Finland's education system is also highly efficient: in 2007 Finland spent 5.6% of its GDP on education, less than the OECD total average of 6.2% (OECD, 2010b). This efficiency is discussed further in the conclusions to this chapter. This philosophy included the beliefs that all pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies, just as John Dewey had insisted decades before.