But they cannot provide ex post facto justification of payments that were introduced for a different reason and whose level has nothing to do with the cost of the environmental action required. Well-targeted measures are those that address the operational policy objectives as directly as possible, and the measures are well tailored if the rate and duration of support are commensurate with the cost of providing the expected outcomes (OECD, 2007b and 2008a). Again, this is not abstract theory or wishful thinking, but very practical policy advice, illustrated by the OECD with several examples of best practice in the form of concrete policies pursued in individual OECD countries.