Firstly, white settlers fleeing from newly independent African countries, many of them in fact being returning South Africans, and secondly, refugees and people leaving Eastern Europe (Peberdy, 2009). The uncertainties of the last decade before 1994, coupled with a sense of imminent loss of power for white South Africans, have resulted in a negative migration rate since 1994. Based on the number of permanent residence permits issued, it can also be seen that the proportion of African immigrants decreased until 1992/93, while the numbers of Asian immigrants jumped dramatically.