The handbook provides a conceptual framework for measuring equity in education and offers thorough methodological guidance on how to calculate and interpret various types of equity indicators. Each of these programmes plays an important role in preparing students for the labour market. Participation of 15-24 year-olds in technical-vocational programmes in secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and short-cycle tertiary education (Thematic Indicator 4.3.3) varies widely across countries, from 4% in Brazil to 30% in Slovenia,1 and has a strong association with both gender and socio-economic status.