The distinction is, however, very important for developing countries’ prospects in strengthening its research capacities at universities and other institutions. The current ODA definition of research is vague and may need further clarification, especially considering the introduction of TOSSD and increasingly global challenges. It will also be important to improve the DAC statistical systems to better distinguish between research funding and international collaboration focused on strengthening domestic STI capacity in developing countries and other research activities conducted by universities and research institutions in donor countries.