For most emerging and developing countries, biofuel subsidies are only a limited option to promote domestic biofuel production since financing possibilities are constrained. However, tax-exemptions, and other measures are applied in some countries (e.g. Thailand). Biofuel production in emerging and developing countries is, furthermore, affected by biofuel policies in OECD countries, whose ambitious biofuel mandates can hardly be met solely from domestic sources. It expects that both first-generation biofuel and cellulosic ethanol blending quotas will not be met by domestic production in 2012, suggesting the necessity of imports from other countries, primarily Brazil (IEA, 2009b).