For different conceptions of citizenship, these attributes will be correspondingly different. The ‘knowledge’ element is the bedrock of traditional schooling, but can also be acquired through independent learning with books, the internet and other sources of information. Skills are distinct in that they require actual practice of the activity, rather than solely abstract understanding, and therefore some of these can be developed in a classroom context - e.g. analysis of texts, oral communication - and others, such as campaign organisation, cannot. Values are the most complex of the three, since it is hard to determine the extent to which these can actually be ‘learnt’, particularly after early childhood, and the means by which this might happen.