Women and girls are subject to human trafficking and forced labour on board these vessels, primarily for sexual exploitation rather than as fishing labourers. Women are also reported to be victims of trafficking in the land-based fish processing sector (ILO 2013). When fishing rights are transferred or eliminated in these ways, the indigenous and traditional fishing rights of both women and men can be easily overlooked or misunderstood (Coope SoliDar R.L/ICSF 2015, Madrigal-Cordero and Solis-Rivera 2012). " Ocean grabbing" has gender-differentiated effects (Bennet ef al. Groups who are already marginalized, including women, are especially vulnerable to "grabbing", moreover, women fishers and gleaners whose work is concentrated in foreshore and reef areas are often within sight of communities and open to surveillance and regulation for IUU "violations" in ways that other types of fishing is not (Bennet et al. They have primary responsibilities in many countries for performing jobs such as smoking, salting and drying, as well as selling fish and seafood products in local markets.