Furthermore, extractive developments can have numerous negative social impacts, including corruption, displacement, human rights violations, significant inflows of migrant workers, disruptions to traditional livelihoods, and increased social problems and crime. These can be further compounded by environmental impacts, ranging from lost access to livelihood resources, to resource damage and degradation, to contamination of land, air, and water. Even where the extractive sector has well-developed social and environmental assessment and management procedures, they are frequently not applied or are poorly enforced. In some cases, statutory land rights do not cover sub-surface resources or are revoked through an act of expropriation undera justification of eminent domain.