Until 2014, these taxes were at least partially paid by Belarus to the budget of the Russian Federation. In 2014, this practice was discontinued when the Russian Federation partially reallocated the fiscal burden from the export tax on petroleum products to the domestic tax on oil extraction. At present, the Russian Federation considers the cost of export taxes levied by Belarus on petroleum products a subsidy from its budget to that of Belarus (revenue foregone by the Russian Federation but collected by Belarus). This annual subsidy can be estimated to be at least USD 2.1 bln, based on an oil price of USD 45 per barrel (Manenok, 2017).