Passage: In 1688 the most powerful navies were the French, English, and Dutch; the Spanish and Portuguese navies had suffered serious declines in the 17th century. The largest French ships of the period were the Soleil Royal and the Royal Louis. Each rated for 120 guns, they never carried their full complement. These ships were too large for practical purposes. The former only sailed on one campaign and was destroyed at La Hogue; the latter languished in port until sold in 1694. By the 1680s, French ship-design was at least equal to its English and Dutch counterparts, and by the Nine Years' War the French fleet had surpassed ships of the Royal Navy, whose designs stagnated in the 1690s. Innovation in the Royal Navy, however, did not cease. At some stage in the 1690s, for example, English ships began to employ the steering wheel, greatly improving their performance, particularly in heavy weather.
Before the 1690s, what invention was largely absent from English ships? How many countries had the most powerful navies? How many countries suffered serious decline in their navies? How many nations didn't have the most powerful navies in 1688? How many nations had the most powerful navies in 1688? How many navies suffered serious declines in the 17th century? How many navies were less strong then the French? How many navies were the most powerful in 1688? How many powerful navies were there in 1688? How many years did it take for the French design to be better than the Royal Navy? Which country had the largest ships in their Navy? Which ship never left port? Which ship sat unused before being sold in 1694? Which ship was destroyed at La Hogue? Which ship was sold in 1694? Who had a more powerful navy in 1688, the French or the Spanish? Who were not part of the most powerful navies in 1688?