A common response to integrating adaption into climate change planning in many countries has been to invest in hard infrastructure (e.g. seawalls and dams) (Munroe et al., This can have negative impacts on biodiversity, resulting in changes in species composition, abundance and diversity, and the functioning of ecosystems (Airoldi et al., Safeguards can be an effective risk management policy - they ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in decision making, reduce the risks, and provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information (Moss et al., Potential risks to biodiversity of REDD+ activities include: i) the conversion of natural forests to plantations or other uses with lower biodiversity value, ii) the displacement of deforestation and forest degradation to areas of lower carbon value and high biodiversity value, iii) increased pressure on non-forest ecosystems with high biodiversity value, and iv) afforestation of non-forested areas of high biodiversity value.