Italy, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain provide income-tax concessions to highly skilled nationals returning to their home country. Some policy measures are designed to encourage international students to come and study; others make it easier for these students to stay after graduation and enter the labour market. Austria and Germany, among other countries, have largely opened their labour markets to international students after their studies. Similarly, the Czech Republic has made it easier (or international students who have completed secondary or higher education to enter the country's labour market. These graduates no longer require a work permit. In addition, family members of students taking courses are allowed to work full-time, while the students themselves may work part-time.