Again, to the extent that an increase in female labour participation leads to a decrease in household production or to a shift from unmeasured to measured activity, the estimates shown here may overestimate the effects of a change in female participation on GDP. With these limitations in mind, the projections should be read only as estimates or approximations of the impact that changes in female labour supply will have on economic output. The reference group is childless men. Sample consists of men and women aged between 20 and 45 years old without missing values for employment; column (2) reduces the sample to people in couples (married or living with their partner) and column (3) reduces the sample to single people (not married or living in a couple).