The most positive results of this approach have occurred in Harrisburg, PA, which between 1982 and 1998 reduced vacant plots by 88% (from over 4200 to under 500), and increased total real estate value more than fourfold. Pittsburgh has had a graded property tax system since 1913, a system under which land was taxed at a rate twice that of the structures on the land until 1979. The City introduced a striking restructuring of the City’s property tax in 1979 and 1980, raising the tax rate on land while leaving the rate on structures unchanged, thus raising the tax rate on land to about five times the rate on structures. This emphasis on the land element has been maintained or increased since the initial restructuring.