Thus, the attempts by exporters and importers to offset the impacts of a price increase on themselves may be self-defeating. If all countries follow this type of policy, the stabilising impact on domestic prices is, on average, eliminated, although countries that insulate more than others may experience reductions in price volatility, while those who insulate less may experience increases in price volatility. Anderson and Nelgen (2012) compare the variability of domestic prices relative to border prices for various developing country regions and for high-income countries for the periods 1955-84 and 1985-2004 (that is, before and following the major economic policy reforms that began for many countries in the mid-1980s).