While cities did not form a major monitoring element during the period of the MDGs, their monitoring has taken a central place in post-2015 development agendas, particularly the SDGs and the NUA. Most of these indicators are being monitored globally for the first time, except for indicator 11.1.1, which was partly monitored under the MDGs (MDG 7 target 7D or the slum target). Many indicators require developing and defining new concepts; piloting and refinement of their measurement methods; establishment of the appropriate monitoring systems within countries; and building new partnerships and capacities, including providing technical advisory services to State Members of the United Nations.