Other works (Sawe, 1997, Nzioka, 1998, OPM/ PSTD, 2010) have generally characterised reform and transformation in Kenya into phases that more or less mirror the presidency regimes. In this classification, the first transformation phase spanned the 1963-78 period, for the first presidency. The second phase coincided with the second presidency, of 1977-2002. Reforms under the third phase spanned 2003-12.