However, the reality in most SIDS is that many practising teachers lack formal training, and few have any training at all related to ESD. As such, while pre-service teacher education is important, the in-service professional development of practising teachers is of immediate concern. In Maldives, ESD themes have been incorporated into broader pedagogical reforms, which have included training of teachers on inquiry-based approaches to teaching environmental education. This approach shows strength in that it recognises the importance of balancing ESD with other compatible reform agendas, and emphasises active learning and the direct engagement of students with environmental issues.