In the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) and Finland, education was found to be negatively associated with alcohol abuse in men, but positively associated with heavy drinking, but not HED, in women (Helasoja et al., In the Czech Republic, men, single persons and people with low education were found to be at higher risk of hazardous alcohol drinking (Dzurova et al., Conversely, the literature shows an opposite pattern for women, with the higher educated more likely to be hazardous drinkers. In Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, women with higher education were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Bloomfield et al., This trend in women is confirmed in Germany, France Switzerland, and Norway, whereas in the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, and Sweden, less educated women were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Kuntsche etal,, 2006). In a meta-analysis of 33 countries, part of the GENACIS” project, men and women with greater education were found to be more likely to consume alcohol than their counterparts with less education.