Other short-term effects are those of the transfer on the actual beneficiary in the case of transfers to the elderly and subsequent impact on retirement age (see Piggott et al., A study by Mitra (2009) on the generous South African Disability Grant (DG) finds negative effects on broad labour force participation (includes discouraged workers who would be willing to work if an offer was made to them but would remain unemployed otherwise as they do not actively engage in job search) of older men (55-64). The study finds no significant impact on the labour force participation based on the narrow definition (which only includes the unemployed who actively search for a job) implying that less stringent screening techniques pushed out the discouraged workers from the labour force while not impacting the existing labour force.