The two specific measures focused on packaging have been the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations introduced in 1997 and the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations introduced in 2003. These placed an obligation on companies above a certain size to recover a certain proportion of their packaging, and established a system of tradable Packaging Recovery Notes through which this obligation could be discharged (see Salmons, 2002 for details). However, unless the policy is blown off course by the downturn in recyclate markets due to the recession, it seems likely that the EU packaging waste targets for 2008 will have been met.