Thus, WHO total (recorded and unrecorded) estimates may significantly differ from OECD figures. In younger people, some data show increasing trends in alcohol consumption, in particular in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). Regarding European countries, the ESPAD study1 shows small decreases from 2003 through 2007 to 2011 in the proportion of students who consume alcohol, and it finds increases of heavy episodic drinking from 1995 to 2007 with some sign of downturn in 2011 (Hibell etal.,