First, it led to the idea that resources should be concentrated in a small number of locations to achieve critical mass (Parr, 1999: 1198). This idea is extended to include the spatial concentration of specific industries in particular places that are the most suitable for their growth. The second result was the idea that national governments could induce new poles in different parts of the country to achieve more balanced growth—pdles d'equilibre (Parr, 1999: 1203). Actions by die government could move both workers and firms to a new location that would become the motor for regional growth. In France these ideas continue to underpin the process of spatial planning and influence the allocation of responsibilities to different levels of subnational government.