While the reform in Seoul had undeniable positive outcomes, these also came with a cost. According to an analysis carried out by KOTI, public expenses related to the bus system were multiplied by two to five in Seoul, Daejeon and Daegu between the year before the reform and the first year after the reform. In particular, the city of Seoul had to spend KRW 2.3 trillion in bus subsidies during the first decade following the reform and the amount is increasing each year. However, it is difficult to distinguish to what extent such positive or negative outcomes are attributable to the bus system reform itself.