After the Second World War France initiated planning by the Planning Commission, with sectoral industrial policy led by elite bureaucrats and the aggressive use of state-owned enterprises. Since the 1950s, the Scandinavian countries have also acted as a type of developmental state, where political legitimacy is derived from the welfare state and full employment rather than from rapid growth. The Swedish state developed strategic sectors through public-private partnerships (iron and steel, railways, telegraphs and telephone, and hydroelectric power).