It is presently unclear how land use planning is going to evolve with all the changes implied by the wave of recent legislative changes (e.g. ALUR, MAPTAM and NOTRe). Intercommunal power is increasingly emphasised and the new regions (13 instead of 22) should have more influence on planning. But, with the tradition of the commune’s monopoly in term of land use, regions are uncertain about their areas of competence. While the intent has been to make the process of planning more co-ordinated and to establish clearer responsibilities at each level, in some cases the effect has been to destabilise existing relationships that were formed under the old rules and now have to be readjusted to reflect the new rules. This can occur in the middle of multi-year agreements and can affect outcomes. In an assessment of the French system, Reimer et al.