This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policy options adopted across OECD countries to promote equity and quality in education and raise student outcomes. Policies that combine equity and quality refer to those focused on ensuring that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion). They comprise investing in early childhood education and care (ECEC), tackling system-level policies that may hinder equity (such as grade repetition, unsupported school choice or early tracking) and supporting students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national or regional challenges.