The authors refer to “complex reproduction systems”, characteristic of societies in which immigration is no longer a driver of population growth but a structural, endogenous factor in demographic change. The authors note the significant proportion of immigrant women employed in domestic and care woik, as well as in the service industiy, in those countries. Segregation is even more marked among women because they are concentrated in two types of jobs: elementary occupations, which are by far the most common among female migrants in these countries, and jobs in services, commerce and sales.