In Australia, a substantial part-time premium (10-12% for women, 18-24% for men) was found once unobserved individual heterogeneity was taken into account: one hypothesis is that firms may have to pay more to attract part-time workers because of the high effective marginal tax rates for second-earners (Booth and Wood, 2006). In three panel countries where a wage penalty is observed for temporary workers, this penalty is higher for younger workers. In Germany, for instance, the hourly wages of young male (female) temporary workers are 11% (16%) lower than those of their age-similar equivalents in standard jobs.