Finally, conditional cash transfers are responsible for 13% of the declining inequality, although Brazil spends less than 1% of GDP on these. This is a first indication of how effective conditional cash transfers are in the quest for more income equality, an observation on which there seems to be broad consensus in the literature (e.g. Barros et al., Source: IPEA (2012). Household data for 2009 suggest that almost half of the differences in labour incomes can be explained by education as measured by years of schooling, even after controlling for other differences (Ferreira de Souza, 2012). Indeed, youth are staying in school longer than in the past, and the starkest changes have occurred among people from the lower income strata (Figure 11, Panel A). Among the two lowest income quintiles, enrolment rates of 15-17 year olds have more than doubled to 42%, while for ages 6-14, more than 98% of children are in school (PNAD, 2011), Higher school attendance has also translated into higher educational attainments.