A value under 1 indicates greater educational attainment by men. Among the economically active population, the average number of years' education was higher among women of all ages and income quintiles. However, when the population aged 15 and over is considered, men's educational attainment was higher for all income quintiles in both 1997 and 2005, but in 2013 the gender parity index stood at 1 or above for four of the five quintiles.