Means-tested family benefits are frequently designed as temporary payments that enable one of the parents to spend time with their children. Apart from time limits (which can be generous and are often implicit, e.g. by specifying a maximum age for a dependent child: see Immervoll, 2012a), work-related behavioural requirements may therefore be minimal or nonexistent. Around half the OECD countries now operate employment-conditional benefits, or in-work benefits of one type or another (a few countries not shown in the table have introduced such programmes since 2007).