Some of these shortcomings are addressed by the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which is discussed at the end of this chapter. It is important to put in place harmonised instruments that measure other types of skills, which are critical for innovation and economic growth but also for living a good life in general (e.g. social and emotional skills1; Almlund et al., For the moment, these exist at national level only. They inform about the competencies that help individuals undertake a broad range of the activities needed to live in modern societies. These include reading, writing and numeracy as well as the skills needed to use digital technology and access and interpret information in a knowledge-based society.