Selecting indicators inevitably involves a trade-off between breadth and identification (Cadot et al. First, and related to the issue of attribution, indicators are selected that relate only indirectly (or via a very complex results chain) to the actual project or programme. The EIF’s M&E framework (EIF 2011) includes some indicators that could plausibly be attributed to EIF projects (LDC members that have completed the WTO accession process, percentage share of non-oil trade from LDCs), but also some that are likely to be beyond this (poverty headcount, GDP growth, Gini coefficient).