More specifically, discriminatory social institutions in origin countries may influence women's decision to emigrate in two ways. On one hand, they can be an additional determinant of emigration, stemming from women's need to escape gender-spedfic discrimination. For example, women may migrate to escape sexual violence and abuse, single women, widows and divorcees may migrate to escape sotial stigma, or girls may migrate to escape restrictions on their freedom, pressure to marry, or to remain chaste until marriage (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). There is evidence from South-East Asia of women migrating in order to escape from involuntary marriages (Lam and Hoang, 2010).