Export bans, unnecessary permits and licenses, costly document requirements, and conflicting standards raise transaction costs, add to uncertainty and often lead to the exit of private sector traders from participation in regional trade. The share of duty free tariff lines in South-South agreements is expected to increase from 28% to approximately 92% when fully implemented, while North-South agreements increase their share of duty free lines from over 68% to only 87% (Fulponi et al., For example, cereal markets across South Asia (especially Bangladesh-lndia rice and Pakistan-Afghanistan wheat) are increasingly connected.