The most recent example is the self-generation of electricity using renewable energy sources, which allows private users to sell surplus energy to the national power utility (UNCSD submission, Tunisia, 2012). Fossil fuel dependence exposes countries’ growth pathways to both financial and political risks arising from the price volatility of fossil fuels. Reducing fossil fuel dependence also reduces the fiscal burden from fossil fuel subsidies where they are in place (however, subsidy reform is also essential, as noted above). Without such policies, dependence on fossil fuels can also lock-in higher local air pollution and higher carbon emissions for many years through long-lived infrastructure choices and development patterns (e.g. for transport).