Passage: The relationship between the Ottomans and the Mamluks had been adversarial since the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453; both states vied for control of the spice trade, and the Ottomans aspired to eventually taking control of the Holy Cities of Islam. An earlier conflict, which lasted from 1485 to 1491, had led to a stalemate. By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns—Sultan Selim I had just vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514—and turned their full might against the Mamluks, who ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East.
How many countries did the Mamluks rule in? How many countries relationships were adversarial after the Fall of Constantinople? How many years did the conflict which led to a stalemate between the Ottomans and the Mamluks last? How many years did the earlier conflict between the Ottomans and the Mamluks last? How many years did the earlier conflict last? How many years did the early conflict last? How many years did the stalemate of the Ottomans and Mamluks last? How many years passed between the Fall of Constantinople and the Battle of Chaldiran? What happened first: the Fall of Constantinople or the Battle of Chaldiran? What happened second: the Fall of Constantinople or the Battle of Chaldiran? Which even happened first, the fall of Constantinople or the Battle of Chaldiran? Which event happened first, the Fall of Constantinople or the Battle of Chaldiran? Which two things did the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of?