Although the polarised education pattern of foreign-bom employment remained, a vast improvement in educational levels can be observed in 2011 particularly among young South African-bom workers. The share of tertiary educated youth almost tripled to 5.7%, while those with a primary education or less halved to 9.6%. While black foreign-born workers are still overrepresented among lower education groups compared to all other foreign-born workers, the share of these workers with a secondary or higher level of education has grown much more than for all other foreign-bom workers. The same trend is visible among the South African-bom population, suggesting that education levels among the entire black labour force rose substantially between 2001 and 2011, compared to the rest of the labour force.