The monetary base used for GDP is S at constant year 2005 exchange rate value, sourced from UNSD (2015). The time series here only cover 1990 to 2010 rather than 1970 to 2010 as was the case for DMC based measures, reflecting the shorter time series available for material footprint data. The developing group has a considerably lower AMI than Ml (10% to 20% lower over the full time series 1990 to 2010), while the reverse is the case for the industrialized countries group (40% to 70% higher over the period 1990 to 2010).