Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. They ensure both that the environmental problems affecting disadvantaged groups and vulnerable communities are adequately addressed and that policy decisions, either on environmental issues or as affecting the environment, take into consideration the needs of those groups. In so doing, those provisions also serve as key instruments in ensuring that climate change adaptation and resilience-building strategies (as well as mitigation measures) promote equality. Yet, even in countries that have enacted such legislation, challenges to implementation remain.