In addition, occupational licensing can increase the costs of moving. These are addressed in the next sections. The data for the United States are based on aggregates of counties that are smaller than States. As a result, workers and families hit by adverse shocks from technological change or globalisation arguably face greater difficulties in moving to areas where employment opportunities are better. Empirical evidence points to negative equity leading to lock in and higher homeownership rates being associated with higher unemployment, but these findings are either economically small or contested in other studies (Goodman and Mayer, 2018,291).