The caries-preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. Fluoride release and cariostatic ability of a compomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement used for orthodontic bonding. Effect of high-concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride dentifrices with and without anticalculus agents: a 3-year controlled clinical trial. Clinical study of an amine fluoride gel and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. A comparative study of fluoride-releasing composite resin and glass ionomer materials used as fissure sealants. Relative anti-caries efficacy of 1100, 1700, 2200, and 2800 ppm fluoride ion in a sodium fluoride dentifrice over 1 year. [The caries-protective efficacy of 2 fluoride varnishes in a 2-year controlled clinical trial]. Effect of fluoride containing dentifrice, mouthrinsing, and varnish on approximal dental caries in a 3-year clinical trial. Enamel opacities and dental caries in children who used a low fluoride toothpaste between 2 and 5 years of age. Three-year study of the effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) on proximal caries progression in teenagers.
The study groups using a dentifrice and mouthrinse both containing fluorides, a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride, or a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride with a placebo dentifrice had a 20.7% to 29.0% lower DMF increment than the control group after 30 months. These differences were significant. The study groups using a dentifrice containing amine fluorides and a placebo mouthrinse, a mouthrinse containing amine fluorides and a placebo dentifrice, or a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a placebo mouthrinse had a 13.6% to 22.4% lower DMF increment than the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in effectiveness against caries between the use of the organic or inorganic fluoride products. The aims of this study were to compare the local and systemic uptake of fluoride released from a compomer material (Dyract Ortho) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer) with that of a conventional resin adhesive (Right-On) and to compare the cariostatic ability of each of the test materials with that of the resin control.
                Twenty six patients were randomly allocated to have a bracket bonded to a premolar on one side of the arch with one of the test materials and on the opposite side with the control material. Premolars destined for extraction as part of an orthodontic treatment plan were selected for bonding. A non-fluoride toothpaste was used by all participants for 4 weeks prior to bracket bonding and throughout the 4 week trial period. Fluoride release was measured in saliva, plaque and urine samples taken pre-bonding and 4 weeks post-bonding. Enamel demineralisation was assessed by scoring the buccal surface of each extracted tooth using a caries index.
                Neither Vitremer nor Dyract Ortho altered salivary or urinary fluoride concentration significantly 4 weeks post-bonding but plaque fluoride concentration increased significantly around premolars bonded with Vitremer. The test materials as a combined group were associated with significantly less demineralisation than the control material but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability detected between either Dyract Ortho or Vitremer when each group was compared separately with the control.
                Fluoride released from Dyract Ortho or Vitremer is likely to exert a local and not a systemic effect. In a 4-week clinical study, the cariostatic ability of the fluoride-releasing cements, as a combined group, was superior to that of the non-fluoride releasing control but there was no significant difference in cariostatic ability between the two test materials when each test group was compared separately with the control. A double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a non-fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/10(6) solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old children (n approximately equal to 200/group at baseline), about one-half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non-users combined) were 23 % (ammonium fluoride) and 33 % (sodium fluoride), P less than 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/10(6) (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/10(6) (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/10(6) (placebo), P = 0.025. A 3-year, double-blind, randomized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250 ppm fluoride, 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), and 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-bisphosphonate (AHBP). As a positive control, a monofluorophosphate dentifrice (1,000 ppm fluoride) was used. At outset 1,161 Icelandic children, 11 and 12 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of the five treatment groups and 1,035 subjects completed the trial. After 3 years of unsupervised brushing, the dentifrice containing 250 ppm fluoride was significantly less effective in controlling the caries increment. The combination of sodium fluoride and AHBP was significantly more effective than the positive control. This study compared caries inhibition in children by an amine fluoride and an acidulated phosphate fluoride when administered in a topically applied gel. In addition, the effects of applying amine fluoride daily and weekly were compared. Four hundred and sixty-eight children, ages 6 to 13, were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and received a total of five, 5-minute treatments. The treatment and interval between each of the five treatments were as follows:(A)acidulated phosphate fluoride daily, (B) amine fluoride daily, (C) amine fluoride weekly, (D) placebo daily, and (E) placebo weekly. When the children were examined for total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces (DMFS) increments 2 years later, no significant differences were observed. However, when the data were examined for effects of DMFS for specific tooth surface, significant restriction (61%) of occlusal increment was shown in the group which was treated with amine fluoride daily for 5 consecutive days as compared with the control group. The objectives of the study were to investigate the clinical use of two fluoride-releasing fissure sealants and to study fluoride release under laboratory conditions.
                In the clinical part of the study the two materials, FluroShield and Baseline, were applied to matched contralateral caries-free first permanent molars in 86 children aged 7-8 years. In the laboratory study fluoride release from each material was measured using a model cavity system.
                After 3 years FluroShield was intact on 70% of teeth. Retention was significantly better on lower molars than upper molars. Baseline was lost from all except two teeth within 6 months. After 3 years, caries had affected four teeth sealed with FluroShield and 24 teeth sealed with Baseline; this difference was highly significant. The laboratory study showed that FluroShield released twice as much fluoride over 9 days than did Baseline. Long term studies using FluroShield showed a small steady fluoride release over 6 months.
                The conclusion of the study was that FluroShield was a much more effective fissure sealant than Baseline. The clinical performance of FluroShield was comparable to that of other inert composite resin sealants and superior to that of fluoride-releasing sealants used previously. There is limited evidence from clinical trials on the dose response of sodium fluoride dentifrices at concentrations above 1100 ppm fluoride ion, with respect to caries efficacy. This randomized, double-blind study examined the anti-caries effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 1700 ppm, 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride ion relative to an 1100 ppm fluoride ion control. A population of 5439 elementary schoolchildren, aged 6-15 years, was recruited from an urban central Ohio area with a low fluoride content water supply (<0.3 ppm). Subjects were examined by visual-tactile and radiographic examination at baseline and after 1, 2, and 3 years of using the sodium fluoride dentifrices. Subjects were stratified according to gender, age and baseline DMFS scores derived from the visual-tactile baseline examination and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0.243% sodium fluoride (1100 ppm fluoride ion), 0.376% sodium fluoride (1700 ppm fluoride ion), 0.486% sodium fluoride (2200 ppm fluoride ion), and 0.619% sodium fluoride (2800 ppm fluoride ion). All products were formulated with the same fluoride compatible silica abrasive. Results after 1 year provided evidence of a positive sodium fluoride dose response. Compared to the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment group, the 1700 ppm fluoride treatment group had an 11.0% reduction in DMFS that was not statistically significant, while the 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride treatment groups showed statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of 18.6% and 20.4%, respectively. The reductions in caries delivered by the higher fluoride dentifrices were present across all tooth surface types, but were most pronounced for occlusal surfaces. Results at years 2 and 3 were confounded by a concurrent fluoride rinse program, which involved portions of the study population. While the trends for the higher fluoride dentifrices observed at year 1 remained at years 2 and 3, the difference observed between treatments were substantially less and failed to reach statistical significance (P<0.05). Collectively, the data demonstrate that the 2200 ppm and the 2800 ppm fluoride treatments delivered statistically significantly greater caries efficacy than the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment. This large-scale clinical trial provides evidence of a positive statistically significant dose relationship between dental caries and sodium fluoride in a dentifrice at levels above 1100 ppm fluoride at year 1. The aim of this randomized, double-blind study was to measure the cariostatic effect of Bifluorid 12 (VOCO GmbH), containing 6% sodium fluoride and 6% calcium fluoride and Laweflour-Schüttellack (LAW), containing 5% sodium fluoride in comparing of placebo varnish. The caries study included 400 schoolchildren, aged 12-14 years. The tests according to the DMFS were carried out by two independent examiners. The 400 children were divided into 3 test and 1 placebo group, each group consisting of 100 subjects. After two years there was a significant inhibition of caries increment in all test groups compared to placebo group. Percentage caries reduction ranged from 25 to 30%. The highest effect was stated at proximal surfaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the separate effect of fluoride dentifrice, fluoride mouthrinsing and fluoride varnish on approximal dental caries. All 252 13-14-yr-old children at an elementary school were selected at random and divided among four groups for a 3-yr longitudinal study. Group 1 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a fluoride mouthrinse once a week. Group 2 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a placebo mouthrinse once a week. Group 3 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a fluoride varnish once every 3 months. Group 4 received a placebo dentifrice for home care and a fluoride rinse once a week. Fluoride rinsing did not give any additional effect compared with placebo-rinsing when a fluoride dentifrice was used for home care. Fluoride varnish gave a significant caries reduction compared with fluoride rinsing. A recent clinical trial investigated the cariostatic effectiveness of a low (550 ppm) fluoride toothpaste in comparison with a standard (1050 ppm) control paste in pre-school children who were 2-years-old at the start of the 3-year trial. The present study has investigated the prevalence of enamel opacities in permanent incisor teeth and of caries in children who had taken part. As well as children from test and control groups, a third group of non-trial children were included in the sample. A total of 1,523 children were examined in schools and had photographs taken of their upper permanent incisor teeth. The latter were scored using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) index for fluorosis and the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index. Differences between the groups were small in real terms but using the TF index the child and tooth prevalence of opacities were significantly lower in the children who had used the test paste with a lower fluoride content; the same trend was seen in diffuse defects scored using the modified DDE index. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of caries in either primary or permanent teeth although the trend in both cases was for slightly more disease in children who had used the test paste. The effect of sodium fluoride varnish (Duraphat) applications on proximal caries progression was studied during a 3-yr period in 87 teenagers and compared to a control group (n = 107). In the fluoride varnish group the children were treated with fluoride varnish every third month during the experimental period. Caries lesions on the mesial surfaces of first premolars to the mesial surfaces of second molars were recorded annually on radiographs and an individual progression value was calculated. The study showed that topical application of fluoride varnish every third month significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the progression of proximal caries lesions in premolars and molars. The most obvious reduction of caries progression was observed among children who developed between two and eight new proximal lesions during the test period. In the children with the highest caries activity (greater than nine new proximal lesions) Duraphat treatments did not significantly reduce proximal caries progression in premolars and molars.
This review suggests that the use of fluoride supplements is associated with a reduction in caries increment when compared with no fluoride supplement in permanent teeth. The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous teeth. When compared with the administration of topical fluorides, no differential effect was observed. We rated 10 trials as being at unclear risk of bias and one at high risk of bias, and therefore the trials provide weak evidence about the efficacy of fluoride supplements.