Such an estimate may not reflect well the cost of living for indigenous peoples or residents in small and remote communities. The more skewed the income distribution, or the more heterogeneous in terms of consumption behavior of the population, the more inaccurate and thus less representative this procedure will be. Thus, while a GDP deflator or a consumer price index can be computed for each of the Arctic nations, it may not be a valid reflection of the cost of living for indigenous peoples. While consumption patterns may be quite homogenous in a country such as Iceland, in Russia and Alaska significant differences exist in consumption across local regions and indigenous and non-indigenous communities.