The labour force participation rate for less-educated women tends to be counter-cyclical whereas for those who are highly educated, it is pro-cyclical (Bhalotra and Aponte 2009). The former situation is due to the 'added worker effect': more participation to compensate for household income shocks, and the latter is to protect against the 'discouraged worker effect' (withdrawal from the labour market). The 'collective' household labour supply model is explicitly based on individual preferences, and control over resources influences the bargaining that occurs within the household. This model implies that women's greater control over household resources may increase their welfare by enhancing their bargaining power. But empirical evidence on the 'collective model' in developing countries has hinted that women actually receive fewer productive resources within households and therefore have less bargaining power (Mammen and Paxson, 2000).