title: Exploring the effects of music therapy on pediatric pain: phase 1. The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the mood and life quality of cancer patients. The effect of parent training in music and multimodal stimulation on parent-neonate interactions in the neonatal intensive care unit. The effect of music versus nonmusic on behavioral signs of distress and self-report of pain in pediatric injection patients. The effect of music and progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, fatigue, and quality of life in family caregivers of hospice patients. Effects of music therapy on health-related outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. The effect of music therapy on relaxation, anxiety, pain perception, and nausea in adult solid organ transplant patients. The effects of music therapy on the quality and length of life of people diagnosed with terminal cancer. The effect of music-reinforced nonnutritive sucking on state of preterm, low birthweight infants experiencing heelstick. Effect of music therapy with emotional-approach coping on preprocedural anxiety in cardiac catheterization: a randomized controlled trial. Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. Coping-Infused Dialogue through Patient-Preferred Live Music: A Medical Music Therapy Protocol and Randomized Pilot Study for Hospitalized Organ Transplant Patients. The effects of music therapy on pediatric patients' pain and anxiety during donor site dressing change. Effects of live music therapy sessions on quality of life indicators, medications administered and hospital length of stay for patients undergoing elective surgical procedures for brain. Active music engagement with emotional-approach coping to improve well-being in liver and kidney transplant recipients. The effects of mothers' singing on full-term and preterm infants and maternal emotional responses. Music therapy as an adjunctive treatment in the management of stress for patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in pediatric burn patients during nursing procedures . Nine subjects were r and omly selected to participate in this study . Qualitative and quantitative data was collected on the patients ' pain , anxiety , heart rate , blood oxygenation , and engagement level through measurement tools and interviews . The results from the qualitative and quantitative data indicated that music therapy reduced pain , anxiety , and behavioral distress . The quantitative data were analyzed and an inverse relationship between engagement in music therapy and lower behavioral distress scores was noted . Additionally , a linear relationship between engagement and behavioral distress was noted ; significance was found but was moderated by the age of the child . However , no significant relationship was found between heart rate and behavioral distress . The results from the qualitative data from the interviews with the patients , parents , nurses and music therapist indicated that music therapy reduced pain and anxiety , and that engagement in music therapy enhanced relaxation . In addition , music therapy positively affected patients ' mood , compliance , and the relaxation level . Finally , parents/guardians and nurses involved in the study reported that music therapy helped them to feel more relaxed as well Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients This study examined the effects of  parent training in music and multimodal stimulation on the quantity and quality of parent-neonate interactions and the weight gain and length of hospitalization of premature and low birthweight ( LBW ) infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ( NICU ) . Twenty sets of parents and premature LBW infants participated in the study . Parents in the experimental group ( n = 10 ) received approximately one hour of instruction in appropriate uses of music , multimodal stimulation including massage techniques , and signs of infant overstimulation and techniques for its avoidance .  Parent-neonate interactions , specifically parent actions and responses and infant stress and nonstress behaviors , were observed for subjects in both groups . Infant stress behaviors were significantly fewer and appropriateness of parent actions and responses were significantly greater for experimental infants and parents than for control subjects . Parents in the experimental group also self-reported spending significantly more time visiting in the NICU than did parents of control infants . In addition , length of hospitalization was shorter and average daily weight gain was greater for infants whose parents received training , although these differences were not significant . A one month , postdischarge follow-up showed little difference between experimental and control group parent-infant interactions in the home Receiving vaccinations is a part of growing up ; however , as necessary as vaccinations are , many children find them to be frightening and painful . Music has been examined as a potential distraction during pediatric medical procedures , but research findings have been mixed , due , in part , to the fact that children were primarily instructed to merely " listen to the music . " The present study sought to determine if a focus of attention activity involving music would affect levels of distress and perceptions of pain in pediatric injection patients . Sixty-four 4- to 6(1/2 ) -year old children receiving routine immunizations  were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions : musical story , spoken story , or st and ard care/control . Children in the two treatment conditions listened to a recorded story and pointed at corresponding pictures throughout the injection process . Observational data on distress and pain were collected , in addition to the child 's self-rating of pain . Participants in the musical story condition tended to be less distressed and report less pain than participants in the other two conditions , although these differences were not statistically significant . Subsequent analysis indicated that children who received more injections tended to benefit more from the music intervention , in terms of their perceived pain The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music , progressive muscle relaxation ( PMR ) , and music combined with progressive muscle relaxation on the reduction of anxiety , fatigue , and improvement of quality of life in family hospice caregivers . Subjects ( N = 32 ) were divided r and omly into 4 groups : control , music only , progressive muscle relaxation only , and music combined with progressive muscle relaxation and were tested twice a week for a duration of 2 weeks . A pre and posttest measuring anxiety and fatigue was administered each session . Quality of life was measured only on the first and last session . Results of three-way mixed design ANOVA indicated no significant main effect for group . However , results revealed a significant main effect for pretest and posttest on anxiety F(1 , 28 ) = 51.82 , p < .01 and fatigue , F(1 , 28 ) = 32.86 , p < .01 . Significant difference on time effect were found for both anxiety F(3 , 84 ) = 3.53 , p < .05 and fatigue F(3 , 84 ) = 5.21 , p < .01 . Follow-up paired t tests used for posthoc testing were conducted to compare pre and posttest difference scores for each group separately . Statistical results indicated a significant difference in quality of life when comparing the subject sample as a whole across the four days of treatment period , F(1 , 28 ) = 14.21 , p < .01 . Follow-up paired sample t test indicated that the control and PMR group exhibited a significant difference in pre and posttest quality of life scores . There was a significant correlation between anxiety and quality of life ( r(32 ) = .75 , p < .01 ) , anxiety and fatigue ( r(32 ) = .55 , p < .01 ) , and fatigue and quality of life ( r(32 ) = -.53 , p < .01 ) This study tested effectiveness of music therapy in improving health-related outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation patients . Using a r and omized , controlled trial with follow-up , the study was conducted in an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in Ohio . Sixty-eight of 103 recruited patients , 30 to 80 years of age , completed the protocol through posttreatment . Physiological and psychological outcomes were measured .  Cardiac rehabilitation patients were r and omly assigned to cardiac rehabilitation only or to music therapy plus cardiac rehabilitation . Music therapy included musical experiences , counseling , and Music-Assisted Relaxation and Imagery . The null hypothesis of no differences in health-related outcomes between cardiac rehabilitation patients who experienced cardiac rehabilitation with and without music therapy was rejected due to changes in systolic blood pressure pre to post-treatment . Interpretation of changes at 4 months posttreatment in anxiety , general health , and social functioning are limited , due to small sample sizes at follow-up . Pre to post-music therapy session improvements were also reported . Findings suggest that some health-related outcomes may be affected positively by participation in music therapy in addition to cardiac rehabilitation . Attrition contributed to limitations in statistical power Organ transplant recipients characteristically experience low levels of relaxation and high levels of anxiety , pain , and nausea . Although music therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in ameliorating these types of conditions with patients in other areas of medical hospitals , no studies have evaluated the effects of music therapy on solid organ transplant patients . The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of music therapy on anxiety , relaxation , pain , and nausea levels in recovering patients on the adult transplant unit of the hospital utilizing a pre-posttest design . Participants ( N = 58 ) received an individual 15 - 35 minute music therapy session consisting of live patient-preferred music and therapeutic social interaction . To remain consistent with the hospital 's evaluative instruments during this pilot study , participants ' self-reported levels of anxiety , relaxation , pain , and nausea , were based on separate 10-point Likert-type scales . The principal investigator observed affect and verbalizations at pre and posttest . Results indicated there were significant improvements in self-reported levels of relaxation , anxiety ( both p < .001 ) , pain ( p < .01 ) , and nausea ( p < .05 ) . Although there was no reliability measure , there were significant increases in positive verbalizations and positive affect ( p < .001 ) . All participants reported that they would desire music therapy again during a future long-term hospital stay . From the results of this exploratory study , it seems that music therapy can be a viable psychosocial intervention for hospitalized postoperative solid transplant patients . Implication s for clinical practice and suggestions for future research are provided The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy on quality of life , length of life in care , physical status , and relationship of death occurrence to the final music therapy interventions of hospice patients diagnosed with terminal cancer . Subjects were adults who were living in their homes , receiving hospice care , and were diagnosed with terminal cancer . A total of 80 subjects participated in the study and were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : experimental ( routine hospice services and clinical music therapy ) and control ( routine hospice services only ) . Groups were matched on the basis of gender and age . Quality of life was measured by the Hospice Quality of Life Index-Revised ( HQOLI-R ) , a self-report measure given every visit . Functional status of the subjects was assessed by the hospice nurse during every visit using the Palliative Performance Scale . All subjects received at least two visits and quality of life and physical status assessment s. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between groups on self-report quality of life scores for visits one and two . Quality of life was higher for those subjects receiving music therapy , and their quality of life increased over time as they received more music therapy sessions . Subjects in the control group , however , experienced a lower quality of life than those in the experimental group , and without music , their quality of life decreased over time . There were no significant differences in results by age or gender of subjects in either condition . Furthermore , there were no significant differences between groups on physical functioning , length of life , or time of death in relation to the last scheduled visit by the music therapist or counselor . This study provides an overview of hospice/palliative care , explains the role of music therapy in providing care , and establishes clinical guidelines grounded in research for the use of music therapy in improving the quality of life among the terminally ill This study examined the physiologic and behavioral effects of music-reinforced nonnutritive sucking ( NNS ) for preterm , low birthweight ( LBW ) infants experiencing heelstick . Subjects were 60 infants , age 32 to 37 weeks post conceptional age in a neonatal intensive care unit . Infants were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment groups : pacifier-activated lullaby ( PAL ) , pacifier-only , and no-contact . Experimental infants were provided the Sondrex PAL System , which plays music contingent on infant sucking . Pacifier-only infants did not receive music reinforcement for sucking , and no-contact infants were not provided a pacifier or music at any point during the procedure . Stress level and behavior state were assessed continuously and heart , respiratory , and oxygen saturation rates were recorded at 15-second intervals for all infants . Most physiologic data results were inconclusive . However , analysis of behavior state and stress level revealed the following significant differences for the PAL and pacifier-only groups compared to the no-contact group , all of which were greatest between the PAL and no-contact groups : lower during-heelstick behavior state means , less time in undesirable behavior states , lower during- and post-heelstick stress level means , and smaller behavior state and stress level differences between intervals . In addition , the PAL group had a significantly lower pre-heelstick stress level mean than the no-contact group . Behavior state and stress level were also more stable across time for the PAL group than the other groups , and patterns of changes in oxygen saturation , behavior state , and stress level indicate that music-reinforced NNS may facilitate return to homeostasis BACKGROUND Individuals undergoing cardiac catheterization are likely to experience elevated anxiety periprocedurally , with highest anxiety levels occurring immediately prior to the procedure . Elevated anxiety has the potential to negatively impact these individuals psychologically and physiologically in ways that may influence the subsequent procedure . OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the use of music therapy , with a specific emphasis on emotional-approach coping , immediately prior to cardiac catheterization to impact periprocedural outcomes . METHODS The r and omized , pretest/posttest control group design consisted of two experimental groups -- the Music Therapy with Emotional-Approach Coping group [ MT/EAC ] ( n = 13 ) , and a talk-based Emotional-Approach Coping group ( n = 14 ) , compared with a st and ard care Control group ( n = 10 ) . RESULTS MT/EAC led to improved positive affective states in adults awaiting elective cardiac catheterization , whereas a talk-based emphasis on emotional-approach coping or st and ard care did not . All groups demonstrated a significant overall decrease in negative affect . The MT/EAC group demonstrated a statistically significant , but not clinical ly significant , increase in systolic blood pressure most likely due to active engagement in music making . The MT/EAC group trended toward shortest procedure length and least amount of anxiolytic required during the procedure , while the EAC group trended toward least amount of analgesic required during the procedure , but these differences were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS Actively engaging in a session of music therapy with an emphasis on emotional-approach coping can improve the well-being of adults awaiting cardiac catheterization procedures Music therapy has decreased anxiety levels in many medical setting s. This r and omized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of a music listening intervention , delivered by a board-certified music therapist , in patients undergoing curative radiation therapy ( RT ) .  Emotional distress ( anxiety , depression , and treatment-related distress ) and symptoms ( fatigue and pain ) were measured at baseline , mid-treatment , and end of treatment in 63 patients undergoing RT .  Although patients who listened to self-selected music reported lower anxiety and treatment-related distress , there was a decline in these outcomes for patients in both groups over the course of RT .  Depression , fatigue , and pain were not appreciably affected by music therapy . Within the music group , there was a significant correlation between number of times music was used/week and the change in treatment-related distress , suggesting that higher doses of music produced greater declines in distress . While these findings provided some support for the use of music in reducing distress during RT , further research demonstrating clear differences between intervention and control conditions is needed . Physical symptoms were not affected by the use of music over the course of RT BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant patients often experience a variety of psychosocial stressors that can lead to distress and may hinder successful recovery . Using coping-infused dialogue ( CID ) through patient- preferred live music ( PPLM ) music therapy sessions may improve mood and decrease pain while also imparting psychoeducational knowledge concerning the identification of local and global problems and coping skills . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this pilot study was to develop a coping-based medical music therapy protocol that combines coping-infused dialogue ( CID ) with patient-preferred live music ( PPLM ) and measure the effects of the result ing CID-PPLM protocol on mood ( positive and negative affect ) and pain in hospitalized transplant patients . METHODS Our study used a pre-/posttest single-session wait-list control design . Participants ( N=25 ) were r and omly assigned to experimental ( CID-PPLM ) or control ( usual care ) conditions . Participants in the CID-PPLM condition received a single 30-minute session that integrated stressor identification and knowledge of coping skills ( CID ) with patient-preferred live music ( PPLM ) . RESULTS Results indicated no between-group differences at pretest and significant correlations between pre- and posttest measures . Concerning posttest ANCOVA analyses , there were significant between-group differences in positive affect , negative affect , and pain , with experimental participants having more favorable posttest scores than control participants . Effect sizes were in the medium-to-large range for positive affect ( η2=.198 ) , negative affect ( η2=.422 ) , and pain ( η2=.303 ) . CONCLUSIONS CID through receptive PPLM may be an effective protocol for improving mood and decreasing pain in organ transplant recipients . MT interventions can be an important tool to develop rapport and enhance outcomes with patients . As greater engagement during interventions may have stronger treatment effects , we recommend future research examining patient engagement as a potential mediator of intervention effects , as well as the number of sessions required to maximize clinical outcomes The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in pediatric burn patients during a donor site dressing change . Fourteen subjects were r and omly selected to participate in this study . The experiment was conducted in the Reconstructive Unit of Shriners Burns Hospital-Boston . The experimental group 's intervention consisted of live music and was compared to a control group whose intervention was verbal interaction . Psychological , behavioral , and physiological data were assessed through the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale , the Fear Thermometer , the Nursing Assessment of Pain Index , heart rate , and respiration rate . Data were analyzed using the ANCOVA , Mann-Whitney U , and regression analysis . The results were mixed and inconclusive . The members of the experimental group reported anecdotal information about the effects of music on pain and anxiety . An exploration of the limitations of the study and suggestions for further study are discussed The physiological and psychological stress that brain tumor patients undergo during the entire surgical experience can considerably affect several aspects of their hospitalization . The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of live music therapy on quality of life indicators , amount of medications administered and length of stay for persons receiving elective surgical procedures of the brain . Subjects ( N = 27 ) were patients admitted for some type of surgical procedure of the brain . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either the control group receiving no music intervention ( n = 13 ) or the experimental group receiving pre and postoperative live music therapy sessions ( n = 14 ) . Anxiety , mood , pain , perception of hospitalization or procedure , relaxation , and stress were measured using a self-report Visual Analog Scale ( VAS ) for each of the variables . The documented administration of postoperative pain medications ; the frequency , dosage , type , and how it was given was also compared between groups . Experimental subjects live and interactive music therapy sessions , including a pre-operative session and continuing with daily sessions until the patient was discharged home . Control subjects received routine hospital care without any music therapy intervention . Differences in experimental pretest and posttest scores were analyzed using a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank test . Results indicated statistically significant differences for 4 of the 6 quality of life measures : anxiety ( p = .03 ) , perception of hospitalization ( p = .03 ) , relaxation ( p = .001 ) , and stress ( p = .001 ) . No statistically significant differences were found for mood ( p > .05 ) or pain ( p > .05 ) levels . Administration amounts of nausea and pain medications were compared with a Two-Way ANOVA with One Repeated Measure result ing in no significant differences between groups and medications , F(1 , 51 ) = 0.03 ; p > .05 . Results indicate no significant differences between groups for length of stay ( t = .97 , df = 25 , p > .05 ) . This research study indicates that live music therapy using patient-preferred music can be beneficial in improving quality of life indicators such as anxiety , perception of the hospitalization or procedure , relaxation , and stress in patients undergoing surgical procedures of the brain Liver and kidney transplant recipients report elevated psychological distress  following transplant in comparison to other types of organ transplant recipients . Negative affective states can lead to immune dysregulation and adverse health behaviors , and therefore may contribute to disease . In contrast , positive affective states can broaden individuals ' thoughts and actions to promote the accumulation of coping re sources . Coping strategies have traditionally been conceived of as being either problem-focused or emotion-focused in nature , while contemporary theory and research supports a different division : approach-oriented strategies versus avoidance-oriented strategies . Emotional expression and processing may function as an approach-oriented coping strategy . Emotional-approach coping relates to the use of emotional expression , awareness and underst and ing to facilitate coping with significant life stressors . The current study evaluated the impact of music therapy with and without a specific emphasis on emotional-approach coping . This r and omized , controlled trial aim ed to use Active Music Engagement with Emotional-Approach Coping to improve well-being in  post-operative liver and kidney transplant recipients ( N = 29 ) . Results indicated that music therapy using Emotional-Approach Coping led to significant increases in positive affect , music therapy using Active Music Engagement led to significant decreases in pain , and both conditions led to significant decreases in negative affect , an indicator of perceived stress/anxiety The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of  mothers ' singing on their adjustment to and bonding with their new infants as well as use of music in the home environment in the first 2 weeks after their infants ' birth . Preterm mothers were assessed for coping with their infants ' NICU stay , and premature infants ' length of hospitalization was evaluated . Fifty-four full-term infants and mothers and 20 premature infants and 16 mothers were r and omly assigned to experimental or control conditions . Mothers in both experimental groups were recorded singing songs of their choice for use at home . Recordings of each preterm mother 's voice were played 20 minutes per day , 3 to 5 times per week , at a time when she was not able to visit her infant in the NICU . All full-term and preterm mothers in experimental and control groups completed a posttest survey 2 weeks after infants were discharged . Comparisons revealed that experimental preterm and full-term mothers indicated less adjustment to their baby and lifestyle changes and less bonding compared to control mothers , though this difference was not significant . Preterm and full-term experimental mothers reported the greatest number of postpartum medical complications , which might explain their poor adjustment and bonding scores . There was a significant difference between mothers ' value of music , with preterm experimental valuing music more . Preterm and full-term experimental mothers used music with and sang to infants more compared to preterm and full-term control mothers , but not to a significant degree . Preterm mothers reported a mean score of 4.75 ( with a 5 indicating that they strongly agreed ) for the following item : knowing my infant listened to my singing helped me to cope with my infant 's stay in the NICU . Furthermore , preterm infants who listened to the CD recording of their mothers ' singing left the hospital an average of 2 days sooner than those in the control group , though this difference was not significant This project investigated music therapy ( MT ) in managing  anxiety  associated with weaning from mechanical ventilation . The use of sedation to treat anxiety during weaning is problematic because side effects ( e.g. , respiratory depression ) are precisely the symptoms that cause the weaning process to be interrupted and consequently prolonged . Study goals were to determine the feasibility of incorporating MT into the weaning process and to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention , based on levels of anxiety , Days to Wean ( DTW ) , and patient/nurse satisfaction .  Adult patients received multiple MT sessions per week while undergoing weaning trials from mechanical ventilation .  Feasibility was determined by successful enrollment in the study and nurse survey . Efficacy was evaluated through anxiety , as measured by heart rate , respiratory rate , and patient/nurse survey ; DTW ; and patient/nurse satisfaction . Nurse surveys reported that MT was successfully incorporated into the milieu and 61 subjects were enrolled . Significant differences in heart rate and respiratory rate were found from the beginning to the end of MT sessions ( p < .05 and p < .0001 , respectively ) , indicating a more relaxed state . No significant difference in mean DTW was found between study and control subjects . Patient/nurse satisfaction was high . Music therapy can be used successfully to treat anxiety associated with weaning from mechanical ventilation . Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed
target: Specifically , the research er studied whether ( a ) there was a significant difference in physiological measures , ( b ) there was a significant difference in quality of life , ( c ) there was a significant difference in satisfaction levels , ( d ) there was a significant difference in pain reduction , ( e ) there was a significant difference in procedural length , ( f ) there was a significant difference in length of stay , and ( g ) whether the overall effect size and 95 % confidence level support the recommendation of music therapy in the health care setting .
background: The purpose of the activity reported in this article was to conduct an exhaustive search of the Journal of  Music Therapy  , filter the articles on the desired parameters , and organize data for analysis and interpretation .