Short-term consequences in terms of learning disability, as well as long-term economic consequences, can be expected, since lower education levels lead to lower income opportunities. In developing countries, 163 million children were estimated to be vitamin A-deficient, with a prevalence of more than 30 per cent in 2007, down from approximately 36 per cent in 1990 (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2010). Women who suffer from undernourishment are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, whose development will then be affected throughout their life.