The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Gregory Briner, Gisela Campillo, Raphael Jachnik, Michael Mullan, Sara Moarif, Lola Vallejo, Robert Youngman and Takashi Hattori, as well as Angela Friedrich, Marie Karlberg, Karen Johnson, Timo Leiter, Marta Olender, Dawn Pierre-Nathoniel, Olga Pilifosova, Klaus Radunsky, Shereen D’Souza and Akiko Urakami on earlier versions of this paper. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the March 2016 CCXG Global Forum on Environment and Climate Change for their inputs to discussions of the issues raised. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, which includes adaptation.