This is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other R&D as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector. Ensuring that intellectual property right (IPR) protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in RD&D caused by knowledge spillovers, while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce GHG emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion. Pricing GHG emissions through a cap-and-trade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in RD&D by building a political constituency for continued enforcement. Both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some low-emission technologies.