Experience from other OECD countries has shown that when primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care (for example a psychologist, or specialist community mental health service or centre). Competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for Japan's primary care speciality from the start. It is recommended that Japan considers the expansion of evidence-based treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders, in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies.