Recently, with assistance from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the government of Tajikistan has been implementing a nationwide programme for rehabilitating WSS infrastructure. At the same time, it is studying whether regionalisation of water utilities could improve operational efficiency. As a consequence of poor management in the 20 years following the country’s independence, the quality of WSS services has drastically deteriorated. Providing sufficient volume of quality water to individual consumers is still a challenge. The participation of private entities in the WSS sector in Turkmenistan is marginal.