However, although growing empirical and qualitative evidence indicates that AfT can have a positive overall impact, many individual projects are failing to deliver results, in part because of the issues discussed in this chapter. This chapter has attempted to demonstrate that many of these are highly specific to AfT programming and require an understanding of the nature and causes of trade-related co-ordination failures and information asymmetries specific to the institutional structure and political economy of recipient countries and regions as well as donor agencies. Further, trade facilitation and aid to trade-related infrastructure have significant positive impacts on recipient countries’ trade costs (Call and te Velde 2011). Hallaert particularly points to the IMF’s Joint Staff Advisory Notes as well as concerns voiced at the same time by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that ‘only a minority of country-level plans include trade-related policies’ (UNCTAD 2009, in Hallaert 2012: 11).