These include measures for residential EE (driven by utilities or local authorities) and public buildings, boiler replacement programmes, lights and appliances (e.g. utility-driven), and a switch to cleaner cars (fleet renewal) (Bowen et al., Several countries provide (or are considering) support for the construction of new energy infrastructure, especially renewable sources of energy, and incentives for EE improvements as part of their fiscal stimulus programmes. The latter include tax credits for the purchase of energy-efficient furnaces, windows and insulation, $5 billion for EE improvements in over one million lower income homes and $6.3 billion for improving energy efficiency in public housing. In 2009, the European Commission decided to allocate €3.98 billion to clean energy projects, gas and electricity infrastructure, offshore wind energy and CCS (but not to EE projects) (European Parliament, 2009).