Farmers were able to borrow at 12% per annum, half the commercial rates of around 20-24%. The maximum amount of credit available was around IDR 300 000 (USD 200) per ha of rice field, with eligibility based only on the financial feasibility of farms. A multitude of other credit programmes were introduced to stimulate the development of the palm oil industry, with programmes for both private developers and smallholders (Thomas and Orden, 2004). As a result of various banking reforms carried out during the mid-1980s through to the early 1990s, the 200 odd rural credit programmes were pared back to four (World Bank, 1999).