Based on responses for the OECD Health Systems Characteristics Surveys (2008 and 2012), the largest number of P4P programmes are found in primary care, but P4P are also spreading to specialists and acute hospitals. Between the 2008 and 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Surveys, three P4P schemes were introduced in primary care (Korea, Mexico, Netherlands), three to specialist care (France, Korea, Netherlands), and seven to acute care (Australia, France, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) (OECD Health Systems Characteristics Survey, 2012; OECD, 2014; Paris et al., Beyond this, performance-based payment is also being introduced in more diverse care settings, for example long-term care in the United States (CMS, 2015) and public health and prevention outside of GP practices such as for delivery of vaccination services or smoking cessation in pharmacies in the United Kingdom (see Box 2.1). Pharmacy services and their payment arrangements are also evolving in Australia.