Although there are some variations in the detailed definitions that are used, the following descriptions offer a useful indication of how the terms 'formal', 'non-formal' and 'informal' are commonly applied to education and learning. Non-formal learning has many manifestations but examples would include village-based literacy classes for adults and training of coaches in a sports club. The iSpot Nature web site offers an online example of self directed and collaborative learning where users learn to identify and appreciate flora and fauna through sharing information on an online community (Box 1.1).