Alongside indirect monetary measures of poverty, Amartya Sen (1981) proposes using direct measures of poverty, which reference deprivations in functionings or their proxies. Direct methods verify whether people actually achieve certain functionings or satisfy certain needs. Indirect methods such as an income or consumption budget set establish people's access to the resources which might enable them to achieve such functionings—but do not guarantee them. An additional advantage of direct measures for a regional or global measure is that standardized assessments can be compared directly across regions and countries and do not require adjustments for PPP exchange rates or inflation.