This is particularly true for poor smallholders with limited or no access to credit and insurance. Greater exposure to risk, in the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, can lead to greater emphasis on low-risk/low-return subsistence crops, a lower likelihood of applying purchased inputs such as fertilizer and adopting new technologies, and reduced levels of investment (Antle and Crissman, 1990, Dercon and Christiaensen, 2011, Fafchamps, 1992, Feder, Just and Zilberman, 1985, Heltberg and Tarp, 2002, Kassie et al., See Box 7 for an explanation of RCPs and SSPs. Future food security trends will also be influenced by overall socio-economic conditions, which, in turn, have implications for the vulnerability of countries and populations around the world.