This implies that income-based measures need to be complemented by non-monetary measures to present a solid empirical picture of spatial differences in poverty and deprivation.8 Non-monetary measures are based on either the respondent’s self-assessment of their owrn material conditions or on measures of ownership of consumer goods and living standards (Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006) but could also extend to measures of other types of achievements, such as their health, skills and political voice. This indicator is closer to an absolute measure of poverty as it is based on a set of commodities, each with the same weight, that are equal across all countries.9 This indicator is also based on counting the same number of deprivations in all EU countries, implying that it is based on a common EU-wide norm (as compared to the country specific thresholds used when measuring the income-poverty headcount). As the list of deprivation items is generally country-specific (and influenced by cultural factors), no measure of ‘material deprivation’ is regularly compiled for OECD countries.