Nonetheless, women share responsibility for caring for cattle, typically including milking the cows twice a day, tending the herds, fetching water and cleaning shelters, as well as marketing milk. Only 45 per cent of female heads of household, but 54 per cent of their male counterparts, have completed primary school, and three times as many female heads as male heads have never attended school. However, primary school enrolment is slightly higher for girls (59 per cent) than for boys (57 per cent) (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013), and preliminary findings of a survey conducted in 2013 point to full gender parity in the highest grade achieved in school among 12-year-olds (Young Lives, 2014). Where credit is available, women’s access can be affected by their limited control of land, which impairs their ability to provide collateral. Lower levels of education and literacy also mean that women are less likely than men to have the skills required to apply for loans successfully or to design and articulate business plans.