Existing multiplier estimates for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are in fact closer to zero than 1. On average, the multiplier is above 1 only in China, about 0.5 in the Republic of Korea and the Philippines, about zero in Indonesia and Thailand, and negative in Singapore (Wang and Wen, 2013, Tang, Liu and Cheung, 2010). Indeed, fiscal policy in developing economies could be more concerned about supporting development priorities than just stabilizing output - in which case, fiscal performance would be better assessed through such indicators as public expenditure efficiency instead of multipliers, as shown in chapter 3 for such areas as education and health. It could also be the case that some of the dynamic, long-term effects of fiscal policy on output are not captured in the short-term multiplier.