However, while 40% of the total EU imports from Indonesia would be eligible to preferential treatment under the GSP, only around 23% are actually covered under the GSP scheme and the majority of the products are non-agricultural (Lord et al., Beyond mandatory requirements, private standards, such as GLOBALG.A.P61 certification, are now a de facto prerequisite for doing business with most European agro-food companies. The average import growth rate reached 4% in 2009 (Lord et al.,