Student performance started to fall already in the 1980s, but it seems likely that extensive reforms undertaken in the 1990s added to the decline (Holmlund et al., Decentralisation from 1991-93 (Box 2.2) devolved the responsibility for primary and secondary schools from the central government to municipalities. Poor organisation, lack of expertise and unclear responsibilities are still major issues at the municipal level, two decades after the reform (SNAE, 2011), and suboptimal allocation of resources means that weaker schools are not sufficiently supported.