By this measure, Japan averaged 28.1 children per primary school class in 2008, compared to the OECD average of 21.6. For middle school, Japan had 31.2, compared to the OECD average of 23.9. As one expert wrote, “One has to think of education in Japan as an enormously elaborated, very expensive testing system, with some educational spin-offs, rather than as the other way around” (Dore, 1982). The government does not conduct surveys on high school students’ participation in out-of-school education.