There is more public support for care than in the low road regime, but that support tends to preserve women’s responsibility for social reproduction and is associated with the growth of low-paying, low-skill care services (Razavi and Staab 2010). In a number of countries in this group, particularly in Southern Europe, not much is spent on family policy overall, though others in Western Europe are more generous (Daly 2001; UNRISD 2010). For instance, in 2009 France spent about 4 per cent of GDP on family benefits, Austria and Germany about 3 per cent and Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain less than 2 percent. One of the resulting contradictions is that even if higher wages and market participation for women are associated with more human capacities production, increasingfemale labourforce participation may also induce fewer contributions to social reproduction from men as the familial model breaks down.