As of 2008, the United States government still funds 57 per cent of all basic research and approximately half of all applied research conducted in the country. The business sector invested mostly in applied research and 90 per cent of all product development activities.71 The specialization of actorsaswell as complementarities involved is further demonstrated through some examples. The United States spent an estimated $54 billions on basic research, $ 66.4 billion on applied research and $187.3 billion on development in 2006. In proportional terms, these are 18.7 per cent, 21.3 per cent and 60.0 per cent respectively of total R&D spending.