To avoid this multicollinearity issue the approach has been to include a direct measure of the gender gap in educational attainment in the growth equation - rather than separate indicators on male and female educational attainment (Klasen, 2002, Knowles et al., This approach involves assuming common technological change, common population growth, and common growth convergence patterns. However, population growth differs considerably across countries, and the evidence on multifactor productivity growth patterns across countries does not fit with the assumption of common technological change (Lee et al.,