Enhancing the dynamism of underperforming cities could, on its own, have a visible effect on the aggregate performance of the countries concerned and would also be likely to generate positive spillovers for the surrounding regions. Unemployment has increased in metropolitan areas in almost all OECD countries (Figure 5.1). Over the period 2007-11, the total number of unemployed in 207 large OECD metropolitan areas for which data are available rose by over 56% (with a peak at over 60% in 2010).