That is to say, they are more costly than they need to be to achieve the stated objectives of policy. Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies worldwide amounted to USD 548 billion in 2013 (IEA, 2014). In OECD countries, budgetary support and tax expenditures benefitting the production or consumption of fossil fuels amounted to an estimated USD 55-90 billion per annum in recent years, according to a recent inventory by the OECD (OECD, 2013b).