While domestic wheat consumption in the Mashreq countries is slightly lower, it is still relatively high, hovering around 120-150 kg/person/year. On the other hand, low-income Arab countries, including Somalia and Sudan, have lower consumption levels, similar to those of other developing countries, owing largely to supply constraints (production and import) and to a culture that is not as entrenched towards wheat-based food products. However, during these four decades, two distinct time periods can be observed.