Yet, faced with economic crisis and austerity, the temptation is growing for governments to turn away from universalism towards targeted benefits. Access is also, for the most part, means tested, specifically targeting poor and vulnerable households. But exceptions exist: in Argentina, for example, a Universal Child Allowance was introduced in 2009 to make family benefits available to those who were not already covered though family allowances in the contributory system. In a number of cases, they have been found to promote women's economic activity.