It assesses governance of the AIS in ASEAN, investments in innovation, institutions for facilitating knowledge flows in the AIS, and systems for cross-country co-operation on innovation within the region. The chapter concludes with recommendations for promoting sustainable agricultural productivity growth across the region by improving the enabling environment and innovation systems in ASEAN. But there are gaps in the agricultural innovation systems of most ASEAN countries. As a result, some countries do not have the necessary domestic research capacity to respond to the challenges facing their agricultural sectors, and not all farmers are reached by extension services.