However, Kimball et al. ( The choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on (e.g. traits, compliance, competences and outcomes). While in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders, e.g. through interviews, meetings and school visits, a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further, more outcomes-oriented data, such as leadership portfolios, stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement. Depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities, evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information.