Spatial planning decisions also affect citizens’ quality of life directly, including ease of access to jobs, services and amenities. National and sub-national governments across the OECD are involved to varying degrees in policies pertaining to “place” (e.g. land-use policies and planning, property rights, land development and redevelopment, land registries, urban transport and environmental performance in urban areas). They have at their disposal a range of policy instruments (e.g. regulation, standard-setting, technical assistance).