Social protection interventions can also influence the behaviour of non-beneficiary households, such as by encouraging more regular school attendance and more frequent health checks (Fiszbein eta/., 2009). Properly conducted public works programmes can provide important public infrastructure and assets to facilitate household investment and economic activity (Alderman and Yemtsov, 2014). Strategies to deal with risk are classified as: (1) risk reduction, i.e. ex-ante actions to raise income or reduce income variability, (2) risk mitigation, i.e. ex-ante actions to reduce income variability if and when a shock occurs, and (3) risk-coping, i.e. ex-posf actions to alleviate the impacts of shocks after they occur. The extra disposable income is spent on goods such as livestock products and simple agricultural and household goods and services, which may be produced and provided locally, often by non-beneficiary households.