It extends ITU regulation guidelines further by introducing more hands-on information regarding the QoS and QoE big picture, as well as outlining practical approaches in QoS regulation for telecommunication/ICT services. It puts forth the case that NRAs should have the appropriate skill-set to carry out QoS regulation, and how continuous capacity building is key to adapting to market and regulatory changes. The argument for cooperation between regulators is strong, bringing substantive benefits through the sharing of good practice and mutual learning. Twenty years ago, only one per cent of the global population had a mobile cellular subscription, and 11 per cent had a fixed telephone subscription.