The GDPGROWTH coefficient is positive and significant for the quality of female employment, but is not significant for the quality of male employment, which would appear to indicate that women are more strongly affected by the business cycle than men are. This, in turn, indicates that economic growth has a different impact on the quality of female employment in the formal sector of the economy (an increase in quality female employment) than it does in the shadow economy (a reduction in female as well as male self-employment). This could be a reflection of the existence of fragmented labour markets.