Traffic inside the LEZ is reduced under this scenario, and adequate transit services outside of the LEZ appear to be crucial in reducing the congestion that occurs at the transfer points between personal cars and shared mobility and public transport. In Helsinki, the LEZ significantly reduces congestion to a degree that is comparable to the scenario of full adoption of shared mobility over the whole study area. Adequate integration with the existing public transport system also mitigates local congestion effects. In Auckland and Helsinki, the electrification of the vehicle fleet is associated with a significant reduction in costs, whereas in Dublin this reduction is limited.