However, systematic, credible and independent empirical evidence on gender-differentiated impacts remains limited. The traditional gender division of labour within households, especially in rural areas, typically entails women being overburdened with household and unpaid work, including fetching water, gathering firewood, and food preparation (Lele, 1986). In Cambodia women spend 30 per cent more time than men on housework and six times more in Guinea (Duflo, 2012).