First, acknowledging the heterogeneity of Indigenous students, the study seeks to understand the complex challenges Indigenous students face in education and what success really means for them. It examines wellbeing, health and poverty, the presence or absence of quality approaches to teaching and student engagement, differences in basic provision that inordinately affect Indigenous students, recognition of Indigenous cultures, and engagement with Indigenous communities. The study’s outcomes are related to all of these, as well as to student learning and achievement.