How these variables have responded to shifting wealth over the past 20-30 years illustrates the sheer complexity of forces underlying inequality in individual countries. Higher educational attainment does not necessarily reduce inequality, however, because returns to education are higher for skilled individuals and greater attainment among the highly skilled can, in some cases, lead to increased inequality. Therefore, in moving up the education ladder to exploit more fully the opportunities afforded by shifting wealth, there may be trade-offs between short-term inequality reduction and building an economy that is more competitive in the long run. However, it is when increases in inequality stem from unequal access to education that decisive action to boost educational attainment and reduce inequality in outcomes is necessary. Higher average education levels help attract more FDI while technical education brings in manufacturing FDI (Te Velde, 2005). Moreover, scientific advance is no longer the sole preserve of high-income countries.