This is particularly true for poor smallholders with limited or no access to credit and insurance. Greater exposure to risk, in the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, can lead to greater emphasis on low-risk/low-return subsistence crops, a lower likelihood of applying purchased inputs such as fertilizer and adopting new technologies, and reduced levels of investment (Antle and Crissman, 1990; Dercon and Christiaensen, 2011; Fafchamps, 1992; Feder, Just and Zilberman, 1985; Heltberg and Tarp, 2002; Kassie et al., See Box 7 for an explanation of RCPs and SSPs. Future food security trends will also be influenced by overall socio-economic conditions, which, in turn, have implications for the vulnerability of countries and populations around the world.