However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).
What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others? What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others? Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what? The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?