According to Klasen and La manna (2009), per capita GDP growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could increase by as much as l per cent annually with gender equality in education. Bandara (2015) finds that total annual output losses due to gender gaps in effective labour (the combined effect of inequality in education and labour market participation) could exceed $60 billion for sub-Saharan Africa, rising to $255 billion for the Africa region as a whole. The latter reflects the wider gaps in North Africa.