Patent owners are “pushing” for their own technology, within a SSO, seeking royalty payments and licensing revenues for the use of their technology, when it is essential to the implementation of an industry standard. When IPRs are involved, the SSOs seek assurances from the owners that they will license the technology to any interested standards implementer, on FRAND terms. These results in legal confrontations, as for example a recent (2013) case between Microsoft and Google-owned Motorola. Motorola’s SEPs-portfolio based demands have been over-ruled by the Court (2013/4/25/4267830).