Context_1 : Adam Poniński (1732 or 1733 – 23 July 1798 was a Polish nobleman, Prince, one of the leaders of the Radom Confederation of 1767, Grand Treasurer of the Crown (from 1775), member of the Permanent Council, he is remembered as the infamous Marshal of the Sejm (together with Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł) of the Partition Sejm (1773–1775). Considered by many contemporaries and historians a traitor, serving Russian ambassadors, he was stripped of all titles and exiled by the decree of the Great Sejm in 1790 but restored soon afterwards by the Confederation of Targowica. Context_2 : The Commission of National Education (Polish: "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej" , abbreviated KEN, Lithuanian: "Edukacinė komisija" , Belarusian: Адукацыйная камісія ) was the central educational authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created by the Sejm and the King Stanisław August Poniatowski on October 14, 1773. Because of its vast authority and autonomy, it is considered the first Ministry of Education in European history and an important achievement of the Polish Enlightenment. Context_3 : James David Bales (November 5, 1915 in Tacoma, Washington - August 16, 1995 in Searcy, Arkansas) was an influential Bible professor and administrator at Harding University (then Harding College) for almost 40 years. He was widely known for his conservative viewpoints, both in religious matters and in politics through his work with the college’s American Studies Institute and an adjacent institute, the National Education Program. Working closely with the founder of the National Education Program (NEP), Harding President and nationally known conservative activist George S. Benson, Bales played a leading role in establishing Harding, through the work of the National Education Program and School of American Studies, as a nationally known center for conservative activism. He published, among other works, "The Martin Luther King Story: a Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy", which attacks King as a radical and a communist. Context_4 : The Partition Sejm (Polish: "Sejm Rozbiorowy" ) was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland. During its first days in session, that Sejm was the site of Tadeusz Rejtan's famous gesture of protest against Partition. The Sejm also passed other legislation, notably establishing the Permanent Council and the Commission of National Education. Cardinal Laws were confirmed. Context_5 : Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (1713–1784) was a Polish priest and politician. He was bishop of Inflanty (1753–1763), bishop of Kujawy (1763–1776) and archbishop of Gniezno (also, Primate of Poland) (1777–1784). He was one of the Polish nobles in Russian service and supported their position, including presiding over the Partition Sejm in 1773–1775. Context_6 : Rejtan, or the Fall of Poland (Polish: "Rejtan. Upadek Polski" ) is an oil painting by the Polish artist Jan Matejko, finished in 1866, depicting the protest of Tadeusz Rejtan ("lower right") against the First Partition of Poland during the Partition Sejm of 1773. Both a depiction of a historical moment, and an allegory for the surrounding period of Polish history, the painting is one of Matejko's most famous works, and an iconic picture of an emotional protest. Context_7 : The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Austrian Empire, was the primary motive behind this first partition. Frederick the Great engineered the partition to prevent Austria, jealous of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war. The weakened Commonwealth's land, including what was already controlled by Russia, was apportioned among its more powerful neighbors—Austria, Russia and Prussia—so as to restore the regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries. With Poland unable to effectively defend itself, and with foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish parliament (Sejm) ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm convened by the three powers. Context_8 : Tadeusz Reytan (or Tadeusz Rejtan, rarely Reyten; 20 August 1742 – 8 August 1780) was a Polish nobleman. He was a member of the Polish Sejm from the constituency of Nowogródek (today Navahrudak, Belarus). Rejtan is remembered for a dramatic gesture he made in September 1773, as a deputy of the Partition Sejm. There, Rejtan tried to prevent the legalization of the first partition of Poland, a scene that has been immortalized in the painting "Rejtan" by Jan Matejko. He has been the subject of many other art works, and is a symbol of patriotism in Belarus and Poland. Despite his efforts, the partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was legalized soon afterwards. Context_9 : The National cavalry (Polish: "Kawaleria narodowa" ) was a branch of Polish–Lithuanian cavalry in the Polish armed forces in the last quarter of the 18th century. Formed as a merger of previously-existing units of Polish Hussars and pancerni that were still in service after the Confederation of Bar. In 1777 the Sejm new regulations converted all units of heavy cavalry and medium cavalry and reformed them into a line cavalry, roughly similar to later uhlans popular in Europe in the 19th century. Existing dragoon and Front or Vanguard Regiments were outside this reform The National Cavalry had a very short history of 20 years, and some units stationed in the eastern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were forcibly incorporated into the Russian cavalry following the Second Partition of Poland, and the remainder was disbanded together with the rest of Polish–Lithuanian armed forces after the final partition in 1795. The Sejm's 1777 decision was rather late effort to modernize Polish–Lithuanian cavalry, along the much earlier trend of evolution of European cavalry towards more modern organization of the cavalry regiments into more mobile formations. The most modern part of the reform was the establishment of some very modern battle dress uniforms for these cavalrymen, and in turn this uniform of the National Cavalry inspired numerous similar uniforms and employment of 'Polish lance' in the rest of Europe, notably the Austrian, Prussian, Russian cavalry, and later of the French cavalry of the Napoleonic Wars. Context_10 : An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, Ministry of Public Education, and so forth, and the head of such an agency may be a Minister of Education or Secretary of Education. Such agencies typically address educational concerns such as the quality of schools or standardization of curriculum. The first such ministry ever is considered to be the Commission of National Education (pl. "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej", lt. "Edukacinė komisija") founded in 1773 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following is a list of education ministries by country: fact_1 : The Partition Sejm (Polish: "Sejm Rozbiorowy" ) was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland. fact_2 : The Commission of National Education (Polish: "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej" , abbreviated KEN, Lithuanian: "Edukacinė komisija" , Belarusian: Адукацыйная камісія ) was the central educational authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created by the Sejm and the King Stanisław August Poniatowski on October 14, 1773. Question: what does Partition Sejm and Commission of National Education have in common?
Lithuanian