They assume that poor working conditions in source countries may be considered as a determinant of emigration. Therefore, when gender discrimination in the local labour market decreases, women's incentives to migrate decrease as well. They show that higher levels of discrimination in the workplace are correlated with higher levels of female emigration and lower levels of male emigration, suggesting a substitution effect between men and women within a given number of migrants. Gender norms may also affect male migration by defining their role in the public and private spheres.