With regard to qualifications, the question of the cross-border validity of learning certificates for students has now been covered in some depth in the literature and policy recommendations made, most relevantly in the IIEP publication Certification Counts (Kirk, 2009). However, cross-border portability of teachers’ qualifications is not included in that study (although it notes that similar issues apply). Similarly, although field guides and minimum standards for education in emergencies address the question of curriculum and whether the host country or source country curriculum should be followed for students, there are no agreed international standards for teacher training curriculum content, or on related professional standards. However, these do not cover non-Commonwealth countries (as noted above, there are currently a number of Commonwealth countries sheltering refugees from non-Commonwealth countries), nor do they take into account the special circumstances of education in emergencies, where teachers may arrive without their certificates, having left home precipitously.