Aguero, Marks and Raykar (2011) document a significant motherhood wage penalty in a large sample of women from 21 developing countries. The gap is widest in Egypt and India, where approximately 60% of working-age women identify housework as their main activity, followed by Hirkey and TUnisia, where the figure is about 50% (the average for European OECD countries and the United States is only 12%).17 These data underline the profound disparities in the division of household responsibilities between men and women throughout the emerging world, but provide little information about the extent to which women’s participation in paid employment is constrained by their family responsibilities. By allowing a detailed breakdown of people’s time, this type of survey provides a more nuanced picture of gender roles.