These recent payments amounted to almost half of total budgetary transfers in 2009-11. This situation in Kazakhstan fits into a broader picture observed across emerging economies: the share of the most distorting support in the total PSE was 68% in Brazil, 81% in Russia, 86% in Ukraine, and 74% in South Africa in 2008-10. In China, this share is notably smaller but still around one-half of the country’s PSE. In terms of its use of the most distorting support, Kazakhstan and the majority of emerging economies stand approximately where most of the OECD countries were in the mid-1980s.