He finds very little evidence that the probability of using a lawyer increases with income, suggesting that reasons other than affordability play a role in determining representation. Far fewer parties use a lawyer in employment disputes than in other civil disputes (e.g. divorce, housing), which may indicate that the simplified procedures adopted in labour disputes in most countries make it easier for parties to appear unrepresented. The rise in lawfulness and availability of contingent-fee arrangements (where lawyers are only paid if there is a payout made in the case) has raised concern about an increase in labour law complaints, but research is inconclusive on this issue.