Public policy and funding are necessary to provide an efficient, well-networked infrastructure for scientific capabilities to meet public needs, and many countries include support for the infrastructure underpinning innovation in their stimulus packages. More recent examples include ICTs (Inetworked computing and the Internet in particular). Many have seen ICTs as the reason for the acceleration in productivity in the United States and other OECD countries since the mid-1990s. Biotechnologies, and more recently nanotechnologies, are viewed as emerging GPTs.