A proper indicator, therefore, should reflect the tension between local and central control across the Arctic and how it has affected the direction and quality of northern education. As well, it should be emphasized that there are marked differences in perceptions of what is considered “the good life" and “development perspectives" among youth in the late 20th century compared with youth in the beginning of the 21st century (Rasmussen, 2008). In support of human capital theory, it has been documented that primary education in particular increases productivity while simultaneously improving people's earnings.