It may be worth considering the creation of larger management units that could use economies of scale to put more rigorous quality assurance procedures in place. An assessment of whether economies of scale could be achieved if municipal water systems were grouped together might be made a condition for subsidies, as is the case in Austria. For example, while Dublin reduced the level of unaccounted-for water from 42.5% in 2003, it was still 37% in 2008.22 However, unaccounted-for water outside the Greater Dublin Area remains high, with levels in some localities exceeding 50% in 2008.