As another example, TRIPS (Article 31) obligates governments, when issuing compulsory licenses, to respect certain procedural requirements.58 Beyond these procedural minimum standards of protection, there are no substantive restrictions on the discretion of governments to freely determine the grounds upon which a compulsory license may be granted to allow the patented invention to be used without authorization of the patent holder. Org/unctadictsd/projectoutputs.htm#top), Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, pp. Concerns about broad exclusive rights and their impact on competition and innovation have also been expressed in developed countries, see, e.g.. United States Federal Trade Commission, “To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy”, Report, 2003 (executive summary available at http://xml.coverpages.org/FTC-InnovationReportSumm.pdf).