Firstly, white settlers fleeing from newly independent African countries, many of them in fact being returning South Africans; and secondly, refugees and people leaving Eastern Europe (Peberdy, 2009). The uncertainties of the last decade before 1994, coupled with a sense of imminent loss of power for white South Africans, have resulted in a negative migration rate since 1994. Based on the number of permanent residence permits issued, it can also be seen that the proportion of African immigrants decreased until 1992/93, while the numbers of Asian immigrants jumped dramatically.