Since 1994, for example, an annual ecosystem status and trends document has been prepared to inform the fishery management process - especially with respect to stock assessments. Definition of a longer term apparent Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Mantua et al., These and other studies have led to detailed multi-national efforts to document climate variability in the Northeast Pacific through Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations FOCI (Macklin, 1998), the North Pacific Science Organization (PICES), and the North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission (NPAFC) (Beamish, ed.