These results are largely consistent across this whole era of liberalization reforms, though some notable differences emerge in comparisons of wage penalties before and after the collapse of the Argentine peso in the late 1990s. Section II discusses the motherhood wage penalty and labour market segmentation literatures. Section III describes the empirical strategy and methodology. Section IV discusses the main features of the data and Section V presents the results. Instead, jobs and labour differ across markets. The traditional view highlights a dual split between primary (or independent) and secondary (or subordinate) segments and contends that the boundaries between the segments substantively limit occupational mobility (Bauder, 2001).