Passage: Participation by head of household race and gender  The racial composition of stock market ownership shows households headed by whites are nearly four and six times as likely to directly own stocks than households headed by blacks and Hispanics respectively. As of 2011 the national rate of direct participation was 19.6%, for white households the participation rate was 24.5%, for black households it was 6.4% and for Hispanic households it was 4.3% Indirect participation in the form of 401k ownership shows a similar pattern with a national participation rate of 42.1%, a rate of 46.4% for white households, 31.7% for black households, and 25.8% for Hispanic households. Households headed by married couples participated at rates above the national averages with 25.6% participating directly and 53.4% participating indirectly through a retirement account. 14.7% of households headed by men participated in the market directly and 33.4% owned stock through a retirement account. 12.6% of female headed households directly owned stock and 28.7% owned stock indirectly.
Are whites more likely to own stocks through direct or indirect participation? How many fewer white households have 401Ks than black and Hispanic households combined? How many more white households had stocks than black and Hispanic households, by percent? How many percent higher was the national rate of direct participation than that of black and Hispanic households combined? How many percent of male and female households combined participated directly and indirectly, total? What gender is least likely to own stocks indirectly? What gender was more likely to directly own stocks? What group was most likely to own stock indirectly? What race is least likely to directly own stocks? What race was not most or least likely to own stocks?