The erratic issuance of rice export quotas creates uncertainty, thereby adding a risk premium and undermining Myanmar’s reliability as a rice supplier which partly explains the low export prices of Myanmar’s rice to the detriment of agricultural producers and traders. The domestic supply of fertilisers remains far below demand while imported fertilisers are often adulterated. As detailed in Chapter 7 on infrastructure development, access to infrastructure assets is currently one of the weakest in the region. However, irrigation infrastructure has significantly expanded since 1988, targeting mostly rice-producing areas, absorbing up to 80% of the budget of the MOAI, to the detriment of public expenditures on extension services or research and development - although these last two sectors have proved to be the most effective ones to raise agricultural growth in most countries.