Additionally, the most recent wave of new arrivals in 2015 increased diversity further because of the large numbers of immigrants and their corresponding diversity in country of origin. Increasing diversity is challenging the traditional building blocks of social cohesion. Building fair, cohesive societies that promote a new growth paradigm based on social equity cannot ignore the importance that attitudes, dispositions and perceptions both of new arrivals and natives have for the creation of social inclusion and social cohesion. Education systems should not only recognise the challenges in managing diversity but develop and implement effective responses to ensure that youth as well as adults, irrespective of their background, trust each other, trust public institutions, are mindful and open to diversity, and have the knowledge and skills to actively participate in the economic and social life of their communities.