Often the succession will go back to primary species like birch and rowan. Focusing more on the natural environment like management approaches now being introduced in forestry emphasise the need fora research effort related to natural recovery processes and how to prepare the forests for coming storms by actions aiming at improving the post-wind-throw resilience. After deposition, the tephra can be a long-term source of sandstorms, which can cause extensive soil erosion. Furthermore, the re-distribution of volcanic materials years and decades afterthe volcanic event can cause hazardous dust pollution which affects human health.