In some cases, development-as-usual activities should contribute to reducing climate vulnerability, while others can inadvertently increase it. Guidance has been provided by the OECD and others to facilitate this process (OECD, 2009), but it is not clear which approach has been adopted by the Austrian Development Agency to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into its work. Explicit monitoring and evaluation of the approach would help ensure that it is achieving its desired objectives, and inform the development of future interventions. These estimates do not include casualties.