This often incentivises migrants that have recently arrived to the country to opt for the academic route, rather than a vocational one, which may not always be best suited to their needs (Liebowitz et al. The adult-leaming system may, in such cases, offer training in Portuguese as a second language to young migrants who have no other options in the education system. Several studies offer insights on practices for increasing participation in adult learning (OECD, 2005[igj, European Commission, 2015[i9j, Windisch, 2015[2o])-Increased participation is viewed as a key objective, based on the benefits of participation outlined in Chapter 2 (Box 2.4).