It is not possible to identify how to allocate human, financial and technical resources more effectively, in order to achieve desired objectives, without assessing the impact of interventions over time. The use of indicators is a key component of this. Though indicators are emerging, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity mainstreaming is in its infancy . The Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the proposed global indicators thereunder, as well as the indicator framework under the SDGs, offer a starting point from which further indicators could be considered. A few of the NBSAPs reviewed in this report also include indicators that are relevant to mainstreaming initiatives (e.g. rate of loss of natural forests, e.g. Viet Nam, number of positive and harmful incentives, e.g. Ethiopia), and some have also been transposed into NDPs (and other national strategies). International organisations that serve as platforms to collect comparable national data (e.g. OECD, FAO, World Bank) also have an important role to play in this context.