Administrative culture: An administrative culture that is characterised by risk and blame avoidance hinders co-creation processes, because public officials might not dare or are not allowed to involve stakeholders in the policy process. Attitudes of public officials and politicians: Efforts to establish co-creation mechanisms can fail if policy makers feel threatened in their expertise or consider stakeholders as incompetent. Incentives and objectives: Providing public officials (and stakeholders) with clear incentives and objectives is crucial for establishing an understanding of the added value of co-creation processes. Compatibility: Involving stakeholders in the policy process requires the adaption of supporting structures, procedures and routines, such as training facilities and communication structures.