Table 3.4 shows that almost 40% of SNGs’ total revenue is self-generated - mainly tax-sharing arrangements - while almost 60% is transfers.9 Across OECD countries, the average is 44% and 38% respectively; in OECD unitary countries, such as Iceland, Sweden and New Zealand, tax revenue as a percentage of local revenue ranges from more than 50% to less than 15% in Estonia, the Netherlands, Turkey and the United Kingdom, (OECD, 2016c). In 2012, on average, 49% of the transfers granted to SNGs were non-targeted (non-earmarked), 47% were targeted (earmarked) and 4% were loans from upper level governments. However, targeted transfers vary from year to year and from region to region.