Identifying if adaptation is “adequate” would therefore conflate climate and non-climate factors. For example, if a country’s INDC is to develop a strategy that integrates adaptation into broader sectoral plans, a measure of effectiveness could be whether an integrated plan is established (however, adaptive capacity and resilience will only be affected if the plan is implemented). Further, adaptation actions are often integrated into broader plans, and it is difficult to assess the “effectiveness” of a multi-pronged action. Moreover, many countries have yet to develop an M&E system for adaptation.