Hvem bestemmer retterne under højesteret?
kongressen
Article Three of the United States Constitution
Højesteret er den eneste forbundsdomstol, der udtrykkeligt er mandatet i forfatningen. Under forfatningskonventet blev der fremsat et forslag om, at Højesteret skulle være den eneste forbundsdomstol, der både skulle have original kompetence og appelkompetence. Dette forslag blev forkastet til fordel for den bestemmelse, der findes i dag. I henhold til denne bestemmelse kan kongressen oprette underordnede (dvs. lavere) domstole i henhold til både artikel III, afsnit 1, og artikel I, afsnit 8. Artikel III-domstolene, som også er kendt som "forfatningsdomstole", blev først oprettet ved Judiciary Act of 1789. Artikel I-domstolene, som også er kendt som "lovgivende domstole", består af reguleringsorganer som f.eks. den amerikanske skattedomstol. Artikel III-domstolene er de eneste domstole med retlig kompetence, og derfor kan afgørelser truffet af regulerende myndigheder fortsat revideres af artikel III-domstolene. Sager, der ikke kræver "retsafgørelse", kan dog indbringes for artikel I-domstolene. I sagen Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 (1855) fastslog Højesteret, at sager, der involverer "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty", i sagens natur indebærer en retlig afgørelse og skal indbringes for artikel III-retter. Andre sager, f.eks. konkurssager, er blevet anset for ikke at indebære retsafgørelse og kan derfor indbringes for artikel I-domstole. På samme måde er flere domstole i District of Columbia, som er under kongressens enekompetence, artikel I-retter snarere end artikel III-retter. Denne artikel blev udtrykkeligt udvidet til at omfatte United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico af den amerikanske kongres ved Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, underskrevet af præsident Lyndon B. Johnson i 1966. Herved blev artikel IV-territorialretten i Puerto Rico, der blev oprettet i 1900, omdannet til en artikel III-bundsdistriktsdomstol.
Article Three of the United States Constitution
The Supreme Court is the only federal court that is explicitly mandated by the Constitution. During the Constitutional Convention, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. Under this provision, the Congress may create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The Article III courts, which are also known as "constitutional courts", were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Article I courts, which are also known as "legislative courts", consist of regulatory agencies, such as the United States Tax Court. Article III courts are the only ones with judicial power, and so decisions of regulatory agencies remain subject to review by Article III courts. However, cases not requiring "judicial determination" may come before Article I courts. In the case of Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 (1855), the Supreme Court ruled that cases involving "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty" inherently involve judicial determination and must come before Article III courts. Other cases, such as bankruptcy cases, have been held not to involve judicial determination, and may therefore go before Article I courts. Similarly, several courts in the District of Columbia, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, are Article I courts rather than Article III courts. This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. This transformed the article IV United States territorial court in Puerto Rico, created in 1900, to an Article III federal judicial district court.
Article Three of the United States Constitution