Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2) and (3) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables). While column (2) uses GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. The quintile regressions estimated the SIGI coefficient for the median, the lop and bottom income quartiles separately. While the reduced-form equation provides estimations of the total effect of the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income per capita, with and without controls for gender inequality in outcomes, it is quite interesting to further look at the channels of transmission. For the sake of brevity only the SIGI is presented.