Because of conflict, the Tuareg and other Arab ethnic groups from northern Mali have faced massive displacement, and account for 60 per cent of the total ethnic make-up of Niger refugee camps. Moreover, the curriculum does not consider the realities of students' lives, and teachers also face poverty, hunger and psychosocial stress. Further, there is an insufficient number of female teachers and of teachers trained to teach students with disabilities and, currently, there is no system in place for the certification of teachers in refugee camps. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the conflict in Mali has produced some 139,000 refugees, many of whom are Tuareg, who have been internally displaced and are living in communities or refugee camps in neighbouring Burkina Faso and other countries.