The drawback is that they may provide weak incentives to maintain or improve the quality of care. Fee-for-service and salary schemes are likely to lead to overprovision of healthcare. However, there have been attempts within fee-for-service schemes to limit cost increases by reducing fees and combining them with hard budget constraints (Moreno Serra, 2013, Paris and Devaux, 2010). Under the GPs' fundholding policy, GPs could choose to have a fixed budget to finance some types of elective surgery for their patients and retain any surplus.