The decisions of individuals and households have aggregate consequences for urban sprawl, congestion and air pollution, among other things. Tourism entails large-scale, short-term human mobility, often towards metropolitan areas. Tourism has significant economic impacts, generating 1 in 11 jobs worldwide and accounting for 7 per cent of exports globally.18 The tourism industry attracts large numbers of migrant workers in hospitality and related services. Available from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284418145, and UNWTO, “International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1.2 billion in 2015”, 18 January 2016.