In countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified, low-income women are often excluded twice: they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own (for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes) and a derived pension from their husbands (for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker). As a result, in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage, derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed (often higher income) families. Benefits have been cut or significantly reduced, or they are being phased out, their duration restricted, or eligibility subjected to a means test (Saraceno and Keck 2011). Countries that have adopted NDC pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate PAYG defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether (James 2012: 26). In Sweden, the widow’s pension was abolished in 1990 for women born in 1945 or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of 65.