Across OECD countries on average, neither the proportion of students scoring below Level 2 nor the proportion of top performers show a statistically significant change between 2006 and 2015 that would suggest progress and an improvement in student outcomes (Figure 1.4). It is mainly through education that individuals acquire the skills to overcome personal circumstances that could hinder their success and face the challenges of our globalised world, in which technology is changing how people work, communicate and socialise. Only education systems capable of adapting to the rapidly changing environment can empower their citizens with the right mix of skills to allow them to lead satisfying professional and personal lives and, at an aggregate level, lead to inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn.