It is worthy to note that due to lack of available data, it is impossible to address illegal and involuntary migration at a macro level, although it may represent a large share of South-South migration. If anything, our results would be downward biased in magnitude, but there is no reason to believe that the sign of the relationship should be opposite for illegal migrants. An alternative proxy of social institutions would be the CIRI Human Rights Dataset (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010), which covers outcomes of these institutions.