To enhance returns, projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle, through adoption of user charges, public sector support (typically in the form of “viability gap finance”) and additional funding. Proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include: clear identification of actual returns and possible risks (including of default), development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders, including through compensation schemes, provision of de-risking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees, and government mapping of long-term investment paths to reduce investors’ uncertainty' about the future (Woetzel et al., In addition, standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects, as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors.