Most importantly, there is a signticant scarcity of data, particularly for developing countries. While the European Union and the United States follow India and China in the rankings, they have much smaller proportions of STEM graduates. Latin America accounted for just 5.2 per cent of graduates, and Africa for less than 1 per cent. Despite substantially increasing both the quantity and quality of its STEM research output, sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for less than 1 per cent of the world’s research output in this area (Blom et al.,