To cement their support, Nuremberg ensured that the initial benefits from joint action were broadly distributed across the region, including in smaller places. While this may seem veiy altruistic, at the end of the day Nuremberg achieved it objective of elevating its position in a European context, w'here metropolitan regions, and not individual cities, are increasingly seen as the appropriate unit for uiban analysis and policy. Co-ordination on urban extension and infilling could minimise transport and service delivery costs, optimise the use of land, and support the protection and organisation of urban open spaces. Co-ordination on urban upgrading and retrofitting could increase residential and economic densities and promote more socially integrated communities. Engagement between the regions and municipalities in the functional urban area should be a continuous and iterative process, grounded in enforceable regulations that aims to promote a vibrant, more compact Prague and with synergies between territories. However, there needs to be concrete incentives in place to promote these partnerships, particularly when it comes to spatial planning.