Ministries of education and ministries of foreign affairs often did not co-ordinate their registration processes for migrant teachers, even in non-emergency environments, yet establishing a co-ordinated and consistent plan of action would increase efficiency. The role of institutions is clear: ‘Stringent eligibility requirements, inconsistent application of rules and restrictive laws result in many refugees being undocumented, in some cases because they are forced underground’ (UNESCO, 2011: 152). Among these are improving organisations’ preparedness, strengthening institutional policies and inter-agency co-operation.