Additionally, around 3.5 billion litres of ethanol were produced in 2008 (IEA, 2009b). Increasing concerns over the European Union's energy security and increasing GHG emissions have been the main drivers for the implementation of laws aiming to promote the production and consumption of renewable energy, and furthermore have led to the Page | 34 adoption of Directive 2003/30/EC in 2003 that defined non-binding blending targets of 2% in 2005 and 5.75% in 2010. In April 2009, the European Parliament adopted Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Renewable Energy Directive). It aims for emission savings of 600-900 Mt C02 per year and a reduction in fossil fuel consumption of 200-300 Mt per year in the European Union (EC, 2008).