However, given the nature of the SIGI data, this paper focuses on the effect of the discrimination level. Indeed, the level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until 1750 there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002). However, for the sake of clarity, the term income instead of long-term growth will be used hereafter. Finally, rj, p, r, £ and <p stand for the error terms.