Vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households (9.4% in 2008) than in female-headed households (4%). In this case, after a common drop moving from VLSS to VHLSS (between 1998 and 2002), probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys, the risk-induced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of 31% of the overall VEP. Moreover, differently than in the overall measure, a higher share of female-headed households than male-headed households are vulnerable by the risk-induced VEP measure, and the former share rises, with more than 50% of vulnerable female-headed households risk-induced in 2008.