Scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs characterize energy security as a function of strong energy research and development, innovation and technology transfer systems. Import dependence is a major energy security challenge for about three billion people globally, where nations import more than 75 per cent of their oil and petroleum products; 95 per cent of transport energy comes from oil-based fuels, making it particularly vulnerable, with significant impacts on overall mobility and production systems, as well as on economic and social stability. Many developing countries face energy security stresses emanating from low resource endowments, a growing energy demand-supply gap, high energy intensity, and macroeconomic vulnerabilities with binding fiscal constraints. The level of uncertainty is much larger compared to dealing with supply disruptions or price manipulations.