Kraev considers two different scenarios. The first assumes that the trade balance remains unchanged, but the level of demand is variable (implying the possibility of underemployment of resources). With trade liberalization, imports increase, and domestic demand decreases to satisfy the external balance constraint, resulting in Losses in the order of 10 per cent of GDP (Kraev 2005: 14, Table 3) for SSA. The second scenario holds GDP constant, but allows the trade balance to vary.