Priority areas for action, F. Multiple crises and other emerging challenges of the Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA). In section F, climate change is examined along with environmental sustainability, economic shocks and disaster risk reduction. The monitoring of the recommendations in this section on climate change is fairly complex, since the actions do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. In order to monitor these actions we propose, first, to identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the least developed countries (LDCs).