Technologies are also diffused much more rapidly across borders than in the past. Available from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/ publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-l.pdf. The United Nations Interagency Task team on science, technology and innovation (STI) for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has also begun exploring the impacts of exponential technological change, automation technologies and artificial intelligence on the SDGs. Energy: modern cook stoves, off-grid electricity, mini-grids based on intermittent renewables with storage, battery technology, heat pumps, desalination, small and medium-sized nuclear reactors, biofuel supply chains, solar photovoltaic, wind and micro-hydro technologies, salinity gradient power technology, water-saving cooling technology, LED lamps, advanced metering.