Federal R&D spending as a share of GDP rose to 1.9% by 1964, but then was gradually scaled back as the Apollo project came to an end. In 2009, the National Academy of Science released a study, A New Biology for the 21s' Century, which called for stronger integration of new advances in fundamental biological sciences into federal science agencies to address pressing societal needs, especially for food, environment, energy and health. The National Research Council Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (an operational arm of the National Academies) also periodically releases studies on aspects of the federal agricultural research enterprise.