According to these data, the teacher shortage index is 2.3 times higher in rural areas, and the index of quality of educational resources is 3.6 times worse in rural areas compared to urban areas (OECD, 2013b). Also, according to PISA 2015 data, the index of science-specific resources (resources for science such as laboratories and materials for science activities) is significantly lower for students in rural areas than students in urban areas (OECD, 2016b). When looking at time of instruction devoted to different subject areas, the main difference is in time spent in regular school lessons in science: 246 minutes in rural areas, in contrast with 298 minutes in urban areas (OECD, 2013b). In order to continue into upper secondary school, the majority of rural students need to change schools.