Prophylactic antibiotics for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: are they necessary? The role of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized study. A reevaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Are prophylactic antibiotics required for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A prospective, randomised trial of prophylactic antibiotics versus bag extraction in the prophylaxis of wound infection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Evaluation of the role of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Determinants of postoperative infection after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective randomized study of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and risk factors for surgical site infection: a randomized controlled trial.
Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not lower the already low infection rate associated with this procedure.
                Prospective double-blind randomized trial at a community-based training hospital.
                Four hundred fifty patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into 1 of 3 treatment arms: (1) preoperative cefotetan disodium, 1g intravenously; (2) preoperative cefazolin, 1g intravenously; and (3) intravenous placebo. There were no demographic differences between groups in age, smoking history, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, infection risk class, time of antibiotic administration prior to surgery, and type of skin preparation.
                Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in all cases; however, 10 patients required conversion to an open cholecystectomy and they were included in the statistical analysis. Preoperatively, all patients were randomized in a blinded manner and received cefotetan, cefazolin, or placebo intravenously.
                There were 10 postoperative infections. In the cefotetan group, there were 3 cases of superficial surgical site infections. In the cefazolin group, there were 2 superficial surgical site infections-1 pneumonia and 1 rhinosinusitis. In the placebo group, there were 2 superficial surgical site infections and 1 urinary tract infection. The overall infection rate in this series was 2.4%. Follow-up was performed at routine postoperative visits and by telephone contact. Data were evaluated using the chi2 test and analysis of variance with Duncan post hoc test (P<.05).
                Based on our data, use of prophylactic antibiotics does not decrease the rate of wound infections in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy has a low risk for infectious complications, but many surgeons still use prophylactic antibiotics. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the necessity and test the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics on postoperative infection complications in low-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
                Low-risk patients were randomly placed into 2 groups: 68 patients (group 1) received cefazolin 1g intravenously after induction of anesthesia, and 76 patients (group 2) were not given prophylactic antibiotics. In both groups, septic complications were recorded and compared.
                Positive bile culture and gallbladder rupture did not significantly increase the rate of surgical site infections. In group 1, there were 3 (4.41%) cases of wound infection, 3 (4.41%) cases of pulmonary infections, and 1 (1.47%) case of urinary tract infection. In group 2, there were 2 (2.63%) cases of wound infection, 2 (2.63%) case of pulmonary infections, and 3 (3.95%) cases of urinary tract infection. No significant difference existed in the complication rates.
                Based on our data, the use of prophylactic antibiotics does not decrease the rate of postoperative infection complications and surgical-site infections and is not necessary in low-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The need for antibiotic treatment when performing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy may not be as important as it is thought. This study assesses the real efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to the postoperative infection rate.
                A prospective randomized study on the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
                University teaching hospital, La Sapienza, Italy.
                Eighty-four patients randomly placed into 2 groups (A [n = 44] and B [n = 40]) immediately before undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
                Before anesthesia was administered, group A received intravenously 2 g of cefotaxime sodium diluted in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution; group B, 10 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution in 100 mL of saline. A gallbladder bile sample for culture was withdrawn intraoperatively from all patients. In both groups, age, sex, weight, duration of surgery, presence of diabetes, American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification score, preoperative autologous blood donation, antibiotic administration, intraoperative gallbladder rupture, findings from bile culture positive for bacteria, episodes of colic within 30 days before surgery, length of postoperative hospital stay, and number of septic complications were recorded. All data were correlated by univariate and multivariate analyses with the onset of septic phenomena.
                In group A, 3 cases of wound infection, 1 case of subhepatic abscess from bile leakage, and 1 case of urinary tract infection were observed; group B, 4 cases of wound infection, 1 case of bronchopneumonia, and 2 cases of urinary tract infection. Comparison of data showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Findings from bile examination in patients with sepsis complications were positive in 5 patients in group A and in 6 in group B (P = .91). Multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus and colic episodes within 30 days before surgery as independent factors significantly associated to the onset of infectious complications.
                In elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, antibiotic treatment did not seem to affect the incidence and severity of infections or the degree of bile contamination. To assess the result of antibiotic prophylaxis in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to the postoperative septic complications.
                One hundred and two low-risk patients were randomized into 1 of 2 treatment arms (1) cefazolin 1 g intravenously after induction of anesthesia (PA group) and (2) no prophylactic antibiotics (NONE group). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in all cases. The patients were followed-up for postoperative septic complications for at least 30 days at the out-patient clinic or by telephone contact. In both groups, sex, age, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification score, operative time, surgical techniques, number of port sites, intraoperative cholangiograms, intraoperative gallbladder rupture, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative septic complications were compared. The statistical analysis of data performed by computer program SPSS 10.0 for Windows was based on the Independent-Samples T Test or the Pearson Chi-Square (2-sided).
                There was only one minor problem of superficial wound infection in the NONE group. Comparison of data showed no statistically significant difference between the groups.
                Antibiotic Prophylaxis may not be necessary in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some clinicians administer prophylactic antibiotics routinely before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the results of some of the studies in the literature support this practice. We conducted a prospective randomized trial to determine whether administration of prophylactic antibiotics is necessary during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in low-risk patients.
                Two hundred fifty patients without evidence of acute inflammation, common duct stones, or other indications for antibiotics were randomized to receive three perioperative doses of cefazolin or no prophylaxis and followed up for complications up to 30 days postoperatively. The primary end point was the occurrence of a major infectious complication, defined as that causing a systemic response, delaying discharge, or leading to readmission. Minor infectious problems were also noted, defined as those causing local symptoms only.
                One hundred twenty-eight patients were randomized to receive prophylactic antibiotics (PA group), 122 to receive none (NONE group; two patients in this group were actually given preoperative antibiotics). Only one major complication occurred (in a patient in the NONE group), an abscess in the presence of a bile leak, despite the administration of antibiotics when the leak was discovered several days before infectious problems arose. There were four minor problems: two lower urinary tract infections and one superficial wound infection in a NONE patient and one urinary tract infection in a PA patient (not significant); all were easily managed. The prophylactic antibiotics did not sterilize the bile, and infectious complications were not associated with weight, inflammation found at the time of operation, reported stone or bile spill-age, or conversion to open operation.
                Prophylactic antibiotics are not necessary for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in low-risk patients. Septic complications are rare following laparoscopic cholecystectomy if prophylactic antibiotics are given, as demonstrated in previous studies. Antibiotic treatment may be unnecessary and, therefore, undesirable, so we compared two forms of prophylaxis: a cephalosporin antibiotic and bag extraction of the dissected gallbladder. A total of 76 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomised to either receive an antibiotic or to have their gallbladder removed from the abdomen in a plastic bag. Complicated cases were excluded. There was a total of 6 wound infections (7.9%), 3 in each of the study groups. All these were associated with skin commensals. There were no other septic complications. Bacteriological studies grouped the organisms isolated from the bile and the wound as potential pathogens and likely commensals. A total of 10 potential pathogens were isolated, 9 of which were found in the group receiving antibiotics. We conclude that septic sequelae of uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy are uncommon, but clearly not entirely prevented by antibiotic or mechanical prophylaxis. Prophylactic antibiotics may not be required in uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Further study is warranted. At present the use of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is controversial. This prospective study was carried out to define the role of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent postoperative infection. Ninety three patients were randomly placed in two groups. Group A comprised of 40 while group B consisted of 53 patients. Patients in Group A received 1.5 grams of second generation cephalosporin (cefuroxime sodium) diluted in 100ml of normal saline, at the time of induction of anesthesia. Group B patients received an equal volume of normal saline only. A sample of gall bladder bile was collected by direct gall bladder puncture intra-operatively for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Age, sex, weight of the patient, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification grade, presence of diabetes mellitus, episodes of colic 30 days preceding surgery, intra-operative gall bladder rupture, stone and / or bile spillage, results of bile culture, gall bladder histology, length of hospital stay, and number of septic complications were recorded and analyzed. In group A, one patient (2.5%) had post operative wound infection and in group B, two patients (3.8%) had post operative infection which was statistically similar (p>0.1). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic, intra operative and post operative denominators. Therefore the study concluded that prophylactic antibiotics did not have a significant role to play in prevention of postoperative wound infection in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on the development of infectious complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
                A total of 208 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized, double-blinded into one of two treatment arms: 1) cefazolin 1 g intravenously after induction of anesthesia and 2) no prophylactic antibiotics. The patients were followed-up for infectious complications for 30 days at the out-patient clinic. The data collected included age, sex, body mass index, ultrasonography findings, accompanying diseases, perforation during surgery, stone spillage, operation time, port of gallbladder delivery, suture material used for skin closure, preoperative and length of postoperative hospitalization, bile culture, pathology of the gallbladder, serum biochemical findings including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and glucose.
                Overall rate of infection was 3.36%. Four out of 105 patients who received antibiotics and 3 out of 103 patients who did not receive antibiotics developed infection. The difference was not statistically significant. Obesity and closing the skin with nylon sutures were found to be associated with increased rate of infectious complications.
                Cefazolin prophylaxis in low risk patients has no effect on postoperative infection rate in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for infective complications, but many surgeons still use prophylactic antibiotics. The use of prophylactic antibiotics for LC is inconsistent and varies widely among surgeons.
                We performed a prospective double-blind randomized study of prophylactic antibiotics in elective LC. Antibiotics were was given first before the operation and then again 24 h afterward. Group A ( n = 49) received 2 g of cefotaxime; group B ( n = 43) received 10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. A sample of bile was withdrawn by direct gallbladder puncture for anaerobic and aerobic cultures. Age, sex, weight, duration of surgery (DOS), presence of diabetes mellitus, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, gallbladder rupture, bile and/or stone spillage, gallbladder histological findings, findings from bile cultures positive for bacteria, episodes of colic within 30 days before surgery, length of stay (LOS), and number of septic complications were recorded for both groups.
                There was no differences between the two groups in terms of sex, weight, DOS, ASA score, gallbladder rupture, bile and/or stone spillage, gallbladder histological findings, findings from bile cultures positive for bacteria, or LOS. One infection occurred in the antibiotic prophylaxis group (2.04%); in the patients not receiving antibiotics, there was one other infection (2.32%). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in infective complications.
                In patients undergoing elective LC, antibiotic prophylaxis is justified only in high-risk patients. In all other patients, antibiotic prophylaxis does not seem to affect the incidence of postoperative infective complications. In low-risk patients, eliminating the unnecessary use of prophylactic antibiotics would result in a cost reduction; moreover, it would lower the risk of adverse reaction and reduce microbial resistance. The aim of this clinical trial was to determine whether prophylactic antibiotics could prevent surgical site infection (SSI) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to identify any risk factors for infection.
                The study included 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were randomized to receive either a single dose of ceftriaxone (Group A; n = 50) or physiologic saline as placebo (Group B; n = 50) after the induction of anesthesia. Patient demographics and clinical and surgical outcomes were recorded.
                The incidence of SSI was similar in the two groups: 2 patients in group A and 4 patients in group B (chi(2) = 0.71; p = 0.40). None of the factors studied was associated with surgical site infection statistically, as shown by binary logistic regression analysis.
                A single dose of prophylactic antibiotic failed to decrease the likelihood of SSI after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
This systematic review shows that there is not sufficient evidence to support or refute the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce surgical site infection and global infections in patients with low risk of anaesthetic complications, co-morbidities, conversion to open surgery, and infectious complications, and undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Larger randomised clinical trials with intention-to-treat analysis and patients also at high risk of conversion to open surgery are needed.