Willingness of stakeholders: A successful implementation of co-creation mechanisms critically depends on the intrinsic motivation of stakeholders to actively participate in the development of policies. Depending on the sectoral and national context, values such as civic duty and the wish to positively improve the government may vary. Feelings of ownership: Co-creation mechanisms need to be designed in a way that induces a sense of ownership in stakeholders, in order to for them to take responsibility and ensure sustained participation.