It is estimated that between 11 and 26 million tonnes of fish are caught by IUU fishing annually, representing 18% of global catches across all fisheries (Agnew et al., This represents a substantial pressure on fish stocks, above what would be considered as desirable. However, it is claimed that the number of economically overfished stocks is even higher than the number that is biologically overfished (e.g. Pauly and Zeller, 2016). In New Zealand, the percentage of fish stocks above the overfishing threshold declined 7 percentage points from 25% in 2009 to 18% in 2013.