A different approach is taken by CMS, which fixes the income elasticity at 1.54; while the Dutch CPB and French DRESS opt for values slightly below one. The Australian Productivity Commission estimates the effects of a plausible range of values (from 0.2 to 1); and selects an elasticity of 0.6 as the Commission’s preferred estimate. That value represented the midpoint between the macro-level estimates (not controlling for technological change); and the micro-level estimates based on individual decision-making.