A World Bank study has found that subsidising the upfront capital costs - rather than consumption - is more effective to promote investment in electrification projects (World Bank, 2008). In general, tariff subsidies disproportionately benefit the higher-income and higher-electricity-consuming social classes. In fact, connection costs to the electricity grid are still a major barrier (IEG, 2008). Alternative tariff structures could include the cost in monthly payments. Access to electricity increases economic output and income; in some cases, the benefits resulting from connection enable the user to later upgrade to higher power. The projected increased demand provides strong incentive for private companies; however, the need to transform the entire energy system creates additional risk.