Despite progress on many fronts, including on reaching the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation, in 2008 an estimated 141 million city dwellers and 743 million rural dwellers remained without access to an improved water source, and an estimated 2.6 billion people without access to sanitation. Governments must put in place the conditions to ensure that the actions of all stakeholders - different categories of users, multiple responsible authorities, financiers, and various service providers - contribute to the longterm objectives of environmental sustainability and enhancing social welfare. It also often means generating sufficient information and support for policy change by making the case for reform — answering the question of “what is in it for society and individuals?”