Some institutions also track changes in forest fragmentation, ecologically important forest loss, species richness, and the proportion of terrestrial and marine area protected by climate-related interventions (e.g. IDB, 2012, CIF, 2011, and AF, 201 la). Nevertheless, improved local air quality is an important broader impact of certain mitigation actions and programmes (e.g. Climate and Clean Air Coalition). The availability of such data could also help to support a case for scaled-up mitigation actions domestically, for example by enabling researchers to better assess the benefits of mitigation actions in addition to costs. To capture these important relationships, several institutions track output and outcome indicators relevant to transportation and energy access (e.g. the number of expected beneficiaries of a project).