To tackle endogeneity issues, the paper follows McKenzie and Rapoport (2011) by instrumenting the migrant share in 2010 with historical migration flows (specifically, migrant share in 2000).14 While previous migration flows could affect current ones through network effects or persistence of incentives to migrate, it has no effect on the level of current discriminatory norms, except through the current migration share or the previous levels of discrimination in the SIGI. The instrumental strategy assumes that the instrument is valid (i.e. Cov(Mu-1, juf) = 0) and relevant (i.e. Cov(Mu-j, Mu) * 0). This instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable, as indicated by the first step of the IV estimations and F-statistics are higher than 0.10 (Tables (6) and (8)). The exogeneity is rejected for all dependent variables at 5%.