Vulnerable employment consists of the sum of own-account workers and contributing family workers, and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements (ILO, 2016; Sparreboom and Albee, 2011). Nevertheless, non-vulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if, for example, an important part of wage employment is casual, informal or of limited duration, or if labour standards are not enforced. Immigrants are vulnerable to such situations, and are often concentrated in low-skill wage work. In other words, although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets, consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants, such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections. As the South African population census data of 2011 do not differentiate between employers and own-account workers, this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand, and other categories of workers on the other.