Such new macro policies should simultaneously aim at maintaining a reasonably stable macroeconomic environment; pursuing explicitly long-term growth of GDP and employment; and lowering income inequality. Evidence shows that countries relying on external finance often ended up in financial traps characterized by high spreads, exposure to sudden stops, external shocks, and rises in domestic interest rate in line with those charged on foreign loans. As a result, investment/GDP ratios drop. During the last decade, several middle-income countries with a large amount of public foreign debt started to reduce their dependence on foreign capital and financed their private capital accumulation mainly through the mobilization of domestic savings.