Employers who hire as regular workers new school graduates who are unable to find a job despite active job-search can be paid a gi ant of JPY 1 million per worker (or half of this sum for large companies) (MHLW, 2009a). The Japanese Dual System had about 28 000 participants and a budget of JPY 8.7 billion in FY 2006 (OECD, 2009a; see also Annex 5A). This is now one of the main forms of “commissioned-type training” accessed through the Job Card system (see Box 5.1).