While all female-headed households with outstanding loans used land as collateral, male-headed households also used livestock, houses and other property (UNCTAD, 2014). Major obstacles include target groups’ lack of awareness and inability to comply with lending requirements. Cooperatives and other civil society organizations could serve as a bridge between these lending institutions and individual women; but establishment and registration procedures are often cumbersome and involve high transaction costs, and civil society organizations often lack the financial and human resources necessary to perform such a role on a large scale (UNCTAD, 2014).