Having more limited contribution records, many women fail to meet the eligibility conditions to obtain a benefit of their own. When they do, their benefits tend to be lower than men’s, reflecting the joint impact of shorter periods of paid work, more part-time work and lower earnings. In some countries, this can especially harm low-income women who have lower (formal) labour market participation and may also lack access to derived benefits if they are single or divorced from/widowed by an informal worker with no pension rights. Indeed, the extent to which gendered labour markets effectively affect women’s pension entitlements depends on specific aspects of pension design that are particularly relevant for gender equality. In contributory social insurance systems, workers are typically entitled to a retirement benefit when they reach the retirement age and have a minimum number of years of work and/or contributions. Women find it harder than men to accumulate long contributory records.