Therefore, the ten most important cities of the region, which concentrate 82% of the total population, mainly rely on the 14 (overexploited) aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters. On average 90% of total water consumption (and more than 96% of groundwater) is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agri-food industry. Water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between Mexico and the United States, the State of Chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing 431 million m to the US, without benefitting from the 1 800 million m3 given by the US to other Mexican states.