Moreover, the subordinate status of women in the household has been argued with reference to time use and violence against women.18 Women work longer hours than men and they may have fewer chances in the formal labour market because the domestic tasks are not equally distributed in the household (see Chapter 4 — Work), and significant proportions of women are victims of domestic violence (see Chapter 6 — Violence against women). Women experience more disadvantages when they live in poor households. For example, in countries such as Pakistan and Yemen, girls and boys from the wealthiest quintile have relatively similar net school attendance rates in primary education, but in the poorest quintile the net school attendance of girls is lower than that of boys by 17 and 25 percentage points respectively.19 In households with poor access to clean water and energy, women bear most of the resulting work burden and harmful health effects (see Chapter 7 — Environment).