Across the countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, only in Belgium and the United Kingdom the PISA index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status (ESCS), which is based on occupational prestige, education levels and home possessions, is higher among rural than among urban families. Only in six countries, namely Costa Rica, France, Germany, Israel, Switzerland and the United States, there is no socio-economic gap among rural and urban families (Figure 4). In all other countries, particularly in Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Tunisia and Turkey, socio-economically disadvantaged students are more frequently found in rural than in urban schools.