In part, this reflects low income support for the long-term unemployed, as well as flexible wage bargaining and a minimum wage which remains relatively modest (OECD, 2012a), despite recent increases. Upper secondary qualifications do not appear to reduce the risk of unemployment as much as in other European OECD economies. By contrast young tertiary graduates have considerably lower unemployment rates than young upper secondary graduates and this difference is bigger in Estonia than in many countries.