In contrast, in Guatemala and Mexico, roughly one in every three indigenous people lives in urban zones, and in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, over half live in cities (ECLAC, 2007a). For example, infant mortality (among children under one year of age) and mortality among the under-fives is much higher among the indigenous population. Although the migration of indigenous populations to urban areas reduces infant mortality (compared to rates in rural zones), it does not close the gap on their non-indigenous counterparts. In fact, in some countries (Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica) the gap is wider in urban zones than in rural ones (see table III.9 in ECLAC, 2007a). This shows that there are lower living standards which are not an effect of a rural or urban setting, but stem from inequities based on the ethnic and racial origin of the people in question (see table 1.5).