Female entrepreneurs rely substantially less than men on external loans, but it is not clear if this is because women are less inclined to use external finance or because women experience discriminatory treatment in capital markets (or both). Female-owned firms also differ from male-owned firms in terms of innovation outcomes but the lower levels of product and process innovation in enterprises founded by women can be explained by the sector, investment levels and sizes of their firms, as well as by their founders’ entrepreneurial experience prior to starting up. Analysis of “gendered innovation” shows that removing gender biases can improve research and innovation and open up new market opportunities (European Commission, 2013). In basic research, failing to use appropriate samples of male and female cells, tissues, and animals yields faulty results.