The pathways between and among institutions in Penang are limited. According to Penang’s Self-evaluation report, “There are no multiple pathways with well co-ordinated transfer routes and accreditation, including transfer systems, to ensure flexible student transfer between different educational institutions or between higher education institutions.”, ( While Universiti Sains Malaysia has an agreement to allow the transfer of credit for students from public higher education institutions to continue their studies at university, this applies only for students transferring from public higher education institutions such as a polytechnic and UiTM. The OECD received no information on the number of students who take advantage of this credit transfer agreement.