Policies targeted at vulnerable consumers directly through safety nets were much less common. However, OECD (2010) points out that for a number of large agricultural trading countries examined, many interventions were in the form of a reinforcement of existing policy measures rather than new measures per se. However, given such interventions were made by a number of countries, the cumulative effect of these on world prices meant that the effectiveness of such measures for any one country, particularly for smaller producers, was significantly lessened. Similarly, Headey (2011) suggests that trade policy related decisions were a major driver of the observed price spikes.