Similarly, in Lebanon, the subsidized childcare services provided by some NGOs replenished the resources of at least the few migrant families who were able to access them. This involves,first, the restructuring of gender relations so that both men and women are more equally involved in social reproduction, and second, the recognition and valuation of social reproduction (Rai et al. While refugee resettlement in Australia has produced some positive shifts in Ethiopian gender relations, with evidence of men taking on greater responsibility for childcare and domestic work, these changes are as yet unstable and liable to be withdrawn in the event of marital breakdown.