How the R2P principle might work in tandem with these norms to prevent and respond to mass atrocities, and in the context of diverse domestic, regional and international institutions, is the key challenge facing the successful operationalization of the R2P principle. This chapter asks what the R2P principle could contribute to the protection of refugees, who as a class are especially vulnerable to the commission of such crimes. Section 11.1 examines some of the key challenges and gaps confronting the international protection regime for refugees. Section 11.2 will then consider what benefits the R2P principle might have for refugees in light of these issues.