The study found that these operators significantly lowered distribution costs by controlling the level of commissions paid out to dealers who acquire customers. However, the BTNM can emerge even under less-than-ideal conditions, as is demonstrated by the case of Bangladesh, an LDC, where market entry occurred under opaque conditions and interconnection was denied to new entrants for a long period by the government-owned incumbent operator. The countries with low active SIMs per 100 inhabitants (SIMs/100) and low CAGRs (Compound Annual Growth Rates) have not removed barriers to entry.