To assist with the cost of their studies, the government has also recently announced that quota students will receive a stipend of BRL 400 per month (Souza, 2013) - Bolsa Permanencia (Staying-On Scholarship) - rising to BRL 900 per month for indigenous and quilombolcr32 students. The states of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia have previously introduced quota systems. An evaluation of one such scheme at the University of Brasilia (Francis and Tannuri-Pianto, 2012) found that it raised the proportion of black students at the university and that the displacing students were from lower socio-economic status families on average. One of the key issues is that the Brazilian higher education system is highly regressive. Free, highly selective public universities are attended primarily by richer students, while poorer students are forced to attend fee-charging, private institutions.