The city penalises traffic law offences through cameras installed in areas with frequent parking violations and cameras mounted on buses monitor parked cars. If a car remains in a “no parking” zone for longer than five minutes, a parking ticket is automatically issued and sent to the car’s owner (about 3 million tickets are issued every year). Front-facing cameras on buses ensure that private cars that use the dedicated “median” bus lanes are also fined. The revenue from parking tickets is then reinvested in improvements of public parking facilities. The city government does not make any direct economic profit out of the export, since private companies are in charge of developing the hardware and software required for implementing TOPIS elsewhere. The financial burden is particularly salient in Korea where local governments have a relatively low fiscal autonomy to start with.