The percentage of the employed population in the pension system in the region increased from 35% to 45% (as a simple average) between 2002 and 2011, although the coverage gap is still very large. An early warning sign is that the total variation in employment is accounted for fundamentally by increased employment in commerce, construction and transportation, which are non-tradable, low-productivity (commerce) and medium-productivity (construction and transportation) sectors. Labour productivity also risen over this period (12% on average in PPP dollars), but structural change made a very limited contribution to that increase. In effect, much of the increase in productivity can be attributed to gains within sectors, only a small part is explained by shifts among sectors that would amount to virtuous structural change (Weller and Kaledewi, 2013).