Cloud-based computing services and tools for offline or real-time analysis may also be used. Smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world, including pollution and emissions monitoring; energy projects, such as smart grids and metering; flood management and other water-related projects; the management of public transportation system and of road use; solid waste collection, sorting and management; improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects; disaster preparedness and resiliency; and addressing crime and security (OECD, 2016b). In Indonesia, smart city activities include the smart city strategy for Bandung included in the 2013-2018 ICT Master Plan, which emphasises e-government and digital infrastructure. The city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry. Efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in Medan.