This method can be applied to assess welfare changes when visual appreciation is affected. These include damage costs avoided, substitute costs methods and replacement cost methods, and are based on estimating the values of ecosystem services using either the costs of avoiding damage due to a reduction in e.g. landscape amenity, the cost of replacing environmental assets (e.g. enhancing landscape qualities elsewhere), orthe cost of providing substitute services (e.g. another recreation site). These methods, of which only avoidance cost is listed in Table 7 are applicable for valuing the changes in welfare when recreational services and aesthetics are affected.