These gaps have a tendency to widen over time as less advantaged children encounter more barriers to choice, such as: the need to opt out of school and join the workforce to contribute to the household, inability to pay school fees, and lack of access to quality schools (Bradbury and others, 2012, Heckman, 2006). For example, Majumder (2010) found intergenerational educational mobility in India to be much lower for disadvantaged and excluded groups than for advanced classes. Education can mediate the association between the socioeconomic status of parents and that of their children, a persistence present in many country settings (Hertz, 2008). As Chapter 5 highlights, policies to promote universal quality education are important.