As mentioned in Box 1, blockchain projects tend to be developed within consortia due to the network nature of the technology. Consortia usually consist of a group of companies and partners, such as technology providers, but may also include regulators or other relevant institutions. It is beneficial to develop pilot programmes for blockchain applications that bring together the main stakeholders, as many additional topics need to be agreed upon (e.g. legal set-up), which are unique to consortia work. In the blockchain space, pilots generally consist of three phases: the design phase, implementation phase and operation phase.