The working time that becomes available due to the use of machines can be reallocated to tasks that require more cognitive skills. Thus, semi-automation (interactions between workers and robots) may moderate the negative employment effect that is often associated with the notion of factory automation (Lutkenhorst, 2018). Autor and Salomons' study confirms that automation-induced productivity growth does indeed have a negative employment effect within the respective industries. However, when separating the direct and indirect effects, the results suggest that inter-industry and final demand effects may offset the negative effects for labour demand. These effects may be reversed in particularthrough input-output linkages (i.e. becoming a supplier for intermediate goods for another industry). Moreover, the increase in aggregate demand may lead to a positive net effect on employment.