As a result, the growth of early stage industries ultimately reaches its peak, as the main source of the industries' growth derives from cost competitiveness. Consequently, as incomes increase, capital- and technology-intensive industries, which play a pivotal role for long-term employment growth, must be established to avoid the so-called middle-income trap where countries are not able to compete with low-wage industries in low-income countries or high-technology industries in high-income countries (UNIDO, 2017a). However, demand for goods from these industries hinges on a higher level of disposable household income, which in turn depends on labour market participation and the availability of better pay jobs.