . Thus hypocaloric diet and increased physical activity improved insulin sensitivity and reduced low- grade inflammation . Markers of inflammation were particularly reduced in AT , whereas SM does not contribute to this attenuation of whole body inflammation Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes with interleukin (IL)-6 being particularly important . While long term exercise has been shown to be associated with reduction in IL-6 serum levels in several reports , the discussion on the effect of dietary intervention on IL-6 serum levels is controversial . In the present study , we aim ed to investigate the effect of weight loss due to a very low calorie diet ( VLCD ) on insulin sensitivity and IL-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human individuals . 10 patients with obesity were examined during 12 weeks of a VLCD ( 800 kcal/d ) . Body composition was measured by impedance analysis . Blood sample s were taken before , during , and after the dietary intervention .  Leptin , adiponectin , and IL-6 serum levels were measured by ELISA . The body weight decreased significantly from 123.9±6.2 - 103.5±5.6 kg with a significant reduction in body fat content ( 43.2±2.3 - 36.1±3.1 % ) . Leptin levels exhibited a significant decrease from 56.8±5.6 - 27.9±5.6 ng/ml while adiponectin levels increased significantly from 7.5±0.9 - 10.6±1.1 μg/ml . Thereby the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio , a novel marker for insulin sensitivity , significantly improved . Mean IL-6 serum concentrations were within the normal range ( 3.2±0.8 pg/ml ) before the study and were not significantly altered by the nutritional therapy . Despite improvement of insulin sensitivity , IL-6 serum levels did not change throughout the study period , suggesting that in nondiabetic obese human subjects IL-6 might have only a minor role in the impairment of insulin sensitivity OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of weight loss and exercise independently and in combination on circulating levels of adiponectin including low molecular weight , medium molecular weight , and high molecular weight adiponectin and expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors ( AdipoR ) in adipose tissue ( AT ) and skeletal muscle ( SM ) . DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-nine obese males and females were r and omized into the following : 1 ) exercise only ( 12 wk of exercise without diet restriction ) ; 2 ) hypocaloric diet [ 8 wk of very low energy diet ( 600 kcal/d ) followed by 4 wk with a weight maintenance diet ] ; and 3 ) hypocaloric diet and exercise ( DEX ; 8 wk very low energy diet 800 kcal/d followed by 4 wk weight maintenance diet combined with exercise throughout the 12 wk ) . Blood sample s and biopsies from sc abdominal AT and SM were collected at baseline and after 12 wk . The molecular subforms of adiponectin in serum were determined by Western blot . RESULTS The mRNA expression of AdipoR1 and -2 in SM was increased significantly in the exercise-only and DEX groups ( both P < 0.05 ) . The mRNA expression of adiponectin and AdipoRs in AT was increased significantly in all three groups ( all P < 0.01 ) , whereas serum total circulating adiponectin was significantly increased only in the DEX and hypocaloric diet groups ( both P < 0.01 ) . All the adiponectin subforms changed in a similar manner as total adiponectin , indicating no specific regulation of any of the subforms by the intervention . CONCLUSION Exercise alone and in combination with a diet-induced weight loss enhance the mRNA expression of adiponectin receptors in AT and in SM but only a pronounced hypocaloric-induced weight-loss increases circulating adiponectin in obese subjects OBJECTIVE To study the effects of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate diets on various metabolic end points ( glucoregulation , oxidative stress [ dichlorofluorescein ] , lipid peroxidation [ malondialdehyde ] , proinflammatory cytokines [ tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 ] , adipokines , and resting energy expenditure [ REE ] ) with high protein – low carbohydrate ( HP ) and high carbohydrate – low protein ( HC ) diets at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited obese , premenopausal women aged 20–50 years with no diabetes or prediabetes who were r and omized to HC ( 55 % carbohydrates , 30 % fat , and 15 % protein ) or HP ( 40 % carbohydrates , 30 % fat , and 30 % protein ) diets for 6 months . The diets were provided in prepackaged food , which provided 500 kcal restrictions per day . The above metabolic end points were measured with HP and HC diet at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention . RESULTS After 6 months of the HP versus HC diet ( 12 in each group ) , the following changes were significantly different by Wilcoxon rank sum test for the following parameters : dichlorofluorescein ( −0.8 vs. −0.3 µmol/L , P < 0.0001 ) , malondialdehyde ( −0.4 vs. −0.2 μmol/L , P = 0.0004 ) , C-reactive protein ( −2.1 vs. −0.8 mg/L , P = 0.0003 ) , E-selectin ( −8.6 vs. −3.7 ng/mL , P = 0.0007 ) , adiponectin ( 1,284 vs. 504 ng/mL , P = 0.0011 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( −1.8 vs. −0.9 pg/mL , P < 0.0001 ) , IL-6 ( −1.3 vs. −0.4 pg/mL , P < 0.0001 ) , free fatty acid ( −0.12 vs. 0.16 mmol/L , P = 0.0002 ) , REE ( 259 vs. 26 kcal , P < 0.0001 ) , insulin sensitivity ( 4 vs. 0.9 , P < 0.0001 ) , and β-cell function ( 7.4 vs. 2.1 , P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge , this is the first report on the significant advantages of a 6-month hypocaloric HP diet versus hypocaloric HC diet on markers of β-cell function , oxidative stress , lipid peroxidation , proinflammatory cytokines , and adipokines in normal , obese females without diabetes
target: Weight loss diet beneficially affects blood adiponectin concentrations .
background: Adiponectin secreted from adipose tissue is proposed to be inversely related to the body fat mass .
  However , the magnitude of the effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentrations remains unknown .
  The present study was aim ed to conduct a systematic review and meta- analysis on clinical trials that access the effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentration .