Although there is evidence that remittances provide better access to education and health care, limited contact with parents might have negative impacts on die development of children (FIDH, 2016, p. 58; Ablezova and others, 2008, pp. Studies in Kyrgyzstan have also shown diat caring is still assigned primarily to mothers, and that this role does not change much with migration (Thieme, 2008). The Russian Federation is seen as a space of freedom (Brednikova, 2017) where husbands can learn expectations about the role of a wife which contradict die role model of a wife in Central Asia; thus, women feel that they are in competition with "Russian wives" (Cleuziou, n.d.; Reeves, 2011; 2013). Having a "second family" in the Russian Federation is seen as normal - for a man - by a quarter of respondents in Kyrgyzstan (22 per cent of females and 26 per cent of males) (UNFPA, 2016).