In this situation, commonly the national employment service mainly manages Ul beneficiaries and local social welfare offices mainly manage social assistance beneficiaries. In countries such as Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, where the central government does not share the cost of social assistance benefit payments, local government management of social assistance is usually strict and only a fairly small proportion of the unemployed are on social assistance. Welfare reforms in 1996 in Canada and the United States, which reduced the federal share in funding welfare payments at the margin from 50% to zero, favoured a work-first approach to placement and falls in caseloads.