Cultural values of filial obligation and inter-generational coresidence are commonly observed, although the culture and practices are changing. Net private transfers are significant and positive in countries such as China, Thailand, Republic of Korea and Singapore. Older persons aged 65 years and over in Thailand and Taiwan Province of China receive on average a third of their consumption from private transfers (Chawla, 2008, Tung and Lai, 2013) and the figure for the Republic of Korea is about 13 per cent.