However, no such effect was found for the Nordic countries, as these countries had high and relatively stable female employment rates throughout the sample period. In countries that initially showed a marked increase in female employment, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, these increases were typically followed by a period in which these trends levelled off. These findings suggest that there is a limit to the poverty reducing effect that female employment can generate. The share of jobless households appears to have no influence on child relative poverty rate ceteris paribus (Column 1).