Calculations are based on net hourly earnings adjusted for social transfers. The corresponding risk figure therefore represents the share of employed working-age individuals living in households with a monthly disposable income of less than 6 000 Russian rubles (this corresponds to an hourly low-pay threshold of 1.14 PPP-adjusted international dollars for a member of a two-earner family working full-time). In most countries where data are available, women’s jobs are less secure than men’s along both dimensions (Figure 4.17). Focusing on the risk of unemployment per se, however, does not paint a comprehensive picture of labour market risks in emerging economies, as the lack of effective safety nets makes unemployment unaffordable for many workers and pushes them into jobs of "last resort” (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5).