The congestion charge, increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas, has been shown to reduce congestion considerably, ranging from a 14% reduction in Milan (over 2008), 15% in London (2002-2003) and Singapore (1998) and 22% in Stockholm (January-July 2006) (Beevers and Carslaw, 2005, Olszewski, 2007, Milan municipality, 2009, Johansson et al. Not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district, as is the case in London, Stockholm, Milan and several other cities, but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city, which Toronto might also consider. At present, there are 48 of these gantries: 30 form a cordon around the central business district, 13 others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads.