It requires not only an explicitly recognised urban policy setting at the national level, but also an institutional setting in which the NUP is properly led and co-ordinated (OECD, 2017a). Most countries, with a few rare exceptions, appear to acknowledge the strategic leadership and coordinating role of the national government, with the designation of leading urban agencies at the national level. However, the presence of a national-level agency is dependent on the political system and governance arrangements of a country, including any multilevel governance tiers, such as in a federal system.