Cancer is a major health challenge and its burden is increasing in Kazakhstan. Survival rates are a key indicator of effectiveness, capturing the impact of both detection and treatment. In 2013 Kazakhstan’s five-year relative survival rate in cervical cancer was less than 57%, well below the OECD average of 66% of detected cases. Kazakhstan's five-year relative survival rate in breast cancer was only 53% in 2015, comparing very unfavourably with most OECD countries (five-year relative survival rates of at least 80% in 2013) (OECD, 2015). Similarly, in colorectal cancer the survival rate of 44% puts Kazakhstan behind even the most poorly performing OECD countries, and well below the OECD average of 62%.