The unadjusted gaps are estimated only for students with non-missing information on whether they speak the language of assessment at home and a nonmissing score on the PISA ESCS index. Countries and economies with a non-adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk before the country/economy name. Countries and economies with an adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk after the country/economy name.