Although financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, they represented important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that large shares of those with no or weak labour-market attachment face multiple simultaneous employment barriers: 32% faced three or more significant barriers, highlighting the need for broad and coordinated policy approaches that focus on all relevant barriers in a holistic way. Section 3 provides an overview of Estonia’s policy stance on activation and employment-support policies drawing on a range of available data and policy indicators. Section 4 seeks to illustrate how bottom-up information on patterns of individual employment barriers can inform a discussion of policy priorities, effectiveness and gaps. ( A concluding section summarises key policy implications.