The rapid urban expansion has increased the city’s exposure to flooding, as people are settling and building in flood-prone areas (Tarigan et al., The northern half of Bandung, encompassing territory in four of the BMA's five local government units (LGUs), has been the focus of intense and uncoordinated development pressure (ibid). The impact of these new population centres in undesirable geographical locations in the north may increase the risk of flooding in southern parts of the city.