In Brazil, for example, where participatory budgeting was first adopted (in 1989), municipalities utilizing such programmes appear to manage their public finances with a significantly greater effectiveness than those where the programmes have not been implemented (Petherick, 2014). Concerned experts might wish to keep decision-making power out of the hands of local stakeholders in cases where more complex matters such as climate adaptation need to be confronted, not recognizing that local stakeholders can provide different but complementary forms of expertise (ibid.). While local buy-in and ownership do contribute to successful project implementation, participatory budgeting is sometimes not sufficient to deter corruption, as vulnerable groups may become victims of elite capture or bribing. Therefore, a participatory accountability framework must be implemented alongside participatory decision-making.