Using as a benchmark a world with no gender discrimination in social institutions, the current level of discrimination is estimated to induce a loss of up to USD 12 trillion or 16% of global income. Income losses are measured in terms of 2011 real income at current PPP. The regions are: East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), South Asia (SA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA).