As a consequence, women who think they will be judged on the basis of employers’ misperceptions may under-invest in education, thereby confirming employers’ beliefs. The same mechanism may influence women’s choice of their fields of study. If employers are biased against female engineers, for instance, female students will tend to shun STEM subjects. That is also the case in the vast majority of OECD countries, although Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Portugal and the Slovak Republic are exceptions.