Thus, a mix of both top-down and bottom-up systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales (e.g. Martins, 2013; Duarte, 2013). For example, it is easier to estimate the impacts of low-carbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience. In the latter case, it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level (e.g. number of project-management training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities).