Indeed, feed-in tariffs in photovoltaics induced negative private abatement costs, thus explaining the huge increase in solar energy installations (McKinsey, 2007). Subsidies are calculated by Egert (2011) as the lower and upper-bound feed-in tariffs in excess of the market prices multiplied by electricity production from a given energy source in 2009. The graph shows the midpoint where a range of tariffs exists.