In contrast, Austria ranks eight places lower (i.e., more unequal) using the R-squared measure, and Spain, Latvia and Italy fall seven, five and four places respectively-also notably lower than when using the P90-P10 measure. Norway and Spain would respectively rank four and six places higher (more equal) based only on the occupational R-squared than on the overall R-squared. In fact, Norway tops the overall ranking as having the lowest proportion of reading score variance that can be attributed to parental occupation.