Some rural regions in Poland have seen a doubling of their productivity, massive investment in infrastructure and improvement in socio-economic outcomes in a relatively short amount of time. And yet, collectively, rural regions have not been catching up over the past years in terms of average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (see Chapter 1). There remain considerable disparities between urban and rural areas and between rural areas within different parts of the country in terms of employment, economic growth and access to services (see Chapter 1).