The number of GPs per capita is set to decrease temporarily below the current OECD average around 2025, due to their unfavourable age structure and historically tight restrictions on the number of medical students (Figure 14, Panels A and B, Drees, 2016b, Bachelet and Anguis, 2017). Indeed, households in poor neighbourhoods were only half as likely as the general population to have complementary insurance in 2012 (ONZUS, 2015), despite the CMU-C and ACS schemes, and this could have effectively limited their ability to afford extra billing (which moreover is forbidden for this category of patient). In addition, the CMU-C and ACS schemes limit physicians’ tariffs and exempt households from co-payments, and the outcomes of several discrimination tests indicate that households covered by CMU universal health coverage are frequently refused medical appointments, in particular by specialists who extra-bill (Baudis, 2014, Despres et al., France, like other OECD countries, does not limit physicians’ choice of location but provides incentives to locate in some areas (Ono et al.,