The range of qualifications across public universities is quite remarkable where more established universities may have 40 to 55% of academic staff with doctorates while newer universities have less than 10% staff with doctoral degrees. Universiti Sains Malaysia reports 53.6% staff with doctoral degrees and University of Malaya 40.5% while Universiti Malaya Pahang reports 11% and the National Defence University only 0.7%. Training schemes to upgrade staff qualifications have started but will take considerable time to change the situation. However salary packages offered by universities, which operate within a civil service framework, are unable to be internationally competitive.