A comparative study of safety and efficacy of continuous low dose oestradiol released from a vaginal ring compared with conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal urogenital atrophy. Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. Continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring versus estriol vaginal cream for urogenital atrophy. Local treatment of urogenital atrophy with an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring: a comparative and a placebo-controlled multicenter study. Vaginal Ring Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of a novel estradiol vaginal ring for relief of menopausal symptoms. Efficacy of every-other-day administration of conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate on gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists treatment in women with endometriosis. Comparative study of oestradiol and prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel for ripening the unfavourable cervix before induction of labour. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Effects of tibolone and continuous combined conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate on the endometrium and vaginal bleeding: results of the OPAL study. The effect of estradiol vaginal tablet and conjugated estrogen cream on urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: a comparative study. The effect of transdermal oestradiol on bleeding pattern, hormonal profiles and sex steroid receptor distribution in the endometrium of Norplant users.
To compare the safety, efficacy and acceptability of a continuous low dose oestradiol releasing vaginal ring with conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal urogenital atrophy.
                An open, parallel, comparative multicentre trial.
                Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.
                One hundred and ninety-four postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital atrophy were randomised on a 2:1 basis to 12 weeks of treatment with an oestrogen vaginal ring versus an oestrogen cream.
                Equivalence (95% CI) was demonstrated between the two treatments for relief of vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, resolution of atrophic signs, improvement in vaginal mucosal maturation indices and reduction in vaginal pH. No significant difference was demonstrated in endometrial response to a progestogen challenge test and equivalence was demonstrated in the incidence of intercurrent bleeding episodes. The vaginal ring was significantly more acceptable than the cream P < 0.0001), and was preferred to the cream (P < 0.001).
                With equivalent efficacy and safety and superior acceptability to vaginal cream, the low dose oestradiol vaginal ring is an advance in vaginal delivery systems for the treatment of urogenital atrophy. To assess the efficacy of an oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring and oestriol pessaries in the alleviation of lower urinary tract symptoms occurring after the menopause.
                Randomised, parallel group, controlled trial.
                Twenty-six clinics of practising gynaecologists and one outpatient clinic at a department of obstetrics and gynaecology.
                Two hundred and fifty-one postmenopausal women, with a mean age of 66 years, reporting at least one bothersome lower urinary tract symptom.
                One hundred and thirty-four women were treated with the oestradiol-releasing ring for 24 weeks; 117 women were treated with oestriol pessaries 0.5 mg every second day for 24 weeks.
                Subjective scores of urgency, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, stress incontinence and urge incontinence.
                The two treatments were equally efficacious in alleviating urinary urgency (51% vs 56%), urge incontinence (58% vs 58%), stress incontinence (53% vs 59%) and nocturia (51% vs 54%). Dysuria was alleviated in 76% vs 67%, equivalence was not demonstrated. No statistically significant difference was found for any primary efficacy endpoint. Sixty percent of the participants rated the form of administration via the vaginal ring as excellent, compared with 14% for the pessaries (P < 0.0001).
                Low dose vaginally administered oestradiol and oestriol are equally efficacious in alleviating lower urinary tract symptoms which appear after the menopause. The form of administration of the vaginal ring, seems to be more acceptable than oestriol pessaries. To determine if the efficacy of continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring is equivalent to estriol vaginal cream regarding improvement of the patient's subjective feeling of vaginal dryness and to determine if there is a preference for either of the two study treatments.
                Open-label randomized parallel group trial with active control with a blind evaluation of vaginal cytology and with a cross-over (change-over) phase for preference comparison. One hundred and sixty five postmenopausal women with symptoms of vaginal dryness and signs of vaginal atrophy were randomized to an estradiol ring (Estring) or estriol cream (Synapause). The duration of each treatment period was 12 weeks.
                Both study treatments were equally effective regarding the ability to alleviate the symptom feeling of vaginal dryness and the signs of vaginal atrophy. Both treatments were efficient in restoring the vaginal mucosa, recorded as higher maturation values and as decreased vaginal pH. Estring was superior to estriol cream regarding preference of treatment. Both treatments were equivalent for the occurrence of adverse events, including bleeding.
                data from this change-over study confirm efficacy and safety of both the vaginal ring and cream in the treatment of postmenopausal women with urogenital atrophy symptoms and signs. The patients had a strong preference for the vaginal ring. Local estrogen substitution has been shown to be more appropriate than any systemic application for the treatment of urogenital symptoms of hormone deficiency. The efficacy, safety and acceptability of a new low-dose drug delivery system consisting of an estradiol-releasing silicone vaginal ring was studied in two multicenter trials. In an open-label comparative trial a total of 219 postmenopausal women were randomized to the estradiol-releasing vaginal ring or to estriol suppositories. In terms of efficacy both treatment arms were shown to be equivalent; however, significantly higher rates of acceptability were found for the vaginal ring. In a double-blinded placebo-controlled study a total of 84 patients were randomized to either treatment arm for a period of 24 weeks. The statistically significant improvement of the vaginal epithelial pH and maturation values demonstrated the efficacy of the estradiol-releasing vaginal ring compared to the placebo ring. To assess the efficacy, tolerability, and acceptance of a vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 microg per day of estradiol (E2), compared with placebo, for relief of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women.
                Women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms (seven or more per day or 56 per week average) received 13 weeks of treatment with a vaginal ring delivering 50 microg per day E2 (n = 113) or 100 microg per day E2 (n = 112), or a placebo vaginal ring (n = 108). Severity of vasomotor symptoms was assessed by a daily diary card and the Greene Climacteric Scale. Urogenital signs and symptoms were evaluated via patient and physician assessment and vaginal cytology. Participant satisfaction with the vaginal ring was evaluated via questionnaire.
                Vasomotor symptoms significantly improved in both treatment groups, compared with placebo (P <.05). There was a trend toward greater improvement in patient assessment of urogenital signs with active rings compared with placebo. For women with vaginal atrophy at baseline (n = 60), the maturation index improved significantly in both treatment groups compared with placebo. Total Greene Climacteric Scale scores significantly improved for both E2 vaginal ring groups (P <.05) compared with placebo. The vaginal rings were well tolerated. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and consistent with estrogen therapy.
                A novel vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 microg per day of E2 significantly reduced the number and severity of vasomotor symptoms and improved urogenital symptoms, compared with placebo. The E2 vaginal ring was well tolerated. We performed a randomized controlled study to determine the efficacy of add-backed therapy by every-other-day administration of 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on GnRH agonists (GnRH-a) treatment in Japanese women with symptomatic endometriosis. At the end of treatment, serum estrone and estradiol levels in the add-back group (n = 11) were significantly higher than those in the control group (n = 10). The assessment of Beecham classification by bimanual examination, serum CA-125 levels, and the frequency of genital bleeding revealed no significant differences between the two groups. The add-back group showed reduced Kupperman indices relative to those of the control group, and could prevent the loss of bone density. These findings led to a conclusion that GnRH-a therapy added back by every-other-day administration of 0.625 mg CEE and 2.5 mg MPA was a safe and effective treatment for Japanese women with endometriosis.
                Copyright 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel Oestradiol 150 mg and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 4 mg suspended in viscous gel and applied intravaginally were compared with regard to ripening the unfavourable cervix of patients randomly allocated to two study groups. In primigravidae no significant difference was observed in the efficacy of the two substances. Some multiparous patients, however, had considerably more uterine sensitivity to PGE2 quickly developed decelerative cardiotocographic tracings after insertion of the gel. In the group given oestradiol there was a significant absence of uterine activity after gel application. The findings suggest that oestradiol applied vaginally is a safe, comfortable, cheap, and equally effective alternative to PGE2 for ripening the cervix, without the disadvantages of uterine stimulation frequently encountered with PGE2. To evaluate the efficacy of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for relieving vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy.
                A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the Women's Health, Osteoporosis, Progestin, Estrogen study).
                Study centers across the United States.
                Two thousand, six hundred, seventy-three healthy, postmenopausal women with an intact uterus, including an efficacy-evaluable population (n = 241 at baseline).Intervention(s): Patients received for 1 year (13 cycles; in milligrams per day) CEE, 0.625; CEE, 0.625 and MPA, 2.5; CEE, 0.45; CEE, 0.45 and MPA, 2.5; CEE, 0.45 and MPA, 1.5; CEE, 0.3; CEE, 0.3 and MPA, 1.5; or placebo.
                Number and severity of hot flushes and Papanicolaou smear with vaginal maturation index (VMI) to assess vaginal atrophy.
                In the efficacy-evaluable population, reduction in vasomotor symptoms was similar with CEE of 0.625 mg/d and MPA of 2.5 mg/d (the most commonly prescribed doses) and all lower combination doses. CEE of 0.625 mg/d alleviated hot flushes more effectively than the lower doses of CEE alone. VMI improved in all active treatment groups.
                Lower doses of CEE plus MPA relieve vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy as effectively as commonly prescribed doses. The primary objective of the Osteoporosis Prevention and Arterial effects of tiboLone study was to compare the effect of tibolone and placebo on the progression of the common carotid artery intima-medial thickness; the common carotid artery intima-medial thickness and bone data will be presented elsewhere. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of tibolone (2.5 mg), continuous combined conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate [0.625/2.5 mg], and placebo on the endometrium and vaginal bleeding; these results are the subject of this report.
                This 3-year, three-arm, international, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled 866 postmenopausal women (aged 45-79 years). The endometrium was assessed by annual transvaginal ultrasound scans and end-of-study biopsies (United States/United Kingdom centers only). Vaginal bleeding was recorded in daily diaries.
                Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasound scan increased slightly during the first year with tibolone and conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate, without any further progression. After 3 years, there were no significant differences between the tibolone, conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate, and placebo groups in the incidence of proliferation (1.4%, 4.8%, and 0%, respectively), endometrial hyperplasia (0% in all groups), or cancer (1, 0, and 1 case, respectively). During the first 3 months, bleeding/spotting rates were greater with conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (48%) than with tibolone (18%; P < .001) or placebo (3%; P < .001). During 3 years of treatment, the incidence of bleeding/spotting was 66%, 48%, and 23% for conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate, tibolone, and placebo, respectively. The mean number of bleeding/spotting days was greater in the conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate than the tibolone or placebo groups (61, 28, and 7 days, respectively; P = .023 vs tibolone; P < .0001 vs placebo). The mean number of bleeding/spotting episodes was also greater in the conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate group (13 episodes) compared with the tibolone group (six episodes; P < .001) and placebo group (four episodes; P < .001). Vaginal bleeding was more commonly reported as an adverse event with conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate than tibolone (26.4% vs 10.8%, P < .0001) and as the reason for premature discontinuation (9% vs 2%, P = .001).
                Compared with conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate, tibolone has a better tolerability profile with respect to vaginal bleeding but with a similar endometrial safety. These results reinforce the endometrial safety profile of tibolone. To compare the effects of estradiol vaginal tablet with conjugated estrogen cream on urogenital symptoms, vaginal health index, vaginal cytology, endometrial thickness, and plasma estradiol level in postmenopausal women.
                Fifty-three women with urogenital symptoms were randomized to local vaginal treatment of 25 microg estradiol tablet or 1 g of conjugated estrogen cream for 12 weeks. They were assessed for urogenital symptoms, vaginal health index, vaginal cytology, endometrial thickness and estradiol level.
                Forty-eight women completed the treatment. Both groups showed improvement of urogenital symptoms, vaginal health index, and vaginal cytology after the first 4 weeks of treatment. Conjugated estrogen cream showed superior efficacy in alleviating vaginal dryness and dyspareunia. Two cases of endometrial proliferation were noted.
                Estradiol vaginal tablet and conjugated estrogen cream were effective in treating urogenital symptoms, the restoration of normal vaginal epithelium and reduction of vaginal pH in postmenopausal women. However, 2 cases of endometrial proliferation were noted. The most common side-effect and reason for discontinuation with Norplant use is bleeding disturbance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the 6 week application of a patch which released 100 micrograms/day oestradiol would reduce the number of abnormal bleeding days or eliminate the problem. Another objective was to find out the correlation between the bleeding pattern and endometrial concentrations of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). Of 98 Norplant users, 34 patients had normal bleeding patterns and 64 patients had abnormal bleeding patterns. An oestradiol patch or a placebo patch were randomly used to treat 33 and 31 women with abnormal bleeding respectively. There was a clinical improvement in the oestradiol group compared with the placebo group, although this was not statistically significant. There were no correlations between PR and ER concentration and the serum oestradiol, progesterone, levonorgestrel and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations. Significantly increased mean immunostaining scores of stromal PR were observed in those Norplant users whose endometrium had an atrophic histological appearance. The serum oestradiol concentration did not show a significant change after treatment with the oestradiol patch compared with the placebo patch.
Creams, pessaries, tablets and the oestradiol vaginal ring appeared to be equally effective for the symptoms of vaginal atrophy. One trial found significant side effects following cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) administration when compared to tablets causing uterine bleeding, breast pain and perineal pain. Another trial found significant endometrial overstimulation following use of the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to the ring. As a treatment choice women appeared to favour the oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring for ease of use, comfort of product and overall satisfaction.