Nevertheless, while the acknowledgement of the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity and development is essential, specific objectives, actions, targets and indicators are required to provide clear strategic guidance to various stakeholders, and to enable monitoring of progress over time. In South Africa, for example, the overarching vision of the 2005 NBSAP is to conserve, manage and sustainably use biodiversity to ensure equitable benefits to the people of South Africa, now and in the future. Nepal’s NBSAP (2014), for example, recognises that mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans and programmes had been inadequate, being the priority of only the line ministry (the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation). As a result, the NBSAP lists priority actions for mainstreaming and identifies supporting institutions to implement these.6 In the Philippines, though there is a legal mandate to promote mainstreaming into development planning, the country’s Fifth National Report acknowledges that many of the NBSAP priorities had been reflected mainly in environmental and natural resources programmes, and that some of these envisaged interventions had never been implemented.