On that basis, the negative relationship between the number of firms and the size of the shadow economy is traced in quadrant 5, where it can be seen that a reduction in the tariff from TO to T1 causes the shadow economy to grow from SO to S1. Quadrant 6 shows the 45° line used to construct the positive relationship between MANU and the tariff shown in quadrant 7, this is where higher tariffs correspond to higher shares of value added by the manufacturing sector in GDP. Quadrant 9 traces the 45° line used to show the shadow economy on the x axis in quadrant 10, where they axis represents the murder rate.