These eastern cites are now economically and ethnically segregated from central Paris: the peripheral suburbs are characterized by poverty, a high share of public housing, and low education levels. Labourers and the unemployed are overrepresented among households in this region (Clerval et Delage 2014), and many of the residents are Algerian, Moroccan, and sub-Saharan African immigrants or descendants. The French government has labelled 731 of these neighborhoods zones urbaines sensibles (“sensitive urban zones”), which makes them a high-priority target for policy intervention.