Given that global production of conventional crude oil will be declining by 2035 (IEA, 2011c) and in light of other related supply constraints, energy efficiency will be increasingly important measure to relieve pressure on scarce resources. At the same time, oil demand is projected to increase along with economic growth, particularly as a result of needs in the transport sector. As options for fuel substitution are limited, energy efficiency will again provide an important response in this sector, reducing emissions of black carbon and other internationally monitored toxic gases, through measures such as fuel efficiency standards, eco-driving, public transport and logistics efficiency. Energy efficiency is also a vehicle for environmental protection at the local level, helping to reduce waste and emissions detrimental to local air and water supplies and to delicate ecosystems.