Prospects for many others worsen: routine middle-skilled tasks are increasingly being automated, while jobs at the lower end of the skills distribution are seeing increased demand but are associated with low wages and low levels of job security. This growing polarisation in the labour markets may further exacerbate inequalities (Berger and Frey, 2016, OECD, 2011a). For purposes of this discussion, “social inclusiveness” is defined as the extent to which individuals in a country, independently of their socio-economic background, gender, age, ethnic origin, religion or place of residence, have the capacity and the opportunity to participate in innovation activities.