The elements in this category include journey time reliability, labour supply (number of people that can now access the labour market due reduced commuting costs) and static clustering (i.e. how reductions of generalised transport costs bring firms and households closer together, leading to productivity gains). This involves determining whether these impacts, either individually or collectively, are likely to alter the overall value for money of the proposal. Methodologies in this category are not considered robust enough for inclusion in the BCR, but are used to inform the Value for Money (VfM) category.