Among these factors is new technology, developed and adopted as a result of agricultural research and extension. This stream of residual values was expressed in constant year 2000 dollar terms by dividing the nominal values by the GNP deflator. Compounding forward at a real interest rate of 3% per annum, the stream of residual values is equivalent to a one-time payment of USD 7 335 billion in 2002, an enormous benefit from improved agricultural productivity in the United States during the post-WWII period.