The frequency of ENSO events is projected to increase with global warming (Bakun, 1990). This has obvious implications not just for coastal fishers whose fishing range is constrained by technology and conditions, but also major industrial fisheries and export-derived incomes (see the sections below on the social and economic impacts of climate change). For example Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) growth, recruitment, abundance and distribution are all strongly influenced by climate (Brander, 2000).