Austria (for those in work), as well as Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom appear to have been successful at preventing losses for low-income lone parents. Net transfers declined, however in the Czech Republic (where across-the-board cuts in family benefits affected families at all earnings levels), as well as in Finland (where real-term reductions in family benefits and the Lone Parent Supplement combined with faster withdrawal of housing benefits had a strong impact on low-income lone parents) and the United States/Michigan (where benefit entitlements for low-income lone parents declined strongly in real terms). Net transfers also declined in France for most working lone parents (a somewhat more generous housing benefit was withdrawn more rapidly while the introduction of the prime pour I'emploi and reductions in income-tax rates were often not enough to offset the new or increased social-security taxes CRDS and CSG).