From 2007 to 2008 public investment in housing and utilities increased by 1 percentage point to 3.3% of GDP, but by 2008, this had fallen back to 2.4% of GDP (Rosstat, 2010a). Comparing the Russian Federation with OECD countries, public social spending in the Russian Federation in 2007 was 12.6% of GDP, and almost 15% in 2009: about 4.5 percentage points below the OECD average (Figure 3.7). Countries are ranked by decreasing order of public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP.