Given that the benefit system already contains a significant age bias at present, these long-term pension reforms only add to the significant redistribution from the current young to the older generations through public transfer payments, and there is a risk that pensions may crowd out resources available for other transfer programmes. Attempts by the government to change this intergenerational inequality effect of the pension system have turned out impossible due to constitutional concerns. Nonetheless, 40% of old age pension benefits is received by the top quintile in the income distribution (IMF, 2013). This is largely due to the more generous legacy public sector pension scheme Caixa Geral de Aposentagdes (CGA), in which currently retired civil servants and those that joined the public sector before 2006 are enrolled, because the private sector pension scheme GCR is de facto almost a flat rate system, with about 90% of the pensioners receiving the minimum pension benefit.