The 2017 exercise examines action to address physical connectivity constraints and reduce trade costs, in particular through national and regional actions to implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. It also extends consideration of trade costs into the area of digital connectivity, network infrastructure and service markets. A picture of concerted action-by governments, development partners and the private sector- to promote trade, inclusiveness and connectivity for sustainable development emerges from this analysis. A key message that emerged from the 2015 edition of the Aid-for-Tradeata Glance publication (OECD-WTO, 2015) was that high trade costs inhibit numerous developing countries from fully exploiting the market access opportunities created by the multilateral trading system.