The effect of this experience is collective trauma, consisting of, the structural effects of disrupting families and communities, the loss of parenting skills as a result of institutionalization, patterns of emotional response resulting from the absence of warmth and intimacy in childhood, the carryover of physical and sexual abuse, the loss of indigenous knowledge, languages and traditions, and the systemic devaluing of indigenous peoples' identity. The legacies of these and other policies of forced assimilation are also seen in the present relationships of indigenous peoples with the larger society. According to Canadian government statistics, indigenous women are five times to seven times more likely than other women to die as the result of violence. The Native Women's Association of Canada, through its own hard work, documented more than 582 cases of missing and murdered indigenous women in Canada, most within the last three decades.