These countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The EECCA countries cover a large geographical area with total population of approximately 140 million and are markedly diverse in terms of geographical and population sizes, levels of economic development, political and economic structures, energy mixes, geopolitical circumstances and vulnerabilities to climate change (Table 1.1). This has made such infrastructure among the most energy-inefficient in the world. In Kazakhstan, one of the wealthiest countries in the region, about 50% of energy-related infrastructure is more than 30 years-old; some installations are 50-60 years old and coal-based. The World Bank estimates that Uzbekistan lost USD 2 billion in 2011 - or 4.5% of its gross domestic product (GDP) -due to inefficient electricity transmission. These examples illustrate the significant level of financing needed for upgrading the energy sector infrastructure on both supply and demand sides.