Government of the Philippines, National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. For each hazard, there should be one entity authorized to issue official warnings. Given the need for inter-agency coordination, the early warning system requires standard operating procedures (SOPs) that spell out the main tasks, roles and responsibilities in the event of an emergency.14 These SOPs need to be tested and revised on a regular basis. Unreliable or conflicting messages from official and non-official sources can allow rumours and disinformation to spread.