In countries such as Finland, Mexico, Estonia and Italy, prices increased by less than 1.5% over the two-year period, whereas in countries such as Spain, Turkey, the United States and Australia, prices increased by more than 20%. Across all population groups there is a negative relationship between price changes and tobacco smoking, indicating that higher prices can lead to a reduction in smoking rates. The coefficients for the price (log) variable can be interpreted as price elasticities, reflecting the percentage change relationship between prices and smoking rates. For example, for females aged 15 to 24, a 1% increase in the price of cigarettes is associated with a (approximately) 1.3% reduction in smoking rates.