Cesar, 2013; UK, 2013; USG, 2012; IDB, 2012; Mulenga, 2013. This is due to the multi-faceted nature of building resilience and adaptive capacity, which often requires cross-cutting interventions in the health, water, energy, economic, agriculture, and other sectors. The absence of clear links between cause and effect in many adaptation activities highlights the utility of using both top-down (e.g. number of people vulnerable to climate change in a country) and bottom-up indicators (e.g. number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted). The Fund’s choice of indicators depends on the intended goals of different projects. For instance, an indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of an education and awareness project may report the “number and type of risk reduction actions or strategies introduces at local level” or “number of news outlets in the local press and media that have covered the topic” (AF, 2011a).