At the same time, the growing marketability of a new wave of innovations in green technology, energy, water, nanotechnology and genetics (Wade, 2010) has created new possibilities. But in order to exploit these opportunities, firms must be forward-looking and prepared (Perez and Soete, 1988, Perez, 2001). This requires the coordination of industrial policy, especially in an LDC context. New challenges — such as those resulting from climate change — require structural changes in the economy of both developed and developing countries on a scale and speed that market forces are incapable of implementing alone, which therefore requires State action. For LDCs wishing to benefit from positive integration into such production chains, a more nuanced but still systematic approach will be required, one that encourages domestic entrepreneurship and innovation. Industrial policy must accordingly be flexible, adapted to specific contexts and constantly responding to changing global and domestic conditions.