In Viet Nam, it is estimated that 68% of the labour force generates their income from the informal economy, which does not allow them to access traditional financing sources (World Bank, 2015a). This system was intended as an instrument of security, economic planning and migration control, as movement had to be permitted by local authorities. Moreover, permanent residence was attached to the provision of rationing, land, housing, education, health services and employment, thus strongly restricting internal migration. Migrants no longer required a departure permit from their local authority or the provision of a proof of employment or university enrolment to move to another city, and a tempo ran,' registration status was introduced.