In fact, the most cost effective measures to reduce GHG emissions involve skills to do things differently in existing industries such as construction and manufacturing, and existing occupations such as plumbers, electricians, designers and mechanics. A lot of focus on new skills will be within existing enterprises. During the invention stage, entrepreneurial and technical skills, as well as R&D capacity, are required to mobilise resources and to build and test prototypes. At the production stage, skills are required in the design of capital goods, processes and manufacturing.