On the other hand, self-employment either declined or was stable in most countries. The tasks-based approach, for instance, shows that the employment shares of routine-task jobs, traditionally composed of middle-skill workers, have declined from 53% to 41% between 1995 and 2010. At the same time, there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract (from 28% to 38%), and to a lesser extent, non-routine manual jobs (from 18% to 21%). Similarly, the jobs-based approach, which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry, finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a U-shaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries.