Hence, to avoid duplication, this Review will not go into detail on these issues. Directly elected mayors in England”, Cahiers du MIMMOC, http://mimmoc.revues.org/2288 (accessed 22 November 2016). Problems of Economic Transition, Routledge, Vol. Kazakhstan 2050: Toward a Modern Society for All, Nazarbayev University, National Analytical Centre, Oxford University Press, Group Centennial International, Astana, pp.