Secondly, teaching to the test emphasises rote memorisation and a more passive approach to learning as teachers spend more time developing test-taking strategies rather than cultivating students’ problem-solving skills (Kellaghan etal., By involving teachers in standardised test development and implementation and training teachers on how to effectively use and analyse test results, there can be less risk of teaching to the test. However, incentives attached to test results must be carefully constructed to avoid motivating strategic behaviour such as teaching to the test; the research is mixed as to how to effectively promote positive behaviours as a result of incentives while reducing negative behaviours.