A randomized 12-week study to compare the gingivitis and plaque reduction benefits of a rotation-oscillation power toothbrush and a sonic power toothbrush. Comparison of rotation/oscillation and sonic power toothbrushes on plaque and gingivitis for 10 weeks. Efficacy of manual and powered toothbrushes (I). Effect on clinical parameters. A crossover clinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of a new oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush and a high frequency electric toothbrush. A comparative clinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush and a sonic toothbrush. Comparison of the use of different modes of mechanical oral hygiene in prevention of plaque and gingivitis. The long-term effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush on gingivitis. An 8-month clinical study. Effect of electric toothbrushes versus manual toothbrushes on removal of plaque and periodontal status during orthodontic treatment. Relative effectiveness of powered and manual toothbrushes in elderly patients with implant-supported mandibular overdentures. Assessment of the effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush on oral health. A 12-month longitudinal study. Clinical evaluation of an ionic toothbrush in the removal of established plaque and reduction of gingivitis. A comparative clinical study of the safety and efficacy of three toothbrushes. The clinical effect of a newly designed electric toothbrush on supragingival plaque, gingivitis and gingival bleeding. A practice-based randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of an electric and a manual toothbrush on gingival health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Six-month comparison of powered versus manual toothbrushing for safety and efficacy in the absence of professional instruction in mechanical plaque control. Comparison of gingivitis and plaque efficacy of a battery-powered toothbrush and an ADA-provided manual toothbrush. The effectiveness of an ionic toothbrush in the removal of dental plaque and reduction on gingivitis in orthodontic patients. A comparison of the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover (D5) electric and a manual toothbrush in affecting gingivitis. The reduction of gingivitis using battery-powered toothbrushes over a one-month period. Efficacy of plaque removal and learning effect of a powered and a manual toothbrush. Comparative study of 2 electric and 2 manual toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Oral hygiene regimens, plaque control, and gingival health: a two-month clinical trial with antimicrobial agents. Evaluation of a counter-rotational powered brush in patients in supportive periodontal therapy. Powered vs manual tooth brushing in fixed appliance patients: a short term randomized clinical trial. A clinical comparison of 2 electric toothbrush designs. Comparative efficacy of Colgate Actibrush battery-powered toothbrush and Colgate Plus (manual) toothbrush on established plaque and gingivitis: a 30-day clinical study in New Jersey. A 3-month clinical investigation comparing the safety and efficacy of a novel electric toothbrush (Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover) with a manual toothbrush. Comparison of manual and power toothbrushing, with and without adjunctive oral irrigation, for controlling plaque and gingivitis. Mechanical devices versus antimicrobial rinses in plaque and gingivitis reduction. Comparison of a sonic and a manual toothbrush for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis. The effect of a new electric toothbrush on supragingival plaque and gingivitis. Efficacy of ultrasonic, electric and manual toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Comparison of a manual and a new electric toothbrush for controlling plaque and gingivitis. Efficacy of a new electronic toothbrush in removing bacterial dental plaque in young adults. The effects of an ultrasonic toothbrush on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.
Sonic and rotation-oscillation power toothbrushes are popular and effective, but have been shown to differ in relative benefits. The objective of this 12-week investigation was to compare the efficacy of a rotation-oscillation powered toothbrush and a newly introduced sonic toothbrush in the reduction of gingivitis and dental plaque.
                This was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel-group study to assess gingivitis reduction and plaque reductions after twice-daily brushing with either the rotation-oscillation brush or the sonic toothbrush over 12 weeks. The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were used to determine gingivitis benefits at Week 6 and Week 12, and plaque was scored at these visits before and after supervised brushing using the Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI).
                In 171 evaluable subjects, gingivitis reduction benefits were significantly greater for the rotation-oscillation brush group than for those using the sonic toothbrush, with relative mean benefits favoring the rotation-oscillation brush of 29.4% for GBI and 8.2% for MGI at 12 weeks (p < or = 0.01). The rotation-oscillation brush produced significantly lower RMNPI plaque by 33.3% compared to the sonic toothbrush (p < 0.001) at Week 12.
                The rotation-oscillation power toothbrush was significantly more efficacious than the sonic toothbrush in removing plaque, in reducing gingivitis, and lowering the number of bleeding sites after 12 weeks of twice-daily brushing. Although power toothbrushes provide valuable tools toward improving oral health, contrasting results are discerned in their efficiency. This 10-week study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of rotation/oscillation and sonic power toothbrushes in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis.
                This two-treatment, parallel group, examiner-blind, randomized study had the subjects brush twice daily at home with their assigned rotation/oscillation or sonic toothbrush following manufacturer's instructions with center visits at baseline, and at 4 and 10 weeks following the baseline visit, for assessment of oral safety (all visits), plaque (baseline, Weeks 4 and 10), and gingivitis (baseline and Week 10). Gingivitis and number of bleeding sites were measured using the Löe-Silness Gingivitis Index, and plaque was measured using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index.
                At Week 10, 171 subjects were evaluable for plaque assessment (85 in Sonic group, 86 in rotation/oscillation group) and 165 subjects were evaluable for gingivitis and bleeding sites assessment (84 in sonic group, 81 in rotation/oscillation group). The rotation/oscillation group had statistically significantly lower gingivitis scores (by 3.5%) and statistically significantly fewer bleeding sites than the sonic group (by 16.1%) with P = 0.038 and 0.028, respectively, at Week 10. Compared to baseline, only the rotation/oscillation group showed a statistically significant improvement in gingivitis (P = 0.003) and bleeding (P < 0.001) at Week 10. At both Weeks 4 and 10, the rotation/oscillation group had directionally lower plaque scores than the sonic group (by approximately 3%), but treatment group differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.1) at either time point. Both groups showed statistically significantly lower plaque scores at Weeks 4 and 10 relative to baseline. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare manual (Crest Complete) and powered toothbrushing (Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover) for their ability to affect clinical parameters of periodontal diseases.
                48 periodontal maintenance subjects completed this single-blind 6-month longitudinal study. Subjects had a minimum of 20 natural teeth excluding third molars and >10% of sites (approximately 17 sites) with pocket depth > or =4 mm and/or >10% sites with attachment level >4 mm. At baseline, subjects received full mouth clinical measurements (168 sites) to determine mean Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket depth and attachment level and % of sites exhibiting BOP. Subjects were then randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group (N=26) used a manual toothbrush while the test group (N=22) used a powered toothbrush. Subjects received instruction in oral hygiene and used their assigned toothbrush twice daily according to instruction. Follow-up clinical assessments were performed at 3 and 6 months. Significance of differences in clinical measures over time was determined using the Quade test and between brushing groups at each time point using the Mann-Whitney test.
                Mean pocket depth, mean plaque index and % of sites exhibiting BOP showed significant reductions from baseline to 3 and 6 months in both groups. Mean probing attachment level and mean Gingival Index were significantly reduced in the powered brushing group only. There was a significant positive correlation between plaque reduction and reduction in other clinical parameters in both brushing groups. The majority of subjects showed improvements in clinical parameters at 6 months, although a greater proportion of subjects in the powered group showed a reduction in Plaque Index (77% versus 65%) and in % sites exhibiting BOP (82% versus 69%). Mean pocket depth and mean attachment level showed significantly greater reductions between baseline and 6 months in lingual and mandibular areas in the powered group.
                Both manual and powered toothbrushes reduced pocket depth, plaque index and BOP. The powered toothbrush significantly reduced mean gingival index and probing attachment level. The greatest benefit of the powered brush was at mandibular and lingual surfaces. To compare the efficacy on plaque, gingivitis and calculus of an oscillating/rotating power toothbrush (Braun Oral-B Ultra Plaque Remover-D9) and a high frequency toothbrush (sonicare).
                A 6-week, randomized crossover study was carried out. A total of 62 healthy adult subjects completed the study and were assessed for plaque control, gingival condition and calculus control. At the end of the study, subjects completed a questionnaire which assessed their preferences for the two devices.
                Both toothbrushes were found to be safe and effective, but a significantly lower gingival index (P = 0.002) and a lower calculus index (P = 0.022) was found in the D9 group. Assessment of patient preferences revealed that a significant majority of subjects in the study (65%) preferred the D9 to the high frequency toothbrush (27%). It is concluded that the D9 may offer greater potential for the maintenance of good gingival condition than the high frequency toothbrush, and that the greater preference for the D9 may be important with respect to long-term compliance. The implications of these findings are discussed. This clinical study compared the ability of a sonic toothbrush to remove plaque and control gingivitis with that of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush. One-hundred and sixteen subjects from a general population were randomly allocated to either a sonic toothbrush group (Sonicare) or an electric toothbrush group (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover). After 8 weeks use, there was found to be no statistically significant difference in either plaque removal or gingival index between the two groups. Both devices were found to be safe, but whereas 100% of volunteers in the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover group expressed a wish to continue using the toothbrush, approximately 25% of the Sonicare group did not like the device and said that they would not continue to use it. The Sonicare device was found to offer no advantages in clinical terms over an established oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover) with respect to removal of supragingival plaque or improvement in gingival health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an oscillating/rotating/pulsating powered toothbrush on plaque and gingivitis prevention over a 9-month period.
                The study had an examiner-masked, randomized, three-group parallel design. A total of 122 subjects >or= 18 years of age in good general health and with at least five teeth per quadrant and no pockets >or= 5 mm were included. A 3-week preexperimental period of extensive oral home care, including rinses, was started to improve gingival health. Professional oral hygiene instruction with a manual brush was provided. At baseline, subjects were assigned to one of three regimens: twice daily brushing with a manual toothbrush, a manual toothbrush and the use of floss, or a powered toothbrush. Subjects were professionally instructed in their regimen and given a prophylaxis. Two weeks later, oral hygiene reinforcement was provided. Gingival bleeding, plaque, staining, and gingival abrasion were assessed during the preexperimental period and at baseline, 10 weeks, and 6 and 9 months.
                There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis from the preexperimental period to baseline. At 10 weeks and 6 and 9 months, the level of plaque was statistically significantly lower with the powered toothbrush versus the other two regimens (P <or= 0.002). At 10 weeks and 6 months, the level of bleeding in the powered toothbrush group was statistically significantly lower versus manual brushing alone (P <or= 0.024).
                The powered toothbrush maintained lower plaque levels for 9 months following the 3-week treatment phase better than the manual toothbrush with or without floss. The powered toothbrush showed significant benefits in preventing gingival bleeding versus manual brushing alone. All regimens were safe for oral tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Braun Plak Control for the removal of supragingival plaque and improving gingival health in a long-term clinical trial, and to compare it to regular manual toothbrush. Assessed were plaque accumulation, amount of gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding on probing, and calculus. In total, 77 young individuals were selected on the basis of having 'moderate gingivitis'. They were monitored over 8 months and divided among 2 groups; a control group that used a manual toothbrush and a test group that used the Braun Plak Control. The clinical assessments were repeated after 1, 2, 5, and 8 months. At baseline, subjects were handed their assigned toothbrushes together with written oral hygiene instructions. They were instructed to brush for at least 2 min. 1 month after baseline examinations, all subjects received a professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction from an experienced dental hygienist. Plaque removal was reinforced at the 2-and 5-month examination. In conclusion, results indicate that the Braun Plak Control is a safe and efficient home care device. At the end of this trial, this electric toothbrush proved to be more effective than a regular manual toothbrush. This study compared the effectiveness of three different types of electric toothbrushes, i.e., Interplak, Philips, and Rotadent, with a manual multitufted toothbrush (Blend-a-Med), in removing supragingival plaque and in preventing the development of gingivitis in adolescent patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. A single blind, cross-over, clinical trial was carried out in 36 adolescent patients, randomly divided into four equal groups. Every group tested each type of toothbrush, in a different sequence. Plaque and gingival scores were recorded at baseline and after 1 and 2 months of the test period. All patients received a professional prophylaxis after each clinical evaluation, except during the test period. The analysis of the data was performed with the nonparametric Friedman test. The results demonstrated, in essence, for all parameters that the manual toothbrush was the most effective. Of the three electric toothbrushes tested, the Philips toothbrush seemed to give slightly better results than the Interplak toothbrush, whereas Rotadent very clearly gave results inferior to all others. Personal preference on the four toothbrushes used revealed that the group as a whole least preferred a manual brush. However, the answers on the questionnaire did not always show a logical consistency. Therefore it should be interpreted with some caution. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of a powered toothbrush (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover 3-D) and a manual soft toothbrush (Oral-B Squish-grip brush) for the control of supragingival plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.
                The study sample involved 40 edentulous subjects, aged 55-80 years, having 2 unsplinted mandibular implants supporting a complete removable overdenture opposed by a maxillary complete denture. In this single-blinded, randomised, cross-over clinical trial, two 6-week experimental phases were separated by a 2-week wash-out period. 2 weeks prior to each experimental phase (pre-entry visits), implant abutments were polished to remove all plaque and a standardised instruction in the use of the toothbrush was given. Modified plaque and bleeding indices were recorded at the start and end of each experimental period. Mean index scores at each phase were analysed using paired t-test, and the mean number of sites showing a change in plaque or mucositis were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Combined data from 2 different implant systems were considered after controlling for implant type.
                Only minor changes in plaque and bleeding scores were observed following the two test periods. There were no statistically significant differences between the manual and powered toothbrushes.
                Manual and powered brushes were found to be of comparable efficacy with regard to improvement in peri-implant bleeding and plaque indices. The aim of this 12-month parallel design controlled clinical trial was to assess the effect of the Braun Oral-B Plak Control electric toothbrush on supragingival plaque and gingival health, and to compare it with a conventional soft manual toothbrush (Jordan). A total of 111 patients aged between 20 and 63 years, from a general population, with bleeding on probing at 30% or more of all sites examined were entered into the study. At baseline, immediately after periodontal examination, all volunteers received a thorough scaling of their teeth. Volunteers in both groups were told to brush their teeth for 2 min 2 x a day. Oral hygiene instruction was given at the start of the study and was not repeated. At 3, 6 and 12 months, assessments were carried out by a single clinician who was not aware which group the volunteers belonged to. Analysis of results demonstrated that over the 12 months of the study, the Braun Oral-B Plak Control was significantly more effective in improving gingival health than the manual toothbrush. There was, however, no difference between the 2 groups in terms of plaque removal, with the number of sites with visible plaque decreasing by a similar amount in both groups. In conclusion, results indicate that the Braun Oral-B Plak Control toothbrush is safe and more effective than a manual toothbrush in improving gingival health. The clinical effectiveness of a manual ionic toothbrush in the removal of dental plaque and the reduction of gingivitis was evaluated. A double-blind study evaluated the effect of a small, imperceptible electric current on established dental plaque and gingivitis during toothbrushing. Sixty-four adults completed the study. Gingivitis and plaque scores were determined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. The baseline indices of the two groups were well balanced. At each examination, the participants were instructed how to hold the toothbrush properly and reminded to change brush heads every 4 weeks. Statistically significant improvements in Löe Gingival Index scores were observed from baseline to 6 months between the control and test groups and within the test group. The Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores also showed a significant improvement from baseline to 6 months between the control and test groups and within the test group. This single (examiner) blind, randomized, 4-week study compared the safety and efficacy of a new electric toothbrush (experimental) regarding plaque removal and reducing gingivitis with two other brushes, an electric brush (control electric) and a manual toothbrush (control hand). Ninety-six subjects with 1) a minimum of 15 suitable teeth in acceptable occlusion; 2) a minimum gingivitis score of 0.9; and 3) a minimum plaque score of 1.8 were entered into the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a control hand group (31 subjects), an experimental group (32 subjects), and a control electric group (33 subjects). Device use instructions were given according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Two examiners separately determined either gingival scores or plaque scores at baseline and 4 weeks. In regard to gingivitis, use of all 3 brushes for the study period showed statistically significant improvements in gingivitis scores (P values less than 0.01) within each of the 3 groups. Between group analyses of covariance showed that of the 3 groups, the control hand group improvement was better than both the experimental and the control electric groups (P less than 0.05). When interproximal gingivitis scores were analyzed separately, similar improvements were noted. Regarding effectiveness of plaque removal during a single brushing event at the initial and final visits, each of the 3 brushes was effective in reducing plaque for every tooth surface scored (P values less than 0.01). However, between group analyses of covariances showed that the experimental group was better than the other two (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) A clinical study was carried out in an attempt to assess the efficacy of a newly designed electric toothbrush compared to a conventional manual toothbrush using the American Dental Association's protocol for evaluating toothbrushes. An Oral-B 35 manual toothbrush, which served as the control, was compared to the Plaq & White125 electric toothbrush. Examinations were performed by two calibrated examiners at baseline, day 15 and day 30. Examinations included the gingival index, plaque index and bleeding index. Mean indices were calculated and compared between the two brushes using the repeated measures multiple analysis of variance. No statistically significant differences between the mean indices on the three examination days were observed following the use of the manual or the electric toothbrushes. The results of this study demonstrate that the electric toothbrush was numerically more effective than the manual toothbrush in reducing supragingival plaque levels, either before or after brushing, at each examination date compared to baseline plaque values. However, this difference was not statistically significant. This and other findings concluded that the Plaq & White toothbrush is comparable to the control ADA-accepted toothbrush. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of an electric toothbrush with a specially designed orthodontic brush head compared with a manual toothbrush in controlling plaque and gingivitis in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances over an 8-week period in a dental practice setting.
                This was a randomised controlled, single blind, stratified, parallel group trial conducted in two specialist orthodontic dental practices by a specialist orthodontist. Group 1 comprised 41 subjects who used the electric toothbrush and Group 2 consisted of 43 subjects who brushed with a manual toothbrush around the orthodontic appliance for a timed 2 minutes twice daily for 8 weeks. Plaque around the fixed appliance attachments was measured using an orthodontic modification to the Silness and Loe plaque index, while gingival condition was scored using the gingival index and Eastman interdental bleeding index.
                There was baseline balance for all clinical variables (p > 0.05). Both groups had significantly less plaque after 8 weeks than at baseline (p < 0.001) but the group using the electric brush also had significantly less interdental gingival bleeding, as determined by the Eastman interdental bleeding index both at week 4 (p < 0.001) and week 8 (p = 0.004). The majority of subjects (n = 54, 64.3%) preferred the electric toothbrush.
                In conclusion, the results from this study would suggest that use of an electric toothbrush with an orthodontic brush head may be of benefit in promoting gingival health in fixed orthodontic appliance patients; however, the long-term effects (over at least 6 months) need to be evaluated. Reports suggest powered toothbrushing may provide some clinical benefit over manual tooth-brushing, but most studies have been of short duration with subjects trained in toothbrush use. The aim was to determine if the oscillating-rotating powered brush (PB) could safely provide clinical benefits over and above a manual brush (M) in subjects with no formal instruction or experience in powered brush use.
                This 6-month, single-masked, parallel design, randomized clinical trial compared the PB with an American Dental Association (ADA)-accepted soft-bristle manual brush in a non-flossing gingivitis population (n = 157). Subjects were given written instructions but no demonstration on toothbrush use at baseline. Efficacy was assessed by changes in gingival inflammation, plaque, calculus, and stain, while changes in clinical attachment levels and recession measurements provided safety data. A prophylaxis was provided after baseline assessment. The 6-month plaque index (PI) was recorded immediately post-brushing after covert timing of the subjects, and correlation analyses were run to assess the relationship of brushing time to PI. Paired t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to assess within and between treatment group differences for PB (n = 76) versus M groups (n = 81).
                Measures of inflammation showed a statistically significant drop for both brushes at 3 and 6 months. Mean overnight full-mouth PI scores were significantly lower at 3 months for the PB (1.57) compared to the M group (1.80), P = 0.0013. Immediate post-brushing PI at 6 months was also significantly lower for the PB (1.10) versus M (1.39) (P= 0.0025). There was an overall negative correlation for PI and brushing time (r = -0.377, P= 0.0001). Mean calculus index (CI) scores were lower for the PB at 3 (P= 0.0304) and 6 months (P = 0.0078), while no significant differences in stain were observable. Clinical attachment level and recession measurements showed no significant between-group changes from baseline for either brush on canine teeth or on teeth with recession at baseline.
                The oscillating-rotating toothbrush safely provides clinical benefits in plaque and calculus reduction over a manual brush even in subjects with no formal oral hygiene instruction. This examiner-blind clinical study evaluated the efficacy of a new battery-powered toothbrush with oscillating head (Colgate Actibrush) on established gingivitis and plaque at 15 days and again at 30 days, as compared to a control manual toothbrush (American Dental Association [ADA]-provided toothbrush, full head, soft bristles). A total of 63 participants completed the study. They were stratified into two balanced groups according to their mean baseline prebrushing plaque scores and were randomly assigned to use the battery-powered test toothbrush or the manual control toothbrush. Participants were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (mornings and evenings) for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrush for the 30-day duration of the study. Gingivitis and plaque (pre- and postbrushing) examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner at baseline, after 15 days, and again after 30 days. The Colgate Actibrush demonstrated a significantly greater reduction of plaque (46.53%) and gingivitis (18.57%) when compared to the ADA-provided toothbrush after 30 days of use. Additionally, a comparison of the plaque scores for the battery-powered toothbrush at 15 and 30 days shows a continued reduction in plaque of more than 25% for a cumulative difference from baseline of 73%. These results support the conclusion that the new battery-powered toothbrush is clinically superior in plaque removal efficacy and gingivitis efficacy to the manual toothbrush, and continues to significantly improve plaque scores even up to 30 days of use. This investigation was undertaken to determine if an ionic toothbrush was effective at removing plaque and reducing gingivitis in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. Fifty-two orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups and completed a six-week double-blind study. Group 1 consisted of the test group using the ionic toothbrush with an active battery; group 2 consisted of the control group using the ionic toothbrush with an inactive battery. The plaque and gingival indices were measured at baseline, two weeks, and six weeks. The findings demonstrated that the active ionic toothbrush was no more effective at plaque removal and gingivitis reduction than the inactive toothbrush. Although the active toothbrush did effectively remove plaque and reduce gingivitis over the course of six weeks, it showed no significant improvement over the same toothbrush that contained an inactive battery. It was observed that the ionic toothbrush effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis regardless of the presence or absence of an active battery. The clinical findings demonstrated that an active ionic toothbrush was no more effective in removing plaque and reducing gingivitis in patients with orthodontic appliances than an inactive ionic toothbrush. This three-month clinical trial was designed to compare the effect of an electric and a manual toothbrush on reducing primarily gingivitis and secondarily, plaque, in a cohort of 70 healthy adults. After baseline evaluation of gingivitis, soft tissue trauma, and plaque, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups, shown an instructional tooth brushing videotape, and had their teeth cleaned. Soft tissue trauma was again scored at 2 weeks. At 12 weeks all three clinical parameters were again evaluated. The results showed statistically significant reductions (baseline vs. 3-month) in both whole mouth (p = 0.003) and interproximal (p = 0.008) gingivitis scores for the electric toothbrush group. No significant reduction at three months compared to baseline was seen for the manual brush group. When gingivitis reductions were compared over the three-month test period, the electric brush was significantly better than the manual toothbrush in both whole mouth (p = 0.0007) and interproximal (p = 0.002) gingivitis reduction. No increase in soft tissue trauma and no significant differences in plaque reductions were seen for either toothbrush. This study measured the ability of two powered toothbrushes (Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro) to reduce gingivitis relative to baseline levels over a one-month period. This study made use of a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, parallel design. Subjects were examined for Löe-Silness GI scores at baseline and at one month. The primary efficacy variable was GI score change at one month from the baseline GI score. Within-group comparisons to baseline were performed using paired t-tests. Secondarily, treatment group differences were examined using an analysis of covariance model, with baseline as the covariate. Separate analyses were performed for Löe-Silness GI scores and for the number of gingival bleeding sites. All comparisons were two-sided and used the 0.05 level of significance. A total of 87 subjects completed the study. Of these, there were 57 females and 30 males, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years with a mean age of 33.1 years. Baseline GI scores were 0.487 and 0.449 for the Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro, respectively, and were not statistically significantly different. Both brushes demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in GI vs. baseline (all p < 0.001), and delivered an approximately 60% reduction in GI. Baseline bleeding site scores were 37.6 and 34.4 for the Crest SpinBrush and Crest SpinBrush Pro, respectively, and were not statistically significantly different. Both brushes demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in bleeding vs. baseline (all p < 0.001), and delivered an approximately 60% reduction in bleeding sites. None of the ANCOVA comparisons between brush groups were statistically significant (all p > or = 0.354). Both the Crest SpinBrush Pro and Crest SpinBrush powered toothbrushes were highly effective at reducing gingivitis when used per manufacturer's instructions. Subjects with high plaque and gingivitis scores can profit most from the introduction of new manual or powered tooth brushes. To improve their hygiene, not only the technical characteristics of new brushes but also the learning effect in efficient handling are of importance.
                : The present study compared the efficacy in plaque removal of an electric and a manual toothbrush in a general population and analysed the learning effect in efficient handling.
                Eighty healthy subjects, unfamiliar with electric brushes, were divided into two groups: group 1 used the Philips/Jordan HP 735 powered brush and group 2 used a manual brush, Oral-B40+. Plaque index (PI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were assessed at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, 12 and 18. After each evaluation, patients abstained from oral hygiene for 24 h. The next day a 3-min supervised brushing was performed. Before and after this brushing, PI was assessed for the estimation of the individual learning effect. The study was single blinded.
                Over the 18-week period, PI reduced gradually and statistically significantly (p<0.001) in group 1 from 2.9 (+/-0.38) to 1.5 (+/-0.24) and in group 2 from 2.9 (+/-0.34) to 2.2 (+/-0.23). From week 3 onwards, the difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The bleeding index decreased in group 1 from 28% (+/-17%) to 7% (+/-5%) (p<0.001) and in group 2 from 30% (+/-12%) to 12% (+/-6%) (p<0.001). The difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001) from week 6 onwards. The learning effect, expressed as the percentage of plaque reduction after 3 min of supervised brushing, was 33% for group 1 and 26% for group 2 at week 0. This percentage increased at week 18 to 64% in group 1 and 44% in group 2 (difference between groups statistically significant: p<0.001).
                The powered brush was significantly more efficient in removing plaque and improving gingival health than the manual brush in the group of subjects unfamiliar with electric brushes. There was also a significant learning effect that was more pronounced with the electric toothbrush. The objective of this prospective single-blind crossover clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of 4 toothbrushes in 33 children undergoing fixed appliance orthodontic therapy. The toothbrushes included in this study were the Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover (Kronberg, Germany), the Philips-Jordan HP 510 (Philips Domestic Appliances, Groningen, The Netherlands), the Lactona orthodontic toothbrush (Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands), and the Oral-B Advantage Control Grip (Braun); the first 2 are electric, and the last 2 are manual. Every patient tested each type of toothbrush in a randomly designed sequence. Plaque and gingival scores were recorded at baseline and after every 4-week test period. All patients received professional prophylaxis after each clinical evaluation. The data were analyzed with the Friedman test, which showed no significant differences among the 4 brushes for any of the parameters measured. The Wilcoxon signed rank test, comparing the plaque and the gingival scores between the upper and lower jaw for each brush, indicated that plaque removal was more efficient in the lower jaw than in the upper. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various product combinations involving brush, paste, rinse, and floss on the prevention of plaque regrowth and gingivitis.
                In this randomized, parallel-group, examiner-blind, eight-week study, 179 subjects with gingivitis had a dental prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to one of six product combinations: 1) Colgate Wave manual toothbrush + Colgate Total dentifrice (0.3% triclosan/copolymer dentifrice); 2) Wave + Total + Listerine (essential oils rinse); 3) Oral-B CrossAction manual toothbrush + Crest Pro-Health dentifrice (0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate); 4) CrossAction + Pro-Health dentifrice + Crest Pro-Health Rinse (0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride rinse); 5) Oral-B ProfessionalCare Series 8000 power toothbrush + Pro-Health dentifrice; or 6) ProfessionalCare power brush + Pro-Health dentifrice + Oral-B Hummingbird power flosser. Subjects used their test products for the duration of the study. Whole mouth plaque, gingivitis, and product-related adverse events were assessed. Treatments were compared at a 0.05 level of significance.
                One-hundred and seventy-four subjects completed the study and were included in the data analysis. At Week 8, the overnight adjusted whole mouth plaque scores were statistically significantly lower in all other groups relative to the Wave + Total group (p < or = 0.030). Plaque scores were also statistically significantly lower (approximately 20%) in both groups where a therapeutic rinse was added to a manual brush and therapeutic paste relative to scores for the brush plus paste without a rinse (p < or = 0.034). All groups showed a reduction in gingivitis at Week 4, and mean scores remained stable or increased slightly at Week 8. The power toothbrush groups were directionally better at preventing gingivitis than the manual groups at Weeks 4 and 8.
                Reductions in overnight plaque were seen when therapeutic rinses were added to manual brush plus therapeutic dentifrice regimens above that observed with a manual brush and therapeutic dentifrice alone. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a counter-rotational powered brush (CRPB) during the supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) phase of periodontal treatment, 40 treated patients in SPT but with insufficient plaque control were randomly divided into equal experimental or control groups. All subjects used the same toothpaste, but the CRPB group did not use any interproximal aids. Gingivitis (MGI), plaque, and bleeding on probing (BOP) were scored at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months prior to prophylaxis in conjunction with regular SPT visits. While both groups improved from baseline, CRPB use achieved significantly lower mean plaque scores and BOP at 6 months as analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. The CRPB also showed consistent statistically superior percentage changes from baseline resulting in a general 50% improvement in clinical conditions compared to a 20 to 25% improvement for control oral hygiene methods. CRPB use resulted in at least a 50% improvement from baseline twice as often as did the control. The results of this study demonstrate more substantial and consistent improvement in periodontal conditions and plaque control effectiveness with the CRPB than the control methods that included interproximal hygiene aids. It appears that the CRPB may be a useful adjunct in maintaining reduced plaque levels and favorable gingival conditions in patients in the SPT phase of periodontal therapy. Sixty-three orthodontic patients wearing upper and lower fixed appliances were randomly assigned to use either a powered toothbrush fitted with a modified orthodontic brush head (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover 3D) or a manual toothbrush (Reach Compact Medium). A trained hygienist instructed each patient on the proper use of the allocated brush. Measurements of plaque and gingival health were made at baseline, at four weeks, and at eight weeks. Data for each group were analyzed using paired t-tests. Patients using the powered toothbrush showed a significant reduction in percentage interdental bleeding scores from baseline to four weeks (-12.7, P = .003) and this was still apparent at eight weeks (-8.6, P = .028), although there were no statistically significant changes in either plaque or gingivitis scores for this group. Those patients using a manual toothbrush showed a significant reduction in mean plaque score from baseline (four weeks = -0.18, P = < .001; eight weeks = -0.12, P = .016), but gingivitis scores were only reduced significantly at four weeks. In this group, interdental bleeding scores reduced significantly at four weeks (P = .028), but were not significantly different from baseline at eight weeks (P = .0319). When the two patient groups were compared using two sample t-tests, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters measured at any time point in the study. Over an eight-week period, there were no measurable differences between the powered toothbrush with modified orthodontic brush head and a manual toothbrush with respect to mean change in plaque, gingivitis, or interdental bleeding scores when used by patients wearing fixed appliances. A single blind 30 day study compared the reduction of plaque and gingivitis for the Hapika Powerbrush to the Interplak ultra 10 tuft. A longitudinal parallel group design was utilized and screening evaluation was performed to determine patient eligibility prior to study enrollment, 66 subjects were entered into the study and assigned to 1 of 2 groups, each using one of the toothbrushes. At baseline, subjects received an oral soft tissue exam, a dental hard tissue exam, and were scored by the Lobene modification of the Löe and Silness gingival index (GI). Plaque was then disclosed and scored both pre and post brushing using the modified Turesky plaque/debris examination and an interproximal bleeding examination was performed post-brushing. On days 15 and 30, after an oral soft tissue and GI examination, plaque was graded by the Modified Turesky plaque/debris exam. Subjects then brushed and were graded by the Modified Turesky plaque/debris examination and an interproximal bleeding index examination. The results showed that both brushes provided a similar change in clinical indices. All produced a statistically significant reduction from baseline to day 30 for the gingival index (26.5-29.1%), the bleeding index (13.8-24.1%), and the plaque index (16.9-19.4%). A comparison of pre and post brushing scores for the plaque index at 30 showed that both brushes reduced plaque similarly with a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) from their pre-brushing plaque index scores at all time periods. The objective of this 30-day clinical study, conducted in harmony with American Dental Association guidelines, was to evaluate the efficacy of a new battery-powered toothbrush (Colgate Actibrush) relative to a manual toothbrush (Colgate Plus Diamond Head Toothbrush, Full Head, Soft Bristle) in the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis. A total of 110 adult men and women from the Northern New Jersey area were entered into the study and stratified into 2 balanced groups according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores. Participants were instructed to brush twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrush and a commercially available toothpaste (Colgate Cavity Protection Great Regular Flavor Fluoride Toothpaste). Examinations for plaque and gingivitis were conducted by the same dental examiner at baseline, after 15 days, and again after 30 days of product use. All 110 participants complied with the protocol and completed the 30-day clinical study. At the 30-day examinations, the group using the Colgate Actibrush battery-powered toothbrush exhibited a statistically significant greater reduction in plaque (26.7%) and in gingivitis (25.8%) than did the group who used the Colgate Plus Diamond Head Toothbrush. The results of this 30-day clinical study support the conclusion that the Colgate Actibrush battery-powered toothbrush provides a clinically superior level of efficacy for the control of supragingival plaque and for the control of gingivitis when compared with a manual toothbrush. To compare the efficacy and safety of a novel electric toothbrush (Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover) with a standard reference ADA manual toothbrush.
                114 subjects were included in a 3-month randomized, parallel group, examiner-blind study and divided into two groups: 3D users and manual toothbrush users. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 2 minutes. Evaluation of oral soft and hard tissue for safety, plaque, gingivitis and bleeding was conducted prior to the start of product use (at baseline), at days 14 and 35, and at 3 months.
                105 subjects (55 3D users and 50 manual toothbrush users) completed the study. At days 14, 35 and at 3 months both groups showed reductions from baseline in whole mouth plaque, gingivitis and bleeding that were statistically significant (P < 0.005), except in the case of plaque at day 35 in manual toothbrush users. At 3 months, reductions for whole mouth plaque, gingivitis and bleeding were 15%, 16% and 65%, for 3D users and 8%, 12% and 56%, for manual toothbrush users, respectively. Group differences were significant (P < 0.05) in favor of the 3D with respect to plaque reduction for the whole mouth and for interproximal and anterior lingual sites at all three time periods. With respect to gingivitis, reductions for the whole mouth and interproximal and posterior lingual sites at 3 months were significantly greater in the 3D group. There was no clinically significant soft or hard tissue abrasion in either group. In conclusion, the 3D electric toothbrush was found to be safe and had increased efficacy with respect to reduction of plaque and gingivitis compared to a manual toothbrush. We compared the effects of four oral hygiene methods (manual tooth-brushing, power toothbrushing, manual toothbrushing plus irrigation, and power toothbrushing plus irrigation) on plaque and periodontal disease. These methods were tested both when used alone and when used in conjunction with professional mechanical oral hygiene. 108 subjects were clinically assessed for plaque, stain, gingival inflammation, bleeding to probing, probing depth and attachment loss, and randomly assigned to one of the 4 oral hygiene groups. Subjects were carefully instructed in the use of their assigned method and asked to discontinue all other forms of oral hygiene. After 3-months, subjects returned for re-examination and full-month professional mechanical oral hygiene care. 3 months later, subjects returned for a final oral examination. All subjects kept a diary of use of their assigned method and were called every 2 weeks to monitor discomfort, provide reinforcement and answer questions. Results showed that all the oral hygiene methods were equally effective in reducing plaque and stain accumulation, gingival bleeding, bleeding to probing ratio and the % of pockets 4 mm or deeper. None of the oral hygiene methods was associated with injury to soft or hard tissues. The effectiveness of mechanical oral cleaning and oral antimicrobial rinses was compared for gingivitis and bacterial plaque control in 158 subjects. Teeth were brushed ad lib throughout; four of the five groups used either an interdental cleaner, dental floss, an essential oil mouthwash or a cetypyridinium mouthwash. Gingival bleeding (EIBI), visual inflammation (VGI), and tooth plaque coverage were evaluated at zero, six and 12 weeks of product use. After six weeks, bleeding reduction was 42% greater for the interdental cleaner and 21% greater for the dental floss than for the control. All groups showed a further decrease after 12 weeks, but only the 49% reduction of the interdental cleaner was significantly greater than the control. The rinses showed no more reduction in bleeding sites than the control throughout the study. VGI scores were no different from the control for any of the groups. However, the EIBI proved much more sensitive than the visual method finding three times as many inflamed sites. Plaque was reduced by both antimicrobial rinses 27% more than the control over 12 weeks; the interdental cleaner and dental floss groups showed no significant incremental plaque reductions. The results suggest antimicrobial rinses reduce plaque on visible tooth surfaces, but do not penetrate sufficiently between teeth to affect interdental plaque and thus interdental inflammation. However, by disturbing interdental plaque, both dental floss and the interdental cleaner have little effect on visible tooth surface plaque accumulation, yet produce a significant reduction in gingival inflammation. A new sonic electric toothbrush (Sonicare) and a traditional manual toothbrush were compared for efficacy in removing supragingival plaque and reducing gingival inflammation in a 12-week, single-blind clinical trial. 60 subjects with a gingival index (GI) of > 1.5 and no probing depths > 5 mm were randomly assigned to use either the manual or sonic brush, instructed in its use, and asked to brush each morning and evening for 2 minutes. Plaque scores were taken at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index. Gingival inflammation was assessed by the GI, bleeding tendency score, presence or absence of bleeding on probing, volumetric measurements of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in GCF. Repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance were used to detect time- and device-dependent differences for all clinical assessments between the 2 groups over the 5 visits. Both types of brush were effective in removing supragingival plaque. The sonic brush was statistically superior, on a percentage reduction basis, in removing supragingival plaque from the dentition taken as a whole (F-statistic; p = 0.012) and was particularly better in hard-to-reach areas such as posterior teeth (F-statistic; p = 0.003) and interproximal sites (F-statistic; p = 0.004). Both devices were equally effective in reducing gingival inflammation. The sonic brush exhibited less tendency to cause gingival abrasion than the manual brush (1 incident with sonic, 5 incidents with manual), confirming the safety of this product as an oral hygiene device. This study tested the effectiveness of a rechargeable electric toothbrush, Interplak, in removing supragingival plaque and resolving gingivitis. Forty adults with gingivitis were randomly assigned to either a "manual" or "electric" group. Detailed oral hygiene instructions were given and a blind examiner assessed plaque scores before and after brushing, toothbrush abrasion, and gingival inflammation at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Subjects using the electric brush had significantly lower (P less than 0.05) mean plaque and gingival inflammation scores. The electric group's plaque scores fell from 77% at baseline to 28% (before brushing) and 14% (after brushing) at 4 weeks; the manual group's dropped from 75% to 50% and 30% (before and after brushing, respectively). The mean G.I. for the electric group fell from 1.65 at baseline to 1.28 at 4 weeks, while the manual group's scores decreased from 1.65 to 1.43. The results suggest that the electric brush removed supragingival plaque and resolved gingivitis better than the manual brush over a 28-day period. However, a telephone survey conducted 6 months later indicated that most subjects were not using the device twice a day as they had during the study. This crossover study compared the efficacy of an ultrasonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque, gingival inflammation, and levels of Streptococcus mutans, in relation to an electric and a manual toothbrush.
                Twenty-one patients with orthodontic appliances were divided into three groups. All patients were evaluated by a periodontist and samples of saliva were collected for quantification of S mutans. The patients received their first brushes with appropriate instructions. For each crossover leg, patients used each toothbrush for a period of 30 days. At the end of each washout period, participants received a periodontal evaluation and new samples of saliva were collected. After 15 days of using their own toothbrushes, patients received the next toothbrushes in the experimental sequence.
                The ultrasonic brush group presented significant improvement in the reduction of visible plaque on the buccal surfaces (-6.36%, P = .007). The counts of S mutans decreased in the electric (2.04 x 10(5) to 1.36 x 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) and ultrasonic (2.98 x 10(5) to 1.84 x 10(5) CFU/mL) groups. There were no statistical differences among the three brushes for the clinical and microbiological parameters evaluated.
                This study did not demonstrate that the ultrasonic toothbrush was better in reducing gingival inflammation in adolescent orthodontic patients, but plaque scores were lowered on buccal surfaces of teeth with orthodontic brackets. In addition, S mutans counts were markedly decreased in the electric and ultrasonic groups, which should be related to a reduced risk of oral disease. In the present clinical trial, the effect on existing plaque and gingivitis of a new electric toothbrush (ET) was compared to that of a manual toothbrush (MT). 40 medical students, age 18-30 years, participated. Plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded at 6 sites at all teeth. At baseline, a PlI and GI > 1 were required. The participants were at random allocated to a group using either ET or MT and were instructed only to use the assigned toothbrush, brushing each morning and evening for 2 min. No oral hygiene instruction was given. Re-examination was done after 1, 2 and 6 weeks. In the MT group, a minor decrease in mean PlI was found after 6 weeks (all sites: from 1.2 to 1.1, approximal sites: from 1.4 to 1.2). The corresponding figures in the ET group were: 1.2 to 0.6 and 1.4 to 0.8. After 6 weeks, the % of sites with visible plaque with MT was: 24% (all sites) and 30% (approximal sites) and with ET 8% and 9%, respectively. With MT, mean GI was unchanged after 6 weeks compared to baseline, whereas with ET, the changes were from 1.1 to 0.9 (all sites) and from 1.1 to 1.0 (approximal sites). The % of sites with GI score > or = 2 had not changed after 6 weeks with MT (all sites: 11%, approximal sites: 13%). With ET, these results were 3% and 4%, respectively. Although a high level of oral cleanliness is essential for long-term maintenance of dental health, many people cannot maintain good oral hygiene consistently. A new electronic toothbrush has been developed that induces a small electric charge onto tooth surfaces. This charge damages electrostatic bonding of plaque proteins to tooth surfaces; thus, plaque removal is enhanced while the toothbrush is used. Young men were issued identical toothbrushes; some were electrically active. Plaque levels were assessed at baseline, and after two and four weeks, concurrently with oral-hygiene instruction and professional prophylaxis. The electrically active toothbrushes demonstrated better plaque removal than the inactive toothbrushes. This better performance was statistically significant linguopalatally, indicating that significantly more plaque was removed where mechanical access was poorest. Thus, the electrical activity of this toothbrush significantly enhances plaque removal where toothbrushing access is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an ultrasonic toothbrush to reduce plaque and gingival inflammation when compared to a manual toothbrush. 62 healthy adult patients with a plaque index of at least 2.0, a 50% bleeding index and at least 16 natural teeth participated in this study. 31 patients were randomly assigned to the manual toothbrush group (group A) and 31 were assigned to an ultrasonic toothbrush group (group B). The Turesky et al. plaque index (PI), Eastman bleeding index, and Loe & Silness gingival index (GI) were performed at baseline, 15, and 30 days at the beginning of each appointment (pre-brushing). Patients then brushed with their assigned toothbrush and a post-brushing plaque index was recorded. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine between group differences on the parameters of all clinical indices. Results of the pre-brushing plaque index in group B were significantly lower at 15 and 30 days compared to group A. The post-brushing plaque index demonstrated no statistically significant between or within group differences. Both groups demonstrated significant within group reductions in GI and BI from baseline to 15 days and from 15 to 30 days, however, no between group differences were noted. The results of this study support the ability of an ultrasonic toothbrush to significantly remove plaque and reduce inflammation as well as a manual toothbrush over a 30 day period.
Powered toothbrushes with a rotation oscillation action reduce plaque and gingivitis more than manual toothbrushing.
Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.