This will probably happen in the context of sustainable cocoa, for example, within the next ten years (Cosbey 2015). Where the retailers in question control a large share of the market, these voluntary labels have mandatory characteristics (Arcuri 2013). While private retailers’ carbon-based labels have receded in popularity since a surge almost a decade ago (e.g. food miles labels have disappeared and retailers such as Walmart and Tesco have quietly backed off from their ambitious plans for comprehensive PCF labelling), there are still some private sector labels with major market influence.