Most of the decline in income in Spain and the United Kingdom is not explained by changes in family characteristics but refers to its “unexplained” share which largely reflects a change in conditional income “returns” for a family with given characteristics. As shown in Figure 19 Panel B, this negative “unexplained” contribution in Panel A is largely associated in Spain with a decline in disposable income of the non-employed fathers - other characteristics being the same - and with a decline in the income obtained by full-time full-year workers. By contrast, the disposable income of children with a working father remained stable, despite an increase in market income in the bottom of the income distribution which suggests the transfers received were reduced over this period for low income families with a working father. In the United Kingdom, the decline in disposable income for families with given characteristics is dominated by a drop in income associated with the mother's activity status (Figure 19 Panel B). The drop is stronger when the mother has a job (-38%), but is also significant (-26%) when the mother has no job. The drop in primary income linked to employment reflects a decline in the quality of employment for mothers of relatively poor families.