Pharek’s (2001) analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues, i.e. the regulation of women’s clothing, exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves. Demographic policies are integral part of ethno-nationalist struggles, the socialization -coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group. Demographic policies in Israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in 1948.