We illustrate this idea by reviewing the challenges in Sweden and NW Russia using two urban-rural gradients (Bergslagen and Moscow regions) and two large northern river catchments (Angermanalven and Pinega). This requires integration of policy, governance and management by continuous evaluation (Mayers & Bass 2004). While sustained yield thinking in principle has a long history in forestry, the sustainable development concept that appeared in the 1980’s meant that also ecological, social and cultural dimensions should be satisfied (e.g., Innes & Hoen 2005). To implement SFM it is necessary to continue with efficient wood production, and at the same time expand beyond the traditional forest sector to include also other sectors involved with for example rural development and biodiversity conservation.