The different estimations suggest that for a representative state 1 point increase in the share of the population above 65 would lead to a decline in participation of between 0.5 and 0.7 percentage point depending on the specification. For instance, with the share of the population above 65 having increased by 2.75 percentage points between 2000 and 2016, this would mean that aging could account for between 1.4 and 1.8 percentage points of the 4 percentage points decline in labour force participation. The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace.