Across OECD countries, a more socio-economically advantaged student scores 39 points higher in mathematics — the equivalent of nearly one year of schooling - than a Iess-advantagpd student. In Portugal, the performance difference in mathematics is is 35 score-points. Together with Chile, Hungary, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic, the relationship in Portugal between performance and socioeconomic status is significantly above the OECD average (OECD, 2014a). Portugal’s position contrasts to that of Italy, which, for example, showed a similar performance level and improvement in PISA results, as with Portugal between 2003 and 2012 (see Figure 9).