For example, apprenticeships can act as a means to improve the integration of refugees and other disadvantaged groups into local labour markets. They involve a mix of theoretical classroom-based learning and on-the job training, typically leading to a formal certification, which provides the individual with “journeyperson” status. However, apprenticeship systems and their governance frameworks are embedded in the specific national and regional education, labour market, and industrial relations systems of each OECD country.