My appreciation to the IEA Implementing Agreements for their contributions on technology-specific data, and specifically Gouri Bhuyan (OES IA), Adam Brown (Bioenergy IA), Ana Estanqueiro (Wind IA), Bernard McNelis (PVPS IA), Niels Nielsen (Hydropower IA) and Mary-Rose Valladeres (Hydrogen IA). Many thanks also to Christophe Dossarps (UNDP Consultant), Martina Otto (UNEP) and Anjali Shanker (IED) for their comments and review of this paper. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness.