The involvement of private stakeholders in metropolitan governance needs to be better organised in order to go beyond the simple advisory role vis-a-vis the national and local authorities (following the example of Greater London). One possible route would be to rely on forms of local governance that are emerging in the competitive clusters. Another possibility, as proposed by the Conseil d'Analyse Strategique (an advisory body to the Prime Minister) would be to enlist all stakeholders, on the basis of equal rights and duties, in a commitment to the development of the region, with a deliberative body to set strategic guidelines and an executive unit to carry them out.