To obtain registration at a given address within a city, internal migrants must provide evidence of ownership (property title to real estate) or a tenancy agreement and the consent of the real estate owner in written form. In practice, landowners most often do not want to be involved in the formal registration of their tenants (the rental market in Kazakhstan’s cities is largely informal). Migrants living in informal housing units (i.e. homes not included in the state real estate registry) are also not able to register because they cannot provide a valid address. Sometimes they remain registered in their previous place of residence (usually small cities in the countryside).