Nevertheless, fulfilment of this obligation has been very limited, as has the extent of the resulting technology transfer to LDCs (Moon, 2008, 2011). A more rigorous implementation of this provision of the TRIPS Agreement in respect of energy-related technologies (including end-use technologies) could provide a means of operationalizing the technology-transfer provisions of the UNFCCC. This could usefully be supported by a more systematic approach to monitoring WTO Members’ compliance with their obligations under this Article 66.2 (UNCTAD, 2016b). South-South and triangular cooperation mechanisms can also help to facilitate the sharing of technological learning and knowledge.