This objective may be rendered incrementally more difficult to achieve the closer is the base period to 2011, the year in which the Istanbul summit took place. Given the depressing effects of the 2008-09 financial crisis on trade, the LDV IV Monitor has decided that a three-year average over the period 2005-08 be chosen as the baseline. To give due credit to the rapidly increasing share of LDCs’ exports in more recent years, this chapter uses the average over 2006-08.