As a result, the definitions and standards used and the granularity of tracking of financial resources are not consistent between the two policy communities.1 It will be important that the STI and development communities deepen their collaboration and reach consensus on tracking STI-related development finance and develop together new policy recommendations and best practices on international co-operation for STI development. A key conclusion of the paper is the need for better alignment of definitions across communities so each can satisfy its need for data-driven policy analysis without creating potential conflicts of interpretation. The majority of these resources, USD 10 billion, are provided as concessional finance from DAC members and multilateral agencies. The largest share of concessional finance supports research activities relating to challenges of developing countries.