The few with low active SIMs/100 and high CAGRs are those that have allowed market entry recently, with the exception of Ethiopia. When the competition reaches a high level of intensity, operators are compelled to move from the comfort zone of the conventional business model to BTNM. In the cases that have been analysed, this has occurred around the time the fourth operator gains significant market share and/or a significant change in ownership/culture occurs in one of the operators.