In addition to family structure, maternal education and employment as well as household socioeconomic status are robust predictors of early learning outcomes. It is very difficult to determine the unique impact of any of these specific features of the economic and social environment on children’s outcomes (Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2017[X57]); however a large body of non-experimental research suggests each of these factors is important. Maternal education is a powerful predictor of early learning outcomes. On average, more highly-educated mothers spend more time working than mothers with less education, they also, on average, spend more time with their children (Cameiro, Meghir and Parey, 2013|issi; Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2015[i59|).