Counterfactuals are usually established to facilitate the impact evaluation of an intervention by comparing the treatment group with a control group that closely resembles the treatment group but that did not benefit from the intervention (Gaarder and Annan, 2013). When focusing on a national approach to adaptation, however, it is not possible to distinguish between treatment and control groups. Similarly, the proposed monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation in Kenya’s Climate Change Action Plan (KCCAP) examines climate vulnerability and institutional adaptive capacity (Republic of Kenya, 2012a).