A randomised controlled trial comparing birthing centre care with delivery suite care in Adelaide, Australia. The Stockholm birth centre trial: maternal and infant outcome. The use of a birthroom: a randomized controlled trial comparing delivery with that in the labour ward. Care in a birth room versus a conventional setting: a controlled trial. Effects of labor support from close female relative on labor and maternal satisfaction in a Thai setting. Team midwifery care in a tertiary level obstetric service: a randomized controlled trial. A randomised controlled trial and meta-analysis of active management of labour. Simulated home delivery in hospital: a randomised controlled trial. Evaluation of the home-visiting system for women with threatened preterm labor: results of a randomized controlled trial.
Birthing centre care offers women with a low risk of complication in pregnancy an alternative to conventional care for the birthing of their baby. It is important these two forms of care are appropriately assessed. A randomised controlled trial comparing the newly opened birthing centre with the established conventional delivery suite was conducted at the then Queen Victoria Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. The outcomes measured included maternal satisfaction, costs and clinical outcomes both for mother and baby which related to the need for Caesarean section, episiotomy or tear rate and method of feeding. Two hundred and one women attending the hospital's antenatal clinic were randomly allocated to either birthing centre or delivery suite care. One hundred women were allocated to the birthing centre. No differences were found in either group related to clinical outcomes or costs. The only difference in maternal satisfaction was the choice women made for their next birth. More women in the birthing centre group felt they were encouraged to breastfeed immediately after birth. While the numbers in this study were too small to detect any but large differences in outcome, birthing centre care should remain an option for women and further studies undertaken with larger numbers. To compare an in-hospital birth centre with standard maternity care regarding medical interventions and maternal and infant outcome.
                The birth centre care was characterised by comprehensive antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care with the same team of midwives, restricted use of medical technology, and discharge within 24 h after birth.
                Of 1860 women meeting low risk medical criteria in early pregnancy and interested in birth centre care, 928 were randomly allotted birth centre care and 932 standard maternity care. Data were collected mainly from hospital records, and analysis was by intention-to-treat.
                Of the women in the birth centre group, 13% were transferred antenatally and 19% intrapartum. No statistical differences were observed in maternal morbidity or in perinatal mortality, neonatal morbidity, Apgar score or infant admissions to neonatal care. Perinatal mortality, defined as intrauterine death after 22 weeks of gestation and infant death within seven days of birth, occurred in eight cases (0.9%) in the birth centre group and in two cases (0.2%) in the standard care group (OR 4.04, 95% CI 0.80 to 39.17; P = 0.11). Subgroup analysis showed that a larger proportion of first-born babies in the birth centre group (15.6%) were admitted for neonatal care than in the standard care group (9.5%) (P = 0.003), whereas the converse was the case for the newborns of multiparous women: 4.7% and 8.4%, respectively (P = 0.04). The overall rates of operative delivery (e.g. caesarean section, vacuum extraction and forceps), 11.1% in the birth centre group and 13.4% in the standard care group, did not differ statistically (P = 0.12), but obstetric analgesia, induction, augmentation of labour and electronic fetal monitoring were less frequently used in the birth centre group. Labour was 1 h longer in the birth centre group.
                Birth centre care was associated with less medical interventions than standard care without any statistically significant differences in health outcomes. However, the excess of perinatal deaths and of morbidity in primigravidas' infants in the birth centre group gives cause for concern and necessitates further studies. A randomized controlled trial of two environments for delivery was conducted at Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital. A total of 253 parous women expecting to have a labour ward delivery were invited to participate in the trial but only 148 agreed. These women were randomly allocated to be delivered either with standard labour ward management (n = 72) or in the birthroom--a small bedroom decorated in a homely manner, without facilities for epidural analgesia or electronic fetal monitoring (n = 76). Eleven women in the birthroom group and 10 in the labour ward group withdrew from the trial before labour and four were transferred from the birthroom to the labour ward when in labour. A questionnaire sent in the postnatal period to the women who completed the trial was returned by 80%. In the birthroom group there was significantly (i) decreased admission-to-delivery interval (ii) less analgesia (iii) more freedom of movement (iv) less suturing (v) increased rooming-in. No difference was found in the assessment of difficulty of labour nor in the method of subsequent infant feeding. A controlled clinical trial was carried out to assess whether a birth room setting would influence the care of mothers and newborns. Of the 163 low-risk women enrolled, 49 (30%) manifested some prenatal risk and were excluded. The remaining 114 were allocated by strict alternation to a birth room or a conventional setting. Of the 56 women allocated to the birth room, 63% of the primiparas and 19% of the multiparas were later transferred. The numbers in the two settings who had oxytocin stimulation, epidural anesthesia, forceps delivery or cesarean section did not show statistically significant differences. The episiotomy rates were slightly lower in the birth room than in the conventional setting, and the rates of an intact perineum were higher in the birth room. Neither the Apgar scores nor the morbidity rates of the infants showed statistically significant differences related to the setting to which the mother had been allocated, although more infants from the conventional setting were admitted to a special care unit. Both "experimental" groups of women less often received routine perineal shaving, enemas or intravenous infusions than did an obstetrically similar nonexperimental comparison group. Despite the apparent inability in this setting for the birth room to influence the rate of major obstetric procedures (except for episiotomy) and outcomes, the authors believe that a birth room is desirable in tertiary care centres as well as in community hospitals. To evaluate the efficacy of a close female relative providing emotional and physical support during active labor and birth.
                Randomized, two-group controlled clinical trial.
                Regional teaching hospital in the eastern part of Thailand with 782 beds.
                Primiparous women (N = 120) whose gestational ages were ≥ 36 weeks and who had uncomplicated pregnancies.
                Participants were randomly assigned to receive usual care and support from a chosen close female relative from admission until 2 hours after birth or usual care only. Within 24 hours of birth, labor outcomes (length of labor & type of birth) and levels of maternal satisfaction were assessed.
                Those in the experimental group had a significantly shorter duration of active labor and were more satisfied with their childbirth experiences than those in the control group. Differences between groups with respect to incidence of spontaneous delivery were not found.
                A close female relative was effective in providing supportive care during labor and delivery. The integration of this nursing intervention for women and their families at public hospitals in Thailand is supported.
                © 2012 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. In 1996 a new model of maternity care characterized by continuity of midwifery care from early pregnancy through to the postpartum period was implemented for women attending Monash Medical Centre, a tertiary level obstetric service, in Melbourne, Australia. The objective of this study was to compare the new model of care with standard maternity care.
                In a randomized controlled trial, 1000 women who booked at the antenatal clinic and met the eligibility criteria were randomly allocated to receive continuity of midwifery care (team care) from a group of seven midwives in collaboration with obstetric staff, or care from a variety of midwives and obstetric staff (standard care). The primary outcome measures were procedures in labor, maternal outcomes, neonatal outcomes, and length of hospital stay.
                Women assigned to the team care group experienced less augmentation of labor, less electronic fetal monitoring, less use of narcotic and epidural analgesia, and fewer episiotomies but more unsutured tears. Team care women stayed in hospital 7 hours less than women in standard care. More babies of standard care mothers were admitted to the special care nurseries for more than 5 days because of preterm birth, and more babies of team care mothers were admitted to the nurseries for more than 5 days with intrauterine growth retardation. No differences occurred in perinatal mortality between the two groups.
                Continuity of midwifery care was associated with a reduction in medical procedures in labor and a shorter length of stay without compromising maternal and perinatal safety. Continuity of midwifery care is realistically achievable in a tertiary obstetric referral service. To test whether a policy of active management of nulliparous labour would reduce the rate of caesarean section and prolonged labour without influencing maternal satisfaction.
                Randomised controlled trial.
                Tertiary referral obstetric unit, Auckland, New Zealand.
                Nulliparous women in spontaneous labour at term with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation and without fetal distress.
                After the onset of active labour, previously consented women were randomly assigned to active management (n = 320) or to routine care (n = 331). Active labour was defined as regular painful contractions, occurring at least once in five minutes, lasting at least 40 seconds, accompanied by either spontaneous rupture of the membranes, or full cervical effacement and dilatation of at least two centimetres. Active management included early amniotomy, two-hourly vaginal assessments, and early use of high dose oxytocin for slow progress in labour. Routine care was not prespecified. Prolonged labour was > 12 hours duration. Maternal satisfaction with labour care was assessed by postal questionnaire at six weeks postpartum.
                Mode of delivery, duration of labour, and maternal satisfaction.
                Active management of labour did not reduce the rate of caesarean section 30/320 (9.4%), compared with 32/331 (9.7%) for routine care, but did shorten the length of first stage of labour (median 240 min vs 290 min; P = 0.02), and reduce the relative risk of prolonged labour (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.22, 0.71). There were no differences between groups in the rates of newborn nursery admission, neonatal acidosis, low Apgar scores, or postpartum haemorrhage. Satisfaction with labour care was high (77%) and did not differ between groups.
                Active management of labour reduced the duration of the first stage of labour without affecting the rate of caesarean section, maternal satisfaction, or other maternal or newborn morbidity. To compare the outcome of two methods of maternity care during the antenatal period and at delivery. One was to be midwife-led for both antenatal care and delivery, the latter taking place in rooms similar to those in one's own home to simulate home confinement. The other would be consultant-led with the mothers labouring in the delivery suite rooms with resuscitation equipment for both mother and baby in evidence, monitors present and a delivery bed on which both anaesthetic and obstetric procedures could be easily and safely carried out.
                Randomised controlled trial.
                Leicester Royal Infirmary Maternity Hospital.
                Of 3510 women who were randomised, 2304 were assigned to the midwife-led scheme and 1206 were assigned to the consultant-led scheme.
                Complications in the antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum periods were compared as was maternal morbidity and fetal mortality and morbidity. Satisfaction of the women with care over different periods of the pregnancy and birth were assessed.
                There were few significant differences in antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum events between the two groups. There was no difference in the percentage of mothers and babies discharged home alive and well. Generally higher levels of satisfaction with care antenatally and during labour and delivery were shown in those women allocated to midwife care. We assessed the effectiveness of the home-visiting system in reducing the care provided in maternity units, especially hospitalization, and attempted to establish whether this system increases women's satisfaction with medical care. The trial involved 158 women and was conducted in four maternity units in Paris. A policy of one or two weekly visits by domiciliary midwives was compared with the usual policy of the hospitals. The study was restricted to women with moderate threatened preterm labor between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation. No decrease in the number of women hospitalized or the number of days spent in hospital was observed in the intervention group, but the number of prenatal visits to outpatient clinics was significantly smaller in the intervention than control group. Satisfaction with medical care during the episode of threatened preterm labor was much greater in the intervention group. Home visits by a midwife were considered by the women to be a better care system than numerous outpatient visits or hospitalization. Our results for medical care suggest that the introduction of the home-visiting system did not greatly alter medical practice in the maternity units, although this system had been designed to avoid or reduce hospitalization.
Hospital birth centres are associated with lower rates of medical interventions during labour and birth and higher levels of satisfaction, without increasing risk to mothers or babies.