Of the 20 LMICs with the highest levels of regional disparities, only 5 have levels of GDP per capita in excess of USD 10 000 (Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama). Those middle- and high-income countries with high levels of regional disparities tend to be located in Central and Eastern Europe -including Croatia, Latvia, the Russian Federation and the Slovak Republic - all having undergone post-socialist transitions. Others include Chile and the United Arab Emirates, both natural resource-dependent countries, but with economic activity highly concentrated in metropolitan regions - Santiago, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, respectively.