Furthermore, in Kazakhstan, classes are orderly, without loss of time for student behaviour or teacher absenteeism. The official instructional time is provided with few disruptions and complemented with widespread after-school activities. However, there are some concerns about the management of instructional time: multi-shift teaching, which is prevalent in Kazakhstan, might reduce the official instructional time, the school calendar is not adjusted to local conditions and needs, and instructional time for students in primary grades may be inadequate for students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.