In October 2015, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared the third global coral reef bleaching event; the previous two took place in 1998 and 2010. These global shocks, brought on by climate change, and coupled with events such as the El Nino phenomenon are the largest and most pervasive threats to coral reefs around the world (NOAA, 2015). Many areas of boreal forests have experienced biomass productivity declines that have been attributed to warming-induced drought (Williams el al.,