This transfer is complemented with the public provision of food, shelter and other items by government agencies. The Emergency Grant has been activated on several occasions, including the flooding and landslides in 2012 that struck eight of Ecuador's provinces (Manabi, Guayas, El Oro, Los Rios, Esmeraldas, Azuay, Cotopaxi and Loja), with a total of 109,532 people affected. Of that number, 47,221 were eligible to receive the grant (SNGR, 2012). According to Rofman, Apella and Vezza (2013, p. 10), "the most common factor in the reforms (..) is the search for ways to expand coverage", particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system.