These models may include formal business-to-consumer services (commercial car-sharing, micro-transit, bicycle and scooter sharing), peer-to-peer models for sharing the use of cars or that enable the sourcing of rides, platform-based business models that connect passengers and drivers (or goods and carriers) and hybrid models that combine aspects of some or all of those approaches (Shaheen et al., This is especially true for transport authorities that are operating or contracting/procuring services from relatively stable and established public transport operators. Analogue bicycle-sharing systems have been around for decades but the arrival of IT-enabled, automated bicycle-sharing systems has led to massive growth.