Hvor er metabolismen placeret i kroppen?
liver
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Artikler relateret til Metabolisme
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Metabolisme kort
Kulstof
Fastsættelse
Foto-
respiration
Pentose
Phosphat
Vej
Citronsyre
Syrecyklus
Glyoxylat
Cyklus
Urea
Cyklus
Fedtstoffer
Syre
Syntese
Fedtstoffer
Syre
Forlængelse
Beta
Oxidation
Peroxisomal
Beta
Oxidation
Glyco-
genolyse
Glyco-
genese
Glyco-
lysis
Glukoneo-
genese
Decarb-
oxylering
Fermentering
Keto-
lysis
Keto-
genese
foderstoffer til
Glukoneo-
genese
Direkte / C4 / CAM
Kulstofindtag
Lysreaktion
Oxidativ
Fosforylering
Aminosyre
Deaminering
Citrat
Shuttle
Lipogenese
Lipolyse
Steroidogenese
MVA-vejen
MEP-banen
Shikimat
Vej
Transkription og
Replikation
Oversættelse
Proteolyse
Glykosy-
lation
Sukker
Syrer
Dobbelt/flertal
Sukkerstoffer og glykaner
Simple
Sukkerstoffer
Inositol-P
Aminosukkerstoffer
og sialinsyrer
Nukleotidsukkerstoffer
Hexose-P
Triose-P
Glycerol
P-glycerater
Pentose-P
Tetrose-P
Propionyl
-CoA
Succinat
Acetyl
-CoA
Pentose-P
P-glycerater
Glyoxylat
Fotosystemer
Pyruvat
Laktat
Acetyl
-CoA
Citrat
Oxalo-
acetat
Malat
Succinyl
-CoA
α-Keto-
glutarat
Keton
Legemer
Åndedrætsorganer
Kæde
Seringruppe
Alanin
Forgrenet kæde
Aminosyrer
Aspartat
Gruppe
Homoserin
Gruppe
& Lysin
Glutamat
Gruppe
& Prolin
Arginin
Kreatin
& polyaminer
Ketogenisk &
Glucogen
Aminosyrer
Aminosyrer
Shikimat
Aromatiske aminosyrer
syrer og histidin
Ascorbat
(C-vitamin)
δ-ALA
Galde
Pigmenter
Hemes
Kobalaminer (vitamin B12)
Forskellige
B-vitamin
Calciferoler
(D-vitamin)
Retinoider
(A-vitamin)
kinoner (K-vitamin)
og carotenoider (E-vitamin)
Cofaktorer
Vitaminer
og mineraler
Antioxidanter
PRPP
Nukleotider
Nukleinsyre
Syrer
Proteiner
Glykoproteiner
og proteoglykaner
Klorofyller
MEP
MVA
Acetyl
-CoA
Polyketider
Terpenoid
Baggrene
Terpenoider
& Carotenoider (A-vitamin)
Kolesterol
Gallesyrer
Glycero-
fosfolipider
Glycerolipider
Acyl-CoA
Fedtstoffer
syrer
Glyco-
sphingolipider
Sphingolipider
Vokser
Flerumættede
fedtsyrer
Neurotransmittere
og skjoldbruskkirtelhormoner
Steroider
Endo-
cannabinoider
Eicosanoider
Større metaboliske veje i metro-stil kort. Klik på en tekst (navnet på en stofskanal eller metabolitter) for at få et link til den tilsvarende artikel.
Enkelte linjer: Metaboliseringsveje, der er fælles for de fleste livsformer. Dobbelte linjer: veje, der ikke findes hos mennesker (forekommer f.eks. hos planter, svampe og prokaryoter).  Orange knuder: kulhydratmetabolisme.  Violette knuder: fotosyntese.  Røde knudepunkter: celleatmning.  Lyserøde knudepunkter: cellesignalering.  Blå knudepunkter: aminosyremetabolisme.  Grå knudepunkter: vitamin- og cofaktormetabolisme.  Brune knuder: nukleotid- og proteinmetabolisme.  Grønne knudepunkter: lipidmetabolisme.
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Metabolisme, katabolisme, anabolisme
Generelt
Metabolisk vej
Metabolisk netværk
Primære ernæringsgrupper
Energi
metabolisme
Aerob respiration
Glykolyse → Pyruvatdekarboxylering → Citronsyrecyklus → Oxidativ fosforylering (elektrontransportkæde + ATP-syntase)
Anaerob respiration
Elektronacceptorer er andre end ilt
Fermentering
Glykolyse →
Fosforylering på substratniveau
ABE
Ethanol
Mælkesyre
Specifik
stier
Proteinmetabolisme
Proteinsyntese
Katabolisme
Kulhydratmetabolisme
(kulhydrat-katabolisme
og anabolisme)
Menneske
Glykolyse ⇄ Glukoneogenese
Glykogenolyse ⇄ Glykogenese
Pentosephosphatvejen
Fruktolyse
Galaktolyse
Glykosylering
N-bundne
O-linked
Ikke-humane
Fotosyntese
Anoxygen fotosyntese
Kemosyntese
Kulstofbinding
Xylose-metabolisme
Radiotrofiering
Lipidmetabolisme
(lipolyse, lipogenese)
Fedtsyremetabolisme
Nedbrydning af fedtsyrer (beta-oxidation)
Fedtsyresyntese
Andre
Steroidmetabolisme
Sfingolipidmetabolisme
Eicosanoidmetabolisme
Ketose
Omvendt kolesteroltransport
Aminosyrer
Aminosyresyntese
Urea cyklus
Nukleotid
metabolisme
Purinmetabolisme
Nukleotidgenoprettelse
Pyrimidinstofskifte
Andre
Metalmetabolisme
Jernmetabolisme
Ethanolmetabolisme
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Metabolisme: kulhydratmetabolisme: enzymer i glykolyse/glukoneogenese
Glykolyse
Hexokinase (HK1, HK2, HK3, Glucokinase)→/Glukose-6-fosfatase←
Glukoseisomerase
Phosphofructokinase 1 (lever, muskel, blodplader)→/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase←
Fructose-bisfosfat-aldolase (Aldolase A, B, C)
Triosephosphat-isomerase
Glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat-dehydrogenase
Phosphoglyceratkinase
Phosphoglyceratmutase
Enolase
Pyruvatkinase (PKLR, PKM2)
Kun glukoneogenese
til oxaloacetat:
Pyruvatcarboxylase kun til oxaloacetat
Phosphoenolpyruvatcarboxykinase
fra laktat (Cori-cyklus):
Laktatdehydrogenase (laktatcyklus)
fra alanin (alanincyklus):
Alanin transaminase
fra glycerol:
Glycerolkinase
Glyceroldehydrogenase
Regulerende
Fructose 6-P,2-kinase: Fructose 2,6-bisfosfatase
PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4
Bisfosfoglyceratmutase
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Metabolisme: kulhydratmetabolisme
enzymer: fruktose og galaktose
Fructose / Fructolyse
Hepatisk fructokinase
Aldolase B
Triokinase
Sorbitol
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
Aldosereduktase
Galaktose / Galaktolyse
Galaktokinase
Galaktose-1-fosfat uridylyltransferase/UDP-glukose 4-epimerase
Aldosereduktase
Laktose
Laktosesyntase
Laktase
Mannose
Mannosephosphat-isomerase
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Metabolisme: kulhydratmetabolisme
proteoglykanenzymer
glykosaminoglykan-anabolisme
L-xylulose reduktase
L-gulonolacton oxidase
UDP-glucuronat 5'-epimerase
Xylosyltransferase
Sulfotransferase
Heparansulfat
EXT1
EXT2
Chondroitinsulfat
PAPSS1
PAPSS2
glykosaminoglykan-katabolisme
Hunter, Hurler
Iduronat-2-sulfatase
Iduronidase
Sanfilippo, Sly
Heparansulfamidase
N-acetyltransferase
Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Glucuronidase
N-acetylglucosamin-6-sulfatase
Morquio/Maroteaux-Lamy
Arylsulfatase B
Galactosamin-6-sulfatase
Beta-galactosidase (GLB1)
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Metabolisme: kulhydratmetabolisme - glycoproteinenzymer
Anabolisme
Dolicholkinase
GCS1
Oligosaccharyltransferase
Katabolisme
Neuraminidase
Beta-galactosidase
Hexosaminidase
mannosidase
alpha-Mannosidase
beta-mannosidase
Aspartylglucosaminidase
Fucosidase
NAGA
Transport
SLC17A5
M6P-mærkning
N-acetylglucosamin-1-fosfat-transferase
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Metabolisme, lipidmetabolisme, glykolipidenzymer
Sphingolipid
Til glykosphingolipid
Glycosyltransferase
Sulfotransferase
Til ceramid
Fra gangliosid
Beta-galactosidase
Hexosaminidase A
Neuraminidase
Glucocerebrosidase
Fra globosid
Hexosaminidase B
Alpha-galactosidase
Beta-galactosidase
Glucocerebrosidase
Fra sfingomyelin
Sfingomyelin-fosfodiesterase
Sfingomyelinphosphodiesterase 1
Fra sulfatid
Arylsulfatase A
Galactosylceramidase
Til sphingosin
Ceramidase
ACER1
ACER2
ACER3
ASAH1
ASAH2
ASAH2B
ASAH2C
Andre
Sphingosinkinase
NCL
Palmitoylprotein thioesterase
Tripeptidylpeptidase I
CLN3
CLN5
CLN6
CLN8
Ceramid-syntese
Serin-C-palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC1)
Ceramidglucosyltransferase (UGCG)
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Metabolisme: lipidmetabolisme - eicosanoidmetabolismeenzymer
Forløber
Phospholipase A2
Phospholipase C
Diacylglycerollipase
Prostanoider
Cyklooxygenase
PTGS1
PTGS2
PGD2-syntase
PGE-syntase
Prostaglandin-E2 9-reduktase
PGI2-syntase
TXA-syntase
Leukotriener
5-Lipoxygenase-aktiverende protein/Arachidonat 5-lipoxygenase
LTA4-hydrolase (B4-syntese)
LTC4-syntase
Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase
LTD4-hydrolase
Ugrupperet
HPGD
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Metabolisme: lipidmetabolisme/fedtsyremetabolisme, triglycerid- og fedtsyreenzymer
Syntese
Malonyl-CoA-syntese
ATP-citratlyase
Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase
Fedtsyresyntese/
Fedtsyresyntase
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP-syntase
Β-Ketoacyl-ACP-reduktase
3-hydroxyacyl-ACP-dehydrase
Enoyl-ACP-reduktase
Fedtsyre-desaturaser
Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase-1
Triacylglycerol
Glycerol-3-fosfat-dehydrogenase
Thiokinase
Nedbrydning
Acyltransport
Carnitin palmitoyltransferase I
Carnitin-acylcarnitin-translocase
Carnitin palmitoyltransferase II
Betaoxidation
Generelt
Acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (ACADL
ACADM
ACADS
ACADVL
ACADSB)
Enoyl-CoA-hydratase
MTP: HADH
HADHA
HADHB
Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
Umættet
Enoyl-CoA-isomerase
2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reduktase
Ulige kæde
Propionyl-CoA-carboxylase
Andre
Hydroxyacyl-Coenzym A-dehydrogenase
Til acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA-decarboxylase
Aldehyder
Langkædede-aldehyd-dehydrogenase
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Metabolisme: aminosyremetabolisme - enzymer i urinstofcyklus
Hovedcyklus
mitokondriel matrix:
Carbamoylfosfat-syntetase I
Ornithin-transcarbamylase
cytosol:
Argininosuccinat-syntetase
Argininosuccinatlyase
Arginase
Regulering/transport
N-Acetylglutamatsyntase
Ornithin-translocase
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Enzymer, der er involveret i neurotransmission
monoamin
histidin → histamin
anabolisme:
Histidin-decarboxylase
katabolisme:
Histamin N-methyltransferase
Diaminoxidase
tyrosin→dopamin→epinephrin
anabolisme:
Tyrosinhydroxylase
Aromatisk L-aminosyre-decarboxylase
Dopamin beta-hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamin N-methyltransferase
katabolisme:
Catechol-O-methyl-transferase
Monoaminoxidase
A
B
glutamat→GABA
anabolisme:
Glutamat-decarboxylase
katabolisme:
4-aminobutyrat transaminase
tryptofan→serotonin→melatonin
Tryptofanhydroxylase
Aromatisk L-aminosyre-decarboxylase
Aralkylamin N-acetyltransferase
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
arginin→NO
Nitrogenoxidsyntase (NOS1, NOS2, NOS3)
cholin→Acetylcholin
anabolisme:
Cholin acetyltransferase
katabolisme:
Kolinesterase (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase)
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Enzymer, der er involveret i metabolismen af hæm og porphyrin
Porphyrinbiosyntese
tidlig mitokondriel:
Aminolevulinsyresyntase
ALAS1
ALAS2
cytosolisk:
Porphobilinogen-syntase
Porphobilinogen deaminase
Uroporphyrinogen III-syntase
Uroporphyrinogen III-decarboxylase
sen mitokondrie:
Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Ferrochelatase
Nedbrydning af hæm
til galde
milt:
Hæm oxygenase
Biliverdinreduktase
lever:
glucuronosyltransferase
UGT1A1
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Metabolisme af vitaminer, coenzymer og cofaktorer
Fedtopløselige vitaminer
A-vitamin
Retinolbindende protein
E-vitamin
Alpha-tocopherol-transferprotein
D-vitamin
lever (Sterol 27-hydroxylase eller CYP27A1)
nyre (25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase eller CYP27B1)
nedbrydning (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase eller CYP24A1)
K-vitamin
Vitamin K epoxidreduktase
Vandopløselige vitaminer
Thiamin (B1)
Thiamin difosfokinase
Niacin (B3)
Indoleamin 2,3-dioxygenase
Formamidase
Pantothensyre (B5)
Pantothenatkinase
Folinsyre (B9)
Dihydropteroatsyntase
Dihydrofolatreduktase
Serinhydroxymethyltransferase
Methylentetrahydrofolatreduktase
B12-vitamin
MMAA
MMAB
MMACHC
MMADHC
C-vitamin
L-gulonolacton-oxidase
Riboflavin (B2)
Riboflavin-kinase
Ikke-vitaminære cofaktorer
Tetrahydrobiopterin
GTP-cyclohydrolase I
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterinsyntase
Sepiapterinreduktase
PCBD1
PTS
QDPR
Molybdæn-cofaktor
MOCS1
MOCS2
MOCS3
Gephyrin
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Metabolisme: Proteinmetabolisme, syntese og katabolisme enzymer
Essentielle aminosyrer står med store bogstaver
K→acetyl-CoA
LYSIN→
Saccharopin dehydrogenase
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
LEUCINE→
Forgrenet aminotransferase
Forgrenet kæde alfa-keto syre dehydrogenase kompleks
Isovalerylcoenzym A-dehydrogenase
Methylcrotonyl-CoA-carboxylase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA-hydratase
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-lyase
TRYPTOPHAN→
Indoleamin 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptofan 2,3-dioxygenase
Arylformamidase
Kynureninase
3-hydroxyanthranilatoxidase
Aminocarboxymuconat-semialdehyd-decarboxylase
Aminomuconat-semialdehyd-dehydrogenase
PHENYLALANIN→tyrosin→
(se nedenfor)
G
G→pyruvat
→citrat
glycin→serin→
Serinhydroxymethyltransferase
Serindehydratase
glycin→kreatin: Guanidinoacetat N-methyltransferase
Kreatinkinase
alanin→
Alanin-transaminase
cystein→
D-cystein desulfhydrase
threonin→
L-threonin dehydrogenase
G→glutamat→
α-ketoglutarat
HISTIDINE→
Histidin-ammoniak-lyase
Urocanathydratase
Formiminotransferase Cyclodeaminase
prolin→
Prolinoxidase
Pyrrolin-5-carboxylatreduktase
1-Pyrrolin-5-carboxylat dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1
PYCR1
arginin→
Ornithinaminotransferase
Ornithin-decarboxylase
Agmatinase
→alpha-ketoglutarat→TCA
Glutamatdehydrogenase
Andre
cystein+glutamat→glutathion: Gamma-glutamylcystein-syntetase
Glutathion-syntetase
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
glutamat→glutamin: Glutamin-syntetase
Glutaminase
G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
VALIN→
Forgrenet aminotransferase
Forgrenet kæde alfa-keto syre dehydrogenase kompleks
Enoyl-CoA-hydratase
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA-hydrolase
3-hydroxyisobutyrat-dehydrogenase
Methylmalonat-semialdehyd-dehydrogenase
ISOLEUCINE→
Forgrenet aminotransferase
Forgrenet kæde alfa-keto syre dehydrogenase kompleks
3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
METHIONIN→
dannelse af homocystein: Methionin adenosyltransferase: dannelse af homocystein
Adenosylhomocysteinase
regenerering af methionin: Methioninsyntase/Homocystein methyltransferase
Betain-homocystein-methyltransferase
omdannelse til cystein: Cystathionin-beta-syntase
Cystathionin-gamma-lyase
THREONIN→
Threonin-aldolase
→succinyl-CoA→TCA
Propionyl-CoA-carboxylase
Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
G→fumarat
PHENYLALANIN→tyrosin→
Phenylalanin hydroxylase
Tyrosinaminotransferase
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvat dioxygenase
Homogentisat 1,2-dioxygenase
Fumarylacetoacetathydrolase
tyrosin→melanin: Tyrosinase
G→oxaloacetat
asparagin→aspartat→
Asparaginase/Asparaginsyntetase
Aspartat transaminase
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Metabolisme: aminosyremetabolisme
nukleotidenzymer
Purinmetabolisme
Anabolisme
R5P→IMP:
Ribose-fosfat difosfokinase
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Phosphoribosylglycinamid-formyltransferase
AIR-synthetase (FGAM-cyklase)
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolcarboxylase
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamid-syntase
IMP-syntase
IMP→AMP:
Adenylosuccinat-syntase
Adenylosuccinatlyase
omvendt
AMP deaminase
IMP→GMP:
IMP-dehydrogenase
GMP-syntase
omvendt
GMP-reduktase
Nukleotid-baggrund
Hypoxanthin-guaninphosphoribosyltransferase
Adeninphosphoribosyltransferase
Katabolisme
Adenosindeaminase
Purinnukleosidphosphorylase
Guanindeaminase
Xanthinoxidase
Uratoxidase
Pyrimidinmetabolisme
Anabolisme
CAD
Carbamoylphosphat-syntase II
Aspartatcarbamoyltransferase
Dihydroorotase
Dihydroorotat-dehydrogenase
Orotidin 5'-phosphat-decarboxylase/Uridinmonofosfat-syntetase
CTP-syntetase
Katabolisme
Dihydropyrimidin-dehydrogenase
Dihydropyrimidinase/DPYS
Beta-ureidopropionase/UPB1
Desoxyribonukleotider
Ribonukleotidreduktase
Nukleosid-diphosphatkinase
DCMP-deaminase
Thymidylatsyntase
Dihydrofolatreduktase
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Metabolisme: lipidmetabolisme - ketoner/cholesterolsynteseenzymer/steroidmetabolisme
Mevalonat-vejen
Til HMG-CoA
Acetyl-Coenzym A acetyltransferase
HMG-CoA-syntase (reguleret trin)
Ketogenese
HMG-CoA-lyase
3-hydroxybutyrat-dehydrogenase
Thiophorase
Til Mevalonsyre
HMG-CoA reduktase
Til DMAPP
Mevalonatkinase
Phosphomevalonatkinase
Pyrofosfomevalonat-decarboxylase
Isopentenyl-diphosphat-delta-isomerase
Geranyl-
Dimethylallyltransferase
Geranylpyrofosfat
Til kolesterol
Til lanosterol
Farnesyl-diphosphat farnesyltransferase
Squalenmonooxygenase
Lanosterolsyntase
7-Dehydrocholesterol vej
Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
Sterol-C5-desaturase-lignende
7-dehydrocholesterolreduktase
Desmosterol-banen
24-dehydrocholesterolreduktase
Til galdesyrer
Kolesterol 7α-hydroxylase
Sterol 27-hydroxylase
Steroidogenese
Til pregnenolon
Spaltning af kolesterolsidekæden
Til kortikosteroider
Aldosteron: 18-hydroxylase
kortisol/cortison: 17α-Hydroxylase
11β-HSD
1
2
begge: 3β-HSD
1
2
21-Hydroxylase
11β-Hydroxylase
Til kønshormoner
Til androgener
17α-Hydroxylase
17,20-Lyase
3β-HSD
17β-HSD
5α-Reduktase
1
2
Til østrogener
Aromatase
17β-HSD
Andet/ikke grupperet
Steroidmetabolisme: sulfatase
Steroid-sulfatase
sulfotransferase
SULT1A1
SULT2A1
Steroidogen akut regulatorisk protein
Samlet kolesterolsyntese
Omvendt kolesteroltransport
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Metabolisme: Kulhydratmetabolisme - enzymer i pentosephosphatvejen
oxidativ
Glukose-6-fosfat-dehydrogenase
6-fosfogluconolactonase
Phosphogluconat-dehydrogenase
ikke-oxidative
Phosphopentose-isomerase
Phosphopentose-epimerase
Transketolase
Transaldolase
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Metabolisme - enzymer i ikke-mevalonatvejen
DXP-syntase
DXP-reduktoisomerase
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphat cytidylyltransferase
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphat-syntase
4-(cytidin 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritolkinase
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yldiphosphat-syntase
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyldiphosphatreduktase
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Fødevarevidenskab
Generelt
Allergi
Teknik
Mikrobiologi
Ernæring
Kost
klinisk
Forarbejdning
Forarbejdningshjælpemidler
Kvalitet
Sensorisk analyse
Diskriminationstest
Reologi
Opbevaring
Teknologi
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Fødevarekemi
Tilsætningsstoffer
Kulhydrater
Farvestoffer
Enzymer
Essentielle fedtsyrer
Smagsstoffer
Berigelse
Lipider
"Mineraler" (kemiske grundstoffer)
Proteiner
Vitaminer
Vand
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Konservering af fødevarer
Biokonservering
Konservering
Kølekæde
Kurering
Tørring
Fermentering
Frysetørring
Frysning
Hurdle-teknologi
Bestråling
Sætning
Gelering
Jugging
Modificeret atmosfære
Pascalisering
Pickling
Potting
Konfitering
Potjevleesch
Saltning
Røgning
Sukkerning
Tyndalisering
Vakuumpakning
Fødevareindustri
Fremstilling
Emballage
Markedsføring
Foodservice
Berigelse
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Fødevaresikkerhed
Forfalskninger, fødevareforureninger
3-MCPD
Aldicarb
Cyanid
Formaldehyd
Blyforgiftning
Melamin
Kviksølv i fisk
Sudan I
Aromastoffer
Mononatriumglutamat (MSG)
Salt
Sukker
Majssirup med højt fructoseindhold
Mikroorganismer
Botulisme
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli O104:H4
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
Listeria
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Salmonella
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 Kategorier: Dykkermedicin
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 Ordliste
 Portal
liver
[show]
Articles related to Metabolism








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Metabolism map













Carbon
Fixation
Photo-
respiration
Pentose
Phosphate
Pathway
Citric
Acid Cycle
Glyoxylate
Cycle
Urea
Cycle
Fatty
Acid
Synthesis
Fatty
Acid
Elongation
Beta
Oxidation
Peroxisomal
Beta
Oxidation

Glyco-
genolysis
Glyco-
genesis
Glyco-
lysis
Gluconeo-
genesis
Decarb-
oxylation
Fermentation
Keto-
lysis
Keto-
genesis
feeders to
Gluconeo-
genesis
Direct / C4 / CAM
Carbon Intake
Light Reaction
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Amino Acid
Deamination
Citrate
Shuttle
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
Steroidogenesis
MVA Pathway
MEP Pathway
Shikimate
Pathway
Transcription &
Replication
Translation
Proteolysis
Glycosy-
lation

Sugar
Acids
Double/Multiple
Sugars & Glycans
Simple
Sugars
Inositol-P
Amino Sugars
& Sialic Acids
Nucleotide Sugars
Hexose-P
Triose-P
Glycerol
P-glycerates
Pentose-P
Tetrose-P
Propionyl
-CoA
Succinate
Acetyl
-CoA
Pentose-P
P-glycerates
Glyoxylate
Photosystems
Pyruvate
Lactate
Acetyl
-CoA
Citrate
Oxalo-
acetate
Malate
Succinyl
-CoA
α-Keto-
glutarate
Ketone
Bodies
Respiratory
Chain
Serine Group
Alanine
Branched-chain
Amino Acids
Aspartate
Group
Homoserine
Group
& Lysine
Glutamate
Group
& Proline
Arginine
Creatine
& Polyamines
Ketogenic &
Glucogenic
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Shikimate
Aromatic Amino
Acids & Histidine
Ascorbate
(Vitamin C)
δ-ALA
Bile
Pigments
Hemes
Cobalamins (Vitamin B12)
Various
Vitamin B's
Calciferols
(Vitamin D)
Retinoids
(Vitamin A)
Quinones (Vitamin K)
& Carotenoids (Vitamin E)
Cofactors
Vitamins
& Minerals
Antioxidants
PRPP
Nucleotides
Nucleic
Acids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
& Proteoglycans
Chlorophylls
MEP
MVA
Acetyl
-CoA
Polyketides
Terpenoid
Backbones
Terpenoids
& Carotenoids (Vitamin A)
Cholesterol
Bile Acids
Glycero-
phospholipids
Glycerolipids
Acyl-CoA
Fatty
Acids
Glyco-
sphingolipids
Sphingolipids
Waxes
Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acids
Neurotransmitters
& Thyroid Hormones
Steroids
Endo-
cannabinoids
Eicosanoids




Major metabolic pathways in metro-style map. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).  Orange nodes: carbohydrate metabolism.  Violet nodes: photosynthesis.  Red nodes: cellular respiration.  Pink nodes: cell signaling.  Blue nodes: amino acid metabolism.  Grey nodes: vitamin and cofactor metabolism.  Brown nodes: nucleotide and protein metabolism.  Green nodes: lipid metabolism.













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Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism



General



Metabolic pathway
Metabolic network
Primary nutritional groups





Energy
metabolism




Aerobic respiration



Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase)





Anaerobic respiration



Electron acceptors are other than oxygen





Fermentation



Glycolysis →
Substrate-level phosphorylation

ABE
Ethanol
Lactic acid










Specific
paths




Protein metabolism



Protein synthesis
Catabolism





Carbohydrate metabolism
(carbohydrate catabolism
and anabolism)




Human







Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis








Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis








Pentose phosphate pathway
Fructolysis
Galactolysis








Glycosylation

N-linked
O-linked










Nonhuman







Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Carbon fixation








Xylose metabolism
Radiotrophism











Lipid metabolism
(lipolysis, lipogenesis)




Fatty acid metabolism



Fatty acid degradation (Beta oxidation)
Fatty acid synthesis





Other



Steroid metabolism
Sphingolipid metabolism
Eicosanoid metabolism
Ketosis
Reverse cholesterol transport








Amino acid



Amino acid synthesis
Urea cycle





Nucleotide
metabolism



Purine metabolism
Nucleotide salvage
Pyrimidine metabolism





Other



Metal metabolism

Iron metabolism


Ethanol metabolism












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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes



Glycolysis







Hexokinase (HK1, HK2, HK3, Glucokinase)→/Glucose 6-phosphatase←
Glucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase 1 (Liver, Muscle, Platelet)→/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase←








Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Aldolase A, B, C)
Triosephosphate isomerase








Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase (PKLR, PKM2)








Gluconeogenesis only




to oxaloacetate:



Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase





from lactate (Cori cycle):



Lactate dehydrogenase





from alanine (Alanine cycle):



Alanine transaminase





from glycerol:



Glycerol kinase
Glycerol dehydrogenase








Regulatory



Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase

PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4


Bisphosphoglycerate mutase









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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism
fructose and galactose enzymes





Fructose / Fructolysis



Hepatic fructokinase
Aldolase B
Triokinase





Sorbitol



Sorbitol dehydrogenase
Aldose reductase





Galactose / Galactolysis



Galactokinase
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase/UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
Aldose reductase





Lactose



Lactose synthase
Lactase





Mannose



Mannose phosphate isomerase









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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism
proteoglycan enzymes





glycosaminoglycan anabolism



L-xylulose reductase
L-gulonolactone oxidase
UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase
Xylosyltransferase
Sulfotransferase


Heparan sulfate
EXT1
EXT2


Chondroitin sulfate
PAPSS1
PAPSS2





glycosaminoglycan catabolism




Hunter, Hurler



Iduronate-2-sulfatase
Iduronidase





Sanfilippo, Sly



Heparan sulfamidase
N-acetyltransferase
Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Glucuronidase
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase





Morquio/Maroteaux-Lamy



Arylsulfatase B
Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
Beta-galactosidase (GLB1)












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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism · glycoprotein enzymes



Anabolism



Dolichol kinase
GCS1
Oligosaccharyltransferase





Catabolism



Neuraminidase
Beta-galactosidase
Hexosaminidase
mannosidase

alpha-Mannosidase
beta-mannosidase


Aspartylglucosaminidase
Fucosidase
NAGA





Transport



SLC17A5





M6P tagging



N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase









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Metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycolipid enzymes



Sphingolipid




To glycosphingolipid



Glycosyltransferase
Sulfotransferase





To ceramide



From ganglioside
Beta-galactosidase
Hexosaminidase A
Neuraminidase
Glucocerebrosidase


From globoside
Hexosaminidase B
Alpha-galactosidase
Beta-galactosidase
Glucocerebrosidase


From sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1




From sulfatide
Arylsulfatase A
Galactosylceramidase





To sphingosine



Ceramidase

ACER1
ACER2
ACER3
ASAH1
ASAH2
ASAH2B
ASAH2C







Other



Sphingosine kinase








NCL



Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
Tripeptidyl peptidase I
CLN3
CLN5
CLN6
CLN8





Ceramide synthesis



Serine C-palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC1)
Ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG)









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Metabolism: lipid metabolism - eicosanoid metabolism enzymes



Precursor



Phospholipase A2


Phospholipase C
Diacylglycerol lipase





Prostanoids



Cyclooxygenase

PTGS1
PTGS2




PGD2 synthase


PGE synthase
Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase


PGI2 synthase


TXA synthase





Leukotrienes



5-Lipoxygenase activating protein/Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase


LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)


LTC4 synthase
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
LTD4 hydrolase





Ungrouped



HPGD









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Metabolism: lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism, triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes



Synthesis




Malonyl-CoA synthesis



ATP citrate lyase
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase





Fatty acid synthesis/
Fatty acid synthase



Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase
3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase
Enoyl ACP reductase





Fatty acid desaturases



Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1





Triacyl glycerol



Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Thiokinase








Degradation




Acyl transport



Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II





Beta oxidation




General



Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL
ACADM
ACADS
ACADVL
ACADSB)
Enoyl-CoA hydratase


MTP: HADH
HADHA
HADHB


Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase





Unsaturated



Enoyl CoA isomerase
2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase





Odd chain



Propionyl-CoA carboxylase





Other



Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase








To acetyl-CoA



Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase





Aldehydes



Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase












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Metabolism: amino acid metabolism - urea cycle enzymes



Main cycle




mitochondrial matrix:



Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Ornithine transcarbamylase





cytosol:



Argininosuccinate synthetase
Argininosuccinate lyase
Arginase








Regulatory/transport



N-Acetylglutamate synthase
Ornithine translocase









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Enzymes involved in neurotransmission



monoamine




histidine → histamine




anabolism:



Histidine decarboxylase





catabolism:



Histamine N-methyltransferase
Diamine oxidase








tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrine




anabolism:



Tyrosine hydroxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase





catabolism:



Catechol-O-methyl transferase
Monoamine oxidase

A
B










glutamate→GABA




anabolism:



Glutamate decarboxylase





catabolism:



4-aminobutyrate transaminase








tryptophan→serotonin→melatonin



Tryptophan hydroxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase








arginine→NO



Nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2, NOS3)





choline→Acetylcholine




anabolism:



Choline acetyltransferase





catabolism:



Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase)












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Enzymes involved in the metabolism of heme and porphyrin



Porphyrin biosynthesis




early mitochondrial:



Aminolevulinic acid synthase

ALAS1
ALAS2







cytosolic:



Porphobilinogen synthase
Porphobilinogen deaminase
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase





late mitochondrial:



Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Ferrochelatase








Heme degradation
to bile




spleen:



Heme oxygenase
Biliverdin reductase





liver:



glucuronosyltransferase

UGT1A1














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Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors



Fat soluble vitamins




Vitamin A



Retinol binding protein





Vitamin E



Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein





Vitamin D



liver (Sterol 27-hydroxylase or CYP27A1)
renal (25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase or CYP27B1)
degradation (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase or CYP24A1)





Vitamin K



Vitamin K epoxide reductase








Water soluble vitamins




Thiamine (B1)



Thiamine diphosphokinase





Niacin (B3)



Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Formamidase





Pantothenic acid (B5)



Pantothenate kinase





Folic acid (B9)







Dihydropteroate synthase
Dihydrofolate reductase
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase








Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase








Vitamin B12



MMAA
MMAB
MMACHC
MMADHC





Vitamin C



L-gulonolactone oxidase





Riboflavin (B2)



Riboflavin kinase








Nonvitamin cofactors




Tetrahydrobiopterin







GTP cyclohydrolase I
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase
Sepiapterin reductase








PCBD1
PTS
QDPR








Molybdenum cofactor



MOCS1
MOCS2
MOCS3
Gephyrin












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Metabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymes




Essential amino acids are in Capitals



K→acetyl-CoA




LYSINE→



Saccharopine dehydrogenase
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase





LEUCINE→



Branched chain aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase





TRYPTOPHAN→



Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
Arylformamidase
Kynureninase
3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase





PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→



(see below)








G




G→pyruvate
→citrate




glycine→serine→



Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Serine dehydratase


glycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
Creatine kinase





alanine→



Alanine transaminase





cysteine→



D-cysteine desulfhydrase





threonine→



L-threonine dehydrogenase








G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate




HISTIDINE→



Histidine ammonia-lyase
Urocanate hydratase
Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase





proline→



Proline oxidase
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1
PYCR1





arginine→



Ornithine aminotransferase
Ornithine decarboxylase
Agmatinase





→alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA



Glutamate dehydrogenase





Other



cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
Glutathione synthetase
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase


glutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase
Glutaminase








G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA




VALINE→



Branched chain aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase





ISOLEUCINE→



Branched chain aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase





METHIONINE→



generation of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase
Adenosylhomocysteinase


regeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase
Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase


conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase
Cystathionine gamma-lyase





THREONINE→



Threonine aldolase





→succinyl-CoA→TCA



Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase








G→fumarate




PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→



Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Tyrosine aminotransferase
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase


tyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase








G→oxaloacetate




asparagine→aspartate→



Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase
Aspartate transaminase















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Metabolism: amino acid metabolism
nucleotide enzymes





Purine metabolism




Anabolism




R5P→IMP:



Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase
AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase
IMP synthase





IMP→AMP:



Adenylosuccinate synthase
Adenylosuccinate lyase
reverse

AMP deaminase







IMP→GMP:



IMP dehydrogenase
GMP synthase
reverse

GMP reductase










Nucleotide salvage



Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase





Catabolism



Adenosine deaminase
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
Guanine deaminase
Xanthine oxidase
Urate oxidase








Pyrimidine metabolism




Anabolism







CAD

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
Dihydroorotase










Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase/Uridine monophosphate synthetase








CTP synthetase








Catabolism



Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
Dihydropyrimidinase/DPYS
Beta-ureidopropionase/UPB1








Deoxyribonucleotides



Ribonucleotide reductase
Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
DCMP deaminase
Thymidylate synthase
Dihydrofolate reductase









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Metabolism: lipid metabolism – ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism



Mevalonate pathway




To HMG-CoA



Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase
HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)





Ketogenesis



HMG-CoA lyase
3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Thiophorase





To Mevalonic acid



HMG-CoA reductase





To DMAPP



Mevalonate kinase
Phosphomevalonate kinase
Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase





Geranyl-



Dimethylallyltranstransferase
Geranyl pyrophosphate








To cholesterol




To lanosterol



Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
Squalene monooxygenase
Lanosterol synthase





7-Dehydrocholesterol path



Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
Sterol-C5-desaturase-like
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase





Desmosterol path



24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase








To Bile acids



Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
Sterol 27-hydroxylase





Steroidogenesis




To pregnenolone



Cholesterol side-chain cleavage





To corticosteroids



aldosterone: 18-Hydroxylase


cortisol/cortisone: 17α-Hydroxylase
11β-HSD

1
2




both: 3β-HSD

1
2


21-Hydroxylase
11β-Hydroxylase





To sex hormones




To androgens



17α-Hydroxylase
17,20-Lyase
3β-HSD
17β-HSD
5α-Reductase

1
2







To estrogens



Aromatase
17β-HSD








Other/ungrouped



Steroid metabolism: sulfatase

Steroid sulfatase


sulfotransferase

SULT1A1
SULT2A1




Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
Cholesterol total synthesis
Reverse cholesterol transport












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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism · pentose phosphate pathway enzymes



oxidative



Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
6-phosphogluconolactonase
Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase





nonoxidative



Phosphopentose isomerase
Phosphopentose epimerase
Transketolase
Transaldolase









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Metabolism - non-mevalonate pathway enzymes






DXP synthase
DXP reductoisomerase
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase
4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase









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Food science



General



Allergy
Engineering
Microbiology
Nutrition

Diet
clinical


Processing
Processing aids
Quality
Sensory analysis

Discrimination testing


Rheology
Storage
Technology









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Food chemistry






Additives
Carbohydrates
Coloring
Enzymes
Essential fatty acids
Flavors
Fortification
Lipids
"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
Proteins
Vitamins
Water















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Food preservation






Biopreservation
Canning
Cold chain
Curing
Drying
Fermentation
Freeze-drying
Freezing
Hurdle technology
Irradiation
Jamming
Jellying
Jugging
Modified atmosphere
Pascalization
Pickling
Potting

Confit
Potjevleesch


Salting
Smoking
Sugaring
Tyndallization
Vacuum packing













Food industry



Manufacturing
Packaging
Marketing
Foodservice
Fortification









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Food safety



Adulterants, food contaminants



3-MCPD
Aldicarb
Cyanide
Formaldehyde
Lead poisoning
Melamine
Mercury in fish
Sudan I





Flavorings



Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Salt
Sugar

High-fructose corn syrup







Microorganisms



Botulism
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli O104:H4
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
Listeria
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Salmonella





Parasitic infections through food



Amoebiasis
Anisakiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Diphyllobothriasis
Enterobiasis
Fasciolopsiasis
Fasciolosis
Giardiasis
Gnathostomiasis
Paragonimiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinosis
Trichuriasis





Pesticides



Chlorpyrifos
DDT
Lindane
Malathion
Methamidophos





Preservatives



Benzoic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Sodium benzoate





Sugar substitutes



Acesulfame potassium
Aspartame
Saccharin
Sodium cyclamate
Sorbitol
Sucralose





Toxins, poisons, environment pollution



Aflatoxin
Arsenic contamination of groundwater
Benzene in soft drinks
Bisphenol A
Dieldrin
Diethylstilbestrol
Dioxin
Mycotoxins
Nonylphenol
Shellfish poisoning





Food contamination incidents



Devon colic
1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1989 Chilean grape scare
1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
1999 Sun Orchard salmonellosis outbreak
2005 Indonesia food scare
2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks
2007 Vietnam food scare
2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2008 Chinese milk scandal
2008 Irish pork crisis
2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
2011 Taiwan food scandal
2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2013 European aflatoxin contamination
2013 horse meat scandal
2013 Taiwan food scandal
2014 Taiwan food scandal
2015 United States E. coli outbreak
2017 Brazil weak meat scandal
Food safety incidents in China
Foodborne illness

outbreaks
death toll
United States


ICA meat repackaging controversy
Minamata disease
StarLink corn recall
Toxic oil syndrome





Regulation, standards, watchdogs



Acceptable daily intake
E number
Food labeling regulations
Food libel laws
International Food Safety Network
ISO 22000
Quality Assurance International





Institutions



Centre for Food Safety
European Food Safety Authority
Institute for Food Safety and Health
International Food Safety Network
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety















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Food substitutes



Artificial fat substitutes



Olestra
Trans fat





Artificial protein substitutes



Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein





Artificial sugar substitutes



Acesulfame potassium
Alitame
Aspartame
Aspartame-acesulfame salt
Dulcin
Glucin
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
Neotame
NutraSweet
Nutrinova
Saccharin
Sodium cyclamate
Sucralose





Natural food substitutes



Cheese analogues
Coffee substitutes
Egg substitutes
Meat analogues

bacon
list


Milk substitutes
Phyllodulcin
Salt substitutes













Food politics



Food power
Food security
Famine
Malnutrition
Overnutrition





Institutions



International Association for Food Protection
Food and Drug Administration
Food and Agriculture Organization
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
National Food and Drug Authority









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Diving medicine, physiology, physics and environment



Diving
medicine




Injuries
and
disorders




Pressure




Oxygen



Freediving blackout
Hyperoxia
Hypoxia (medical)
Oxygen toxicity





Inert gases



Atrial septal defect
Avascular necrosis
Decompression sickness
Dysbaric osteonecrosis
High-pressure nervous syndrome
Hydrogen narcosis
Isobaric counterdiffusion
Nitrogen narcosis
Taravana
Uncontrolled decompression





Carbon dioxide



Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia







Aerosinusitis
Air embolism
Alternobaric vertigo
Barodontalgia
Barostriction
Barotrauma
Compression arthralgia
Decompression illness
Dental barotrauma
Dysbarism
Ear clearing
Frenzel maneuver
Valsalva maneuver





Immersion



Asphyxia
Drowning
Hypothermia
Immersion diuresis
Instinctive drowning response
Salt water aspiration syndrome
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema







List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Cramps
Diving disorders
Motion sickness
Surfer's ear





Treatments



Diving chamber
Diving medicine
Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric treatment schedules
In-water recompression
Oxygen therapy











Diving
physiology



Artificial gills (human)
Blood–air barrier
Blood shift
Breathing
Circulatory system
CO2 retention
Cold shock response
Dead space (physiology)
Decompression (diving)
Decompression theory
Diving reflex
Gas exchange
History of decompression research and development
Lipid
Maximum operating depth
Metabolism
Normocapnia
Oxygen window in diving decompression
Perfusion
Physiological response to water immersion
Physiology of decompression
Pulmonary circulation
Respiratory exchange ratio
Respiratory quotient
Respiratory system
Systemic circulation
Tissue (biology)





Diving
physics



Ambient pressure
Amontons' law
Anti-fog
Archimedes' principle
Atmospheric pressure
Boyle's law
Breathing performance of regulators
Buoyancy
Charles's law
Combined gas law
Dalton's law
Diffusion
Force
Gay-Lussac's law
Henry's law
Hydrophobe
Hydrostatic pressure
Ideal gas law
Molecular diffusion
Neutral buoyancy
Oxygen fraction
Partial pressure
Permeation
Pressure
Psychrometric constant
Snell's law
Solubility
Solution
Supersaturation
Surface tension
Surfactant
Torricellian chamber
Underwater vision
Weight





Diving
environment



Algal bloom
Breaking wave
Ocean current
Current (stream)
Ekman transport
Halocline
Longshore drift
Rip current
Stratification
Surf
Surge (wave action)
Thermocline
Tides
Turbidity
Undertow (water waves)
Upwelling





Researchers in
diving medicine,
and physiology



Arthur J. Bachrach
Albert R. Behnke
Paul Bert
George F. Bond
Robert Boyle
Albert A. Bühlmann
John R Clarke
William Paul Fife
John Scott Haldane
Robert William Hamilton Jr.
Leonard Erskine Hill
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Christian J. Lambertsen
Simon Mitchell
Charles Momsen
John Rawlins R.N.
Charles Wesley Shilling
Edward D. Thalmann
Jules Triger





Diving medical
research
organisations



Aerospace Medical Association
Divers Alert Network
Diving Diseases Research Centre
Fitness to dive
List of diving hazards and precautions
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
Rubicon Foundation
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit








 Categories: Diving medicine
Underwater diving physiology
Underwater diving physics
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