In other countries, including Germany, Hungary, Italy and Spain, NSW tends to decrease wages in almost all deciles of the distribution, but the difference decreases monotonically with the upper deciles. In Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, the earnings gap is more pronounced in the bottom 20% to 40% of the distribution rather than the bottom 10%. Portugal is an exception in that the wage penalty is fairly small at the bottom of the distribution and more substantial in the upper middle part. On the other hand, in Australia the earnings gap at the bottom of the distribution is smaller, while there is a significant wage premium of 20% to NSW at the top.