Passage: On the Continental front, Henry II allied with German Protestant princes at the Treaty of Chambord in 1552. An early offensive into Lorraine was successful, with Henry capturing the three episcopal cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and securing them by defeating the invading Habsburg army at the Battle of Renty in 1554. However, the French invasion of Tuscany in 1553, in support of Siena attacked by an imperial‐Tuscany army, was defeated at the Battle of Marciano by Gian Giacomo Medici in 1554. Siena fell in 1555 and eventually became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany founded by Cosimo I de' Medici. The Treaty of Vaucelles was signed on 5 February 1556 between Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of the Franche-Comté was relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. After Charles' abdication in 1556 split the Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain and Ferdinand I, the focus of the war shifted to Flanders, where Philip, in conjunction with Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, defeated the French at St. Quentin. England's entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais, and French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the Low Countries. Nonetheless, Henry was forced to accept a peace agreement in which he renounced any further claims to Italy. The wars ended for other reasons, including the Double Default of 1557, when the Spanish Empire, followed quickly by the French, defaulted on its debts. In addition, Henry had to confront a growing Protestant movement at home, which he hoped to crush.
How many leaders were responsible for defeating the French at St. Quentin? How many years before the Double Default did Siena fall? Leaders of which two countries were involved in the Treaty of Vaucelles? Siena fell how many years after the Treaty of Chambord? The Treaty of Chambord was how many years before Charles' abdication? What area changed hands as part of the Treaty of Vaucelles? What happened earlier, the Double Default by Spain on debts or the Battle of Renty? What happened first: Battle of Marciano or Treaty of Vaucelles was signed? What happened first: Battle of Renty or French invasion of Tuscany? What happened second: Battle of Marciano or Treaty of Vaucelles was signed? What happened second: Battle of Renty or French invasion of Tuscany? What nation's army was defeated at the Battle of Marciano? What occurred first, the French invasion of Tuscany, or the Double Default? Which country, in addition to the French, defaulted on their debts in 1557? Which event happened first, The Treaty of Vaucelles or the Double Default? Which happened earlier, the Treaty of Chambord or the Battle of Renty? Which happened later, the Battle of Marciano or the Treaty of Chambord? Which occurred first, the Treaty of Chambord or Charles' abdication? Which treaty happened earlier, the Treaty of Chambord or the Treaty of Vaucelles? Which two groups or individuals were part of the Treaty of Chambord? Who defeated the French at St. Quentin?