In Southern Europe, the Czech Republic, and Poland, more than 30% of family carers provide intensive care, with the share even higher in Spain (over 50%) and Korea (over 60%). While care can alleviate the poverty risk to which old people are exposed, it jeopardises the adequacy of carers’ future retirement entitlements, as the vast majority are not sufficiently covered by pension systems. Healthcare services, in particular, lift incomes by an average of 14%, particularly in France (17.9%) and Sweden (17.2%), but much less in the Netherlands (10.9%). Everywhere eldercare services still account for a small share of public expenditure, however.