The amount of municipal waste - around 10% of total waste - has decreased by almost 4% over the past decade; meanwhile, the amount of material and energy recovery from waste has grown, thanks to efforts to treat waste as a resource. Recycling rates are increasing (by up to 80% in some cases) for important materials such as glass, steel, aluminium, paper and plastics (OECD, 2015a). More sustainable waste management has played its part: the country has used effective pricing (among other policy measures) to reduce municipal waste, improve waste recovery and reduce landfill (OECD, 2012c).