There is also no evidence that the programmes have discouraged labour-market participation or encouraged households to move elsewhere (Gilligan, Hoddinott and Taffesse, 2008). As the country's economy and democratic system are both weak, it relies heavily on international aid to generate, institutionalize, and implement a disaster risk management system (Koivisto, 2014). The preparation of disaster prevention, mitigation and recovery policies thus forms part of the country's development. For that reason, Mozambique has an institutional framework represented in the National Disaster Management Institute, which has national, regional and local offices (Macaringue, 2010).