It is therefore important that countries' INDCs are supported by comprehensive and robust national investment plans. The four selected cases present a diverse spectrum of country profiles and challenges to advance climate action both in the field of mitigation and adaptation. Whilst within sectors and for either mitigation or adaptation it is likely that similar opportunities and barriers can be observed across different countries, the nature and degree of importance of each barrier depends on country-specific factors such as existing institutional frameworks, market maturity and general technical capacity.