With its market intervention and prior claims on elevator space and transportation, it is crowding out private traders who are exposed to additional risks and costs. The crowding out effect of FCC activities most probably exaggerate the volatility of grain markets, which poses problems for small and medium-sized producers in particular. Agroholdings and large traders may not be affected as much because they have opportunities to store grain and release it at the most profitable moment. Russian ports are believed to prioritise domestic wheat exports over Kazakhstan’s, while transport costs to more distant ports in Ukraine and Latvia are high.