For reasons of sample size, this exercise used a recoding of the income groups originally defined in the World Values Survey. Steps 1 and 2 in each country refer to the low-income group, while steps 5-10 refer to the high-income groups of the population. But the collapse of the old order and the opening of a window on developed-country levels of consumption might have brightened expectations that subsequently went unfulfilled because of the crisis that hit Eastern Europe in the mid-1990s.