Some of the poverty reduction strategies have also elaborated on specific ecosystem-related programmes, such as the Bolsa Verde green grant scheme introduced as part of the “Brazil without Poverty” (Brasil Sem Miseria) strategy (MDS, 2014) (Box 2.2.). According to a government white paper, for example, the Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China, launched in the mid-1980s, made significant achievements in forest, wetland and biodiversity conservation (State Council of PRC, 2011). The information to verify these results through targets and specific indicators, however, does not seem to be readily available. The programme provides quarterly payments to families, including traditional peoples and indigenous communities, in extreme poverty living in federal protected and other rural priority areas in return for certain conservation and sustainable use activities. Although the grant scheme is considered a potentially effective payment for ecosystem services (PES) tool with more than 60 000 families enrolled as of June 2014, administrative complexities remain.