A double-blind comparison of fluconazole and nystatin in the prevention of candidiasis in patients with leukaemia. Antifungal Prophylaxis Study Group. Fluconazole versus nystatin in the prevention of candida infections in children and adolescents undergoing remission induction or consolidation chemotherapy for cancer. Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. A randomized trial comparing ketoconazole and nystatin prophylactic therapy in neutropenic patients. Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation. Antifungal Prophylaxis in Severely Neutropenic Patients: How Much Fluconazole is Necessary? Comparative trial of oral clotrimazole and nystatin for oropharyngeal candidiasis prophylaxis in orthotopic liver transplant patients. Oral nystatin prophylaxis to prevent invasive candidiasis in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompromised children: a randomized, multicenter study of orally administered fluconazole suspension versus nystatin. The Multicenter Fluconazole Study Group. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: randomized comparison of fluconazole versus nystatin oral suspensions.
In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind study, the safety and efficacy of oral fluconazole (200 micrograms/day) and nystatin suspension (6,000,000 IU/day) for the prevention of fungal infections were compared in patients with leukaemia undergoing remission induction chemotherapy. Antifungal prophylaxis was initiated at the time chemotherapy was started and continued throughout the hospital stay or the period of neutropenia to a maximum of 42 days. Prophylaxis was successful (no evidence of fungal infection or fever of unknown origin unresponsive to antibiotics) in 38 of 56 (68%) fluconazole-treated and 25 of 53 (47%) nystatin-treated patients (P = 0.03). 2 patients (4%) in the fluconazole group and 6 (11%) patients in the nystatin group developed systemic fungal infections (P = 0.15). The overall frequency of adverse events was similar among fluconazole-treated (29%) and nystatin-treated (32%); most events in both treatment groups involved the gastrointestinal tract. These results indicated fluconazole was more effective than nystatin in preventing Candida infections in patients with leukaemia; fluconazole was well tolerated. An open, prospective, randomized pilot study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole 3 mg/kg once daily compared with oral nystatin 50,000 units/kg/day in four divided doses in preventing candida infections in 50 children undergoing remission induction or consolidation therapy for cancer. In 21 of 25 fluconazole-treated and 20 of 25 nystatin-treated patients the overall outcome of prophylaxis was clearly successful. Mild and transient oropharyngeal candidosis was observed in two and three patients in the fluconazole and nystatin groups respectively. One patient randomized to fluconazole and two patients randomized to nystatin required empirical treatment with amphotericin B and one patient assigned to fluconazole developed tissue-proven candida colitis. Initially non-colonized patients remained yeast-free throughout treatment with no differences between the two study arms. Initially colonized patients stayed colonized throughout treatment although at the end of the study, more patients randomized to nystatin were still harbouring yeasts (P = 0.05). Almost exclusively, Candida albicans (95%) was isolated. A change in species was observed in one patient in each arm of the study. Candida krusei or Candida glabrata were not encountered. Transient elevations of hepatic transaminases were more common in the fluconazole group, although not statistically significant (28% vs 12%, P = 0.15). Reversible grade I gastrointestinal and skin symptoms were observed in four patients randomized to fluconazole (16 vs 0%, P < 0.05). Fluconazole was as safe and effective as nystatin in controlling yeast colonization and in preventing superficial and invasive candida infections and the empirical use of amphotericin B in children and adolescents undergoing intensive chemotherapy for cancer. To determine whether daily use of nystatin pastilles can prevent initial outbreak or recurrence of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and to identify factors associated with outbreaks during 20-week follow-up, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Subjects were 128 HIV-infected men (aged 27-60 years) who either had had no documented episode of oral candidiasis in the previous year or had been clinically clear of oral candidiasis for at least 72 h before randomization. Study arms were two placebo pastilles, one nystatin (200,000 U) and one placebo pastille, or two nystatin pastilles daily for 20 weeks. The main outcome measure was time to oral candidiasis, as determined by potassium hydroxide (KOH) smear and fungal culture. A multivariate proportional hazards model showed that four factors were significant (p < 0.001) in predicting time to oral candidiasis: nystatin treatment (hazard ratio 0.59), history of oral candidiasis (3.58), Candida albicans carriage (2.79), and CD4 count at randomization (0.65). In this small group of subjects, nystatin appeared to be effective in delaying onset of oral candidiasis. Patients with CD4 counts < 200 who are carriers of C. albicans and have a history of oral candidiasis may be most likely to benefit from antifungal prophylaxis. A randomized trial was conducted comparing ketoconazole and nystatin in the prevention of oral candidiasis and appearance of invasive fungal infections in 51 neutropenic leukemic patients undergoing induction chemotherapy. Ketoconazole was administered in a 200 mg dose twice daily. Nystatin oral suspension was given in doses of 500,000 units four times daily. Surveillance cultures of the throat and urine were obtained prior to treatment and conducted weekly. Patients were enrolled in the study if the absolute granulocyte count was less than 1500/microliter, if physical examination revealed no evidence of oral candidiasis, no evidence of urinary tract infection, and there was no pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray. Patients were continued on study until the absolute granulocyte count reached 1500/microliter, evidence of oral candidiasis appeared, or presumed or proven invasive fungal infections appeared. Of the 46 evaluable patients, 22 received ketoconazole, 3 (14%) developed oral candidiasis, and 5 developed suspected systemic fungal infections (23%). Of 24 patients who received nystatin, 4 (17%) developed oral candidiasis and 8 (33%) developed systemic fungal infections, 4 proven and 4 suspected. Significantly more patients on the nystatin arm progressed to invasive fungal infections. Ketoconazole was not superior to nystatin in reducing the frequency of oral candidiasis but possibly reduced the frequency of invasive fungal infections. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study addressed the safety and efficacy of fluconazole therapy in 143 liver transplant patients. Seventy-six patients received daily oral fluconazole (100 mg), and 67 received nystatin (4 X 10(6) U) during the first 28 days after transplantation. Candida colonization occurred in 25% and 53% of patients in the fluconazole and nystatin groups, respectively (P = .04), and 13% and 34% of patients in the respective groups had Candida infections (P = .022). Of these patients, 10.5% in the fluconazole group and 25.3% in the nystatin group had superficial candidal infections (P = .024). Invasive candidiasis developed in 2 patients in the fluconazole group (2.6%) and 6 in the nystatin group (9.0%) (P = .12). There was no increased hepatotoxicity, cyclosporine interaction, or emergence of clinically relevant resistant Candida strains attributable to fluconazole. Thus, oral fluconazole (100 mg) is safe and reduces Candida colonization and infection after liver transplantation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of low dose fluconazole treatment for the prevention of yeast colonization and infection in severely neutropenic patients. METHODS: An open randomized trial, comparing fluconazole (100 mg per day) with nystatin (800,000 IU per day), in a University Hospital setting. RESULTS: Antifungal prophylaxis was given during the period of neutropenia, defined as less than 500 polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)/mm3). Thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to fluconazole and 33 to nystatin treatment groups. New oropharyngeal colonizations were significantly reduced by fluconazole (P=0.005), and oropharyngeal infections occurred less frequently in the fluconazole group (3% versus 16%, P=0.07). Stool colonization was identical between both groups. Systemic fungal infections were rare; one fluconazole patient had pulmonary aspergillosis and one nystatin patient developped Candida pseudotropicalis fungemia. Empiric amphotericin B was given with the same frequency in both groups. No side effects were associated with fluconazole. However, the administration of nystatin became impossible for three patients because of vomiting and lack of compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Fluconazole (100 mg per day) is more effective than nystatin for the prevention of oropharyngeal yeast colonization. Comparison with results in the literature suggests that a 100-mg dose of fluconazole has similar effects to 200 or 400 mg per day. A prospective randomized study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of clotrimazole troches and nystatin suspension to prevent oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed orthotopic liver transplant patients. Thirty-four patients received either clotrimazole troches, 10 mg, five times daily, or nystatin suspension, 500,000 units, four times daily. Prophylaxis was initiated after extubation after transplantation and continued throughout the hospitalization. One of 17 patients in each treatment group developed clinical and microscopic evidence of an oropharyngeal Candida infection. This gave an intragroup and an overall infection rate of 5.9%. It appears that either nystatin or clotrimazole may be used for candidiasis prophylaxis in orthotopic liver transplant patients. The use of oral nystatin to prevent fungal colonisation and infection in neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is still an open question and not yet recommended as a standard of care. To determine whether prophylactic oral nystatin results in a decreased incidence of invasive candidiasis in the newborn infants, a total of 3991 infants were divided randomly into two groups. Group A infants (n = 1995), only those neonates who were identified as yeast carriers (oral moniliasis) were treated with oral nystatin. Group B infants, all neonates who were admitted to the unit received oral nystatin, was routinely administered three times a day. Group A was divided into groups A1 and A2 (who were treated only if identified as yeast carriers). Urine and rectal cultures were taken on admission and then weekly thereafter. There were 215 (14.2%), 27 (5.6%) and 36 (1.8%) patients positive for invasive candidiasis in groups A1, A2 and B respectively. Oral nystatin prophylaxis significantly reduced the invasive candidiasis (P = 0.004) in extremely low-birth weight (ELBW) and very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. Prophylactic administration of oral nystatine to the ELBW and VLBW infants results in a decreased risk of invasive candidiasis. To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of fluconazole suspension versus nystatin in the treatment of oropharyngeal thrush in immunocompromised children.
                Multicenter, randomized, observer-masked trial.
                Thirty-two centers participated, including hospitals and ambulatory care clinics.
                We enrolled 182 immunocompromised infants and children, ages 5 months to 14 years, with signs of oral thrush and presence of yeasts on potassium hydroxide- or gram-stained preparations. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single daily dose of fluconazole suspension, 2 to 3 mg/kg per day, or nystatin, 400,000 units four times daily for 14 days; 159 patients, who had culture confirmation of thrush and received at least 7 days of study drug, were evaluated for efficacy; all patients were evaluated for safety.
                Clinical cure was demonstrated in 91% of the subjects in the fluconazole group and 51% of the subjects in the nystatin group (p < 0.001), and eradication of the organism cultured at entry occurred in 76% and 11% (p < 0.001), respectively. Gastrointestinal conditions developed in six patients who received fluconazole and in three who received nystatin; two fluconazole recipients were subsequently withdrawn from the study. Laboratory abnormalities occurred with equal frequency in both groups. Clinical relapse rates were similar in both groups at 2 weeks (18% and 24% for fluconazole and nystatin, respectively) and 1 month (28% and 27%, respectively) after the completion of study drug.
                Fluconazole suspension is more effective than nystatin in the treatment of thrush in immunocompromised children. Both regimens were well tolerated. A total of 167 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis were randomly assigned to receive 14 days of therapy with liquid suspension fluconazole (100 mg once daily) or liquid nystatin (500,000 U four times daily). At day 14, 87% of the fluconazole-treated patients were clinically cured, as opposed to 52% in the nystatin-treated group (P < .001). Fluconazole eradicated Candida organisms from the oral flora in 60%, vs. a 6% eradication rate with nystatin (P < .001). The fluconazole group had fewer relapses noted on day 28 (18%, vs. 44% in the nystatin group; P < .001). This relapse difference no longer existed by day 42. Fluconazole oral suspension as a systemic therapy was more effective than liquid nystatin as a topical therapy in the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and provided a longer disease-free interval before relapse.
Nystatin cannot be recommended for prophylaxis or treatment of Candida infections in immunodepressed patients.