The movement of workers between foreign and domestic firms could help counteract this tendency somewhat, at least over a longer time-horizon. In China, clusterings of innovative foreign firms were more likely to lead to knowledge spillovers (Chen, Li and Shapiro, 2009), which is a further argument for the establishment of science parks or lower-cost alternatives. However, it is not clear how effective this mechanism is insofar as importing machinery does not necessarily mean that countries have mastered how the machinery is designed.