The fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators (SBSTA, 2010). Almost half of the (I)NDCs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress, but where this need is mentioned, the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section 3.2 (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Article 7.14 (c) requires the global stocktake to “review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation”. While national-level evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness (Craft and Fischer, 2015, 2016), such national assessment would not be available for all countries. Furthermore, as these systems would be developed in different ways, they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review. Finally, there might be subjective components to “effectiveness”, and the issue of “adequacy” can conflate climate and non-climate factors (Kato and Ellis, 2016).