Measurement of WLs. Lengths were measured in a straight line from apex to the mitral ring (cyan continuous lines). The mean WL, on the other hand, overestimates the LVL (yellow continuous line), but again the mitral ring points are better landmarks than the middle of the annulus, so the measures will be more robust. In the present study, WL is used as measurement of LVWL in the analyses. LVL, left ventricular length; LVWL, left ventricular wall length; WLs, wall lengths.