Some of it is formal and some undocumented, but almost all is low-paid - for example, as factory hands, shop assistants, street vendors and domestic workers. This effect is often referred to as the 'urban advantage'. Gaps between rich and poor in towns and cities can sometimes equal or exceed those found in rural areas. Tajikistan and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), the education gap between the richest 20 per cent and the poorest 20 per cent is greater in urban than in rural areas.