Fourth, trade-related investment measures (TRIMS) such as local-content requirements are now being challenged under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and can be subjected to substantial anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties (Bahar et al., These risks send negative long-term signals which discourage investment. Finally, differentiated treatment limits the possibilities for regional co-operation in the development of renewable energy infrastructure (see section on other policies and cross-cutting issues).