Estonia introduced a 15% co-payment for inpatient nursing care (van Ginneken 2013). Spain introduced income-dependent co-payments for medicines including for most pensioners with limits depending on their pension level (Casino, 2012). Australia introduced caps on the public contribution for specific out-of-hospital services including private obstetrics and assisted reproductive technology services in 2010, which has resulted in higher co-payments for these services (van Gool et al.,