Local flooding and local seasonal w'ater shortages are common. Prior to this, in 1987 flooding in the Tbilisi region caused 110 deaths and economic losses of USD 546 million. Flooding is due to natural seasonal variation of river flows, aggravated by widespread damage to watersheds due to deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and siltation, and blockages caused by widespread dumping of solid waste (OECD, 2015).