Measurement issues with this TFP measure have been identified (Alston and Pardey, 2014), suggesting caution in drawing strong conclusions based on these data. This is despite recent increases in the land-to-labour ratio with rising emigration to urban areas: the number of rural-urban migrants totalled 270 million by 2013 and the land-to-labour ratio rose by 50% between 1990 and 2010 according to some estimates (Fuglie, 2012). The policy reforms that can contribute in this regard are now discussed in turn.