Barriers to imports reduce engagement in GVCs along with the domestic returns from agro-food exports. On the other hand, non-tariff measures based on more transparent and science-based arrangements can increase the domestic value added generated by exports (Greenville et al., Environmental policy plays an important role in agriculture, which is a major user of natural capital - e.g. land, soil, water, biodiversity - and can degrade the natural resources it depends on through inappropriate practices.