As an illustration, those graduating in 2011 from university earned on average 6 times more than those with a high-school degree. In addition, while the expansion of tertiary education coverage has reached the poorest, income-related participation gaps have, if anything, widened: enrolment rates are much higher for students from high income families and for those living in urban areas (Figure 1.13). The PISA survey further reveals that outcomes of children from a disadvantaged socio-economic background are particular poor. These relatively poor educational outcomes cannot be attributed to a lack of resources: total spending on education in Colombia, at 7.6% of GDP in 2011, is above the OECD average and many other countries with a similar income per capita.