Improving energy efficiency will require environmental pricing mechanisms, regulatory measures such as building codes and fuel-economy standards, and public awareness and information measures such as labelling, training and education (OECD, 2015a). As of January 2014,23 countries had used the framework to develop indicators that suit their national circumstances, fifteen of which were developing or emerging economies. The environmental productivity of OECD economies in terms of carbon, energy and materials has improved since 1990, but overall carbon emissions continue to rise, fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy mix, the consumption of material resources remains high and many valuable materials continue to be disposed of as waste.