By using Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions (Firpo et al., The first, which is referred to as the composition effect, is related to the overall changes in the distribution of observed characteristics of households (e.g. the proportion of households with a female worker), and the second is the wage structure effect, which captures the overall changes in the return to households with a female worker. By this setting, the wage structure effect also includes changes in the return to unobservable characteristics.