This sum, it was stressed, was only for subsistence and allowed nothing for the "cheering luxuries which gladden life. Published in 1901, Rowntree's 'poverty line' (he was the first to use the phrase) claimed to be "the first attempt to fix a poverty line on scientific lines." Surveying living conditions among 10,000 working class families in the city of York, he proposed a minimum income level to ensure "adequate nutrition and other essentials "6 Rowntree proceeded to divide those judged 'poor' (about 25%) into two groups. The first group he defined as living in 'primary poverty' because they simply did not have enough income to meet their basic needs. Those in 'secondary poverty', on the other hand, were failing to meet their needs not because their incomes were too low but because they spent money on non-essential items (beer and tobacco being judged particularly non-essential).