Abstract This article examines how the acceptance of subjectively-defined language rights may promote non-communication and exclusion through examining aspects of language politics in the post-Yugoslav states. International linguistic human rights advocates are taking on board subjective definitions of language communities. An international linguistic human rights framework is evolving which requires states actively to maintain linguistic identities. Language is seen as an essential part of a community's identity and self-esteem, which in turn is seen as crucial to securing harmonious interethnic relations and preventing violent conflict. Yet the treatment of Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs as separate language communities has tended to legitimise ethnic divisions and social exclusion.