They should rely on both proactive actions (e.g. public organisations like the ANA taking steps to develop permits) and reactive levels (developing a set of rules for those requesting permits). Executive powers are also key to effective planning implementation, which raises three main questions related to planning as a multi-level, multipurpose and multi-stakeholder governance instrument: planning for what (e.g. collection of charges, co-ordination, implementation), planning with whom (which institutions need to be engaged) and planning at which scale (local, basin, state, federal). It is also critical that planning factors in both short-term considerations and long-term projected impacts (e.g. climate change, Box 2.12). A strong ANA at the federal level and strong agencies at the state level are needed to balance pressures from existing public or private sector stakeholders.