In extreme cases, such as in parts of the Middle East, desalination and reuse of wastewater can be used, which in general has a high energy intensity compared with “conventional water” (Ghaffour et al., Firstly, a large part comes from individual pumping in agriculture which is not well monitored. Secondly, the energy consumption of water supply largely depends not only on the volume of water consumption, in particular in the agricultural sector, but also on the availability of the water resources in the regions considered, and the distance from the place of consumption.