They note that changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few “leverage species" may result in sweeping community-level changes. In turn, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Indeed, in the short term, it is often effective management of fish stocks that is needed, to return the populations to relative health in the short term (Kell et al., A diversity of healthy stocks may then provide a greater buffer against the impacts of climate change on fish recruitment success and other direct and indirect impacts (Hilborn et al., Variation in natural resource systems are expected to occur with increased frequency and increased intensity of shocks, such as bleaching events and hurricanes, and the degradation and loss of resilience of coral reefs e.g. associated with ocean acidification (Hughes et al.,