An ethnic minority group may penetrate the political space that has been occupied by the majority—a success from the perspective of equity in political participation —but the members of the ethnic minority who occupy the space may then use class divisions to exclude others in the same ethnic minority from participating in policy decisions. It is thus important to recognize that group identity and barriers of exclusion tend to shift under strategies to protect advantages. Today, trends in global income distribution present challenges to collective agreements and cooperation across countries and population segments.