Despite this, all models in the literature rely on word-level representations, which keeps the models from being able to easily capture some of the lexical and morpho-syntactic cues known to denote irony, such as all caps, quotation marks and emoticons, and in Twitter, also emojis and hashtags. 
 Question: Which morphosyntactic features are thought to indicate irony or sarcasm?
all caps quotation marks emoticons emojis hashtags