Also, as discussed in the preceding section, Kazakhstan has relatively high mortality rates from respiratory diseases such as COPD, and gastrointestinal diseases such as liver cirrhosis, for which recognised risk factors are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption respectively (OECD, 2015). For example, among men aged 15 and over nearly 37% are daily smokers, a proportion far above the OECD average of 24%. Indeed, only three OECD countries report a higher proportion of daily smokers among men aged 15 years and over: Latvia 52%, Greece 43.7%, and Turkey 37.3% (Figure 1.12).