It finds that these programmes have little adverse impact on labour market outcomes of recipient households. There are a number of reasons for this: cash transfers in emerging countries are usually not conditional on labour force status (unsurprisingly, given the high rate of in-work poverty), due to administrative constraints, the means-tests benefit eligibility are often loosely and irregularly applied, implying that additional income from work is not taxed away as a result of benefit withdrawal, and levels of transfer are usually low relative to household income. As a result, the implicit tax of cash transfers on working tends to be rather low in emerging economies.