The direct value added by renewable energies in Germany in 2012 adds up to 16.9 billion EUR with a municipal value added of around 11.1 billion EUR" (Aretz et al. World Bank and MDBs). Analysing the cases of India and China, Kelkar 2016 stresses that states have responded to women's claims to land rights and justice mostly by formulating policies and legal frameworks that "have remained largely ineffective in changing institutions trapped in gendered norms and women's economic dependency" (Kelkar 2016:24).