For example, the UK Foresight study estimated the total adaptation investment needed to address flooding (coastal, river and intra-urban) over the next 80 years at between GBP 22 billion and GBP 75 billion for a portfolio of responses, depending on the scenario, implying average annual costs of up to EUR 1 billion per year. Similarly, a recently conducted assessment on flood protection and flood risk management in the Netherlands estimates that the implementation of a comprehensive set of adaptation measures will cost EUR 1.2-1.6 billion per year up to 2050 and EUR 0.9-1.5 billion per year during the period 2050-2100. A Swedish national study estimated potentially large investment costs for adaptation across a wider range of sectors (including transport, water treatment, infrastructure, flood protection) of up to EUR 10 billion (total) in the period 2010-2100. The lack of perception of a need for action or lack of perception of a benefit from the action presents two potential obstacles to timely or effective adaptation. Timing errors are likely in either direction - either too early or too late - with implications for the economic efficiency of adaptation.