Whereas in Botswana, ‘there is an absence of free movement and the right to work for asylum seekers’ (Betts and Kaytaz, 2009: 18), ‘South Africa has an unofficial “no camps” policy (a “self-settlement” policy)’ (ibid. Betts and Kaytaz thus find, like Manik, that the institutional framework for processing migrants does not necessarily lead to optimal outcomes. Experienced, well-qualified teachers and head teachers end up in menial jobs, not using their professional skills (Sibanda, 2010).