They also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students' learning. The analyses show positive relations between teachers' pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school, while teachers' formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades. The article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers' professional development. Another important finding is how teachers' self efficacy and motivation are important for students' learning.