Furthermore, long-term unemployment among natives is more cyclical, while immigrants see a steady increase. The PIAAC Survey measures what people know and can do within three cognitive skills, namely literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. Literacy proficiency is measured on a six-level scale ranging from “Below Level 1” up to “Level 5". Individuals scoring 5 and above are highly skilled and able to search, integrate and utilise complex information on unfamiliar subjects to make high-level inferences, while those scoring at or below Level 1 can at best understand short texts on familiar topics and solve simple assignments (OECD, 2013a).