The higher-income countries have gone furthest in establishing sound data collection and monitoring systems, and there is potential for knowledge transfer. Italy's "landscape observatory", for example, has been applied in other countries and the Republic of Korea's approach to estimating the regulatory and cultural value of forests could be more broadly applied, but both rely on good data collection systems. These include time trade-offs (whereby short-term benefits can reduce longer-term ones) more sustainable returns and tradeoffs between local and global public goods, spatial trade-offs between communities or between upstream and downstream users, and sectoral trade-offs between land or water use for agriculture or for watershed conservation. In Arkhangelsk (the Russian Federation), excessive harvesting near transport routes without sufficient attention to longer-term regeneration has contributed to forest degradation.