The Nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work, including childcare provision, enabling female employment (Gomick and Jantti, 2010). They report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems (usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting). Meanwhile, those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems.