Future work will need to deepen the analysis of trade-related flows and flows of secondary raw materials, the way they interact with commodity prices and recycling markets, and and how they relate to natural and anthropogenic resource stocks, to supply security and to innovation. Future work will also need to explore the environmental impacts and costs of natural resource use, and the economic and environmental opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. This should include impacts from resources that have been traded, possibly including indirect effects in terms of natural resource use, pollution and waste induced by countries’ demand for traded raw materials and products.