The SPI is highest in Japan where the ratio of expenditures to intended beneficiaries is approximately 11.7% of GDP per capita, while the SPI is only just above 1% in low-income countries as Bangladesh and Cambodia (Table 2.3). For example, the SPI for Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mongolia and Viet Nam is well above the average for countries with similar levels of income, while there are various countries (including India, Indonesia, Lao PDR and Papua New Guinea) where the SPI is lower than what might be expected on basis of average w'ealth levels. In these countries large proportions of the population living rural areas and engaged in informal employment outside any statutory or collective system of social protection. In these countries the traditional reliance on family and community support remains as important as ever (Thompson, 2002).