Residents of islander ancestry may or may not be distinguished in census data, and may not perceive themselves as ‘islanders’, so most calculations of islanders overseas are guesstimates. That is even more complicated, firstly, for Samoans, since Samoan migrants have also moved from American Samoa, and, secondly, in Australia, where an increasing amount of trans-Tasman movement of Pacific islanders from New Zealand has been of islanders with New Zealand citizenship (to the extent that the Australian government has occasionally expressed some concern about this ‘back door’ entry). Around 20 per cent of Australia’s Pacific-born population in 2008, for example, had come into the country as New Zealand citizens under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (Bedford and Hugo 2012).