Combined with the provision of public services, such as in health and education, these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low cost-to-benefit ratio. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour. An International Assessment (New York, 2010); Goran Holmqvist, "External financing of social protection: opportunities and risks" Development Policy Review, vol.