And when teacher quality is low, governments lend to tell their teachers exactly what to do and exactly how they want it done, using an industrial organisation of work to get the results they want. Today, the challenge is to turn teaching into a profession of advanced-knowledge workers, and to do so across the board rather than in pockets of excellence. To attract the people they need, modern school systems need to transform the organisation of work in their schools to foster professional norms of control and benchmarks, in lieu of bureaucratic and administrative oversight. The past was about received wisdom; the future is about user-generated wisdom.