It is worth noting that many of these studies were calibrated to measure the long-run impact on various economies from multilateral liberalisation, not adjustment costs per se. Although there is no established template for WTO commitments for acceding countries, the experience of recent accessions suggest that many new entrants are required to agree to significant commitments - i.e. going well beyond those agreed to by established WTO members (even those with larger economies and incomes).7 Recent experience also suggests that LDCs and SVEs have not been spared this WTO-plus requirement, creating significant adjustment costs for becoming a WTO Member State. Assessment of the costs of implementing commitments undertaken by WTO acceding countries has not been given much analytical attention to date.