Countries with the lowest share of women under a partner’s coercive control were Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and the Czech Republic, all of which had rates below 5%. The highest prevalence of coercive control - between 10% and 16% of women - was in Eastern Europe (ibid.). Such findings present a puzzle for causal inference: are women in northern European countries more likely to experience (non-coercive control) violence, or are they simply more likely to report it?