The programmes were effective in the non-Western and more traditionally oriented countries, which included Iran, Puerto Rico; and Hong Kong, indicating promise for cross-cultural transferability (Gardner, Montgomery & Knerr, 2015).The authors remark that part of the explanation for transferability in these countries (with some local cultural adjustments) may rest in cross-cultural similarity in parenting principles, at least with young children. However, this observation may not apply to many communities in the east and southern African region where respect and obedience are strong, and play with young children is seen in many contexts as inappropriate for adults (LeVine et al., Nonetheless the results are promising - at least for parents of young children. This review has illustrated large differences in environment (including personal expectations and those of others) and experience between early and late adolescence, as well as by gender, birth-order, neighbourhood and socio-economic status.