Examples include support from the governments of Sweden (through Sida and SAREC), Norway (through NORAD), Japan (through JICA), and overseas development assistance (ODA) facilities offered by many other governments, as well as structured partnerships between local and foreign universities (historic), and China and South Korea, more recently. Within these initiatives, short-courses and training workshops (1-3 weeks), with some longer-term degree courses (1-4 years) has been a primary vehicle for improving local capacity. Traditionally the pipeline mode existed in which scientists set the research agenda, conduct the research, and then transfer the results to potential users.