In urban areas in Emerging Asia, fine particulate air pollution in excess of WHO guideline level is estimated to cause an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per year (Table 3.2). Most of these deaths occur in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) (767 772) and India (614 522), due to their large urban populations and high levels of exposure to air pollution. The welfare costs associated with this increased mortality totalled USD 1.28 trillion in 2015 dollars.