In addition, the fact that SMEs tend to trade smaller quantities implies that lixed trade costs often make up a larger share of the unit cost of their goods when compared to rivals exporting larger volumes. Given that female owned firms tend to be smaller than male owned firms, female owned firms tend to suffer disproportionally from NTMs. These barriers impact both men- and women-owned and managed businesses. This has greater implications for women-owned businesses because they are more likely to be smaller.