Unlike add-on payments for co-ordination, which can be applied ex ante to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes, P4P payments are applied ex post. They are allocated after providers have reported on the required indicators and outcomes, and are deemed to have met the required targets or thresholds. They are focussed on the degree of achievement of specific defined objectives by providers or practitioners. P4P has emerged as one potential lever to address some of the shortcomings of traditional payments of FFS, capitation, and salary.