A large portion of adolescents' time is spent working in or outside the home, and this increases with age for adolescents in rural areas and urban migrant adolescents in particular. Adolescents also engage in labour activities in order to meet their own basic needs and supplement family income thereby blurring the traditional lines between "provider" parent and "recipient" adolescent. However, in urban areas formal education is steadily replacing work in the daily lives of adolescents. Despite this, schooling remains tenuous for many. Poverty and inequality influence the quality of care given to adolescents as poverty is often associated with the erosion of dignity and attempts to cope through drugs and alcohol, with related impacts on mental health. Fathers, in particular, identified huge challenges in raising adolescents as their role is primarily seen as providing for basic needs, which is increasingly compromised due to persistent poverty, lack of income and opportunity.