Although a very wide range of national policies can have a profound effect on urban development, national governments rarely review this impact systematically through an "urban lens" (OECD, 2014, OECD, 2015d). For example, fossil fuel subsidies negotiated at the national level clearly undermine local efforts to develop environmentally sustainable cities. A NUP can also connect all levels of government and other stakeholders by providing forums for the co-creation of a shared vision and a framework which enables them to move as one towards the stated goals.