In France, for example, the abstraction charge represents only around 1.3% of the water price paid by households and is thus unlikely to make them change their behaviour (French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy, 2012). Assessing the resource cost is also difficult since it requires measuring the benefit induced by water for all types of use (agriculture using irrigation water, drinking water supply, hydropower etc.), The former refers to methods that use market data to elicit monetary values, either as how much individual would be willing to pay for the good or service of interest, i.e. their willingness to pay (WTP), or how much they would require in compensation for being exposed to a loss of welfare, i.e. their willingness to accept (WTA).8 The latter refers to methods that use hypothetical scenarios to estimate individuals WTP or WTA. The methods have been used for a large range of non-market goods, in addition to water (e.g. air pollution, noise levels, health risks, etc.)