The independent variables are: a dummy variable for sex (1 for male, 0 for female), a dummy variable for race/colour (1 for white, 0 for black), dummy variables for cohorts (the youngest cohort was used as a point of reference), five dummy variables for levels of schooling (the least-educated group was used as a point of reference) and a dummy variable for the year (1 for 2008, 0 for 2003). The first corresponded to the data for 2003 and the second to data for 2008. The third referred to aggregate data (an analysis similar to an analysis of panel data with random effects) and the fourth to the variations between the values for 2003 and 2008. Monetary poverty and deprivation as measured by the other indicators are more prevalent in households headed by persons of African descent and by women, even when other variables are controlled for.