For further analysis of mainstreaming of development finance into climate action at the global level, see OECD (2015b.) This contrasts w ith the average of all recipient countries around the world where a significantly larger share of climate finance is delivered bilaterally (51.0%) than multilaterally (37.5%). Nevertheless, most ODA-recipient EECCA countries are either low'er middle-income countries (USD 1 046-4 125 GNI per capita) or upper middle income countries (USD 4 126-12 745 GNI per capita). In such countries, loans from multilateral sources tend to play a greater role in financing climate and broader development activities than in least developed countries that often rely more on grants. The practice of loans from public sources also aims to avoid market distortion and crowding out of private-sector financing.