In Japan, the Top Runner programme sets efficiency standards for cars (and trucks) according to that achieved by the most efficient vehicle in each category. China, soon to become the largest car market in the world, has been applying stringent fuel economy standards since 2005, and a new car-tax regime which penalizes large cars since 2006. In India, the absence of mandatory vehicle fuel efficiency standards suggests that the fuel efficiency of vehicles may lag behind that of other countries34 (IEA, 2007b). The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has introduced a voluntary energy labelling scheme as a first step to enforcing mandatory fuel economy standards for cars, two-wheelers and heavy commercial vehicles.