Governments should tackle such perverse incentives through adequate land-use planning instruments: local government should address local land-use externalities, and upper-level government should address externalities with a wider geographical reach. For example, local governments in the United States count numerous property tax incentives for raising energy efficiency and renewable energy use. The Czech Republic, Italy, Norway and Spain are further examples of countries that provide property tax relief for renewable energy installations. The efficiency and effectiveness of these property tax rebates would have to be weighed against their costs in terms of a narrower property tax base and less tax revenue.