It is organized as a framework of drivers, enablers (at the levels of the national system of cities and within cities), barriers and policy levers (figure 4.1 and box 4.1). Cities themselves can be enablers of industrial productivity due to agglomeration economies. As Africa urbanizes, the purchasing power of the middle class is growing.3 The power of Africa’s growing consumer class can be leveraged to stimulate industrial development to meet rising demand domestically and regionally as a stepping stone to broader global integration. While this relationship is not independent of per capita GDP growth, some categories of consumption are associated with urbanization, independent of total income.