Design-for-disassembly was formulated to promote the easy recovery of parts and materials during the product disassembly process, while design-for-environment called for minimizing pollution and promoting resource conservation during product or system design. In product life-cycle considerations, extended producer responsibility (EPR) may be realized in collaboration with intelligent consumer behaviour. The European Union (EU) and WBCSD have shifted the leading concept of a resource-circulating society from sustainable production and consumption in the 1990s to sustainable consumption and production in a “consumer society”.