Insufficient supply of high-quality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth. Stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation. The government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance. Further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers’ costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector. The Implications of School Funding”, CfBT Education Trust Research Paper. Measuring the variation in teacher effectiveness in England”, Centre for Market and Public Organisation Working Paper 09/212, University of Bristol.