About 70 000 km" are inshore (estuarine and brackish waters and embayments), and about 170 000 km' are coastal offshore waters. In total, about 4% of estuarine/brackish water and about 5% of shelf area are affected globally by hypoxia of some type. This translates to losses in ecosystem services estimated to be billions of US dollars (Diaz, Rabalais and Breitburg, 2012).