Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that even with the postponement of the deadlines, LpT schedules are still impressive, and missing the 2008 target should not have come as a total surprise. The twin policies of universal access (high costs) and low tariffs (low revenues) for concessionaires lead to a very difficult situation even when accounting for the subsidies the utilities receive (Zerriffi, 2007) as operation and management, capital and replacement costs need to be covered by the service providers in the long run.22 The dominance of grid electrification - even when little productive use can be expected in the near future - is causing this problem, further compromising the financial balance of the utilities. Promoting productive uses of electricity in order to raise utilities' revenues is thus vital to guarantee the long-term success of the electrification installations once LpT comes to an end (Zerriffi, 2007). An ex post study on the benefits of LpT found that, thanks to the programme, households find their living conditions significantly improved.