Early investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure will avoid “lock-in" to systems of markets, urban density and distribution, which confer a heavy environmental burden and constrain future options. A great deal of policy on energy generation in advanced economies has focused on the need to reduce carbon emissions, and that focus has promoted major investments in developing and deploying renewable energy. The facilities to produce renewable energy are generally smaller than those for carbon-based generation, and they offer the combined advantage of decentralized production and off-grid access that supports greater social inclusion and security in supply. The roll-out time for renewables is quick, requiring much less basic infrastructure than does energy generation based on fossil fuels and hydropower (Rwanda, Chapter 6). Renewable energy production also tends to be more employment intensive than traditional forms of energy generation (ILO, 2016). However, the take-up of renewable energy has been hindered in some countries by a policy regime that favours traditional, large electricity generating systems.