The PRODEEM programme provided mainly non-grid solar PV electrification to community installations, health facilities and schools. Top-down management with little local stakeholder involvement, lack of cost-recovery schemes, and lack of co-ordination with grid electrification plans severely affected the results of PRODEEM (Goldemberg eta!., The target groups for rural electrification thus live mainly in the northern and north-eastern states of the country where electricity access at the beginning of LpT was lowest in both nominal and relative numbers: in the north-east 1.1 million rural households (34.4% of all rural households in the region), and in the north 447 thousand rural households (59.7% of all rural households in that region) lacked access to electric energy.