They add that in some countries, teachers with a recognised qualification are automatically eligible to go on the payroll, putting pressure on the country’s budget. Citizenship issues notwithstanding, this might provide an incentive for governments not to recognise refugee teachers’ qualifications. With regard to teachers employed by nongovernmental bodies, Penson and Tomlinson (2009) noted the disruptive effect of the wide range of remuneration paid to teachers during the emergency in Timor-Leste by different agencies, with some being paid nothing and others receiving relatively high allowances, making it difficult to deploy teachers efficiently. Both the IIEP Guidebook for Planning Education in Emergencies and Reconstruction and the INEE Guidance Notes on Teacher Compensation in Fragile States, Situations of Displacement and Post-crisis Recovery contain advice on compensating teachers (INEE, 2009).