Conversely, an inability to achieve a w'hole-of-government approach was cited among the top barriers to achieving gender equality by about one-quarter of respondents to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Gender Public Policies and Leadership. The absence of a co-ordinated approach in dealing with gender equality issues is often one of the major obstacles to the development and implementation of gender policies. In the case of Spain, for example, the gender institution’s co-ordination function involves 20 distinct institutional components (Johan, 2010). Overall, at the horizontal level, in OECD countries, the most prevalent co-ordination mechanisms include establishing co-ordination units at the centre of government (82%), developing whole-of-government frameworks for gender equality (68%) and inter-ministerial groups convened by the central gender institution (68%) (see Figure 4.8).