The MDGs (launched in 2000) also drew together existing standards in different indicators to propose a harmonised set of indicators of which monetary poverty was just one element. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the worldwide consensus has shifted to view poverty as multidimensional. Precursors to this conceptual shift include (1) academic writings such as by Amartya Sen (1990, 1991); (2) inputs from poor persons and non-governmental organisations, consultations leading up to the Sustainable Development Goals; (3) an increasingly visible academic literature on multidimensional poverty measurement; and (4) the pioneering leadership of countries such as Colombia, Mexico, China, South Africa, Bhutan, Pakistan, and others in using multidimensional poverty statistics to complement monetary measures and guide policy. Informed by this emerging consensus, the pivotal SDG document Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies, in its second sentence the global challenge of reducing poverty in "all its forms and dimensions," as the foremost challenge of our time.