In 2012, the share of funding that was spent on initiatives targeting the demand side was relatively low'. While this has been done for some programmes such as Computers for Education, it is lacking for most other initiatives. The risk is not only that public funding may not be spent in the most efficient way and but also in the potential to crowd out private initiatives. Generally, these countries allocate major responsibility' for research in the universities and for basic research to the education ministry' and the task of funding innovation and more obviously industrially relevant research to the industry ministry.