They can be either pro-active or reactive. They include career information provision (in print, ICT-based and other forms), assessment and self-assessment tools, counselling interviews, career education programmes (to help individuals develop their self-awareness, opportunity awareness, and career management skills) and job shadowing, work experience tasters and short internships (to sample options before choosing to pursue them) (definition based on OECD, 2004). For these purposes, this paper reviews the available scientific literature on career guidance, and looks more specifically at the characteristics of effective and innovative policies and practices, and how employers can be involved to best effect.