These two inner components - direct budgetary' transfers and government revenue that has been foregone as a result - are also the subject of quantification of OECD’s renowned Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (OECD, 2015a). In this case, there is no direct transfer from government budgets, and the cost of subsidies is pushed on to energy-supplying companies (though the latter can also be compensated by the government for the losses they incur this way'). This is by far the laigest category in the IEA estimates of consumer subsidies granted as a result of selling energy at below-market rates. However, this category can also include cross-subsidies, whereby one category of consumers (for instance, industry) pays a premium on the price of energy, which pays off the losses that suppliers incur by selling energy at below cost-recovery rates to a different category of consumers (for example, households). International organisations such as the IEA and the IMF have come up with certain regional and global benchmarks, in particular for fossil-fuel consumer taxes. The OECD has also discussed these issues in its flagship publication Taxing Energy Use (OECD, 2015b).