According to Makhmutova (2012), many internal migrants with children had to resort to questionable measures, including bribing the kindergarten administration or buying registration certificates, to obtain kindergarten places. Tukmadieva (2015) found out that in Astana, 22% of internal migrants surveyed had paid for registration (illegally) in 2014. The most common reasons for doing so include enrolling children at school or in kindergarten, accessing medical services and renewing passports or other ID documents.