The WSSD Johannesburg 2002 Plan of Implementation called on governments, inter alia, to “maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield with the aim of achieving these goals for depleted stocks on an urgent basis and where possible not later than 2015”. A more recent call is the Aichi 2011 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity calling for fisheries to be sustainably managed by 2020 (Box 2.1). The w'ork of the COFI and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries provide important inventories of practical, evidence based “ways forward” to achieving green growth in fisheries. The UN conference on sustainable development Rio +20 in June 2012 reiterated the commitment of the parties to eliminate IUU fishing activities, acknowledging that they undermine the sustainable use of fisheries.