This is particularly so regarding reductions in S02 and COD from point sources, including power generation and heavy industry that have been accomplished primarily through end-of-pipe solutions. Going forward more emphasis ought to be placed on the use of a broader range of tools, including well-implemented market-based measures, to tackle a broader range of challenges. Such changes will form part of the broader reform effort needed to rebalance the structure of the Chinese economy, including moving towards more consumption and services-oriented growth.