People without legally protected land titles have been displaced for biofuel production or hydropower generation.46 Lack of access to land and insecure land tenure are critical factors underpinning persistent rural poverty, especially for women in many developing country contexts.43 In India, the government has promoted biofoel production (for clean fuel) and addressed social impacts by focusing on by-products of crops and cultivating non-food crops on marginal lands only, in order not to undermine food security. However, it neglected the fact that marginal lands were often used by rural populations, for example, in shifting cultivation, for foelwood or medicinal plants. The use of marginal lands for biofuel production was thus perceived as massive land grabbing and hindered access to fuel for the rural poor.