A transformation in technology and marketing has indeed taken place in food processing and in the retail sector, but there is mixed evidence of the net impacts on small fanners. Sometimes this rapid evolution in the agro-food industry has worked toward the inclusion of small farmers, particularly as “resource-providing contracts” have proliferated. But often changes in the food markets have worked toward the exclusion of smallholders due to scale-constraints related to “inadequate” non-land assets - human and knowledge capital, access to credit, and geographical location.