There are estimated to be 500 international treaties and agreements on the environment (155 biodiversity-related; 179 chemicals-related; 46 land-related; and 196 water-related) and a proliferation of subsidiary bodies for the different conventions and administrative arrangements. Additionally, important are leveraging synergies in responsibilities of conventions across various sectoral policies, with the promotion of joint implementation and coordination of funding sources and programmes, as well as multi-stakeholder outreach and engagement to ensure buy-in.5 Capacity building is required given the increasingly complex scientific and technical issues involved. Meanwhile, critical actions may not be taken with fallout for human and environmental health.