Low-, middle- and high-income countries are defined in line with World Bank definitions, see http://data.worldbank.org/aboul/comiuy-classificaiions. In middle-and high income around spending per beneficiary was about 8.5 % of GDP per capita in 2012. Among middle-income countries spending per beneficiary is particularly high in Armenia, Azerbaijan and particularly Uzbekistan where the average pension payment is close to average GDP per capita (ADB, 2016).