This price gap results from a variety of policy measures that prevent domestic prices from aligning with international levels. These policies include trade measures, such as import tariffs, import quotas, tariff quotas, SPS regime, export subsidies and taxes, as well as quantitative restrictions on exports. Policies creating a price gap also include domestic measures, such as administered pricing, market interventions, or public stockholding. In emerging economies like Kazakhstan, the gaps between domestic and international prices are also created by factors that are not strictly policy-related, e.g. deficiencies in physical infrastructure, inadequate information and weak market institutions. All of this generates market inertia as it takes time and creates costs for market agents to implement contracts in reaction to market signals.