Those enrolled in vocational/technical education and trade and technical institutions constituted only 0.5%. Given the role of the manufacturing sector in Penang, and the low proportion enrolled in these institutions, this last statistic needs attention from educational planners. Over the past decade, female workers have had 10.3 years of education compared with the 9.8 years of male workers (Kharas et al. The expectation that highly-educated workers would move into higher paying jobs does not necessarily hold true.