Some of them mainly consist of input or output indicators (e.g. introducing X km of irrigation systems) while others are outcome or impact indicators (e.g. improving water access of populations in the arid area by X thousands people). For instance, Malawi’s INDC adopts mainly qualitative input or output indicators such as action plans for capacity building and policies for supporting construction of climate resilient infrastructure. Vietnam’s INDC contains indicators that can be considered to be quantitative impact indicators, such as: decreasing average national poverty rate by 2% per year (and 4% in the poorer districts); at least 90% of city-dwellers and 80% of rural inhabitants to have access to clean water; and increasing the population with access to health care services to 100%. For instance, Indonesia’s INDC takes into account the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals on, for instance, climate change, food security, and agriculture, amongst others.