Third, the channel decomposition analysis indicates that gender-based discrimination in social institutions tends to reduce income per capita by lowering both women's human capital acquisition and labour force participation, as well as total factor productivity. Fourth, the income loss associated with gender discrimination in social institutions is estimated at up to USD 12 trillion, or 16% of world income. By contrast, a gradual dismantling of gender-based discriminatory social institutions by 2030 could increase the annual income globed growth rate by 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points over the next 15 years, depending on the scenario.