While in principle AFTA is a preferential arrangement, in practice its discriminatory elements are relatively minor since its rules of origin threshold is lower than most preferential agreements. Nevertheless, the preferential tariff arrangements for ASEAN and China have promoted a strong presence of fruit and vegetables from these countries in Indonesia. On 1 January 2000, in response to pressure from farmers, a specific tariff on rice and rice flour of IDR 430/kg (USD 51/tonne) was introduced, replacing a 5% ad valorem rate.32 This specific tariff was equivalent to an ad valorem rate of approximately 20% using the average export price for 15% broken rice from Thailand for 2000 and an exchange rate of IDR 8 395per USD.