However, a number of development co-operation providers are combining private sector engagement for development with efforts to promote their own private sector in developing countries. For instance, Whitley (2013) estimates that all public flows from Japan for private sector engagement in development countries support either directly or indirectly Japanese technologies, expertise or firms. For the United States and Germany, this number is estimated at 49% and 19%, respectively, while in the case of the United Kingdom, no evidence of tied support could be identified. While this may be effective in delivering environmental benefits at a project level, such as fuel savings or reduced emissions, it could have implications for the efficiency of the project (e.g. in terms of promoting the most affordable clean technologies in partner countries, rather than those from the donor country).