Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 89, Bundesamt fur Naturschutz: Bonn. However, this may be changing, for example in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. More indirectly, valuation studies through recognizing and demonstrating values have spurred a number of payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes around the world. Worth noting here is the review of such PES schemes specifically for watershed services (Porras, Grieg-Gran et al.