Migration is long-standing Basque tradition. Recently, Gloria Totoricaguena 2004 has redefined the study of Basque migrations in terms of diaspora, considering transnational identity as an integral factor, and including as the basis for her study “the immigrant populations and their descendants spread and sown throughout the world living in the Basque diaspora, the maintenance of their ethnic identity, and their connections to their homeland” (2004: 7).      Keywords:    archaeology,  ethnic conflict,  Linguistics,  demography and population studies,  antiquity, medieval, early modern