Taking this into account reduces the difference considerably for both groups, bringing the gap between natives and second-generation immigrants’ results just slightly below the OECD average, while first-generation immigrants still do worse (SNAE, 2013a). The figure compares mean reading scores in PISA with literacy scores in PIAAC for the corresponding cohorts. The test score averages are normalised by the cross-country PISA and PIAAC averages and standard deviations for comparison.