Cephalometric landmarks; linear and angular measurements. N: nasion, S: sella, Prn: pronasale, Me: menton, Pog: pognion, PogS: soft tissue of Pog, Po: porion, Or: orbitale, Sm: sigmoid notch, Ag: antegonial notch. x-axis (horizontal line: 7° to NS line), y-axis (vertical line through S). FH plane: a line connecting Po to Or. Pterygomasseteric sling (PMS) plane: a line through Ag point 65° to FH plane. Cheek line (yellow arrow line): anterior cheek lines (ACL) and posterior cheek line (PCL). Cheek point (C1–C5): C3 through Prn vertical line (green-dashed line) to y-axis. C1: +6 mm, C2: +3 mm, C3: 0, C4: −3 mm, and C5: −6 mm. Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) is the angle between Frankfort horizontal plane and gonion-menton (Go-Me) plane. PMS areas (blue color): ramus area between PMS line and a line through Sm parallel to FH plane.