Financial instruments which directly address observed finance related barriers need to be embedded in a stable and supporting policy environment and accompanied by a wider range of readiness activities including technical and capacity building measures. In many cases policy and regulatory measures are most effective to drive change and prepare the ground for investments into mitigation and adaptation related projects and infrastructure. In some sectors the business case and associated risk-return profile is much clearer and more attractive than in others. Where large scale investments in infrastructure and planning are needed, for example to increase long-term urban resilience, public investments will need to play a significant role.