The peak in expenditure on passive measures in 2000 reflects the rise in unemployment during the 1990s, while the subsequent fall - despite still rising unemployment - was also strongly influenced by the 2001 and 2003 reforms of the El system (see Chapter 4).158 There has also been a long-term trend reduction in expenditure on PES administration. Expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with GDP between 1990 and 2007, although near-stability of expenditure as a percentage of GDP contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate. Total expenditure in FY 2006 and FY 2007 on active programmes other than PES and administration was about JPY 250 billion. This was mainly for the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to “conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers”: JPY 250 billion) and the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres, “for non-regular workers and middle-aged and older people, etc.