It is a consistent finding that the deprivation risks across the EU are higher in the newer accession states (Chzhen & Bradshaw 2012; Nelson 2012), which tend to have lower GDP per capita and lower levels of social spending. Since the GDP per capita is included in the MIP indicator, these results suggest that social spending explains a significant amount of variation in severe child deprivation rates, but it is not necessarily a causal relationship. Country level variables at their (t-1) levels. Stepwise inclusion of country-level predictors in Models 1 and 2 reported in Table A7 in the Annex. *** Estimated with 15 integration points.