Access to dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant can be more limited in remote communities, because there are no hospitals in proximity to these areas, or there may be difficulties in accessing transportation to travel to health services. However, in 2011, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with kidney disease were less likely to receive a functioning kidney transplant than their non-Indigenous counterparts (13% compared with 47%) (AIHW, 2014b). It is estimated there were 21 370 new cases of end-stage kidney disease in Australia between 2003 and 2007, about 21 new cases per 100 000 population. In all age groups up to 60 years, more than 90% of cases were treated, but the rate fell substantially among older age groups. Data provided for five jurisdictions suggest the age-standardised ratio of treatment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was 0.96, indicating that Indigenous Australians had slightly lower treatment rates (AIHW, 2011). Between 2007 and 2011, they were most likely to die from circulatory conditions (26% of all Indigenous deaths), followed by cancer (19%) and external causes such as suicides, falls, transport accidents and assaults (15%).