In nearly half of OECD countries, nutrient and pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater in agricultural areas exceed national recommended limits for drinking water standards (OECD, 2012a). Furthermore, pest species can become resistant to the harmful effects of pesticides over time through genetic adaptation (Becker and Liess, 2015). For example, genetic resistance to herbicides has been recorded in 210 weed species (Bourguet et al.,