Even after accounting for socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, foreign-born status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been self-employed, a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey (OECD, 2016a). The gaps are particularly high in Israel, the United Kingdom (England), the United States, Greece, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Chile (OECD, 2016a). This suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated.