The education stipend provided for each child under age 18 enrolled in school between the third grade of primary school and the third (last) grade of junior high varies by grade and gender. It rises substantially after graduation from primary school and is higher for girls than for boys during secondary and tertiary school. Beneficiary children also receive money for school supplies once a year. Brazil's Bolsa Familia and Mexico's Oportunidades, the two largest programmes in Latin America, cost less than 1 % of G0R In some cases they have been perceived as tools to provide access to universal basic rights such as health and education, but in others they have led to the exclusion of some localities due to the inadequate supply of services.