Municipalities’ controlled dump sites cause a pollution risk to surface water and groundwater. The pressures from wastewater and solid waste are both assessed by Turkey as widespread but moderate. Wastewater discharges from small and medium industries are reported to cause pollution in Turkey, but it is considered local and moderate, whereas in the Islamic Republic of Iran discharges from industries are viewed to have a widespread and severe influence. The lower part of the Araks/Aras River in Turkey is at a risk of flooding during high flows in winter and spring.