Many resource-rich countries continue to rely on fossil fuels to power their industry, including grid-connected mines, with renewables representing a limited share in their economies’ total energy consumption (Figure 1.1). At the same time, off-grid mines depend predominantly on diesel and gas to generate electricity. Besides electricity to supply operations such as grinding, electroextraction, conveyor transportation, ventilation and air conditioning, mines also use oil products -diesel or petrol - to fuel machinery and transport (Figure 1.2).