Among other things this lead to the adoption of a clear-cut definition of poverty: "'The poor shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member States in which they live." ( It points clearly beyond the merely monetary realm and puts emphasis on the social exclusion process. These two aspects were particularly emphasised by Berghmann (1995: 21) in the table below. Since the 19th century different approaches to the measurement of poverty have evolved as a basis for international and comparative work.