Rwanda has experienced wars and massacres, culminating in the genocide committed against the Tutsi in 1994. These extreme acts of violence were perpetrated by people who share the same language, religion and cultural values. They have similar professional activities, and finally, they belong to the same nation with the same citizenship. What is the origin of the atrocious events that have characterized this country? In this contribution, we will attempt to show, through an analysis of the literature on the history of Rwanda, how the establishment of political and educational systems based on discrimination, inequality and ethnic injustice has led to suffering, rivalries, ethnic hatred and "second class" citizenship.