Therefore, the ten most important cities of the region, which concentrate 82% of the total population, mainly rely on the 14 (overexploited) aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters. On average 90% of total water consumption (and more than 96% of groundwater) is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agri-food industry. Water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between Mexico and the United States; the State of Chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing 431 million m to the US, without benefitting from the 1 800 million m3 given by the US to other Mexican states.