This section extends the discussion of the relevance of formal and informal education and knowledge in human development in the Arctic. We provide an assessment of human capital and knowledge production in the Arctic as it pertains to human development and well-being of Arctic societies. It most generally refers to formal and tacit knowledge and skills, which can be deployed to general economic returns. Human capital incorporates three components: general skills (literacy), specific skills (related to particulate technologies and operations), and technical and scientific knowledge (mastery of specific bodies of knowledge at advanced levels). There is a broad agreement in the literature that human capital is closely related to both individual and aggregated labor outcomes: higher individual wages and enhanced employability on one hand and greater productivity and accelerated technological progress on the other (De la Fuente and Ciccone, 2002).