Some UK local authorities (LAs) are both waste-collection and waste-disposal authorities, but the majority do one or the other, a split responsibility that impeded the search for alternatives to landfill until the 2003 Waste and Emissions Trading Act compelled LAs in “two-tier” areas to adopt joint municipal waste-management strategies. In the Household Waste Recycling Act (2003), LAs were required to separate out (individually or together) at least two types of waste by 2010. Much of WIP is implemented through an arms-length body, the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP).