Other countries may not see the use for a national-level system, particularly when adaptation-related policies are led at the sub-national level, and do not mention adaptation monitoring and evaluation in their NDC. Evaluation is in many ways more methodologically challenging than monitoring, because adaptation policies and programmes often lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes. It is nevertheless a useful activity to allow countries to learn from their experience, and support the improvement of future adaptation planning and implementation. These could helpfully focus or continue focusing their efforts on this evaluation and learning gap.