This suggests that economic disadvantage frequently intersects with certain social identity dimensions (such as gender, age, ethnic origin, place of residence or disability status) in ways that perpetuate inequality and social exclusion (World Bank, 2013a). As more disadvantaged segments of society have fewer resources to invest in skills and education, they have fewer opportunities to access more productive and rewarding jobs. Consequently, human resources in the economy are not used to the full potential, which negatively affects productivity growth in the long run. According to estimates for 19 OECD countries, the rise of income inequality between 1985 and 2005 would have knocked 4.7 percentage points off cumulative growth between 1990 and 2010 (OECD, 2015b). In addition, widening income gaps have a negative impact on social cohesion and diminish trust in institutions, which can contribute to social and political instability (Alesina and Perotti, 1996; Keefer and Knack, 2000).