Cappellari & Jenkins (2008a, p. 14) however report that the large majority of recipients were paid income-based JSA. The analysis below focuses on the programmes listed under ‘principal social assistance variable’ for able-bodied, working-age individuals. In Germany and the United Kingdom, this includes programmes that are formally labelled as unemployment benefits but, following the typology in Section 1, share key characteristics of SA programmes. For Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom, results are also provided for HB.