Development finance towards science includes spending on activities classified as research through CRS sector codes (stage 1), core funding or earmarked funding through research entities (stage 2), and additional finance of activities with a research component that have been identified using text mining (stage 3). The identification of development finance towards ICTs and other technologies follow a similar approach; however, the accuracy in identifying activities with a technological component may be less than for research, considering the limited number of technology-specific sector codes (stage 1) and the larger heterogeneity in technology-oriented keywords. The approach used in this paper to identify technology-oriented activities is biased towards ICT-oriented activities. As also described in section 3.2.1, the identification of activities supporting innovation is based solely on text mining.