Many countries, however, do not submit annual reports and so the data may not be representative of trade by all Basel Parties. The distinction between end-of-life products, non-hazardous waste, and secondary' raw materials may not be the same across different jurisdictions and subject to further scrutiny. Kellenberg (2012) finds evidence that bilateral trade in waste increases if there is divergence in environmental policy stringency between the trading partners. This implies that there could be a pollution haven effect where waste is destined to countries with laxer environmental standards in some cases.