The Russian Federation, for example, partially decriminalised domestic abuse in 2017, even though the country’s record on violence against women has been extensively criticised by civil society groups and intergovernmental organisations (Amnesty International, 2017, UN OCHCR, 2013). Government actors must build specialised human resources capacity and co-ordinate effectively to prevent VAW. When violence happens, governments must also successfully protect victims, support victims’ empowerment and reintegration in society, and hold perpetrators accountable. According to data from a survey conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA, 2014a), only 14% of women EU-wide who report having been the victim of at least one serious incident of violence by a partner since the age of 15 say that they contacted the police about the most serious such incident (FRA, 2014a). Indeed, fear of reprisal accounts for 13% of women not reporting violence, on average, in the European Union (FRA, 2014a). Partners include persons with whom the respondents were, or had been, married, living together without being married, or involved in a relationship without living together.