Downstream from the agricultural sector, the production of biofuels has generated a significant new market for agricultural commodities — particularly, but not exclusively in North America, Brazil and Europe — and much of the increased production and use of biofuels has been stimulated by policy incentives, motivated by a variety of perceived or actual benefits. Most importantly, subsidies to the fertiliser industry aim at reducing fertiliser prices in India and Indonesia, while subsidies to fertiliser users help farmers in the Russian Federation and China. In these four countries, public support is estimated to reduce fertiliser costs to farmers by between 5% and 68% below production costs. On the biofuel side, support to consumers — notably in the form of tax rebates or exemptions — is found to be widely applied in most of the countries covered, with government-mandated blending of biofuels with petroleum fuels (“biofuel mandates”) also driving biofiiel use in many of them.