Building on the achievements made under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover more social dimensions and are universal in scope. The universality principle of the 2030 Agenda means that social progress goals and targets have been set for all countries, including the richest countries of the globe, with the explicit intention of leaving no one behind. By selecting SDGs most relevant to children, using data to illustrate how rich countries compare on these goals, and discussing the main data gaps and data coverage, this study makes an important contribution to assessing what can and needs to be done for children, as part of the process of addressing the SDGs in high-income settings. Monitoring the life chances of children is considered a necessary starting point for catalyzing social progress for and around children.