In the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education, certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market. As such, certification fulfils an important social function (Remesal, 2011). The extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies, and in some cases, the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value. Schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students’ performance.