However, collective management (e.g. pooling systems in Japan) can also work, as it gives the whole community an economic stake in the system’s effectiveness. Output-based market mechanisms offer good results when the fishing industry is geographically concentrated, with few landing sites. Daily, weekly or monthly vessel catch limits (e.g. in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Germany and France) can also be used, but offer less flexibility. Trade flows are generally easier to monitor than catches, making ITQs more practical in export-oriented fisheries.